Spanish culture can differ greatly from your own. Traveling South America, Spain, or anywhere else can be more enjoyable if you understand the culture of the place you want to visit. For this purpose, we have compiled some fun facts about Latin America that can help you get a hint of the Spanish world.
The same way that foreign languages feel strange to us, some everyday things in American life can seem strange to people in different countries and vice-versa. Something as innocent as tossing a pen can be misunderstood in Spanish culture. We may also be offended by some innocent action or word of a Latin American. In order to avoid misunderstandings when vacationing foreign lands, you will find a few cultural highlights below.
In Latin American it is considered impolite to toss things to each other. If you need to give something to a native, make sure you walk over and hand it to them.
You may pick up a few slang words while visiting South America, Mexico, or Spain. Just remember that slang words vary from region to region. For example, the slang word for "friend" in some areas of South America is "choche" or "pana", in Central America it can be "pasiero" or "vato" depending on the region and country.
Saying the word "stupid" in the English language is common and innocent enough. BUT in Spanish culture the translation is very strong and offensive. Avoid using the Spanish word for stupid at all times.
Don't be offended when Latins call you a "gringo". To them the words simply describes someone as foreign and isn't meant to degrade. The word came from war time when American soldiers wore green uniforms. The Mexicans knew enough to say "Green, go!" in order to express their wishes for the American soldiers to leave. This eventually became "gringo" and is used for any stranger, especially if you have light hair and eyes.
Latin Americans will usually greet friends and relatives more personally than do Americans. They give hugs - even the men! Men usually also greet woman with "besitos" meaning they touch cheeks while making a kissing noise with their lips. Woman also greet other woman with "besitos." These little kisses are purely friendly and have no romantic meaning.
When traveling abroad, bargaining for a lower price in markets, small shops, and even for taxi rides is expected. Tourists are often given ridiculously high prices when shopping. Bargaining is a sport and can be very entertaining. So make sure you never accept the first bid. And remember, most things cannot be returned.


All 435 House seats will be contested in 2018, as they are every two years. The following table reflects current incumbents that have announced they will not seek another term or who lost in their party's primary for renomination.
MI-13 This seat was held by Democrat John Conyers, Jr. Special election is November 6th; the Democratic nominee Rashida Tlaib will only have write-in opposition.
OK-1 This seat was held by Republican Jim Bridenstine. There will be no special election. Instead, whomever wins the general election on November 6th will be appointed by the governor to fill the remainder of the term.
NY-25 This seat was held by Democrat Louise Slaughter. Special election is November 6th.
PA-7 This seat was held by Republican Pat Meehan who resigned April 27th. Special election is November 6th.
PA-15 This seat was held by Republican Charlie Dent who resigned May 12th. Special election is November 6th.
WV-3 This seat was held by Republican Evan Jenkins who resigned September 30. The seat will remain vacant until January.
Note that the Pennsylvania special elections will take place within the current congressional district borders, not those created by redistricting.


Enjoy your favorite intergalactic refreshments with our awesome Star Wars Plastic Cups. Adorned with Darth Vader, Yoda, C-3PO, and more, these keepsake cups are great party favors or game prizes for your child's upcoming Star Wars birthday party. Line them around your party table to make place settings really pop. Or, fill these reuseable cups with tasty treats before individually wrapping them in clear cellophane bags. Kids can repurpose their BPA-free and dishwasher safe plastic cups to hold toothbrushes in the bathroom, to rinse color off of paintbrushes, or to collect loose change on a bedroom dresser.


Venezuela's problems are not the result of the government issuing money and using it to hire people to build infrastructure, provide essential services and expand economic development. If it were, unemployment would not be at 33 percent and climbing. Venezuela has a problem the U.S. does not, and will never have: It owes massive debts in a currency it cannot print itself, namely, U.S. dollars. When oil (its principal resource) was booming, Venezuela was able to meet its repayment schedule. But when the price of oil plummeted, the government was reduced to printing Venezuelan bolivars and selling them for U.S. dollars on international currency exchanges. As speculators drove up the price of dollars, more and more printing was required by the government, massively deflating the national currency.
Venezuela and other countries that are carrying massive debts in currencies that are not their own are not sovereign. Governments that are sovereign can and have engaged in issuing their own currencies for infrastructure and development quite successfully. I have discussed a number of contemporary and historical examples in my earlier articles, including in Japan, China, Australia and Canada.
Although Venezuela is not technically at war, it is suffering from foreign currency strains triggered by aggressive attacks by a foreign power. U.S. economic sanctions have been going on for years, causing the country at least $20 billion in losses. About $7 billion of its assets are now being held hostage by the U.S., which has waged an undeclared war against Venezuela ever since George W. Bush's failed military coup against President Hugo Chávez in 2002. Chávez boldly announced the "Bolivarian Revolution," a series of economic and social reforms that dramatically reduced poverty and illiteracy as well as improved health and living conditions for millions of Venezuelans. The reforms, which included nationalizing key components of the nation's economy, made Chávez a hero to millions of people and the enemy of Venezuela's oligarchs.
Nicolás Maduro was elected president following Chávez's death in 2013 and vowed to continue the Bolivarian Revolution. Recently, as Saddam Hussein and Moammar Gadhafi had done before him, he defiantly announced that Venezuela would not be trading oil in U.S. dollars following sanctions imposed by President Trump.
The notorious Elliott Abrams has now been appointed as special envoy to Venezuela. Considered a war criminal by many for covering up massacres committed by U.S.-backed death squads in Central America, Abrams was among the prominent neocons closely linked to Bush's failed Venezuelan coup in 2002. National security adviser John Bolton is another key neocon architect advocating regime change in Venezuela. At press conference on Jan. 28, he held a yellow legal pad prominently displaying the words "5,000 troops to Colombia," a country that shares a border with Venezuela. Clearly, the neocon contingent feels it has unfinished business there.
Bolton does not even pretend that it's all about restoring "democracy." He blatantly said on Fox News, "It will make a big difference to the United States economically if we could have American oil companies invest in and produce the oil capabilities in Venezuela." As President Nixon said of U.S. tactics against Salvador Allende's government in Chile, the point of sanctions and military threats is to squeeze the country economically.
It may be about more than oil, which recently hit record lows in the market. The U.S. hardly needs to invade a country to replenish its supplies. As with Libya and Iraq, another motive may be to suppress the banking revolution initiated by Venezuela's upstart leaders.
The banking crisis of 2009–10 exposed the corruption and systemic weakness of Venezuelan banks. Some banks were engaged in questionable business practices. Others were seriously undercapitalized. Others still were apparently lending top executives large sums of money. At least one financier could not prove where he got the money to buy the banks he owned.
Rather than bailing out the culprits, as was done in the U.S., in 2009 the government nationalized seven Venezuelan banks, accounting for around 12 percent of the nation's bank deposits. In 2010, more were taken over. Chávez's government arrested at least 16 bankers and issued more than 40 corruption-related arrest warrants for others who had fled the country. By the end of March 2011, only 37 banks were left, down from 59 at the end of November 2009. State-owned institutions took a larger role, holding 35 percent of assets as of March 2011, while foreign institutions held just 13.2 percent of assets.
Over the howls of the media, in 2010 Chávez took the bold step of passing legislation defining the banking industry as one of "public service." The legislation specified that 5 percent of the banks' net profits must go toward funding community council projects, designed and implemented by communities for the benefit of communities. The Venezuelan government directed the allocation of bank credit to preferred sectors of the economy, and it increasingly became involved in private financial institutions' operations. By law, nearly half the lending portfolios of Venezuelan banks had to be directed to particular mandated sectors of the economy, including small business and agriculture.
… Venezuelans are in the fortunate position of having a national government which prioritizes their life quality, wellbeing and development over the health of bankers' and lobbyists' pay checks. If the 2009 financial crisis demonstrated anything, it was that capitalism is quite simply incapable of regulating itself, and that is precisely where progressive governments and progressive government legislation needs to step in.
That is also where, in the U.S., the progressive wing of the Democratic Party is stepping in—and why Ocasio-Cortez's proposals evoke howls in the media of the sort seen in Venezuela.
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution gives Congress the power to create the nation's money supply. Congress needs to exercise that power. The key to restoring our economic sovereignty is to reclaim the power to issue money from a commercial banking system that acknowledges no public responsibility beyond maximizing profits for its shareholders. Bank-created money is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, including federal deposit insurance, access to the Fed's lending window, and government bailouts when things go wrong. If we the people are backing the currency, it should be issued by the people through their representative government.
Today's government, however, does not adequately represent the people, which is why we first need to take our government back. Thankfully, that is exactly what Ocasio-Cortez and her congressional allies are attempting to do.


Ani Atanasova is living in United Arab Emirates. Ani Atanasova is part of our authors community since July 20, 2015 and has published 10 posts.
Dr. Ani Atanasova is the CEO and co-founder of Pixelhunters - a leading 3D animations and game design company in Dubai. At Pixelhunters we are Visualizing the Future through Our Creativity of Today. Pixelhunters has gathered a team of professionals who are bound to turn our client's dreams into reality. We have worked with several key technologies in arts, graphics and designs to advance the company's core competencies in creating remarkable and informative visual outputs for our clients in varied aspects such as government institutions, corporate departments, company advertising, architectural firms, the entertainment and gaming industry.
Educational games are the way to indulge the people and make them to learn something good. Games have the detrimental impact on the development of the mind and change the way you imagine and behave.
As virtual reality perceives to recreate the reality, it also immerses the users in a believable world, sometimes this world might be from our fantasies, from our past or future.
Many consumers have experienced virtual reality in entertainment and gaming field. But beyond gaming and entertainment, virtual reality has more exciting applications in reshaping the business world.
Animation job opportunities are growing in different various of industries. Here's more about the career path to become an animator and how to know that being an animator is the right career for a person.
In the 3D world - How to Create an Award Winning Piece?
Through the technological advancement in our 3D world, the demand to make an award winning piece - like 3D animation film, 3D games, 3D architectural rendering, 3D graphics, 3D artwork and presentations increases. . Here's a blog that might be helpful for creating an award winning piece.
Pixelhunters recently released a new game made with Unity called "Arabian Heroes". Primarily with this game, we would like to provide entertainment in a Middle Eastern Style and save the world from the invasion of armies of bad crows, released by an evil sorcerer.
We, at Renaissance Capital Inc. understand that relocating to another country requires a systematic method. For any individual or family who wants to move to another country, immigration is an important decision. Therefore, it is important to choose the right partner.
On July 15, MIDI issued a new checklist to replace the controversial document checklist of December 2014. This new QIIP document checklist brings significant improvements to the file preparation process for applicants and their agents.
Life is About Hopes - Who Are The Arabian Heroes?
Pixelhunters is known as ambassador of happiness and positive mind. As a continuation of our series of positive projects, our team is happy to launch a new creation of video game called "Arabian Heroes".


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Бурсучень () — село у повіті Сучава. Входить до складу комуни Верешть.

Бурсучень () — село у Синжерейському районі.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle' ( or 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first president from 1959 to 1969.
Patriotism is when love of your own people comes first nationalism	when hate for people other than your own comes first.
In the tumult of men and events	solitude was my temptation now it is my friend. What other satisfaction can be sought once you have confronted History?
It is not tolerable	it is not possible	that from so much death	so much sacrifice and ruin	so much heroism	a greater and better humanity shall not emerge.
In order to become the master	the politician poses as the servant.
The better I get to know men	the more I find myself loving dogs.
You may be sure that the Americans will commit all the stupidities they can think of	plus some that are beyond imagination.
Authority doesn't work without prestige	or prestige without distance.
Nothing great will ever be achieved without great men	and men are great only if they are determined to be so.


text:
Q: How can I see a list of all open windows in a panel in Unity? Is there any reason why this is missing from Unity? It's a really helpful thing to have when you have a lot of windows open.

A: I've the same problem, but I found tint2. It is a bottom bar with all yours opened windows, it is available on main Ubuntu repo, and you can install it with
sudo apt-get install tint2

To help configure tint2 you can use this python based gui:
wget http://tintwizard.googlecode.com/files/tintwizard-0.3.4.tar.gz
tar -zxvf tintwizard-0.3.4.tar.gz
./tintwizard.py

Source: http://www.tuxgarage.com/2011/10/running-tint2-under-unity.html

A: A quite convenient alternative to a windows list is the windows preview inbuilt in the Unity Launcher. A minimized preview of all windows opened by a certain application is shown when clicking on its launcher icon. This is shown here on Unity 2D for three LibreOffice windows opened at the same time:

Just click on the window you want to work on to have it opened on top.
Note that all running applications that have a window opened are marked with tiny white dots on the left side of their panel icon.

A: Press Super+W to see window previews from the current workspace and Super+Shift+W to see those from all workspaces. You can close each window just by a middle click on it.

(Hold down Super by itself for a list of shortcuts that can help sort windows.)

A: Unity is a dock-based interface, the dock replaces the taskbar usually found on the gnome-panel. If i were you i would log in with a classical mode rather than Unity, which will provide the gnome-panel and taskbar, and if you do want a dock, you can use Docky or Cairo-Dock. The latter will allow you more cutomisation.

A: There is also,
Unity Window Quicklists

Unity Window Quicklists displays a list of open windows as quicklists
  for each application on the Unity launcher, and you can use them to
  switch between those windows. The quicklists are dynamic, meaning that
  when a window is closed or a new window is open, the quicklists are
  instantly updated.

More info http://www.webupd8.org/2012/06/unity-window-quicklists-switch-between.html
Download it https://launchpad.net/~alanbell/+archive/unity

A: I have developed an application indicator which shows a list of open windows. To keep with the Unity one-panel style, windows are accessed from an icon on the indicator panel.
Window-List
Category: Other, Window Management
Window-list displays a list of current open desktop windows. Windows can be activated by selecting them from the menu list.

Window-List is available for all versions of Ubuntu running Unity.
install via ppa:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jwigley/window-list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install window-list

deb package is also available from the launchpad repository.
run application by:
window-list

Once installed, open a window in the list by a right click.

A: The list of open windows in unity is shown as a dock (the launcher) would be, on the left side. If you need this on the bottom, you can use a dock like Docky or Avant Window Navigator, or possibly even a panel like the one in fluxbox.

A: You can also run gnome-panel in Unity, see How do I use the GNOME Panel in Unity?

A: Interestingly enough, shantanu, I have taken a closer look at this and found graphical indication of multiple instances of an application in the Unity dock.  What I did not originally realize is that when I click on the appropriate icon in the dock, the multiple instances of the application are graphically depicted as window previews.  From there it is simply a matter of selecting the instance in which I am interested.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Jane Ormes was born in Bromley in 1964. She graduated with a degree in Surface Pattern Design but now concentrates on producing whimsical and decorative limited edition prints that are available throughout the UK.
Her achievements include award-winning design work for Greenpeace and the Design Council's Young designers. She has been commissioned by Marks and Spencer, Dorling Kindersley and Oxford University Press for her instantly recognisable work. She is highly praised for her blend of cute characters, colours and sense of humour.
Like many artists Jane keeps a sketchbook with her to jot down amusing ideas that she can then translate into silkscreen prints. Silkscreen printing is a great technique for creating bold flat areas of colour and although it can be lengthy and highly labour intensive process, it is ideally suited to Jane's work characterised by her bold, graphic style.


text:
AECI's response plan for COVID-19
AECI established a task team in March 2020 to specifically manage the response to COVID-19. It is a pandemic having significant impact on people as well as business and economies throughout the world. In South Africa, a national state of disaster has been declared and the country entered lockdown on 26 March 2020. Various forms of lockdown are in force around the world.
The task team has developed a strategy which focuses primarily on preventing and minimising the spread of the virus but also on ensuring our business remains operational. AECI manufactures numerous products which are supplied to, among other, personal healthcare, water treatment, food and beverage, agriculture and mining. It is of international importance that these and others remain functional and therefore of strategic importance for some of AECI's businesses to remain operational.
The strategic intent of the task team is as follows:
To prevent or reduce, as far as possible, the infection of our employees, their families, co-workers and others who may come into contact with them;
To reduce the risk of COVID-19 becoming a community, national or international disaster;
To ensure prompt and adequate detection and treatment;
To reduce the level of absenteeism, due to direct or indirect effects of COVID-19;
To minimise the impact on operations and ensure AECI can honour contractual obligations and that it continues to secure its revenue streams;
To reduce the spread of COVID-19 and ultimately reduce the strain on international healthcare systems;
To ultimately restore society back to "business as usual"; and
To increase our readiness for future outbreaks.
This document details the latest response and requirements for Group businesses, employees, contractors, visitors and suppliers in preventing the spread of COVID-19, and reducing the impact on people, our business and that of our customers.
View AECI's response plan for COVID-19
Hand Washing Technique
Meeting Room Briefing
« Covid-19: One million litres of jet fuel to bring SA citizens home » Sappi starts production of essential medical items, donates to Solidarity Fund

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bonpoint Taps Hugues de la Chevasnerie
He is to succeed Sabine Brunner as chief executive officer of the French brand.
By Paulina Szmydke on November 25, 2015
Canada Goose Names Asia-Pacific Head, New Board Member
H&M Group Names Andreas Eriksson Communications Director
Louis Vuitton Names New Retail Boss After Tiffany Shakeup
PARIS — Bonpoint has appointed Hugues de la Chevasnerie as chief executive officer.
He is to succeed Sabine Brunner, who is leaving "to pursue a personal project abroad," according to the brand.
Brunner had joined the company in April 2014. She is credited with developing the label's product range and collections beyond children's wear, while significantly increasing the brand's visibility in foreign markets.
She is expected to leave the company on Dec. 4, following a transition period.
Christopher Descours, chairman of EPI, Bonpoint's mother company, said Brunner's departure follows "a wonderfully successful celebration of the house's 40th anniversary. We would like to take this opportunity to express to her our warmest gratitude for the work accomplished under her leadership [and] wish her the very best in her future projects."
He added: "Hugues will pursue the efforts initiated by Sabine Brunner to develop the Bonpoint offer and the brand's reputation abroad."
A former ceo of Burberry Fragrances, which is part of the Interparfums group, de la Chevasnerie will be in charge of establishing Bonpoint "as a fashion house" and "will also draw on his extensive experience in the beauty sector to develop the range of Bonpoint skincare products and perfumes," whose sales doubled last season as Bonpoint is making efforts to reposition itself as a lifestyle brand.
De la Chevasnerie started his career in distribution and department store management at Printemps and Galeries Lafayette, where he was responsible for the Christian Dior Parfums account.


text:
engelska svenska
engelska svenska EUR SEK DKK PLN BGN HRK CZK HUF RON CHF
Home / Group 0, 1, 2
Group 0, 1, 2 (3)
Utvald Bästsäljare Alfabetiskt, A–Ö Alfabetiskt, Ö–A Pris, lågt till högt Pris, högt till lågt Datum, gammalt till nytt Datum, nytt till gammalt
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Colibro 3
Colibro PRIMO (0-25 kg) | Onyx €259,00
Primo by Colibro is a modern baby car seat that combines three weight groups (0, I, and II). Designed for children up to 25 kg, it can be used both rearward and front facing. Why is that important? Research shows that children up to 13 kg should be driven around in the opposite direction that the car is headed. That's because in case of an accident, this particular position protects a child's head and neck better. Primo gives you the opportunity, while enabling travels for older children (above 13 kg) as well.What other features make it one of a kind? For example - the system of ergonomic reduction inserts that support the lumbar region of your child's spine and the prestigious Fitwiz harness that enables the most stable connection between the baby seat and a car seat.What's more, Primo is also equipped with a very convenient and practical feature - the buckle holder designed to help you put your child inside the seat in a much more comfortable and quicker way.What makes the COLIBRO PRIMO car seat unique? RWF DO 13 KG - The abbreviation RWF (Rearword Facing) means that the seat can be installed rearward facing. Recent studies show that this is the safest way to transport a child in car seats. The PRIMO model can be rear-mounted for children weighing up to 13 kg. 5 TILT POSITIONS - Thanks to as many as 5 tilt positions, the PRIMO seat will be comfortable even during the longest journeys. The most lying position will certainly make it easier for your child to fall asleep. PRIMO additionally has an integrated support that increases the angle of inclination for children from the 0+ group (from 0 to 13 kg) FITWIZ® BELT TENSIONERS - The PRIMO seat is equipped with patented belt tensioners of the renowned FITWIZ® brand. The pretensioners allow you to tighten the car belts better and thus stabilize the connection of the seat with the seat. This is also an important function when the seat is empty. ERGONOMIC REDUCTION INSERT SYSTEM - Such a wide weight range of the PRIMO seat has been achieved thanks to the system of reduction inserts, which additionally increases the angle between the seat and the backrest of the seat, thus securing the lumbar spine. BUCKLE HOLDER - This simple, but extremely practical function will make it easier to put your child in the seat, thanks to the possibility of holding the side forks of the seat belts open to the sides. The seat belt fork will not fall onto the seat, so you can put your child down quickly and comfortably. Safety: ECE R44 / 04 - The European safety standard ECE R44 / 04 is a prerequisite for the approval of the car seat on the market in the European Union. Each COLIBRO car seat has the ECE R44 / 04 approval issued by an accredited research institute. The PRIMO model has a certificate of approval issued by the Dutch RDW institute and additionally confirmed by Tass International Siemens Business. This standard covers a number of tests, including a front crash test at 50 km / h, a rear crash test at 32 km / h and a 360-degree rotation test. ISO 9001 - All COLIBRO car seats have been manufactured in accordance with the ISO 9001 quality standard. Product characteristics: car seat for children from groups 0, I, II (from 0 to 25 kg), rear mounting for children up to 13 kg (RWF), possibility of front mounting for children from 9 kg, accessories of the renowned FITWIZ® brand (buckles, grommets, belt tensioners), 7 tilt positions of the seat, additional integrated support for children from 0+ group, high backrest, system of ergonomic reduction inserts, breathable anti-chafing fabric, easy removal of upholstery, belt fork support system (Buckle Holder), Technical Specifications: Dimensions (length / width / height): 53 cm / 46 cm / 73 cm Weight: 8.2 kg
Colibro PRIMO (0-25 kg) | Granito €259,00
Primo by Colibro is a modern baby car seat that combines three weight groups (0, I, and II). Designed for children up to 25 kg, it can be used both rearward and front facing. Why is that important? Research shows that children up to 13 kg should be driven around in the opposite direction that the car is headed. That's because in case of an accident, this particular position protects a child's head and neck better. Primo gives you the opportunity, while enabling travels for older children (above 13 kg) as well.What other features make it one of a kind? For example - the system of ergonomic reduction inserts that support the lumbar region of your child's spine and the prestigious Fitwiz harness that enables the most stable connection between the baby seat and a car seat.What's more, Primo is also equipped with a very convenient and practical feature - the buckle holder designed to help you put your child inside the seat in a much more comfortable and quicker way. What makes the COLIBRO PRIMO car seat unique? RWF DO 13 KG - The abbreviation RWF (Rearword Facing) means that the seat can be installed rearward facing. Recent studies show that this is the safest way to transport a child in car seats. The PRIMO model can be rear-mounted for children weighing up to 13 kg. 5 TILT POSITIONS - Thanks to as many as 5 tilt positions, the PRIMO seat will be comfortable even during the longest journeys. The most lying position will certainly make it easier for your child to fall asleep. PRIMO additionally has an integrated support that increases the angle of inclination for children from the 0+ group (from 0 to 13 kg) FITWIZ® BELT TENSIONERS - The PRIMO seat is equipped with patented belt tensioners of the renowned FITWIZ® brand. The pretensioners allow you to tighten the car belts better and thus stabilize the connection of the seat with the seat. This is also an important function when the seat is empty. ERGONOMIC REDUCTION INSERT SYSTEM - Such a wide weight range of the PRIMO seat has been achieved thanks to the system of reduction inserts, which additionally increases the angle between the seat and the backrest of the seat, thus securing the lumbar spine. BUCKLE HOLDER - This simple, but extremely practical function will make it easier to put your child in the seat, thanks to the possibility of holding the side forks of the seat belts open to the sides. The seat belt fork will not fall onto the seat, so you can put your child down quickly and comfortably. Safety: ECE R44 / 04 - The European safety standard ECE R44 / 04 is a prerequisite for the approval of the car seat on the market in the European Union. Each COLIBRO car seat has the ECE R44 / 04 approval issued by an accredited research institute. The PRIMO model has a certificate of approval issued by the Dutch RDW institute and additionally confirmed by Tass International Siemens Business. This standard covers a number of tests, including a front crash test at 50 km / h, a rear crash test at 32 km / h and a 360-degree rotation test. ISO 9001 - All COLIBRO car seats have been manufactured in accordance with the ISO 9001 quality standard. Product characteristics: car seat for children from groups 0, I, II (from 0 to 25 kg), rear mounting for children up to 13 kg (RWF), possibility of front mounting for children from 9 kg, accessories of the renowned FITWIZ® brand (buckles, grommets, belt tensioners), 7 tilt positions of the seat, additional integrated support for children from 0+ group, high backrest, system of ergonomic reduction inserts, breathable anti-chafing fabric, easy removal of upholstery, belt fork support system (Buckle Holder), Technical Specifications: Dimensions (length / width / height): 53 cm / 46 cm / 73 cm Weight: 8.2 kg
Colibro PRIMO (0-25 kg) | Dove €259,00
Primo by Colibro is a modern baby car seat that combines three weight groups (0, I, and II). Designed for children up to 25 kg, it can be used both rearward and front facing. Why is that important? Research shows that children up to 13 kg should be driven around in the opposite direction that the car is headed. That's because in case of an accident, this particular position protects a child's head and neck better. Primo gives you the opportunity, while enabling travels for older children (above 13 kg) as well. What other features make it one of a kind? For example - the system of ergonomic reduction inserts that support the lumbar region of your child's spine and the prestigious Fitwiz harness that enables the most stable connection between the baby seat and a car seat. What's more, Primo is also equipped with a very convenient and practical feature - the buckle holder designed to help you put your child inside the seat in a much more comfortable and quicker way. What makes the COLIBRO PRIMO car seat unique? RWF DO 13 KG - The abbreviation RWF (Rearword Facing) means that the seat can be installed rearward facing. Recent studies show that this is the safest way to transport a child in car seats. The PRIMO model can be rear-mounted for children weighing up to 13 kg. 5 TILT POSITIONS - Thanks to as many as 5 tilt positions, the PRIMO seat will be comfortable even during the longest journeys. The most lying position will certainly make it easier for your child to fall asleep. PRIMO additionally has an integrated support that increases the angle of inclination for children from the 0+ group (from 0 to 13 kg) FITWIZ® BELT TENSIONERS - The PRIMO seat is equipped with patented belt tensioners of the renowned FITWIZ® brand. The pretensioners allow you to tighten the car belts better and thus stabilize the connection of the seat with the seat. This is also an important function when the seat is empty. ERGONOMIC REDUCTION INSERT SYSTEM - Such a wide weight range of the PRIMO seat has been achieved thanks to the system of reduction inserts, which additionally increases the angle between the seat and the backrest of the seat, thus securing the lumbar spine. BUCKLE HOLDER - This simple, but extremely practical function will make it easier to put your child in the seat, thanks to the possibility of holding the side forks of the seat belts open to the sides. The seat belt fork will not fall onto the seat, so you can put your child down quickly and comfortably. Safety: ECE R44 / 04 - The European safety standard ECE R44 / 04 is a prerequisite for the approval of the car seat on the market in the European Union. Each COLIBRO car seat has the ECE R44 / 04 approval issued by an accredited research institute. The PRIMO model has a certificate of approval issued by the Dutch RDW institute and additionally confirmed by Tass International Siemens Business. This standard covers a number of tests, including a front crash test at 50 km / h, a rear crash test at 32 km / h and a 360-degree rotation test. ISO 9001 - All COLIBRO car seats have been manufactured in accordance with the ISO 9001 quality standard. Product characteristics: car seat for children from groups 0, I, II (from 0 to 25 kg), rear mounting for children up to 13 kg (RWF), possibility of front mounting for children from 9 kg, accessories of the renowned FITWIZ® brand (buckles, grommets, belt tensioners), 7 tilt positions of the seat, additional integrated support for children from 0+ group, high backrest, system of ergonomic reduction inserts, breathable anti-chafing fabric, easy removal of upholstery, belt fork support system (Buckle Holder), Technical Specifications: Dimensions (length / width / height): 53 cm / 46 cm / 73 cm Weight: 8.2 kg
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Q. Was Judas ever saved? Did he backslide? Did he go to hell?
A. Scripture says "Satan entered into Judas":
Luke 22:3 "Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve."
John 13:27 "And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly."
John 13:2 says, "And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's [son], to betray him."
Jesus called Judas a devil:
John 6:70 "Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? "
Yet Scripture refers to Judas as "one of his disciples" (John 12:4 and Luke 6:13, 16), and "one of the twelve" (Luke 22:47; John 6:41)
Judas saw the miracles (Luke 6); he attended prayer meetings of Jesus with his other disciples (John 18:2). He had a "ministry" (Acts 1:17) and place of responsibility among the believers (John 13:29). He was trusted by the other believers - enough to carry the bag of money (John 13:29).
Apparently Judas thought - or at least attempted to appear - that he was a believer ("manifest thyself unto us"), as opposed to being one of those in the world:
John 14:22 "Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world?"
Notice what Acts 1 says about Judas - that "he was numbered among us" (v. 17, i.e., was a disciple) - that Judas' fall was prophesied in the Old Testament (v. 16) - and that he had had a "ministry" (v. 17) and was to be replaced (Acts 1:20):
Acts 1:16 "Men [and] brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesu"
Acts 1:17 "For he was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this ministry."
Further note how Acts says Judas fell by SIN (he was not FORCED by Satan, who had entered into him; he was personally ACCOUNTABLE for his actions):
Act 1:25 "That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place."
Jesus said it would have been "better for this man" (Judas) had he "never been born" (Mark 14:21).
What really amazes me is that Judas was entrusted with responsibility (handling the money) EVEN THOUGH "Jesus KNEW from the beginning.... who should betray him" (John 6:64). God ALLOWS deceivers and thieves among his people, even to be "numbered with" or considered one of us. And remember, Jesus CHOSE Judas to be one of "the Twelve"!
KNOWING that Judas was the one who would betray him, Jesus LET HIM CONTINUE with the others, learning where they hung out, etc. (John 18:2, "And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place for Jesus oftimes resorted thither with his disciples.") That's how Judas "knew the place" where to tell the soldiers to find Jesus, in his betrayal (Mat 26:47):
John 18:2 "And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus ofttimes resorted thither with his disciples."
Judas was suspicious of his own spiritual condition - it says he even asked Jesus if he was the one who would betray him:
Mat 26:25 "Then Judas, which betrayed him, answered and said, Master, is it I? He said unto him, Thou hast said."
Afterwards, it says Judas recognized "he was condemned" - and even tried to return the 30 pieces of silver. Scripture records his words to those who had hired him - "I have sinned."
Mat 27:3 "Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,"
Mat 27:4 "Saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood..."
Judas' downfall was money - the "thirty pieces of silver" - ironically, the very ministry with which he was entrusted.
Regarding the state of Judas' soul:
During the time he seemed to be following Jesus, except that when the woman anointed Jesus with expensive perfume (John 12), Judas was outraged, saying the money should have been given to the poor. It says, "He did not say this because he cared about the poor, but because he was a thief; as keeper of the money bag, he used to help himself to what was put in it." (vs.6)
John 12:3 Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment.
John 12:4 Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's [son], which should betray him,
John 12:5 Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor?
John 12:6 This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein.
John 12:7 Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this.
John 12:8 For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always.
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Q: How to add Linqpad Extension with existing code I am interested in exporting a SQL SELECT statement to a list of INSERT statements. I found a block of code here that is described as

LINQPad Extensions to generate Class and Insert Statements from SQL

However, I'm not sure how to begin using this in Linqpad. I thought I would just need to copy and paste the code into the "My Extensions" area in Linqpad but that doesn't seem to be working.
Any ideas?

A: Create a query using your database connection. Set your query mode to Program.
Append the code after the "Define other methods" comment. Add a line to Main to generate the code and output it:
CSharpClassFromSqlGeneratorExtensions.DumpInsert(this.Connection, "SELECT * from Accounts").Dump();

or
CSharpClassFromSqlGeneratorExtensions.DumpClass(this.Connection, "SELECT * from [User]").Dump();

Copy the output into another query.
I don't find the output very useful when I look at it, however.


Gerda Steiner Designs, LLC: Meeeoooowww!
It's Christine here today (from Cards by Christine) - and I have the honour of having been asked to Guest Design here at Gerda Steiner! Of course, I quickly agreed - and so today I'm sharing my first make.
I chose to use an image from All Cats - which is a fab set of three lovely fur babies, along with sentiments to match.
I firstly coloured the image with my Copics - and tried to give the look of fur by using lots of short strokes in different shades of Cool Grey. Then I fussy cut the image, and adhered it to the plain pink square using 3D foam pads, after previously shaping the image slightly with a large embossing ball. I used a square stitched frame so the the kitty could be peeking out with her gift.... and her tail could be outside of the frame.
Hope you like what I did... I'll be back with another make soon.
I'm 50-something(!), and have two grown up daughters who I love very much and am exceptionally proud of! I've recently moved up from the Isle of Wight to wonderful Yorkshire - which I absolutely love. Where else can you get such a warm welcome from lovely people? And so many wonderful places to visit and explore?
Very cute and well done. Love the colors and your coloring. Thumbs up!


Shares of Loxo Onocology Inc. loxo were indicated up about 33% in premarket trade Monday, after the biopharmaceutical company agreed to be acquired by Eli Lilly & Co. LLY, -0.52% in a deal valued at $8.0 billion. Lilly's stock fell 2.7% in ahead of the open. Under terms of the deal, Lilly will pay $235 in cash for each Loxo share outstanding, which represents a 68% premium to Friday's closing price of $139.87, and 24% above Loxo's record close of $189.96 on July 6, 2018. The deal is the largest in a series of acquisitions by Lilly to broaden its cancer treatment efforts, Lilly said. The deal is expected to close by the end of the first quarter. The company said it will provide an update to 2019 financial guidance, when it reports fourth-quarter results on Feb. 13. Loxo shares have lost 12.4% over the past three months and Lilly shares have eased 0.3%, while the SPDR Health Care Select Sector ETF XLV, -0.27% has shed 8.8% and the S&P 500 SPX, +0.04% has declined 12.3%.


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Articles published in October, 2011
Malthus's ghost and baby number 7bn
"In five days, world population is projected to reach 7 billion." – UN Population Fund, October 26
There will be 7bn of us come Halloween? You're kidding.
Someone at the UNPFA has a sense of humour, it seems. This is a terrifying prospect to some and cheery for others, while most of us find it irrelevant. Halloween seems appropriate.
This is a statistical projection, and statistical projections don't have a sense of humour.
But they do have margins of error. The UNPFA doesn't even know whether the seven billionth person will be born in 2011. Even the UK is currently relying on 10-year old census data. There are places in the world where the data are decades old and we're just guessing at the population. Still, such celebrations – if they are celebrations – do pass the time.
Time does fly, doesn't it? When I was at school I was told there were only 5bn people in the world.
In the mid 1980s, there were only 5bn. The world's six billionth person – officially Adnan Nevic of Sarajevo, although of course we have no idea who it really is – is only about 12 years old.
Each new billion comes more swiftly than the last one – it's pretty worrying.
Actually, population growth has been slowing. It grew by a third between 1960 and 1974 – from 3bn to 4bn – but it's taken more than 21 years to grow by a third from about 5bn to 7bn. The UN has a projection – the "low fertility" scenario – where the world population briefly tops 8bn then starts falling.
So Malthus was wrong?
Even Robert Malthus realised that there was such a thing as birth control. His more excitable successors, such as Paul Ehrlich, author in 1968 of The Population Bomb, have been fairly thoroughly rebutted by subsequent events. Dan Gardner, author of the fascinating Future Babble, summarises Ehrlich's three scenarios for the 1980s as "everybody dies" (starvation-triggered nuclear war), "every third human dies" (starvation-triggered virus) and in the optimistic scenario "a billion people still die of starvation".
Poor Ehrlich. Maybe next decade … What about Malthus?
He's harder to judge: his most famous argument is actually rather abstract. He argued that unchecked population growth is exponential: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. Progress in agricultural production can only be arithmetic at best: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. Eventually, the exponential always catches up and overtakes the arithmetic progress. Sooner or later, then, the population bumps up against our ability to feed everyone.
And mass starvation ensues.
That's possible. More likely is that the availability of food keeps limits to population growth. In a "Malthusian economy" living standards never improve beyond subsistence, no matter how much technological progress there is, because population always keeps pace with the growth of the economy.
Which is nonsense, of course.
Which is a surprisingly good description of human existence until, roughly, 1798, which is when Malthus's famous Essay on the Principle of Population was published. Calorie intake of rural labourers in England seems to have been somewhat less than it is in primitive hunter-gatherer societies today. Happily for humanity but unfortunately for Malthus subsequent developments were a big surprise: agricultural productivity dramatically surged ahead of population.
Does that mean we're all fine?
It means "so far, so good". Some experts think that natural resource scarcity has to catch up with us eventually. A more optimistic school of thought argues that large populations mean more good ideas to go around. We'll innovate at an ever-faster rate and solve whatever energy, resource or environmental problems come our way. The optimists have been right for a couple of hundred years.
Nothing to worry about, then.
Not quite. The modern Malthusians were looking very foolish in the 1990s: the price of skilled labour was rising inexorably and the price of most commodities, notably oil, was low. But in recent years there's been a distinct rise in these prices. Perhaps this is a temporary thing: the rising prices could spur energy-saving innovations. Or perhaps Malthus's ghost will come back to haunt us, even if not this Halloween. It's hard to say: population growth is a funny thing. Malthus himself had three children – but no grandchildren.
29th of October, 2011 • Since You Asked • 3 comments
Can you be a little less specific?
Game theorists are beginning to produce rational models of deliberate vagueness
Seinfeld's George Costanza was once invited "up for coffee" at the end of a romantic evening, and refused: caffeine would keep him awake, he explained to his perplexed date. Later, aghast, he realised: "coffee doesn't mean coffee! Coffee means sex!"
Well, indeed – but few people, if they are wise, will baldly suggest the sex. A little ambiguity is called for. Now game theorists – masters of the mathematisation of human interaction – are beginning to produce rational models of deliberate vagueness.
Andreas Blume and Oliver Board, two economists at the University of Pittsburgh, offer up just such a model. They point out that perhaps it is too much trouble to be specific, as with a business contract offering a fee plus "reasonable expenses". This isn't always the reason. "Coffee" has two syllables, "sex" has only one, and surely George's date could have made her intentions plainer without much effort.
Perhaps it's just a matter of social norms: it would have been shocking for George's naughty-but-nice date to ask him to sleep with her, so instead she hinted that an attempt at seduction might not be rebuffed.
But there is often a logic behind such norms – for example, the opportunity to tweak the message depending on how it is received. If George seemed taken aback by the invitation for "coffee", his lady friend would have retained plausible deniability. If he seemed interested but hesitant, she could have clarified the message by slipping into something more comfortable.
Alan Greenspan, the mumbling maestro of mixed messages, played the markets with one vague declaration after another, each one a nudge – but not a shove – in the direction he preferred.
The Blume-Board paper lurks on the boundary between philosophy and mathematics – and, ironically, it is extremely precise about what "vagueness" means. A working paper from the economists Florian Ederer, Richard Holden and Margaret Meyer has a more practical bent, examining the boss who finds it useful to be vague about performance bonuses.
The scenario here is one of an employer who cares about two tasks and an agent who finds it easier to do only one of them. Imagine a journalist who must both write words and spell them correctly: the boss needs both of these jobs done well, within reason: a mass of spelling mistakes is no use and neither is a tiny number of correctly spelled words.
The challenge is to design appropriate performance pay for the job, and the difficulty is, there are two types of journalist: those who find it easy to churn out reams of copy, and those who find it easy to spell correctly. The boss doesn't know which type of journalist she is hiring. It would be easy to demand the impossible, and find no takers for the job; or to pay over the odds; or to hire a journalist but then inadvertently give him an incentive to neglect half the job.
In some important cases, say Ederer, Holden and Meyer, the boss will want to be deliberately ambiguous about what sort of performance will be rewarded. Will the bigger reward go to the careful speller or to the hasty typist? One type of ambiguous contract has the boss tossing a coin and rewarding either one type of achievement or the other. An alternative contract – a variant of "you cut the cake and then I'll choose" – allows the boss to choose one of two performance metrics after she has seen what kind of performance has actually been produced.
There's a cost to all this ambiguity, of course: it's risky for the journalist, who must then be compensated. Nevertheless this can be a price worth paying.
We're used to thinking of ambiguity as a flaw in contracts, agreements and management styles. But when your boss gives you vague directions or bases your performance bonus on inconsistent and ever-changing criteria, perhaps there's method in the madness.
29th of October, 2011 • Undercover Economist • 18 comments
Why we should all trim our antlers
Robert Frank's 'The Darwin Economy' argues that there are markets in which we would be better off if we agree to throttle back
In a hundred years, if professional economists are polled to identify the founder of their discipline, the majority will name Charles Darwin, rather than Adam Smith as they would today."
This prediction, made in a recent speech in Oxford by the American economist Professor Robert Frank, has a certain symmetry about it: after all, Darwin's theory of evolution was inspired by the economist, Thomas Malthus.
Frank has a particular Darwinian insight in mind: the idea that contra Smith's "invisible hand", individuals competing can produce results that are bad for society as a whole.
Consider the vast antlers of the north American bull elk: they're the result of sexual selection balanced by other selective pressures. Elks with big antlers win fights with other elks, and mate with multiple females. However, they also get hunted down and killed by packs of wolves. Elks as a whole would be better off if they could all agree to shrink their antlers by a factor of four or five: the males with the biggest antlers would still get the girls, while only the wolves could object to faster, more agile bull elks. Sadly for the elks and happily for the wolves, that's not how sexual selection works.
In a new book, The Darwin Economy, Robert Frank sees elk antlers everywhere he looks in modern society. For example, when parents bid up the price of houses near good schools, they're engaging in a wasteful arms race: children as a whole will be no better educated as a result, but vast sums are devoted to the quest for the right school district. My flashy car makes you less satisfied with your own; if I take ladies out to the opera and Michelin-starred restaurants, other men will no longer succeed by offering scampi and chips at the Romford dog track. In short, says Frank, my spending harms you as surely as I would harm others by standing up at a concert and forcing everybody behind me to stand up in turn.
Sometimes this dynamic is the result of envy; at other times it is genuine competition for scarce resources, such as beautiful partners or elite university places.
Elks cannot reach an agreement to trim their antlers, but humans can, and Professor Frank advocates a steeply progressive consumption tax to serve this purpose. In effect, the tax would be an income tax with an exemption for savings, encouraging investment but discouraging spending sprees. Frank argues that it should be progressive because the wasteful economic arms races are at their most grotesque at high consumption levels.
I think Frank's analysis is impressive, original and thoughtful. But one need not invoke elk antlers to justify progressive taxation. And I part company with Frank on two points.
First, I am unconvinced that such arms races are quite as common as he feels. For instance, new antibiotics or cancer treatments are "luxury" goods in the technical sense that rich societies spend a greater proportion of their income on healthcare. Is this really just a race for status, for the coolest chemotherapy treatment? Frank thinks that "luxury" goods tend also to be positional, status goods – but such medical treatments seem to me to be an increasingly important counterexample.
Frank also sidesteps the idea that markets themselves can be structured to eliminate the arms race. For example, parents can scramble to buy property near an existing good school, or they can fund a new school – at least in principle. In the second case, new resources are mobilised and more children get a good education. Can education really be nothing but the anthropic equivalent of elk antlers or peacock tails?
Frank is right to remind us that there are markets in which we'd all be better off if we could collectively agree to throttle back. But he may have been too quick to assume that such markets are beyond reform.
22nd of October, 2011 • Undercover Economist • 11 comments
Wolfson's prize is impossible to win
"Lord Wolfson, a prominent eurosceptic . . . is offering £250,000 to the person who comes up with the best plan for winding up the euro in an orderly way. The Wolfson Economics Prize . . . will be the second-largest cash prize for an academic economics after the Nobel Prize." – Financial Times, October 19
Cheap at the price.
Very cheap. The European financial stability facility has €440bn to disburse, and it's a sign of the eurozone's woes that this is widely regarded as far too puny.
Let's hope somebody wins it, then.
I doubt that will happen. Lord Wolfson is offering a prize for turning an omelette back into its constituent parts.
I like omelettes.
So do I, but the eurozone is currently lacking in light, fluffy deliciousness. Hence the talk – and not just from millionaire eurosceptics – of a break-up.
Will that help?
If Greece somehow managed to leave the eurozone in a tidy fashion, that would help up to a point. Many of Europe's peripheral countries, including Spain, Italy and Greece, have a growth problem for which a neat euro exit could be a cure. Their wages and prices are too high relative to those in Germany and so they're struggling to grow. Wages and prices can of course fall, but that is a slow, painful and politically fraught process. If they had an independent currency, they could devalue and the growth problem would disappear.
Great. Well, that's sorted then.
You're forgetting about the omelette. In any case, the eurozone has two other problems that are distinct from slow growth in southern Europe. The first is that Greece's government simply cannot repay the money it has borrowed, while some other eurozone countries are struggling with their own financing for various reasons. The second problem is that many of Europe's banks lack – or are widely thought to lack – the financial cushion necessary to cope with this level of sovereign debt distress. A euro-exit, no matter how neatly done, will not solve either problem.
If Greece or Spain left the euro and devalued the peseta or the drachma, their pre-existing euro-debts wouldn't shrink. In fact, relative to the devaluing economy, they would grow. One of the questions Lord Wolfson's prize winner is supposed to answer is what happens to euro-debts after an exit – especially if, for instance, a Greek citizen has borrowed in euros from a German bank. There is no easy answer to that, as well he knows.
Is that why an orderly exit from the eurozone is so difficult?
It's one reason. Another is the transition itself. Think about what's going to happen if Greece leaves the euro: a bank account with €10,000 in is suddenly going to have 10,000 drachmas in. A salary of €800 a month will become 800 drachmas a month.
Seems simple enough.
But then the drachma will immediately collapse. Your 10,000 drachma bank account will be worth, say, only €3,000. And that means you'd have been much better off if you had moved your cash to a bank account in Germany, or converted it into euro notes.
When the Greeks figure this out, won't they start rushing to move money out of the country?
I think the Greeks are ahead of you on this one.
They can't have moved everything out of Greece.
No, and if Greece does leave the eurozone the flight of euros is going to have to be stemmed. Banks will have to close, international transfers shut down, perhaps the country's borders will even have to be closed to prevent suitcases of euros being carried across.
Sounds painful but temporary.
Perhaps – but the next problem is that if Greece leaves, anyone with euros in Spain or Portugal or Italy is going to start asking whether those countries are next. Euros in Spain will be worth less than euros in Germany. At that point a fear of a euro break-up could become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Looks like this will be a difficult prize to win.
Yes. Lord Wolfson has made his point, in a way.
In another way, it is odd to complain that a euro-exit would be messy and difficult. That is the nature of adopting a single currency: if it could be dissolved on a whim, it wouldn't have any value or significance in the first place. As with a marriage, the binding commitment is pretty central to the whole idea.
So Lord Wolfson's money is safe!
Yes. If only that were true for the rest of us.
22nd of October, 2011 • Since You Asked • 9 comments
Innovation works in mysterious ways
'I'm surrounded by technology that looks good and works well because others followed where Apple led'
Was it salesmanship or engineering? Creativity or ruthlessness? Or was Steve Jobs simply gifted with vision and impeccable taste? Whatever the true source of his success, there was more than a touch of genius about Jobs. Even his side project, Pixar, was an astounding achievement. His first love, Apple, he built from nothing and then dragged back from the brink to make it the most valuable company in the world. No wonder so many of us felt sad at the news of his passing: surely he had more to offer.
I spend my life in front of a computer, and that life is better because of what Steve Jobs created. But here's the strange thing: I've never owned an Apple product for longer than the two weeks it took to give up and send it back. (Apple's customer returns department is impeccable, by the way.) My Macbook Air? Glorious hardware, but fussy software and a counterintuitive interface. My iPad? Beautiful – but also heavy, not too fond of wireless, and refused even to turn on until I did some most impertinent things to my Windows laptop.
Apple never made a penny from me. Why, then, do I say that Steve Jobs improved my life? It's because I am surrounded by technology that looks good and works well because others followed where Apple led. Without Apple's refinement and popularisation of the WIMP environment (window, icon, menu and pointer), how long would we have waited for a graphic interface from Microsoft – and how awful might it have been? It's hard to imagine Bill Gates would have shown much interest in fonts without Apple's beautiful typography. Beyond desktop computers, there's a similar story to tell: I own an Android phone that owes more than a passing debt to the iPhone; I'm still waiting to own a Windows machine to rival the Mac Air; and every tablet in the world bows to the iPad.
To an economist the lesson is obvious: innovative profits are imperfectly appropriable. In more user-friendly language: when an entrepreneur bakes a cake, he only gets to keep a thin slice for himself. This is worrying if it discourages innovation, and in some industries innovators may be discouraged by the prospect that they must take big risks and sink big costs while society sits back and hopes to reap the benefits. Yet in the computer industry, plenty of entrepreneurs seem happy to take risks for the prospect of a thin slice of the social benefits.
A discussion paper published in 2004 by the economist William Nordhaus attempts to establish exactly how thin that slice is. Nordhaus reckons that innovators capture a "minuscule" 2.2 per cent of the total social benefit of their innovations. The other 97.8 per cent goes to consumers, partly because competitors soon catch on, and partly because no company, even a monopolist, can charge each consumer a price reflecting her individual willingness to pay.
Professor Nordhaus's estimate can be regarded as, at best, an educated guess, partly because Nordhaus is only able to focus on innovations which lead to lower production costs and thus lower prices. If that's the metric, developments such as the world wide web or penicillin barely register. Still, I think it's safe to say that both Tim Berners-Lee (the web) and Alexander Fleming (penicillin) reaped far less than 2.2 per cent of the total value to society of their insights.
Was Jobs an exception? Chris Dillow of the Investor's Chronicle, who called my attention to the Nordhaus paper, reckons that Jobs's gift for branding and design helped Apple retain an unusually large slice of the innovator's cake. Perhaps that's true. Apple's shareholders have certainly enjoyed a profitable few years. But the greater benefit has flowed to customers – and not only the customers of Apple.
15th of October, 2011 • Undercover Economist • 9 comments
Debt crisis? Let's just call it quits
We keep hearing about a eurozone debt crisis. But who owes the money? And to whom?
