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A riot of colour - Prague's Jerusalem Synagogue
Jeruzalemska is a side street in Prague's Nove Mesto, or New Town. It is also home to the Jerusalem or Jubilee Synagogue which stands out from the rest of the street due to its vibrant blue, pink and yellow exterior and its Moorish architectural style.
I last stood outside this building more than 12 years ago, disappointed to find it closed and without signs of life. This was far from the case yesterday when I had to join a small queue of tourists wanting to enter and there was a steady flow of visitors whilst I was inside. However, I have to say that I didn't take much notice of the other visitors because once through the lobby where there is a small entrance fee, I was overwhelmed by the bright colours with deep reds, blues and yellows, even more vibrant than those on the exterior. Everywhere I looked there were flourishes, curves and geometric designs that surprise and delight. And this isn't just limited to the walls and ceilings - there are also beautiful stained glass windows, patterned ceramic tiles and bright coloured pillars supporting the organ.
Apart from the visual impact, the first thing to strike me was that it must have been a confident and optimistic Jewish community to have commissioned and built this synagogue at the beginning of the 20th century. The Society for the Construction of a New Temple was founded in 1898 following the demolition of the the Ziegner, Great Court and New synagogues as part of the clearance of the former Jewish quarter in Josefov. A site was acquired in 1899 and a series of designs considered including a Neo-Romanesque building designed by Alois Richter and Joseph Linhart's Neo-Gothic proposal. The preferred Moorish design was that of Wilhelm Stiassny which was approved in 1904. He was responsible for over 180 buildings including synagogues in Malacky, Jablonec and Nisou and the Central Jewish Cemetery in Vienna. He was also the founder and president of the Society for the Preservation and Conservation of Jewish Art and Historical Monuments.
The building was realised by Alois Richter from 1905-6 at the Society's expense and the dedication took place on 16th September 1906 during the festival of Simchat Torah. It has a basilica type triple-nave with two traverse wings whilst the main facade has a large Islamic-style arch and a rosette window with a central Magen David. The window is surrounded with a Biblical quotation from the Book of Malachi "Have we not one father, did not one God create us?". Placing this quotation very prominently on the facade of a large and brightly coloured building may have been another sign of a confident community but could also have been a plea for acceptance for a community caught between competing Czech and German nationalisms. Furthermore the memory of the antisemitic violence of 1899 and 1900 following the Hilsner affair and the revival of the blood libel would still have been fresh.
The synagogue is filled with light filtered through beautiful stained glass windows whilst the aron ha-kodesh, where the Torah scrolls are kept, is decorated with a vine leaf motif and the tablets of the Ten Commandments. There is an organ at the upper level at the rear of the women's gallery. The inclusion of an organ was something that began in the nineteenth century and which provoked strong debate and objections with some Jews viewing this as the Christianisation of services. A rabbinical conference in Leipzig in 1869 considered this matter and afterwards organs were introduced in many synagogues in German speaking areas.
The synagogue survived the Second World War reasonably intact as it had been used as a store during the long occupation of Czechoslovakia. Most of the community did not survive the war and together with the restrictions placed on organised religion under the Communist authorities and regular outbursts of star sponsored anti-semitism, there was little Jewish life until the fall of the regime in 1989. In 1992, the community began renovating the building, initially restoring the stained glass windows with funding from the Czech Government, Prague City Hall and from its own resources. Further restoration commenced on the interior walls and furnishings in 2004 and other works still continue. Visitors are welcome during the summer and there are occasional concerts and exhibitions. The current exhibition focuses on the history of the Prague Jews.
It's taken me 12 years to come back to Prague to see inside this wonderful building. I won't leave it so long until the next time.
Labels: Architecture, art nouveau, Design 1900 - 1939 (Czech Republic), Jews of Prague, Travel, Travel - Czech Republic, Travel - Prague
Picture Post 47 - Terraced apartment building in Rue Vavin, Paris
Rue Vavin is a pleasant street of cafes and stylish shops in Paris' 6th arrondissement. It is also home to one of architect Henri Sauvage's most famous works - the white tiled tiered building at number 26. Completed in 1912, it is one of two tiered buildings he designed and managed to have built - the other being at 13 Rue des Amiraux in the 18th. Number 26 stands out from the rest of the street with its crisp white ceramic tiles and contrasting blue detail - a striking site in the summer sunshine.
Sauvage was interested in improving the living conditions of ordinary people and wanted to design affordable, well-lit and well ventilated social housing. This is why the building's facade gradually retreats, each level having a terrace, affording outdoor space to the residents and the opportunity to take fresh air without having to go down to the street. It also provides opportunities for tiny gardens and several of the apartments have plants growing on the terraces. Sauvage's designs were a response to the over-crowded and unhealthy living conditions of the urban poor and in line with his commitments to the Societe des lodgements hygeniques a bon marche - a company established to promote sanitary and affordable housing - something we are still struggling with today. He also worked closely with the City Council's Office of Affordable Housing (HBM) in order to implement his ideas.
He further developed his ideas of healthy living with the building in Rue des Amiraux, a pyramid style building which has a swimming pool in the centre. However, Sauvage cannot take credit for the pool - he originally wanted to place a cinema there but the HBM insisted that the pool, known as the Piscine des Amiraux be provided for residents instead. The building has been renovated and is now listed. It has also been used for filming, in particular for the award winning film Le Fabuleux destine d'Amelie Poulain, better know in the UK as Amelie. The apartments here were completed in 1925 and the piscine in 1930. 26 Rue Vavin also has a film pedigree and was used for the 1972 film - Last Tango In Paris.
Although there were plans and proposals for further terraced buildings, none were realised and in later years, ironically there were issues of poor lighting in some of the apartments. Despite this, Sauvage's ideas have clearly had an impact on social housing architecture and policy in the 20th century whilst his ideas about access to light and air fit well with those of some of the British public health pioneers of the same period, including Dr. Salter and the pioneers of the Peckham Experiment in London.
Sauvage worked in a number of styles and designed homes for the wealthy as well as social housing. One of the most successful French architects of the first half of the 20th Century, his other works include Villa Majorelle, an art nouveau classic in Nancy, built for the furniture designer Louis Majorelle, a 1933 re-working of the iconic La Samaritaine department store and an hotel in Monterey, Mexico.
You might also like Picture Post 44 - Casa Galimberti - Milan's art nouveau masterpiece.
Labels: Architecture, Design 1900 - 1939 (France), Henri Sauvage, Picture post, Travel - Paris
Villa La Roche - Le Corbusier's design for a Swiss art collector
My recent Paris trip had a bit of a Le Corbusier theme to it. I began by seeing one of his early works, Villa Planeix on Boulevard Massena in the 13th arrondissement which was completed in 1928. I followed this up by visiting one of his even earlier works - Villa Roche in Square du Docteur Blanche in the glitzy 16th, completed in 1925. The Villa is open to the public six days per week and visitors are free to wander the interior alone and even to take photographs. To complete, I managed to visit the Le Corbusier: Mesures de L'Homme exhibition at the Pompidou Centre
Tucked away behind a gate and along a gravel drive, Villa Roche is not visible from the street and is announced only by a simple plaque on the front gate. However, as one progresses along the gravel path, the Villa gradually reveals itself, first with the stilt-mounted gently curved facade and tiny box balcony and then, as visitors reach the house, the view of the double heighted window above the atrium and of the covered roof terrace. And then you go inside!
The house was built between 1923 and 1925, commissioned by Swiss banker and avant-garde art collector Raoul la Roche with a brief to design a home and a space to display his collection. Le Corbusier and La Roche had much in common. Both were Swiss born but chose to live in France. Both had a love of modern art and both were involved in the production of the artistic journal L'esprit Nouveau. Their friendship lasted into later life and indeed Le Corbusier wrote a dedication in a copy of his book L'Atelier de la Recherche Patiente, saying that Villa Roche had sealed their friendship and proved that their aims were "…clearly identified, innovative and creative…".
Le Corbusier acquired two plots of land on which to build the villa, as well as a second project - a villa for his brother, Albert Jeanneret which now houses the archive of the Le Corbusier Foundation.
Wandering through the Villa la Roche, the first thing that visitors see is the ground to roof atrium, which has the possibility of views from the ground floor, at mezzanine level and from the upper level too. The space is flooded with natural light from the window that runs the entire height of the upper floor. There is also a small balcony at the mezzanine level which affords views down into the atrium and over to the bridge that crosses this space. The balcony is echoed with a similar protrusion on the exterior of the building and is a feature that can seen in many of the architect's works.
In the rooms accessible to the public, it is possible to see some items of furniture although most of the original furnishings shown in photographs from the 1920's are either not displayed or long gone. The original furnishings included a collaboration between Le Corbusier and designer Charlotte Perriand. This resulted in three chrome plated tubular steel chairs - one for conversation, one for relaxing and a third - a chaise longue recliner - for sleeping. Perriand was inspired by Le Corbusier's approach to architecture and went on to design furniture for some of his other projects including the Swiss Pavilion at the Cite Universitaire and the Paris Salvation Army headquarters.
One of the highlights of a visit is the art gallery, with its long, narrow and curved structure, beautiful black table and elegant glass and wood cupboards. However the star of the show is the steep and narrow ramp that leads to the upper level which originally housed the owner's library. I love its dramatic sweep and the contrasting brown colouring set against the whiteness of most of the house - both interior and exterior. The whiteness is also relieved by splashes of pale blue on some of the walls and the green tint of the glass cupboard doors.
By 1927, Le Corbusier had firmed up his architectural philosophy - Five Points towards a New Architecture. Although Villa La Roche precedes this, the elements of his philosophy are played out through this building. First the pilots (or stilts) which allow full implementation of the principle of open plan with residents and guests able to roam freely including underneath the house. He extolled the virtues of reinforced concrete and its contribution to his theory of open plan saying "Reinforced concrete has given us pilotis. The house is in the air far above the ground; the garden runs under the house; it is also on the house, on the roof".
His second point relates to the long horizontal window on the facade. Of this point he wrote that "The window is one of the essential elements of the house. Progress brings liberation. Concrete is revolutionising the history of the window". The third point refers to the roof garden and says that it redefines the traditional roof as a suspended garden at the top of the building. His fourth point returns to open plan and maintains that this approach liberates the internal space making each level and its spatial distribution entirely independent. The fifth and final point refers to an open facade which allows the windows to run uninterrupted from one end to the other.
Clearly all of these elements can be seen in Villa La Roche and were then further defined in his later works. Of course, as with any architectural project, the real measure of success is how well the client responds to the finished product. La Roche wrote to Le Corbusier that "By entrusting you with the construction of my house, I knew that you would produce something wonderful; my hopes have been far surpassed. My independent way of life meant that I left you alone to create this project, and given the result I praise myself for having done so". Can't get better than that.
You might also like More Paris Modernism - Mallet Stevens, Le Corbusier and a Modernist Surprise.
Labels: Architecture, Design 1900 - 1939 (France), Le Corbusier, Maison La Roche, Modernism, Travel - Paris, Villa Roche
Ladybird By Design - books for children and a step back in time
Ladybird By Design, the exhibition currently showing at the House of Illustration in Kings Cross brings back many childhood memories for me. I was an odd child, interested in books, maps, history, the world and things that seemed very exotic and inaccessible to a child growing up in a small seaside town in the North-East of England. I don't remember there being many books in our house and we were not regular library users, which is odd given my later career path. However I do remember having a small number of Ladybird books which were probably purchased in the town's branch of WH Smith and which were treasured possessions to the extent that I remember taking them to school to show my teacher and her being a little surprised to find me reading Warwick the Kingmaker!
Ladybird publishing celebrates its centenary this year. I must admit I was surprised to learn that the company is still with us and still producing children's books. The iconic ladybird logo was registered in 1915 by Loughborough printers Wills and Hepworth who experimented with producing illustrated books with an educational focus for young children but the fifties and sixties were the golden age of Ladybird publishing for children. Produced to a winning and at the time ground breaking formula, the books featured one page of text followed by a full page illustration, no matter what the subject. Editorial director, Douglas Keen recognised the importance of layout and illustrations and commissioned leading artists and illustrators for the many series published by Ladybird.
Keen was the reason for much of Ladybird's success during its golden age. He first worked for Wills and Hepworth as a salesman in 1936 and returned to the company in 1946 after spending six years in the RAF as part of a mobile radar unit during the Second World War. Traveling widely as a company rep he spoke to teachers and booksellers to discover what kind of books British children wanted and identified a need for well illustrated, easy to read factual books. Convincing his employers that this was worth pursuing through producing a prototype books on birds, illustrated by his mother-in-law and producing the text himself, he laid the foundations of a phenomenally successful series of books.
