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Q: Wow vs Whoa, what is the difference between them in the US? I searched here wow and here whoa and they seem to be pronounced differently. I'm concerned only when the meaning is to signify surprise. However, I'm not sure when to use one or the other, since both seem to express surprise. Seems to me "wow" is for mostly positive surprise (although could be used ironically) and "whoa" for negative connotation. My question is specific to the US to make it more answerable and because I'm interested in that case.

A: Positive surprise and negative surprise have nothing to do with it.  Consider the birthday party guest who says, "Wow! This cake is delicious!" versus the soldier that says, "Wow! That bullet nearly took my head off."  Likewise, "Whoa, I think this is the winning lottery ticket!"  versus "Whoa, I'm about to be sick."
In fact, the two can occasionally be used interchangeably.  Let's invert my prior examples:

Whoa!  This cake is delicious!  (does not sound right)
Whoa!  That bullet nearly took my head off.  (fine)
Wow, I think this is the winning lottery ticket!  (fine)
Wow, I'm about to be sick. (does not sound right)

Two examples work with either wow or whoa, the other two don't, at least to my ear.
Rather, the difference between the two is simply that "Whoa," in deriving from the command for a horse to stop, is a figurative command to the world and to those around you, to stop (and to think about what has happened.)
To say, "This event was so surprising, so difficult to even comprehend, that I need to stop everything else while I take the time to process the event and attempt to understand the implications" is a mouthful.  Instead, "Whoa!" is quite a bit simpler.
The definitions at Merriam-Webster support this:

1: a command (as to a draft animal) to stand still
2:  cease or slow a course of action or a line of thought :  pause to consider or reconsider —often used to express a strong reaction (as alarm or astonishment)

A: Hot Licks defines 'whoa' nicely as stop or wait.
'Wow' is an interjection of mild surprise or amazement: "Wow, that is big!" "Wow, adding butter makes this taste much richer." "Your scarf adds the right wow factor to your outfit."

A: Wow -shows surprise, excitement, usually in positive sense
And it is pronounced -w +ow (ow as in owl, ouch!)
Whoa (as to stop a horse, surprise too)
And it is pronounced w+ long o
Whoa! You are going to crash if you don't slow down!
"Whoa! That bullet nearly took my head off. (fine) (Wow vs Whoa, what is the difference between them in the US? "


6-27-17 Joseph Holt is the Artistic Director of Choral Artists of Sarasota (formerly Gloria Musicae) as well as the Artistic Director of Artists Series Concerts, he is a virtuoso pianist who played all over the world before coming to settle in Sarasota. He was apparently a hyper active child, who was "scattered all over the place" and "something of a hellion." So much so that a committee was formed in the church where his father was pastor to pray for "the soul of little Joey Holt." Hoping that an extracurricular activity would give him an outlet (focus) for all his energy, Joey was given a choice of several activities; little league, cub scouts or piano lessons. Even though his family didn't own a piano and he had to practice on a paper keyboard, with a little encouragement from his grandmother, a pianist herself, Joey choose piano. And from the very first lesson it was clear that the Joe and the piano were linked. Listen to this still exuberant man describe his amazing career, what's next for the organizations he shepherds and get a preview of the glorious music you will hear at this year's Choral Artists of Sarasota Fourth of July concert.


Hop Farm Wedding Shows and Open Days are one of the most popular wedding events in the South East. Free to enter and open from 11am-3pm, take the opportunity to meet our host of suppliers, products and services for your special day. And spend time taking a tour of our fantastic wedding venue.