The simple answer is that a lot of people owe a lot of money to a lot of other people and it's all rather messy and difficult.
If we all owe the debt to each other, can't we just wipe the slate clean?
If you owed £100 ($158) to me and I owed £100 to you, we could agree to shake hands and call it quits. But even then there would be complications. You might have promised to give me £100 by tomorrow while I promised you £100 by Christmas 2015. Those two promises don't quite cancel out, especially if both of us urgently need the £100 on Monday morning.
Why would we owe each other money like that?
We wouldn't. But governments and companies do issue IOUs called bonds. The bonds have set time frames and are traded, so that kind of scenario isn't fanciful. Anyway, the point is, it's messy. And it's not the case that all the debt cancels out: some people and institutions are net creditors and some are net debtors.
"Neither a borrower nor a lender be." – Polonius
Polonius was a sententious fool. There are plenty of reasons to be a borrower or a lender. Cash is a claim on goods and services, and if you have cash but don't need the goods and services right now – say, you are a middle-aged person looking ahead to retirement – then it makes sense to be a lender. A young person, however, could perfectly prudently borrow to pay for a home or an education. All this talk of wiping the slate clean sounds very tempting if you've just borrowed money to buy a house; it's less tempting if you've spent your life saving and suddenly your savings disappear as part of a slate-wiping project.
We aren't talking about little old ladies. Or are we?
Only indirectly: most government debt is owed by states to large institutions such as pension funds, insurance companies or other governments. Pension funds and insurers are natural creditors as they have cash now that they don't need.
Now we're getting somewhere.
Perhaps. The Office for National Statistics says, for example, that the three key holders of UK government gilts (basically, bonds) are pension funds and insurers, foreigners and banks. That list includes the Bank of England, which has bought a lot of UK government debt and is planning to buy more. The three sectors hold about 30 per cent each of UK gilts.
And what about Greece?
Greek debt has increasingly been taken on by national and multilateral institutions. Barclays Capital has published estimates of Greece's largest creditors and at the top of the list is the European Union, the Greek state pension fund, the IMF and the National Bank of Greece. Foreign private banks are further down the list, although as Dexia proved last week, even a thin slice of Greek government debt can be enough to poison a bank.
Are banks particularly vulnerable, then?
You have to ask? Yes, they are, and this is why the "clean slate" view is so unrealistic. If you have a pension pot of £100,000 and 10 per cent of it is invested in Greek government bonds, then if the Greek government defaults completely you're going to lose £10,000, 10 per cent. That's annoying, but the loss is not magnified. But if your bank has 10 per cent of its investments in Greek government bonds, then when Greece defaults, your bank could be close to bankruptcy. Other lenders will refuse to do business with your bank for fear of losing their money. You will – if you are wise – put your current account somewhere else. The bank will be at best a lame duck, desperately cancelling overdrafts and refusing mortgages as it scrambles to stay afloat. The damage could be much more than the original loss.
Gosh. If only banks had been properly reformed before this crisis hit.
No kidding. Although that wouldn't have been easy – effectively we were looking to redesign the financial ship while it was still out in a storm, taking on water.
If the debt was repaid, wouldn't somebody be sitting on a pile of cash?
I'm not sure I'd accept the idea that some international man of mystery (George Soros? Auric Goldfinger?) would end up with all the cash. But yes, if all the debt was paid back creditors would be sitting on trillions. But what use would that be? Creditors are creditors because they have money they don't immediately need. If all the debt was suddenly repaid, creditors would immediately be looking for alternative investments.
15th of October, 2011 • Since You Asked • One comment
Mr Prime Minister, we like our credit cards
"The prime minister was forced to change a passage in his original speech which appeared to call on people to pay off their debts instead of spending money."
What's wrong with telling people to pay off their credit cards?
Nothing. Paying off your credit card is a marvellous idea. Credit cards are magnificently expensive if you start letting the balance accumulate.
Surely they're not that bad?
It's all about compound interest, the most powerful force in the universe, as Albert Einstein probably didn't famously declare. Compound interest can be overhyped, usually by people trying to sell us pensions. Yet compound interest of 20 per cent a year – which some credit card companies would regard as modest – is the kind of return that puts you in the same league as Warren Buffett. You don't really want to be offering your credit card company Buffett-style returns.
Why was David Cameron planning to offer personal finance advice?
I don't think he intended the advice to be taken quite too literally; surely he just wanted to echo the government's baffling mantra that it is going to pay off the nation's credit card.
No, it's just slowing down the rate at which the nation's credit card balance is increasing. In any case, the metaphor is daft, because the government is borrowing money very cheaply – about 0.5 per cent a year for a two-year loan, and 2.25 per cent for a 10-year loan.
So why did the prime minister change his speech at the last minute?
There's a school of thought out there that suddenly having every consumer in the country close his or her wallet might not be terribly good for the economy.
Aha, this is the famous paradox of thrift?
Not quite. The paradox of thrift is the idea that when we all try to pay off our debts, in fact we end up more indebted than ever.
It's a more extreme version of your idea: if everyone stops spending and starts trying to save, the economy might be so damaged that incomes fall faster than spending, and borrowing increases.
Wow. Can that happen?
It's not impossible. But it's worth examining the idea. It seems counterintuitive and bizarre that collectively we could cause a recession by trying to be prudent with our cash. But after the idea has been explained it becomes difficult to shake it off: the cause of all economic problems suddenly seems to be pessimism and the solution is for everyone to go shopping. But there are problems with that view.
Well, yes, we can't keep racking up ever larger debts, can we?
Not as an increasing proportion of overall income, no, we can't. But beyond the sheer mathematical impossibility of an economy fuelled by increasing debt-gross domestic product ratios, there's a more subtle objection. Is it really true that an economy collapses when consumer spending collapses?
Of course! What else do you expect to happen?
If prices are flexible and resources can be redeployed, then business investment should replace consumer spending. Businesses will find that it's cheap to borrow, buy land and machinery, and cheap to hire workers – in fact, they would find that it was an excellent time to invest to take advantage of the coming boom. And the boom would come: it would be investment-led rather than consumption-led.
So everyone should pay off their credit cards?
Well, maybe a little bit, yes. The case for doing so becomes all the stronger when you consider that the UK is an open economy. In a closed economy, my spending is your salary. But in an open economy, part of my spending is Johnny Foreigner's salary. As any politician will tell you, foreigners don't vote.
In reality it takes time for prices to adjust and time for resources to be redeployed, so it would be a disaster if everyone tried to pay off their debts overnight. The shift from consumption to investment can't happen instantly, so in an Augustinian spirit we must hope for the Lord to make us frugal, but not yet.
Which brings us back to the initial point: it would have been a bad idea for Mr Cameron to tell the nation to stop spending, wouldn't it?
No, because no one listens to a word the prime minister says. But if Jonathan Ross or Simon Cowell had told us to stop shopping, that would have been a disaster.
8th of October, 2011 • Since You Asked • 5 comments
Confusion at a price
The UK energy secretary wants to reform the way suppliers charge customers. But his plans seem unlikely to give a dramatically better deal
Are we living in a confusopoly? You know what I mean: trying to figure out whether it's cheaper to use one phone company's "Armadillo Everyday 500" tariff or another's "Supersava B", with a special concessionary price for the first 15 minutes of the 25-year contract. (The term confusopoly was, I believe, first coined by Scott Adams, the creator of "Dilbert".) Chris Huhne, the UK energy secretary, fears the confusopoly in energy prices, and in a speech last month, he announced his plans to do something about it.
Huhne has a point: we know that a well-functioning, competitive market is a good way to get prices down. If such a market is feasible it's far more likely to deliver good results than regulatory diktats, with all their inevitable loopholes and unintended consequences. Yet if consumers are confused about prices then competition is unlikely to produce such glorious results.
But the story is – surprise, surprise – not quite as simple as Huhne suggested in his conference speech. There are two separate issues here: people feel that it's a hassle to switch suppliers, and they are uncertain about whether they'd be better off if they did.
The first problem, switching costs, is less serious than it seems. Paul Klemperer, an economics professor at Oxford University, says that switching costs need not be bad for consumers or particularly good for companies. In a market with switching costs, what every company wants is a fat share of captive customers to exploit. But how to acquire those customers? The obvious solution is to offer fantastic deals, attract the suckers, and then gouge them for all they're worth. (This is why your phone company will happily give you a £500 phone "free"; nobody has yet offered me a free laptop computer.) The early bargains partially – and sometimes fully – compensate for the later price gouging.
Perhaps we should not worry too much, as long as the introductory bargains are generous enough. I wonder what to make of the fact that Huhne has branded them "predatory pricing" and declared that the bargains will stop. I fear it will be hard to implement that policy sensibly. For instance, Michael Waterson of the University of Warwick reckons that a recent effort by the energy regulator to stop some kinds of predatory pricing simply backfired: the deals dried up but lower everyday prices did not materialise.
The second problem, confusion pricing, seems to be the curse of our age. There is certainly reason to worry: I've written in this column before about the research of the economists Catherine Waddams Price and Chris Wilson, who studied customers who had overcome whatever switching costs they faced and were determined to find a cheaper electricity supplier. Most people missed the lion's share of the savings they might have achieved, and a quarter managed to make themselves worse off.
And yet, and yet. Eugenio Miravete of the University of Texas at Austin studies what he calls "foggy pricing" and reckons that competition is a pretty good antidote to the fog: new entrants typically have an incentive to offer simple prices to cut through the confusions, while incumbents do not retaliate by complicating their own offers.
I do sympathise with Huhne's concerns and am sure he's on to something. But his reforms seem unlikely to give us a dramatically better deal. According to VaasaETT, a global energy think-tank, energy prices in London are among the lowest of all major European cities. Low energy taxes are part of the reason – something Huhne might want to address if he is as serious as he claims about energy efficiency and climate change. But my casual inspection of VaasaETT's figures suggests that low taxes do not explain the entire price discount. The confusopoly hasn't quite got the better of us yet.
8th of October, 2011 • Undercover Economist • 7 comments
A 'Robin Hood' tax is no way to redistribute
"José Manuel Barroso, European Commission president, has proposed a tax on financial transactions to help rebuild public finances across the bloc, calling it a matter of fairness."
The idea is that every time money changes hands in the City, the state takes a sliver. No one in the City really notices, the tax revenue is huge and the government's financial problems are solved. Even better, the tax reduces speculation and so makes the banking system safer.
Wow. Sounds great!
Doesn't it, though?
There's no catch.
Don't be daft. Of course there's a catch. Imagine a non-financial transaction tax: every time anyone receives a payment, they must pay £5. No big deal if you're selling a house but quite a big deal if you're selling a packet of chewing gum.
But the FTT is a percentage, isn't it?
True, this isn't a precise analogy to the FTT, but it's worth exploring. My tax would discourage small transactions while the FTT would discourage short-term transactions. The obvious response to my tax would be to pool transactions: you'd want to be paid quarterly rather than weekly. You'd do big shopping trips, not impulse buys. Similarly the FTT encourages – say – lending $1m for a year rather than for a day, 365 times.
Either tax discourages certain transactions.
For James Tobin, the late Nobel laureate economist who first proposed the tax, that was the whole point. He expected short-term deals to dry up, so the tax was a bad source of revenue. But he thought that this would enhance financial stability.
Would it?
Maybe, but probably not. Certainly it would have done nothing to prevent the current crisis. Most of the patchy empirical evidence – collated by the Institute of Development Studies – suggests that as transactions evaporate, volatility increases. Purchases get lumpier and people only trade in response to large price movements – besides trying to avoid the tax with accounting tricks: imagine transactions being lumped together, netted off, moved offshore or removed from exchanges. If I had to pay a £1 tax on every real-world transaction, the first thing I'd want to do is set up some kind of slate with my corner shop so that we only "transacted" every three months, even if I popped in for milk and a copy of the FT every morning. Traders could get very cute about this, and none of that is likely to make the financial system robust and stable.
Still, it's a tiny tax that would raise a huge amount of money, isn't it?
Tiny or huge? Make up your mind. If you're trading the same stuff backwards and forwards a hundred times a day and the government takes 0.01 per cent of each trade, then you've lost about 1 per cent in a day. That's not tiny. Mr Barroso reckons he could raise €55bn a year, which is very roughly 10 per cent of global banking profits.
And the problem that is that the banks are too weak to pay.
No. The problem is the banks aren't likely to be the ones who pay the tax. If it was a tax on bank profits it would hit bank shareholders, such as governments and pension funds.
But it's not a tax on profits, it's a tax on transactions, and we have no idea who will end up paying it. Tax incidence is tricky: some taxes can be passed on to customers, others will end up hitting shareholders. It's reasonable to assume that in the end the FTT would be mildly progressive – assuming the tax doesn't just drive huge chunks of the financial sector offshore.
Is that likely?
Moving trades from London to New York is hardly beyond the scope of human ingenuity. Curiously, the European Commission itself reckons the tax will destroy derivatives trading in the European Union, reducing it by at least two thirds and possibly by nine tenths, and lowering GDP by 1.75 per cent, or more than €200bn.
At least Mr Barroso isn't planning to invade Poland.
But I thought this tax was also called a Robin Hood tax – rob from the rich, give to the poor?
We do have other ways to take money from the rich and give it to the poor – income tax, capital gains tax, that sort of thing. We could even tax banking profits or bankers' pay directly.
But the FTT is a baffling way to try to redistribute, and Tobin didn't endorse that use of the tax. And Robin Hood himself was a determined campaigner against erratic taxation.
1st of October, 2011 • Since You Asked • 10 comments
The honest truth about kickbacks
It may be better to get 10 per cent of a booming economy than 100 per cent of a stagnating one
An old joke: a bureaucrat from Sani Abacha's Nigeria visits a bureaucrat in Suharto's Indonesia and is impressed that his Indonesian counterpart lives in a nice house and drives a Mercedes. "Do you see that road? Ten per cent," the Indonesian explains.
A couple of years later the visit is reciprocated. Suharto's man finds the Nigerian civil servant in a palace with a pair of Ferraris. "Do you see that road?" says the Nigerian, gesturing at virgin rainforest. "One hundred per cent."
There is more to the joke than meets the eye, of course: Indonesia managed to combine severe corruption with many years of strong growth, while Nigeria stagnated over a similar period. Corruption matters, but so does the type of corruption.
And here is a conundrum. Technocrats have long offered economic policy advice to powerful people in developing countries, yet powerful people may have much more to gain by ignoring the advice and lining their own pockets. The problem is so severe it is a wonder that economies ever develop at all. But the situation is not hopeless, because contrary to the joke, it may be better to get 10 per cent of a booming economy than 100 per cent of a stagnating one.
A new working paper from Michael U. Klein of the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management argues that if elites profit from corruption and control the levers of policy, we should ask ourselves what sort of policy advice might appeal to a corrupt bureaucrat while still being sound economics?
Consider the traditional form of corruption: paying bribes in exchange for favourable treatment. This may be harder than it looks, even in a society where corruption is common: one must still find corrupt partners, establish a deal, and secretly enforce it.
Klein, who studied Nigeria in the 1980s, gives some baffling examples of behaviour that may have been designed to drive away the honest and leave only the corrupt. In one case, the boss of an engineering company arranged to meet the managing director of a large public enterprise after many requests and much waiting. When finally brought into the managing director's office, he found his counterpart facing the wall. Four hours passed; the only sound was that of a radio playing. Then the managing director turned and a deal was struck.
The waste involved in arranging, monitoring and enforcing corrupt deals can be immense – Klein has found that transaction costs of large projects rise from 3 per cent to at least 10 per cent in "complicated" environments. Prosecutions for corruption can be tough to pull off, says Klein, because big Nigerian firms had no accounts in the late 1970s. (There was also a national tradition of fires breaking out in accounting departments.) All this is dreadfully damaging for growth.
What might work better, while still satisfying the avarice of a country's elite? One idea would be for elites to hold direct stakes in commercial firms. But the result would still look like a mafia town: too much emphasis on squashing competition and not enough on meeting the needs of customers.
Perhaps this is why export markets have proved such an important element in the success of many Asian economies: domestic markets may be sewn up in corrupt deals, but the government can still insist on export success as a precondition for political favours. Only productive firms are allowed to join the corrupt club – with export markets a good test of genuine productivity. For a case study, consider decades of South Korean growth.
Perhaps there is a touch of fatalism about all this. Eventually one would hope for a world where corruption is very rare. While we're waiting for that, it's worth asking how even a corrupt economy can achieve growth.
1st of October, 2011 • Undercover Economist • 5 comments