As well as producing interesting non-fiction for children, Keen oversaw the production of the Key Words reading scheme series, which may seem old fashioned now, but which was used to teach many children to read from the late 1940's until the mid 1970's, not just in the UK but overseas as well. One of my friends from the Far East reports learning to read with this series under the direction of parents and starting school already literate. I am not one of those many children taught to read with this scheme. I was damned to the boredom of the Janet and John series and its dire text. I can still remember some of the text from those books - "Look John look, the dog has the ball, the ball goes up up up". Tedious in the extreme and I often wondered why the ball never came down down down, but I did learn to read as did thousands of other children with schemes such as these.
It is easy to underestimate how revolutionary these books were. Children's publishing today is bright, colourful and exciting but until the early 1960's many books for this age group were fairly dull with dense text and limited, often poor quality illustrations. I remember ploughing my way through a copy of the Water Babies at age 10 or 11. Not a picture in the book and very long passages without obvious places to pause - it was a miracle I got to the end of it, especially as most of it was read after lights out by holding the corner of the curtain open with one hand to let light in whilst holding the book with the other.
Over time Ladybird developed a wide ranging list with series on historical figures, travel, machines, people's jobs, Bible stories, achievements, fairy tales retold, science and of course animals. The natural history books were particularly charming and designed to promote a love of natural history amongst children. I particularly liked the "What to look for.." series with one each for winter, spring, summer and autumn. This series was illustrated by Charles Tunnicliffe a well known hand much respected painter of birds and animals. A further wildlife series was published in 1972, with a focus on conservation included "Disappearing Mammals" and "What on earth are we doing" amongst the titles. Disappearing Mammals commented that "Man has no right to rob future generations of the interest, inspiration and beauty that can be had from contacts with animals". It is fashionable in some circles to sneer at publishing from this period as old fashioned or as having a narrow view of the world. Some of these books stand up rather well to this kind of criticism when closely examined.
However, the travel books are perhaps not so able to stand up to this kind of scrutiny. The Flight series included six titles - Australia, Canada, USA, India, Africa and the Holy Land. I was the proud owner of at least three of these - India, the Holy Land and Africa. This series featured Alison and John, a brother and sister who appear to have been frequent flyers with their businessman father. Published in the early 1960's this kind of travel must have seemed enormously exciting for most British children and something few could aspire to. These children were well behaved and quite serious - John took notes in his notebook, Alison did drawings of where they had been and at least in the case of the Holy Land title, was constantly armed with her Bible from which she would read about the places they visited. The father was very engaging, asking the children lots of questions and explaining key moments in the history of the places visited.
This series has received particular criticism. The family see the world from a very white and very British point of view. The depiction of local people in the books in a number of cases would not be acceptable today - a theme further developed in the way women are dealt with in other series. Over time this began to change, especially during the late 1970's and beyond but by that time the bubble had burst, children's publishing had changed and the Ladybird approach had become old fashioned.
Despite this very British approach, the books were translated into a number of languages and were successful overseas. The books have been translated into up to 70 different languages as diverse as Arabic, Chinese, Icelandic, Malay, Swedish, Welsh and Zulu. At least some were translated into Esperanto - the international language created by I.L Zamenhof in 1887 (and which never took off) whilst others were produced using ITA - the initial teaching alphabet which was a method of teaching reading popular in the 1960's.
Marketing was a key element to the success of the books with Ladybird being one of the first lists to produce its own point of sale and promotions material. The exhibition at the House of Illustration includes a letter from a bookseller asking for more such material and a different range of books to display having sold out his previous stock.
Things change. The world moves on and Ladybird has developed and modernised its approach whilst keeping some of the key features of its early success. I recently re-purchased a couple of titles that I once owned - Flight Four - India and Flight Six - The Holy Land. I spotted them on Amazon for a couple of quid each and couldn't resist having another luck. Dated yes, innocent seeming certainly, but they still carry a certain charm and innocence and it is not difficult to see how children of the pre internet, i-Phone, modern picture book and Harry Potter age would be drawn to them.
The exhibition runs until 25th September and the gallery shop is selling old and new ladybird titles as well as postcards, posters produced for the exhibition as well as the new book by Lawrence Zeegan Ladybird By Design.
Labels: Books, Exhibitions, House of Illustration, Ladybird by Design, My London
An early Le Corbusier, a former cinema and a chance discovery - More Paris Modernism
Paris surely has one of the largest collections of modernist buildings of any city in Europe if not the world. Each time I am there I discover further examples of this architectural style, many of them in the less central arrondissements. My visit last weekend was no exception.
216 Boulevard Raspail, 1934, Bruno Elkouken
The apartment building at 216 Boulevard Raspail is a stunner. Built between 1932 and 1934 for Helena Rubinstein to the designs of the Jewish, Polish born architect Bruno Elkouken, it originally included a cinema and artists' studios as well as apartments. Rubinstein retained one of the top floor apartments for herself. The cinema, Studio Raspail, closed in 1982 but the main entrance still retains the name.
The upper floors have squared off bay windows with the facade showing some cubist features. However, the ground floor is my favourite with its rule of three canopy, glass bricks, integral lighting, and most of all, those beautiful curved rooms to each side of the entrance, one of which may once have been the cinema ticket office. The building's stylishness is further enhanced by the black stripe on the ground floor which contrasts with the cream and white of the rest of the facade.
Elkouken left Poland for Germany in 1929 and also spent time in Italy and before settling in Paris where he designed two other apartment buildings. He left for the United States in 1937, returning in 1940 to volunteer for military service. Remaining in France after the war he eventually gained citizenship and was involved in reconstruction of Dunkirk.
Elkouken was not the only Jewish architect working in the modernist style in Paris during the 1930's. Germain Debre was the son of Simon Debre, Chief Rabbi of Neuilly-sur-seine. He graduated from the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1920 having had his studies interrupted by ten years of military service, including serving during the First World War. Amongst other works, he designed the exquisite Villa Glodek in Rue Miguel Hidalgo in the 19th arrondissement. Built between 1930 and 1932, it was constructed around a reinforced concrete frame with plastered bricks and has a distinctly nautical feel with a porthole over the front door and ocean liner balconies at the upper levels.
If your French is good enough (and it will need to be much better than mine), you can read more about Debre's career here where you can see plans and images of some of his other works. Rue Hidalgo is located on the extension to line 7 of the Paris Metro - ligne 7 bis - and is a short walk from the Danube station. It is well worth a visit, not only for Villa Glodek, but also for the several tiny streets running off Hidalgo that make the area resemble a country village. Villa Claude Monet is especially beautiful and the whole area is worth spending an hour or so exploring.
Villa Glodek, 1932, Germain Debre
Boulevard Massena in the 13th arrondissement is home to two outstanding modernist buildings. I went there to see Villa Planeix at number 24-26a. Completed in 1928, it was designed by Le Corbusier and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret for the sculptor Antonin Planeix. The stark facade faces a busy dual carriageway but is protected from the noise of the traffic by a solid almost windowless bay feature and a protective fence that does not appear to be original. The bay is topped by an elegant balcony, partially shielded from the elements by a very neat and very small central canopy. It is difficult to get a clear photograph of the whole Villa without taking the risk of crossing the dual carriageway and standing beside the tram lines that run up the middle of the road. I decided to risk it and came away unscathed!
The Villa has a roof garden, double heighted atelier and external walkways and staircases. It was originally built on stilts in true Le Corbusier style, but Planeix asked the architects to fill up the ground floor void with two studio spaces that he could rent out. This was because the costs of construction were almost double those of the original budget. Its good to note that spiralling costs is not just a problem for those of us commissioning new buildings today. The Villa stayed in the hands of the Planeix family until 2013 when it was offered for sale. You can see some internal views here. One of Le Corbusier's earlier and lesser known works, it is one of a series of villas he designed for artists to live and work in. Better known is the villa he designed for artist Amadeo Ozenfant in Avenue Reille in the 14th arrondissement.
Villa Planeix, 1928, Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret
Emerging from the Porte D'Ivry metro station on my way to Villa Planeix, I came across a beautiful school built between 1933 and 1937. It appears to have retained many of its original external features including exquisite lettering over the separate entrances for boys and girls, glass bricks in the canopy - some of which are in different colours (and need a good clean!) - and ornate doors.
The school was part of a programme of building to improve the moral and physical wellbeing of children from poor families and amongst other things emphasised hygiene as a means of improving the lives of the pupils. The architect was Edouard Crevel whilst the external sculptures were the work of Rene Letourner. There is a plaque by the entrance which serves as a heartbreaking testimony to the murder of more than 120 Jewish children deported from the 13th arrondissement between 1942 and 1944, including several pupils of this school.
Crevel became the chief architect of the city in 1935 and amongst other things was responsible for the development of Parc de Choisy. Earlier, he had worked with Jean-Paul Decaux on producing the winning design for a tuberculosis sanatorium - the Sanatorium d'Aincourt, completed in 1933 - also in the modernist style. During the German occupation of France in the Second World War, the sanatorium was used as a concentration camp. Crevel remained in France during this period and appears to have worked on at least one project for the collaborationist Vichy government.
School at Porte d'Ivry, 1937, Edouard Crevel
Villa Schempp is tucked away in Rue Gauguet, a cul-de-sac in the fourteenth arrondissement, just five minutes away from Villa Seurat, a small street full of modernist buildings that were once home to some of the last century's greatest artists such as Dali, Derain, Soutine, Orloff and Henry Miller. Villa Schempp was designed by architect Marcel Zielinski and was built between 1928 and 1931. He designed adjacent properties at numbers 5 and 7, both with large skylit workshops letting in enormous amounts of natural light and windows and balconies designed to emphasise the verticality of the building. Number 5 was built for American art dealer Theodore Schempp whilst the German artist Hans Hartung had a studio there for many years. The Russian born French artist Nicolas de Stael produced a work in response to number 7, entitled Rue Gauguet, which hangs in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
My final modernist experience on this trip was to visit Villa La Roche, another Le Corbusier building now open to the public and part of the Fondation Le Corbusier which I will write about separately. And Paris still has many more art deco and modernist treasures waiting to be discovered on my next visit.
Villa Schempp, 1931, Marcel Zielinksi.
Labels: Architecture, Design 1900 - 1939 (France), Le Corbusier, Travel - Paris
Rue Cremieux - another Parisian secret
Last year I wrote a short piece about some of Paris' less well known streets and the pleasure of strolling around the city discovering its many secrets. Last weekend I was back in the city and have a new favourite to add to my list.
Rue Cremieux is a narrow, pedestrianised street, just off Rue de Lyon and a short walk from the mainline railway station, Gare de Lyon. The area surrounding a mainline station can often be a bit seedy, the streets a bit dirty and not particularly welcoming and those around Gare de Lyon are no different which is why Rue Cremieux is so special and such a welcome diversion from the noise and traffic of its neighbours.
This quiet street is a riot of colour with almost every house painted in vibrant green, yellow, purple or pink, whilst the plainer ones have contrasting colours for the doors and shutters set against white or cream backgrounds. Several of the facades feature witty images such as a cat chasing birds or metal signs featuring cats or geese. My favourites are the green painted house at number 21 with the tree painted across the facade and the purple painted house next door at 23 with the tiny birds and faux porthole. Number 21 also has some rather nice low level railings protecting the windows at both levels.
Dating from 1885 and originally called Avenue Millaud after the banker, entrepreneur and media man Moise Polydore Millaud, the street is lined with 35 small houses, each of two storeys and all to a similar design. Flooded in the Paris floods of 1910, there is a plaque at number 8 that shows the height reached by the waters before receding. Monsieur Millaud published Le Petit Journal a Parisian penny newspaper which ran from 1863 until 1944, featuring news, politics and serialised novels often in the detective fiction genre. The street's current name dates from 1897 and commemorates the French politician Adolphe Cremieux who amongst other things was responsible for the 1870 decree that granted French citizenship to the Jews of Algeria. Cremieux also played an important part during the Paris Commune, taking up the cause of the workers. When built, each of the houses had a basement kitchen and two floors of living space with an annual rent of 700 Francs (about 100 Euros or £70 at today's exchange rates), so I am not sure that many workers could have afforded that at the time.
The street has retained its residential purpose, the only exception being a hostel - L'Hotel Particuler at number 15. Its great that Rue Cremieux has not fallen pray to some of the shady businesses that surround it and has even resisted the temptation of allowing a cafe…although a little place for the locals would, I'm sure, be very nice. Coffee, pastries and all that, but of course, one business leads to another. The street is not just home to humans. I saw two cats during my visit - a small brown and white one trying to catch flies and "hunting" between the many plants and shrubs that sit outside each of the properties and a very large marmalade cat having a sleep outside a red door. Rue Cremieux is a little piece of peace amongst the bustle of one of the world's greatest cities.
You might also like - Secret Paris
Labels: Architecture, Rue Cremieux, Travel - Paris
Picture Post 47 - Terraced apartment building in R...
Villa La Roche - Le Corbusier's design for a Swiss...
Ladybird By Design - books for children and a step...
An early Le Corbusier, a former cinema and a chanc...