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Home > Miscellaneous > Sanofi
What the CHMP Just Recommended for Alkem's Riluzole Alkem
By Mike Benson
Suspension of Riluzole Alkem
The EMA's (European Medicines Agency) CHMP (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use) recommended the suspension of Alkem's Riluzole Alkem on June 24, 2016. Riluzole Alkem is the generic version of Sanofi's (SNY) Rilutek, which is already authorized in the European Union. Riluzole is indicated for use in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Basis of recommendations
The CHMP's recommendations are based on routine inspections carried out by German and Dutch authorities at the Taloja site in India during March 2015. The inspection revealed misrepresented data for different trials performed at the Taloja site.
Based on the inspection, the EMA has doubts as to the reliability of data provided for research between March 2013 and March 2015, and so the EMA has taken actions for few drugs that were under research at the Taloja site in India. The review was started by CHMP on April 1, 2016, based on the request of German authorities.
The drugs and respective actions from the EMA include the following:
Riluzole Alkem, a medicine yet to be launched in the EU, has been suspended because the studies conducted at Taloja, India, were found to be doubtful. The EMA requires another data for authorizing the drug Riluzole Alkem in the EU.
The drug Ibuprofen Orion, which is under evaluation, cannot be authorized based on the studies from Alkem's Taloja site. The company will require alternative studies for the approval process of Ibuprofen Orion.
Cefuroxime Ingen Pharma will be considered for authorization based on the data from other sources that have already been provided by the company.
Cefuroxime Amgen will remain on the market in the EU because data from alternate studies has already been provided, and the data supports the positive impact of the drug.
To divest risk, investors can consider the iShares US Pharmaceuticals ETF (IHE) or the VanEck Vectors Pharmaceutical ETF (PPH), which focus on healthcare companies. IHE holds 9.6% of its total assets in Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), 5.6% in Eli Lilly (LLY), 3.1% in Mylan (MYL), and 7.6% in Merck (MRK).
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the 1950's, the CIA experimented with LSD for use in interrogation and as a weapon.
In the 1960's they used this weapon to divert idealistic Americans from the path of social responsibility to one of introspection and self-gratification, i.e. "spiritual liberation."
They neutralized my generation by turning social activists into "flower children" advocating "peace and love."
The mantra of the age was "Tune in, Turn on and Drop Out". The prophet was psychologist, Dr. Timothy Leary (1920-1996).
Was Leary working for the CIA?
"They never gave me a dime," Leary replied with a pained expression, and then avoided his questioner.
In fact, Leary did get money from them but not very much. When I visited him about 1990 he was strained for money. More later.
While not a CIA agent, Reibling makes a convincing case that Leary was their dupe. The CIA promotes people who believe in a cause but are unaware they are advancing the New World Order agenda.
The CIA said they sponsored radicals, liberals and leftists as "an alternative to Communism." This is not true. They did it to introduce a different style of Communism.
Behind the rhetorical facade, Communism is state-monopoly capitalism, controlled by the bankers and administered by the state. The people who own the US Federal reserve also control Russian industry and resources.
Funds and drugs for Leary's research came from the CIA. In his autobiography, "Flashbacks" (1983), Leary credits Cord Meyer, the CIA executive in charge of funding the lib-left and counter culture with "helping me to understand my political cultural role more clearly."
Elsewhere he says the "Liberal CIA" is the "best mafia you can deal with in the Twentieth Century." (These references are from Reibling's groundbreaking must-read article: "Was Leary a CIA agent?" ) Leary clearly was working for the CIA but was doing what he wanted-turning on.
Like Leary, we were all dupes.
I participated in a rising crescendo of anti-war activity. In 1968, after the gut-wrenching assassinations of King and Robert Kennedy, LBJ's decision not to seek reelection (his CFR handlers told him to go) and the clubbing of protesters at the Democratic Convention in Chicago deflated the anti-war movement.
Then, acting in unison like a flock of birds, my generation gave up on social change, became "alienated" and "turned inward." Maybe we needed to change ourselves, we reasoned, before we can change the world. Thanks to the CIA, drugs were plentiful and Leary's mantra was echoed in the mass media.
Although it was another ten years before I tried marijuana, I experienced the "Summer of Love" hitchhiking across Canada in 1967. Maybe it was time to "hang loose" and focus on personal things. The 1970's became the "Me Decade."
The protest years weren't a complete waste. Before getting into bed, my first lover made me recount the history of the Vietnam War in detail to make sure I "was serious."
My sister and brother-in-law turned me on to marijuana on my 26th birthday. I saw myself as a choo-choo train ascending a steep grade billowing black smoke. My life was a strain. Marijuana was a revelation. It helped me get "out of myself." I took up yoga.
Although I have never experienced LSD, I embraced the utopian vision of Timothy Leary and Aldous Huxley. With considerable justification, they believed that "mind expanding" drugs could provide a genuine visionary experience and release mankind's spiritual potential. In experiments, theology students had life changing revelations; alcoholics were cured. For millennia, many cultures have used drugs to promote spirituality.
In Mexico, Leary took magic mushrooms. The experience convinced him the normal mind was "a static repetitive circuit."
"It was above all and without question the deepest religious experience of my life. I discovered that beauty, revelation, sensuality, the cellular history of the past, God, the devil, all lie inside my body, outside my mind."
This LSD-fueled vision of utopia was put into practice at the highest levels of the US government. In 1963, Cord Meyer's estranged wife Mary Pinchot Meyers was having an affair with President John F. Kennedy who had embraced LSD. Mary approached Leary for supplies and advice. She and her friends were turning on "some of the most powerful men in Washington."
In Dec. 1963, Meyer called Leary and said they killed JFK because "they couldn't control him anymore. He was changing too fast. They've covered everything up. I'm afraid. Be careful." In Oct. 1964, she was murdered.
I had a serious case of hero worship when I visited Timothy Leary around 1990. I had contacted him through his publisher and he phoned me. I wanted to meet the guru to see if the utopian vision he represented was still alive.
I was disillusioned. By this time Leary was fixated on the benefits of the "information superhighway." His pantry table was crammed with bottles of alcohol. He told me his "vision of God" was depicted in the last scene in William Gibson's book "Neuromancer."
"At the end of the world, all the information stored in all the computers will rise up into Cyberspace and mingle together." he said. "That's God."
"What do you think God is?" he scoffed. "An old man with a beard?"
The effects of marijuana and LSD vary wildly. Depending on the individual, the setting and quality, people can have positive or negative results. Similarly the drug culture has been a mixed bag. It has given millions the opportunity to escape the suffocating box of modern materialism and discover their spiritual birthright. It has been a gateway to religion. In my case, it confirmed Christ's message that God is Love.
But too many have given up on protest and social change. They feel that "fighting the darkness" just "brings me down."
For me, detachment from the world was a limbo in which I drifted for years. I now believe in the Path of Service. We gain meaning by doing our Creator's work. We become human beings by becoming God's agent in matters large and small.
Our world-view and concerns are totally manipulated by the London-based Masonic bankers through the CIA, mass media and public education. For example, the Iraq War hasn't aroused a protest similar to Vietnam. Why? The answer lies in the treatment in the mass media. The bankers want Iraq to succeed; they wanted Vietnam to fail.
We are marionettes. The environment, fe-manism, diversity, you name it. The bankers are pulling our strings. In the case of the drug culture, they made us self absorbed and quiescent. They didn't expect many of us to find God.
It's time to rediscover social responsibility and uphold the Divine Order against the satanic New World Order.
Note: A reader has drawn my attention to an interview in the book "Mass Control" by Jim Keith where Leary admits to being a "witting accomplice" of the CIA.
Note For more information, read "Acid Dreams: The Social History of LSD. CIA, the 60's and Beyond" by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain.
Also: "Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream" by Jay Stevens.
Comments for "The CIA Created the Drug Culture"
I have for some time believed that the CIA is a group which wants to destroy the rugged make up of the North American people, this won't matter whether what race or group one is a member of. they want to destroy us all.
Just read your article on the drug culture.
I understand you are driven to write what you do, because you respect truth/justice.....and also God is love.
When will you realise that you are going about what you wish to see the wrong way.
Please consider thinking on love - and love alone.
Let the clutter and noise fall away.
Write about love and invoke the senses.
"there is nothing in the intellect, that was not first in the SENSES" - aristotle.
the trick is.....don't allow the negativity of others be your effect.....play your own game, afterall, you did invent one.......so play the game of love.
Peace is love understood. Love is the cause, peace the effect.
Since world governments talk about peace, freedom and liberty......aspects of love.....why aren't any talking about love?...surely this would be vital?
art2: "I think, therefore, I am" - Descartes....."be"
si2 - biblical abbreviation, Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach.
free fear, disable the weapon.
if you free your fears, you will ultimately acquire bliss.
God is love......how far from love is fear?
What propaganda is to war, art is to peace, for their is duality in all things.
(diamond theory proves it, and also proves that philosophy is the first science)....thought comes before action.
stART the pARTy - its about love.
love is beautiful.....art affects the sense of beauty....."there is nothing in the intellect, that was not first in the SENSES" - Aristotle.
BE LOVE, and you will see Gods' beauty.
To see is to sense, and ultimately know.
The world is coming into consciousness.
trust me, you haven't a clue.
abuse than any drug in existence.
exchange for infinite happiness as a corpse"
that he had never given it a moment's thought.
However, I suspect that by then he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's.
can recap the whole process of evolution on your way to the fridge.
Farm, Stephen Gaskin's commune in Tennessee?
Regarding CIA and drugs.. besides defusing protest, drugs also funneled lots of money to black budget CIA doings. See the Gary Webb info.
our Constitutionally guaranteed rights. Corporate rights are always protected [witness judicial nominees], individual rights vanish. All this is good and necessary if you intend to take away the social supports and fear the little people might not approve [if they ever turned off their "reality TV" and looked at the off-screen reality].
Throughout, the question is "who does it serve", or "who benefits" and of course "follow the money".
Hello Dr.Makow; Concerning your article "The CIA Created Drug Culture," I found this to be very interesting and clearly reflective of the reams of evidence indicating the way that the CIA operates.
I find that smoking Marijuana after not having smoked it for at least four days gives me a greater level of intelligence, because I have an enhanced balance between reason and emotion. So for one thing, my memory and my imagination are superior.
However, to continue smoking it day after day, throws me right off balance, and I am then unable to avoid being more emotional than rational, and my greater abilities are gone. This ofcourse would not bother most people because they are smoking it for entertainment, the same reason that alcohol is consumed.
It is sad that for so many people, entertainment is found by the destruction of one's greater and more refined sensitivities. So when I see that I have lost my emotional balance from smoking Marijuana, I stay away from it for four days, and then just have one or two puffs, and that's it for the day.
I have found that the emotions released by this method are decidedly far more spiritual than the regular daily emotions which I would experience without it.
I really enjoy reading your articles. I started in August 2002 to really look at 9-11 for the scam it really was. I had heard that 33% of Germans thought 9-11 was an inside job. I knew that their had to be reason that they all had this same idea. So I decided to investigate these allegaions and my world view changed forever. Thanks for the great articles, although I do not always agree with you 100% I do like to get your perspective on all things related to the NWO.
I had the pleasure of watching a debate between G Gordon Liddy and Timothy leary in 1990 at a Massachusetts University.
It was enjoyable but not very informative. Liddy came off much better than Leary because Leary could not really follow a thought to completion, he was all over the place.
What made me laugh even more was the fact that these two supposed enemies were business partners and travelled around the country together and put on these rehearsed debates.
That alone indicates to me that Leary was in the US governemnt camp from the begining.
Heck he probably did not even think he was in the government camp but he was just happy to have a traveling partner that would help him to earn decent paychecks for being a spaceshot.
along for getting it. No jail cell. No legal fees. No missed work.
Jim Keith wrote the book Mass Control: Engineering Human Conciousness. In it there is an interview with Timothy Leary that he was connected with the CIA. He was in his words " A witting accomplice." I suggest the book if you have not already read it. His connection with them is pretty clear cut.
think Timothy Leary was performing a crucial organic psychosociological role in advocating a qualitative leap in consciousness. If I buy a motor car is it to be supposed I apply to the nearest general hospital to have my legs amputated? If I sell the car and the buyer stages a bank robbery thereafter am I a facilitator, accomplice? The legacy of the psychic impact of Puritanism is rampant. The heinous, torturous antics of the RC church was bad enough. Other than the Inquisition there was the first Black Death as a result of exterminating cats as agents of the Devil, resulting in rats rampant. Let us remember the rat in democracy.
Unfortunately T Leary expired prematurely from prostate cancer. Not nipped in the bud. I suggest the pursuit of the industrial-military complex involvement in proliferating ease of availability of LSD is bootless and fruitless. It is, in the final analysis, squandering invaluable mental resources on subjective trivia. That is one of the reasons so many such sites are allowed to stay in operation. Simply because they promote dissipation on welters of information, some, indeed much of which is fact but which accomplishes in terms of rational objective change in the qualitative nature of the social institutions within which Mankind has its being, negligible change. That, in the final analysis, is it.
just read your article on your meeting with Tim Leary.
Yes, it was sad his infatuation with the cyber godhead. I understand from mutual friends though that later he regretted his endorsement of computers ~ that the technology is ultimately vacuous and a horrible means of control.
I met him briefly once after a disappointing public speech to college students: I expected more� but he did say �Tune in. Turn On, and Take over� Abandoning constructive activity was never really part of the psychedelic philosophy whether ersatz or genuine, nor however ad hoc it was, at least as far as I understood it.
The internet is abuzz with rumours of the Tavistock Institute and the Beatles, mind control and the CIA. Taking it at face value, if �they� brought us LSD and the Beatles I can only conclude they love us. On the other hand if �they� brought us the Rolling Stones and crystal meth I am sure they hate us. With all the coke and heroin the CIA traffics it is clear they mean us ill.
Just read your article on Rense, thanks! It hit a cord with me. Remember LSD was the drug of choice for the 1st Marine Division, pure Sandoz, in Vietnam. The weathermen got Leary out of the US and he ratten them out. CIA very openly admits that they engineered crack cocain. Sometimes I wonder if anything is as it seems.
Thanks for your voice . . .
From 1996 (maybe before?) till 1999 or 2000 florida was flooded with extremely high quality extacy. Most of the high-level distributors of this were jews or israeilis, coincidentally. It was extremely popular, kids who were not typically hard drug users (pot smokers, drinkers) were doing it. Cops were not really on to it, the law was lax and they didn�t check for it. A drug sniffing dog looked for marijuana, heroin, or cocaine. I don�t remember ever hearing someone being convicted of an x offense during this time.
Then suddenly there is a federal law which is 3rd degree felony (the worst) for handling x, and the quality was horrible, and it was impossible to find. The chemical is pure serotonin, it�s like eating 10000 prozac pills at once. I never had a bad experience but many users crash the next day � not physically like with many drugs, but psychologically. They are so depressed.
I have a theory that this was all a way to promote pharmaceutical legal drugs like prozac and Zoloft, sure it is more complicated than that, but definitely this is an easy way to get a generation hooked on your product. There is little difference between x and prozac except prozac is subtle, less strong, legal, and MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE.
The rave culture was not like the flower power culture, comparatively we were quite pathetic, and I think not many noticed that at every rave party there was always some much older male (40�s or 50�s) surrounded by a group of high on x kids listening to him rant about the government.
My questions are: who controls the pharmaceutical companies, and how could they be connected? How were these distributors able to import virtually limitless supplies of an illegal substance and then suddenly STOP? What long term side effects are there for these kids? Etc. etc.
the World War II-era precurser of the CIA. He said that during his tenure, half of them were Communists and they had a few Nazis in there, too. You can only imagine what it's like NOW.
Joseph Douglass wrote excellent exposes of Communist efforts to use drugs to corrupt and weaken society in his works Red Cocaine and Betrayed. He said that the Reds regard drugs as a form of chemical warfare on the West. Additionally, the Chinese shoved drugs on their own people to soften them up before the Communist revolution there. Seems to be working here, too, doesn't it?
Hi Henry! Your admirer Brian here. Just wanted to drop a line to say how much I enjoyed your thoughts on the '60's and 70's and your experience with Timothy Leary. I was there in those exciting years, when the American Dream was still vibrant and alive! I was the only Caucasian at a few black power meetings in Chicago and also marched with many thousands of others in the anti-war (Vietnam) protests in Chicago. They were years of righteous passion and hope! I played with my consciousness with a little help from marijuana (six "joints" in two years, proving it's not addictive), and learned about focusing my attention that has aided me since. Although I functioned well in the straight/professional world, I paid $600 to a hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia, took the psychological testing, and had a 14 hour high dosage LSD/mescaline "mind expanding" experience in a safe, controlled, and guided environment. This isn't the place to discuss the experience, but it was incredible, and many lessons were learned that I value today, almost 40 years later.
I'm living in the "Buckle" of the American Bible Belt, surrounded by people who consider themselves Christians, who love George W. Bush and his war for oil and Zionists, who sport American flags on their gas hogs, dislike or distrust Christians in other denominations, and believe that God is a guy who looks like Charlton Heston, sitting on a golden throne somewhere between the moon and another galaxy.
Most "graduates" of controlled, high dosage LSD experiences have a much larger concept of God and the loving miraculous that surrounds us daily, than the churchgoers who try to "get" God by reading the Bible or other "Holy" books and want to convert the world to their limited beliefs.
LSD, if used correctly, was a great "tool" for human growth and understanding. It wasn't meant to be used indescriminately, as Timothy Leary advocated. Richard Alpert, PhD (Baba Ram Dass) and one time fellow Harvard Psychologist with Timothy Leary, used LSD the "right" way.... to get the "big" God message, then hang up and live life using what you learned for a greater good.
I had an experience of the divine at the age of 22...so intense i was lucky to survive it. It came without drugs.
In it I realised I was everything that ever was or would ever be...that i extended out to the fartherest reaches of the universe, that God was indeed infinite love, that "I" was in every cell of my body and not just the brain...I could count my red blood cells! Here i realised that the body turned against the mind when the mind refused the signals of the body.
I came to drugs much later...nothing came close to my initial drug free experience.
I came to a deeper understanding of Christ though i strayed for a while.
If it was'nt for a good mentor and the work of Carl Jung i doubt i would be here.
I continue to appreciate your work immensely Henry!
Henry, it is quite plain most of our ill is trying to do "God's work". I think if we let the gods fight their own battles, things might go better. What weak gods are these that require help?