The various fence lizards are also known as spiny lizards, so called as each scale of their body bears a keel that terminates in a sharp, backward-projecting point. This is the common iguanid of the eastern and central United States, where it is found on rock and wooden fences and the boles of trees.
Fence lizards grow to 3 inches in head and body length with the tail about half as long again. They climb well on rough surfaces onto which their claws can catch hold.
As in many other iguanid lizards the males have a distinctive coloration, in this case brilliant-blue regions on the throat and the sides of the belly. It is interesting to note that while these signal colors can be displayed to passing fence lizards, they are in relatively well-hidden places on the body and are unlikely to be perceived by a predator looking down from above.


ABS-CBNnews.com reports that Paul Valencia Santiago, the father of Miss International 2013 Bea Rose Santiago, has claimed his relationship with his daughter turned sour last year because he failed to give her P300,000 for "facial enhancements."
The report explained that Santiago, a councilor of Mandaon, Masbate, has written a lengthy Facebook post denying Bea's claim that he abandoned her and her siblings when they were young, saying "it is their mother who is living with another man." He insisted he and his daughter were getting along well until he failed to give the P300,000 she asked from him last year for "facial enhancements." He explained that he didn't have that much money at that time since he was running for public office and was also in need of funds.
"From then on, she turned cold and even colder when her mother arrived and she won the title," he said. "I and some siblings who came home from abroad just to support her attended the coronation night but we all felt her and her mother's indifference."
Santiago has demanded an apology from Bea, warning that her failure to do so might cause her to lose her Miss International crown.


A few rusty nails, some old telegraph poles and a bed grown over with brush and trees in the Huron Mountain district is all that remains today of a $2,000,000 railroad which never ran a train of cars and failed to bring in a cent of revenue. For several years men labored in the wilderness to lay 35 miles of tracks through rocky gorges and swamps from the mining town of Champion (now a ghost town) to Huron Bay. At Huron Bay an immense ore dock, buildings and homes were erected in preparation for a rush of business which the promoters of the Huron Bay and Iron Range Railway thought would make them wealthy. This is just one of the many stories which await readers interested in the fascinating long-forgotten history of Michigan's ghost towns.


I am sure that we all agree that we live in difficult times when you can expect people around you to cheat you out of your hard-earned money. Even if you own company, you can be easily scammed by the owners of other companies that might not be who you think they are. The safety of your company might be constantly on your mind, and you might feel anxious due to this to the point of not being able to get a good night's sleep. But does it always have to be like that? Do you have to be constantly under pressure worrying what the next day is going to bring? It turns out that not necessarily.
Thanks to all the help that can come from a professional cheat you out of your hard-earned money, companies can rest assured that no bad things can happen to them anymore. There are certainly many benefits of a private investigator in a corporate environment and once you make yourself familiar with all of them it might be a good idea to hire one to check for any potential frauds lurking in the shadows waiting to rob you and your company. A professional corporate private investigator has its own ways and means that allow him to accomplish various things and once he takes the matter to his own hands you can be sure that your company is in good hands.
The peace of mind is not the only reason to hire a corporate private investigator is to put behind bars those who deserve to be there in the first place. This way can you be sure that nobody else anymore is going to be scammed and that justice has been served. It also creates a better business and corporate environment where companies can learn to trust each other more and this do business more willingly.


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text:
Honda Civic WTCC TC1
Honda Civic WTCC TC1	current version 1.1
Original source Download car
360 bhp @7500 rpm
400 Nm @6000rpm
The Honda Civic WTCC TC1 is Honda's weapon for the World Touring Car Championship in 2015.
Honda announced to enter the 2012 World Touring Car Championship with a racer built on the 2012 Euro Civic five-door hatchback. The car is powered by a 1.6 litre turbocharged engine, developed by Honda R&D, and will race later in Japan, China and Macau before a two car team join the 2013 championship racing. Honda won the 2013 Manufacturers' Championship in their first full season in the series, six races before the end of the season. However, Honda were unsuccessful in defending their title in 2014, as Citroen dominated the series in their first season.
rework by P. Modesto:
https://www.facebook.com/assettocorsacarmods/posts/817675195009973:0
02 Fernando Ferreira
20 Mario Peixoto
21 Alexandre Martins
29 Pedro Lopes
32 Nuno Rodrigues
34 Joao Nunes
61 Pedro Trindade
66 Eduardo Silva
69 Carlos Barbosa
70 Ed Penco
78 Ricardo Silva
93 Tiago Lima
99 Lino Carreira
Castrol Honda Wtcc Team