Buying a piece of IKEA furniture is generally a bit of a gamble in terms of potential complexity, but these clever joints are designed to radically simplify and speed up the process across the board.
The so-called "wedge dowel" makes it possible to put together wood products without bolts or screws, hex keys or screwdrivers. The ribbed connector and associated slot lets large objects remain flat-packed for shipping then fit together for long-term durability (without any glue or loss in structural integrity).
Historically, some IKEA items have come pre-assembled but at a size that makes them hard to transport. Other smaller items can pack flat but demand a dizzying array of little parts and associated tools. This single joint is letting the company replace dozens of metal fittings for certain sizable items.
The company first started using the dowel system in its Stockholm cabinet series (above) as a test, but now plans to roll it out across its furniture lines, moving next to the Lisabo table. What used to take a half hour can now be connected with these wedge joints in three minutes.
And it is not just a function of assembly: these joints make it easier to take things apart again, making them particularly useful in a day and age where people move frequently for work and other reasons. Some of their furniture lines are expected to adopt the wedge joint entirely.


PS: This is for my reference that I copied from cplusplus.com.
Normally median filters are applied to remove speckle noises in an Image. There are many variations of Median Filters but all these variations are for choosing the kernel dimensions and shape. What i mean by kernel is that it could be a 3X3 kernel or 5X4 kernel or a radius 3 kernel.
A radius 3 kernel will have 29 elements to be sorted before you can pick the median.
RGB Planar data. The bit depth Per pixel is 8 bits.
The following code is PseuodCode and good for one dimensional data.
How to Avoid Integer overflow in C?
NOTE:ULONG_MAX is normally defined in limits.h. And it is dependent on the Processor.
Comments Off on How to Avoid Integer overflow in C?


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Fortnite Battle Royale Apk Download And Install (iOS And Android)
Fortnite Battle Royale Game has officially announced for both iOS and Android devices. But you're obviously wondering how you can play Fortnite Battle Royale game on your iPhone, iPad. This fortnite apk first was released for Apple's devices. But later it has been released for all over the devices except Pc/Desktop And Laptops.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}

Astrophysical evidence suggests that 84\% of the matter in the Universe is constituted by dark matter (DM).
However, the constitution and the properties of DM are still unknown. One longstanding candidate of thermal DM is the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) with weak scale interaction. Due to null conclusive evidence of WIMP search at DM direct detection (DD) experiments~\cite{Schumann:2019eaa}, however, much more efforts have been recently paid to the hypotheses beyond the WIMP in both theoretical and experimental aspects. The explorations of alternative DM candidates motivated a hypothetical light particle with sub-GeV mass~\cite{Griest:1990kh,Essig:2011nj,Essig:2017kqs,Elor:2021swj} or macroscopic objects such as primordial black holes (PBHs)~\cite{Zeldovich:1967lct,Carr:1974nx,Carr:1975qj} (see Ref.~\cite{Carr:2021bzv} for a recent review).

The DM in the Milky Way (MW) halo can be in part composed of a non-thermal light DM which gets boosted to a semi-relativistic velocity by cosmic rays~\cite{Cappiello:2018hsu,Yin:2018yjn,Bringmann:2018cvk,Ema:2018bih}, the DM semi-annihilation~\cite{DEramo:2010keq} or the annihilation of heavier DM component~\cite{Agashe:2014yua}. The boosted DM (BDM) was proposed in many well-motivated DM models and can induce high-energy recoil events by upscattering on electrons in the terrestrial experiments~\cite{Kannike:2020agf,Fornal:2020npv,Su:2020zny,Cao:2020bwd,Lei:2020mii,Bloch:2020uzh,Kannike:2020agf}.
On the other hand, it is well known that PBHs with the mass $\sim 10^{15}$ g would evaporate due to Hawking radiation~\cite{Hawking:1974rv} and cannot provide all the observed abundance of DM~\cite{Barrau:2003xp}. The emitted particles such as gamma-rays and $e^\pm$ in the evaporation process suffer from a variety of cosmological constraints~\cite{Carr:2020gox,Laha:2019ssq,Laha:2020ivk,Saha:2021pqf,Ray:2021mxu}. The neutrinos emitted from PBHs were also studied to a large extent~\cite{Dasgupta:2019cae,Wang:2020uvi,Calabrese:2021zfq,DeRomeri:2021xgy,Ghosh:2021vkt,Capanema:2021hnm,Chao:2021orr,Bernal:2022swt}.
The emitted particles can acquire energies to a few hundred MeV from the evaporation of PBHs with the mass $\sim 10^{15}$ g. The light particles can gain enough kinetic energy to travel through the Earth and reach the terrestrial detectors. Besides the Standard Model (SM) particles, there is a possibility that the present PBHs play as a novel source to produce and boost light DM~\cite{Khlopov:2004tn}. It is thus interesting to confine the PBHs through the boosted DM scattering with current and future terrestrial facilities.