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Bob Morris
Built in Detroit
Ken Morris's journey began one cold Pittsburgh morning in 1935. In the middle of the Great Depression, he was going to see the country as a door-to-door salesman. Detroit was to be his first and last stop. Life was hard and few people during this time of crisis knew how their future would evolve.
After months of unemployment, Ken found a job at the Briggs Manufacturing Company, the toughest auto company in Detroit. Ken could not have known then he would eventually play a pioneering role in building one of the cleanest, most socially progressive labor unions the world has known-the United Automobile Workers.
In Built in Detroit, author Bob Morris, Ken's son, tells not only his father's story, but also the UAW's story-the battles with companies, the struggles within the union, and then the vicious attacks on Detroit labor leaders in the late 1940s. This story tells of the efforts to investigate these terrorist attacks on Detroit's union leaders, including Ken Morris, Walter Reuther and others. This narrative sheds new light on the mystery of who tried to assassinate UAW president Walter Reuther.
Rich with personal and historical details, Built in Detroit narrates a story unique to Detroit. It tells the story of a thriving city and the factories that gave the city life. Author Bob Morris deftly portrays many of the top labor leaders of the 1930s and 1940s, as well as the rank and file members who supported these labor leaders. It also provides portraits of early auto industrialists, their companies, their henchmen and the gangsters they hired to destroy the labor movement. In the case of the Briggs Manufacturing Company, it shows how a company that played loose with the law ultimately floundered, its Detroit heritage largely forgotten.
Order a copy now!
Copyright © 2013. Bob Morris. All rights reserved.


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Despite decades of study, a full picture has yet to emerge of the cognitive effects of the classic psychostimulants and modafinil. Part of the problem is that getting rats, or indeed students, to do puzzles in laboratories may not be a reliable guide to the drugs' effects in the wider world. Drugs have complicated effects on individuals living complicated lives. Determining that methylphenidate enhances cognition in rats by acting on their prefrontal cortex doesn't tell you the potential impact that its effects on mood or motivation may have on human cognition.
An additional complexity, related to individual differences, concerns dosage. This factor, which varies across studies and may be fixed or determined by participant body weight within a study, undoubtedly influences the cognitive effects of stimulant drugs. Furthermore, single-unit recordings with animals and, more recently, imaging of humans indicate that the effects of stimulant dose are nonmonotonic; increases enhance prefrontal function only up to a point, with further increases impairing function (e.g., Arnsten, 1998; Mattay et al., 2003; Robbins & Arnsten, 2009). Yet additional complexity comes from the fact that the optimal dosage depends on the same kinds of individual characteristics just discussed and on the task (Mattay et al., 2003).
A "smart pill" is a drug that increases the cognitive ability of anyone taking it, whether the user is cognitively impaired or normal. The Romanian neuroscientist Corneliu Giurgea is often credited with first proposing, in the 1960s, that smart pills should be developed to increase the intelligence of the general population (see Giurgea, 1984). He is quoted as saying, "Man is not going to wait passively for millions of years before evolution offers him a better brain" (Gazzaniga, 2005, p. 71). In their best-selling book, Smart Drugs and Nutrients, Dean and Morgenthaler (1990) reviewed a large number of substances that have been used by healthy individuals with the goal of increasing cognitive ability. These include synthetic and natural products that affect neurotransmitter levels, neurogenesis, and blood flow to the brain. Although many of these substances have their adherents, none have become widely used. Caffeine and nicotine may be exceptions to this generalization, as one motivation among many for their use is cognitive enhancement (Julien, 2001).
3 days later, I'm fairly miserable (slept poorly, had a hair-raising incident, and a big project was not received as well as I had hoped), so well before dinner (and after a nap) I brew up 2 wooden-spoons of Malaysia Green (olive-color dust). I drank it down; tasted slightly better than the first. I was feeling better after the nap, and the kratom didn't seem to change that.
With just 16 predictions, I can't simply bin the predictions and say yep, that looks good. Instead, we can treat each prediction as equivalent to a bet and see what my winnings (or losses) were; the standard such proper scoring rule is the logarithmic rule which pretty simple: you earn the logarithm of the probability if you were right, and the logarithm of the negation if you were wrong; he who racks up the fewest negative points wins. We feed in a list and get back a number:
Smart pills containing Aniracetam may also improve communication between the brain's hemispheres. This benefit makes Aniracetam supplements ideal for enhancing creativity and stabilizing mood. But, the anxiolytic effects of Aniracetam may be too potent for some. There are reports of some users who find that it causes them to feel unmotivated or sedated. Though, it may not be an issue if you only seek the anti-stress and anxiety-reducing effects.
Nootropics are a responsible way of using smart drugs to enhance productivity. As defined by Giurgea in the 1960's, nootropics should have little to no side-effects. With nootropics, there should be no dependency. And maybe the effects of nootropics are smaller than for instance Adderall, you still improve your productivity without risking your life. This is what separates nootropics from other drugs.
The stimulant now most popular in news articles as a legitimate "smart drug" is Modafinil, which came to market as an anti-narcolepsy drug, but gained a following within the military, doctors on long shifts, and college students pulling all-nighters who needed a drug to improve alertness without the "wired" feeling associated with caffeine. Modafinil is a relatively new smart drug, having gained widespread use only in the past 15 years. More research is needed before scientists understand this drug's function within the brain – but the increase in alertness it provides is uncontested.
Many over the counter and prescription smart drugs fall under the category of stimulants. These substances contribute to an overall feeling of enhanced alertness and attention, which can improve concentration, focus, and learning. While these substances are often considered safe in moderation, taking too much can cause side effects such as decreased cognition, irregular heartbeat, and cardiovascular problems.
But while some studies have found short-term benefits, Doraiswamy says there is no evidence that what are commonly known as smart drugs — of any type — improve thinking or productivity over the long run. "There's a sizable demand, but the hype around efficacy far exceeds available evidence," notes Doraiswamy, adding that, for healthy young people such as Silicon Valley go-getters, "it's a zero-sum game. That's because when you up one circuit in the brain, you're probably impairing another system."
In nootropic stacks, it's almost always used as a counterbalance to activating ingredients like caffeine. L-Theanine, in combination with caffeine, increases alertness, reaction time, and general attention [40, 41]. At the same time, it reduces possible headaches and removes the jitteriness caused by caffeine [42]. It takes the edge of other nootropic compounds.
Absorption of nicotine across biological membranes depends on pH. Nicotine is a weak base with a pKa of 8.0 (Fowler, 1954). In its ionized state, such as in acidic environments, nicotine does not rapidly cross membranes…About 80 to 90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed during smoking as assessed using C14-nicotine (Armitage et al., 1975). The efficacy of absorption of nicotine from environmental smoke in nonsmoking women has been measured to be 60 to 80% (Iwase et al., 1991)…The various formulations of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), such as nicotine gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhaler, sublingual tablets, and lozenges, are buffered to alkaline pH to facilitate the absorption of nicotine through cell membranes. Absorption of nicotine from all NRTs is slower and the increase in nicotine blood levels more gradual than from smoking (Table 1). This slow increase in blood and especially brain levels results in low abuse liability of NRTs (Henningfield and Keenan, 1993; West et al., 2000). Only nasal spray provides a rapid delivery of nicotine that is closer to the rate of nicotine delivery achieved with smoking (Sutherland et al., 1992; Gourlay and Benowitz, 1997; Guthrie et al., 1999). The absolute dose of nicotine absorbed systemically from nicotine gum is much less than the nicotine content of the gum, in part, because considerable nicotine is swallowed with subsequent first-pass metabolism (Benowitz et al., 1987). Some nicotine is also retained in chewed gum. A portion of the nicotine dose is swallowed and subjected to first-pass metabolism when using other NRTs, inhaler, sublingual tablets, nasal spray, and lozenges (Johansson et al., 1991; Bergstrom et al., 1995; Lunell et al., 1996; Molander and Lunell, 2001; Choi et al., 2003). Bioavailability for these products with absorption mainly through the mucosa of the oral cavity and a considerable swallowed portion is about 50 to 80% (Table 1)…Nicotine is poorly absorbed from the stomach because it is protonated (ionized) in the acidic gastric fluid, but is well absorbed in the small intestine, which has a more alkaline pH and a large surface area. Following the administration of nicotine capsules or nicotine in solution, peak concentrations are reached in about 1 h (Benowitz et al., 1991; Zins et al., 1997; Dempsey et al., 2004). The oral bioavailability of nicotine is about 20 to 45% (Benowitz et al., 1991; Compton et al., 1997; Zins et al., 1997). Oral bioavailability is incomplete because of the hepatic first-pass metabolism. Also the bioavailability after colonic (enema) administration of nicotine (examined as a potential therapy for ulcerative colitis) is low, around 15 to 25%, presumably due to hepatic first-pass metabolism (Zins et al., 1997). Cotinine is much more polar than nicotine, is metabolized more slowly, and undergoes little, if any, first-pass metabolism after oral dosing (Benowitz et al., 1983b; De Schepper et al., 1987; Zevin et al., 1997).
Clearly, the hype surrounding drugs like modafinil and methylphenidate is unfounded. These drugs are beneficial in treating cognitive dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's, ADHD or schizophrenia, but it's unlikely that today's enhancers offer significant cognitive benefits to healthy users. In fact, taking a smart pill is probably no more effective than exercising or getting a good night's sleep.
Smart drugs offer significant memory enhancing benefits. Clinical studies of the best memory pills have shown gains to focus and memory. Individuals seek the best quality supplements to perform better for higher grades in college courses or become more efficient, productive, and focused at work for career advancement. It is important to choose a high quality supplement to get the results you want.
"They're not regulated by the FDA like other drugs, so safety testing isn't required," Kerl says. What's more, you can't always be sure that what's on the ingredient label is actually in the product. Keep in mind, too, that those that contain water-soluble vitamins like B and C, she adds, aren't going to help you if you're already getting enough of those vitamins through diet. "If your body is getting more than you need, you're just going to pee out the excess," she says. "You're paying a lot of money for these supplements; maybe just have orange juice."
Do note that this isn't an extensive list by any means, there are plenty more 'smart drugs' out there purported to help focus and concentration. Most (if not all) are restricted under the Psychoactive Substances Act, meaning they're largely illegal to sell. We strongly recommend against using these products off-label, as they can be dangerous both due to side effects and their lack of regulation on the grey/black market.
Racetams, such as piracetam, oxiracetam, and aniracetam, which are often marketed as cognitive enhancers and sold over-the-counter. Racetams are often referred to as nootropics, but this property is not well established.[31] The racetams have poorly understood mechanisms, although piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems.[32]


