text:
Prof. Martha Carlin
Copyright Martha Carlin 2022, all rights reserved
Lecture outlines
COVID-19 issues:
As a member of our campus community, you are expected to abide by the Panther Interim COVID-Related Health & Safety Rules:
Self-check for COVID symptoms at https://uwm.edu/coronavirus/symptom-monitor/. Symptoms may include fever, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, loss of sense of taste or smell.
If you test positive for or are diagnosed with COVID-19, complete this Dean of Students Office form: https://cm.maxient.com/reportingform.php?UnivofWisconsinMilwaukee&layout_id=4
If you are ill or have COVID-19:
Do not come to campus or attend any in-person class if you have COVID-19, or if you are experiencing any other symptoms of illness.
Contact me immediately to discuss options for completing coursework while ill or in quarantine.
As your instructor, I will trust your word when you say you are ill, and in turn, I expect that you will report the reason for your absences truthfully.
Class recording:
Our class sessions may be recorded for students who are unable to attend at the scheduled time. Students who attend class are agreeing to be recorded.
Potential for switch to fully online instruction:
Changing public health circumstances for COVID-19 may cause UWM to move to fully online instruction at some point during the semester. In this event, UWM will communicate with students.
If our class moves online, we will use Zoom as our online class platform. You will access it from the course Canvas page, and I will send you full instructions for using Zoom.
Office: Holton 320
Messages: History Department, tel. (414) 229-4361
Email: carlin@uwm.edu
Webpage: sites.uwm.edu/carlin
Office hours: Tuesdays 1:00-2:00 PM, and by appointment
Grader: Lillian Pachner
E-mail: lpachner@uwm.edu
Office hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:30-12:30, and by appointment
Course description: This course will survey the history of Europe in the early Middle Ages, c. 500-1000 CE. During the first ten weeks of the semester we will examine the broad history of the period, and we will look at some individual events and developments and trace their long-term effects on European society. These special topics will include the collapse of the Roman empire in the West and its survival in the East, the spread of Christianity and Islam, the invasions and migrations of the Germanic peoples in Western Europe (including the Anglo-Saxons, the Franks, and the Vikings), and the rise and fall of the Carolingian empire. In the latter part of the semester we will examine in some detail the conditions of daily life in early medieval Europe. To do all this we will read works by modern scholars who have attempted to reconstruct pieces of the medieval past, and also accounts by medieval people of their own world as they saw it, and we will consider examples of the art, architecture, and material culture of the period.
Course objectives: This course should provide you with a good overview of European history between 500 and 1000 CE, and enable you to understand the significance both of outstanding individual careers and events, and of broad and long-term historical patterns. It should also enable you to develop important skills in:
reading and evaluating sources carefully and critically
identifying and analyzing a wide variety of types of evidence
using such evidence to reconstruct and interpret the past
combining research and analysis with thoughtful writing to produce clear, original, and persuasive arguments
Our course Grader is Lillian Pachner. Lillian will be grading your written work and keeping the grade book and attendance records. She will also assist me as needed during class. Lillian's contact information and office hours are listed above.
There are two required textbooks, both inexpensive, and both available through UWM's Virtual Bookstore at https://uwm.ecampus.com/shop-by-course.
Bennett, Judith M., and Sandy Bardsley. Medieval Europe: A Short History. 12th edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. You are welcome to buy either the print edition or the e-edition of this book (e-editions are available from RedShelf.com or VitalSource.com), but be sure to buy the 12th edition (new in July 2020), not an earlier edition. (We will be using the same book this Spring in History 204 (High Middle Ages), so if you think that you might take Hist 204, it would be worth your while to buy the print edition.)
Riché, Pierre. Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne. Trans. Jo Ann McNamara. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978. (There is only one edition of this book, so any copy that you buy, new or second-hand, should be fine.)
There are also numerous required online readings (listed below under Topics and Readings).
Email and internet access: You will require an email account and access to the Internet for this class. All UWM students receive a free UWM email account, and the History Department regularly contacts students via their assigned UWM email addresses. If you routinely use another email service provider (e.g., Gmail or Yahoo!) instead of your assigned UWM email, please go immediately into your UWM email account and put a "forward" command on it, to forward all incoming email messages to the account that you routinely use. This is your responsibility; the History Department reflectors use UWM e-addresses only. (To put a forward command on your UWM email account: enter your Office 365 account and click on "?" to open the Help app. Type "forward mail" and then follow the directions to forward email to your desired account.)
Papers: There are six required mini-papers (described at the end of this syllabus), each worth 10% of your final grade. You are welcome to write more than six of these mini-papers, in which case your six best paper grades will be used for your final grade (10% each, for 60% of final grade). Your papers will be submitted electronically via Canvas.
Exams: There will be no midterm exam or final exam, but there will be frequent in-class quizzes. The quizzes will be taken electronically, via Canvas, and will count towards the class participation portion of your final grade.
Attendance and participation: This class is designed to be taught face-to-face; if we need to move it online, it will be a synchronous ("live") lecture class. Either in-person or online, your regular attendance is essential. Registered students who fail to attend class during the first two class meetings, or to contact me, may be dropped administratively. The participation portion of your grade will be based on in-class work, such as quizzes or other activities. Your attendance and participation are EACH worth 20% of your final grade (40% in all).
Grading and deadlines: Your final grade will be based on your six (or six best) mini-papers (10% each, for 60% of final grade), your attendance (20%) and your in-class participation (20%). The mini-papers are due on the dates specified at the end of the syllabus. Late work will not be accepted, except in cases of major illness or emergency (it is your responsibility to contact me immediately in such a case).
Electronic devices in class: You may use a laptop, tablet, or smartphone in class, but ONLY for work related to this class. This is a zero-tolerance policy: any off-task computer use will result in the immediate forfeiture of the privilege of using the device in class for the remainder of the semester. All electronic devices must be silenced during class.
For fast access to Canvas on your Android or iOS smartphone or tablet, go to: https://community.canvaslms.com/t5/Canvas-Mobile-Users/gh-p/mobile
Disabilities: If you have a disability, it is essential that you contact me ASAP to discuss any help or accommodation you may need.
Students in need: Any student who faces challenges securing food, housing, or technology, or is struggling with mental, physical, or emotional health, and believes this may affect their academic performance, is urged to contact the Dean of Students (dos@uwm.edu) for support.
Academic Advising in History: All L&S students have to declare and complete an academic major to graduate. If you have earned in excess of 45 credits and have not yet declared a major, you are encouraged to do so. If you are interested in declaring a major or minor in History, or require academic advising in History, please visit the Department of History's undergraduate program web page, at: http://uwm.edu/history/undergraduate/.
Academic integrity at UWM: UWM and I expect each student to be honest in academic performance. Failure to do so may result in discipline under rules published by the Board of Regents (UWS 14). The penalties for academic misconduct such as cheating or plagiarism can include a grade of "F" for the course and expulsion from the University. For UWM's policies and procedures on academic misconduct, see https://uwm.edu/deanofstudents/academic-misconduct-2/ and https://uwm.edu/deanofstudents/instructor-academic-misconduct-process/
UWM policies on course-related matters: See the website of the Secretary of the University, at: https://uwm.edu/secu/wp-content/uploads/sites/122/2016/12/Syllabus-Links.pdf
Topics and Readings
Week 1: Introduction
6 Sept. –
Introduction to course
8 Sept. – The Roman Empire
Bennett and Bardsley, pp. xi-xix (introductory matter), 1-10
Week 2: The Origins and Spread of Christianity
13 Sept. –
Bennett and Bardsley, pp. 11-16
Acts of the Apostles, Chapters 1-6, 9-11. Use any edition of the New Testament, or use either of the editions below:
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/acts-asv.html (American Standard Version, 1901)
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+1&version=NASB (New American Standard Version, 1995)
Week 2 mini-paper due in Canvas by 4:59 PM today (see end of syllabus)
Eusebius: The Conversion of Constantine, 312
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/conv-const.asp
(if the main website is down, use the archived version of this source at:)
https://web.archive.org/web/20140911025111/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/conv-const.asp
The Nicene Creed, 325
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/the-nicene-creed/
Theodosius the Great, Law-code (excerpts): On religion
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/codex-theod1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814161845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.asp
Hypatia of Alexandria (d. 415): Read the editor's introduction, and then scroll down and read all three accounts of her life and murder
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/hypatia-of-alexandria/
Week 3: The Collapse of Roman Power in the West; the Barbarian Invasions
Tacitus, Germania (read the first of the two texts)
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/tacitus1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140912074251/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.asp
Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks: The reign of Clovis
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/gregtours1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20110805002306/http:/www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gregtours1.asp
Biographical sketch of Clotilda, Clovis's queen
https://medievaleuropeonline.com/retiredclothilde.html
Theodoric the Ostrogoth (via his secretary, Cassiodorus): Letters
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/theodoric1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182556/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodoric1.html
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book I, Chap. 15: The
coming of the Anglo-Saxons
https://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.v.i.xiv.html
(if the main website is down, use the archived version of this source at:
https://web.archive.org/web/20160409102022/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.v.i.xiv.html
Week 4: Early Western Christendom, c. 500-700
Venantius Fortunatus: Life of St. Radegund
https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195904/http://mw.mcmaster.ca/scriptorium/radegund.html
(If the above website is unavailable, use the following website:)
http://people.uwm.edu/carlin/venantius-fortunatus-life-of-st-radegund/
The Rule of St. Benedict
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/rul-benedict.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140912073807/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/rul-benedict.asp
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People: Missionaries in England
https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102044/http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/bedeconv.html
Week 5: Byzantium and Islam
4 Oct. –
Procopius, On the Buildings (De Ædificiis): Hagia Sophia
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/procop-deaed1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160639/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/procop-deaed1.asp
Procopius, On the Wars (De Bello Gothico): the Byzantine silk industry, and the racing factions (see both websites below)
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/550byzsilk.asp
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/procop-factions.asp
(if the main website is down, use the archived versions of these sources at:)
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814172637/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/550byzsilk.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814172738/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/procop-factions.asp
Procopius, The Secret History (Anecdota): read Introduction (by webmaster Paul Halsall), "Contents" (list of chapters in The Secret History), and "By the Historian" (introduction by Procopius)
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/procop-anec.asp
The Qur'an: Extracts from Surahs 1 and 47, on faith
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/medieval-sourcebook-the-quran-1-47/
Week 6: the Islamic World
11 Oct. –
Bennett and Bardsley, pp. 96-104
The Qur'an: Extracts from Surahs 4 and 2, on women, Moses, Jesus, and righteousness
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/the-quran-excerpts/
The Hadith (extracts): On the 5 pillars of Islam; on trade
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/the-hadith-excerpts/
Watch this entire documentary video:
Islam: Empire of Faith, part 1: Muhammed and the Rise of Islam (54 min.):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PF6VPZsHDZQ
Bennett and Bardsley, pp. 105-107
"The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam" (short article by Hussein Abdulwaheed Amin, Editor of IslamForToday.com)
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/origins-of-sunnishia-split-in-islam/
Yakut: Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. AD 1000
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1000baghdad.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160142/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1000baghdad.asp
Week 7: Carolingian Europe
Riché, pp. 41-6 (the palace), 90-8 (life at court)
Einhard, Life of Charlemagne: Extracts from Book III
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/einhard1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160700/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.asp
Riché, pp. 3-23 (the Carolingian world)
Charlemagne: Capitulary De villis
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/carol-devillis.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160655/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol-devillis.asp
Inventory of Charlemagne's estate at Asnapium [=modern Annapes; the mysterious word "gramalmin" in this inventory is a misreading of "gramalium" (pot-hook)]
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/800Asnapium.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182105/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/800Asnapium.asp
Week 8: The New Invasion: Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings
The Vikings attack the Franks, c. 843-912 (read all three texts)
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/843bertin.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20141028170149/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/843bertin.asp
Viking ship-building and navigation (see both websites below)
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/anglo-saxon/maldon/gokstad.html
(If the above website will not load, or is taking a very long time to load, use the following copy: https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/2022/10/25/the-gokstad-ship/)
http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/manufacturing/text/norse_ships.htm
Viking ships (see all four websites below):
http://www.sjolander.com/viking/museum/Ston3888.jpg
("Bildsten Stora Hammars 1" – Viking picture stone from the Swedish island of Gotland, depicting land and sea battles; alternative URL: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildsten#/media/Fil:Bildsten_Stora_Hammars_1_-_KMB_-_16000300017733.jpg)
The Oseberg ship: http://www.vikingskip.com/osebergskipet.htm
The Gokstad ship: http://www.vikingskip.com/gokstadskipet.htm
The Tune ship: http://www.vikingskip.com/tuneskipet.htm
The Cuerdale hoard, c. 905-910: the largest known Viking Age silver hoard from Western Europe
https://web.archive.org/web/20140704015936/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_cuerdale_hoard.aspx
Saga of Grettir the Strong, Chaps. 1-18
https://web.archive.org/web/20170226152113/http://omacl.org/Grettir/gr1-18.html
Ibn Fadlan: Description of the Rus, 921 (read as far as "Questions and answers about Eaters of the Dead and 13th Warrior")
https://www.vikinganswerlady.com/ibn_fdln.shtml
Week 9: Europe Survives the Siege
1 Nov. –
Asser, Life of King Alfred
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/asser.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182212/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/asser.asp
The Peace of God proclaimed in the archdiocese of Bordeaux, 989
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/pc-of-god.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20141009112720/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pc-of-god.asp
"Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, Tenth-Century Poet and Playwright" (biographical essay by Brenda M. Johnson on the German canoness who was the first medieval playwright)
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/hrotsvit-of-gandersheim/
Week 10: Early Medieval Society; Daily Work
8 Nov. – THERE IS A DOUBLE READING ASSIGNMENT TODAY, AND NO CLASS ON THURSDAY
Riché, pp. 101-9, 110-30 (Carolingian people), AND
Riché, pp. 133-42 (farming), 142-51 (stock breeding, crafts)
10 Nov. – NO CLASS TODAY
Week 10 mini-paper due in Canvas by 4:59 PM today (see end of syllabus)
Week 11: The Early Medieval Church
15 Nov. –
Riché, pp. 35-40 (monasteries), 84-89 (prelates), 109-10 (rural priests); 230-42 (liturgy, churches and their furnishings, penance, liturgical calendar), 269-72 (sanctuary and hospitality)
Allen J. Frantzen, Anglo-Saxon Penitentials – A Cultural Database:
Penances recommended by Anglo-Saxon manuals of penance ("penitentials") for male-female sexual sins:
http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=sexmafe
In the same source, see also the penances recommended for same-sex and auto-erotic sins:
http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=sexsame
Week 12: Lordship and Justice
Riché, pp. 67-71 (estate administration), 257-8 (the poor), 259-68 (royal justice and lay protectors)
The law of the Salian Franks
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/salic-law.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160708/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/salic-law.asp
Judgment by ordeal
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/ordeals1.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165902/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ordeals1.asp
[THANKSGIVING DAY – NO CLASS]
Week 13: Formal Education; Popular Religion
Riché, pp. 74-76 (aristocratic training), 191-7 (clerical training), 203-29 (education and learning)
Walafrid Strabo, Hortulus (My Little Garden): The Gourd
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/walafrid-stabo-hortulus-the-gourd/
1 Dec. –
Riché, pp. 181-90 (paganism, magic, astrology, marvels), 197-202 (popular religious instruction), 242-5 (prayer associations), 273-88 (relics and pilgrimage)
Allen J. Frantzen, Anglo-Saxon Penitentials – A Cultural Database: penances recommended by Anglo-Saxon penitentials (manuals of penance) for pagan and superstitious practices
http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=paganism
Week 14: Daily Life; Hardships
Riché, pp. 47-56, 61-3 (demography, sex, and marriage), 159-77 (housing, clothing, hygiene, food)
Riché, pp. 24-8 (landscape), 76-81 (war), 249-54 (hardships)
Aelfric, Colloquy ("On Laborers"), c. 1000
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1000workers.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20140814200012/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1000workers.asp
Week 15: Riddles, Poetry, and Tales
13 Dec. –
Alcuin of York, "The Debate Between Pippin and Alcuin"
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/alcuin-of-york-the-debate-between-pippin-and-alcuin/
Anglo-Saxon poetry and riddles from the Exeter Book: Excerpts from
The Ruin and The Wanderer, and three riddles
https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/exeter-book-excerpts/
Three tales from The 1001 Nights (translated by Sir Richard Burton):
"The Ruined Man Who Became Rich Again Through a Dream"
https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/burt1k1/tale14.htm
"The Sweep and the Noble Lady"
"The Second Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160910123742/http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/burt1k1/tale19.htm
15 Dec. – NO CLASS
Instead, Professor Carlin and Lillian will hold extra office hours today during the usual class time (10:00-11:15 AM). Please feel free to drop by!
Mini-Papers for History 203
PAPER REQUIREMENTS:
Each paper must be 1-2 double-spaced pages long, in a 12-pt font. (The minimum length is one full page of text.) It must be submitted as a Word document (.doc or .docx) via the course Canvas page.
Your paper must be based entirely on that week's assigned readings and my online lectures and lecture outlines. No other sources are allowed, including Wikipedia. The point of the papers is to challenge you to read the assigned readings carefully, and to attend and take part in the lectures thoughtfully, and to hone your analytical and writing skills.
Your papers must address the assigned topic, and be written to a college-level standard, with good grammar, spelling, punctuation, and phrasing. Fill your papers with solid factual content, not "padding," and avoid vague or unclear writing. Put everything in your own words; do not include any quotations at all.
Your papers must be entirely your own work. You may not copy or adapt them from someone else's work, and you may not collaborate on them with anyone else.
At the end of your paper, list each source that you have used. For books, include the specific page numbers. (Do not simply list the full range of pages in the reading assignments – list only the pages from which you actually took ideas or information.) For online sources that are longer than about one page, indicate which section(s) of the source you used. Examples:
Carlin, Tuesday lecture and lecture outline
Riché, pp. 74-76
Tacitus, Germania: "Training of Youth," "Marriage Laws"
Venantius Fortunatus, Life of St. Radegund, paragraphs 7-10, 15
If your main text fills two full pages, the list of sources may go on page 3.
You must submit a minimum of six mini-papers. You are welcome to submit more than six; if you do, your six best paper grades will be used for your final grade. Your six (or six best) mini-papers are worth 60% of your final grade (10% each).
All papers are due in Canvas on THURSDAYS by 4:59 PM, except for Week 12 (Thanksgiving week), when it is due on Tuesday by 4:59 PM. Late papers (including paper topics from an earlier week) will not be accepted.
PAPER TOPICS (choose at least six):
WEEK 2: This week's readings include three quite different accounts of the scholarly career and murder of Hypatia of Alexandria. Imagine that you are a modern investigator trying to reconstruct why Hypatia was killed and the circumstances of her death. Drawing for background on this week's readings and lectures, analyze the three documents. For each document, answer the following three questions:
(1) Who is blamed for Hypatia's death?
(2) What sign(s) of bias can you detect in the account?
(3) Is the account trustworthy or untrustworthy, and why?
WEEK 3: This week we read two propagandistic accounts of the Germans, as seen through Roman eyes. The first account, Germania, provides an important early description of the Germanic people and their culture. It was written c. 98 CE by the Roman senator and historian Tacitus (c. 56-c. 120 CE). The second account is the depiction of the Frankish king Clovis (d. 511), founder of the Merovingian dynasty. It was written in the late 500s by Gregory, the aristocratic Gallo-Roman bishop of Tours (c. 538-594). Identify five features of Germanic culture as described by Tacitus that can also be seen in Bishop Gregory's account of Clovis.
WEEK 4: Much is known of the life of St. Radegund (c. 520-587), a Frankish princess forced into marriage with a Frankish king, who later fled her marriage and her royal status to live a life of celebrated holiness and self-denial in a convent in Poitiers. When Radegund died there in 587, the whole city wept. She was buried outside her convent, in a church that she had built, and her grand public funeral was conducted by her friend Gregory, bishop of Tours (c. 538-594). Drawing on two primary sources — the Life of St. Radegund written by her friend Venantius Fortunatus, and the monastic way of life for monks (and nuns) as represented by the Rule of St. Benedict — together with this week's lectures and the readings in Bennett and Bardsley, imagine that you are Bishop Gregory at Radegund's funeral, and write a eulogy for her as he might have delivered it. Be sure to pack your paper with concrete information drawn from the lectures and the assigned readings, including both the Life of St. Radegund and the Rule of St. Benedict.
WEEK 5: It is the year 541. Justinian and Theodora are planning to erect a grand public monument celebrating their reign. Justinian has asked Procopius to draft the inscription that will be carved on this monument, describing the glorious achievements of the emperor and empress. Produce two versions of this inscription:
(1) A draft that Procopius would have submitted to Justinian and Theodora
(2) A malicious version, which Procopius would have included in his Secret History of their reign.
Each version of the inscription should be half a page to one page long. You must use ALL of Tuesday's assigned readings as sources for this paper.
WEEK 6: The rise of Islam rapidly overthrew Byzantine hegemony in the Middle East and North Africa, and established a new dominant religion and a new imperial state. Drawing on the lectures and readings in Week 5 (Thursday) and Week 6, identify:
Two major reasons for Islam's early success against the Byzantines
Three major examples of the political and cultural achievements of the Ummayad and early Abbassid caliphates.
WEEK 7: It is the year 805. You are a distant cousin (male or female) of Charlemagne, whom you are visiting at his court at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle). Write a letter home to your family describing the emperor and his palace, and what you have seen and heard and done there. Fill your description with concrete factual information drawn from this week's lectures, lecture outlines, and readings. You must use both primary and secondary sources in this paper.
WEEK 8: You are a modern archaeologist who has just excavated a large Viking burial mound in Norway. Drawing on this week's lectures and readings:
Describe in detail six to eight of your most important finds
Compare each find with items mentioned in Grettir's Saga and Ibn-Fadlan's description of the Rus Vikings.
WEEK 9: In Week 4 we looked at the cultural flowering in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria; in Weeks 5 and 6 we traced the achievements of early Byzantium and of the early Islamic caliphates. In Week 7 we examined the Carolingian Renaissance in Francia; this week we studied the efforts of Alfred the Great to rebuild literacy and scholarship in Wessex, and some of the achievements of the Ottonian Renaissance in Germany. In an age dominated by war and violence, why did great rulers strive to become the patrons of education, scholarship, art, architecture, and literature? Identify five reasons for this. You must use both primary and secondary sources in this paper.
WEEK 10: You are a male or female peasant living on a farm in Carolingian Francia. Of the four seasons of the year, which one do you consider the hardest in terms of your work, and why? Give plenty of concrete details, drawn from the lectures and assigned readings.
WEEK 11: You are a Carolingian bishop conducting your annual "visitation" (inspection tour) of each abbey in your diocese. You need to check for problems of all kinds, in such matters as proper adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict, the physical maintenance of the abbey buildings and furnishings, the abbey's finances, the competence and honesty of the abbot or abbess, the behavior and morale of the monks or nuns, the training of novices, the standard of hospitality, the reputation of the abbey in the vicinity, etc. Write a checklist of 20 standard questions to be asked by the bishop at each house of monks or nuns. You must use both primary and secondary sources for this paper.
WEEK 12: Identify five features of Frankish society, culture, and concepts of justice that came up in this week's lecture and readings from Riché, and that are reflected in the two primary sources.
WEEK 13: Renowned scholars like Walafrid Strabo taught elite students in monastic schools or in royal or aristocratic households. Ordinary parish priests – many of them poorly educated themselves – taught the elements of the faith to their parishioners.
Identify two ways in which Walafrid might have used his poem on gardening (Hortulus) to teach his students
Identify two ways in which parish priests might have used penitentials (handbooks of penance, of which the database in this week's readings contains extracts) to instruct their parishioners.
Your sources for this paper must include both of these primary sources, as well as secondary sources.
WEEK 14: Aelfric (c. 955-c. 910), an English monk, wrote his Colloquy ("On Laborers") to teach Latin to boys being schooled in his monastery. Some houses of nuns had schools for girls. Write a similar dialogue for girls that describes the daily work of girls and women. Using the assigned readings from both Riché and Aelfric, fill your dialogue with concrete factual details, not mere chatter.
WEEK 15: This week we read examples of literary texts from Western Europe and from the Abbassid caliphate. What do they tell us about their respective societies? To compare and contrast these two societies, their lifestyles, and their cultural preoccupations, identify one major shared feature and four major differences that are reflected in these literary sources.