In this work we explore the boosted DM from the present PBH evaporation (denoted by ``PBHBDM'' below) so as to connect the macroscopic PBHs to sub-GeV DM particle. The PBHs with mass $\sim 10^{14}-10^{16}$ g evaporate DM flux in the present Universe. The light components of DM are boosted to (semi-)relativistic velocities. Then PBHBDM travels through the Earth and scatters with the electrons in the underground detector targets of the terrestrial experiments~\footnote{The scattering of boosted DM evaporated from PBHs and nucleons was studied in Ref.~\cite{Calabrese:2021src}.}. The electrons then induce photoelectron signatures in the time-projection chambers (TPCs). Such ``S2'' signature can be sensitive to smaller DM mass region compared to the DM-nucleon scattering.

Both neutrino and DM scattering experiments can search for the PBHBDM in light of the electron elastic scattering events.
Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) with 161.9 kiloton-years exposure~\cite{Super-Kamiokande:2017dch} provide a strong constraint on sub-GeV BDM~\cite{Ema:2018bih}. The kinetic energy of the recoiled electron is above 100 MeV at Super-K.
The Xenon collaboration recently collected low-energy electron recoil data from the XENON1T experiment with an exposure of
0.65 tonne-years and reported the event distribution with a broad spectrum~\cite{XENON:2020rca}. If using the BDM event rate as well as the XENON1T data, one can construct a conservative method to give a general exclusion limit on the DM-electron scattering.
This limit then becomes a strong existing constraint on DM lighter than a few MeV. We will obtain the current constraints from Super-K and XENON1T on PBHBDM, and compute the prospects in future Xenon experiments. Moreover, these bounds can also be converted into the upper limit on the fraction of DM composed of PBHs $f_{\rm PBH}$. Compared with the current evaporation constraints from extragalactic gamma-rays, we expect the bound on $f_{\rm PBH}$ can be improved from terrestrial facilities.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:PBH} we evaluate the BDM spectrum from PBH evaporation. The DM-electron scattering and the scattering rate in the terrestrial facilities are then calculated in Sec.~\ref{sec:BDMelectron}. We obtain the current constraints on PBHs from Super-K and XENON1T, and give the future prospects in XENONnT in Sec.~\ref{sec:res}. Our conclusions are drawn in Sec.~\ref{sec:Con}.

\section{The DM flux from PBH evaporation}
\label{sec:PBH}

The PBHs have quantum properties and thermally radiate with a temperature~\cite{Hawking:1975vcx,Page:1976df,Page:1977um,MacGibbon:1990zk,MacGibbon:1991tj}
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{\rm PBH}= {\hbar c^3\over 8\pi G M_{\rm PBH} k_{\rm B}}\approx 10^{-7}\Big({M_{\rm PBH}\over M_\odot}\Big)^{-1} {\rm K}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $G$ is the Newtonian constant of gravitation, $M_{\rm PBH}$ denotes the PBH mass and $k_{\rm B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
We use the public code BlackHawk v2.0~\cite{Arbey:2019mbc,Arbey:2021mbl}~\footnote{BlackHawk v2.0 provides the additional emission of massive DM and we directly apply it to our massive Dirac fermion DM case.} to calculate the differential number of DM per unit time emitted by PBHs~\cite{Hawking:1971ei,Page:1976df,Page:1976ki}
\begin{eqnarray}
{d^2N_\chi\over dT_\chi dt}={g_\chi\over 2\pi}{\Gamma(T_\chi,M_{\rm PBH})\over {\rm exp}((T_\chi+m_\chi)/k_{\rm B}T_{\rm PBH})+1}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Gamma$ is the function of greybody factor which encodes the probability of an
elementary spin-1/2 DM $\chi$ to escape the PBH gravitational well, $T_\chi$ is the emitted DM kinetic energy and $g_\chi=4$ denotes the degrees of freedom for the emitted DM as Dirac fermions. We next ignore the spin of PBH for simplicity~\footnote{It is customary in the literatures to only consider non-spinning PBHs (in Refs.~\cite{Wang:2020uvi,Calabrese:2021zfq,Calabrese:2021src} and etc.).
In principle, spinning PBHs evaporate faster than the non-spinning PBHs and thus can contribute to the DM content nowadays for $M_{\rm PBH}\gtrsim 7\times 10^{15}$ g~\cite{Dasgupta:2019cae}. In this work, we focus on $M_{\rm PBH}\lesssim 1\times 10^{16}$ g and only consider non-spinning PBHs.}.

For the DM flux from PBH evaporation, we consider the contributions of both the PBHs in galactic halo and
the extragalactic PBHs~\cite{Wang:2020uvi,Calabrese:2021zfq,DeRomeri:2021xgy}
\begin{eqnarray}
{d^2\phi_\chi\over dT_\chi d\Omega}={d^2\phi_\chi^{\rm MW}\over dT_\chi d\Omega}+{d^2\phi_\chi^{\rm EG}\over dT_\chi d\Omega}\;,
\label{eq:PBHnu}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\phi_\chi^{\rm MW}$ and $\phi_\chi^{\rm EG}$ correspond to the DM flux from PBHs in Milky Way (MW) and extragalactic (EG) PBHs, respectively, and $\Omega$ is the solid angle.
The differential galactic DM flux is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
{d^2\phi_\chi^{\rm MW}\over dT_\chi d\Omega}={f_{\rm PBH}\over 4\pi M_{\rm PBH}} {d^2N_\chi\over dT_\chi dt} \int {d\Omega_s\over 4\pi}\int dl \rho_{\rm MW}[r(l,\psi)]\;,
\label{eq:MWnuflux}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_{\rm PBH}$ denotes the fraction of DM composed of PBHs, $\rho_{\rm MW}[r(l,\psi)]$ is the DM density of the MW halo, $r(l,\psi)=\sqrt{r_\odot^2+l^2-2lr_\odot \cos\psi}$ is the galactocentric distance with $r_\odot$ the solar distance from the galactic center, $l$ the line-of-sight distance to the PBH and $\psi$ the angle between these two directions. The maximal limit of distance $l$ is taken to be $(r_h^2-r_\odot^2 \sin^2\psi)^{1/2}+r_\odot \cos\psi$ with the halo radius being $r_h=200$ kpc~\cite{Wang:2020uvi}. The angular integration is defined as $\int d\Omega_s=\int_0^{2\pi}d\phi \int_0^\pi d\psi \sin\psi$ with the azimuthal angle $\phi$. For illustration, we employ the generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) DM profile~\cite{Navarro:1996gj}
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho_{\rm MW}(r)=\rho_\odot \Big({r\over r_\odot}\Big)^{-\gamma} \Big({1+r_\odot/r_s\over 1+r/r_s}\Big)^{3-\gamma}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho_\odot=0.4~{\rm GeV}/{\rm cm}^3$ is the local DM density, $r_\odot=8.5$ kpc, $r_s=20$ kpc is the radius of the galactic diffusion disk, and the inner slope of the NFW halo profile is fixed as $\gamma=1$. For the extragalactic contribution, the corresponding differential BDM flux over the full sky is
\begin{eqnarray}
{d^2\phi_\chi^{\rm EG}\over dT_\chi d\Omega}={f_{\rm PBH}\rho_{\rm DM}\over 4\pi M_{\rm PBH}}\int^{t_{\rm max}}_{t_{\rm min}} dt [1+z(t)]{d^2N_\chi\over dT_\chi dt}\Big|_{E^s_\chi}\;,
\label{eq:EGnuflux}
\end{eqnarray}
where the average DM density of the Universe at the
present epoch determined by Planck~\cite{Planck:2018vyg} is $\rho_{\rm DM}=2.35\times 10^{-30}~{\rm g}/{\rm cm}^3$, $E^s_\chi=\sqrt{(E_\chi^2-m_\chi^2)(1+z(t))^2+m_\chi^2}$ denotes the energy at the source which is related to the energy $E_\chi$ in the observer's frame by the redshift $z(t)$. The DM emitted from the PBHs in the very early Universe is sufficiently redshifted.
As a result, their energies are very low today and cannot be detected. Thus, for the integral limits, we fix $t_{\rm min}=10^{11}$ s being close to the era of matter-radiation equality~\cite{Wang:2020uvi} and $t_{\rm max}=\tau_0$ with $\tau_0$ as the age of Universe. Actually, it turns out that changing the lower limit has no impact on the results~\cite{DeRomeri:2021xgy}. In Fig.~\ref{fig:BDMflux} we show the differential BDM flux from PBHs $f_{\rm PBH}^{-1}d^2\phi_\chi/dT_\chi d\Omega$ for three benchmark values of $M_{\rm PBH}$. As seen in Eqs.~(\ref{eq:MWnuflux}) and (\ref{eq:EGnuflux}), smaller PBHs exhibit harder spectra of the evaporated DM.
The PBHBDMs have maximal kinetic energies of order $T_\chi\sim \mathcal{O}(100)$ MeV for $M_{\rm PBH}\lesssim 10^{15}$ g.
The spectrum generally peaks at lower energies for each PBH mass. The energy where the spectrum peaks at is higher for less massive PBH.

\begin{figure}[htb!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.9\linewidth]{BDMfluxnew.png}
\end{center}
\caption{The differential BDM flux from PBHs $f_{\rm PBH}^{-1}d^2\phi_\chi/dT_\chi d\Omega$ as a function of kinetic energy $T_\chi$ for three benchmark values of $M_{\rm PBH}=5\times 10^{14}$ g (blue), $1\times 10^{15}$ g (red), and $8\times 10^{15}$ g (black). The EG and MW contributions are denoted by solid and dashed lines, respectively. We fix $m_\chi=1$ MeV.
}
\label{fig:BDMflux}
\end{figure}

\section{PBHBDM-electron scattering in the terrestrial facilities}
\label{sec:BDMelectron}

The produced BDM $\chi$ can travel a distance underground and scatter with the electrons in the detector of the terrestrial facilities. After traveling a distance of $z$, the actual DM flux reaching the detector is given by~\cite{Calabrese:2021src}
\begin{eqnarray}
	{d^2\phi_\chi^d\over dT_\chi^d d\Omega}\approx {4m_\chi^2 e^\tau\over (2m_\chi+T_\chi^d-T_\chi^d e^\tau)^2}{d^2\phi_\chi\over dT_\chi d\Omega}\Big|_{T^0_\chi}\;,
\label{eq:DMflux}
\end{eqnarray}
where $T_\chi^0$ and $T_\chi^d$ are defined as the DM kinetic energies at Earth's surface
and at the detector, respectively. They are related as
\begin{eqnarray}
	T^0_\chi(T^d_\chi)={2m_\chi T^d_\chi e^\tau\over 2m_\chi+T^d_\chi-T^d_\chi e^\tau}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tau=z/\ell_{\rm int}^\oplus$\,,
with
\begin{eqnarray}
z=-(R-d)\cos\theta_z+\sqrt{R^2-(R-d)^2\sin^2\theta_z}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
	\ell_{\rm int}^\oplus=\Big[n^\oplus_e\sigma_{\chi e}{2m_e m_\chi\over (m_e+m_\chi)^2}\Big]^{-1}\;.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $R$ is the radius of the Earth, $\theta_z$ is the zenith angle of the detector, $d$ is the depth of the detector from the Earth surface at the zero zenith angle, $\sigma_{\chi e}$ is the total cross section of BDM-electron scattering, and $n^\oplus_e$ is the electron number density of the Earth. For simplicity, we take the average value over the Earth, i.e., $n^\oplus_e=8\times10^{23}~\text{cm}^{-3}$~\cite{Ema:2018bih}.
Note that the BDM can also be stopped by the scattering in the atmosphere~\cite{Emken:2018run,Bringmann:2018cvk,Ema:2018bih,Cappiello:2019qsw} and there would be an additional $z/\ell_{\rm int}^{\rm atm}$ due to atmosphere attenuation in quantity $\tau$. To estimate the electron number density in the atmosphere, we consider the density profile of the US Standard Atmosphere model with an altitude of $d^{\rm atm}=86$ km~\cite{Emken:2018run}. The atmosphere was modeled as 4 layers of falling mass density as a function of the altitude. We take a constant density $\rho=1.1~{\rm kg}~{\rm m}^{-3}$ in the first layer and the most abundant
elements in the atmosphere (nitrogen and oxygen) to obtain the most optimistic number density of electron as $n_e^{\rm atm}=3.2\times 10^{20}~{\rm cm}^{-3}$. For zero zenith angle, we find that the value of $d^{\rm atm}n^{\rm atm}_e$ in $\tau$ is 30 and 40 times smaller than $dn^\oplus_e$ of Super-K and XENON1T detectors, respectively.
Thus, the atmosphere attenuation is negligible and we neglect it in the following analysis.

After combining the above DM flux, the number of scattered DM events per unit time per solid angle per
recoil energy $T_e$ of the electron, is then given by
\begin{eqnarray}
	{d^3 N_\chi\over dt d\Omega dT_e}=N_e\int dT_\chi^d  \sigma_{\chi e}D^e_\chi(T_e,T_\chi^d) {d^2\phi_\chi^d\over dT_\chi^d d\Omega}\;,
	\label{eq:dN}
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_e$ is the total number of free electrons in targets for a detector.
We define a transfer function which encodes the electron energy spectrum induced by the scattering with BDM $\chi$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
	D^e_\chi(T_e,T_\chi)={1\over T_e^{\rm max}(T_\chi)}\Theta(T_e^{\rm max}(T_\chi)-T_e)\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where the final kinetic energy of electrons is
\begin{eqnarray}
	T_e=T_e^{\rm max}{1-\cos\theta\over 2}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
	T_e^{\rm max}={2m_e(T_\chi^2+2m_\chi T_\chi)\over (m_\chi+m_e)^2+2m_e T_\chi}\;.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\theta$ is the scattering anle in the center of mass (CM) frame, and we assume the scattering is isotropic in the CM frame.

\begin{figure}[htb!]
	\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.8\linewidth]{events_SK.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.8\linewidth]{events_XENON.pdf}
	\end{center}
	\caption{Top: the predicted event spectrum (blue dashed) and the estimated backgrounds (red solid) at Super-K. For the predicted events, we set $\alpha_1=-0.35$, $\alpha_2=0$ and $\alpha_3=0$.  Bottom: the electron recoil spectrum in XENON1T induced by PBHBDM with (blue dashed) the background model spectrum $B_0$ (red solid).
	}
	\label{fig:events}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Super-Kamiokande}
\label{sec:superk}
\begin{table}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{| c |  c |  c |  c | }
		\hline
		Energy bin  & Data& Background  & Uncertainty \\
		\hline
		$0.1\text{ GeV} < T_e<1.33\text{ GeV} $  & 4042& 3992.9 &19\%\\
		\hline
		$1.33\text{ GeV} < T_e<20\text{ GeV} $    & 658 & 772.6&19\% \\
		\hline
		$T_e>20\text{ GeV}$    &  3& 7.4& 23\%  \\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\caption{The number of measured events, estimated backgrounds and systematic uncertainties for each electron recoil energy bin at Super-K~\cite{Super-Kamiokande:2017dch}. }
	\label{Table: SK}
\end{table}

To set bounds on the PBHBDM parameter space from Super-K, we use the ``electron elastic scatter-like'' events from Ref.~\cite{Super-Kamiokande:2017dch}, and define the $\chi^2$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
	\chi^2=\sum_{i=1}^3 \min_{\alpha_i} \left[2\left(N_\text{th}^i-N_\text{obs}^i+N_\text{obs}^i\ln\frac{N_\text{obs}^i}{N_\text{th}^i}\right)+\left(\frac{\alpha_i}{\sigma_i}\right)^2\right]\,,\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where the predicted number of events per bin $N_\text{th}^i=N_\text{bkg}^i(1+\alpha_i)+N_\text{sig}^i$. Here $N_\text{bkg}^i$ ($N_\text{obs}^i$) [$N_\text{sig}^i$] is the number of background (observed) [signal] events in each bin, $\alpha_i$ is the background normalization factor that is minimized over, and $\sigma_i$ is the uncertainty for each bin. The main background at Super-K is due to atmospheric neutrinos~\cite{Super-Kamiokande:2017dch}. Follow Ref.~\cite{Super-Kamiokande:2017dch}, we take a conservative value of $19\%$ for the uncertainties in the two lower energy bins, and 23\% for the uncertainty in the highest energy bin. The number of measured event, estimated background and the uncertainty for each energy bin are listed in Table~\ref{Table: SK}.
For the signal events, we take into account the Earth attenuation effect in the calculation of the predicted number of events from PBHBDM.
Since the distance between the detector and the surface of the Earth depends on the direction of observation, we also integrate over the solid angle for the Super-K detector. The predicted number of events is obtained by integrating Eq.~(\ref{eq:dN}) over the solid angle with the data-taking time of 2628.1 days and  $N_e^\text{SK}=7.5\times10^{33}$, and we also apply the signal efficiency extracted from Fig.~1 in Ref.~\cite{Super-Kamiokande:2017dch}.
For illustration, a predicted event spectrum for $M_{\rm PBH}=10^{15}$ g, $f_{\rm PBH}=3.9\times10^{-7}$, $\sigma_{\chi e}=10^{-33.5}~{\rm cm}^2$, $m_\chi=10^{-3}$ GeV with $\alpha_1=-0.35$, $\alpha_2=0$ and $\alpha_3=0$ at Super-K is shown in the upper panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:events}. The number of PBHBDM events drops very fast as the electron recoil energy increases, and there are almost no PBHBDM events at the higher energy bins.
The background-only hypothesis yields a $\chi^2_{0}=2.7$, and the 2$\sigma$ exclusion bound is set with $\Delta \chi^2=\chi^2-\chi^2_{0}=4.0$  for one degree of freedom.

\subsection{XENON1T and prospects}
\label{sec:xenon1t}

We also use the XENON1T electron recoil data measured in Ref.~\cite{XENON:2020rca} to set bounds on PBHBDM. After taking account of the Earth attenuation effect, the differential number of events from PBHBDM is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
{d N_\chi\over dT_e}= Z_\text{eff}^\text{Xe}(T_e){M_\text{det} t\over m_\text{Xe}} \int  d\Omega dT_\chi^d  \sigma_{\chi e} D^e_\chi(T_e,T_\chi^d) {d^2\phi^d_\chi\over dT^d_\chi d\Omega}   \;,\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where $M_\text{det}$ is the fiducial mass of the detector, $t$ is the exposure time, $m_\text{Xe}$ is the atomic mass of Xenon, and $Z_\text{eff}^\text{Xe}$ is the effective electron charge of Xenon that depends on the electron recoil energy $T_e$. Here we take the values of $Z_\text{eff}^\text{Xe} (T_e)$ from the Appendix A of Ref.~\cite{AtzoriCorona:2022jeb}, which are obtained by using the edge energies extracted from the photoabsorption data~\cite{Chen:2016eab,Henke:1993eda}.
To compare with the measured data in Fig.~4 of Ref.~\cite{XENON:2020rca}, we take $M_\text{det} t = 1$ ton$\cdot$year, and convolve the differential number of events with a Gaussian detector response function for the electron recoil spectrum
\begin{eqnarray}
	\sigma(E)=a\sqrt{E}+bE\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $a=0.31~\sqrt{\rm keV}$ and $b=0.0037$~\cite{XENON:2020rca}. We further apply the detector efficiency and add the background $B_0$ from Ref.~\cite{XENON:2020rca} to the PBHBDM contribution. The background components at XENON1T come from solar neutrinos, $\gamma$ emissions from radioimpurities in detector materials, $\beta$ decay of $^{214}$Pb, $^{85}$Kr, and $^{133}$Xe, internal conversion of $^{131\rm m}$Xe and $^{83\rm m}$Kr, and electron capture of $^{125}$I and $^{124}$Xe~\cite{XENON:2020rca}. To place the bound on PBHDM parameter space, we define a simple test statistic as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
	\chi^2=\sum_i \frac{\left[\frac{dN_{\chi+B_0,i}}{dT_\text{rec}}-\frac{dN_{obs, i}}{dT_\text{rec}}\right]^2}{\sigma_i^2}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $T_\text{rec}$ is the reconstructed energy after the smearing, $\frac{dN_{obs, i}}{dT_\text{rec}}$ and $\sigma_i$ are the observed event rate and uncertainty in the $i^\text{th}$ bin extracted from Fig.~4 in Ref.~\cite{XENON:2020rca}, respectively. We find the background-only hypothesis yields a $\chi^2_{B_0}=46.4$. The 2$\sigma$ bound is estimated with $\Delta \chi^2=\chi^2-\chi^2_{B_0}=4.0$  assuming the test
statistic follows a chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom.

For the projected sensitivity at the future XENONnT experiment~\cite{XENON:2020kmp}, we consider a detector with 20 ton$\cdot$year exposure. We use the same binning as the measured spectrum at XENON1T and perform a $\chi^2$ analysis with
\begin{eqnarray}
	\chi^2=\sum_i \frac{N_{\chi,i}^2}{N_{B,i}}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_{\chi,i}$ ($N_{B,i}$) is the expected number of signal (background) events
in the $i^\text{th}$ bin at XENONnT. The detection efficiency and the energy resolution are assumed to be the same as those in the current XENON1T detector, and the number of background events per ton$\cdot$year are reduced by a factor of 6 at XENONnT~\cite{XENON:2020rca, XENON:2020kmp}.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:res}
We first show the bounds on the $\sigma_{\chi e}$ versus $m_\chi$  parameter space from Super-K and XENON1T in Fig.~\ref{fig:limit} assuming $M_{\rm PBH}=1\times 10^{15}$ g and $f_{\rm PBH}=3.9\times 10^{-7}$ allowed by the current constraints from extragalactic gamma-rays~\cite{Carr:2020gox}.
From Fig.~\ref{fig:limit}, one can see that
the DM-electron cross section between $5\times10^{-34}$ ($4\times10^{-34}$) and $3\times10^{-32}~{\rm cm}^2$ ($1\times10^{-32}~{\rm cm}^2$) is excluded by XENON1T (Super-K) for light $m_\chi\lesssim 1$ MeV. Above this region, the cross section $\sigma_{\chi e}$ is too large to make the BDM reach the detector.
We also estimate the projected sensitivity on $\sigma_{\chi e}$ as a function of $m_\chi$ at future XENONnT experiment with 20 ton$\cdot$year exposure~\cite{XENON:2020kmp}.
As we see from Fig.~\ref{fig:limit}, the future XENONnT experiment can improve the current lower bounds by about a factor of 3.
The constraints on the $\sigma_{\chi e}-m_\chi$ parameter space from various DM direct detection experiments are also added for comparison, and we see that the regions to the right of the curves have been already excluded by existing DM direct detection experiments.

These bounds can also be translated into the upper limit on $f_{\rm PBH}$ as a function of $M_{\rm PBH}$, which is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:PBH} for different DM-electron cross sections and $m_\chi=10^{-3}$ GeV. As we see from Fig.~\ref{fig:PBH}, the bounds from Super-K and XENON experiments are complementary to each other. For illustration, assuming $\sigma_{\chi e}=10^{-33}~{\rm cm}^2$, Super-K sets a stronger bound than XENON1T (XENONnT) for $M_\text{PBH}\lesssim 10^{15}$ g ($M_\text{PBH}\lesssim 7\times 10^{14}$ g). Compared with the current evaporation constraint from extragalactic gamma-rays, an overall improvement of $f_{\rm PBH}$ bound can be achievable for Super-K and XENON1T combined.

\begin{figure}[htb!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.95\linewidth]{mchi_vs_sigmae.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{$2\sigma$ bounds from Super-K (shaded blue) and XENON1T (shaded gray) and projected sensitivity at XENONnT (black dashed line) on $\sigma_{\chi e}$ as a function of $m_\chi$ for $M_{\rm PBH}=10^{15}$ g and $f_{\rm PBH}=3.9\times10^{-7}$. The constraints from DM direct detection experiments are also shown, including SENSEI~\cite{SENSEI:2020dpa} (cyan), DAMIC~\cite{DAMIC:2019dcn} (red), EDELWEISS~\cite{EDELWEISS:2020fxc} (yellow), CDMS~\cite{SuperCDMS:2018mne} (magenta),  DarkSide50~\cite{DarkSide:2018ppu} (green), XENON10/100~\cite{Essig:2017kqs} (orange), XENON1T~\cite{XENON:2019gfn} (pink) and PandaX-II~\cite{PandaX-II:2021nsg} (brown).
}
\label{fig:limit}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=1\linewidth]{f_vs_MPBH.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{$2\sigma$ bounds on $f_\text{PBH}$ as a function of $M_\text{PBH}$ for different DM-electron cross sections $\sigma_{\chi e}=10^{-33}~{\rm cm}^2$ (blue) and $\sigma_{\chi e}=10^{-34}~{\rm cm}^2$ (red), and $m_\chi=10^{-3}$ GeV. The bounds and prospect are from Super-K (dashed), XENON1T (solid) and XENONnT (dotted). The current evaporation constraints from extragalactic gamma-rays~\cite{Carr:2020gox} are also shown for comparsion.
}
\label{fig:PBH}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:Con}

The macroscopic PBH and the light sub-GeV DM particle are two interesting DM candidates beyond the WIMP. The boosted DM from PBH evaporation can be searched at both neutrino and DM direct detection experiments.
Using the current data from Super-K and XENON1T, we place bounds on the DM-electron cross section for sub-GeV DM. We find that for light $m_\chi\lesssim 1$ MeV, assuming $f_{\rm PBH} = 3.9 \times 10^{-7}$ and $M_{\rm PBH} = 10^{15}$ g, the DM-electron cross section between $5\times10^{-34}$ ($4\times10^{-34}$) and $3\times10^{-32}~{\rm cm}^2$ ($1\times10^{-32}~{\rm cm}^2$) can be excluded by current XENON1T (Super-K) data.
Future XENONnT experiment can improve the current lower bounds by about a factor of 3. We also find the bounds from Super-K and XENON on the $f_\text{PBH}$ versus $M_\text{PBH}$ parameter space are complementary to each other.
Compared with the current evaporation constraints from extragalactic gamma-rays, the bound on $f_{\rm PBH}$ from Super-K and XENON1T/XENONnT can be substantially improved with a certain range of DM-electron cross section for light DM particles.
Note that these bounds on $f_{\rm PBH}$ and $\sigma_{\chi e}$
are obtained simultaneously and are fully correlated.

\acknowledgments
T.L. would like to thank Roberta Calabrese, Wei Chao and Xin-He Meng for useful discussions.
T.L. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11975129, 12035008) and ``the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities'', Nankai University (Grant No. 63196013). J.L. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11905299), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2020A1515011479), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Sun Yat-Sen University Science Foundation.

\vspace{0.1 in}
{\bf Note added.} After the completion of this work, a separate work on constraints on light dark matter produced in primordial black hole evaporation from electron-target experiments has appeared~\cite{Calabrese:2022rfa}. Their bounds for a fixed $\sigma_{\chi e}$ are similar to our Fig.~\ref{fig:PBH}.
\vskip1cm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Jennifer, a rising senior at Xavier College Prep in Phoenix, says, "It was an enriching and life-changing experience to learn from the many people, who made (this) possible."
Danika, a rising senior at Arizona Agribusiness and Equine Center from Laveen, says "TGen Bioscience Leadership Academy opened new windows to worlds I had never contemplated."
Arthi Macherla, a rising junior at Phoenix Country Day School and a Scottsdale resident, believes "this program fostered close friendships and created bonds that will last a lifetime."
Will Noll, a rising junior at Saguaro High School in Scottsdale, says, "This program nurtures and inspires you to reach your full potential."
Aparna Krishnan, a rising junior at BASIS Scottsdale, reflects on the fun and friends she found at her summer program.
Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry attends annual meeting and presents research findings.
TGen supports St. Mary's Food Bank Alliance with canned goods drive.
TGen's Dr. Matt Huentelman, a Professor of Neurogenomics and an Alzheimer's disease specialist, discusses his research collaboration with Baylor Scott & White Research Institute.
Friends of Encanto Park plant 70 trees in honor of Dr. Daniel D. Von Hoff's 70th birthday.
Dr. Thanh H. Dellinger discusses using Heated Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) to circulate heated chemotherapy inside the abdominal cavity at the time of surgery to allow direct treatment of cancers that have spread throughout the abdomen.


text:
ref date:3 Jun 1999 (WBA)
Conservatives and SNP say Labour is suffocating democracy at Birth in Scotland
Both the SNp and Tory parties in Scotland (the worlds most unlikely political bedfellows) have said that the funding limit of 5000 pounds ($8000) per MSP (member of Scottish parliament) to help the opposition parties was woefully inadequate and assured London that it could stifle ANY democracy in Scotlands new 'parliament'.
Michael Russell of the SNP said "They (the Scottish executive) are attempting to ensure that the work of the opposition parties is undermined. There is a concerted attempt to undermine the work of opposition, indeed to undermine the democratic process."
David McLetchie , Tory party leader in Scotland said "In Scotland, they are doing everything they can to suppress opposition for the unprincipled coalition with the Liberal Democrats. In short, parliamentary democracy is being short-changed in Scotland."


This library offers a set of combinators for building so-called documents as well as an efficient engine for converting documents to a textual, fixed-width format. The engine takes care of indentation and line breaks, while respecting the constraints imposed by the structure of the document and by the text width.
Installed 1230 times last month.


Designed by OMA, the Qatar National Library (QNL) has officially opened its doors to the public in Doha, Qatar, the peninsular Arab country in the Persian Gulf. QNL encompasses the national library, the public library, the university library, and the heritage collection, which consists of valuable texts and manuscripts related to the Arab-Islamic civilization.
The Qatar National Library has been conceived as a single room which houses both people and books. The edges of the building are lifted from the ground, creating three aisles which accommodate the book collection and, at the same time, enclose a central triangular space. This configuration also allows the visitor to access the building at its centre, rather than laboriously entering from the perimeter. The aisles are designed as a topography of shelving, interspersed with spaces for reading, socialising, and browsing.
The bookshelves are meant to be part of the building both in terms of materiality — they are made of the same white marble as the floors — and infrastructure — they incorporate artificial lighting, ventilation, and the book return system. The heritage collection is placed at the centre of the library in a six-meter-deep excavated space, clad with beige travertine. The collection can also operate autonomously, directly accessible from the outside.


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CBRE wins annual property players' tennis tournament
Now in its 27th year, The Irish Times/Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland tennis tournament took place at Donnybrook Lawn Tennis Club
Thu, Sep 8, 2016, 02:47
Nick Kelly, John Ryan, Aoife Reilly, Christine McGowan of CBRE (left) with Peter Dargan of The Irish Times and Andrew Nugent former president Society of Chartered Surveyors, and Darren O'Shaughnessy, Rena O'Kelly, Michael Keane and Jacqui McCabe (right). Photograph: Alan Betson /The Irish Times
Last week the annual gathering of property players for the IrishTimes/Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland tennis tournament was marked by rare fine weather. Now in its 27th year, both men's and women's doubles teams were pitted against each other at the new venue of Donnybrook Lawn Tennis Club.
In the end CBRE emerged victorious from the 18 team competition, having squeezed through to the final after a mixed doubles tie-breaking semi-final match against Hooke&MacDonald finished with a nail-biting 12-10 victory for CBRE. The final saw CBRE and Knight Frank face off on centre court in front of a packed club house.
The event organisers, who included Peter Dargan of The Irish Times, Ken MacDonald of Hooke & MacDonald and Marcus O'Connor of MFO The Property Professionals said it had been one of the best attended tournaments yet, and were already looking forward to next year's event.
Donnybrook Lawn Tennis Club
Society Of Chartered Surveyors Ireland
Lots to look forward to on the new homes front in Wicklow
Properties on view this weekend: The south side's finest
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Kilcock: Homes from €275k just 40 mins from Dublin
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Beacon developer Paddy Shovlin's former Foxrock home sells for €3.1m
Conor McGregor buys home of former taoiseach's son for over €2m
What sold for around €484k in Ringsend, Drumcondra, Blackrock and Glasnevin
Bord Pleanála rejects 'fast-track' plans for 3,770 new homes
What will €320,000 buy in France, Romania, Greece, Spain and Cork?
Take5: Stone house, bank building, house with olive farm, seaside flat, bungalow
2:30 €2.25 million for solicitor Gerald Kean's home in Wicklow
3:49 Identical twins look back on 'wonderful' childhood in a Kilkenny castle
1:22 Luxury rental apartments launched in Hanover Quay, Dublin
2:48 €3 million for Ballsbridge home full of unusual architectural detail
7:29 A personal tour through Michael Flatley's mansion
New phase of Millerstown family houses in Kilcock launching now
Hooke & MacDonald and Coonan New Homes launch the latest phase of McGarrell Reilly Group's large semi-detached and detached houses at Millerstown, Maynooth Road, Kilcock
1 Dutch airline KLM having week from hell following second PR gaffe
2 The farm that helps drug addicts: 'It's calm here. When everything is hectic, that helps'
7 Make a move to Dublin's secret sought-after streets
8 Are some people still offended by public breastfeeding? KLM seem to think so
9 Why is this Zara polka-dot dress such a hit? 'It's horrendous on me'
10 Me and my Da: How golf bridges the gap between Dublin and London
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In advocating for her daughter, Donna has also become an advocate for special needs students in her entire school community.
By EdNavigator
This Women's History Month, we've profiled some of the extraordinary women we're proud to support at EdNavigator. (Catch up with Rose, Princess, and Lisa).
Today, meet Donna. Jessica DaSilva-Fisher, Donna's Navigator, says: "Donna is amazing. She has not only been able to learn the process, learn her child's rights and advocate for her daughter, she has also become an advocate for students with special needs within the school and the community. For example, her school had a special needs advisory council, but the meetings were on a weekday morning, and there was nothing in place to include working parents. Donna was the one who raised this and set up a conference line so working parents like her could be included in the conversation. Wherever there seems to be a roadblock, she manages to advocate her way in."
"I had TyAnne at forty-three. She's my only child. So dealing with the schools was a first time experience for me. I had to learn a lot of things along the way. My first fight was to get a bus monitor for TyAnne.
Every morning, I drop her off at the Y, and then she is bussed from there to school for two hours, and back again. When I initially decided to send her to school and put her on a bus, I didn't understand that there wouldn't be a bus monitor. I had to call the school and explain to them that not only does she have Down syndrome, TyAnne has respiratory issues, and she tends to choke. I have major choking concerns. The school disagreed with me. They didn't want to give me a bus monitor.
I decided that I didn't want to send TyAnne to school without a bus monitor. But TyAnne's teacher told me that she really loves TyAnne and TyAnne was progressing well. I started asking, "What do you need for me to get a bus monitor for my daughter?" I went to a cardiologist, pulmonary doctor, her Down syndrome doctor, her pediatrician. I got letters from everyone. And I did get her a bus monitor. Finally.
In school, your child is just another child. So if you don't show interest in your own child, your child will fall through the cracks. I see that that's how it is. The services they had for TyAnne in the beginning—they were unacceptable. EdNavigator came at just the right time. For me to get Jessica and for her to understand the school system—how lucky was I? Jessica has given me a lot of resources. I've learned a lot. And I'm sharing the information as well. I go to a lot of different meetings and conferences where I can share the information with other parents.
Next, I want TyAnne integrated. There's no reason why she shouldn't be. So that's the next battle that EdNavigator will help me with. For me, it's been a fight. But you gotta fight for your child. It is what it is."
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Can We Stop Pretending Fraud in Education Is Victimless?


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Medical Center leadership is proud to announce the following additions to its faculty and leadership staff.
Joshua Brett Jeter, M.D.
Dr. Joshua Brett Jeter, a recent internal medicine resident at UMMC, has joined the Medical Center faculty as an assistant professor of medicine.
After receiving his B.S. in biomedical engineering from Mississippi State University in 2010, Jeter earned his M.D. in 2014 at UMMC, where he had his internal medicine residency from 2014-17.
He is a member of the Gold Humanism Honor Society and a Pearl L. and Otis Walters Scholarship recipient.
Erin Newman Livingston, M.D.
Dr. Erin Newman Livingston, a recent pediatrics intern and resident at UMMC, has joined the Medical Center faculty as an assistant professor of pediatrics.
After receiving her B.S. in biological engineering summa cum laude from Mississippi State University in 2010, Livingston earned her M.D. in 2014 at UMMC, where she had her pediatrics internship and residency from 2014-17.
A member of the Gold Humanism Honors Society, Livingston authored a poster, "Childhood Onset Narcolepsy," presented at the 2017 Southern Society for Pediatric Research Southern Regional Meeting.
Rachana Marathi, M.B.B.S.
Dr. Rachana Marathi, an experienced hospitalist, has joined the Medical Center faculty as an assistant professor of medicine.
After receiving her M.B.B.S. from the NTR University of Health Sciences, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India, in 2007, Marathi has an internal medicine residency at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Permian Basin, Odessa, from 2011-14.
She has served as a hospitalist at Ochsner Clinic Foundation, West Bank campus, New Orleans, and at Piedmont Newton Medical Center, Covington, Georgia.


text:
eLearning Classes
Finance Digest
Modern Luxury On Show At Abode
Is compliance to PSD2's SCA a bridge too far for B2B merchants?
The Apprentice Winner NOT TOWIE
Know Your Customer – let's make this easy
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and Sommet Education launch Hospitality Challenge Pitch
2021 Predictions: Operational Resilience Takes Center Stage
Digital Payments: An Explosion of Emerging OpportunitiesDigital Payments: An Explosion of Emerging Opportunities
Finance teams have been left in the dark on the real cost of working from home
5 tips for financial fitness in 2021
Finance firms must ensure they fix data fundamentals
The new year will bring new consumer attitudes with it
How technology is helping to reduce loneliness among the elderly
Left out of a loved one's Will? You may be able to claim under the Inheritance Act
Cyprus Immigration Guide for Non-EU Citizens
Has the pandemic triggered society to re-think later life planning?
Fighting Fraud in the 2020's
5 Countries You Need To Have An Offshore Account In
European authorities' guidance on the SCA enforcement moratorium speaks volumes
Hot properties: building the next generation of real estate professionals
Funding Options bolsters senior team with appointment of new Commercial Director
Demonstrating contactless card payment with Biometrics by Fingerprints
What accounts for TCS's rapid brand value growth over the past five years
The Little Dosh Debate
The Future of Work | SugarCRM
Lisk Rebranding Video
A year in property: Google searches reveal what buyers were looking for this year
2021: The year of buyer experience
Investors need to reimagine workflows
Not everyone is jumping on the ESG bandwagon
FinTechs and Funding: Who Needs Who?
Tomorrow's Finance: The Latest Innovations in Open Banking
What's in store for banking in 2021?
How a British tech brand can maintain category leading position and continued growth by investing in the UK people and infrastructure
What Banks Need to Do Right Now to Improve Their Digital Services Without Sacrificing Security
In a Digital World, What is the Future for Community Banking?
The tech transition in Aviation
Voice Quality Matters: Quarter of Employees Working From Home Still Experiencing Regular Connectivity Issues
Crafting a Business Continuity Cybersecurity Plan
Thwarting financial crime at every level with the cloud
The financial services industry needs to get serious about cyber security in the Covid-19 era
Retaining insurance customers in a post-pandemic environment
2020: The paradoxical year that has reshaped the future of motor insurance and related sectors
How data visualisation is helping the insurance sector understand environmental risks
How to Streamline Claims Conversations in the Insurance Sector and Transform Your CX
It is time insurers act smart, by making legacy systems a thing of the past
How to work from home and look after your mental health
Is it time to move out of London post Covid-19?
Why flatsharing is a financial gamechanger in the current climate
Trusts vs Foundations: the deciding factors
Countryside is proud to announce the opening of two new show homes at its award-winning new homes development, Abode at Great Kneighton. The exceptional four and five-bedroom properties perfectly complement the modern family, showcasing a luxurious specification and thoughtful design. Nestled within the Cambridgeshire countryside, just three miles from the city centre, the houses offer the height of contemporary living in one of the country's most desirable locations.
Abode is a collection of modern two-bedroom apartments and four and five bedroom houses that forms part of Great Kneighton, an exciting new community being created on the southern fringe of Cambridge. Great Kneighton offers a range of amenities, abundant green spaces, including a 120-acre park, and excellent transport links that provide a quick and easy commute to Cambridge train station, and into the city centre.
David Everett, Managing Director of Countryside's New Homes & Communities Central Division comments: "The two new show homes are representative of the innovative architecture on display throughout Abode, and are ideally suited to families searching for a long-term home. There is enough space for family members to enjoy their own privacy, as well as come together in the main communal areas for family time. We are expecting a huge amount of interest in the show homes, which have been designed to illustrate how purchasers can enjoy the space and specification offered in their new home at Abode."
The first of the show homes which has been opened is The Windham; an impressive five-bedroom home with a unique courtyard and five outdoor terraces. The ground floor is home to a spacious open plan kitchen/living and dining area, which wraps around the fully integrated central courtyard. The courtyard, along with full height windows, French doors and vaulted ceilings ensure the home is flooded with natural light.
On the second floor is a separate living room, with access to a terrace overlooking the courtyard, and three of the bedrooms including the master suite, which incorporates a large dressing area. The top floor features another pair of double bedrooms, both of which benefit from their own private terrace. All of the five bedrooms also have a luxurious en suite bathroom with stylish white sanitary ware and chrome accessories.
The Whitworth, meanwhile, is a beautifully designed four-bedroom family home, with thoughtful detailing throughout. The ground floor features a fully integrated double garage, and the large kitchen/dining and family area boasts elegant double French doors which open out onto the garden. A home office completes this level.
Upstairs, the large living room has access to two outdoor terraces, and features a wood burner, for a warming touch. Two double bedrooms are featured on this level too. The master suite can be found on the second floor, elegantly designed with a dressing room, and luxurious en suite bathroom. There is access to an expansive rooftop terrace through the final bedroom, ideal for entertaining or relaxing in the evening.
Abode is only a short walk from the Great Kneighton access point for the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway, which provides a five-minute journey to Cambridge train station, and then into the city centre. Frequent services from the station into London King's Cross take as little as 49 minutes, making Cambridge a popular choice with commuters. The development is also just a few minutes from the M11 for London, Stansted Airport and the nearby towns of Newmarket, Huntingdon and Norwich.
Prices for the four bedroom 'The Whitworth' house-type start at £1,175,000 and the five bedroom 'The Windham' house-type are available from £1,275,000.
New Year, New Home: Special Offers To Help Buyers Start 2017 With A Bang
Bellway's Kent Wharf Offers Excellent Returns For City Bonuses
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Columbus has a bunch of Jazz / Blues shows that you can see in the lineup below. Make sure to RSVP in Facebook, view event specifics and get your tickets for the following Jazz / Blues shows coming to Columbus. Concert Fix makes sure to offer you a 100 percent money-back guarantee for all tickets to the Jazz / Blues concerts in Columbus. Visit our Facebook page for recent announcements for Jazz / Blues events in Columbus. The Jazz / Blues concert itinerary for Columbus will constantly be updating, so visit this page often for the most up-to-date list of the Jazz / Blues events that will be held in the city of Columbus.
Schedule for the Jazz / Blues concerts in Columbus is revised up to the minute.
Miami Jazz / Blues Concert Schdule will be some of the most anticipated Columbus Jazz / Blues concerts in a long time.
Newport Music Hall and Southern Theatre both have tons of Jazz / Blues concert action approaching.
Tickets for all Columbus Jazz / Blues concerts are purchased with a 100% moneyback guarantee.
Columbus remains one of the best areas for Jazz / Blues concert tours in the nation.
Columbus right now has a exciting list of Jazz / Blues concert tours coming to Columbus in the next few months. Some of Jazz / Blues music's top artists are planning on having concerts in Columbus. Do not miss some of the Jazz / Blues concert excitement that Columbus has to offer at some of the most prolific venues in the world. Simply browse through the list above for all the best Columbus Jazz / Blues concerts. Our Columbus concert schedule is revised constantly in case their are any revisions.


This quote from a US army veteran illustrates the many benefits of this form of neurofeedback. Efficient, non-invasive, with no need to talk about or revisit past events, results from neurofeedback are achieved quickly - and measurably.
According to the Canadian Mental Health Association, one in 10 people have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The British charity Mind sets the incidence more conservatively at about 1.5–3.5 per cent of the general population at some point.
With roots in the shell-shocked survivors of the first world war's front line, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was first identified in American veterans of the Vietnam war. Now it is used to describe a spectrum of mild to severe chronic reactions to any event ranging from divorce to assault that is perceived as threatening.
In fear for its life, the body goes into defensive mode, producing chemical messengers to activate the nervous system to flee or fight. While this response may have helped us survive at the time, they do not serve when the danger has passed. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs when the mind gets locked into 'battle stations'. Reactions become hard-wired – brainwave activity gets stuck. Reactive emotions of anger, fear or panic can dominate, and that's where the trouble starts.
We may become locked in a state of chronic sadness, lack of drive and motivation, or poor concentration; agitation, impulsivity, anxiety, panic attacks and sleep trouble; anger, fear, worry and self sabotage. Without being able to return to our natural state of balance, we can be burdened by these states of stress for years.
The latest developments in neuroscience help identify these locked-in patterns using state-of-the-art brain mapping technology. With the therapeutic use of neurofeedback techniques, brain balance can be restored.
Neurofeedback has come of age. A growing body of scientific evidence testifies to its efficiency in identifying electrical impulses in the brain to help people gain control of their stess and their minds.
Brain waves are electrical impulses grouped by different frequencies The first recordings of human brain waves took place in 1924 by Hans Berger, a German doctor who switched to studying psychology after a wartime experience of telepathy. He was the first to describe the brain disturbances caused by epilepsy.
Thanks to increasingly sophisticated technology, neurofeedback has moved on apace. In the 1970s, a happy combination of technology and science led to the development of neurofeedback therapy. Instead of the one-way process of a doctor recording the brain's activities, patients could participate in their treatment by responding to the neurofeedback. The new technology allowed the brain's activities to be transmitted as images on a screen, vibrations or sounds, and the patient's responses to be recorded.
It's realtime. Neurofeedback immediately shows the brain relaxing its electric activity. This in turn is experienced as a return to a calmer inner state that encourages further calm (and calming) breathing so creating a positive feedback loop.
Neuroscience's brain mapping techniques has become ever more precise thanks to advances in computer and digital technology. This ability to identify brain states coupled with high-tech neurofeedback software has created powerful scientific tools for traditional healers. Now, thanks to the availability of laptops and personal computers, this knowledge has moved from the hospital lab to the practice rooms of complimentary therapists.
Whilst the medical model of neuroscience in Europe has helped the robustness of this emerging science, North America has developed the software to make its fruits accessible to non-medics.
Experts estimate neurofeeback technology by itself has over 60% However coupled with other therapies, success rates can rise to 90%, so is well-suited to those practicing complementary therapies. This was the case with James and Sarah. Before adding neurotherapy to his bow, James Roy trained in eastern healing arts. A student of Buddhist and yogic traditions in Thailand, Nepal, India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka for five years, he also trained with the Dalai Lama's masseur, as well as masseur of the Thai abbots, Pichet Bunthame,.
James and his wife and colleague, Sarah – a massage therapist – met while working as therapists in India. Having wed in Arizona, they have created another union by marrying their traditional healing skills with the latest in Western brain research. "One of the best aspects of our software platform is we can measure the changes in brain stress as they happen – it delivers quantifiable, replicable results," says Sarah.
"The other great thing is that the brain can rebalance itself without having to know what caused the problem. Brain training targets the area of concern with a programme tailored to each individual. There is no need to talk about traumatic or stressful events that triggered the problems in the first place," she says.
I sit in a state-of-the-art chair with sensors placed on different parts of my head and forehead. Sarah moves them to different sections of my scalp, depending on which we were working on. The moving colours on the screen in front of me correspond to my brain wave frequencies which the neurofeedback equipment translates into sounds, colours and shapes. A lively moving bar reacts to my over-active beta waves. When I start relaxing, my blue alpha waves start taking up a bit more room on the screen.
The aim is to rebalance the brain so the brain waves are in harmony with each other and with the different sections of the brain. Dreamy theta waves for instance undulate at four-eight cycles a second. Great when you are in a creative mood but too much in my front lobes could be interfering with the practicalities of life. I could probably do with some decent alpha waves (eight-12 cycles a second) instead.
Research on Buddhist monks shows devoted meditators combine alpha, beta, theta and delta waves in the right relationship and proportion, according to Anna Wise, author of Awakening the Mind: A Guide to Mastering the Power of Your Brainwaves.
I am asked to do a variety of mind-stilling exercises such as focusing on a lit candle while I listen to the sounds - soulful chimes – of my brain waves played back to me. I might not achieve a transcendental state but my ability to meditate improves.
In another exercise, I aim to move a coloured bar on a screen – with my mind. As the sweet sound of my neurons firing on all cylinders is fed back to me through my headphones, I set my intention. It's a gentle juggling act between relaxing and focusing that brings the bar down in the end. A lesson in itself.
Neuorfeedback has an excellent track record in the US. Its Warrior Transition Project for military personnel has been 80% effective in the relief of symptoms on the US government PTSD scale.
The techniques may be particularly suited to the military type, as a retired (non-commissioned) US army officer explains. "One of the first things I noticed was how willing my brain was to being trained. I have had practice in the area of self empowerment and stress reduction techniques before but this was the first time I could see the results by looking at the different brain wave patterns I was producing while setting my intention through visualisation and breathing techniques. For the first time I was able to see my brain and my brain was able to see itself. This combination of visual and auditory cues helped me raise and lower different brain wave patterns in different regions of my brain..... I have always had a good sense of balance in my life but this training has taken me to a new level of feeling and understanding the connection between my brain and how my body reacts together. I am looking forward to going home and seeing results in the areas I selected to improve."
Of course, sometimes getting better is just the start of the process. As the soldier recovering from war stress and trauma quoted at the start of the piece, says: ""For me this experience has created a desire in me to master my experiences and not become a victim to them."