text:
require 'active_support/all'
require 'action_dispatch'
require 'action_dispatch/routing'
require 'action_controller'

require 'moneta'

module RocketPants
  require 'rocket_pants/error'
  require 'rocket_pants/errors'

  # Set up the routing in advance.
  require 'rocket_pants/routing'
  ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper.send :include, RocketPants::Routing

  require 'rocket_pants/railtie' if defined?(Rails::Railtie)

  # Extra parts of RocketPants.
  autoload :Base,            'rocket_pants/base'
  autoload :Client,          'rocket_pants/client'
  autoload :Cacheable,       'rocket_pants/cacheable'
  autoload :CacheMiddleware, 'rocket_pants/cache_middleware'

  # Helpers for various testing frameworks.
  autoload :TestHelper,      'rocket_pants/test_helper'
  autoload :RSpecMatchers,   'rocket_pants/rspec_matchers'

  # Each of the controller mixins etc.
  autoload :Caching,            'rocket_pants/controller/caching'
  autoload :ErrorHandling,      'rocket_pants/controller/error_handling'
  autoload :Instrumentation,    'rocket_pants/controller/instrumentation'
  autoload :JSONP,              'rocket_pants/controller/jsonp'
  autoload :Rescuable,          'rocket_pants/controller/rescuable'
  autoload :Respondable,        'rocket_pants/controller/respondable'
  autoload :HeaderMetadata,     'rocket_pants/controller/header_metadata'
  autoload :Linking,            'rocket_pants/controller/linking'
  autoload :Versioning,         'rocket_pants/controller/versioning'
  autoload :FormatVerification, 'rocket_pants/controller/format_verification'
  autoload :UrlFor,             'rocket_pants/controller/url_for'

  mattr_accessor :caching_enabled, :header_metadata, :serializers_enabled

  self.caching_enabled     = false
  self.header_metadata     = false
  self.serializers_enabled = true

  mattr_writer :cache

  begin
    require 'moneta/memory'
    MONETA_LEGACY = true
  rescue LoadError => e
    require 'moneta'
    MONETA_LEGACY = false
  end

  class << self
    alias caching_enabled?     caching_enabled
    alias header_metadata?     header_metadata
    alias serializers_enabled? serializers_enabled

    def cache
      @@cache ||= (MONETA_LEGACY ? Moneta::Memory : Moneta::Adapters::Memory).new
    end

    def env
      @@env ||= default_env
    end

    def env=(value)
      value = value.presence && ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(value)
      @@env = value
    end

    def show_exception_message?
      @@show_exception_message = default_show_exception_message if !defined?(@@show_exception_message) || @@show_exception_message.nil?
      @@show_exception_message
    end
    alias show_exception_message show_exception_message?

    def show_exception_message=(value)
      @@show_exception_message = value
    end

    def default_env
      env = Rails.env.to_s if defined?(Rails.env)
      env ||= ENV['RAILS_ENV'].presence || ENV['RACK_ENV'].presence || "development"
      ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new env
    end

    def default_pass_through_errors
      env.development? || env.test?
    end

    def default_show_exception_message
      env.development? || env.test?
    end

    def pass_through_errors
      if defined?(@@pass_through_errors) && [true, false].include?(@@pass_through_errors)
        @@pass_through_errors
      else
        @@pass_through_errors = default_pass_through_errors
      end
    end
    alias pass_through_errors? pass_through_errors

