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Hepatitis B surface gene 145 mutant as a minor population in hepatitis B virus carriers
Haruki Komatsu1,
Ayano Inui1,
Tsuyoshi Sogo1,
Yasuhiro Konishi2,
Akihiko Tateno3 &
Tomoo Fujisawa1
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can have mutations that include the a determinant, which causes breakthrough infection. In particular, a single mutation at amino acid 145 of the surface protein (G145) is frequently reported in the failure of prophylactic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the a determinant mutants, especially the G145 variant, in Japan, where universal vaccination has not been adopted.
The present study was a retrospective study. The study cohorts were defined as follows: group 1, children with failure to prevent mother-to-child transmission despite immunoprophylaxis (n = 18, male/female = 8/10, age 1-14 years; median 6 years); group 2, HBV carriers who had not received vaccination or hepatitis B immunoglobulin (n = 107, male/female = 107, age 1-52 years; median 16 years). To detect the G145R and G145A mutants in patients, we designed 3 probes for real-time PCR. We also performed direct sequencing and cloning of PCR products.
By mutant-specific real-time PCR, one subject (5.6%) was positive for the G145R mutant in group 1, while the G145 mutant was undetectable in group 2. The a determinant mutants were detected in one (5.6%) of the group 1 subjects and 10 (9.3%) of the group 2 subjects using direct sequencing, but direct sequencing did not reveal the G145 mutant as a predominant strain in the two groups. However, the subject who was positive according to the mutant-specific real-time PCR in group 1 had overlapped peaks at nt 587 in the electropherogram. In group 2, 11 patients had overlapped peaks at nt 587 in the electropherogram. Cloning of PCR products allowed detection of the G145R mutant as a minor strain in 7 (group 1: 1 subject, group 2: 6 subjects) of 12 subjects who had overlapped peaks at nt 587 in the electropherogram.
The frequency of the a determinant mutants was not high in Japan. However, the G145R mutant was often present as a minor population in children and adults. HBV carriers might have the a determinant mutants as a minor form.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants with mutations in the a determinant frequently emerge under immunological pressure induced by the HB vaccine or HB immunoglobulin (HBIG)[1–4]. Although the mechanism of the emergence of a determinant mutants remains unclear, preexisting mutants as a minor population or as the predominant population could survive, replicate, and cause a breakthrough infection after the host receives the HB vaccine or HBIG. Japan continues to implement an HBV immunization strategy that targets high-risk groups rather than instituting a universal vaccination program. There is no immune pressure induced by universal vaccination, and thus knowing the prevalence of mutants in Japan will be useful for clarifying the mechanism of the emergence of mutants.
Of various mutants with the a determinant, the mutant with a single mutation at the 145th amino acid of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been frequently reported to cause the failure of prophylaxis in mother-to-child transmission [5–10]. Thus, it is indispensable to clarify the frequency of the a determinant mutants when developing the future vaccine strategy in Japan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the a determinant mutants in HBV carriers. In particular, we focused on the G145 variant as a minor strain. Mutant-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing were performed. Moreover, cloning of PCR products was used to investigate the presence of the G145variant as a minor strain.
The present study was a retrospective study. The study cohorts consisted of the following two groups: group 1, children with failure to prevent mother-to-child transmission despite prophylaxis; group 2, HBV carriers who had not received the HB vaccination or HBIG. A total of 18 children (male/female = 8/10, age: 1-14 years, median 6, genotype A/B/C = 0/0/18) were referred to our institute to failure of prophylactic treatment with the HB vaccine or HBIG in mother-to-child transmission. They belonged to the failure of prophylactic treatment group (group 1). A total of 107 chronically infected patients (male/female = 47/60, age: 1-9 years; n = 19, age 10-19 years; n = 54, age: 20-52 years; n = 34, genotype A/B/C = 1/14/92) were followed in our institute. They had no history of receiving the HB vaccine or HBIG. These subjects belonged to group 2. The patients' characteristics by group are shown in Table 1. Informed written consent for study participation was obtained from all patients or their parents. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of Yokohama Eastern Hospital.
Table 1 Patient characteristics by group
HBV DNA extraction and quantification of HBV DNA in serum
HBV DNA was extracted from 200 μL of serum using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). The real-time PCR was performed for quantification using the genotype-independent real-time PCR method described previously [11]. The PCR assay was performed in a MX3000P (Stratagene), and the results were analyzed with MxPro software (version 3.0). The lower detection limit was > 100 copies/mL. All assays were carried out in duplicate with negative control samples.
Real-time PCR for the G145R and G145A mutants
To detect the G145R and G145A mutants as minor strains in patients, we designed 3 probes based on the sequences of the G145R and G145A mutants [12]. The primers used were 5'-GAT TCC TGC TCA AGG AAC CTC-3' (forward; nt 529-549) and 5'-CGA AAG CCC AGG ATG ATG-3' (reverse; nt 612-629). The point mutation at nt 587 (G145R, mutant 1: G to A, mutant 2: G to C) and nt 588 (G145A, mutant 3: G to C) were applied to the sequence of the probes. The following probes (nt 571-591) were used for mutant-specific real-time PCR: wild type: 5'-FAM-TACAAAACCTTCGGACGGAAACTGC-TAMRA-3'; mutant 1: 5'-FAM-TACAAAACCTTCGGACAGAAACTGC-TAMRA-3'; mutant 2: 5'-FAM-TACAAAACCTTCGGACCGAAACTGC-TAMRA-3'; mutant 3: 5'-FAM-TACAAAACCTTCGGACGCAAACTGC-TAMRA-3'. Nucleotide positions were designated on the basis of nucleotide sequences from genotype C (GenBank/EMBL accession number AB300361). PCR was performed in a 50-μL reaction mixture containing 25 μL TaqMan Universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems) with 0.2 μM primers, 0.1 μM probes, and 10 μL extracted DNA. The PCR program consisted of an initial pre-cycle incubation at 50°C for 2 min and 95°C for 10 min, followed by 50 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min. All assays were carried out in duplicate with negative control samples.
Sequencing and cloning
All HBV DNA samples were amplified by nested PCR using 2 primer pairs with sequences corresponding to the surface region of the HBV genome, which encompassed a determinant region. We used the following primers: outer sense: ACAGAGTCTAGACTCGTGGT (nt 241-260); outer antisense: AAAGCCCTACGAACCACTGA (nt 694-713); inner sense: GGACTTCTCTCAATTTTCTAGGG (nt 261-283); inner antisense: CAAATGGCACTAGTAAACTGAGC (nt 670-692). Amplification was performed by nested PCR in a 50-μl reaction mixture containing 25 pmol of each primer and 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa Ex Taq, Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan). The first round of amplification was performed for 35 cycles (denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 1 min) with the external primers. In the second round of PCR, 1 μM of the first-round PCR products was submitted to a second round of PCR using the internal primers. The second-round PCR program was the same as that for the first round. PCR products were cloned and sequenced using a TOPO TA cloning kit for sequencing (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). DNA sequences were determined using the Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Sensitivity of mutant-specific real-time PCR
We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of mutant-specific real-time PCR (Figure 1). HBV DNA from clinical serum samples in which we had confirmed a mutation with G145R (at nt 587 G to A, genotype C, the levels of HBV DNA: 5.7 log copies/mL) was amplified using the mutant-specific real-time PCR in duplicate. The amplification signals were detected for HBV DNA from serum with mutant G145R in the wild probe and the mutant probe. However, cycle threshold (Ct) values in the mutant probe (mutant 1, Ct values = 26.42 and 26.57) were lower than those in the wild probe (Ct values = 27.76 and 27.99), as shown Figure 1A. In addition, the amplification curves in the mutant 1 probe showed a steeper upward slope. Although the mutant primer detected a weak signal of wild-type HBV DNA, these findings suggested that the mutant primer could clearly identify the mutant with a point mutation at nt 587 G to A if the mutant was the predominant strain.
Mutant-specific real-time PCR was performed in duplicate for each probe. (A) HBV DNA from serum with an escape mutant (single mutation at nt 587, A to G) was amplified using the wild-type and mutant 1, 2, and 3 probes. (B) Constructed plasmid mutant-type (single mutation at nt 587 G to A) DNA and wild-type DNA were mixed. The amount of the mutant-type plasmid DNA was equal to that of the wild-type DNA. The curves of the amplification plots are indicated by arrows. (C) Constructed plasmid mutant-type (single mutation at nt 587 G to A) DNA and wild-type DNA were mixed. The mutant:wild ratio in plasmid DNA was 1:10. (D) Constructed plasmid mutant-type (single mutation at nt 587 G to A) DNA and wild-type DNA were mixed. The mutant:wild ratio in plasmid DNA was 1:100.
Next, we assessed whether the specific probe could distinguish the G145R mutant as a minor strain from the predominant wild-type strain (Figure 1B-C). Constructed plasmid mutant-type (a point mutation at nt 587 G to A) DNA and wild-type DNA were mixed. The results of real-time PCR using 4 probes for mixed DNA at mutant:wild ratios of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:100 are shown in Figures 1B-C, and 1D, respectively. At the 1:1 ratio, the amplification curve of the mutant 1 probe showed the same Ct values and similar steep slopes (wild-type: Ct values = 24.53 and 24.71; mutant 1: Ct values = 24.86 and 24.27) (Figure 1B). At the 1:10 ratio, however, the amplification curve of the mutant probe showed a less steep upward slope compared to that of the wild-type probe, and the Ct values were greater (wild-type: Ct values = 24.52 and 24.76; mutant 1: Ct values = 26.60 and 27.27; mutant 2: Ct values = 27.61 and 27.89; mutant 3: Ct values = 27.58 and 28.36) (Figure 1C). At the 1:100 ratio, there was no difference in the Ct values or in the shape of the amplification curves among these mutant-specific probes, and it was impossible to identify the mutant with a point mutation at nt 587 G to A (wild-type: Ct values = 24.74 and 24.91; mutant 1: Ct values = 27.65 and 27.75; mutant 2: Ct values = 28.04 and 28.12; mutant 3: Ct values = 26.95 and 27.17) (Figure 1D). These findings suggested that the mutant probe could detect the G145R mutant representing as little as 10% of the wild-type population. Therefore, if the Ct value in a mutant-type probe was the same as or lower than that in the wild-type probe, the sample was considered to be positive for the mutant-specific real-time PCR.
Positive rate of mutant-specific real-time PCR
Chronically infected children despite receiving immunoprophylaxis
The emergence of mutants is a well-known cause of the failure of immunoprophylactic treatment for mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Of the 18 children chronically infected despite receiving immunoprophylaxis, one (5.6%), a 10-year-old girl, was positive for the mutant-specific real-time PCR using the mutant 1 probe (Table 2). This child was also positive for the wild-type probe (Figure 2A).
Table 2 Frequency of nt 587 G to A (aa 145 Gly to Arg) mutants
Serum HBV DNA from a girl who became positive for HBsAg and negative for anti-HBs despite immunoprophylaxis was amplified by mutant-specific real-time PCR in duplicate. (A) Before antiviral therapy (May 2007), the Ct values of the amplification plots in the mutant 1 probe were the same as those for the wild-type probe. In addition, the amplification plots of both probes were similar in the upward slopes. Although the signals of the mutant 2 and 3 probes were detectable, the curves of the amplification plots were not steep. There was an overlapped peak at nt 587 in the electropherogram. The larger peak was G, and the smaller peak was A. Of the 20 clones, 5 had a mutation at nt 587 from G to A. (B) At the cessation of antiviral therapy (May 2009), the girl was negative for serum HBV DNA by real-time PCR. 4 months after the completion of antiviral therapy, however, she became positive again for serum HBV DNA. The signals of the mutant 1 probe as well as the wild-type probe were detected in the amplification plots (the mutant 2 and 3 probes were not used). The curves of the amplification plots were steep. There was an overlapped peak at nt 587 in the electropherogram. Of the 18 clones, six had a mutation at nt 587 from G to A.
HBV carriers without HBIG or the HB vaccine
We examined 107 HBV carriers who had never received HBIG or the HB vaccine and found that none of them was positive for the mutant-specific real-time PCR (Table 2). The primers of the mutant-specific real-time PCR did not work in a patient infected with genotype A. Genotype from D to H were not available in this study.
Direct sequencing
To confirm the results of the mutant-specific real-time PCR, we performed direct sequencing. Although the girl with failure of immunoprophylaxis was positive for the mutant 1 probe, the G145R mutant was not detected as a predominant strain in any patients (Table 2). In addition to the G145R mutant, the a determinant (aa 124-147) was evaluated using the direct sequencing. As a predominant strain, I/T126S mutant was detected in one (5.6%) of the 18 children with failure of prophylaxis. In addition, I/T126S (n = 4), I/T126V (n = 1), Q129L (n = 1), T131P (n = 2), M133T + T140I (n = 1), and S136Y (n = 1) mutants were detected as a predominant strain in 10 (9.3%) of the 107 HBV carriers who had not received the HB vaccine or HBIG.
Detection of G145R mutant by cloning of PCR products
The mutant-specific real-time PCR (mutant 1 probe) could detect the G145R mutant in a child with failure of immunoprophylaxis. The amplification curves of this girl indicated that the G145R mutant strain and wild-type strain were coexisting (Figure 2A, upper, the serum sample was taken in May 2007). Consistent with the results of the mutant-specific real-time PCR, her electropherogram indicated that the wild-type HBV was the predominant strain and the G145R mutant was a minor strain. Of the 20 clones, 5 (25.0%) were G145R mutants (Figure 2A, lower) by PCR cloning technique. This finding suggested that the mutant-specific real-time PCR had the ability to detect 25% of minor strains in HBV populations. The girl was positive for HBeAg. Her serum ALT values had been elevated to twice the normal values for 6 years, and the levels of HBV DNA in her blood were more than 7 log copies/ml. She had received antiviral therapy (entecavir, 0.5 mg/day) for 48 weeks (between July 2007 and June 2008) and had become negative for serum HBV DNA by the completion of the therapy. 4 months after the completion of the therapy, however, serum HBV DNA became detectable. The mutant-specific real-time PCR and PCR cloning were performed again (Figure 2B, upper, the serum sample was taken in May 2009), and she was found to be positive for serum HBV DNA. PCR cloning revealed that 6 (33.3%) of 18 clones were G145R mutants (Figure 2B, lower).
The result of the PCR cloning for the G145R mutant in the girl with failure of immunoprophylaxis raised a question. In her sequence electropherogram, a larger peak and a smaller peak overlapped at nt 587 of HBsAg (Figure 2). The larger peak and the smaller peak were considered to represent the predominant strain and the minor strain, respectively. This finding suggested that the electropherogram could be useful for the detection of minor populations, so we investigated whether cloning of PCR products was more sensitive than mutant-specific real-time PCR for the detection of minor populations. Of all the patients in groups 1 and 2, 12 (group 1: F-16, group 2: CHB-2, -5, -26, -30, -42, -62, -67, -73, -94, -100, and -104) had overlapped peaks at nt 587 in the electropherogram. We thus performed cloning of PCR products in all of these patients except for F-16. Ten or more clones were sequenced. Of the 11 patients, 6 (CHB-26, -62, -67, -73, -94, and -104) had the G145R mutant as the minor strain (Table 3). All 6 of these subjects were HBV carriers with no history of HBIG or the HB vaccine. Of the 7 HBV carriers with the G145R mutant, including the girl with failure of immunoprophylaxis (F-16), 6 were positive for HBeAg (Table 3, upper). The remaining 5 patients (CHB-2, -5, -30, -42, and -100), who had overlapped peaks at nt 587 by sequencing, did not have the G145R mutant as a minor strain (Table 3, lower).
Table 3 Results of PCR cloning in patients who had overlapped peaks (G and A) at nt 587 in the electropherogram
In this study, the a determinant mutants were detected as predominant strains by direct sequencing in 9.3% of chronic hepatitis B patients who had not received the HB vaccine or HBIG.. This figure was comparable with that reported in a previous study (7.8%), which was conducted in Taiwan before the introduction of universal vaccination [13, 14]. This finding indicates that the presence of the a determinant mutants was not common in Japanese children. However, previous studies showed a higher prevalence rate of the a determinant mutants in Japan. Ogura et al. reported that the a determinant mutants were detected in 24% (10/42) of unselected Japanese HBV carriers [15]. In addition, Takahashi et al. reported that 48% (19/40) of HBs-positive hepatocelluar carcinoma patients had the a determinant mutants in Japan [16]. Apart from Japan, Avellon et al. reported that the a determinant mutants were detected in 39% (106/272) of unselected carriers in Spain [17]. that HBV carriers. Presumably, the age (duration of infection), the degree of chronic hepatitis, and immunological selection by vaccine might have influenced the emergence of mutants. For instance, after the introduction of universal vaccination in Taiwan, the prevalence of the a determinant mutants was slightly increased and remained approximately 20% between 1989 and 2004 [13, 14].
Direct sequencing showed that I/T126S [9, 18, 19], I/T126V [16], Q129L [20, 21], T131P [22], M133T + T140I [13, 14, 21, 23], and S136Y [24, 25] mutants were present as a predominant strain in 107 HBV carriers. All of these mutants were reported in previous studies, but the pathogenicity of I/T126V, Q129L, T131P has not been confirmed. Among these mutants, the I/T126S mutant was the most frequent (4/107 = 4.7%) in the group 2 of the present study. Moreover, the I/T126S mutant was detected in a child with the prophylactic failure in group 1. In the previous study targeting unselected Spanish carriers, the prevalence rate of the I/T126S mutant was 0.4% (1/272)[17]. Compared with the previous study, the frequency of I/T126S of the present study is high. The I/T126S mutant has been frequently observed in the studies from Japan, in 12% (5/42) [15] and 13% (5/40)[16] of adult HBV carriers. In contrast, a mutation at the 127th amino acid of the hepatitis B surface antigen (genotype A:5.9%, genotype D: 8.8%) was the most frequently reported mutation in a Spanish study [17]. Genotypes A and E are predominant in Europe, whereas genotypes B and C prevail in Southeast Asia, including Japan. There is a possibility that the difference among HBV genotype could be associated with the frequency of the I/T126S mutant.
Before the present experiment was performed, we predicted that the mutant-specific real-time PCR technique would be able to more frequently detect the G145 mutant compared with sequencing and cloning. Using the constructed plasmid, the mutant-specific probe could detect 10% of mutants among wild-type virus in this study. Similarly, Zhang et al. reported that the real-time PCR method could detect 5% of mutants among wild-type virus [12]. The present study showed that the mutant-specific real-time PCR identified a child in whom the G145R mutant and wild-type virus were mixed. In this case, the number of the G145R mutant clones was 5 (25%) out of 20 clones. These findings proved that the mutant-specific probe could detect a minor mutant-type virus among viral populations in a clinical sample. However, we found that sequencing and cloning were more sensitive than the mutant-specific real-time PCR, although performance of these techniques required more time. Sequencing and cloning could detect much smaller populations of mutant-type virus, ranging from 6% to 14% of subpopulations in this study. If cloning of PCR products is carefully performed in every nucleotide of the a determinant, the prevalence of finding the a determinant mutant will be increased. Therefore, the a determinant mutant is present as a minor population in a high proportion of HBV carriers. This notion is consistent with the fact that selection immunological pressure such as the HB vaccine and HBIG allows the minor a determent mutant to become the predominant strain of the virus.
The virulence of the G145R mutant is indeterminate. The results of previous studies suggested that the G145R mutation reduced the ability of viral assembly and secretion [26, 27]. In this study, however, the levels of serum transaminases had been elevated and the levels of HBV DNA had remained high for several years in the girl infected with the G145R mutant, which was detected by the mutant-specific real-time PCR. The levels of HBV DNA in the blood were not significantly lower in patients with the G145R mutant than in patients without the G145R mutant (data not shown). Although the G145R mutant was mixed with the predominant wild-type virus and viral replication was influenced by pre-core and basal core promoter mutation, these findings suggest that infection with the G145R mutant does not always promise a good prognosis. After treatment with entecavir, the G145R mutant as well as the wild-type virus appeared again in the girl.
Of the 18 the children with prophylactic failure in the present study, one had an a determinant mutant (I/T126S) as a predominant strain and one had an a determinant mutant (G145R) as a minor strain. This finding was consistent with previous studies [5, 28, 29]. The detection rate of a determinant mutation varied from 12% to 26% in children with prophylactic failure, indicating that the main cause of failure to prevent mother-to-child transmission was not the emergence of a determinant mutants. Recent studies suggest that high viral load in blood is closely related to the failure of prophylaxis with vaccine and HBIG [30–32].
The a determinant mutants were not the predominant mutations in Japan. However, the G145R mutant was present as a minor population in children and adults. Numerous a determinant mutants could be lost in the mass of the wild-type virus.
HBV:
HB vaccine:
HBIG:
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin
HBsAg:
HBeAg:
Hepatitis B e antigen
PCR:
Anti-HBs:
Antibodies against HBsAg
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This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan.
Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, 3-6-1 Simosueyoshi Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
Haruki Komatsu, Ayano Inui, Tsuyoshi Sogo & Tomoo Fujisawa
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
Yasuhiro Konishi
Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Chiba, Japan
Akihiko Tateno
Haruki Komatsu
Ayano Inui
Tsuyoshi Sogo
Tomoo Fujisawa
Correspondence to Haruki Komatsu.
HK contributed to the design of this study and drafted this manuscript. AI, TS, YK, AT, and TF participated in data collection and critical revision of the manuscript. All the authors concurred with the submission and will take responsibility for the manuscript.
Komatsu, H., Inui, A., Sogo, T. et al. Hepatitis B surface gene 145 mutant as a minor population in hepatitis B virus carriers. BMC Res Notes 5, 22 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-22
Entecavir
Minor Strain
Universal Vaccination
G145R Mutant
Basal Core Promoter


text:
Open letter to the Pakistani prime minister calls for action to stop religious intolerance
by Shafique Khokhar
Samson Salamat, president of an inter-religious movement indicates some priorities "to control the further damage and destabilization" of the country, including the "revision" of the blasphemy law which "continues to frighten citizens belonging to minorities and has led to 'killing of innocents."
Lahore (AsiaNews) - Samson Salamat (pictured), Mr. Samson Salamat, Chairman Rwadari Tehreek has urged Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Imran Khan and his government for immediate, effective and serious actions to stop the increasing incidents and trends of religious intolerance, instigation of violence, provocation, hate speech, and religiously motivated violence.
Salamat in his Open Letter to Prime Minister writes, "On behalf of my fellow Pakistanis and members of Rwadari Tehreek- Pakistan, I would like to thank and congratulate your government for sponsoring the resolution titled "Promoting a culture of peace and tolerance to safeguard religious sites" (document A/75/L.54) which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on January 21, 2021, to condemn all acts of threats and violence, destruction, and damage directed against religious sites, to denounce any move to obliterate or forcibly convert any religious sites and also expresses concerns on the rise of racial and religious intolerance and negative stereo-typing of religions and condemns any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that promotes discrimination, hostility or violence."
The letter further says, "While we welcome this latest initiative of your government at the United Nations, we would like to draw your attention to the rise of religious intolerance, hatred, and religiously motivated violence in our own society which needs to be addressed immediately, seriously, and effectively to control the further damage and de-stabilizing of Pakistan - the violent attacks on Hazara community, destruction of Hindi Temple in Karak and attacks on temples in Sindh, hate speech and use of abusive and instigative language on the issue of construction of Hindu temple in Islamabad, consistent target the killing of Ahmadi citizens, consistent hate speech against Christians on social media, misuse of blasphemy laws, abduction, and forced religious conversion of the Christian and Hindu minor girls are some of the critical issues which need your immediate attention".
Salamat adds in his letter that sadly, in almost all the above mentioned issues and incidents the authorities' remained failed to provide safeguards and there has been hardly any significant action (s) against the extremist and terrorist outfits or individuals involved in creating this menace and destroying the spirit of the vision of the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of our beloved country.
Chairman Rwadari Tehreek Pakistan on behalf of Rwadari Tehreek recommended the following steps and initiatives to deal with religious intolerance, extremism and terrorism:
Ensure that the constitutional and legal systems provide effective guarantees of freedom of thought, religion or belief, including the provision of effective remedies in cases where the right to freedom of religion or belief is violated.
Furthermore, ensure, in particular, that no one within their jurisdiction is deprived of the right to life, liberty, and security of a person and not to be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment on the basis of religion or belief.
The Government should notify the promises made with the Hazara Community after your visit to Quetta as Prime Minister after Mach incident to ensure that the commitments are translated into policies and practical actions to effectively protect the lives of Hazara citizens to end more than a decade of bloodshed.
In order to ensure that the society is free of intolerance, violent extremism and terrorism, the implementation of the National Action Plan should be ensured in letter and spirit.
Indiscriminate stern action is immediately required against banned extremist outfits to stop their activities e.g. Public Rallies, meetings, funds collection, Sit-ins and all acts of hate speech and instigation of violence.
The misuse of blasphemy laws continues to settle personal and frightening the citizens belonging to minorities and has led to the killings of innocent, and destruction of their worship places and other properties, therefore a review of these laws should be initiated to refrain from further damage.
The Syllabus should be made free of all biases and bigotry to de-radicalize youth and the entry of extremist elements to the educational institutions should be stopped.
Zero Tolerance Policy should be adopted and implemented against hate speech, abusive and instigative language against Hindus, Christians, Ahmadi community, and Shia Muslims which is currently at a peak.
Salamat hoped that the issues and concerns mentioned in the letter shall be thoroughly addressed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan and his Government with practical steps to end religious intolerance, hate speech, and religiously motivated violence from our society.
Samson Salamat
Rwadari Tehreek
Hamadi
Hazara
Lahore interfaith leader slams hate campaign against minorities (videos)
Activists rally in Lahore calling for a stop to torture and extrajudicial killings
Lahore: Iftar, a time to build 'bridges'
Against terrorism, peace caravan leaves Lahore
Nawaz Sharif's son-in-law sparks outrage over his discriminatory comments about Ahmadis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Set Current Location
Best Landmarks in Oslo
By: Cityseeker
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Parliament of Norway
The Parliament building houses the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) and dates back to 1866. The magnificent building was designed by the renowned architect Emil Victor Langlet. The facade is a beautiful blend of styles, mainly inspired from Italy and France. Visitors can enroll themselves for a guided tour of the entire structure. Private tours for groups can also be arranged upon request. The tours last approximately one hour. Admission is free.
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Oslo City Hall
One of the most important municipal buildings in the Norwegian capital, the Oslo Town Hall can be spotted standing next to the iconic Akershus Fortress on the famous Rådhusplassen that overlooks Oslo's picturesque harbor and waterfront. Its soaring twin towers, measuring 216 feet (66 meters) and 206 feet (63 meters), make it one of the more unique edifices in the city. Completed in 1950, the building was designed by the renowned Norwegian architects Magnus Poulsson and Arnstein Arneberg, and built primarily using red bricks that give it a distinctive hue. Some of the building's main attractions include Henrick Sorensen's wall decoration, the astronomical clock, and the north side entrance. The city hall has had the privilege of hosting the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize ceremony every year since 1990.
Kvadraturen
Kvadraturen is the heart of Christian IV's town Christiania, built after the town of Oslo was burnt down in 1624. The city was not renamed Oslo until 300 years later. The sculpture on Christiania Torv square symbolizes the King's words, when he decided 'The new town will lie here'. A statue of the King himself can be found on Stortorvet. Kvadraturen offers fine dining at Statholdergaarden, Mediterranean dishes at Celsius or dine in modern elegance at Brasserie Hansken.
Oslo Domkirke
Many of the cathedral's contents date back to 1697, the year the building was consecrated. Alexis de Chateauneuf, the architect of the Trefoldighetskirke, restored the cathedral between 1849 and 1850, and further work was done on the structure from 1948 to 1950. The cathedral is located close to Stortorget in the center of Oslo. King Harald and Queen Sonja were married here, as were Crown Prince Haakon Magus and Mette-Marit. The cathedral is also used for concerts and the crypt house exhibitions. Admission is free.
In 1849 Hamburg's great city planner Alexis de Chateauneuf won the competition to build a church for the Congregation of the Trinity. The building has a cruciform plan, crowned at the center with a copper-plated dome and a lantern at the apex. The Church of the Trinity was consecrated in 1858 and the entrance staircase was added in 1883. Inside you will find an altarpiece depicting Christ being baptized and a marble baptismal font. The church was re-consecrated in 1958 and after a thorough renovation was re-opened to the public in 1997.
Oslo Public Library
Oslo's main library was established more than 200 years ago, when Carl Deichman bequeathed his vast collection of books to the city. Today, the Oslo Public Library houses over one million volumes. You will find the library building not far from the Trefoldighetskirken and the Goverment Offices. It is within easy walking distance of the city center. Supplementing the main building, there are 16 more specialized branches of the library scattered throughout the city.
Royal Palace and Gardens
A symbol of Norwegian opulence, the Slottet og Slottsparken or the Royal Palace and its imperial gardens have been the centerpiece of Oslo's sweeping cityscape since 1849. Constructed in the Neoclassical style, the lavishly-decorated palace has been the primary residence of Norwegian monarchs. Designed by celebrated Norwegian architect Hans Linstow, the palace features a grandiose facade with Corinthian columns. A magnificent statue of a horse-mounted King Charles III stands high on a pedestal on the square in front of the palace, completing the regal setting. The annual National Day parade in Oslo, that passes the Royal Palace on its way is one of the few times when the royal family makes a public appearance to greet the proud Norwegians on the happy occasion.
Vigeland Park
Vigeland Park is the world's largest sculpture park dedicated to the work of a single artist, and an ode to one man's obsession with the human form. The park displays over 200 sculptures fashioned from granite, bronze and wrought iron by the Norwegian artist, Gustav Vigeland, created over a period of 20 years from 1924 to 1943. In fact, the park itself was designed by the famed sculptor and is actually a mammoth installation in Frogner Park. Vigeland's work varies from depictions of humans engaged in everyday tasks, to more symbolic and abstract works like The Monolith, a 14.12-meter (46.33-foot) high sculpture composed of 121 human figures intended to represent the human desire to reach out to the divine. Other notable sculptures include The Wheel of Life and The Fountain. Although each is a masterpiece in its own right, the interplay with the layout and architecture of the park creates a whole that is more amazing than the sum of its parts. Today, Vigeland Park is one of Oslo's most popular attractions, visited by over one million tourists each year.
Snuggled in the northeastern outskirts of the Norwegian capital's bustling cityscape, the usually peaceful neighborhood of Holmenkollen transforms into a vibrant tourist hub with the arrival of snow. Thanks to its crown jewel, the Holmenkollbakken, believed to be one of the oldest ski jumps in the world, the area is visited by skiing enthusiasts from all over Norway. Another popular attraction in the locale is the famous Ski Museum, that exhibits the region's love of the sport. The neighborhood is also the central point for visiting the Nordmarka, a lush green forest reserve.
Holmenkollbakken on the west side of the city is famous for the enormous ski jump that can be seen from just about everywhere in Oslo. The most popular sports arena in Norway, Holmenkollen also contains the world's oldest Ski Museum and an exciting ski-simulator (on which visitors can try out the Holmenkollen ski jump themselves!). Holmenkollen hosts a variety of winter sports events, culminating in the annual ski festival in March. Even those not interested in winter sports should not miss the chance to enjoy the spectacular panoramic view of the city.
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From second left: Dr Shin, Abang Johari and Pong prepare to cut the ribbon to symbolically declare open the exhibition at the conference. Dr Sim is standing at left.
KUCHING, Oct 17: Local governments must be bold in implementing strict laws to promote healthy cities.
World Health Organisation, Asia Pacific regional director Dr Shin Young-Soo, said non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases are now responsible for four out of five deaths in the Asia Pacific Region.
He reminded that city government has the power to drive the law and help promote healthier living and protect the people against NCDs. He pointed out the need for all public sectors to collaborate on ways to create a healthy environment in their cities.
"In today's world, we face many complex issues pertaining to our city environment. NCDs contributed to many deaths among the people in this region and many of these are premature, people who died in the prime of their lives.
"Unfortunately, this is due to lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. The solution lies on the people and the government in looking at the root cause of the problem.
"Collaboration between government agencies is needed," Dr Shin said at the opening of the 8th Alliance for Healthy City Global Conference and General Assembly at the Borneo Convention Centre Kuching (BCCK) today.
Citing an example, he added that when it comes to NCDs, the health sector could not solve the root of the cause such as tobacco use unless they collaborate with the city government.
"Doctors and nurses cannot enforce strict laws to protect the people against tobacco usage and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke but the city government has the power to control smoking areas, raise awareness and inculcate good habits.
"We need more people to support the healthy city movement," he continued.
Dr Shin also raised environmental issues such as air pollution that needed to be addressed.
"In fact, more than two million people in the Asia Pacific region die due to poor air quality each year," he said, while adding that city government has the authority to enforce laws to maintain cleanliness and environmental health levels to protect its people.


