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The launch of the North-Korean ballistic missile
Giancarlo Elia Valori
A missile was launched from a submarine by the North Korean Navy a few days ago, targeting Japan. The launch of the ballistic missile took place on Wednesday, August 24, just before 6.00 a.m. (local time). According to South Korean sources, the missile was launched from the Northern coast of the country and reached Japan's Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ), after flying over 300 nautical miles.
On the contrary, according to some US sources, the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is supposed to be a KN-11. The KN-11, Polaris-1 or Nodong-1 – but said missile has also other names – is a weapon system still being studied in Pyongyang, derived from the Soviet R-27 Zyb and from other recent Russian projects called R-29 and R-29RM.
They are astro-inertial-guided missiles, a system which has been designed for launching missiles from moving submarines and correcting the direction with continued stellar observation, as is the case with the missiles housed in the North American TRIDENT class submarines and in the new generations of Russian SLBMs.
Between late October 2014 and August 2016 North Korea has carried out 11 tests with the KN-11, including the latest one of August 24, with some SLBMs launched from fixed offshore platforms (on January 23, 2015) or from undersea rocks (on May 9, 2015) and from submarines – though with an accident (on December 21, 2015).
On April 23, 2016 the KN-11 SBLM fell shortly after having been fired, 30 kilometers away from the launching point. The same problem occurred with the test of July 9, 2016.
Conversely, in this August test, the ballistic missile flew about 500 kilometres and it is worth noting that the test took place on the day when the Chinese, Japanese and South Korean Ministers for Foreign Affairs met in Tokyo.
Two days before said launch, however, the US-South Korean joint military exercise called Ulchi-Freedom Guardian had started on South Korea's territory.
This was the largest computerized command and control exercise in the world, aimed to defend Seoul from a North Korean attack.
Moreover, North Korea always defines the six-monthly joint US-South Korean exercises Foal Eagle and Key Resolve, held every February-April, as real attempts to invade the country.
Foal Eagle consists in a series of military manoeuvres on the ground, still to be considered as the largest in the world and it mostly regards the creation of backward security areas to curb and contain an invasion from North Korea.
The areas are protected by a series of missile positions for facing a North Korean first strike.
However, over and above the technological and operational data, it is even more important to study the strategic significance of North Korea's current technological and military success.
In so doing the country led by Kim Jong Un establishes a credible naval and submarine second strike nuclear force both against South Korea and especially against the US bases in the Pacific and the Japanese ones, which are expected to logistically support any nuclear and missile attack against North Korea.
At doctrinal and operational levels, for Kim Jong Un nuclear weapons and missile arsenals are the last, and perhaps the only, guarantee for the survival of his regime.
For North Korea, its nuclear weapons are "inherently usable", in a strategic doctrine which reminds us of the Warsaw Pact doctrine, when General Shaposhnikov defined nuclear missiles "a weapon as any other one".
Nevertheless, the many recent North Korean statements – some of which even excessive such as the project to bomb New York – along with the huge amount of specific exercises can be the sign of an escalation for de-escalation nuclear doctrine, like the one which was adopted by the USSR (and the Russian Federation) in the framework of the NATO' Yugoslav wars in 1999.
In other words, the idea for Russia at that time and currently for North Korea is to have the possibility of launching a small-scale, limited first strike in specific and defined areas, with a view to countering an enemy showing clear conventional superiority, which cannot be opposed on the ground.
Hence, in a future clash, North Korea may plan to saturate the battlefield with conventional missiles, while some of them, targeted to the ballistic defensive networks, would be equipped with nuclear warheads.
A doctrine discounting the fact that South Korea has a limited ability to respond to a ballistic saturation operation so conceived, which would also require North-American PATRIOT batteries and Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) systems, always supplied by the United States.
Hence the United States would be involved directly in a conflict which would make both Russia and China react. It is a fully rational North Korean strategic calculation, considering the military resources available.
In essence, since the North Korean doctrine makes a nuclear strike possible in the presence of the US-South Korean combined and significant threat, the solution can only be the design of a joint reduction of the nuclear arsenals of all the parties concerned.
And, at the same time, the management of a new round of negotiations in the framework of the Six Party Talks between South Korea, North Korea, the United States, Japan, China and the Russian Federation.
It is worth recalling that the negotiations ceased on April 14, 2009, as a result of a North Korean unilateral decision.
In this new context, we should discuss not only the issue of nuclear weapons, which was the only topic discussed in the old talks, but also the issue of a plan to support North Korea's Free Economic Zones and of a related plan to reduce the nuclear positions of all the countries concerned.
A plan always verifiable by the international organizations responsible for dealing with the problem.
Related Topics:ChinaDefenseGeopoliticsIntelligenceJapanNorth KoreaRussiaSouth KoreaUSA
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Advisory Board Co-chair Honoris Causa Professor Giancarlo Elia Valori is an eminent Italian economist and businessman. He holds prestigious academic distinctions and national orders. Mr. Valori has lectured on international affairs and economics at the world's leading universities such as Peking University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Yeshiva University in New York. He currently chairs "International World Group", he is also the honorary president of Huawei Italy, economic adviser to the Chinese giant HNA Group. In 1992 he was appointed Officier de la Légion d'Honneur de la République Francaise, with this motivation: "A man who can see across borders to understand the world" and in 2002 he received the title "Honorable" of the Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. "
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The ruling Communist Party of China has hosted a "Dialogue on Exchange and Common Learning among Civilizations" on January 10, 2022, which was held in its second session, was attended by Vice Chairman of the Chinese Parliament "Ji Bingchuan", Foreign Minister of the Communist Party of China "Song Tao", and a number of among the senior leaders and officials of the Chinese state, with the participation of many political elites from former heads of government and officials of international and national organizations and bodies concerned with dialogue among civilizations and spreading the culture of coexistence, including the former Director-General of "UNESCO". The ruling Communist Party of China and Chinese President "Xi Jinping" play a prominent role in promoting dialogue among civilizations in the world with an open Chinese vision to all, in accordance with the principle of "the common future of mankind".
So, according to my area of expertise and especialising in Chinese political affairs, and my PhD thesis dissertation has already been focused several years ago on all policies related to the comrades of the Communist Party of China and its political elites, the Egyptian researcher will analyze the Chinese vision to the dialogue among the, as follows:
The Communist Party of China "CPC" and President "Xi Jinping's rapprochement" with all friends around the world: The CPC seeks to open up to more friends around the world. Therefore, the "CPC" maintains regular communications with more than (400 parties and political organizations in more than 160 countries in the world), and its circle of friends is constantly expanding. Looking to the future, the "CPC" is keenly to strengthen communications with all of the parties of the world, share Party-building and state-rule experiences, conduct exchange and dialogue among civilizations, enhance strategic mutual trust, and work with the peoples of the world to advance the "building of a community with a shared future for mankind and the building of a better world hand in hand".
The Communist Party of China and President "Xi Jinping" set a unique principle for the global vision of learning and benefiting from the civilizational achievements: This vision is based on respecting of peoples and nations, and giving the rights of differences among all, according to the actual conditions of every country and its internal circumstances.
The theory of the Chinese Communist Party known as "civilizational innovations" to open up to the peoples and civilizations of the world and support the policy of difference: The theory of "civilizational innovations" is based on respect for peoples and their differences with openness to all the features of progress achieved by the peoples of the countries of the world, through keenness on dialogue, exchange and cooperation with peoples and parties from all over the world, with the Communist Party of China "CPC", declaring its full support for those peoples in promoting cultural exchange and people-to-people friendship between them and China.