    def pass_through_errors=(value)
      @@pass_through_errors = value
    end

  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home > How to Become a School Counselor in Nebraska
How to Become a School Counselor in Nebraska
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), school and career counselors can look forward to steady job prospects across the country. The BLS projects this industry to grow by 13% between 2016 and 2026, resulting in roughly 37,000 new positions. The Nebraska State Board of Education requires that at least one school counselor be employed in each K-12 and secondary school system, which should help maintain high demand for counselors throughout the state. Additionally, educational, guidance, school, and vocational counselors in Nebraska earned a mean annual salary of $60,200 in May of 2018; this value exceeded the national mean earnings for this profession.
To work as a public school counselor in Nebraska, candidates must earn a bachelor's and master's degree, as well as a teaching certificate and a school counseling endorsement. Coursework, internship, and postgraduate work requirements also apply. Read on to learn more about becoming certified and endorsed as a school counselor in Nebraska.
Counseling License and Career Requirements in Nebraska
Explore more pathways to becoming a counselor in Nebraska here
Like most states, Nebraska imposes strict education and experiential requirements for school counselors seeking a certificate and endorsement. These criteria include a graduate degree, set hours related to clinical experiences and internships, minimum test scores, two years of teaching experience, and a clean background check. The following sections discuss specific requirements for Nebraska school counselors.
According to the Nebraska Department of Education (NDE), school counselors working at public schools in the state need a master's in counseling with a specialization in school counseling. The master's program must include at least 36 credits and feature fieldwork and internship components.
Candidates who have not earned a state-approved teaching certificate with endorsement must complete at least 12 additional course credits
School counselors must also hold a valid teaching certificate with a school counseling endorsement recognized by Title 92, Chapter 24 of the Nebraska Administrative Code. Many students receive their certificate and endorsement as part of their master's program. The NDE maintains a list of approved postsecondary institutions for teaching programs in the state. This list includes eight approved programs offering the school counselor endorsement. All eight have earned regional accreditation from the Higher Learning Commission.
A state-approved field endorsement enables recipients to work as school guidance counselors for students in kindergarten through sixth grade, fourth through ninth grade, or seventh through 12th grade. Candidates who have not earned a state-approved teaching certificate with endorsement must complete at least 12 additional course credits covering topics such as core curriculum design, lesson plan management, classroom management strategies, student evaluation, and instructional strategies. In addition to academic requirements, candidates must complete state-approved trainings in human relations and special education.
According to the NDE, public school counselors must complete two site-based components as part of their pre-employment training. First, students must log at least 100 clock hours of clinical field experience. After completing this phase, they may begin their internship. The NDE requires school counseling students to complete at least 450 internship hours at a grade level pertaining to their endorsement.
Application and Exam Requirements for Nebraska School Counselors
The NDE serves as the issuing board for the teacher certificate and school counselor endorsement in Nebraska. A teaching certificate with a school counseling endorsement differs from a master's degree specialization in school counseling. The Nebraska Counselor Board requires school counselors to earn this specialization, although the specialization on its own holds no official weight as a state-recognized credential.
Teaching certificates in Nebraska fall into three main categories:
Initial Teaching Certificate
This credential requires a bachelor's degree in teacher education from an approved institution. Candidates must also complete state-approved trainings in human relations and special education, pass two qualifying exams, and demonstrate required college credits or work experience within the past five years.
Standard Teaching Certificate
This credential shares the same requirements as the initial teaching certificate. Additionally, candidates must hold at least two years of work experience as a contractual teacher.
Professional Teaching Certificate
This credential requires a bachelor's degree and a master's degree. Otherwise, this certificate shares the same requirements as the standard certificate.
According to the Nebraska Counselor Board, all three certificate levels require both of the following exams and scores:
Praxis I/CORE Test (Basic Skills)
Candidates must earn minimum scores of 156 in reading, 162 in writing, and 150 in mathematics.
Praxis I Pre-professional Skills Test (PPST)
Additionally, candidates seeking a school counselor endorsement must take the Professional School Counselor exam and earn a score of 156 or higher.
Candidates must also undergo a criminal background check. Their record cannot include any felony or misdemeanor convictions involving abuse, neglect, or sexual misconduct. Fingerprint cards are available with certificate applications for an extra fee. The application costs $40-$90 for candidates seeking work at nonpublic schools or $55-$105 for candidates seeking work at any public or nonpublic school.
After meeting all of these criteria, candidates may apply to add the school counseling endorsement to their Nebraska teaching certificate. Candidates who meet all criteria may seek full endorsements, while those who have not completed all of their requirements can apply for provisional endorsement.
Nebraska does not hold any school counselor reciprocity agreements with other states. However, counselors certified and/or endorsed in another state may apply for a provisional teaching certificate. This certificate requires a bachelor's degree in teacher education from an approved institution, along with completion of a state-approved human relations course.
The provisional certificate is valid for two years and cannot be renewed. Certificate-holders must complete other requirements within this timeframe to earn an initial, standard, or professional certificate. These include taking the state-approved special education course and earning the exam scores listed above.
Nebraska does not hold any school counselor reciprocity agreements with other states
Provisional certificate applicants pay the same fees as other certification candidates. Certification analysts contact applicants within 4-8 weeks of receiving the forms, at which time they request a copy of the applicant's out-of-state license. Candidates who have not resided in Nebraska for at least five years must submit a background check with a fingerprint scan.
The initial, standard, and professional certificates are each valid for five years. As long as the certificate has not been expired for more than five years, counselors may renew their credential by completing at least one of the following:
Work for at least one year in a "legally operated school system" since receiving their certificate.
Complete at least six credits of graduate-level coursework related to school counseling.
If their certificate has been expired for more than five years, candidates may renew their credential by completing at least 15 career-specific, graduate-level credits. Accepted courses include a class covering instructional techniques and a practicum containing at least 100 classroom-based hours.
Resources and Organizations for School Counselors in Nebraska
The following list includes a few guides, reports, and other resources offering useful tips and career-related information for school counselors in Nebraska. Click the links below to learn more.
American School Counselor Association ASCA offers professional development opportunities, advocacy, and other support services for school counselors nationwide. The official ASCA website includes several state guides with specific information pertaining to Nebraska.
Approved Teacher Preparation Programs This list profiles all of the state-approved postsecondary programs in Nebraska, as of the 2018-19 school year. Approved schools include eight fully accredited institutions that offer school counselor master's degrees and endorsements.
National Board for Certified Counselors, National Certified School Counselor Professional certification can help school counselors advance in their careers and earn higher salaries. One of the most prestigious credentials in this field, the NCSC designation is open to candidates who hold a master's and at least two years of experience.
NDE Application Manual This resource provides a detailed overview of prerequisites, application fees, renewal processes, and other guidelines for different certificates and permits available to school counselors in Nebraska.
NDE Endorsement Applications School counselors in Nebraska must add an official endorsement to their teaching certificate to work at public schools in the state. This page contains links for full and partial endorsement applications.
NDE School Counselor Endorsement Guidelines This official guide from the NDE contains a full list of education and experiential prerequisites for the Nebraska school counselor endorsement, along with some institutional guidelines for employing counselors.
NDE Teacher Certificate Guide This directory page highlights different certificates, permits, endorsements, and other credentials for counselors and other educators in Nebraska. The website covers criminal background and fingerprinting checks, testing requirements, and state-approved training courses.
Nebraska School Counselor Association NSCA operates as the official professional association for school counselors in Nebraska. Site visitors can learn about many topics, including professional development opportunities, advocacy events, and awards and scholarships.
Nebraska Testing Requirements This guide offers an overview of Praxis testing requirements for school counselors and other educators in the state, including minimum scores for each exam, test center locations, and registration information.
School Counselors as CTE Stakeholders This ASCA report highlights different ways school counselors can help secondary students finish school and choose a suitable career. It also discusses the Nebraska Career Education Model, which integrates career technical education into high school curricula to prepare students to attend college and enter the workforce.
Explore More Pathways to Becoming a Counselor in Nebraska
Learn How to Become a Rehabilitation Counselor in Nebraska Learn How to Become a Substance Abuse Counselor in Nebraska Last Updated: September 18, 2019