I Want To Sell My iPhone, But What Are My Options?
There are so many options available that it can be a little overwhelming. Should I trade in for cash, trade in for credit, sell privately to an individual, or sell to an online marketplace? Depending on how you want to sell your iPhone, there will be a large variance in prices and fees.
Whether you decided to sell your iPhone today or in a few weeks, you will want to act soon. Resale prices for used iPhones typically plummet by about 10% in the first two weeks after a new iPhone is announced. Before you sell your iPhone, be sure to reset your phone to factory settings to remove and protect your personal information that was stored on the device.
Selling a used iPhone is similar to selling a house or a car. Selling an iPhone yourself will bring the most cash however, it takes the most time and can sometimes be a hassle. You have to write a detailed description, clean the device, take photographs, answer questions from potential buyers, and negotiating a final sale price. Wow, are you tired yet?
If you are looking to get the most money for your iPhone and aren't worried about the challenges and possible scams when selling on Craigslist or eBay, then go for it! There have also been other classified sale sites pop up in recent years like LetGo and OfferUp that act like a digital garage sale.
One of the easiest options for trading in your iPhone is to use your wireless provider: AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile. Most major carriers have trade in programs in place to help their customers recoup some money from their old iPhone. As you'd imagine, carriers don't pay top-dollar for used iPhones as they know they will be able to cash in on customers who are upgrading to the new iPhone.
Apple now offers a Mac and iPhone buyback program. It makes sense, right? You purchase a new device from them; they recycle your old device and give you some credit for it. The downside is, they do not pay as much and only offer store credit/gift cards. If you are thinking about switching to a non-Apple device or just need the cash, this would not be the best option for you.
Another option for selling an iPhone is to use a third party iPhone trade in service. Most of these services offer a happy medium between ease of sale and price for your iPhone. Most trade-in services provide a hassle-free quote for your iPhone based on the model, condition, and if there are any issues like a cracked screen or water damage. Quotes are typically locked in for 30 days, which gives you time to make a decision before prices fluctuate. Once you receive your free shipping label, just package your iPhone and send it in to be processed.
If you choose to use an iPhone trade-in service to sell your iPhone, be sure to research companies before making a decision. If the offer seems too good to be true, it could be a scam. Make sure the company is BBB Accredited and has been in business for at least one year. This will ensure you choose the right company when you want to sell your iPhone.
The best overall option for you boils down to a few simple questions. How fast do you want to sell your iPhone? How much do you expect to be paid for your iPhone? How much effort do you want to put into selling your iPhone? These are all questions you need to ask yourself in order to make the best decision possible.
iSellMyiPhone has been offering an easy, hassle-free iPhone trade-in service since 2011. When the new iPhones are announced and you tell yourself, "I want to sell my iPhone," visit iSellMyiPhone and receive an instant quote to determine your iPhone trade-in value. Use WTSIP7 for an extra $5 when selling an iPhone, iPad, or Apple Watch valued at over $150.


Located on the shores of bonnie Loch Lomond and just a short drive from Glasgow is the five-star De Vere owned Cameron House Hotel. Driving up to the hotel the wings appear like castle ramparts and walking up the path to the front door it seems an especially imposing building. The loch is just a stones throw away and the views of the surrounding hills are equally as impressive as the hotel.
Stepping inside, it feels like a quintessentially Scottish hotel and it is immediately obvious that this is luxury accommodation. It is tastefully decorated throughout with a warm colour scheme and dark wood fittings. There is a real fire in the lobby which instantly had me feeling welcome and the pleasant Scottish brogue of the reception team merely added to my ease. A strange extra large hare's head which hangs on the wall was slightly creepy and felt a little out of place.
There is a choice of rooms, but all are large and unsurprisingly sumptuous with more warm colour schemes, fitted wood and some tasteful tartan trimmings. The large, comfortable bed is the centre-piece of the room and all the usual facilities are available, a television, separate bathroom, wifi, room safe and some rooms provide great views across the loch. They seem more than just a room to sleep in.
A number of lodges are also available to rent and they seem an especially tempting option for those that wish to feel a little closer to nature.
Scotland being the home of golf, there are a couple of options for those that like spoiling their good walk. The "Wee Demon" is a nine-hole tester which is a perfect warm-up for the main event; the eighteen hole "The Carrick". This is a testing championship course which offers all the normal clubhouse facilities; golf lessons, a shop and corporate events all set in a beautiful location with great views. After completing a round some refreshment and a bite to eat is likely to appeal and the "Claret Jug" offers a hearty burger and fries with a choice of beers and wines to exhausted golfers.
There are plenty of options for dining in the hotel and within the grounds. I was lucky enough to enjoy a meal in the "Boat House" which has a great menu supplied with seafood direct from Loch Fyne. Although the whole menu was not available, the abbreviated one was still excellent and I enjoyed a high quality, fresh and tasty meal within this pleasant restaurant.
Earlier in the evening our group had been treated to several fine single malts at a whisky tasting with the hotel ambassador in the "Great Scots Bar". It was a great way to learn about the subtleties of one of Scotland's finest and best known exports. They are available to guests on request and can definitely recommend giving a tasting a try.
There are several other restaurants and bars so those staying for a few days will have a choice of dining options. Other facilities include a twenty four hour concierge service, fully equipped leisure centre including indoor swimming complex, a beauty centre and the award winning "Carrick Spa" facilities which are located within a short shuttle service from the hotel.
There are boat cruises on the loch and even seaplane flights over Loch Lomond, the Clyde, surrounding hills and additional flights further afield are available upon request.
Who does love welcome chocolates?
The team running the hotel are always helpful and pleasant whenever dealing with guests directly. It's no secret however I'm fond of hotels with friendly staff that always take the time to look up when a guest passes to greet them. It is a small thing but for me it sets good hotels apart from great ones and a friendly greeting makes a huge difference for me. I missed these greetings in the Cameron House Hotel but regardless it did not spoil my stay.
It is easy to recommend the impressive Cameron House; Scottish luxury set alongside lovely Loch Lomond. Staying for several days would seem ideal, taking some time to explore heather covered glens, maybe climb to the top of a nearby Munroe to enjoy the outstanding views and of course making full use of the excellent facilities. If that isn't enough the bright lights of stylish Glasgow are a within a short drive, so a city break can be combined with some pampering in natural Scotland.
It's a lovely spot. I've stayed in the lodges a couple of times with family and you cant beat waking up to a view of the loch. The spa with the rooftop jacuzzi is also great.
I'm quite jealous Claire as staying in one of the lodges must be extra special, it is indeed a stunning corner of the world and pretty much right on my doorstep.


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You are: Home Blog Climate crisis: what does it really mean?
Climate crisis: what does it really mean?
Recently, amongst other subjects, climate change has been making a lot of headlines
We all understand what climate change is, the warming of the planet, greenhouse gases, melting ice caps and the rest and thanks to movements such as Extinction Rebellion, the UK Parliament have just declared "an environment and climate emergency".
It was made clear through a series of protests over the previous weeks that the general population had already declared a climate crisis, bringing it to the attention of politicians to be able to pass this declaration. This series of protests has highlighted the fact that everyone is fed up making changes to their own lives, making a full-on effort to make sure they aren't adding to this climate crisis whilst the people in power sit back and do nothing.
Yes, buying metal straws, reusable bottles and cutting back your meat consumption is great, but in reality it is believed that just 90 companies are responsible for 50% of the mean global surface temperature rise since the industrial revolution, it isn't right for the blame to be placed just on the public.
Many cities and towns across the UK had already declared their own climate emergency, saying they want to be carbon neutral by the year 2030.
This all sounds great, but what does it really mean?
Well there is no real set definition of what this actually means but the MPs have called on the government to set a new target of zero net emissions by 2050. Scotland had already declared this state of emergency and have their own target of zero net emissions by 2045.
Although the term is vague, it is needed to push global governments into action. The United Nations have estimated that we have just 11 years to limit a climate change catastrophe. Carla Denyer, a Bristol councillor, first put forward the idea of a climate emergency on a local scale and in November, the city council passed the motion.
The UK's declared state of emergency is hoping to inspire many other countries to follow in suite and have a global contribution in tackling this climate crisis. There is already agreements in place, such as the Paris agreement which has 195 signatories. However, this is all well and good but when countries such as the USA pull out, with no consequences, how effective really is it? If it is that easy to opt out and not stick to the guidelines, then what is encouraging countries to actually make this change to, in a broad sense, save this planet. This is very similar to this declaration of a 'climate crisis', this promise of lowering emissions in a certain time frame is all very reassuring accompanied by the scary title of 'climate crisis' which seems official but it is more of a no-strings-attached relationship. Empty promises in a sense. If no changes are made in light of this climate emergency, there is no consequences for the government that made these targets.
So, whether this declaration makes a difference is a question that is yet to be answered, but we can only hope that it opens their eyes to these problems that we are all facing and inspire them to want to change the way our country runs.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
35 Sullivan Road, N. Billerica, MA 01862
Emergencies: (508) 328-1512, (978) 360-3186
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The following article appeared in the Worcester Telegram & Gazette in September of 2001.
Kael Knapt of Phillips, Maine, readies a pole for power. He was working in Worcester for Grattan Line Construction. (T&G Staff/CHRISTINE PETERSON)
Dealing with power loss
By Donna Boynton TELEGRAM & GAZETTE STAFF
dboynton@telegram.com
WORCESTER — Leslie Dean has seen a lot of storms — the Blizzard of '78, Hurricane Gloria, Hurricane Bob, the Ice Storm of 2008 — but he's never seen his back porch lights dark for so many days.
"Out of all the storms we've had, we've never been without power this long," said Mr. Dean, who lives here with his wife, June, and son Leslie Dean Jr.
"The hardest thing has been taking a cold shower. We've just got to take the storm as it was. You've just got to bear with it."
Mr. Dean and his Rural Street neighbors lost power on Sunday morning, and power crews — contractors Grattan Line Construction of Billerica — arrived yesterday afternoon to restore power. Rural Street residents were among the 1,468 National Grid customers in Worcester yesterday afternoon who remained without power for a fourth day following Tropical Storm Irene.
Mr. Dean has been going to the gas station daily for $20 worth of gas — about 5 gallons — to fuel two generators to keep power to a refrigerator in his house and a neighbor's freezer in the garage.
"You can't live without power … and you've got to have a generator if you live in New England," Mr. Dean said, leaning against his truck as one of the generators rumbled in the background. "You can't do anything after dark, so we've been going to bed early."
Orange extension cords snaked from inside his home, along his pool fence to the generator, and more weaved through his yard to the garage.
"My pool is full of leaves. I've taken out some of it with the net, but I'd rather have power to the refrigerator to save the food than to filter the pool," Mr. Dean said.
He and his son have been sharing their generator with an elderly neighbor for a few hours a day to keep her refrigerator cool, and then stocking it with ice to maintain the temperature.
"I've been eating peanut butter, tuna fish and anything else that comes in a can," said the woman, who asked not to be identified, as she spoke through an open screen. "And there's no such thing as a hot shower — only a cold wash-up!"
The woman has been passing the days and some of the nights reading by flashlight and listening to the radio.
"You can't really do anything else. I can't clean, I have coolers on my kitchen floor," the woman said. "I feel sick. It definitely wears on you."
The younger Mr. Dean and neighbor Alex Dasilva and Mr. Dasilva's 5-year-old daughter Maria watched a Grattan utility crew work on the lines.
"Even though it's been four days (since we've had electricity), I still walk into a room and flip the switch, but there is still no power there," the younger Mr. Davis said.
Mr. Dasilva had thrown away an estimated $200 in food. As his daughter clutched a doll, Mr. Dasilva said he and some family members have been staying at their powerless home during the day and staying at a relative's house at night to shower and eat a hot meal.
"During the day we've just been eating doughnuts and sandwiches," Mr. Dasilva said. "You can only eat so many doughnuts."
As the Dean men spoke, at the foot of Rural Street, a utility worker approached saying power was about to be switched on. Across the street, a man in a bucket truck worked above the street.
"Great! I am so sick of listening to that thing," the younger Mr. Davis said, jerking his thumb over his shoulder to the generator.
In an instant, Mr. Dean's back porch and patio lights flickered on and his son let out a cheer.
"Now the fun part is wrapping up all these cords," Mr. Dean said, pointing to the hundreds of feet of tangled extension cords.
As he started to walk toward the generators, he turned to the utility crew and shouted, "Thanks, guys!"
← Grattan Line employees help bring region back to full power during Hurricane Gustav
Grattan Line helping in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy →
Grattan Line in RI with NGRID to restore power to thousands
Grattan Line's Crew Home, after Hurricane Sandy
Grattan Line helping in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy
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text:
package io.quarkus.arc.test.interceptors;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.TYPE;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import javax.interceptor.InterceptorBinding;