This plugin lets you integrate search results from your Google Mini search appliance (GM) into ExpressionEngine seamlessly. If you're using the GM to index your web site or intranet, this plugin will handle the search requests to it, retrieve the search results in XML format, and parses them just the way you want. You don't have to learn any XSLT, you don't have to leave the domain of your main site, just set up a template and you're done.
Looking for the EE2 compatible version? Try Low GoogleSearch.
This entry was created November 6, 2008, 4:00 pm.
This entry was last updated January 29, 2015, 10:09 am.


text:
Die Drummond Castle war ein 1881 in Dienst gestelltes Passagierschiff der britischen Reederei Castle Mail Packet Company Ltd., das für den Transatlantikverkehr gebaut wurde und Passagiere, Fracht und Post von England nach Südafrika brachte. Am 16. Juni 1896 sank die Drummond Castle vor der französischen Atlantikinsel Ouessant nach der Kollision mit einem Felsen. 243 der 246 Menschen an Bord kamen ums Leben.

Das Schiff
Die Drummond Castle wurde 1881 auf der schottischen Werft John Elder & Company am Fluss Clyde gebaut und lief dort am 27. Februar 1881 vom Stapel. Sie stand im Dienst der Castle Mail Packet Company Ltd., einer 1876 gegründeten britischen Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft, die sich auf den Passagierverkehr nach Indien und Südafrika spezialisiert hatte und 1900 durch Fusion mit der 1857 gegründeten Union Steamship Company Ltd. die Union-Castle Line formte.

Das 3.706 BRT große eiserne Dampfschiff war 111,3 Meter lang, 13,3 Meter breit und hatte einen maximalen Tiefgang von 9,5 Metern. Die Passagierunterkünfte waren für 100 Gäste der Ersten, 120 der Zweiten und 160 der Dritten Klasse ausgelegt. Die Drummond Castle wurde nach dem gleichnamigen Schloss aus dem 15. Jahrhundert in der schottischen Stadt Crieff benannt. Das Schiff bediente die Route London–Kapstadt. Sie hatte ein Schwesterschiff, die 1880 in Dienst gestellte Garth Castle (I) (3.537 BRT).

Untergang
Am Donnerstag, dem 28. Mai 1896 verließ die Drummond Castle Kapstadt Richtung England mit 143 Passagieren und 103 Besatzungsmitgliedern. Das Kommando hatte Kapitän William W. Pierce, der seit 33 Jahren bei der Reederei war, seit 27 Jahren sein Kapitänspatent besaß und bereits sieben andere Schiffe geführt hatte. Es war seine erste Fahrt als Kapitän der Drummond Castle. Das Schiff machte einen Zwischenhalt in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria am 12. Juni, wo an Bord eine Rettungsübung stattfand, und setzte dann seine Reise fort. Als die Drummond Castle Kap Finisterre an der Nordwestküste Spaniens erreichte, wurden die Ausguckposten verdoppelt.

In der Nacht des 16. Juni befand sich das Schiff schon fast im Ärmelkanal, als es vor der französischen Insel Ouessant in eine Nebelbank geriet, in der es durch die fehlende Orientierung etwa fünf Meilen vom Kurs abkam. Dazu kam heftiger Regenfall. Die Drummond Castle gelangte in seichte Gewässer, wo sie kurz vor 23 Uhr bei voller Fahrt auf das Felsenriff Pierres Vertes prallte. Der Chefingenieur ließ den Dampf aus den Kesseln ab, um eine Explosion zu vermeiden.

Kapitän Pierce glaubte gestrandet zu sein und ließ die Rettungsboote zum Fieren vorbereiten. Die Drummond Castle war aber nach dem Zusammenstoß mit den Felsen wieder ins offene Wasser gedriftet und so schwer beschädigt, dass sie mit dem Bug voran zu sinken begann. Sie bekam eine schwere Schlagseite nach Steuerbord und kenterte nur vier Minuten nach der Kollision. In der kurzen Zeit konnte keines der Boote zu Wasser gelassen werden. Viele Passagiere hatten es gar nicht erst an Deck geschafft und ertranken in ihren Kabinen. Diejenigen, die sich doch auf dem Bootsdeck befanden, wurden in die See gespült. Nur drei der 246 Menschen an Bord überlebten das Unglück. Der Passagier Charles Marquardt und die Besatzungsmitglieder Charles Wood und William Godbolt klammerten sich zusammen an ein Wrackteil, bis sie am Nachmittag des folgenden Tages von einem Fischkutter aus Molène gefunden wurden.

Die einheimischen Fischer halfen bei der Bergung der Leichen, von denen viele nur in Nachtgewändern oder nackt an Land gespült wurden. Die meisten gefundenen Todesopfer wurden an der französischen Küste beigesetzt. Mehrere Stunden nach dem Untergang fand ein bretonisches Fischerboot den Leichnam des dreijährigen britischen Mädchens Alice Reid. Sie wurde in einem Landhaus auf Ouessant in einer traditionellen bretonischen Tracht aufgebahrt. Der französische Maler Charles Cottet hielt die Szene fest. Das Bild mit dem Titel Gens d'Ouessant veillant un enfant mort hängt heute im Petit Palais in Paris.

1929 fand ein italienisches Bergungsunternehmen, das eigentlich auf der Suche nach der 1922 gesunkenen Egypt war, das Wrack. Sie berichteten von einem großen Loch, das vom Kiel bis zur Wasserlinie reichte.

Weblinks

 Eintrag im Miramar Ship Index (englisch, kostenpflichtig)

 Ellen Stanton:  (Bericht im South Africa Magazine vom 4. Juli 1896)
 Ellen Stanton:  (Bericht im South Africa Magazine vom 18. Juli 1896)
 Die Reederei in The Ships List (englisch)
 SUNK WITH ALL ON BOARD, Bericht in The New York Times vom 18. Juni 1896 (PDF, englisch)
 Eintrag mit Karte bei wrecksite.eu (englisch)

Passagierschiff (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schiffskatastrophe
Schiffsverlust durch Grundberührung
Schiffsverlust 1896
Dampfmaschinenschiff
Seeunfall
Schifffahrtsgeschichte (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Verkehrsunglück 1896

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
About OI Lab Mission, Vision, & Values Team Partners
Current Projects(Current)
Social Network Analysis Story of Us Podcast The Dean's Roundtable U.lab Hub Ideation Expo 2020
Framework(Current)
Complexity Leadership Theory Action Inquiry Theory U
Past Projects(Current)
Exponential Research Capacity Ideation Expo Let's Do Lunch Action Research Research Development Seminar 1 Theory U
Let's Do Lunch Action Research
The Let's Do Lunch Action Research community fosters a trusting and collaborative atmosphere that values mutual respect, openness, vulnerability and confidentiality among community members, and a patience to grow with and alongside one another.
The purpose of this project is to provide a platform for dialogue about community building among staff at the Swanson School. Many staff members have expressed their wish for a better integrated community. Some would like to build on each other's strength to solve common challenges; others desire a sense of belonging to a bigger community and to build relationships through face-to-face interactions. Like-minded staff members can connect with each other and work together through this distinct platform.
The 'action' of the study consists of three consecutive weeks of catered lunches, inspiring speakers, and brainstorming activities implemented with design-thinking methodology. The 'research' of the study refers to the accompanying surveys and reflection questions developed and curated with an aim to understand the evolution of social relationships among the participants, their perceptions of empowerment, and lived experiences. For detailed activities, please consult the research design.
For appendices and newsletters from our first two lunches, please click here and here.
Organizational Innovation Lab
3700 O'Hara Street
gej20@pitt.edu
© 2019 University of Pittsburgh All Rights Reserved


text:
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Asekol SK EN
DEPOSIT SYSTEM HAS BECOME A REALITY
Act No. 302/2019 Coll. on The Depositing of Single-use Packaging for Beverages, prepared by the Ministry of Environment, was approved by Parliament at the end of 2019. It was in response to the resolution of the European Commission which introduced the obligation to ensure collection of 90% of single-use plastic bottles and cans in all EU member states. According to the Ministry of the Environment, approximately one billion PET bottles and 345 million cans for beverages are sold in Slovakia each year, with the PET bottles' recycling rate being approximately 60%.
From January 1, 2022 all plastic and metal containers for beverages from 0.1 to 3 litres will require a deposit in Slovakia, except for milk, milk-containing beverages, syrups and hard alcoholic drinks. The amount of the deposit fee has been set to 0.15 cents and is equal for all plastic bottles and cans. Deposited containers will contain a pictogram (Z), with the word ZÁLOHOVANÉ (meaning 'returnable'), are to be returned uncompressed, together with the cap and readable bar code. Wider distribution of bottles and cans with the pictogram is expected in February and March.
Plastic bottles and cans without the pictogram will be sold during the transitory period lasting until June 30, 2022. Such containers, as well as containers that are not subject to the deposit system, shall continue to be disposed of in bins for sorted waste.
The obligation to accept deposited containers applies to all shops selling deposit-requiring beverages with a selling area larger than 300 sq m. For smaller shops, participation in the deposit system is optional. More than 2,000 collection points have registered for the deposit system, of which more than a thousand are smaller shops all over Slovakia.
The deposit system is regulated and inspected by the Ministry of the Environment and is funded from manufacturers' fees, sale of materials and non-collected deposits.
Do not hesitate
to contact us!
Copyright © by ASEKOL SK s.r.o. 2023. All rights reserved.
ASEKOL a.s. uses cookies to ensure the best possible experience during the visits to our website. By using our website, you agree to our use of cookies. More information


text:
Q: Entity Framework 6 giving rollback when 2 screen updating same table for different records at same time I have an web application which is updating a status table from different screen using a stored proecdure .
Each screen calls below code in data layer for updating the status  using stored procedure
using (var dbContext = new Entities())
            {
            using (var dbContextTransaction = dbContext.Database.BeginTransaction())
            {
                try
                {

                        dbContext.UpdateStatus( some parameter);

Update some more table and sp using same dbContext.
                    dbContext.SaveChanges();
                    dbContextTransaction.Commit();
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {

---------------                        Log exception in database ---------------
                    dbContextTransaction.Rollback();  // Rollback Transaction
                    throw throwNewException;
                }
            }
        }

Please help .
If 2 different logged in user call this method from 2 different screens it give rollback error for one of them.
Error :Message : Uncommittable transaction is detected at the end of the batch. The transaction is rolled back.
This stored procedure updates old status record for that application and insert a new record with new status .
I am stuck with this issue . Please help

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Does anyone have a list of companies other than MBP, JMK, 1776, TH Customers, Lectic-FX, and Grind that offer FX PCBs? Curious to see what other folks have out there. If this is breaking I apologize. Thanks!
Adding a shout out to Parasit Studio.
Mammoth.com, taydaelectronics.com, smallbear has PCbs also.
I'm a fan of the boards at aionelectronics.com.
I've also bought kits from generalguitargadgets.com.
Although I have no personal experience with them, there's buildyourownclone.com.
Not affiliated with Oatey, makers of the world's best and most delicious* low tar solder paste. Ask for Oatey -- It's the juiciest!
*Solder paste is not food. If ingested, seek medical help promptly.
I occasionally flick the spare PCB on. I've still got a few No Name Flange boards left. I wouldn't call it a store, though.
Also DIYGP (http://www.diyguitarpedals.com.au) has PCBs. Run by chromesphere.
Never used them but I've looked at FuzzDog pedals before.
Basically though, there's a million places these days. Some offer straight up clones, some more modding minded like Aion, and a few like Brian that offer some original designs.
Disclaimer: I have not actually purchased boards from all of these sites. Only Tonepad (good experience). I just know of them.
Let's not forget THcustoms and diyguitarpedals.au.
Basically is you google pedal pcbs, you'll get the world.
Basically if you google pedal pcbs, you'll get the world.


Since our time was not cluttered with extra activities, we could feel the Spirit more as we listened to general conference.
Years ago, when our six children were young, we decided we wanted to make general conference more meaningful to us. We talked about how important it is to watch conference with clear minds and rested bodies. Conference is an important time to receive instruction from our current prophets. So we set a goal not to plan anything extra for a few days before conference or during conference weekend. We blocked out those days on our calendar, and each of us committed not to schedule extra activities on those days.
If you choose to take a similar approach, it will be unique to your family and your situation, but our family defined "extra activities" as attending school activities, having neighborhood children come over, doing things with friends away from the house, having parties or dinners with friends or relatives, doing projects or yard work in between or during conference sessions, saving school projects until the last minute, and accepting extra assignments at work.
When the week before general conference arrived, it was sometimes hard to say no to these activities, but most of the time our family members cheerfully made the right choices to meet our goal. We found that our younger children wanted to be part of general conference. I think it was because we talked about the importance of conference over and over throughout the week before.
I am happy to report that keeping our schedule simple the days before and during general conference completely changed our family's experience. Our hearts and minds were prepared for conference. Our time was not cluttered with extra activities, so we could feel the Spirit as we sat and listened to the words of counsel from our leaders.
We have stuck to our goal conference after conference because it fills our home with peace. Though several of our children no longer live at home, we encourage them to still clear their calendar the few days before and during conference, as we do at home. We also try to schedule a time to watch a session of conference together as an entire family. I am hoping that as our children marry and have children of their own, they will continue to place a high importance on protecting their conference experience by clearing their calendars.


text:
My Fair Lady, May 16, 2017 ****1/2
Book and Lyrics by Alan J. Lerner & Music by Frederick Loewe
Produced by Opera Australia and John Frost
At Regent Theatre, Melbourne, until July 27, 2017
Reviewer: Kate Herbert on Tuesday, May 16, 2017
Stars: ****1/2
Review NOT published in Herald Sun. It appears only on this blog. KH
My Fair Lady, Anna O'Byrne & cast -photo Jeff Busby
Now, don't pretend you're too cool to sing along with the songs in Lerner and Loewe's My Fair Lady because you know they are eminently singable. Wouldn't It Be Loverly? and Get Me To The Church On Time stick in your brain like ear worms.
Julie Andrews, who is musical theatre royalty, was the first Eliza Dolittle in 1956, and she now demonstrates her directing prowess in this sleek, funny and stylish production that features Australian soprano, Anna O'Byrne, as the spirited Eliza, and Charles Edwards, British star of stage and screen, as the bombastic Henry Higgins.
Lerner and Loewe based My Fair Lady on George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion. If you've been living under a rock and don't know the story, Higgins is a 'phoneticist' (he studies accents and language) who makes a wager with Colonel Pickering (Tony Llewellyn-Jones) that he, Higgins, can transform Eliza's voice and appearance from a rough flower seller to a lady in six months.
Andrews pays homage to the 1956 production by reviving Oliver Smith's set design that features London's grubby streets and Covent Garden flower markets, as well as its opulent homes and extravagant ballrooms bedecked with chandeliers.
In an inspired choice, this production recreates Cecil Beaton's incomparable costumes that range from the earthy tones and shabby fabrics of street urchins, to remarkable, lavish ball gowns and those unforgettable and exquisite black and white outfits at the Ascot races.
My Fair Lady cast -photo Jeff Busby
Edwards' consummate performance as the arrogant, pompous Professor Higgins elicits the audience's outrage at Higgins' bluntness and insensitivity that borders on cruelty, then, with impeccable comic timing, tilts the crowd into guffaws at his self-absorbed, mummy's boy behaviour.
Using a clipped, spoken delivery rather than song, Edwards highlights Higgins' smug chauvinism in Why Can't The English? and A Hymn to Him, then, just when we are certain that we loath him, he turns us on our heads with Higgins' warmth and secret longing for Eliza in I've Grown Accustomed To Her Face.
O'Byrne's performance is assured and her voice is both powerful and sweet in tone, doing justice to the fanciful Wouldn't It Be Loverly?, the feisty Just You Wait and Show Me, the triumphant The Rain in Spain, and the romantic and celebratory I Could Have Danced All Night.
Her Eliza is charming and her transformation from scruffy, rough-toned Cockney to articulate and elegant lady is joyful and entertaining, although the changes in her voice and behaviour from start to finish could perhaps be more extreme.
My Fair Lady cast - photo Jeff Busby
The audacious and hilarious Reg Livermore is delectably vulgar, cheeky and greedy as Eliza's booze-soaked father, Alfred P. Dolittle, and his renditions, with chorus members, of With A Little Bit of Luck and Get Me To The Church On Time, are crowd-pleasers.
Robin Nevin is deliciously refined and wittily restrained as Henry's mother, Mrs. Higgins, while Llewellyn-Jones is appealingly bluff and bumbling as Colonel Hugh Pickering, and Mark Vincent's velvet voice expresses Freddy Eynsford-Jones' puppy-dog adoration during On The Street Where You Live.
Under the musical direction of Guy Simpson, the orchestra gives an assured performance of Frederick Loewe's inimitable music, while the accomplished chorus provides rich vocals and vivacious choreography (Christopher Gattelli) in the ensemble numbers.
There is something delightfully old-fashioned and endearing about this production with its picture frame / chocolate box, proscenium stage and swift scene changes that take place magically behind the lowered curtain.
It is difficult to fault this captivating production, and Lerner and Loewe's My Fair Lady certainly earns its place as one of the most memorable and exceptional musicals ever written.
Anna O'Byrne Eliza Dolittle
Charles Edwards Henry Higgins
Reg Livermore Alfred P. Dolittle
Robin Nevin Mrs. Higgins
Tony Llewellyn-Jones Colonel Hugh Pickering
Mark Vincent Freddy Eynsford-Jones
Mrs. Pearce Deidre Rubenstein
Directed by Julie Andrews
Musical Director Guy Simpson
Choreographer Christopher Gattelli
Set design Oliver Smith (from original)
Costumes Cecil Beaton
Costume recreation John David Ridge
Lighting design Richard Pilbrow
Sound design Michael Waters
Anna O'Byrne & Charles Edwards -Photo BrianGeach
Anna O'Byrne - photo Jeff Busby
Why Can't The English? – Professor Higgins
Wouldn't It Be Loverly? – Eliza and Male Quartet
With A Little Bit of Luck– Alfred Doolittle, Harry, and Jamie
I'm an Ordinary Man – Professor Higgins
With a Little Bit of Luck (Reprise) – Alfred Doolittle and Ensemble
Just You Wait – Eliza
The Servants' Chorus (Poor Professor Higgins) – Mrs. Pearce and Servants
The Rain in Spain– Professor Higgins, Eliza, and Colonel Pickering
I Could Have Danced All Night – Eliza, Mrs. Pearce, and Servants
Ascot Gavotte – Ensemble
On The Street Where You Live– Freddy
Eliza's Entrance/Embassy Waltz – The Orchestra
You Did It – Colonel Pickering, Professor Higgins, Mrs. Pearce, and Servants
Just You Wait (Reprise) – Eliza
On the Street Where You Live (Reprise) – Freddy
Show Me – Eliza and Freddy
The Flower Market/Wouldn't It Be Loverly? (Reprise) – Eliza and Male Quartet
Get me To The Church On Time– Alfred Doolittle and Ensemble
A Hymn to Him – Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering
Without You – Eliza and Professor Higgins
I've Grown Accustomed To Her Face– Professor Higgins
I Could Have Danced All Night (Reprise) / Finale – The Orchestra
Hello, Dolly! May 27, 2017
Shrine, May 26, 2017
Wild Bore, May 19, 2017 ***
Minnie and Liraz, May 18, 2017 ***
Awakening, MUST, May 11, 2017 ***
'Gender in Australian Theatre', My first article f...
Away, May 4, 2017 ***
Sex Diary of an Infidel by Michael Gurr, review fo...
Vale, Michel Gurr.
Cabaret, May 1, 2017 ***
The Realistic Joneses, April 30, 2017 *** 1/2


At South by Southwest (SXSW) in Austin, Texas this week, TOMS CEO Blake Mycoskie introduced the company's latest giving initiative: "Coffee for you, Water for all."
TOMS Roasting Co. will be the third product line for the brand that is famous for its social innovation and signature One-for-One business model. For every bag of coffee purchased, TOMS says it will provide one week of clean water to someone in need.
"We [will] buy the coffee from the farmers and then give back to those communities by investing in clean water projects," Mycoskie tells FOXBusiness.com. "It's ironic how much water [coffee growers] use to preserve the beans and prices, yet five kilometers away there are kids getting sick for lack of clean water."
Mycoskie says seeing the impact coffee farmers can make in areas of need is what led them into this phase.
"We've learned a lot through our Shoe and Sight Giving about what truly transforms communities in need -- and it was important that the next One for One [product] support economic opportunity," the Texas native said in a statement following the announcement.
The main ingredient in coffee is water, but in many developing countries where the bulk of coffee is grown, there is a striking percentage of the population without clean water access. There are 1.8 billion people around the world with no access to clean water and 2.5 billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities, according to a study by the University of North Carolina.
TOMS is teaming up with Water For People to address this need.
"The support TOMS provides Water For People is going beyond providing safe water, it's also helping our endeavors to provide long-term water solutions," Ned Breslin, CEO of Water For People, said in a statement.
The goal for the TOMS Roasting Co., which has been one year in the making, is to spur economic growth in developing countries by "creating a little more intimacy" with the coffee people drink every day, Mycoskie explains.
The process begins with TOMS sourcing and purchasing beans from partner coffee growers -- through Direct Trade efforts -- in the same five countries where clean water initiatives will be introduced. The beans are then shipped back to the U.S. to be roasted by TOMS' master roaster Angel Orozco.
The first batch of premium coffee varieties TOMS will offer come from Rwanda, Malawi, Honduras, Guatemala and Peru.
Whole bean or ground bags of TOMS Roasting Co. will be available for coffee connoisseurs to purchase on the TOMS website and at TOMS Cafés, as well as at Whole Foods Market for $12.99 for 12oz.
Beyond coffee and apparel, TOMS is expanding its retail footprint with a handful of TOMS Cafés that blend community and shopping in one space. Currently there are locations in Los Angeles and Austin, and cafés in New York, Portland and Tokyo are coming soon.
"People are yearning for an artisanal coffee experience, which they can now get at TOMS," Mycoskie says.
In addition to individual purchases, TOMS launched a Roasting Club through which people can sign up to receive personalized premium roasts each month, or gift a coffee club membership to somebody else. Club members will also receive periodic updates on the farmers and water projects their purchases are helping to support.
"Giving somebody shoes, you have to know their size; and giving somebody glasses, you have to know their taste; but giving somebody coffee is giving a gift that lasts," he says.
Subscriptions are available for three, six and twelve month packages, and range from $11.99 to $16.49. Mycoskie also revealed at SXSW that TOMS plans to push one new One for One venture each year for the foreseeable future.
Founded in 2006, TOMS promised that for every pair of shoes sold, a pair of shoes would be provided to a child in need. In 2011 TOMS rolled out its sunglass venture, which follows the same One for One model, replacing shoes with glasses and instead providing eye care for people in need.
Since its launch, TOMS and its Giving Partners have donated 10 million pairs of shoes and helped restore sight to more than 200,000 people around the globe, according to the company.
"It's so disruptive and different from what people expected us to do next," Mycoskie says. "But we think there's a real opportunity to be a big player in the coffee space."


Excessive acquisition is a key symptom of hoarding disorder (HD), appearing in 60 to 95% of HD patients. No studies have examined the level of distress if acquiring is resisted nor the duration of distress following non-acquisition. The present study provided evidence on the duration of distress following a decision not to acquire a desired possession. Cognitive behavior therapy for HD includes attempts to resist acquisition that include questions designed as cognitive restructuring experiences to be addressed during the acquiring decision. The impact of cognitive restructuring has not been experimentally examined. The present study compared cognitive restructuring to a simple thought listing procedure leading up to a decision not to acquire. The current sample was composed of HD participants (n=71) and community controls (n=62). The HD group was split into Thought-Listing (n=44) and Cognitive-Restructuring (n=27). Chi-square analyses revealed that 83.5% of the HD group resisted acquiring compared to 95.4% of the community controls (p=0.002). A further chi-square indicated that more HD participants in the thought listing condition resisted acquisition (91.7%) than HD participants who received cognitive restructuring (73%; p=0.021). Repeated measures analyses indicated that distress decreased over the course of the study in all groups, but the rate of decline differed across groups. The findings of this study failed to support the hypothesis that cognitive restructuring facilitates the decision to resist acquisition. The treatment of hoarding should include thought listing. Further exploration is needed to determine under which conditions cognitive restructuring is effective for hoarding treatment (Steketee and Frost, 2007).
Atkins, Elizabeth Barlow, "Distress associated with non-acquisition in hoarding disorder" (2015). Honors Project, Smith College, Northampton, MA.


Experience a wonderful and relaxing self catering holiday with the family in Norfolk, or just a great get together with friends. Stay at Beckfield Farm, a lovely cottage near Thetford Forest in the Breckland area of Norfolk but within easy reach of the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts. It is located just a short drive from Mundford too, a very pretty village and worth seeing.
Set amidst open countryside, this large detached Norfolk cottage has an attached annexe offering substantial and flexible accommodation and can sleep up to twelve people in seven bedrooms.
The cottage is surrounded by its own large garden and is comfortably furnished throughout with two sitting rooms, one with a wood-burning stove, the other with open fire. The large farmhouse kitchen is heated by a Stanley range cooker and has all the mod cons needed to make a stay here in Norfolk extra special.
Set deep in the beautiful Thetford Forest The Dower Park is the perfect family holiday location.
A museum completely dedicated to steam power and steam transport, located in Thetford.


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1958 Schneider-Kreuznach Super Xenar 50 f2.8
The Lens details of a series of images taken by Steve Cushing on mirrorless camera.
Fitting is a 42mm mount with a 45.46mm Flange Distance - this lens will fit and achieve focus to infinity mirrorless cameras and on DSLRs.
Schneider-Kreuznach is the abbreviated version so they name is actually longer still it was made by Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH. They are a manufacturer of industrial and photographic optics. The company was founded on 18 January 1913 by Joseph Schneider as Optische Anstalt Jos. Schneider & Co. at Bad Kreuznach in Germany. The company changed its name to Jos. Schneider & Co., Optische Werke, Kreuznach in 1922, and to the current Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH in 1998.
In 2001, Schneider received an Oscar for Technical Achievement for their Super-Cinelux motion picture lenses. It is best known as manufacturers of large format lenses for view cameras, enlarger lenses, and photographic loupes. It also makes a limited amount of small- and medium-format lenses, and has at various times manufactured eyeglasses and camera rangefinders, as well as being an OEM lens maker for Kodak and Samsung digital cameras. It has supplied the lenses for various LG devices and the BlackBerry Priv. It also supplied the lenses for the Kodak Regent camera in the 1930s and other classic cameras such as certain models of the Rolleiflex starting in the 1940s, the Kodak Retina and Kodak Retinette camera series in the 1950s and 1960s, and certain specialty lenses for Hasselblad. In 1961, it created Feinwerktechnik GmbH, a manufacturer of electrical-hydraulic servo valves.
The history of German lenses mirrors German history and all of its highs and lows. World War I, the global financial crisis and World War II were years of ups and downs. From 1933 and through World War II many german manufacturers supported the Nazi regime as did most major German industries. When World War II began in September 1939 there was an air of invincibility in Germany, and in keeping with traditional practice, lens maker products proudly borne the makers trademark and city of origin of the product. Forced foreign labourers (Fremdarbeiter) were brought to work at manufacturing facilities.
In 1945 the U.S. Third Army advance, and on April 13 the regimental combat team 80th Division cleared Jena where they found the Carl Zeiss factory complex. It had sustained what they described as "surprisingly little effective bomb damage"
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in WWII, in compliance with the Yalta agreements the U.S.military forces departed. In June or early July the Russian military forces occupied Jena and the remainder of what became East Germany (German Democratic Republic). Russians 'appropriated' the original optical equipment and designs from Carl Zeiss factory in Jena. Carl Zeiss know-how was one of the most prized possessions of the post-war era and helped accelerate innovation in the USSR's optical industry, By one year later, the Russians had evacuated much of the remaining technical and management staff and about 92% of the Carl Zeiss Jena manufacturing facilities to the east. But the Russian fear of possible further conflict with the western allies rendered moving any production capability into a more defensible Russian province a sensible strategic step.
Most folk have heard of Zeiss which was founded in 1846 and is one of the most enduring manufacturers of anything mechanical anywhere in the world. Similarly they have heard of Leitz which is nearly as old with their Leica cameras and lenses as famous as any photography apparel. Voigtlander completes the pantheon of optics from Germany. But unknown to many there is a fourth German optics company that, whilst getting far less attention, is almost as old and just as important in German optics manufacturing. That company is Schneider-Kreuznach formed in 1913. Unlike Leica, Schneider-Kreuznach has been almost exclusively a lens manufacturer, and the cameras these lenses have fitted to are legendary and varied; Hasselblads, Rolleis, Kodak digital cameras, and more recently LG smartphones.
Schneider-Kreuznach lenses have gone to the moon, and they've won an Oscar for technical achievement.
This Lens
This lens was designed by Dr. Albrecht William Tronnier. While Bertele is well-known for his Sonnar design, and Zöllner famed for the creation of the Zeiss Biotar lens, Dr. Tronnier is almost unknown. Yet Dr. Tronnier is one of the unsung heroes of 20th century German lens design. Indeed Tronnier was one of the most talented lens designers of his era and invented the Xenon lens design in 1925 when he was only 24 years old.
The full aperture is F:2,8, and the design is unsymmetrical with five semi-cemented components. The image is excellently corrected for coma considering the large aperture.
Later models have less blades and only four lens elements. It is really hard to distinguish the various models of this lens which vary considerably internally. The lens used here is a supper Xenar with five elements in 4 groups and there is also a Xenar with four elements in three groups almost the same as the Tessar. Early models were marked by a S but later models were not - how to tell - open the lens and look at the front elements which is hard to do when buying the lens!
Lens in Use
In-focus areas are almost extremely sharp.
Colours are rendered extremely vividly.
Blues can become very saturated.
Yellows are very strong.
Superb 1950s German craftsmanship.
For shooters who prefer a more desaturated look, this lens is sure to annoy.
Rather than creating a sea of blur and bokeh balls, the Schneider produces a very nuanced and textural effect in the out of focus areas.
In a world of so many "nifty fifty lenses" that all do roughly the same thing and produce similar looking images, the Schneider stands out not only because it avoids many vintage-lens pitfalls (it doesn't vignette, it's sharp corner to corner, and it's weirdly flare resistant) but most notably because it makes images with an incomparable look. Not many affordable 50mm lenses produce such distinctive and unique images, but this little Schneider does, and that must be worth something.
The coating of Schneider-Kreuznach lenses, especially the ones from the 1950s, produce some of the most vivid and saturated colours I've seen from a classic lens.
When shooting in strong sunlight colours can become oversaturated. Blues, yellows and especially reds can become overpowering. However, in cloudy conditions the Xenar punches up the colours.
High build quality and the ability to make interesting images are obvious reasons to love a lens. If you like the image rendition of the Helios 44 or the 50mm Biotar, then this lens takes their best attributes and gives it something extra.
For images using this lens click HERE
For general information on lens design and lens elements go to the homepage HERE


The pool is also equipped with devices allowing the practice of aqua gym, physical therapy and other functions related to well-being and health.
For this purpose, a «jacuzzi» area with massage jets is proposed as an option, as well as a sound and video system with a large screen for recreational, technical or educational use (visualisation of learning exercises, rescue procedures, etc.).


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House on Haunted Hill (1959) 8 comments
Vincent Price invites you to a party. Are there balloons and noisemakers and a clown? Gee, I hope not. No, but Price does invite a bunch of total strangers, a creepy housemaid, and a scaaaaary skeleton. Ahhhhh!!
Avon lady!
Millionaire, Frederick Loren (Vincent Price) holds a birthday party for his wife, Annabelle (Carol Ohmart) in a spooky mansion. For those of you playing at home, that mansion is Ennis House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. If his guests can stomach a night in the spooky house, Loren will pay each of them $10,000. That's about $81K in 2015 dollars. A nice payday. It sounds simple enough until we learn that several people, including Watson Pritchard's (Elisha Cook, Jr.) brother were murdered in the house. Funny thing though, they never found his head.
A building from Wright's pueblo pyramid period.
Just when we think we're watching a straight haunted house film, Loren and his wife go at it. The couple do their version of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf and it's clear this party will end badly. Loren, you see, has had three wives before Annabelle and each has expired under mysterious circumstances. Hmmm. Annabelle confides in guest, Lance Schroeder (Richard Long) that she fears for her life. Her husband, she says, wants to kill her and he'll stop at nothing. When the servants leave prematurely, locking the party-goers in for the night, they'll have to contend with ghosts and spirits and a possible murderer among them.
Vincent has the coolest party favors.
Robb White, frequent William Castle collaborator, wrote the screenplays for House on Haunted Hill, Macabre, The Tingler, and others for the great showman. Castle directed this movie and filled it with piercing screams, an active skeleton, and a rolling old lady. Supposedly, Alfred Hitchcock saw Castle's big box office returns and decided to make Psycho. Then, Castle saw Psycho and decided to make Homicidal. I hope that's true. Anyway, we win. All three films are horror classics.
"There's no food at this party."
Oozing charm and menace, Vincent Price does his best Vincent Price. The rest of the cast hold their own, but are nothing to write home about with the exception of Elisha Cook, Jr. His crazed, drunken ramblings about ghosts and unseen forces are appropriately over the top. Alan Marshal, Carolyn Craig, who might win an Una for screaming artistry, and Robert Mitchum's big sister, Julie round out the players. Julie Mitchum's claim to fame in this film is that when offered a drink, she always asks for a scotch and… A scotch and what? Motor oil? Drain cleaner? Mare sweat? It's an odd thing, but it always strikes me as funny.
"Aaahoooo Werewolves of London!"
Ever the marketing genius, William Castle used this tagline for House on Haunted Hill. 'First film with the amazing new wonder EMERGO: The thrills fly right into the audience!' I wish I had been around to see a Castle film in the theatre. Flying skeletons, fright insurance, cowards' corner…such fun. By the way, does anyone know a good acid vat installer?
"I'm not touching you!"
Tagged with 1950s films, 31 Days of Horror, Alan Marshal, Carol Ohmart, Carolyn Craig, Elisha Cook Jr., Emergo, Ennis House, Frank Lloyd Wright, haunted house films, horror, horror films, House on Haunted Hill, Julie Mitchum, Richard Long, Robb White, Vincent Price, William Castle
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8 responses to "House on Haunted Hill (1959)"
The next time I order a drink, I'm asking for Scotch and mare sweat! Which should get odd looks, especially if I'm at Dairy Queen! 🙂 Love this film and I also adore William Castle. His sense of showmanship and his gift for making a cinema visit an Event are mostly lost arts these days. When I watch 'Matinee' in which John Goodman plays a very Castle-esque character, I long to see the entire movie-in-a-movie he's promoting, 'Mant!', based on the clips of it we see in the film. Thank you for a great review and for captions that always make me chuckle. Time to watch 'The Tingler' DVD once more!
Haha thanks! I'm glad you liked it!
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I remember when I first saw this-I swear it was on PBS for some reason. I was in high school-probably technically too old to be part of the original target market. I think my dad watches it with me-and if he had seen it before, he didn't let on (he was never much for horror but was a movie omnivore, and was in high school when it came out). I knew Price and had heard of Castle thanks to a reviews of Popcorn and Matinee, but when the title came on, I confused it with The Haunting, which my horror obsessed aunts name checked as THE haunted house movie to see. I was primed for something completely different but ended up loving it for its tongue-in-cheek humor along with Cook (who I am not sure I connected with his earlier appearances in Bogart detective movies). It all made sense later, but this is still one of my favorite fun spooky movies to watch on a fall night. It's not scary in the slightest but who cares when it's fun? I look forwArd to introducing my kids to it. I'm going to pay attention to the drink orders next time. 😉
Professor Mortis
Thanks for reading and commenting! I agree. It's not at all scary, but it's wonderfully fun and over-the-top. My daughter loves it. It's her favorite older Halloween film. Your kids will probably enjoy it too. 🙂
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DON'T RUN OUT OF PUBLIC SUPPORT!
First playthrough was kinda frustrating, but after losing (and seeing the trajectory of the plane), I could easily finish the second game. Because clicking-holding pans the camera, very often choosing the ship you want is hard (and sometimes the colliders are completely off).
The concept is interesting, but IMO it's a bit undermined by the controls.
While the idea is good, the controls are sort of confusing and (at least in my case) laggy.
Good idea! But I'm also have trouble with ships selection.
Moving the ships was hard but overall I think its a good idea and I liked the interface and how the map was presented. gj!
I really like this. Controls are clunky at the times, but the concept is really interesting. It would make for a really interesting complete game in my opinion.
Hi. Interesting concept. More f/b from ship searches would have been good, it felt a bit like looking for last sub in a giant game of battleships. Sound would have added also.
Good idea! Could use a bit more polish and better controls.
I enjoyed the use of the random island generator to give it variation.


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Violist Laurent Verney killed in Paris road accident
Verney was first solo violist of the Paris Opera for more than 35 years and was closely associated with the Bayreuth Festival
French violist Laurent Verney has been killed in a road accident in Paris. Verney, who was 61, was cycling when his bike was struck by a vehicle.
Verney was born in Clérieux, Rhone-Alpes and studied viola with Serge Collot at the Paris Conservatoire from 1980 to 1984. Shortly afterwards, at the age of just 25, Verney was appointed first solo violist of the Paris Opera orchestra, a position he held until his death.
Verney joined the faculty of the Conservatoire à Rayonnemenet Régional (CRR) in 1986 and appeared as a soloist with ensembles including the Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France and the Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse. He was closely associated with the music of Wagner and for many years was solo violist of the Bayreuth Festival orchestra.
CRR director Xavier Delette said that Verney 'carried within him a light that was nourish by art. He passed it on to his students while giving them all the skills and energy required to realise their passion in the professional world. We are in mourning.'
Read Opinion: Why we should all be violists
Read French violist Serge Collot has died aged 91
Read Should all viola players practise the violin?
Named: violinist who died following Norwich pool incident
Dominic Hopkins died on 28 January after getting into difficulties at the University of East Anglia (UEA) Sportspark pool
Cello student fatally shot near SUNY Potsdam campus
21-year-old Elizabeth Howells was killed in upstate New York on Friday. A 31-year-old man has been arrested and charged with murder
'We don't go with federal law' - United Airlines attendant attempts to deny violinist onboard flight
Violinist Rachelle Hunt encountered a customer service nightmare as she was almost forced to check her violin into the hold of a plane despite being the first to board
The Junior and Senior Division finals saw a cellist and violinist take home first prize
The American polymath, a respected musician, lecturer and botanical expert, was 87 years old
Eighteen-year-old Hina Khoung-Huu wins $30,000 first prize and an array of international engagements


Disk I/O % Utilization alerts indicate that the percentage of disk IOPS utilized reaches a specified threshold. This threshold is specified when the alert is created.
The utilization measurements for the following alerts include requests from all processes, not just MongoDB processes.
Disk I/O % utilization on Data Partition occurs if the percentage of time during which requests are being issued to any partition that contains the MongoDB collection data meets or exceeds the threshold.
Disk I/O % utilization on Index Partition occurs if the percentage of time during which requests are being issued to any partition that contains the MongoDB index data meets or exceeds the threshold.
Disk I/O % utilization on Journal Partition occurs if the percentage of time during which requests are being issued to the partition that contains the MongoDB journal meets or exceeds the threshold.
The disk IOPS use from the Disk IOPS graph in the cluster metrics is higher than the provisioned IOPS from the Atlas cluster configuration page.
There is a high IOWait curve in the Normalized System CPU metric. IOWait measures the percentage of time the CPU is idle and waiting for an I/O operation to complete. The Normalized System CPU chart is located under the Hardware Metrics section of the Metrics tab.
Unoptimized queries can cause extra disk IOPS usage.
There may be a one-time event which causes a spike in disk IOPS and exceeds the IOPS threshold, such as an index build.
Use the Atlas Performance Advisor to view slow queries and suggested indexes.
Review Indexing Strategies for possible further indexing improvements.
Analyze Query Performance to review how your queries are using your indexes.
Increase your cluster IOPS in the Cluster Configuration Page.