text:
Become a Voice Member
Fonthill, CA
Home Blog Page 171
Three-way race for mayor
Two political newcomers, Mark Bay and Zachary Junkin, are challenging two-term incumbent Dave Augustyn for the town's top job. "The mayoral election campaign is about proven leadership and I am pleased that people have an opportunity to review progress to...
Architect has designs on community centre
Petroff Achitects won out over three other firms to design a multi-purpose community centre for Pelham. Town council approve the recommendation from its staff and its architectural design advisory committee at its regular meeting Monday. The Toronto-based firm will receive $1.05...
Mandolin Orchestra tours musical world
Playing what's in their heart, the Mandolin Orchestra of Niagara (MOON) stretches the limits of mandolin sound and technique. Sylvia Hlywka Brabson, a leader in bringing the sound to the region, has conducted the orchestra and choir since its inception...
Pirates show potential in opener
It wasn't the perfect start to the season for the new Pirates. They fell to the Ancaster Avalanche 6-3 in front of a packed Pelham Arena They showed signs of improvement since the preseason. The Pirates got on the scoreboard first, with...
Ridgeville is not a hamlet yet
Town council has taken the unusual step of appealing a decision of the town's committee of adjustment to the Ontario Municipal Board. The committee approved a severance on a property in the northwest corner Effingham Street and Canboro Road. Planner Julie...
Back-to-back OFSAA wins for Collie
Keagin Collie was determined to climb the podium at the OFSAA championships this year in Windsor. After capturing wrestling gold in last year's tournament, she defeated Alexia Sherland of Sandwood Heights to repeat as OFSAA champion in the girls 67...
Rain storm muddies the fest
Mother Nature received a round of applause from competitors in the second Mudfest Challenge of the year. A downpour just hours before made life miserable, chilly and exciting for those who took on the six kilometre course at Bissell's Hideaway...
Ivy Coast nominated for three music awards
Greg Mashinter feels pretty good. His band Ivy Coast is nominated in three categories for the Niagara Music Awards. Ivy Coast is nominated for Album of the Year, New Group of the Year and Music Video of the Year with...
Bandshell concerts end good season
Another summer concert series was in the books for the Fonthill Bandshell Committee as Robin Banks sang the last song for 2014. With a wide variety of music, the concert series has risen in popularity since its launch almost a...
Operation Waterwings helps Women's Place
Faced with battling waves and nasty weather, Bryce Barlow took on a challenge. The 17-year-old crossed Lake Ontario Saturday in a 12-foot sailboat to raise funds for Women's Place of South Niagara. Launching from Port Dalhousie and landing in downtown Toronto,...
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Step Four: Write a Script to Print Out the Temperature.
Step Seven: There is an Easier Way!
In this tutorial, we will be building a circuit to connect a temperature sensor to our Raspberry Pi, and writing a program to read the sensor data. The circuit we will build is going to connect to the Raspberry Pi using the GPIO pins.
GPIO stands for General Purpose Input/Output. General purpose because all they are is simple connections that can be either high or low, a binary choice. This means we can easily do things that involves binary choices, and it will still be nice and simple to understand what is going on. In this tutorial, we are going to be turning LEDs off and on, and checking whether buttons are being pressed—all very binary actions, which makes them ideally suited for GPIO pins.
However, this is not all that GPIO pins can be used for. A large range of hardware devices can communicate by transmitting binary data along a connection, and this can also go straight onto the GPIO. If we have the right program to work out what the data means, we can do even more complicated things. We are going to be making use of a temperature sensor that sends the temperature information into a GPIO pin, and some software to convert this binary data into a useful format.
Once we have built our circuit, the next step is to write a program to read the temperature, and give it to us in a nice format. Once that is done, we will add some LEDs and a button to our circuit, and find out how to measure button presses and turn the LEDs on and off from our program.
Finally, we will put all these bits together to make a button controlled temperature logger—a program that will measure the temperature every second and put this in a file, which can be started and stopped by the press of a button.
Now change the line in this file so that it reads "deb http://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian/ wheezy main untested", then save and close the file.
What we are doing here is making the Pi updte itself using the very latest kernel. The kernel is the lowest level bit of software, that makes the connection between the actual hardware, and all the other software that can run. Once the Pi knows it can update itself from this brand new place, we upgrade the kernel. This new kernel has all the extra code it needs to access the temperature sensor we will be using.
Turn off the Pi—it is generally a bad idea to connect wires while there is electricity running through the pins.
An AdaFruit ribbon cable connector.
A DS18B20 temperature sensor (or this version if you want to be able to move your sensor around).
A 4.7kΩ resistor, a breadboard, and a selection of wires.
Solder, and a soldering iron.
Solder the ribbon connector parts together, and attach the ribbon cable connector to the Pi and breadboard.
Connect pin 3 on the sensor to the 3.3V GPIO pin (labelled 3V3 on the AdaFruit connector).
Connect pin 1 to the ground GPIO pin (labelled GND on the AdaFruit connector).
Connect pin 2 to the GPIO pin 4 (labelled #4 on the AdaFruit connector).
Turn the Pi on, then put your finger against the sensor. If it is connected the wrong way round, then it will get very hot within a second or two, in which case, turn the Pi off once it has booted, and wait a while (it was still hot after 10 minutes when I did it) for it to cool down, and then take out the sensor and put it back in again the right way round.
The AdaFruit ribbon cable connector saves us from having to attach wires directly to the Raspberry Pi board, as this would just be really fiddly. It also has better labelling on the GPIO pins, which makes it easier to work with.
The temperature sensor we are using here, the DS18S20, has three legs. Two of these pins put the sensor in a circuit between a high voltage pin and ground. This connection provides the power for the sensor to measure the temperature. The third pin connects to a GPIO pin, and it is with this connection that we can communicate with the sensor. The resistor that we have put between this data pin and the high voltage pin is what is known as a pull-up resistor—unless the data leg grounds itself to send a 0 along the wire, its voltage on the wire will be "pulled-up" to 3.3V. This makes it simpler for the sensor to communicate with our Pi, as to send a 1 signal, it doesn't have to do anything at all.
The entry on the screen that is mostly numbers is the serial number of the sensor. The sensor used for this tutorial has the serial number "10-000802824e58". Replace the serial number in the next command with the one for the sensor used.
The first step here was to run the command modprobe. This command can load individual modules that do particular things into the kernel, so we can use them. If you want to avoid typing the modprobe commands every time you start up your Pi, you will need to tell Linux that you want these modules to be loaded automatically when it starts. This can be done by opening up the file /etc/modules—you need to be root to do this, so type sudo leafpad /etc/modules into the terminal. Now add the lines "w1-gpio" and "w1-therm" to the end of this file, save it and close.
The business with finding the right folder and then reading the file to get the temperature might seem reasonably simple, but as you might guess, there is a bit of work being hidden here. What actually happens when you try and read what is in the w1_slave file is that the Pi sends a message to the temperature sensor asking it what the temperature is. The sensor spends half a second or so working it out and sending it back (which is why there is a slight delay after you enter the command), at which point the Pi puts this information in the file and gives it back to you.
Try opening the file like any other, in the graphical file manager interface. Open up the file browser, go to the directory the file is in and open up the file in Leafpad. The same text as before will be displayed.
Open a terminal and type python.
# Open the file that we viewed earlier so that python can see what is in it. Replace the serial number as before.
There are quite a few Python commands in this section, which might be unfamiliar. In the Python IDLE terminal, type help(something) and a description of whatever was put between the brackets will display and some general information about what can be done with the command. For example, with tfile.read(), there exists also tfile.readline() and tfile.readlines(), which as the name suggests do different things. If the variable assignment (the temperature = bit) is not included in the lines written above, the result of the .split method will be output.
In the commands just now, the text is slowly broken down until just the temperature values remain, with several lines of code. This many lines of code is not necessary, temperaturedata = text.split("\n").split(" ") would also work, or splitting by spaces from the start, not newlines. The code may be harder to read if it is squashed onto one line, however. This operation can be made faster—play around with it, and if a quicker way becomes apparent, maybe a classmate can work out what it does?
See here for my example code.
Install a text editor such as Geany or SciTE or use the preinstalled Leafpad or equivalent.
Open the editor and copy the code written above (or the version with the different splitting that was suggested).
Save the file as temperature.py in /home/pi.
Open a terminal and run python temperature.py. The program should output the temperature as it did before.
What we've done here is put the commands we typed out earlier into a script—so that we can easily run the program without having to type in all the commands again.
Here, it is advised to install a different text editor for writing code. The reason for this is that the default text editor—Leafpad—that the Pi comes with isn't really designed for writing code in. If you open up your Python script in IDLE and in Leafpad, you'll see that IDLE has added colour to the code—this is called syntax highlighting. This is something that almost all text editors designed for writing code in do, because it makes it easier to see what is happening in the program. SciTE or Geany are recommended in this tutorial. SciTE is a bit quicker to open files, and looks simpler to start with, whereas Geany has lots more features that start to be useful when your program get a bit longer, such as listing all the names of variables in your program down the side, which makes it easier to remember what names have been used.
Obtain an LED, a 220Ω resistor, and probably some more wires.
Pick one of the numbered pins on the ribbon cable that connects your Pi to the breadboard and connect the long leg (on the opposite side to the flat edge of the LED base) of the LED to this pin.
Connect the 220Ω resistor between the ground pin of the Pi and the other (longer) leg of the LED.
What we have done here is set up a circuit from one of the GPIO pins, through the LED and resistor, down to ground. With the Pi, we can switch on a specific GPIO pin, so it has a high voltage, and current will flow through the LED and resistor. The resistor we've put in stops too much current flowing, which could heat up the LED so much that it would burn out.
Open a root terminal from the menu, or by running sudo su in a normal terminal.
The LED should now be turned on.
We have opened up a root terminal here to control the LED. Why did we have to do this here, but not when we were working with our temperature sensor? With the temperature sensor, all we could do was ask for the temperature, which is pretty harmless. With the LED, we wanted to change something about the hardware (make the GPIO pin we had chosen into an output), which could lead to bad things happening if we changed something we shouldn't have, or changed the wrong pin number. With the Raspberry Pi, it is designed in a way so that you can't break anything just by changing the wrong GPIO pin, but the restriction is left over from more expensive computers that are more easily broken.