@Target({ TYPE, METHOD })
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Documented
@InterceptorBinding
public @interface Simple {

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We all carry around our burdens. We shrug and say, "that's life," but burdens are not just responsibilities; they're feelings we add on to the things we have to do, as well as those we think we have to do. They come with a sense that we have no choice. Tell people to quit the job they hate and they say, "But I need the money." They don't want to know there are less hateful jobs out there. Logic's got nothing to do with it. They've made an emotional decision to stick with the familiar rather than face change and take risks.
We all get stuck like that sometimes. We use rationalizations to make bad decisions look reasonable and to hide from our own motives. It's a form of denial. As a survival mechanism it gets us off the hook, but in the long run it's toxic. Rationalizations are inclinations to see things a certain way. In time, they end up as obligations to our self-image.
but only when they put aside their preconceptions.
The fact that perception is all in the mind doesn't make it any easier to change. It only gives us a say. You can change, but not just because you decide to. It takes strategy.
We speak of the mind as if it's a container of thoughts and feelings, but when we actually look at it, we see an ongoing engagement with the ever-changing conditions of life, spinning a web of incredible complexity. Mind is a process.
Still, it's not random. There are patterns. The most interesting is our habitual perception of ourselves and others. It determines the weight of our burdens. We decide we are 'resilient and able to cope,' or 'helpless and unable to change.' Either way, we think we know ourselves and expect nothing more. That's when we say, "But I need the money." We don't even realize we're avoiding the point. Human beings are exceptionally good at rising to a challenge, but only when they put aside their preconceptions.
turn it into a habit and carry it around.
Instead, we see an unbearable burden and choose to bear it. Are we strange or what?
We usually face habits only once they're a matter of urgency. The mere thought of changing our mental patterns stresses us out. In that very reflex the process becomes startlingly clear. By trying to evade stress we actually accumulate it, turn it into a habit and carry it around. Hence the burden.
The problem's not rocket science, and neither's the solution The fact that it's got so little to do with reasoning is exactly what confounds us. You can't just figure it out like a puzzle, Instead, you have to retrain your perceptions. You need to believe in your ability to change and to cultivate the counter-habit of letting go. It's simple but it's not easy. It takes time, strategy and a good support system.
I'm teaching an eight-week workshop beginning February 21, entitled The Key to Letting Go. Click here to sign up or for more information.


text:
Q: GridSearchCV: How to write the output of each configuration to a csv as it finishes and not altogether? I am using scikit-learn's GridSearchCV to run a grid search over a variety of of hyperparameters. After GridSearchCV is complete I can write the output of the grid search to a csv by accessing grid_search_object.cv_results_.
However, instead, I want to write the output of each configuration as it finishes to a csv, not altogether. Is there a way to do this?

A: A workaround is to set the verbose attribute of the GridsearchCV to 3 so that the candidate parameters and the score are logged and capture the output of the log into a file. You can do as follows:
from sklearn import svm, datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
import sys

old_stdout = sys.stdout
log_file = open("cv.log","w")
sys.stdout = log_file

iris = datasets.load_iris()
parameters = {'kernel':('linear', 'rbf'), 'C':[1, 10]}
svc = svm.SVC()
clf = GridSearchCV(svc, parameters, verbose=3)
clf.fit(iris.data, iris.target)

sys.stdout = old_stdout
log_file.close()

This will write the result as well as the parameters of each iteration into the file. You can see below an example of the cv.log content:
Fitting 5 folds for each of 4 candidates, totalling 20 fits
[CV 1/5] END ................C=1, kernel=linear;, score=0.967 total time=   0.0s
[CV 2/5] END ................C=1, kernel=linear;, score=1.000 total time=   0.0s
[CV 3/5] END ................C=1, kernel=linear;, score=0.967 total time=   0.0s
[CV 4/5] END ................C=1, kernel=linear;, score=0.967 total time=   0.0s
[CV 5/5] END ................C=1, kernel=linear;, score=1.000 total time=   0.0s

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dec 23, 2021 - Health
Federal judge temporarily blocks Biden vaccine mandate for federal contractors
Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis. Photo: Paul Hennessy/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images
A federal judge on Wednesday granted Florida's request for a preliminary injunction against the Biden administration's order requiring federal contractors to be vaccinated against COVID-19.
Driving the news: Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis announced the lawsuit in October, arguing that the mandate represented a "radical intrusion on the personal autonomy" of U.S. workers.
The Republican governor has fought vehemently against public health measures intended to address the toll of the virus in Florida and the lawsuit represented one of multiple attempts by the GOP governor to undermine federal vaccine requirements.
Details: "The extent of any procurement problem, past or future, attributable to COVID-19 is undemonstrated and is merely a hastily manufactured but unproven hypothesis about recent history and a contrived speculation about the future," wrote U.S. District Judge Steven Merryday in Wednesday's 38-page decision, which focused primarily on whether the Biden administration had proved the necessity of the mandate.
"Obviously, no massive extension and expansion of presidential power is necessary to cure a non-existent problem and certainly neither 'good cause' nor 'urgent and compelling circumstances' exists to justify summary disregard of the requirements of administrative law and rulemaking," added the judge, who serves on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
The other side: The Justice Department argued that the state did not have legal standing to bring the challenge, but Merryday disagreed.
"If the federal government awards a contract proposal subject to the executive order, the university's compliance with the mandatory clause will conflict with the university's duty to obey state law prohibiting a vaccination requirement." He was referring to an example cited by the state in the lawsuit that involved federal contracts with the University of Florida.
Of note: A federal judge in Georgia earlier this month temporarily blocked President Biden's vaccine mandate for federal contractors nationwide.
Meanwhile, a federal judge in Missouri on Monday granted a similar injunction to the 10 states that had collectively sued.
Context: The executive order, signed in September, goes further than the Biden administration's previously announced policy, which required federal workers to be vaccinated or follow other rigorous safety protocols, including regular testing.
"The expectation is if you want to work in the federal government or be a contractor, you need to be vaccinated," White House press secretary Jen Psaki said at the time.
The vaccine requirement includes exemptions for individuals with disabilities and objections on religious grounds.
Biden also extended the mandate to employees of contractors that do business with the federal government.
For the record: The announcement came amid a surge in coronavirus cases and hospitalizations over the summer largely driven by the Delta variant.
What's next: The Supreme Court on Wednesday announced it will hold oral arguments on Jan. 7 to consider legal challenges to Biden's vaccine mandates for health care workers and large companies.
It is likely the federal government will ask that the lower court cases involving the objections to the federal contractor requirement be consolidated and heard by a single federal appellate court.
The Supreme Court is expected to be the final arbiter to this order as well.
23 hours ago - Politics & Policy
Youngkin ends mandates for masks in schools and COVID vaccinations for state workers
Virginia Gov. Glenn Youngkin gives the inaugural address after being sworn in on Jan. 15. Photo: Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images
Republican Gov. Glenn Youngkin signed 11 executive orders following his swearing-in ceremony on Saturday, including those that overturn Virginia's mask mandate for public schools and a COVID vaccination requirement for state workers.
Driving the news: Youngkin also signed an order that bans the teaching of critical race theory, a major focus of the 2021 campaign.
Go deeper (<1 min. read)Arrow


text:
H. S. E. ist eine Abkürzung, die auf vielen römischen Grabsteinen zu finden ist. Sie steht für Hic situs est (lat. "Hier liegt") beziehungsweise Hic sepultus est (lat. "Hier ist begraben").

Oft wurde die Abkürzung noch erweitert, zum Beispiel zu H. S. E. B. Q. – Hic situs est, bene quiescat (lat. "Hier liegt er, er ruhe wohl").

Ein berühmtes Beispiel ist etwa Ovids Grabspruch für Phaëthon,

Hic situs est Phaëthon, currus auriga paterni,
quem si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis. (Met. II 327 f.)

In der Übersetzung von Johann Heinrich Voß:

Phaethon ruhet allhier, der des Vaters Wagen gelenket;
Zwar nicht ganz ihn behauptend, erlag er doch großem Bestreben.

Siehe auch
 Ruhe in Frieden (R.I.P.)

Bestattungsritual (Antike)
Lateinische Phrase

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1 How much does downtime cost you?
2 Do you lose business because you can't scale quickly?
3 Do you have the breadth of experience to implement best practice?
4 Do you know how much IT support will cost next month?
5 Do you know how much IT recruitment costs?
6 Is your IT support covered 100%?
There's an increasing number of businesses who are turning to managed service providers – otherwise referred to as 'MSPs' – to handle their IT support needs.
Well, in many cases, the overall truth is cost, especially when you weigh up how much bringing onboard a great MSP will cost you, versus recruiting and maintaining an in-house IT team.
The fact of the matter is though, no two businesses are the same – so what works for one company might not be a good fit for yours. With that in mind, we've had a look at some questions that'll help you work out exactly how much you could save if you outsource you IT support provision to an external managed service provider.
How much does downtime cost you?
Are you ready for one of the most shocking statistics in the world of IT?
A single hour of downtime costs 98% of businesses over $100,000. Perhaps that's accurate for your business, perhaps it's significantly less, but either way – downtime costs – and unless you've got someone guaranteeing that it won't happen to you, every day is a roll of the dice.
Most managed service providers will work with you to put together a service level agreement (SLA) that will help you work out how much downtime (if any) is going to be acceptable to your business. There are some instances where it's required for maintenance, and in those situations, an MSP will often work around the clock to minimise impact.
If unexpected downtime has cost you money, outsourcing IT to someone who can keep you on track can be worth a huge amount.
Must Read Why Choosing A Best Server For Small Business Is A Hectic Process?
Do you lose business because you can't scale quickly?
How many opportunities pass you by because you just can't the necessary infrastructure into place as quickly as you'd like – or rather, as quickly as your competitor can?
Then again, perhaps there's another question to ask; how many opportunities to do choose to ignore because you know you can't scale in the time needed?
Often, establishing infrastructure in the time that's needed to win you the right kind of business is impossible – and it's simply because there's so much to do. What's more, without a detailed roadmap of how to get things done, you're likely to stand little-or-no-chance of rolling things out in time.
With an MSP, you're dealing with people who roll-out infrastructure changes on a daily basis – they've got processes and practicalities down to a fine art. If you know what to look for when you're choosing a managed service provider, you'll find a company who gives you a new confidence when it comes to driving your business forward.
Do you have the breadth of experience to implement best practice?
When you've got an in-house team of IT professionals, they're likely to be dealing with the same issues very infrequently – which means it can take them a long time to establish the most efficient ways of working around certain problems.
When you have no 'best practice' measures in place, issues take significantly longer to handle – and, as we know from our downtime figures, issues that take longer to handle cost you significantly more money in lost revenue and wasted resources.
When you bring an MSP into your business, you've got a team of people who are tackling issues across a host of companies on a daily basis. They don't just have a loose best practice plan in place; their entire way of working is hinges around them being able to work as efficiently and quickly as possible – to make sure they can move onto the next client job.
A speedy service for an MSP maximises their income – and minimises any loss you'll experience, a true win-win situation.
Do you know how much IT support will cost next month?
IT tends to be unpredictable – and while this might not represent a logistical problem for your team, it certainly can represent a problem for the people who keep their hands on your company's purse strings.
Have you ever had to bring in an IT specialist?
Have your team ever required short-notice training?
Have you ever had to quickly cover sickness or holidays?
Have you ever needed specialist security advice?
A staggering 86% of companies have to do one of these things every year – which makes 'unpredictable' actually more like 'highly probable' when it comes to running into additional costs.
With a MSP, these costs are fixed when you sign a SLA at the beginning of your contract with them – and can be moved quickly if you need to scale your operation up or down. Not only will an MSP save you money vs. an in-house team, using one will also make your outgoings extremely predictable.
Do you know how much IT recruitment costs?
Have you ever considered how much it costs your business to recruit someone? Again, we're working with averages – but that figure for most companies is somewhere around $20,000-$30,000, factoring lost time on the role, the time that the process pulls from other people in your business – and the ongoing training requirements before that person's at their desk.
In fact, IT recruitment is likely to cost more, considering our last point about the relevant training too.
If the money involved with putting together an IT team just isn't feasible – an MSP is a quick way to an instant and well-trained team that can get working from the word 'go'.
Is your IT support covered 100%?
When you've got mission-critical IT systems in your business, leaving them unsupported could be a quick way to derailing your whole company's day, week – or longer.
So, what do you do when your team need time off? Or you get a phone call saying they've been struck with food poisoning? Or, worse still, that they've found a new job and will be leaving next month?
5 Tools everyone in the industry should be using.


I love my commitment to my husband. It is for life. Yes, it is hard to maintain commitment; however, when true love comes you want to cling to it tightly. I have not lost my identity as writer when I became a wife and mom. My identity expanded in wonderful, fulfilling ways. I hope you find your way to happiness. Prayer is a deep part of whom I am too. I will pray for you.
Found this late last week and read this today. The two might be related to each other? Hope it helps!
I hope you can make your way through it and stay together while still being the new you. The fact that you are talking about it is already a very important step.
I'm a gypsy soul at heart with love of travel and unconventionalism and the answer is YES you can. My husband and I have been married almost 30 years. The differences in us is one of the things that drew us together. We complete each other.


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NEW YORK — A great fight has taken place with the Indians at Wounded [Knee] Creek, and there has been much loss of life. Big Foot, having declared that he was ill, surrendered with 150 of his braves to Major Whiteside and the Seventh Cavalry. Finding, however, that the remainder of the Indians were unwilling to give up their arms, the cavalry, which was five hundred strong, surrounded them and closed on them to within gun reach.
"I think I do ese… I think I do… But not everyone feels that way. There are people that claimed the Raza is taking away the jobs from the Americans. Do you remember when we had that huge manifestation in downtown Phoenix, with all the undocumented people asking for the pinche American opportunity?


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A & R Removals is a family owned Removals Company based in the heart of Peterborough. We work hard to provide you house moving services under stress free environment. Moving house can be very stressful and hectic.


Tropical Pathways is a Belize real estate partnership between two longtime participants in the international real estate arena – Lyle Burke and Tony Marsico.
They met nearly 10 years ago in Belize while Lyle was traveling and working in the Caribbean real estate market; and Tony was running his Belize beachfront resort in Hopkins Village Belize – as well as being active in the local real estate market. After Tony's popular beachfront resort was successfully marketed and sold, the 2 men decided to form a partnership utilizing Tropical Pathways as their company. The goal is to market residential, commercial, and hospitality properties in Belize.
In addition, Tropical Pathways offers insightful Discovery Tours to Belize. Our moving workshop approach includes information gathering on a host of topics, as we travel through this diverse country. We both understand the challenges and rewards of living in a multicultural society.
We have taken great care ensuring that our Belize real estate website is well positioned in the search engines to ensure international exposure for our listing associates. We offer progressive marketing services coupled with current technologies and personalized services.
Both Tony and Lyle have developed a wide range of professional alliances throughout the Caribbean and Belize real estate to insure our clients have up to date information and seasoned expertise.


"… While jobs in places like Buffalo were vanishing, Washington was coming to resemble a gilded city of lobbyists, contractors and lawmakers. In 2014 , the median wealth of members of Congress reached $1 million, about 18 times that of the typical American household, according to disclosures tabulated by the Center for Responsible politics. During the same year, real hourly wages remained flat or fell for nearly All American workers.
Ed McMullen, a public relations executive who worked for the Conservative American Heritage Foundation in the 1980s, watched the gulf widen between the Washington establishment and the working people in his home state, South Carolina.


Culver's will be featuring a buttered and toasted pretzel bun and pickled onions in the new Pretzel Haus Pub Burger set to launch on Monday, April 2, 2018.
The onions are pickled at each restaurant and are joined in the burger by two beef patties, cheddar cheese, bacon, bistro sauce (a horseradish-and-mustard mayo), and Wisconsin cheddar cheese sauce.
The Pretzel Haus Pub Burger will be available through May 27, 2018, while supplies last.


URL of their online creations, and receive a Blockchain key and value to be stored in a Namecoin wallet. Ascribe and Monegraph are other startups that have entered this space. Additionally, therere few more, like reading Cryptocurrency related newspaper or playing games. If we do start incorporating QR codes on our art, will this lead to us putting QR codes on everything, thus monetizing our human experience?
This feedback is positive, and offers a win-win-win: people can enjoy the artwork, the artist can create two streams of revenue, and the gallery still gets paid for their efforts. Namecoin is an open source decentralized key/value registration and transfer system based on Bitcoin technology. Isic/itic dritele 650, k Pln nzev : Pioneers of Digital, autor : Paul Springer, jazyk : Anglitina. Some tens of days or a few of weeks since I started using this site, I could reach the cash out threshold. I tried to cash out 110,000 BCH Satoshi into my Coinbase wallet. Right now, artists are stuck. This could be a chance to bring the power back to the people and allow us to support artistic aspects of our culture. Social tipping is already alive and well with regards to online content and on Twitter. Its meant to allegorize Ukraine as its forced to choose between western and eastern worlds. Watching Videos to Make Money (Paid in Bitcoin Cash).


text:
package migrations

import (
	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
)

// See the v12-to-v13 schema change. The format of this hash is:
// 30 bytes of global salt, 30 bytes of per-passphrase salt, then the bcrypt hash
func CheckOragonoPassphraseV0(hash, passphrase []byte) error {
	globalSalt := hash[:30]
	passphraseSalt := hash[30:60]
	bcryptHash := hash[60:]
	assembledPasswordBytes := make([]byte, 0, 60+len(passphrase)+2)
	assembledPasswordBytes = append(assembledPasswordBytes, globalSalt...)
	assembledPasswordBytes = append(assembledPasswordBytes, '-')
	assembledPasswordBytes = append(assembledPasswordBytes, passphraseSalt...)
	assembledPasswordBytes = append(assembledPasswordBytes, '-')
	assembledPasswordBytes = append(assembledPasswordBytes, passphrase...)
	return bcrypt.CompareHashAndPassword(bcryptHash, assembledPasswordBytes)
}


An innovative, on-demand software platform for facilitating the negotiation and execution of bilateral OTC transactions.
A sophisticated yet easy-to-use tool for subscribers to publish, negotiate and finalize highly customized transactions thus adding strength to customers' protocols.
An unregulated Electronic Communications Network (ECN) which offers secure, permission-based access to the system.
Cloud-based software platform —does not require software download.
Free to own - pay when and as you successfully transact.
COMET facilitates the one-to-many Request-For-Price (RFP) process. It respects time-honored bilateral methods—including the value of existing relationships, customized transactions, control over the exposure of a transaction, ability to negotiate, and confidentiality. Final execution of transactions occurs pursuant to underlying master agreements between parties.
Publishing of that requirement to any and all pre-screened members of the COMET community via a one-to-many RFP process.
Negotiate the terms of a transaction through confidential one-to-one negotiations.
Execute or withdraw any proposed transaction.
Receive an automated transaction confirmation.
Comprehensive transaction audit logs to help meet a variety of compliance and regulatory standards.
COMET provides users with a significant benefits as compared to traditional, outdated modes of managing transactions.


text:
The Constitution Of 1869 Provided For The Creation Of
1996– Supreme Court rules consideration of race in creating congressional districts is unconstitutional. The history of the civil rights movement. added to the Constitution. 1866– Ku Klux Klan.
Dec 4, 2003. 146 of the Constitution Act, 1867 provided that. formation of Alberta and Saskatchewan. of 1869 and those leading to the creation of the.
12th Amendment The Constitution was written before parties were a player in American politics. When John Adams was chosen for President in the 1796 election, the second-place candidate, Thomas Jefferson, became Vice President — but Adams was a Federalist and Jefferson was.
Biography Of Benjamin Franklin Steve Jobs, the first biography of the iconic entrepreneur written with Jobs' cooperation, was penned by Walter Isaacson, a former editor at Time. Isaacson has written bestselling biographies of. Benjamin Franklin Born: January 17 [Jan. 6, Old Style], 1706 Died: April 17, 1790 Benjamin Franklin was many things: a printer, writer, scientist, inventor, statesman. It's
the Senate) and House of Representatives from 1869-1890. Under the provisions of the new Wyoming Constitution, the legislative authority. January 26-January 28, 1920: Creation of irrigation districts; Ratification of the 19th Amendment.
and zoning issues without the creation of these political sub-. By outlining this vision in the Constitution and the Fed-. Justice John Dillon was a member from 1869 to 1879. dinances as they see fit, provided they abide by the state laws.
it's necessary to first understand the historical context that led to the amendment's creation. Here's the story in brief. The 14th Amendment was drafted in 1866 and ratified in 1868. It was added to.
presidential decree no. 1869 – consolidating and amending presidential decree nos. 1067-a, 1067-b, 1067-c, 1399 and 1632, relative to the franchise and powers of the philippine amusement and gaming corporation (pagcor)
Indeed, the most horrible truth about the gripping testimony provided. to date by creating a Supreme Court that will lean to the right for a generation, perhaps longer. It wasn't supposed to be.
Across the Atlantic, its language flows through the U.S. Constitution. Over half of the. this future president admired the principle behind a bill of rights. Still, he initially saw no point in.
Constitution Day is September 17. the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand. and Patent; Clause 9- Creating of Courts; Clause 10 – Maritime Crimes; Clause 11 – War;. The dates of ratification were: Nevada, March 1, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois,
The Guáimaro Constitution was the governing document written by the idealistic and politically liberal faction in the insurgency that contested Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and imposed on Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, the conservative who claimed leadership of the independence movement.It was nominally in effect from 1869 to 1878 during the Ten Years' War against Spain.
Highlights From the 1800's Time Period in History, Significant events, news, key technology advances during the decade and Military and Political Leaders
If unfettered executive rule is what Clinton, Sanders, and other leftists want, perhaps they should propose creating a constitutional amendment. Scalia's seat to remain vacant dishonor our.
Dec 31, 2010. In 1869, yet another constitution opted for annual sessions, but that changed. shall meet every two years, at such time as may be provided by law, and at. committed to sustaining our mission: creating a more engaged and.
INTRODUCTION. The United States is – by size of electorate – the second largest democracy on the globe (India is the largest and Indonesia comes third) and the most powerful nation on earth, politically, economically and militarily, but its political system is in many.
by Sol Bloom Q. How were deputies to the Constitutional Convention chosen? A. They were appointed by the legislatures of the different States. Q. Were there any restrictions as to the number of deputies a State might send? A. No. Q. Which State did not send deputies to the Constitutional Convention? A. Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
To be sure, helping Americans unite across region and culture were the shared rights and laws ultimately articulated in the Constitution. be essential building blocks in the creation of nationhood.
Wisconsin Constitution updated by the Legislative Reference Bureau. [1869 J.R. 7, 1870 J.R. 3, 1870 c. 118. tections as provided by law: timely disposition of the case; the. (6) (a) The legislature may authorize the creation of a lottery.
If you are a teacher searching for educational material, please visit PBS LearningMedia for a wide range of free digital resources spanning preschool through 12th grade.
Bavaria, German Bayern, largest Land (state) of Germany, comprising the entire southeastern portion of the country. Bavaria is bounded to the north by the states of Thuringia and Saxony, to the east by the Czech Republic, to the south and southeast by Austria, and to the west by the states of Baden-Württemberg and Hessen. Munich (München) is the capital.
The Constitution of the United States The Bill of Rights & All Amendments A highly accessible, easy to use online version full text transcript including the Bill of Rights and the rest of the Amendments with both sequential and subject indexes.
About Us. History of the Office of the Illinois Attorney General. By: Shawn W. Denney, Former Senior Counsel to the Attorney General
Grant and commemorate the point where Americans stopped fighting and started the long, hard work of reuniting (and re-creating) their nation. and the army medical corps provided top-notch hospital.
This proposal would amend the Constitution of the State of Vermont to provide the. right of access to public records 13 and open meetings as provided by law. Authorizing the formation of a unicameral legislature comprised of fifty. 1869-70: The Thirteenth Council of Censors proposed seven articles of amendment.
Abraham Lincoln 16th United States President « Previous Next » In office Mar. 4, 1861 – Apr. 15, 1865 V. President Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson Political Party Republican Personal Info Born Feb. 12, 1809 Died Apr. 15, 1865 (at age 56) Religion Private School Self-Educated Profession Lawyer Signature Wife Mary Todd Lincoln Children
The private property right and exclusivity over the inventor's creation during the patent term cannot be. worthy judicial activists who stomp on stare decisis and the U.S. Constitution, this.
The Constitution originally provided four months of time between election and. 1869; Adopted February 3, 1870) gave all male citizens of the United States,
The 1970 Constitution contains a provision that public education be free. debates during the 1869 convention suggested that the constitutional provision. In 1963, the school problems commission proposed creation of a state board.
The Constitution's framers gave the Senate a share of the treaty power in. threatened to withhold the funding necessary to affect some of its provisions, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Arthur Vandenberg, in the creation of the United Nations. Apr 13, 1869, Great Britain, Arbitration of claims, Yeas=1; Nays=54.
The Palestine Order-in-Council of 1922 served as the first constitution of the Palestine government. Once the 1922 Order-in-Council came into force, the British began to dismantle some Ottoman laws.
John Milloy Indian Act Colonialism: A Century Of Dishonour, 1869-1969 Research Paper for the National Centre for First Nations Governance May, 2008
Feb 18, 2011. Though Congress ordered the creation of the first mint in 1792, the. Griswold ( 1869) the Court ruled paper money unconstitutional, but just a.
In 1869, B.C. unilaterally denied existence of aboriginal title. the decision proved instrumental in the federal government establishing a comprehensive claims process followed by creation of the B.
court is established by the specific statute creating the court. 1866 provided for five justices, and the Constitution of 1869 reverted to a three-judge court; the.
These voluntary associations recorded and certified property ownership, provided courts for settling disputes. To the contrary, their constitution ordered the creation of state institutions for.
Said Spooner, "Provided individuals do not 'counterfeit' or. coinage in California was buttressed by the provision of the state constitution which expressly prohibited the creation of any (paper).
George Washington Key Events The George Washington timeline provides fast information via timelines which highlight the key dates and major historical significance in a fast information format. Specific information can be seen at a glance with concise and accurate details of the life and biography of this famous person. "The Fed's Clarida and Rosengren are due to make remarks
What Was Andrew Jackson Like As A Child Donald Trump is trying to do for Andrew Jackson what Lin-Manuel Miranda did for Alexander Hamilton. Trump, like Miranda, is out to restore the reputation of a great American figure once threatened. The framers—fearing that presidents, like the European kings of their day. Although during the 19th century there were a. Andrew Jackson summary: Andrew
. as protected by the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment against the states, The case began in 1869, when the Louisiana legislature passed a law creating. City Company was to comply with various state provisions governing, among.
They organized relief societies and provided. to the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment, passed in June 1865, granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States. The.
Unlike this recent survey, the real test isn't multiple choice, which means applicants need to know the answers to questions like "What year was the Constitution ratified. To solve the problem,
Founding Fathers Of Texas Send A Message To North Texas Allergy and Asthma Associates. If you have any questions, concerns, or comments regarding North Texas Allergy and Asthma Associates, please fill out the short contact form below. Prolific historian and University of Texas professor H.W. Brands continues his project. business of deciding what America was going to become at
Jun 01, 2010 · The Freedmen's Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of.
Sep 27, 2016. Session 2 (1869 – 1870). Mar 18, 1869, PDF, 275KB. provided by the said Constitutions, and Members of Congress. Chapter 80, An Act to provide for the Creation of Corporations in the District of Columbia by General Law. by the fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
Radisson Hotel Ronald Reagan National Airport Oct 16, 2014 · Alexandria, VA: Hotel & Motel Planning Guide. Find accommodations in Alexandria with the hotel list provided below.Find discounted hotel accommodations in or close to Alexandria, VA for your upcoming personal or group trip. The Fernsehturm (English: Television Tower) is a television tower in central Berlin, Germany. Close to Alexanderplatz in Berlin-Mitte, the
In addition, the information provided by the Information Commission will also reach. Friends, The new systems replace the old ones. The creation of Government e-Market for public procurement of.
Minnesota – Constitutional Amendments. 1982, To allow the creation of a court of appeals. 1958, To authorize the legislature to revise and consolidate provisions relating to local government, home. 1869, To abolish Manomin county.
The Court found the preclearance provision to be a constitutional exercise of the power of. The Court saw the power of Congress as broad enough to allow creation of specific mechanisms for. Passed by Congress February 26, 1869.
"For those of us who care passionately about the Constitution and Bill of Rights. There has been a nine-justice court since 1869. When vacancies arise, they usually are filled within months, if not.
The crusaders who had struggled for decades to place Prohibition in the Constitution celebrated with rallies. But Interior Secretary Franklin K. Lane may have provided the most accurate view of the.
It referred, among other things, to sharing sovereignty among the member states, creating. Constitution – the unratified international treaty that was resoundingly rejected by French and Dutch.
In 1869 he joined Washington's Mutual club and became its corresponding secretary. In August of that year, the Mutuals (with Charles Douglass on its first nine), headed north for a tour of upstate New.
Some may think the "right and privilege" began with the 1867 Constitution Act. But. began a 10-year battle for the same kind of separate schools in Ontario that were provided for the Protestant.


Education covers both general upbringing of a kid, and its particular training for the particular career. Introduction Education is merely among the main nationwide jobs that had been handled by the governmental regimes in Egypt throughout the past 70 years. Other training included training to produce into a doctor. By the end of this general additional education pupils enter the final stage that's the greater training relative to their ratings within the summary of degree exam. Some schools were made for specific talents, including Scribes'. There have been different types of ancient Egyptian schools for different women and men. By way of example, it is still taught in several universities.
No matter what the potential issues of degradation and contamination because of environment and mummification strategies, the authors might use high-throughput DNA sequencing and robust verification methods to be sure the ancient beginning and reliability associated with the information. While history publications become rewritten most of the brief moment, we have the capability to democratize history and document it in genuine minute. Meanwhile, it is possible to sign up to my newsletter above so that you can stay updated regarding the latest news, or read the newest EAE Youtube videos below. The ancient Egyptian calendar was created from an earlier phase as it had been required to be able to predict the coming associated with the inundation and given that it permitted the rise of the bureaucracy.
Modifying the particulars of the tale is no issue so long as the ethical for the tale continues to be intact. You should not worry regarding the personal stats that could be seen, once we handle the problem on a network that is safe. Various other circumstances, simple details just like the attention of Horus offer extra clues.
Among the difficulties that are actual papyrus ended up being its fragility. The idea of regular rounds was not just required for propagating crops that are agricultural. Numerous types of the absolute most well-known works of Ancient literature that is egyptian have already been found. One of the a number of different materials for outside furniture which can be farmed from a pure supply are straw, bamboo, cane, as well as rattan, as well as particular types of reeds. The foundation regarding essay writer the natron probably originated from pond beds within the spot. The data is false.
Parents and instructors will have to make use of one another to greatly help kiddies attain their entire prospective. In order that it ought to be around to every youngster Egypt has had severe actions to produce education designed for everyone. An individual dies, the burial is carried out whenever you can, ideally from the precise day that is same. There clearly was much to be put into the tomb which he would want when you look at the Afterlife. An array of topics had been taught as an associate of ancient education that is egyptian. To varying degrees, it is possible. A significantly better an element of the population that is egyptian maybe perhaps perhaps not get any kind of formal training.
A range was made by the countries of symbolisations. It's impractical to locate the particular reputation for ancient education system that is egyptian. Religion played a acutely considerable component in Ancient Egypt. Until then, each of their gods had been in the form of pets. Everyone else doesn't rely on exactly the same style, or for the god that is exact. Hence, let us get to know a number of the deities that are egyptian. The past deity we're very likely to talk about today is Ma'at.
to generally share the standard of academic system you'll find so many factors need to be addressed. Finally, one of the major supply facets to personal training may be the kind of assessment when you look at the additional training. As an example, the big event of priests would be to give ethical and education that is religious those kiddies. Maybe Not numerous jobs had been ready to accept nearly all women. Really, if an individual could head into a standard ancient Egyptian residence, they'd learn a number of the trappings of modern-day life, identifiable yet ancient. Areas produced true amount of symbolizations. Egypt's urban centers, but, cannot provide you with jobs that are enough everyone who would like one.
Africans would not await the Greeks to discover just how to build the pyramids. Ancient Egyptian accompanied exactly the same guideline of maybe maybe not after the god that is exact. It really is a republic that is democratic though some experts declare that it isn't undoubtedly democratic. Once you have to your southern part of Egypt, you'd come upon the Naqada tradition. Ancient Egypt had three calendars that are distinct. It's the most fascinating of globe countries!
The tomb that is biggest ever built ended up being created by Pharaoh Khufu, 4500 years ago. a lot that is whole of had been destroyed for the reason that way. In the event that you consider animal mummies, a few hundred thousand mummies are located even yet in 1 cemetery.


1-15-2018 – A Word to the Wise: We know that when there is a total eclipse of the sun there is a temperature drop of fifteen to twenty degrees over a three-minute period of time. Three hours would have meant a temperature drop of at least twenty degrees and maybe as high as forty degrees. The average temperature for Jerusalem this time of year is about seventy degrees on average. For the three hours Jesus was on the cross it was anywhere from thirty to fifty degrees. This means it was from cool to almost freezing cold for a naked man on a cross.


The Titan Pro Cordless Grass Trimmer is the perfect gardening tool to clear grass in hard to reach areas.
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ONE BATTERY SERVES THE COMPLETE RANGE ! This makes our Li BARE MACHINERY great value.


A good bilge pump is an indispensable part of the safety elements inside any boat. Currently they are even common, even though the manuals are always recommended to replace the failure of an electric or complement it in an emergency, currently all ships have at least a submersible bilge pump , as insurance at the time of an emergency . The majority is located in the bilge, since that is where almost all the water that enters the hull reaches. In addition, the most modern include elements to filter the ejected water, preventing fuel or dirt from leaving the sea.
From the point of view of responsibility, having a bilge pump in good condition is vital for the buoyancy of the boat, for safety and maintenance. The water that enters the ship, whether due to the storm surge, rain, leaks or other reasons, accumulates in its lowest part, called the bilge. In addition to that you must avoid putting load in this area, the employer must ensure that this accumulated water is reduced, because if it accumulates without control, it would be a danger to the stability of the ship.
If you wish to purchase an electric bilge pump with capacity for 5700 liters per hour , at barcos.online find the best option, for less than 200 euros you will have a submersible pump for your boat, which complies with all European manufacturing standards and, if that was not enough, with two years of warranty.
If there is a significant level of water inside the boat, it may be indicative of a problem: damage to the hull, leakage in any channel, obstruction of drains, etc. As soon as water is detected, it is necessary to evacuate it, because it is usual for it to continue entering and a time may come when it is too late. If there are several compartments, each one must have its own pump, in the lowest place in the bilge and they must be easily accessible to carry out repair and maintenance tasks.