Develop a plan for the Communist Party of China "CPC" to share its experiences globally with countries and political parties around the world: The leaders and officials of the Communist Party in China affirmed their keenness to support global dialogue between China and all countries and peoples during the next five years, with the Communist Party of China "CPC" pledging to provide an opportunity for 15,000 people from the political parties that are representing all of the different countries of the world to conduct the exchange in China. The most prominent here, is the call of Chinese President "Xi Jinping" for the establishment of a (clear institutional mechanism) aimed at the regular holding of the "High-level Dialogue Conference between the Communist Party of China and World Parties", so that it becomes a high-level political platform with wide representation and global influence.
All the speeches of the Chinese President, Comrade "Xi Jinping", affirmed China's theory of "common global development contributions": This theory becomes clear after the Corona pandemic, by providing medical and health assistance to all countries and peoples to get rid of the negative effects of the global epidemic, and here China also provided a huge amount of (free aid, preferential loans, technical, human and intellectual support to all developing countries), with the focus of Chinese state leaders and officials within the framework of the "Chinese Belt and Road Initiative" on building a large number of projects in order to advance its economic and social development and improve the livelihood of its people.
The role of Chinese workers and citizens around the world in enhancing China's image in the civilized dialogue between China and the world, especially in developing and African countries: Perhaps what surprised me personally as a specialist in Chinese affairs specifically is the presence of thousands of Chinese scientists, engineers, businessmen, technicians, doctors, teachers, workers and volunteers who work. Now virtually in a large number of developing countries, working with local people to change their destiny hand in hand and side by side, according to Comrade "Xi Jinping's clear principle of China's support for the common destiny of mankind".
The declaration of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China to implement the "Plan for a Prosperous Society of the Chinese People and All Peoples of the World" by the year 2050: According to the planning issued by the (Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China), it was affirmed that by 2020, China will achieve building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, by 2035 it will basically achieve socialist modernization, and by 2050, China will achieve the construction of a strong, prosperous, democratic, civilized and harmonious modern socialist country for the well-being of the Chinese people and the rest of the world alike. This was confirmed by the leaders of the Communist Party of China in calling on the parties in the world to participate in China in creating more opportunities for cooperation and working to advance a (joint development and prosperity) among the various countries of the world.
China's role in maintaining global peace: The Chinese state participates in all international forums to promote global stability and peace, and at the present time, China contributes externally to the (payment of more than 36,000 Chinese peacekeeping forces internationally), China has also become a major contributor of forces and funds in the UN peacekeeping operations globally. We find that China has a major role in "maintaining international peace and security and managing conflicts globally", through the presence of more than (2,500 Chinese officers and soldiers to maintain peace and security in 8 regions for peacekeeping missions), despite the difficulties and dangers they face.
Chinese President "Xi Jinping's call" to reform and build the global governance system: Comrade Xi Jinping's call to advance the development of the international political and economic system in a more justice and rational direction, President "Xi Jinping" emphasized in all his political speeches on "China never seeks hegemony, and does not harm others or expand abroad", and focusing all China's efforts on achieving development at the international level among all partners and friends.
The Communist Party of China's call for all political parties around the world to develop "a new theory and foundations for building world peace and joint contribution to global development and protection of the international order: In confirmation of that call from the comrades in the ruling Communist Party in China, their call came to work with all countries of the world, most notably I have the serious emphasis on "China not importing the foreign style from abroad, and not exporting the Chinese style also abroad", and thus China's clarity in not forcing all other countries to copy and imitate the way China works.
Chinese President Comrade "Xi Jinping" and the leaders of the Communist Party of China (CPC) called to "narrow the gap between the North and the South": The Chinese view is to achieve economic globalization based on (openness, inclusiveness, public benefit, balance and mutual gain), and to create conducive conditions to the common development of all mankind and work together to advance development and prosperity for the countries of the world, and to eradicate poverty and underdevelopment, from which many peoples around the world still suffer.
The speeches of the Chinese President, Comrade "Xi Jinping", affirmed the application of the principle of "building a community with a shared future for mankind" by introducing the "Chinese Belt and Road" initiative: that is why the Chinese keenness on modernization and construction globally and helping everyone without exception achieve (the Joint Construction of the Belt and the Road), as a global platform for activating cooperation between the countries concerned to achieve common development.
China's global affirmation to respect the right of countries and peoples to choose and differ and build a common community for humanity: This principle is rooted in all principles and documents advocated by the Communist Party of China and its companions, with their affirmation of respecting differences between different countries of the world, and avoiding any differences, contradictions or frictions. It impedes the civilized dialogue between everyone, and raised the Chinese civilizational principle that "all people are belonging to one family", as they live under "one sky and one planet on Earth". Therefore, all the peoples of the world should adhere to the idea of "all under heaven from one family", and search for common ground while leaving aside differences and making joint efforts for (building a community with a shared future for humanity).
In conclusion, the essence of the idea of Chinese dialogue, which is meaningful to all countries, peoples and civilizations around the world, is the belief of the Chinese communist leaders and Chinese comrade "Xi Jinping", and the affirmation of the belief of the Chinese nation in the principle of "all under heaven from one family", by reference to the Chinese civilizational heritage, which calls for "loving of all people and creatures, make all nations live together in peace and a world of greater harmony". This was translated by the political discourses of the Communist Party of China and its General Secretary, President "Xi Jinping", and their affirmation of the Chinese nation's aspiration to live in a better world, and everyone's pursuit of justice for the public interest.
Japan's Rohingya Policy: Deviation From Long-held Distinction
Sumaya Barsha
A young Rohingya girl holds her brother outside a youth club in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. © UNHCR/Vincent Tremeau
The story of Japan long pervasive in Bangladesh even across the world consists of two distinct aspects. One is the horrific nuclear bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and other is the Japanese people's modesty, magnanimity and their national standing for the cause of humanity. Disproportionate response to Japan's pre-war action with nuclear weapons and subsequent death of millions mostly civilian are still recalled with awful astonishment. Even as a testimony of suffering by the millions of 'Hibakusha', the post-war irradiated victims, the heart wrenching story of Sadako Sasaki and her arduous efforts to survive still haunts the people across the world. Similarly victimized for varied reasons, Bangali and Bangladeshi people always stood in solidarity with Japan. The legendary Bangali Jurist Radhabinod Pal and his prudential standing in 'Tokyo Trial' to defend Japan from wholesale allegation of committing war crime symbolize that solidarity. And Bangladesh is among the forefront countries to set up peace stone in Okinawa Peace Memorial Park.
The story of Japanese people's modesty, charity and national standing for the just cause of humanity especially at the time of our independence struggle and post-war reconstruction effort is quite prevalent in Bangladesh. Japan was the first country to send delegation to newly independent Bangladesh in a bid to aid economic and infrastructural reconstruction. The name like 'Shapla Neer', a well renowned Japanese NGO, or JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, resonates Japanese largesse and support to Bangladesh. Half of a century old Bilateral relation between Bangladesh and Japan is characterized with reciprocity and the reverence of Bangladeshi people to Japan. And this relational reverence to Japan is more to do with Japan's long-standing stance for just and humanitarian cause than its formidable economic position.
But given the Japan's inertia, in some cases defiance, in response to the one of the greatest injustices in 21st century- Rohingya refugee crisis, it seems that Japan has substantially drifted away over the time from its position of long-held soft power strength- reputation of being benign to humanitarian cause. In the name of policy of non-interference, Japan has constantly defied the brutality unleashed by Myanmar military junta. Even as a blow to the very cause of humanity, in many cases they had cozied up to perpetrators. Let alone rendering any support to global initiatives to the cause, Japan stood in defiance to the collective steps of targeted sanctions or bringing perpetrators to the justice for parochial geopolitical and economical interests. Japan's parochialism in Myanmar policy regarding Rohingya crisis has brought her to the same footing of It's geopolitical rival, China. Both countries have been upholding their geostrategic interests above the greater humanitarian conviction even the crisis took the genocidal turn in August, 2017. Constantly blurring policy line between China and Japan questions the very strength of distinct Japanese way to the world.
Japan's policy of non-interference regarding Rohingya crisis stands on the naive notion that over the time, through the economic development, Myanmar would go through the continuous democratic evolution and eventually embrace the inclusive governance values. But blow to this very notion, the recent coup at nascent stage of democracy has made it clear that the Myanmar military machine is impossible to be extricated from state mechanism. And state-sponsored apartheid policies against the Rohingya minority will surely follow the past precedents if not halted with harsh responses.
Again Japan's Rohingya policy doesn't reflect very standing of its own people. Officially Japan never recognise Rohingya people as separate ethnic minority native for long in Myanmar. They use 'Muslim', 'Rakhine Muslim' even 'Bangali', a derogatory term used in Myanmar to indicate Rohingya as illegal Bangladeshi immigrants, in their Official statements. But clear contrast to the official line, Japanese media and civil societies use the term 'Rohingya' to denote the ethnic entity. This contrasting line, given the high degree of reflection and integration between Japanese media and people, demonstrates the dearth of democratic principle in Japan's foreign policy position.
Another deviation in Japan's foreign policy orientation toward Rohingya crisis is its conspicuous apathy to mobilise its position of strength, economic one in Myanmar and political in global platforms like United Nations, to contribute to the resolution of crisis. Historically Japan has considerable economic footings in Myanmar, given its position of being 6th largest foreign direct investor, 3rd largest importer and 7th largest exporter to Myanmar. But rather than mechanizing the economic might to tame Myanmar's policy line toward the resolution of crisis, it has been showing clear apathy to that end and has continuously been toeing the line demarcated with geopolitical and geo-economical colour.
Over 1 million Rohingya in Bangladesh along with hundreds of thousands across the world have been lingering to return to their birth land and loitering for Justice to the brutality unleashed to them. Bangladesh with limited resources stood by the them and has been voicing for their justice in international platforms. But if that voice from tiny country like Bangladesh for broader cause of humanity is not heard and responded by powerful ones like Japan, Justice will continue to cry in seclusion. As famous maxim tells us," Justice delayed is Justice denied", how much delay does it necessitate to awaken the world to stand for Rohingya cause?
Can "good emperor" Xi ride over factional fights into a third term?
Hemant Adlakha
Image source: chanakyaforum.com
As 2022 begins to unfold, mainstream global media – including the "gossipy" Chinese language Asian press, are agog with news commentaries and op-ed pieces speculating how difficult it is going to be for Xi Jinping to "win" a third term. However, people often forget the thumb rule for leadership succession in communist China. Which is, the consensus on the next leader is arrived at within the central committee much before the party Congress.
Though Xi Jinping is expected to continue his third term of leadership, the world press and China watchers have not stopped using "ifs" and "buts" on his chances to succeed. As Washington-based founder president of Citizen Power Initiatives for China, Jianli Yang, has recently observed in an opinion piece in thehill.com, "the year 2022 will be a big year for Xi but he must fix China's economic slide." In its advanced publicity flier for online panel discussion on the theme 'Towards Xi's Third Term: China's 20th Congress and Beyond,' scheduled on January 20, Washington-based Brookings Institution speculated "Xi has led the country for almost a decade," but the big question is "what lies ahead of his anticipated third term?"
Likewise, last week, Singapore's Epoch Times seasoned commentator on mainland Chinese politics, Wang Youqun wrote in his widely read column: "CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping has not stepped a foot outside China in the past 23 not due to Covid-19 but because Xi fears that if he goes abroad, there will be a "coup" in his country." A month ago, popular Canadian Chinese language news website creaders.net had asked: "Is Xi Jinping's winning a third term really ironclad? Is there no suspense in his re-appointment?" Earlier in November 2021, commenting on the 19th Central Committee's four-day 6th Plenum elevating Xi to a stature alongside Mao Zedong, the New York Times wrote: The decision to place Xi among the country's historical giants will bolster the view that only Xi is capable of steering China toward superpower status. But can this glorifying help fireproof Xi against challenges to his third term succession?
Interestingly, these past months of uncertainty and speculation on whether President Xi will really enjoy a third term or longer, actually began in March 2018 at the "Two Sessions" when it was announced that the two-term restriction on presidency had been abolished. Moreover, clouds of uncertainty and speculation regarding Xi's third term had much to do with the suspense over whether it was Xi Jinping himself who got the CPC to abolish two-term limit or whether it was the CPC which enshrined Xi in the position as it (the party) needs him at the top in order to overcome both internal and external challenges. Apparently, the 6th Plenum seems to have settled the succession suspense for once and all. The CPC communique released at the end of the plenum has not only reinforced the centrality of the CPC in the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation – the signature theme of Xi Jinping since he became the party general secretary a decade ago, but the communique also clearly indicated to everyone (including the rival 'Iron Cap Princes' factions within the party) that "Xi is now the Party and the Party is Xi."
However, as mentioned, many China watchers are still not ready to grant Xi a complete victory over his rivals. Well-known Chinese political affairs analyst Zhang Jie refuses to accept the message from the historic 3rd Resolution adopted at the 6th Plenum, i.e. Xi has been ensured he will remain at the helm of the party for a third term. Zhang was blunt in challenging such a view in his Chinese language column, and wrote: "The CPC Third Historic Revolution intended to designate Xi Jinping as the highest authority or ding yu yi zun, but judging from the information state media disclosed later, it was a compromise document that was far from Xi's expectations." [Italics added]
Besides conflicting interpretations of the Third historic resolution, overseas Chinese language critics have also pointed out that no specific mention of Xi's third term in the 6th Plenum CPC Communique is a reflection of further intensification of internal factionalism. The Epoch Times political affairs analyst Wang Youqun (mentioned above) too has been writing about the mounting political pressure on Xi to quit by combined efforts of Jiang Zemin (Deng's compromise choice, now 95, who led the Party and the country following the Tiananmen Upheaval up to 2002/3) and Zeng Qinghong (82, a former Chinese vice president, 2002-2007 who is believed to be leading the anti-Xi faction and a long-time key figure in factional power struggles, is backed by his former boss Jiang Zemin). Both Jiang-Zeng are known as Iron Cap Princes (or Tie mao zi wang – a Qing dynasty term meaning "hereditary and irreplaceable king and who enjoys more privileges and favorable treatment than ordinary princes).
But then there are those China watchers in Hong Kong and in Singapore who have spent long years studying China's political "tea leaves", and who claim Xi has actually spun a "political coup" and has emerged as the CPC 'New Helmsman' over the past few years. In the words of widely respected seasoned China analyst David Bandurski, director of the Hong Kong based China Media Project, "the 6th Plenum Communique very clearly lays down the foundation for Xi's elevation next year and his continued leadership of the Party."
Yan Danxu, Beijing correspondent of Singapore-based Chinese language newspaper Lianhe Zaobao, in her remarkable article last December unraveled the inner political intricacies of Xi Jinping's decade-long "overhauling" of the Party's provincial leadership. According to Danxu, Xi has successfully engineered toning down of two major rival factions – children of first generation CPC leaders, "second generation reds" or Hongerdai (also known as "party princelings") and the Communist Youth League or Gongqingtuan. Up until the 19th Party Congress held in October 2017, the two "warring" factions were represented by Jiang Zemin/Zeng Qinghong and Xi's predecessor Hu Jintao, respectively. But in the ensuing years, the CPC has often emphasized 'Two Upholds" – upholding Comrade Xi Jinping's core position on the Party Central Committee and upholding the Central Committee's authority and its centralized, unified leadership, she further noted.
Echoing Yan Danxu's viewpoint, Peking University political science professor Yang Zhaohui recently observed: "Under the current Chinese political landscape, if officials are unable to adhere to the 'Two Upholds' and fail to establish 'Four Consciousness', that would be the end of their political career." It is precisely with this aim, Xi Jinping has been picking up young and talented post-70s generation provincial leaders. As Yan Danxu wrote: "In majority of provinces that have recently had a leadership change, there are 26 post-70s generation (province-level) standing committee members, of which over two dozen are new faces." Of these new faces, some successfully made it to the 19th Central Committee in 2017, and several more are destined to enter – even at the level of the 25-member political bureau standing committee – into the 20th Congress.
To conclude, what generally remains unnoticed in the world media is most of the post-70s generation province-level leaders being promoted into the Central Committee are expert-type officials. These provincial-level leaders have been personally picked up by Xi based on their experience and merit. Analysts too agree more expert-type officials entering politics not only helps reduce the bureaucratic tone of the cadre team and broadens their horizon, but reduces factionalism in the political arena. Also, do not forget 11 standing committee members in the current 25-member political bureau will step down due to age-limit at this year's 20th Congress. To many younger expert-type officials, Xi Jinping is a model leader to look up to. As Eric Li, a Shanghai-based venture capitalist and political columnist recently wrote in Foreign Policy: "Xi is a strong leader. Xi certainly has had his share of detractors. Western media and governments have attacked his regime for crushing political dissent in Hong Kong and for controversial policies towards Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang. But his stewardship during this once-in-a-generation-crisis has raised Xi's popularity and his government's credibility. China is fortunate to have the right leader at the right time. Xi is now being seen in China as 'a good emperor'."
Russian Ambassador to Ethiopia Evgeny Terekhin pledged that his homeland will help rehabilitate his hosts after getting a clearer understanding...


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This course usually focuses on a social sciences and public administration curriculum, including political science, public policy and European history, or a broader version including culture, literature and languages.
It's often possible to do a year abroad as part of this degree course but there may be a requirement of fluency in the language of that country.
A modern foreign language is usually essential, such as
Welsh second language
These subjects could also be useful, alongside a second foreign language
Classical Greek
English Language & Literature

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The history of Hacienda San Joaquin de las Trancas reads like a romantic mystery novel. The more we learn, the more we are intrigued. It is filled with stories of passion, vengence, hidden treasure, secret tunnels, murder, love and betrayal. It has housed the likes of Father Miguel Hidalgo, who hid his weapons here with the consent of Count Canal before the Spanish Revolution. A century later, when Pancho Villa decided to camp out here during the unexpected war in Dolores Hidalgo, the then-owners decided to accommodate him instead of fighting him.
The doors were opened wide and the hacienda was spared. At one time the hacienda owned nearly a million acres. It is almost impossible to describe the lifestyle of the hacendados, the owners of the hacienda, but we attempt it during our Lunch Tours.
The origins of San Joaquin de Las Trancas go back to 1567, when a Spaniard named Diego Martin received land and troops from the Spanish Crown to begin construction, located northeast of the city of what is now called Dolores Hidalgo. Originally a fort, or presidio, along the silver trail, it's main function was to house and guard the caravans of silver.
One particularly large caravan was hijacked by a renegade group of soldiers. Although they were rounded up and killed on the grounds of the hacienda, the treasure was never found. People have searched for it for years. There is a letter dated from the early 1800's, signed in blood, that tells of the treasure and how to find it. None have been able to decipher it.
Las Trancas later officially became a hacienda in 1709. During the years that Father Miguel Hidalgo, a forward-thinking priest who was a champion of the common people, was posted in Dolores, the hacienda was part of his parish. He would stay here in a room designated for him when he visited. He is considered the leader of the Mexican Independence movement.
It was from Dolores that he gathered his forces comprised of farmers, laborers, and townspeople. During the revolution of 1910-1920, most of the haciendas were burned and destroyed. Hacienda Las Trancas is one of the few that was not damaged. The architecture is unique and unusual. The adobe walls are more than 3 feet thick, and nearly all of it's rooms are built with enormous barrel vaulted ceilings. it is both a delight and an enigma.


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Gerald Weisfeld dead: Scottish What Every Woman Wants tycoon dies at 79 after long battle with illness
Paul Drury
GERALD Weisfeld, the creator of legendary What Every Woman Wants fashion chain has died, his family have announced.
The businessman was 79 when he passed early this morning following a long battle with illness.
Gerald Weisfeld, who founded What Every Woman Wants with wife Vera has died aged 79Credit: News Group Newspapers Ltd
His family were with him at the time of his passing.
Weisfeld, originally from London, opened a shop with wife Vera in Glasgow in 1971.
Model, 21, falls to her death from 30m high cliff-top selfie spot
His business grew into 130 What Every Woman Wants stores across the UK.
The chain was sold out for £50m in 1990.
After numerous changes of owners, including Philip Green, all WEWW closed in 2003.
In December 2018, Weisfeld was taken into care at Bothwell Castle Care Home in Lanarkshire.
Hundreds gather outside Watt Brothers in Glasgow for clearance after firm plunged into administration


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admin August 12, 2013 Legends, Management, Western Europe, WFPF AthletesLeave a Comment
For the last 12 years, Ryan Doyle has set the boundaries and continues to raise the bar in discovering what the human body is capable of, especially when it is not suppressed by what society says is 'socially accepted behaviour'. Ryan was influenced by movement from age 1, Walking at only 7 months old, he quickly learned about gravity and its consequences when he broke his arm doing a front flip at 3 years old.
While growing into his teen years and discovering Jackie Chan, Ryan joined a Korean martial arts class until he got his 1st degree black-belt in KUK-SOOL-WON. Combining martial art skills with self-taught gymnastics, Ryan discovered 'Tricking' and went on to become a National Tricking Champion in 2006, 07,09 & 2010.
Ryan became the first international Freerunning Champion, winning the Red Bull – Art of Motion in Vienna 2007. Then went on to be the Parkour Ambassador for Red Bull and the Art-of-Motion Consultant.
Co-Starring in MTVs Ultimate Parkour Challenge, and Freerunner The Movie, Ryan Continues to be a 'Voice' for the discipline of Parkour and delivers the messages of this inclusive art around the world.
WFPF (World Freerunning Parkour Federation) adopted Ryan as a founding athlete in 2007 and together with several athletes from the UK, USA and Europe, took the art to America were it exploded into the youth culture.
Since then, he has become an international champion, Ambassador of parkour for Red Bull, and the Art of Motion Consultant.
Ryan was born in Liverpool, UK in 1984, studied Media at Hope University. He continues to teach at his Freerunning Academy founded 2004 in Liverpool.
Ryan Doyle, Joe Zgheib, Fernando Arce: Live Stream hosts and commentators at WFPF's WorldParkourChampionship.com Mardin, Turkey 2018
It all started here when Ryan's video "Crazy Park Day" went viral back in 2007!
See Ryan's Bio and Resume from his website below:
Ryan Anthony Doyle – RAD
Ryan was born in Liverpool UK 1984, Graduated at Liverpool Hope University studying Media TV Production.
He excelled in Korean Martial Arts with a national title and integrated action choreography into his media work. First Appearing as a supporting artist in the UK series "Hollyoaks", he stepped into acting whilst at university and trained at Magul theatre school
For years Ryan toured the UK with a signed rap band, before winning two national events in one day. His action short "SACRIFICE" won 'Best Film' at the ScreenTest film festival. He later won the National Extreme Tricking battle that same afternoon.
Ryan partnered with the World freerunning Parkour federation to produce "MTVs Ultimate Parkour Challenge", His passion to perform took him to many competitions. He defended his tricking title 4X and became 2X World Freerunning Champion at the Red Bull art of Motion 2007/2011.
Ryan has travelled the world as a Red Bull Athlete on action media projects that push the human body to its limits. He appeared on National-Geographics's-Fight Science", the "Late Night Show with Jimmy Fallon", stunt-doubled for Ellen Degeneres and won "Best International Series" at the YouTube Streamy Awards 2013 with the online viral series "Travel Story"
Ryan partnered with members of the Liverpool Parkour community to open the UKs biggest Urban Sports facility. Airborn Academy is pioneering the New-Age training gyms that are emerging all over the world.
Ryan was cast as the evil character 'Finch' in the "Freerunner" Movie (2011) of course he did all his own stunts including the fight choreographer in the feature.
More recently, Ryan finished another lead role in the Action-Scifi feature "Mindgamer's" (2017) and live-hosted the Freerunning Parkour World Championships in Las Vegas.
Ryan featured as the treat for the winning team on the BBC reality TV series "The Apprentice"
"I've got a treat for you that'll have you boucing off the walls" – Sir. Alan Sugar
– Actor & Freerunner
– 2X World freerunning Champion Red Bull AOM
– 'Winner' Best International Series on YouTube
– Red Bull Athlete
– Founding Athlete of WFPF
– Founding Athlete of AIRBORN ACADEMY
– Director of RAD Production
2006 – "Winner" for 'Best Film" at Screentest Film Festival with "Sacrifice"
2006 – National Tricking Champion UK
2007 – 2x National tricking Champion
2007 -World Champion – RedBull AoM
2007 – WFPF founding Athlete
2008 – "W.I.L.D." (Action Short)
2009 – Red Bull Athlete – PKFR Ambassidor
2009 – Mtv's Ultimate Parkour Challenge
2010 – Late Night with Jummy Fallon
2010 – The Ellen Show
2010 – Mtv Ultimate Parkour Challenge series
2011 – "Freerunner" the Movie
2011 – 2x World Freerunning Champion AoM
2012 – "Travel Story" – International Tour Online Series.
2013 – "Winner" for Best International Series on Youtube
2014 – Founding Athlete – Airborn Academy
2016- Live Stream host WFPF Parkour Championship Las Vegas, Mandalay Bay
2017- Live Stream host WFPF "Jump Off" Parkour Championship Las Vegas, Mandalay Bay
2017 – Action Scifi feature "MINDGAMERS"
2017 – The APPRENTICE – BBC
2018- Live Stream Host WFPF's "World Parkour Championship" Mardin, Turkey WorldParkourChampionship.com
https://www.ryandoyle.co.uk/
https://www.facebook.com/RyanDoyleI
www.airbornacademy.com
https://www.instagram.com/ryan_doyle/


text:
About Jackie Tohn
Los Angeles , CA
Jackie Tohn was most recently seen in the Top 24 of American Idol Season 8.
"Miss Personality", as Ryan Seacrest dubbed her, was highly featured during the New York audition episode when the walls came crashing down - literally! Best Week Ever said, "Some Idol Contestants are Super-Heroes. This one sang the walls off!" Her vocals, eclectic outfits and fanny-packs left a memorable impression on America as well as the judges.
She was given the honor of opening the entire season. The judges all agreed that Jackie's energy, stage presence and strong vocals were a great way to start Season 8.
The native New Yorker and Los Angeles transplant has been professionally acting since she was 12. Her credits include: episodes of "The Closer", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", "The Sopranos", "Veronica Mars", "The Nanny" to name a few.
B.I. (or Before Idol), the guitar-toting-singer-songwriter, recorded a full-length album called "Beguiling" which has received much critical acclaim and is available on iTunes.
- Music Connection Magazine listed Jackie in their Top 100 unsigned artists.
- Music Choice Television features her songs in heavy rotation.
- Jackie has licensed songs on primetime network television through her PublishingCompany - Powerfox Publishing / BMI.
- Official Music Video for the title track 'BEGUILING' on Youtube
- Her single, "The Falling" comes pre-installed on the New Google Phone (Nexus One)
- New Album "Jackie Tohn 2.YO" set to be released June 2010.
['Music Connection Magazine' Excerpt]:
If you combine the songwriting skills of Laura Nyro, the gutsy earthiness of Janis Joplin, and the cool, bohemian style of Rickie Lee Jones, you'll have some idea of Jackie Tohn. And, though some may think those references are dated, you have to go back that far to find artistry this good. Smart, insightful, and in your face, her acoustic rock material is utterly compelling. Tohn's command of her guitar is striking, and is as expressive as her voice. From low, guttural murmurings to sweet purrs, Tohn's vocals are some of the mostenchanting you're likely to hear. She totally captivated the crowd.
Summary: This young artist is a star in the making. Jackie Tohn has a special gift and there are not many like her.
['Improper Magazine' Excerpt]:
"On Stage, Jackie Tohn Goes, and Goes...If Jackie lived on a park bench, she would put on shows for the pigeons. She can't help it. Some people believe there is no such thing as a natural, but Tohn is wired to entertain. On stage, she's a cross between Bette Midler (only better looking) and Lauryn Hill."
Follow Jackie Tohn on
Sonicbids
www.JackieTohn.com


How Durable Is A Concrete Pool?
Our team of pool experts at GEORGIA POOLS will design your concrete pool with an engineered plan that will include reinforced steel rods, called rebar. The rebar will keep the shape of your pool and it also makes it durable. The concrete is then poured and it encases the rebar into a new shell. To make it more durable, the concrete is then covered with a waterproof interior finish application.
What Are The Different Sizes And Shapes For A Concrete Pool?
The main benefit of installing a concrete pool is you have an endless choice of shapes and sizes. With concrete, you have the luxury of extreme customization. GEORGIA POOLS can design your pool in any shape or design you want that will fit your personal style and taste, anything from a large to a small pool.
What Options Are There For The Interior Finish Of A Concrete Pool?
There are many choices when it comes to the colors of the interior finish of a concrete pool. You can opt for water colors, such as blue and green, or go for something bold, like black, and complete the look with a sparkling pearl finish. The interior finish will not only enhance the overall look of your spa but will also make it easy to maintain.
Can A Fiberglass Pool Hold Saltwater?
Yes, a fiberglass pool can hold saltwater and it's in fact becoming a popular choice. The smooth surface of a fiberglass pool is impermeable to the chemical imbalances of your pool's water, as it commonly occurs. If your pool has chemical imbalance or you opt for salt water chlorination, the fiberglass pool will remain undamaged.
Do Fiberglass Pools Have Limited Customization Options?
Fiberglass can be customized in all other ways except in their shape because we are limited by our molds. Even so, we have a wide variety of shapes and designs our Design Consultants at GEORGIA POOLS will walk you through. You can go through the selection we have to offer with the customization options.
Do Fiberglass Pools Raise High Off The Ground?
Your fiberglass pool will never pop out of the ground as long as it is filled with water at all times.
How Durable Is A Fiberglass Pool?
The fiberglass pools built by GEORGIA POOLS come with a lifetime structural warranty.
How Is The Smooth Surface Of A Fiberglass Pool Beneficial?
One of the main advantages of the smooth surface of a fiberglass pool is it prevents algae growth, unlike that of a vinyl pool. Also, the smooth surface is a lot gentler on your hands and feet.
If I Want To Install A Jump Board, How Deep Does My Pool Have To Be?
All pools have to meet the necessary requirements and the fiberglass models we offer far exceed those requirements. Contact our Design Consultants at GEORGIA POOLS to learn more about pool requirements.
Is A Fiberglass Pool Environmentally Friendly?
Yes, a fiberglass pool is environmentally friendly because it requires fewer chemicals and is energy efficient. With a fiberglass pool, you also don't have to replace its liner, which means you have less wastage.
Is A Fiberglass Pool More Or Less Expensive To Maintain?
A fiberglass pool is less expensive to maintain relative to other types of pools because of its smooth surface. The smooth surface of a fiberglass pool makes it resistant to algae growth. Also, fiberglass pools are usually smaller and hold less water, which again reduces maintenance efforts.
Is A Fiberglass Pool Stronger Than A Concrete Pool?
A concrete pool may sound more durable and strong, but fiberglass is equally stronger. Some also believe fiberglass is 17 times much stronger than concrete, but that's just a myth.
What Colors Choices Do I Have For A Fiberglass Pool?
We have a variety of solid surface finishes for your fiberglass pool and spa that will allow you to showcase your personal style with visual textures on a smooth surface. Apart from the option of a white coating gel, we have six different types of solid surface finishes for our fiberglass pools.
What Customization Options Do I Have For A Fiberglass Pool?
We have a wide variety of pool customization options, even for a fiberglass pool. You can opt for built-in LED lights, cascades, perimeter tile, steps, seats, skimmers, inlayed mosaics, inlayed tile on steps and seats, tanning ledges and more. Whatever vision you have for your fiberglass pool, GEORGIA POOLS will make it happen!
What Happens When A Repair Is Needed?
The interior finish we apply to your custom pool creates a solid surface but when repairs are needed, they can be done easily, most often underwater as well. The repairs will be as strong as the original surface and mostly they will be of a cosmetic nature rather than a structural one.
Will I Be Able To Remodel Or Redesign My Current Fiberglass Pool?
[Insert Company Name] is an expert in pool renovation and the easiest way you can give your fiberglass pool an upgrade is by replacing the perimeter tile with brick or stone coping. It's a fairly easy task that can be easily accomplished by our trained experts. Contact [Insert Company Name] today and speak with a Design Consultant to learn about your options for renovations.
How Come Some Estimates Vary Even Though it's The Same Type of Pool?
The cost of your pool doesn't solely depend on its size and shape. Also, many builders cut corners on material, equipment and workmanship they use to build pools. There are many places where the cost of your pool can be lowered, but then you will be compromising on the workmanship, quality of materials, design, strength, ease of maintenance, warranties, and service.
For this reason, it's important to get all your information about how the pool will be built so you know exactly what you are investing in. At GEORGIA POOLS, we do not compromise on the quality of the materials, equipment and workmanship. We also don't intend to the increase the price from the initial quotation we provide during construction.
I Come Across Many Advertisements For Inground Swimming Pools, Is It Really That Affordable?
Most these extremely incredible deals are nothing more than a bait-and-switch scheme so they can get you to call them. Using cheap materials and equipment, and cutting corners on workmanship are how other pool builders will give you a more affordable pool. If a swimming pool deal sounds too good to be true then it probably is. If you have decided to invest in your backyard, make sure you perform a complete background check on the pool builder you are going with.
When you are given a price estimate for a pool consider everything that is or isn't included, such as pool equipment, size of the pool, water features, and more. You also don't want to be surprised by hidden costs. The most important factor you need to consider is the people who are going to build your pool. Are they professionally trained and certified? The investment you are making in your backyard should last you for a lifetime and for that reason you need to work with a pool builder that will give you a lifetime guarantee.
At GEORGIA POOLS we are extremely proud of the work we do. Our pool builders are professional trained and certified, and our Design Consultants will work within your budget and give you a financing option that works best for you. At the end of it, you will have a pool that is perfectly tailored to the customizations you provide and it will last you a lifetime.
What Is Included In The Initial Cost Of Purchasing A Pool?
When you contact GEORGIA POOLS, we will provide you a thorough breakdown of all the costs that are incurred when building and maintaining of an inground swimming pool. The breakdown will include the cost of the materials, the water features you want, equipment and the overall size of the pool area. The basic price of an inground pool will also vary depending on the ease of access, local and federal requirements of pool building, backyard landscape, demolition (if needed) and permit costs.
The initial cost will mostly include the 'hardscape'. Hardscape is everything that is placed around the pool, such as the material of your deck, patios, waterfalls, gazebos, planter walls and any other feature you desire to have in your outdoor space. The main cost of the swimming pool is driven by the customization features you employ and the total budget you want to spend on the design of your new inground swimming pool.
Will There Be An Increase In My Utility Bills After I Get A Pool?
On average, your utility bill will increase to about $20 per month to as much as $40 per month, depending on where you live and how often you use your pool. You can speak to one of your pool experts for a more accurate figure.
Can I Install An Inground Swimming Pool In A Small Yard?
We construct pools of all sizes and shapes, no matter how much space we are working with. In fact, you will be surprised to learn about the customization options you have for the design and shape of your pool, even in a small backyard. Contact us today and speak with our Design Consultants about the options you have for your swimming pool before you give up on the idea. All our consultations and price quotations are free of charge and we will show exactly how your dream pool or spa will look like in that small yard.
Yes, when you install a swimming pool in your backyard, you are essentially making an investment. If you take good care of your pool and keep it in shape, it will definitely add value to your home. Enhancing the pool area with landscaping and other visual features will make your home more valuable. When a realtor sells a home, it's not uncommon to see the pool being the highlight of the house.
Is The Cost Of A Pool Worth Considering Its Benefits?
Having a pool in your backyard offers a great set of benefits. For starters, consider the fun you will have with your family and friends, and the memories you create for life. It will also serve as the perfect spot to relax and de-stress as you unwind in your pool after a long day at work. Not to mention, how the swimming will improve your mental and physical wellbeing. It will also benefit you as a homeowner because a pool is a major upgrade, which adds value to your home.
How Do I Know I Am Choosing The Right Builder For My Pool?
Choosing the right builder for your pool is the most important decision you have to make. The best way to go about it is through referrals. Taking advantage of someone else's experience is the best way to make purchasing decisions. When you contact us, we will be more than happy to give you a list of our customers whom you can call and ask about their experience with us. They will tell you if they had any problems and how those problems were dealt by us. You are also free to check the licensing information of contractors, including their insurance information as well.
The other thing to look for is if the company is licensed or not. If it's not licensed for pool building, it's probably not a good choice to go forward with them. Also, ask if the company has had any previous name or if there has been a change of ownership. It's quite possible the company could be working another name when they went out of business the last time. Check to see how long the company has been operational and if possible, go to see some of the work that the builder has done in your area, the older the better.
Why Should I Choose GEORGIA POOLS?
We have served hundreds of customers and we are proud to hold a reputation for building pools that last a lifetime. GEORGIA POOLS has extensive experience in the pool building industry and we have the necessary skills and equipment to build pools, spas and everything related. We deal with everything from design to maintenance and from pool equipment to pool renovation. Our team at GEORGIA POOLS will bring complete commitment to you and give you the value for your money.
If you are going with the option of a concrete pool, it will take about 4 to 8 weeks from the day of the dig. If you are going with a fiberglass pool, it will take about 2 weeks. The time varies because it depends on the size of the pool and also the design of the entire project. Also, you need to add in the time when no work is done due to the weather. Apart from building the pool itself, there are other matters to be taken care of, such as financing, getting permits, marking and finding utilities and pipes.
The most time-consuming part is the permits and they can often delay the process of pool building. Since every situation is different, it's difficult to provide an exact timeframe. However, when you consult with GEORGIA POOLS, we will give you a timeframe that's specific to your pool and our team will put in all efforts to have everything done within the deadline. At the time of consultation, we will inform you of any potential delays so you can be prepared and we will advise you on how to go forward with the municipal codes in your area.
Are Some Swimming Pools More Economical Than Others?
The biggest factors that determine the cost of your pool are the size and the perimeter. The shape and design have little effect on the overall cost of your pool.
What Options Do I Have For Pool Shapes?
When it comes to the choice of pool shapes, the choices are literally endless. That's why we have expert pool designers at GEORGIA POOLS who will suggest you of the best ways you can utilize your backyard space. Whatever vision you have for your pool's shape, GEORGIA POOLS will make it happen for you.
What Pool Options Do I Have?
The pool options you have are endless and we strive to design and construct whatever you bring to the table. The technology that is rapidly evolving has changed the game for the swimming pool industry as well. We can design and build an endless variety of pools, spas and water features, such as waterfalls, rock features, tanning ledges, fountains, grottos and much more.
We also offer innovative and efficient water treatment options, such as fiber optic lighting, spa products, automatic cleaning devices, and much more. Our goal is to make pool ownership less work and more enjoyable.
What Type Of Pool Design Should I Go For?
Once you have decided that you want to build a pool in your backyard, our Design Consultants at GEORGIA POOLS will have a meeting with you to discuss the pool design you want to go with. You will be walked through a series of questions, such as why you want a pool, what you intend to do with it, and how much space we are working with. We also need to take into consideration if children or older adults will be using the pool. The view of the pool from your house and the overall look of your backyard will be measured as well.
Our team of experts will create a digital model of your pool so you can see how it will look in your backyard. Most designing decisions depend on the location, size and the surrounding area of your pool. When making decisions in relation to your pool, keep in mind that it is an investment you are making in your home and it's essentially going to be a permanent change. For that reason, consider the long-term use of your swimming pool and spa.
What Financing Options Do I Have For My Pool?
Getting financing for your pool is fairly easy. If you are building a new home, the pool can be part of your home loan. If you are adding a pool to your existing home, you can get a standard loan for the pool, open a line of credit or get a second mortgage. GEORGIA POOLS will help you get through the financing process and do whatever it can to make your loan application easier.
Does GEORGIA POOLS Handle Decking And Planters?
GEORGIA POOLS handles everything that comes within the design of the pool, including decking and planters, with the exception of installing the greenery. We will install planters and all other water features that will enhance the overall look of your outdoor space. Unlike other pool builders, we don't leave anything to outside contractors to do any task, such as finishing.
The reason being that if you intend to install planters and decking, we make sure the weight of this feature will hold by using the appropriate soil underneath. For other features that require water, we make sure the appropriate plumbing work is done. When you outsource these tasks, these small factors are missed and you will end up with more digging and addition of new outlets.
Are There Any Hidden Costs, Or Is The Quoted Price The Final Price?
The prices we quote are the final price. If the price were to increase, it would only be if you ask for changes to the original design of the pool.
Can I Use My New Pool Right Away Once It's Filled With Water?
The startup procedures can take about one week, sometimes less, after the pool construction is complete and filled with water.
Do I Need To Stay Back Home While My Pool Is Being Constructed?
No, your presence isn't required at all times, although there are a few instances when you will need to be home while your pool is being constructed.
For example, you need to be home on the day your pool is excavated, the day when the electrician or gas technician arrives, and the day of inspection.
Our team will notify you in advance for the days you will need to be present on.
How Can I Make Sure Construction Stays On Schedule?
Our construction team that will be building your pool will keep you posted on the daily progress. As much as we like to stay on schedule, there are a few factors out of our control that could possibly delay construction, such as the weather, changes made to the pool design, and permit delays.
The steps involved in building a fiberglass pool are mostly similar with a few changes. To learn about the differences, speak with your Design Consultant at GEORGIA POOLS.
Will The Design Consultant Stay In Touch Throughout The Construction Process So That I Can Make Sure I Am Getting What I Paid For?
Our Design Consultants will be with you through every step and they will make sure you are getting exactly what you asked for. At the end of the construction process, you will be shown how the mechanical components of the inground swimming pool work. Lastly, we will set up a maintenance program for you or you can get the necessary instructions to maintain the pool yourself.
Can I Maintain And Make Repairs Of My Pool By Myself?
As the time passes, your pool will show signs of age. If you want to make repairs yourself, make sure you are complying by the instructions provided in your manual so you maintain your pool appropriately. If you can't maintain or make the repairs yourself, don't hesitate to contact GEORGIA POOLS.
Our team of technicians will be more than happy to assist you and they will take care of any and all repairs required. We offer a weekly maintenance program as well where our technicians will clean your pool and maintain the equipment. You will also get a regular evaluation of how well your pool is doing and if there are any repairs needed down the road.
Does My Pool Need To Be Drained On An Annual Basis?
Properly balance your pool's chemical contents so you don't see stains, scaling or algae growth.
To keep your pool clean and free of algae, add some extra sanitizer.
Before closing your pool, clean and vacuum it thoroughly.
To avoid damage, keep the water level below the skimmer inlet lines and all other areas that experience a heavy freeze.
Close the valves on the skimmer.
To prevent weather damage, make sure there is no water in the skimmers.
To prevent weather damage, make sure there is no water in the heater, filter, pump and piping system.
Disassemble the pump motor and keep it in a dry place.
Make sure none of your pool equipment is connected to power. Remove all fuses or simply turn off the circuit breakers.
Disassemble your jump board and store it in a dry place.
Plug all the openings of your pool and cover it.
Keep all your pool chemicals in a cool dry place, away from pets and children.
Is It Difficult And Time-Consuming To Maintain A Pool?
Regularly maintaining your pool will hardly take 30 minutes per week. The technology we have today for pools cuts down the time and effort you have to put into keeping your pool in top shape. It's also efficient and much safer to use than before. The innovative pool equipments can help you test the water for safety, cleaning the pool, heat it up and all you have to do it regularly add chemicals and brush the pool on a monthly basis. Soon enough, you will find yourself enjoying your pool a lot more than maintaining it.
Speak to your Design Consultants to learn more about the maintenance efforts you need to put in for your pool and also get to know the different options you have for pool equipment. We offer pool maintenance packages which means you have to do absolutely nothing from then on. GEORGIA POOLS also offers opening and closing services which will come handy if you live in an area where the pool needs to be closed for the winter and then opened again for the spring.
Is There A Standard Checklist For Pool Cleaning?
Removing floating dirt and debris and picking objects that have sunk to the bottom of the pool with the help of a leaf skimmer.
Cleaning out the strainer basket found in the skimmer basket and filter pump.
Cleaning the tiles and walls with a soft pool brush and pool tile cleaner.
Vacuuming the pool once a week, unless you have an automatic pool cleaner.
Testing the water to check for chemical imbalance and adding chemicals to balance the water as needed.
Cleaning the dirt and debris on the pool deck.
Will I Cut Down On Maintenance Costs With An Automatic Pool Cleaner?
Yes, an automatic pool cleaner, that's authentic, will help you keep your pool crystal-clear. You will still need to brush the floor and walls of the pool to clean the dirt that's clinging on to it. With an automatic pool cleaner, you will essentially cut down the total time it takes to clean your pool.
Do I Need To Chlorinate My Pool Or Spa?
To keep your pool or spa sanitized you have to add chlorine. Chlorine acts as a disinfectant and destroys all living microorganisms and bacteria, which is essential to keep it safe for swimming. Chlorine isn't the only choice you have for sanitizing your pool or spa, and there are many other disinfectants available.
What Else Can I Use To Disinfect My Pool Other Than Chlorine?
Apart from chlorine, there are several alternatives you can use to disinfect your pool, such as ozone and salt chlorinator. These solutions are excellent if you are sensitive to chlorine.


A lot of Law of Attraction guides note that your activities and mood in the morning set the tone for the rest of the day. These moods determine your vibration and manifestation potential. If you're feeling energetic, upbeat and productive, you carry that energy with you and draw more of the same towards you.
In contrast, if you're grumpy or groggy then you tend to align with a vibration of lack rather than abundance. But how do you ensure you wake up happy and with positive energy? Here are eight simple but powerful tips. Keep reading to discover how to wake up happy and energized as soon as tomorrow morning!
Firstly, even when we have the very best of intentions, many of us are guilty of enthusiastically setting goals one night and then ignoring the alarm the next morning.
To ensure you actually get up and out of bed at the time you intended, keep your alarm out of the way. Preferably keep it across the room, where you'll still hear it but be unable to silence it.
Once you're up and you've turned it off, you will most likely stay up and get going. This could allow you to start the day feeling alert and determined. So, this is a great method if you are someone who sets 20 different alarms but ends up snoozing them all!
It's likely that you've already incorporated daily affirmations into your Law of Attraction work. If you find that you wake up feeling a little sluggish then you might benefit from reciting those affirmations straight away.
Find out more about the power of affirmations in my book, The Secret Law Of Attraction, which you can get for free here now.
There's an argument to be made for airing your bed after you've been asleep in it all night. If it's your mood and mindset that you're concerned with then you'll likely be much better off if you choose to make your bed right away. This massively reduces the temptation to get back under the covers. It also makes your bed a relaxing, calm place to come back to in the evening.
There's a reason that cold water has such a great reputation for boosting focus and combatting lethargy! Whether you splash your face with cold water shortly after waking, take a cold shower or down an iced water, you'll feel more wakeful and mentally alert afterward.
In fact, regardless of whether you want to put cold water on your body, make sure you have at least some to drink. Most of us are at least mildly dehydrated when we first wake, which can cause sluggish cognition and slow the metabolism.
Don't be tempted to skip breakfast! It is in many ways the most important meal of the day. Instead, make something fresh and healthy that's packed with vital nutrients.
Some people swear by green smoothies, while others prefer to cook up hot porridge or make an omelet. As long as it's good for you and giving you a decent reserve of fuel for the day, you can let your personal taste dictate what you have.
Try working out first thing in the morning to create positive energy for the rest of the day.
Even just ten or fifteen minutes of physical exercise can make all the difference!
Whether you go for a quick run, do a dance workout, complete some yoga positions or swim before work. All of these activities get the blood pumping and endorphins flooding your system, giving you the upbeat mentality you need to succeed.
However, don't forget to stretch first… You'll probably be a little stiff when you first get out of bed.
One quick and easy way to enhance your positive energy is to expose your mind to inspiring thoughts and ideas.
TED talks, podcasts, and Law of Attraction success stories are all excellent examples. The key goal here is just to reconnect with your awareness of your own limitless potential. In addition, they remind you of just how much creativity, positivity, and achievement is waiting for you in the world.
Finally, if you're not waking up with positive energy, it could be that you're sleeping too little… Or even too much.
Sleep experts typically suggest we aim for 7-9 hours of sleep. Individuals vary when it comes to precisely how much makes them feel best.
One smart thing you can do is add-on 15 more minutes each day, doing this until you reach an amount of sleep that allows you to feel good when you get up.
On a related note, take a critical look at your sleeping environments! Quiet, cool and dark rooms promote the most effective rest.


Mickey has a wealth of art directorial experience in the design and advertising industry, having worked as Art Director at OUA Advertising (Singapore), Bridgepoint Marketing Pte Ltd, and Bozell, Jacobs, Kenyon & Eckhardt (Singapore).
Since 1993, he has dedicated himself to design education and has been lecturing at the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts for more than 20 years.
Well-versed in the execution of a broad spectrum of ad campaigns, Mickey has worked on accounts for Mercedes Benz, Xerox, Bristol-Myers, Metro, Wrangler, as well as government-funded campaigns. He is a team player who is familiar with the work processes of business pitches for new accounts, and has led and managed teams from conception to final production in design projects.
Mickey's teaching philosophy is to engage students in the practice of reflection and to have students adopt a 'Thinking behind the Thinking' approach in their learning experience. In essence, by advocating a more cognitive approach, there will be a maturing process that encourages the growth of a thinking designer.


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MAS-WM is dedicated to helping manufacturers in the West Midlands improve any aspect of their manufacturing operations, processes, production or materials technologies.
Universities UK is the voice of the UK's Universities.
Ranked by many in the top 5 of the UK's Universities. Home to the WMCCM and WMG.
"As one of the UK's leading research-led universities, the University of Birmingham recognises the importance of developing close links with Business and industry enabling access to and exploitation of its knowledge base and creating the environment for economic growth and regeneration locally, nationally and internationally. The University offer a wide range of services both generic and tailored to specific organisational needs.
WMG The new WMG web site.
T he information centre for the West Midlands European Structural Funds programme.
Post code checker for Objective 2 eligibility.
Please enter the postcode location for information indicating whether it is within the Objective 2 area.
The Regional Development Agency for the West Midlands.
Helping you raise money for your business.
Investment for the Early Growing Company.
T he site offering the most comprehensive regional database of financing for West Midlands SMEs.
Business Link is managed by the DTI to provide practical help and advice for business.
Working with businesses, employees and consumers to drive up UK productivity and competitiveness to deliver prosperity for all.
Companies House - Business registrations and records.
The online voice of British business.
Find out if broadband access has reached your area.
The Internet Security Alliance is a non-profit collaboration between EIA and Carnegie Mellon's CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC), with a diverse and international membership.
Symantec Security Check tests your exposure to a wide range of online threats. It's free and efficient, and it helps you determine your Internet security needs.
Security Bulletins, Virus Alerts, and Updates from Microsoft.
www.linuxsecurity.com is owned and maintained by Guardian Digital of Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, a recently formed Linux consultancy that works with businesses in the New York City area.
MediGate is a new WMCCM based application built for emerging Medical Tourism industry, it is trying to apply the 'Self Help' concept to help patients to make their own decision on medical tourism choices.
Engraving machines and tools from Gravograph - World leader in engraving machines, laser engraving, engraving software and materials including glass and metal engraving, cup engraving. Gravograph is holding an opendays in Leamington Spa from Sun 2nd nov to wed 5th nov. Welcome machine manufacturing companies, jewellery and gifts retailers.