Once we've open a root terminal, first we have to tell the Pi that we want to do something with a particular GPIO pin, which we do by using echo to write the pin number into the export file. The Pi notices we've done this, and sets up a folder for that pin to allow us to control it. Then we tell the Pi that we want this pin to be an output pin, again using echo, so that we can turn the LED on and off. Writing the number "1" to the value file makes the pin turn on, so that current flows out of that pin. Once we've got our LED working, we turn it off by echoing "0", and then telling the Pi that we are done working with that pin by writing the pin number to the unexport file.
We've just seen how to turn on and off the LED using the terminal, so now it's time to make it work with Python. The program needs to write to a file. Here's an example of writing "Hello" to a file named "example". Build upon that.
# Open the file and write to it, hence "w"
Run this program in a terminal using sudo python for the reasons explained above. It should turn the LED on.
We are going to install a library for Python that will let us turn on GPIO pins, without having to go through the hassle of opening and closing lots of files like in the last exercise.
Install the package with sudo apt-get install python-rpi.gpio in a terminal.
# Use the pin numbers from the ribbon cable board.
# Set up the pin you are using ("18" is an example) as output.
# Turn on the pin and see the LED light up.
Turn off the pin to turn off the LED.
This library that we have installed is just a piece of code, this time written in the C programming language, that hides away all the detail of what needs to be done to get the GPIO pins turned on and off. When the Python command GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT) library goes away and does all the things that we did before—writing the pin number to the export file, and writing "out" to the file called direction but they are just hidden away.
The setmode command tells the library that we are labelling our pins like they are on the ribbon cable board. The board refers to the pins in terms of what they do, which is why the pins have labels like "3V3", "GND", "5V0". The alternative, which would be done with GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) is to number the pins in the same way the house numbering on a street is done—the pins on one side have the numbers 1,3,5 all the way up to 25, and the pins on the other side have the numbers 2,4,6 all the way up to 26.
Here, a push-to-make button and a 1kΩ will be needed.
Pick another free input pin and connect this pin to one side of the button, and the other side of the button to the 3.3V pin.
Put the resistor beteen the input pin and the ground pin on the Pi.
The type of button we are using here is called push-to-make, which means that the two sides of the switch are not connected unless you are pushing it. Push-to-break buttons exist too, which are always connected unless the button on them is pushed. We are also using a resistor to connect the input GPIO pin to ground, which makes sure that the input is fixed to off when the button isn't pressed, rather than the voltage floating around somewhere between high and low. We need a larger resistance than we might normally use for other things, to stop current flowing straight through to ground when the button is pressed.
If the button is not pressed, this code should print "0".
Hold the button down and run the program again: the number "1" should have printed out.
As we did with the LEDs, we have to tell the Pi that we want to do something with a particular GPIO pin, which we do by using echo, just like earlier. Then we tell the Pi that we want this pin to be an input pin, by us echoing "in" rather than "out", so that we can measure whether or not the button is pressed. When we read the file "value", we are checking whether the input is high or low (1 or 0 respectively). Finally, the "unexport" the pin as before.
# Set up this pin as input.
# Is the button pressed or not?
# Hold down the button, run the command again. The output should be "true".
The instructions above have shown how to check for a button press. How about putting this into a loop, so that every time the button is pressed, something happens, like a message printing to the screen. However, the Pi will be able to print out a message and move on to checking the button again much faster than a finger can be taken off the button. So, your program will have to sit and wait for some seconds, maybe with a "while" loop and the "pass" command. Once this works, try to make the program the temperature whenever the button is pressed.
The final step in this tutorial is putting together all the different things we can do to make a temperature logging program—something that will record the temperature to a file for as long as we want.
We need another LED, and another 220Ω resistor. The two LEDs will be used to show when our program is ready to start measuring temperature, and when it is actually logging it to a file. To make this more obvious, a different colour LED would be useful here.
With these extra parts, wire the LED up to another free pin, just like the first LED is.
Set up the three GPIO pins (the button and two LEDs) as input and outputs.
Turn on one of the LEDs to indicate we are ready to start logging.
Use the code from the previous exercise to check for a button press, and wait for the button to be un-pressed.
When the button is pressed, we want our first LED to turn off and the other to come on, to indicate that our Pi is now taking data.
Next, open up a file which we can write, to give us somewhere to put the data.
Add another while loop to wait until the button is pressed again, and in the loop read the temperature in the same way we've done before.
Instead of printing the temperature, we will write the temperature to the file which we opened earlier. One change we will need to make from how we learnt to write to files earlier is that now, we want each temperature value to be on a newline. This can be done by adding "\n" to the end of the string we are writing, like str(temperature) + "\n".
When the last while loop exists, we want to close the file, as we are finished with it, and we do this with datafile.close(), and turn off the LED.
Tutorial over! Enjoy your temperature monitoring, and see below for Appendices.
Programs can almost always be improved, perhaps by adding some more code so that it can do something new, or just by changing what is there to make it better, or more readable. This is what this section is all about—pointing out things that don't work as well as they could, or things which would be better done in a different way.
# This displays the time in the format year-month-day, hour-minute-second.
# Put together the different bits of the filename into one, and open the file.
There are quite a few more complicated bits in this new bit of code. The strftime() function returns the time formatted in a particular way, a list of which can be found in the Python documentation. The format in the example means that if the files are sorted alphabetically, the newest files come last and the oldest first.
The join function is a function that all strings have, that allows us to take any list of strings and quickly join them together, putting whatever string we are using to call join on between every item in the list. Here we use an empty string so that the bits just get put straight together. This is generally the quickest way to connect a bunch of text together in Python.
You will also see that the command to open the file has gained an extra option, the "1" at the end. If you run the old code we had, and look in your file browser while doing so, you'll notice that the file appears as soon as we start logging, but is listed as having a size of zero bytes until we press the button to stop logging. This happens because Python stores all the data in memory somewhere, and only actually puts it down on the SD card when you close the file. The issue with this behaviour is that, if we were to suddenly pull the plug, or stop the program running, we would lose all the data we had collected, because none of it was down on the card. By adding the option "1" to our open command, we tell Python that we would like it to only keep a single line of text in memory at a time, and that it should put write each bit of text to the SD card when the line ends.
Another idea is that up to here, the pin numbers for our two LEDs, button, and temperature sensor have been put straight into the program as needed. Which works fine, but what happens when we move stuff about on the board? Suddenly, everything is connected to a different GPIO pin, and all our clever instructions are being sent to the wrong things—we'll be checking for a push of an LED, and trying to light up a button. Fixing this means going though the whole of our program, checking for each time we used a pin number, and changing each of them to the new one. So instead, how about we fix this properly?
At the beginning of the script, put in a few variables called, say, LED1_GPIO_PIN, LED2_GPIO_PIN, and BUTTON_GPIO_PIN. Give them the value of the appropriate pin number. Then, replace all the occurrences of actual pin numbers in the code with these variables.
So now if we change the position of the pins on the Pi, all we have to do is change the value of these new variables, and everything will still work.
In this new bit of code, capital letters are used for the variable names. This is recognised by most programmers as meaning that these variables are constants that aren't supposed to change during the course of running the code.
With our program as it currently is, the temperature is always measured as fast as possible, which is about once every three-quarters of a second (this is basically how long it takes the sensor itself to measure the temperature, rather than any slow working by the Pi). If we are measuring temperature over 30 seconds, or a few minutes perhaps, this sampling rate is fine. But if we wanted to look at how the temperature varied over an hour, or even a day, then we would end up with thousands, maybe tens of thousands of readings, which would change quite slowly. In this case, it would be nice to be able to make our program only make measurements at much larger intervals.
If we want to do this, we need to make our program wait for the right amount of time between measurements, so that they are done at the right intervals. Using the function time in the Python time module, we can work out how long has passed since we last asked for the temperature, and then compare this to how long we want to wait between measurements.
So in your code, add in a variable that stores the time just before you read the temperature, and at the end of the while loop. You can compare these two times, and if the difference is less than the wait we want, make the program wait for however long it needs to make up the difference. In Python, making your program wait for a while is as simple as using the sleep command in the time module, and giving it the length of time you want to sleep for.
But there is a problem with this. When the program is sleeping, it isn't paying attention to anything else—in particular, not the button which tells our program to stop logging. This means to stop our program, as it currently is, requires you to press the button during the small amount of time when the Pi is not sleeping or reading the temperature. To solve this, we will make the Pi do lots of small sleeps, and check the button between each of them.
Replace the single sleep with a for loop, that will sleep for 0.1 seconds however many times is required to make up the difference, and check for the button press after each little sleep. If the button is pressed, you will want to use the break command to exit the for loop, but first, set some variable to True, so that we can test this variable in the outer while loop, and break out of that is it is True. Don't forget to define this variable as False before the loop starts, to stop Python becoming confused.
Now we've got a complete temperature sensor program, what can we do next? Well, having written all this code just to measure temperature, wouldn't it be good if we could just write some small piece of code to use a different type of sensor, and then have this just work?
Fortunately for you, this is exactly what the next page is all about. So let's move on and explore how we can start using plugins.
Step 3B: How to read the temperature in Python.
Step 6: How to turn on and off an LED from Python.
Step 9B: How to check a button press from Python.
Step 10: A complete temperature logger.
Appendix 1: Making the data file timestamped.
Appendix 2: Cleaning up our code.
Appendix 3: Allowing for a variable measurement rate.
All code licensed under the MIT license.
Raspberry Pi Temperature Sensor Tutorial by Matthew Kirk is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.


Arsenal and Manchester United have been joined by FC Porto in their summer bidding war over Sporting Braga's Rafa Silva.
The 22-year-old is widely regarded as one of the hottest prospects in the Primeira Liga, having bagged nine goals and registered eight assists in 40 appearances for Braga this season.
Multiple clubs have monitored the midfielder in past few months, with A Bola newspaper now reporting that Porto are also keen to add him to their ranks.
It is believed that the Portugal international is being valued by Braga around the £16million region.
The newspaper claims that after trying to sign the player in January, Porto would make another approach for him soon. However, Porto are unwilling to meet Braga's valuation of £16m for the midfielder.
It is unlikely that Braga will drop his price, because £16m for a young player who has been proving to be a decent talent with his consistent performances should not be very expensive for the likes of Arsenal or Manchester United.


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Pro Bono Work and Skills-Based Volunteering Offer More than a Warm, Fuzzy Feeling
Skills-based volunteering can give more to designers and engineers than a chance to make a positive impact. Pro bono work can also aid your career path.
by Jeff Link
Education - Apr 26 2016 - 5 min read
Brandon Au
When thinking of pro bono work in the context of architecture, design, and engineering, seal and sea-lion rescue may not come to mind as readily as, say, a Habitat for Humanity home in Chicago.
But that perception may be changing, thanks, in part, to skills-based volunteering opportunities through organizations such as the Taproot Foundation, Public Architecture, and Journeyman International.
The Taproot Foundation. Taproot Foundation advises companies on how to design high-quality opportunities for pro bono engagement. In June 2015, the Autodesk Foundation helped a team of pro bono volunteers coordinate a partnership with The Marine Mammal Center, leveraging the employees' engineering and additive manufacturing skills. The objective? To create a 3D-printed tranquilizer dart with a built-in transmitter device that would ensure seals and sea lions—fleeing perceived danger—are tagged and captured safely.
Like many employee-engagement programs supported by the Taproot Foundation, the project is a win-win: bringing together a worthy organization and private-sector professionals seeking philanthropic outlets, with the added incentive of finding challenging and innovative ways to further their careers.
"Design and design pro bono can have a tremendous impact in the nonprofit world. We see wonderful examples of the use of design for good. We've gone far beyond design and technology being used to fix a website or database," says Joel Bashevkin, executive director of Taproot's San Francisco Bay Area region. "Our clients are tapping pro bono expertise to use design and technology to deliver better services at a greater scale."
A Taproot Foundation program hosted at Autodesk in San Francisco. Courtesy Taproot.
So how can an interested designer find the right project, one that is truly fulfilling rather than just a professional feather in the cap? "A few suggestions," Bashevkin says. "The most important is to bring your curiosity as you explore possible groups or projects to work on. We find that learning goes both ways; it is an enriching experience. Pick projects that have a clear description of what will be achieved and how it will improve the organization or community. Then revisit your own personal motivations to see if working with this organization will support your goals."
A good place to start, he says, is Taproot+, an online platform that connects professionals and nonprofits for four- to six-week projects. For instance, the Village Improvement Project, known for its work supplying solar lights in rural Liberia, recently advertised for a pro bono designer or engineer to help manufacture a prototype for a fuel-efficient, wood-burning stove. Or the Business Council for Peace, which, as part of a new project in Guatemala, sought a product designer to create a lean-technology platform to capture and package orientation and training content for its business volunteers. In less than two years, Taproot+ has delivered more than $3.5 million in service and more than 500 projects.
Public Architecture's 1+. Another outlet for designers interested in pro bono opportunities is 1+, Public Architecture's flagship program, which challenges the design community worldwide to dedicate one percent or more of their working hours to pro bono service. The program's nationwide platform connects designers and design firms with nonprofits that have unmet design needs. In a little more than 10 years of existence, 1+ has signed on 18,000 designers and supported 1,000 nonprofits.
"There's a really neat opportunity for traditional architecture firms to match with firms that bring a more technical approach to the projects," says program director Amy Ress.
With aspirations to be the first Living Building project in Texas, this 5,400-square-foot open-air pavilion designed by Lake|Flato is an education and meeting center that serves as a demonstration site for the Dixon Water Foundation. Courtesy 1+/Casey Dunn.
She points to a recent pro bono project in which Mack Scogin Merrill Elam (MSME) Architects designed a house for Habitat for Humanity in Pascagoula, Mississippi, an area severely affected by Hurricane Katrina. MSME Architects completed drawings for the casework and collaborated with the manufacturer, Formica, who donated, constructed, and installed all of the custom cabinets, countertops, and kitchen-shelving units.
Beyond the benefits to volunteers, pro bono work can also pay dividends for firms, allowing companies a gateway into unexplored markets. "Firms with expertise in high-end residential can branch out into daycare facilities or emergency shelters at a local park," Ress says. "Outside of the constraints of traditional practice, there can be both the opportunity for greater creative freedom and new project types."
And many volunteer projects do not require an extensive time commitment. "Pro bono projects can be small, like revising a floor plan. One percent annually is 20 hours—based on a 40-hour work week. You can make a big impact by donating just 20 hours of service," Ress says.
Journeyman International. For Daniel Wiens, president and founder of Journeyman International (JI)—a California-based nonprofit that connects university students and volunteer architects, engineers, and project managers with global humanitarian projects—the appeal of pro bono work is especially powerful among architects. While volunteers may enjoy international travel opportunities, and architecture and design firms may use pro bono work as a recruitment and public-relations tool, the primary reason people volunteer, he says, is a desire to do good in the world.
The application process is pretty clear-cut. "If a professional wants to sponsor or mentor a student design team, they click on the Sponsor Design button on my homepage and fill out the application," Wiens says. "I then review and set them up with a design team. If they want to design a project themselves, they click the Volunteer Design button on my homepage and fill out the application."
California Polytechnic State University College of Architecture and Environmental Design students and Journeyman International designers Oretola Thomas, Vicky Arias, and Courtney Wedel exploring a potential project site in Rubagabaga, Rwanda.
LSW Architects in Vancouver, Washington plans to undertake both options this year, working as an office on a project in South Africa and assigning a staff team to mentor a student design team.
Applications from socially minded firms must meet the following criteria: "The project needs to be spearheaded by a legit humanitarian organization with a proven track record," he says. "Also, they must be able to communicate frequently with our design teams and have English-speaking reps. And we prefer for the organization to have land for the project and, at least, partial funding. Then, finally, the project must have local, in-country design and construction personnel who can support the process prior to and during construction."
Organizations such as Taproot, Public Architecture, and Journeyman International serve as a kind of informed, socially enlightened connective tissue, matching individuals or firms with nonprofit affiliates and providing the training and strategic advisory services to make the partnerships successful.
The benefits to nonprofits on the receiving end seem rather obvious: free labor and expertise from personally invested, highly trained individuals with specialized knowledge. And professionals benefit from pro bono work in ways, according to Bashevkin, that extend beyond an ephemeral sense of making a positive impact in the world: "Pro bono opportunities allow you to adapt, develop market insight, and practice skills that can help you create your career path."
Jeff Link is a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop and an Eddie-nominated journalist. His work has appeared in Landscape Architecture Magazine, gb&d, Redshift, and American Builders Quarterly.
For Architects, LEED AP Certification Opens the Gate to Greener Opportunities
The Future of Education: Lifelong, Flexible, Skill-Based Learning After COVID-19
Powering the Future With Data: 5 Highlights From Autodesk University 2021
by Mark de Wolf


The aim of The Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Communications Program is to work with students to help them improve, develop, and execute their written, spoken, and digital policy communications skills, all of which are critical for professional success.
The HKS Communications Program consists of both for-credit and not-for-credit offerings. A series of for-credit communications courses focusing on public speaking and writing are taught by HKS's communications faculty each semester. In addition, more than 60 workshops are available throughout the academic year to offer practical skills on topics including public speaking, memo and report writing, effectively using social media, blogging, and writing op-ed pieces. Students may attend as many workshops as they like. Materials from many of these workshops are featured on our website.
In addition to for-credit courses and workshops, there are also dedicated writing consultants who work within the HKS Communications Program. These writing consultants offer one-on-one consultations for HKS students during their scheduled office hours and by appointment.
The HKS Communications Program website also offers a wide variety of valuable public speaking, writing and digital communications tools including resources created by the HKS Communications Program faculty, links to workshop materials and outside resources such as dictionaries, guidelines on how to develop an argument, write citations, avoid plagiarism, research using the Internet, and edit your own work. While the program is not designed to replace English as a Second Language (ESL) courses, links are provided to ESL resources.
Each HKS student is encouraged to make use of all of the many services provided by the HKS Communications Program. Feedback and suggestions for the HKS Communications Program are always welcome.


Below is our stock of Japanese paper money / banknotes. Click on the Pick number for a scan.
P56 TBB B328 10 yen (1944-45) F $ 5.85 Bank of Japan. Regret I cannot make out which watermark is on note.Wakeno Kiyomaro.Goo shrine. Nippon Ginko Ken. Bank of Japan.
Bank of Japan. Regret I cannot make out which watermark is on note.Wakeno Kiyomaro.Goo shrine. Nippon Ginko Ken. Bank of Japan.
P61a TBB B133d 50 sen 1948 Au-unc $ 5.20 Itagaki Taisuke at right. Gray paper. Diet building (Parliament) on reverse. Paper wavy. Printer: Tokyo Shoken Insatsu.
Itagaki Taisuke at right. Gray paper. Diet building (Parliament) on reverse. Paper wavy. Printer: Tokyo Shoken Insatsu.
P63 10 sen (1945) Au-unc $ 6.44 Letter 'B' in underprint. Series 100. Allied Military Currency.
Letter 'B' in underprint. Series 100. Allied Military Currency.
P89a 100 yen (1946) VF+ $ 9.10 Yumedono Pavilion at left. Shotoku-taishi at right. Watermark of Kiri leaves. Horyuji temple on back.
Yumedono Pavilion at left. Shotoku-taishi at right. Watermark of Kiri leaves. Horyuji temple on back.
P90c TBB B354b TP-B 100 yen 1953 UNC $ 3.90 Portrait Itagaki Taisuke at right. Watermark: leaves and flowers. Lower right serial number ends 34mm from edge of note. Parliament building.
Portrait Itagaki Taisuke at right. Watermark: leaves and flowers. Lower right serial number ends 34mm from edge of note. Parliament building.
P103b TBB B364a FA-S 2,000 fen 2000 UNC $ 33.80 Commemorative note to celebrate the G8 Summit held inn Okinwara. of Shuri Castle in Naha at right and as watermark. No security thread. Calligraphy, scrolls.
Commemorative note to celebrate the G8 Summit held inn Okinwara. of Shuri Castle in Naha at right and as watermark. No security thread. Calligraphy, scrolls.
PNIP1 1 fen (1875-1900) VF $ 18.85 Hansatsu currency.


About FAMI: Farmers Alliance Mutual Insurance Company, Alliance Insurance Company, Inc. and Alliance Indemnity Company are the three regional companies that comprise FAMI. Those companies provide property and casualty insurance for homes, autos, businesses and farms. Represented by more than 650 independent insurance agencies across a nine-state region, the Farmers Alliance Companies writes more than $125 million in premiums annually.
Implementation story: With up to 300 new claims needing to be handled each day, FAMI made a commitment to transform its claims processing function. The technology modernization initiative, named the "iFAMI" project, consists of a multiphased approach. Beginning with its Businessowners Policies (BOP) and followed by Commercial, Personal and Farm lines, FAMI replaced its legacy systems with modern technology solutions that enable the company to be more nimble and responsive.
Our implementation of BlueWave Claims has helped Farmers Alliance realize eƒficiencies, conclude claims faster, exceed company goals and improve on customer expectations as well.
Headquartered in Rhode Island, NBIC offers specialty insurance products and services to homeowners through a select network of independent agents along the Eastern seaboard.
Implementation story: The company embarked on Project APEX in 2009 in order to modernize their inhouse legacy systems and establish a highly-advanced, flexible and nimble technology environment that would enable NBIC to deliver exceptional client services, platform scalability, business alignment and the product agility needed to transform the homeowners' insurance marketplace. All systems selected as a part of Project APEX were specifically chosen for their flexible, modern architecture. The project consists of a multi-phased implementation with a bestof-breed approach. With legacy systems currently handling various aspects of claims transactions, NBIC's goal was to establish a highly advanced, flexible and nimble technology environment. NBIC's requirements for a new claims system dictated the selected solution would be web-based, highly-customizable and able to improve claims turnaround time. Cover-All Technologies' BlueWave Claims was brought in when the Project APEX team at NBIC identified, and then selected, a system to consolidate IT processes and create more fluid claims management. NBIC's requirements for a new claims system dictated the selected solution would be web-based, highly-customizable and able to improve claims turnaround time, all traits inherent to BlueWave Claims. Additionally, NBIC wanted the new solution to be responsive enough to handle the company's current claims volume while also capturing all the data vital to increasing claim efficiency and underwriting better business.
The team has "been exceptional to work with, and BlueWave Claims has provided NBIC with the cutting-edge technology we need to meet our company goals.
• Increased system extensibility through configuration and customization to modify and update the system to adapt to ever-changing business needs including the addition of new data elements, updating business rules, modifying code lists, adding new correspondence templates, etc.


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Q: GIT Change Submodule URL in Post-update script How can I change the URLs of submodules during post-update to point to a new URL?

A: The only way I know about (besides tweaking git config) is running
git remote set-url <url>

in each submodule's directory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange