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Home › About Us | Jacob Bromwell
— The Jacob Bromwell® Story —
BEGAN 200 YEARS AGO
Jacob Bromwell® is a luxury specialty manufacturer of American-made kitchenware, housewares, and heritage products.
We design, manufacture, market, and distribute our own line of world-renowned products, all of which exhibit beautiful design, best-in-class craftsmanship, and long-lasting quality. Founded in 1819, Jacob Bromwell® proudly holds the distinction of being the oldest kitchenware and housewares manufacturer in North America, and is the oldest known manufacturer of tin and stainless steel products in the United States. We are a company rooted in American tradition, history, and authenticity, and even our logo is our founder's actual signature, made with his own hand. Our company believes in the creativity and productivity of American workers, and still today all Jacob Bromwell® products are handcrafted with pride in the USA and guaranteed for life. It's the way we've done it for 200 years.
— Built to Last —
All Jacob Bromwell® products are made with premium materials, including steel, stainless steel, tin, aluminum, copper, wood, iron, and leather - all sourced domestically. None of our products contain plastic parts or components, and none require batteries or electricity to operate. By using high-grade materials and keeping our products non-electric, Jacob Bromwell® products remain 100% authentic from the day they were created and are guaranteed to last a lifetime.
— Jacob Bromwell® —
Jacob Bromwell® products have helped shape America for 200 years, and now you can take an exclusive tour of our manufacturing facilities in Indiana and Vermont. Although our factories are not open to the general public, this behind-the-scenes photo tour consists of an intimate viewing of our metal stamping factory in Indiana as well as our copper workshop in Vermont. You'll see first hand our workers stamping, bending, forming, plating, machining, organizing, packaging, shipping, and more.
American Heritage Collection™
Markle, Indiana
The American Heritage Collection™ by Jacob Bromwell® consists of some of the oldest kitchen and bakeware items in our product line, including the Original Popcorn Popper, Legendary Flour Sifter, and Classic Tin Cup. These items have been in continuous production for 200 years and are still made by our company today.
Signature Copper Collection™
Richford, Vermont
The Signature Copper Collection™ by Jacob Bromwell® consists of copper flasks, copper cups, and other copper goods that are 100% handmade at our workshop in Vermont. Built in small quantity batches, each copper product we make tells a story and is made to be passed on to the next generation.
— Did you know? —
Interesting Facts about Jacob Bromwell®
As one of America's early manufacturing pioneers, our
company holds many distinctions as unique as our name:
Oldest kitchenware and housewares manufacturer. Jacob Bromwell® is the oldest kitchenware and housewares manufacturer in North America (founded in 1819 and incorporated in 1883 as The Bromwell Brush and Wire Goods Company). That means we are older than the light bulb, the telephone, the automobile, and even electricity!
Oldest manufacturer of tin and stainless steel. Our company is the oldest known manufacturer of tin and stainless steel products in the United States, and the 34th oldest continuously owned and operated company in the United States. In fact, we have been family owned and operated for over 19 decades.
Original location was in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The company's original location was a six-story building in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio located at 181 Walnut Street. At the time, the company occupied all six floors and boasted over 1,000 products in its catalog, many of which won awards.
Work with a variety of premium materials. We work with a variety of premium materials, including steel, stainless steel, tin, aluminum, copper, wood, iron, and leather - all sourced domestically. None of our products contain plastic parts or components. By using high-grade materials, Jacob Bromwell® products remain 100% authentic from the day they were created and are guaranteed to last a lifetime.
Our logo is our founder's actual signature. In keeping with the authenticity of the brand, our logo is our founder's actual signature, made with his own hand.
Millions of units sold. With millions of units sold and lifetime sales of over $1 billion since 1819, it is estimated that 1 in 4 American households still own a Jacob Bromwell® product.
Historically important products. Since 1819, our company has produced the Original Popcorn Popper and Legendary Flour Sifter, historically important icons of 19th-century domestic Americana, just like our Classic Tin Cup, which was widely used during the Civil War.
The Original Popcorn Popper was originally $3.50 for a gross. The Original Popcorn Popper, one of the oldest products in our line, was originally sold at a wholesale price of $3.50 for a gross.
We patented the world's first flour sifter. Our company patented, manufactured, and marketed some of America's most popular and iconic housewares products, including the Legendary Flour Sifter, Wonder Shredders, and Original Popcorn Popper - to name a few. Still today, the designs, manufacturing processes, and materials of these products remain virtually unchanged.
We were the largest business of its kind in the United States. By the late 1800s, Bromwell operated 7 factories throughout Ohio, Indiana, and New Jersey, and had upwards of 1,000 employees. As the largest business of its kind in the United States, it billed itself as having "the largest capacity in the country".
Historic Greensburg, Indiana factory converted into apartments. Originally built in 1903, our historic Greensburg, Indiana factory located at 530 West First Street is a two-story brick building that has been recently converted into apartments. In fact, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. How would you like to live in a building that once made Bromwell tin cups, flour sifters, popcorn poppers, and wire-based household items?
Our company was split in 1923. The Bromwell Brush and Wire Goods Company was split in 1923. The fireplace division of the company was purchased by the Gerwe family, who opened a fireplace store in Cincinnati that is still open today called Bromwell's. It is now owned by the McClorey family and has been since 2005. The housewares and manufacturing portion of the company (this company!) was then based out of Michigan City, Indiana and renamed "Bromwell Housewares".
In 2010, our brand was completely renovated. In 2010, our brand was completely renovated, which included changing our name from "Bromwell Housewares" to "Jacob Bromwell®". Inspired by our founder's personal story, we developed a rich and authentic brand experience based around the man himself, whose hard-working, inventive, and cheerful character shines through even nearly two centuries later.
Our company and its products have had a significant cultural and economic impact in America. As such, several original pieces of machinery and equipment are part of a permanent exhibit at the Indiana State Museum in Indianapolis, Indiana. Historical Bromwell products can also be found at numerous museums across the country, including The Rossen House in Phoenix, Arizona.
All products are non-electric and Made in USA. All of our products are non-electric and continue to be manufactured in the USA. We have never outsourced our production to low-wage labor countries to reduce costs because we have faith in the creativity and productivity of American workers.
Case heard in the U.S. Supreme Court. Back in 1923, The Bromwell Brush & Wire Goods Co. had a case heard in the U.S. Supreme Court [The Bromwell Brush & Wire Goods Co. v. State Board of Charities & Corrections of Kentucky], in regards to a breach of contract dealing with inmate labor.
Two manufacturing facilities and customers worldwide. Today, Jacob Bromwell® operates manufacturing facilities in Indiana and Vermont and the company is proud to support over 100 American jobs. Our products are sold at select specialty retailers throughout North America, Australia, Asia, and Europe.
Creators of the luxury flask category. Jacob Bromwell® is proud to have created the luxury flask category, having brought to market the first copper flask, the Great American Flask. Since then, our line of flasks has grown to more than a dozen different models.
Diverse customer base. Our diverse customer base includes young and affluent urban professionals, mothers and grandmothers, chefs and bakers, celebrities and politicians, homesteaders and cabin dwellers, the "chronically nostalgic", and even Hollywood set designers seeking period-correct pieces.
THE BROMWELL FAMILY OF BRANDS
Specialty kitchenware, housewares, and heritage products
Fire cooking tools, rubs, and implements
World's largest retailer of American-made products
— Connect With —
JACOB BROMWELL®
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JACOB BROMWELL® LIFE
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— Best-in-Class Craftsmanship —
for the discriminating consumer
Proudly designed and handcrafted in the USA since 1819.
© 2019 The Jacob Bromwell Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved
View and Edit Cart Go To Checkout —or—


Looking for a fun day out on the water? Come join us and experience the calm inland salt waters on the Georgia Coast. No worries about getting sea sick on our boat! It's like bass fishing on the lake, but all salt water. You never know what you'll catch -- a giant redfish, a 6-foot shark or a mess of trout. Every day is different. Let us know what you want to catch!


Dynasty Homes Emily plan with amazing new style! Light, Bright, Open, and yet still cozy. Kitchen includes pantry, custom island, and custom banquette. Set yourself apart from your neighbors! Split bedrooms with master wing that you can easily navigate all the way through from the entry to the laundry, master closet, bath and the master BR. Finally, an affordable home that's extremely well built! Independently Certified High Performance home. Ready for a new beginning?


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"Coal-powered district heating…
"Coal-powered district heating should be gradually phased out"
Poland is setting up a programme to promote renewable district heat, and thermal storage along with it. Called Heat from Renewable Energy Sources, or Cieplo z OZE in Polish, the scheme will be managed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, NFOŚiGW, and will support solar thermal installations with a capacity of more than 2 MW (1,400 m²), as well as geothermal, biomass units, short-term and seasonal storage and power-to-heat units. Projects are required to have renewables meet at least 10 % of yearly demand for district heating. Calls for funding would become available in the second quarter of 2019, the Institute for Renewable Energy (IEO) said.
Photo: NFOŚiGW
"We have been working closely with NFOŚiGW on this matter and preparations are nearly complete. We expect the first funding call for about 10 large-scale projects to be launched between March and June," explained Grzegorz Wisniewski, President of IEO.
The EU's Solar District Heating – From Policy to Market (SDHp2m) supported the country's efforts by organising two stakeholder meetings (the first in March 2017 and the second in January 2018). Last June, IEO also published a working paper (see the attached document). In its foreword, Kazimierz Kujda, President of the Management Board at NFOŚiGW (see photo) wrote that the key element of renewable district heating was thermal storage, which could balance out heat supply and demand in summer and winter. As a result, Poland could gradually phase out coal, today's main source of energy in the country's district heating sector, without the need for more boilers, which would just be powered by coal again, and without creating major environmental issues.
At present, it seems as if applications by district heating companies would be processed even if the solar thermal systems in question exceed 2 MWth, including storage. However, at least two types of renewable energy sources must be used in a project, with one of them being a weather-dependent source of energy, such as solar or wind.
IEO has been in discussions with NFOŚiGW regarding the degree of flexibility in setting the maximum incentive paid to applicants. The aim is to determine how high the amount needs to be to guarantee that systems based on new sources of energy produce heat at a lower cost than those based on fossil fuels, while considering system upgrades to meet environmental standards and CO2 payments. In other words, the programme will enable district heating companies that use renewable systems to produce heat for less than if they had chosen installations consuming fossil fuel, which, in Poland, primarily means coal.
http://www.ieo.pl
http://nfosigw.gov.pl
https://solarthermalworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/poland_sdh_discussion_paper_june_2018.pdf
Feasibility studies on 13 solar heat plants underway in Austria January 10, 2022
Cieplo z OZESDHp2m projectSolar District Heating – From Policy to Market
Heat StorageSolar District Heating

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Туве Марика Јансон (; Хелсинки, 9. август 1914 – Хелсинки, 27. јун 2001) била је финска књижевница, сликарка, стрипарка и илустраторка. Најпознатија је по серијалу књига за децу Мумијеви. Писала је на шведском језику.

Пореклом из уметничке породице, Јансон је студирала сликарство у Хелсинкију, Стокхолму и Паризу од 1930. до 1938. Прву самосталну изложбу имала је 1943. Паралелно са сликарском каријером, писала је приповетке и новинарске чланке и дизајнирала корице књига. Године 1945. објавила је књигу за децу "Мумијеви и велики потоп", први део серијала Мумијеви. Овај серијал о доброћудним троловима и њиховим пријатељима састоји се из осам романа, збирке приповедака, пет сликовница и многобројних стрипова. Књиге су достигле планетарну популарност и начиниле су Јансон једном од најпознатијих дечјих писаца двадестог века. За своје стваралаштво награђена је најугледнијом наградом за дечју књижевност, наградом Ханс Кристијан Андерсен 1966.

Јансон је писала и књижевност за одрасле читаоце. Између осталог, написала је шест романа међу којима се издвајају аутобиографска збирка новела "Вајарева кћи" (1968) и роман "Лето" (1972).

Биографија
Туве Марика Јансон је рођена 9. августа 1914. у Хелсинкију, Великој кнежевини Финска, тадашњем делу Руске Империје. Рођена је породици уметника који су припадали финској мањини чији је матерњи језик био шведски. Њен отац Виктор био је вајар, а мајка Сигне Хамарстен Јансон илустраторка и дизајнерка. Имала је два брата, који су, такође, постали уметници; Пер Олов Јансон је постао фотограф, а Ларс Јансон стрипар. Одрасла је у стваралачком и боемском окружењу. Породица је зиму проводила у Хелсинкију, а лета у изнајмљеној брвнари на морском острву у близини Порвоа, педесет километара источно од Хелсинкија.

Још у раној младости определила се за уметнички позив сликарства. Студирала је на Универзитету за уметност, лепе вештине и дизајн у Стокхолму од 1930. до 1933, потом графичку школу на Финској академији лепих уметности од 1933. до 1937, а потом Школу лепих уметности у Паризу 1938. Учествовала је у неколико групних изложби током тридесетих и раних четрдесетих, а своју прву самосталну изложбу имала је 1943. Осликала је неколико мурала. Излагала је широм света, али упркос томе што је себе сматрала првенствено сликарком, њено сликарско стваралаштво остало је у сенци њених књига.

Током тридесетих путовала је по Европи. У том периоду писала је приповетке, новинарске чланке и репортаже, а често их је и сама илустровала. Зарађивала је и од прављења реклама и разгледница. Позната је и по илустрацијама у часопису "Гарм", либералном (и током Другог светског рата, антифашистичком) магазину, који је основала њена мајка. Илустровала је неколико књига других аутора, а данас се посебно истичу њене илустрације за "Алису у земљи чуда" и "Хобита".

Одабрана дела

Књиге о Мумијевима
Романи
 "Мумијеви и велика поплава" (Småtrollen och den stora översvämningen, 1945)
 "Комета долази" (Kometen kommer, 1946. преправљено издање 1968)
 "Чаробњаков шешир" (Trollkarlens hatt 1948)
 "Подвизи Тате Муми" (Muminpappans bravader 1950. преправљени у "Мемоари Тате Муми" 1968)
 "Летње лудило у Долини Мумијевих" (Farlig midsommar, 1954)
 "Зачарана зима" (Trollvinter 1957)
 "Тата Муми и море" (Pappan och havet, 1965)
 "Долина Мумијевих у новембру" (Sent i November 1970)
Збирка прича
 "Невидљиво дете и друге приче" (Det osynliga barnet och andra berättelser, 1962)
Сликовнице
 "Шта је онда било?" (Hur gick det sen? 1952)
 "Ко ће да утеши Тофла?" (Vem ska trösta Knyttet? 1960)
 "Опасно путовање" (Den farliga resan, 1977)
 "Злоће у Мумијевој кући" (Skurken i Muminhuset, 1980)
 "Песме из Долине Мумијевих" (Visor från Mumindalen 1993, заједно са Ларсом Јансеном и Ерном Тауро)
Стрипови
 Мумијеви – стрип албуми 1–7 (1977–1981, од 3. до 7. албума са Ларсом Јансоном)

Романи
 "Лето" (Sommarboken, 1972)
 "Град сунца" (Solstaden (1974, Sun City)
 "Искрени преварант" (Den ärliga bedragaren (1982)
 "Камена њива" (Stenåkern, 1984)
 "Поштена игра" (Rent spel 1989)

Збирке прича
 "Вајарева кћи" (Bildhuggarens dotter, 1968)
 "Слушатељка" (Lyssnerskan 1971)
 "Уметност у природи" (Dockskåpet och andra berättelser, 1978)
 "Путовања с лаким пртљагом" (Resa med lätt bagage, 1987)
 "Кларина писма и друге приче" (Brev från Klara och andra berättelser, 1991)
 "Поруке: одабране приче 1971–1997" (Meddelande. Noveller i urval 1971–1997, 1998)

Аутобиографија
 "Белешке са острва" (Anteckningar från en ö 1993)

Референце

Спољашње везе
 Тове Јансон на сајту www.moomin.com (на језику: фински)
 Тове Јансон на сајту Schildts (на језику: фински)

Рођени 1914.
Умрли 2001.
Фински књижевници
Фински сликари
Сценаристи стрипа
Цртачи стрипа
Илустратори
ЛГБТ+ књижевници
ЛГБТ књижевници из Финске

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


More on the slow motion collapse of our health care system. The problem, across the board is that medical professionals are getting squeezed by both State healthcare systems and large insurance companies. If you aren't willing to raise your taxes to cover your physicians costs, you won't have one. Here's a case study right here in our state.


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What is something that you do not like about yourself? Is this what you dwell on at bedtime or when you look in the mirror? Looking better is possible for nearly everyone, and one of the best ways to do it is by developing a muscle-building routine. Read on to find out how you can quickly gain muscle.
Three exercises you should do on a regular basis are bench presses, squats, and dead lifts. These exercises are the foundation of a solid muscle-building regimen. They improve overall strength and balance, increase muscle mass, and are good conditioning exercises. Always try to include these exercises in some form in your workout.
You need lots of protein in order to build muscle. Protein is the building block that muscles are made of. If you fail to get a sufficient quantity, it will be hard for you to gain muscle mass. Try to eat low-fat lean proteins with two out of three meals and at least one of your daily snacks.
When on a program to build muscle, remember the importance of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are crucial for maintaining the necessary amount of energy you will need during your workout routine. If you aren't getting enough carbs, the body ends up breaking down protein and using that for energy. Consume enough carbs so your body can operate properly, and you can last through your workouts.
As a source of motivation, set goals that are short-termed and reward yourself when each goal is attained. While long-term goals for muscle gain are important, it is sometimes hard to maintain motivation without shorter, and more quickly measured goals. Set rewards which will reinforce healthy muscle development behavior. As an example, obtaining a massage can not only improve the blood flow to your muscles, it can also aid in recovery on days you take off from working out.
Do as many repetitions as you can during your workout sessions. For best results, do 15 or more reps per set, with a rest break of no more than 60 seconds per set. You want lactic acids flowing in your muscles, as this promotes muscle growth. By consistently focusing your routine this way, you maximize the effects of your muscle development.
Do not exceed 60 minutes, when working out. After more than an hour of intense exercise, your body will start producing unwanted levels of the stress hormone, cortisol. Cortisol blocks testosterone, which causes less efficiency during workouts. You will optimize your efforts by keeping your workouts short and intense.
TIP! Eating lean meats will assist you in muscle building. Try consuming approximately one gram of meat that is full of protein for each pound you weigh.
Eat lots of protein when you are trying to gain muscle. Lack of protein can lead to muscle loss, so it is important to maintain your intake of this basic building block for strong muscles. Aim to eat about 1 g of protein for every pound that you weigh.
You will soon be asking yourself what you like about yourself. Your new look will give you a better self-esteem and make you healthier. Now is the very best time to make positive lifestyle changes for the long term.


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Getting to know Tom Cleverley - view from a Villa fan
Villa disappointed to miss out on making his loan deal permanent
By Calvin@Mr_Faded_Glory Jun 7, 2015, 11:00am BST
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Tom Cleverley and Ross Barkley
Jan Kruger/Getty Images
After Everton signed midfielder Tom Cleverley, we spoke with SB Nation Aston Villa blog '7500 To Holte' about their observations on the player. Cleverley had an excellent loan season with Villa, which led to his call-up to Roy Hodgson's England national squad a couple of days ago. His contract with Manchester United ends officially on June 30th, the last day of the 2014-15 season.
Our thanks to Robert Lintott, managing editor over at '7500 To Holte' for chatting with us. Villa were widely expected to secure the services of the player after his resurgence under manager Tim Sherwood - read Robert's piece here.
RBM - Can you tell us what we can expect from Tom Cleverley, both good and bad?
RL - You'll get a player who, even at his worst, doesn't make too many mistakes. The problem then is that he's the type of player who also doesn't help at all. He'll make short passes that go sideways or backwards. There's no ambition.
But when he's playing well he can be a vital cog in the midfield. Under Tim Sherwood, Cleverley was a creator. He worked mostly up the right flank and made smart runs, good passes, and even had an eye for goal. If you get that Cleverley, this will turn out to be a fantastic deal. He deserves the England call up he just got, for what that's worth, and he's capable of being a great midfielder.
RBM - Was his decision to go to Everton purely financial? Any regrets?
RL - I have no idea what he was thinking, actually. His career was basically dead in the water and he became a player worthy of an England call up under Tim Sherwood. Unless Villa were offering him a slap-in-the-face deal (and they very well could have) it seems strange for him to leave. But he's lived in the Northern part of England for a while and maybe wanted to return. Plus Everton definitely have a better chance of getting back to Europe next season than do Villa.
RBM - What is the best position for Cleverley on the field, that plays to his strengths?
RL - Well, he really shined in a sort of right-of-central midfield role where he was allowed the freedom (and encouraged) to create. So, there I guess.
RBM - Off the pitch, what do you know about him? Is he a vocal leader?
RL - I don't know too much. He always talked the talk and never was much of a distraction. But I'll be honest, unless someone is being wildly stupid I don't tend to pay much attention too that stuff.
Thanks again to Robert for chiming in.
Everton sign midfielder Tom Cleverley on a free transfer
Tom Cleverley Is Not Bitter, But Blue
Getting to know Tom Cleverley - Villa view
The Pros of Everton Signing Tom Cleverley
Everton looking to take advantage of Chelsea's pursuit of Enzo Fernandez Conor Gallagher has been on the radar for a number of Premier League clubs


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Tag Archives: Smartphone
The Evolution of Smartphone Pricing
Smartphones are so ubiquitous that's it's easy to forget that the first iPhone was announced in June 2007 and released to the public later that year. The Apple App store at the time of the first phone had only 500 apps, most for pay. Apple had convinced developers that smartphone users would pay big bucks to download useful apps and most app prices ranged from $1 to $25. It became clear that users preferred free apps, and Ebay and other free applications found great success. But some for-pay apps like Super Monkey Ball, priced at $6 found good commercial success.
The cellphone companies at the time had mostly deployed 3G networks. The cellular companies saw the smartphone as a way to lure new customers and they all offered unlimited data plans. Unlimited plans were not a problem at first because the average phone didn't use much data. However, the smartphone boom surprised everybody with Apple selling 4.7 million iPhones in the third quarter of 2008 – and sales skyrocketed from there. Android phones also entered the market in 2008 and the 3G cellular networks were quickly getting swamped. The cellular carriers quickly stopped selling unlimited data plans and tried to lure people from existing plans through practices like the way that AT&T slowed data speeds on unlimited plans.
About this same time was the introduction of 4G, which offered faster speeds and could connect more customers per cell site. The cellular companies had migrated entirely to metered pricing and sold data by the gigabyte. The market was clearly trying to extract as much revenue from customers as possible like they had done in the past with products like text messaging. The few cellular carriers were effectively monopolies who were selling a product with great demand, and prices steadily rose.
For many years there was enough capacity on the cellular networks to have supported unlimited and larger data plans. I remember a few unguarded comments by cellular executives admitting that they had plenty of network capacity – but the cellular companies cared more about profits than in accommodating the needs of customers. I remember years when both AT&T and Verizon were earning cellular profits of more than $1 billion per month.
T-Mobile upset the market equilibrium by offering cheaper data. They did this by offering more gigabytes of data for the existing market price and the other cellular providers responded by dropping the price per gigabyte. jumped on the bandwagon. We started seeing plans that promised gimmicks like rolling over unused data so that customers didn't have to fear exceeding their data caps.
During this time we started seeing big customer volumes for MVNOs – carriers that repackaged wholesale minutes from the big cellular companies. The MVNOs offered options numerous options that lowered prices, such as low-price plans for small data users or large packages of data plans for the larger data users. All of this was aided by the continued evolution of the 4G networks that improved steadily as more of the 4G specification was introduced – we finally saw the first fully 4G compliant cellular sites at the end of 2017.
In early 2017 we sy another sharp turn in market pricing when all of the carriers announced 'unlimited' data plans. This was largely in response to T-Mobile which had launched 'T-Mobile One', a truly unlimited plan. The unlimited data plans from other carriers weren't actually unlimited and most were capped at a little over 20 gigabytes of data per month. This seems to have created the expectation from the public for large data plans.
Already since then the cellular carriers have subtly shifted the game again. They now offer multiple tiers of unlimited data. For instance, customers can buy unlimited plans that charge more to add on HD video. Customers can buy plan that add international roaming or plans that throttle usage when customers hit a certain cap. The multiple-plan approach looks to be a way for the carriers to extract more revenue from a product that they fear is becoming a commodity. They are offering add-ons that they hope will lure customers to spend more each month.
It's hard to believe that all of this has happened within only eleven years. There must be grist here for dozens of economics PhD thesis papers looking at how an oligopoly market responded to major technical improvements and massively increased demand. There is no arguing that the cellular carriers have been successful and have convinced each person in a household to buy cellular plans that cost more than what most families spend on telephone services a decade ago.
Tagged android, IPhone, Smartphone, Super Monkey Ball
Industry Shorts – March 2018
Following are a few topics that I find interesting, but which are too short to cover in a full blog:
Surge in Online Video Subscriptions. The number of households buying online video is surging. Netflix added almost 2 million US and 6.36 million international customers in the 4th quarter of 2017. That's 18% more than the same quarter from a year earlier. There are also a growing number of vMVPD customers. At the end of last year CBS All Access has nearly 5 million customers. Showtime OTT also has nearly 5 million customers. Sling TV now has nearly 2 million customers. AT&T DirecTV hit the 1 million customer mark in December. PlayStation Vue reported 670,000 customers in mid-December. The new YouTube service has about 300,000. Hulu is also growing but doesn't separately report it's live TV customers from it's video on demand customers (reported at 17 million total in December). Note that Hulu let's customers buy one TV series or movies without needed a subscription.
Cellphone Data Usage Growth. According to the research firm NPD the average US smartphone now is used for an average of 31.4 GB per month of data. This is combined usage between cellular and WiFi data and is evidence that people are starting to really accept the small screen for video. This is up over 25% from a year earlier. The firm reports that video accounts for 83% of the usage.
The number of people willing to use a cellphone for video has also surged. NPD reports that 67% of cellphone users watched at least one video during the 3rd quarter of 2017, up from 57% in the 2nd quarter. Another research firm, Strategic Analytics reported that worldwide cellular data usage grew 115% in 2017, or more than doubled.
Global Streaming Doubled in 2017. Conviva, which provides systems to monitor and analyze online usage also reports that online video content more than doubled last year. They report that there were 12.6 billion viewing hours of online video in 2017 measured across 2.4 billon viewing devices. They report that 58% of video viewing came from North America; 21% from Europe; 19% from Asia 2% from the rest of the world.
Satellite TV Taking the Brunt of Cord Cutting. For some reason cord cutting seemed to be hitting the two big satellite TV providers even harder than landline cable companies. Dish Networks and DirecTV together lost 4.7% of their subscribers in the fourth quarter of 2017. We can only speculate for the reasons for the shift. The bundles of the landline cable companies make it harder for customers to drop their cable subscription. But to offset this, many satellite customers are in rural areas where there is often not a good broadband alternative to cable. But perhaps the FCC's CAF II and ACAM programs are speeding up rural broadband enough for households to consider cutting the cord. It should be noted that AT&T is pushing their DirecTV now product more than their satellite TV, which also might account for part of the shift from satellite TV.
Apple Jumps into Programming. Apple quietly has gotten into the programing business. They've allocated over $1 billion in 2018 for the creation of new content. They've landed some big-name talent such as Steven Spielberg, Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon for projects. Apple doesn't have a content platform and the industry is buzzing with speculation on how they might market and distribute the content.
Pirated Video Content on Rise. Sandvine reports that 6.5% of North American households have accessed pirated video content in the last year. I've read reports from Canada of companies openly advertising pirated content, including providing settop boxes that can download IPTV content directly from the Internet. Yesterday's blog talked about new efforts by content owners to force ISPs to enforce copyright infringement.
Posted in Current News
Tagged Apple, Conviva, DirecTV, NetFlix, NPD, pirated video content, Smartphone
Death of the Smartphone?
Over the last few weeks I have seen several articles predicting the end of the smartphone. Those claims are a bit exaggerated since the authors admit that smartphones will probably be around for at least a few decades. But they make some valid points which demonstrate how quickly technologies come into and out of our lives these days.
The Apple iPhone was first sold in the summer of 2007. While there were phones with smart capabilities before that, most credit the iPhone release with the real birth of the smartphone industry. Since that time the smartphone technology has swept the entire world.
As a technology the smartphone is mature, which is what you would expect from a ten-year old technology. While phones might still get more powerful and faster, the design for smartphones is largely set and now each new generation touts new and improved features that most of us don't use or care about. The discussion of new phones now centers around minor tweaks like curved screens and better cameras.
Almost the same ten-year path happened to other electronics like the laptop and the tablet. Once any technology reaches maturity it starts to become commoditized. I saw this week that a new company named Onyx Connect is introducing a $30 smartphone into Africa where it joins a similarly inexpensive line of phones from several Chinese manufacturers. These phones are as powerful as US phones of just a few years ago.
This spells trouble for Apple and Samsung, which both benefit tremendously by introducing a new phone every year. People are now hanging onto phones much longer, and soon there ought to be scads of reasonably-priced alternatives to the premier phones from these two companies.
The primary reason that the end of the smartphone is predicted is that we are starting to have alternatives. In the home the smart assistants like Amazon Echo are showing that it's far easier to talk to a device rather than work through menus of apps. Anybody who has used a smartphone to control a thermostat or a burglar alarm quickly appreciates the ability to make the changes by talking to Alexa or Siri rather than fumbling through apps and worrying about passwords and such.
The same thing is quickly happening in cars and when your home and car are networked together using the same personal assistant the need to use a smartphone while driving gets entirely eliminated. The same thing will be happening in the office and soon that will mean there is a great alternative to the smartphone in the home, the car and the office – the places where most people spend the majority of their time. That's going to cut back on reliance of the smart phone and drastically reduce the number of people who want to rush to buy a new expensive smartphone.
There are those predicting that some sort of wearable like glasses might offer another good alternative for some people. There are newer version of smartglasses like the $129 Snap Spectacles that are less obtrusive than the first generation Google Glass. Smartglasses still need to overcome the societal barrier where people are not comfortable being around somebody who can record everything that is said and done. But perhaps the younger generations will not find this to be as much of a barrier. There are also other potential kinds of wearables from smartwatches to smart clothes that could take over the non-video functions of the smartphone.
Like with any technology that is as widespread as smartphones today there will be people who stick with their smartphone for decades to come. I saw a guy on a plane last week with an early generation iPod, which was noticeable because I hadn't seen one in a few years. But I think that most people will be glad to slip into a world without a smartphone if that's made easy enough. Already today I ask Alexa to call people and I can do it all through any device such as my desktop without even having a smartphone in my office. And as somebody who mislays my phone a few times every day, I know that I won't miss having to use a smartphone in the home or car.
Tagged Alexa, IPhone, Onyx Connect, Siri, Smartphone
Universal Internet Access
While many of us are spending a lot of time trying to find a broadband solution for the unserved and underserved homes in the US, companies like Facebook, Google, and Microsoft are looking at ways of bringing some sort of broadband to everybody in the world.
Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook spoke to the United Nations this past week and talked about the need to bring Internet access to the five billion people on the planet that do not have it. He says that bringing Internet access to people is the most immediate way to help lift people out of abject poverty.
And one has to think he is right. Even very basic Internet access, which is what he and those other companies are trying to supply, will bring those billions into contact with the rest of the world. It's hard to imagine how much untapped human talent resides in those many billions and access to the Internet can let the brightest of them contribute to the betterment of their communities and of mankind.
But on a more basic level, Internet access brings basic needs to poor communities. It opens up ecommerce and ebanking and other fundamental ways for people to become engaged in ways of making a living beyond a scratch existence. It opens up communities to educational opportunities, often for the first time. There are numerous stories already of rural communities around the world that have been transformed by access to the Internet.
One has to remember that the kind of access Zuckerberg is talking about is not the same as what we have in the developed countries. Here we are racing towards gigabit networks on fiber, while in these new places the connections are likely to be slow connections almost entirely via cheap smartphones. But you have to start somewhere.
Of course, there is also a bit of entrepreneurial competition going on here since each of these large corporations wants to be the face of the Internet for all of these new billions of potential customers. And so we see each of them taking different tactics and using different technologies to bring broadband to remote places.
Ultimately, the early broadband solutions brought to these new places will have to be replaced with some real infrastructure. As any population accepts Internet access they will quickly exhaust any limited broadband connection from a balloon, airplane, or satellite. And so there will come a clamor over time for the governments around the world to start building backbone fiber networks to get real broadband into the country and the region. I've talked to consultants who work with African nations and it is the lack of this basic fiber infrastructure that is one of the biggest limitations on getting adequate broadband to remote parts of the world.
And so hopefully this early work to bring some connectivity to remote places will be followed up with a program to bring more permanent broadband infrastructure to the places that need it. It's possible that the need for broadband is going to soon be ranked right after food, water, and shelter as a necessity for a community. I would expect the people of the world to expect, and to then push their governments into making broadband a priority. I don't even know how well we'll do to get fiber to each region of our own country, and so the poorer parts of the world face a monumental task over the coming decades to satisfy the desire for connectivity. But when people want something badly enough they generally find a way to get what they want, and so I think we are only a few years away from a time when most of the people on the planet will be clamoring for good Internet access.
Tagged Facebook, Google, Internet access, Microsoft, Smartphone
Wearables Were Doomed to Fail
One thing I've noticed about tech is that the industry shows amazing exuberance for any new product. Just in the last few years we have seen huge sales forecasts for various home automation devices, for 3D printers, and for wearables. But all of these products have not done nearly as well in the market as industry analysts predicted.
We are certainly seeing that with wearables. Analysts had predicted that 90 million wearables would ship in 2014 and the actual count was closer to 52 million. And shipments should drop sharply again this year. It seems like every company that builds technology jumped into the fitness tracker market. It felt like a new brand hit the market every few weeks.
The exuberance for fitness trackers has me scratching my head. My wife runs long distances, and she did not see any reason to buy a fitness wearable. She uses a generation older technology which is basically a pedometer with GPS and that works well enough for what she needs. The device tells her how far she runs and can track her routes, and she feels no need to have a machine that tracks her 24 hours per day. If somebody who is a serious runner doesn't see the sense in the device then there are probably not that many people who really need what a fitness tracker can do.
The market for the devices wasn't helped when several studies last year showed that fitness trackers aren't even very good at some of their basic functions like measuring calories burned. I never expected them to be because there are a lot more variables in that equation than just the steps that somebody runs.
The real question with fitness trackers or most other wearables is the value proposition they offer to people. How many people are willing to shell out the money and then use a device to tell them how many steps they have taken or how many calories they have burned? I think the people who made fitness trackers had an unrealistic hope that the devices were going to somehow change behavior and get millions of people off the couch and out running. But devices don't change people. To be successful a device needs to be relevant and fit into our existing life. The device must have a compelling reason for us to use it.
Wearables in their current form don't fit into very many people's lives. They don't, of themselves, make you fitter, thinner, or happier. They do supply you with basic data, but it now seems that we can get that same information for free from our smartphones. For a device to be successful it has to give people immediate satisfaction.
I think this is why the only two really successful devices recently have been the iPod and the smartphone. The iPod had a big market burst because everybody wanted to carry around all of the music they love. And the smartphone hit the market at exactly the right time. We already had a generation of people who were online and the smartphone added mobility to something we were already doing. But the smartphone didn't stop there and it stays relevant by adding new amazing functions for those willing to delve into apps.
We now see fitness trackers morphing slightly into smartwatches. Apple is trying hard to paint the smartwatch as something brand new, but they look no more compelling to me. What can a smartwatch do that will significantly enhance my life if I am already carrying my smartphone? If the smartwatch makers can answer that question then they have a chance for success. If not, it will be another fad and a tech device bubble that will soon burst.
I hope I don't sound too pessimistic, because I think the time will come when everybody will have a wearable. But we are a generation or more away from that time. We need a few more cycles of Moore's laws to make chips smaller, faster, and more power-efficient. Almost every futurist paints a picture where the infosphere surrounds us wherever we go. And that probably means having some sort of computer that is always with us, and that means some sort of wearable. These future devices will take over all of the functions of the smartphone, and as such they will be wildly successful.
But there needs to be a number of breakthroughs made to get to those future devices. There needs to be a really accurate natural voice interface so that we can talk with our device easily. There needs to be some way for the future device to show us images, perhaps by broadcasting them straight to the lens in our eyes. When these devices become a true personal assistant we will find them compelling and mandatory. But until then, every device that does things that a smartphone can also do are doomed to market failure.
Tagged fitness tracker, iPod, Smartphone, wearables
Are Smartphones Bad for Us?
I saw that last week was the eighth anniversary of the day when Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone at MacWorld in San Francisco. Smartphones are so ubiquitous today that it feels like it's been longer than eight years and it's already hard to imagine a world without smartphones. Certainly something may come along to be even more amazing, but this so far is the transformational technology of the century.
The iPhone certainly transformed Apple. In 2006, the year before the iPhone was introduced they had revenues of $19 billion with the largest product being the iPod at $7.7 billion. Last year Apple had revenues of $182.8 billion with the iPhone producing revenues of $102 billion. iPods were still at a surprising $2.3 billion (who still buys iPods?).
There were smart phones around before the iPhone from companies like Palm and Blackberry. But the packaging of the iPhone caught the eye of the average cellphone user and the smartphone industry exploded. One of my friends bought an iPhone on the day they came out and I remember being very unimpressed. I asked him what it did that was new and the only thing he could come up with FaceTime – but he didn't know anybody else who had an iPhone at the time and we couldn't try it. The original iPhone didn't have many apps, but that void was quickly filled.
Now that smartphone usage is ubiquitous in the US, we are starting to see studies looking at the impact of using them. Not all of these studies are good news.
Researcher Andrew Lepp at Kent State University looked at how smartphones affect college students. Lepp's study found that frequent smartphone usage can be linked to increased anxiety, lower grades and generally less happiness. Students who are able to put down their phones are happier and have higher grades. Lepp's study also showed, unsurprisingly that students with the highest smartphone usage have worse cardiovascular health – meaning they are in worse physical shape.
Researchers at Michigan State found that work-related smartphone use after 9 PM adversely affects a person's performance the following day. They found that not taking a break from work results in mental fatigue and lack of engagement the next day. Researchers at Florida State found similar results and postulated that the smartphone backlighting interferes with melatonin, a chemical that regulates falling asleep and staying asleep.
The statistics from various surveys on smartphone usage are eye-opening:
80% of all smartphone users check their phone within 15 minutes of waking.
Smartphone users with Facebook check Facebook an average of 14 times per day.
A scary 24% of users check their smartphone while driving.
39% of smartphone users use their smartphones in the bathroom (I have no idea what this means).
My own theory is that smartphones do so many different functions they can feed into many different versions of addictive behavior. People can use a smartphone and get addicted to playing games, or addicted to texting their friends, or addicted to using FaceTime, or addicted to reading sports scores and stories.
It's not like addiction to technology is new. We all remember people who got addicted to early computer games. Perhaps there is still somebody today in their basement addictively playing Pong. There are many stories of people before smartphones who texted thousands of times per day. These early studies don't surprise me and I am sure that many more studies will describe even more woes that can be added to the list of how technology can be bad for us.
Okay, I admit I use my smartphone in the bathroom – it's a good chance to catch up on tech news. But that's it. I swear!
Tagged Apple, FaceTime, Smartphone, technology addiction
How We Get Our Entertainment
Nielsen just published The Total Audience Report for the third quarter of 2014 in which they look in detail at how Americans are getting their entertainment. They define entertainment broadly and include things like web browsing on computers and cellphones. But they do not count voice calling or texting, which are communications. This report concentrates on the time that people spend on different devices. The report looks at the data in a number of different ways and I found a few of the comparisons to be quite interesting.
The report shows that the way we are accessing entertainment is changing rapidly. Consider the following statistics comparing the number of hours per day that the average person uses various devices , for the third quarters of 2012 and 2014 (in hours and minutes):
' 3Q 2012 3Q 2014
Watch Live TV 4:50 4:32
Watch Time Shift TV 0:24 0:32
Watch DVD / Blu-Ray 0:09 0:09
Use a Game Console 0:09 0:12
Use Internet on a Computer 1:04 1:06
Use a Smartphone 0:53 1:33
Listen to AM/FM Radio 2:51 2:44
Use a Multimedia Device 0:00 0:04
The total time spent by the average person doing these activities increased over the two years from 10 hours and 20 minutes to 10 hours and 52 minutes. The time spent watching traditional TV and listening to AM/FM radio dropped while everything else stayed the same or climbed. The most dramatic shift was in the use of smartphones for entertainment which grew by 75% in just two years.
It's also interesting to look at these same statistics by age group. Consider the following that shows weekly statistics for the average person in three different age groups (in hours and minutes):
' 18 – 24 35 – 49 65+
Watch Live TV 17:34 29:41 47:13
Watch Time Shift TV 1:43 3:40 3:19
Watch DVD / Blu-Ray 0:46 1:08 0:37
Use a Game Console 3:35 1:03 0:07
Use Internet on a Computer 4:54 7:22 2.48
Watch Video on Internet 1:46 1:48 0:26
Using an App on Smartphone 9:40 9:39 1:16
Watch Video on Smartphone 0:29 0:14 0:00
Listen to AM/FM Radio 10:30 13:48 12:06
Use a Multimedia Device 0:38 0:30 0.13
This shows a dramatic difference by age for watching traditional TV. The younger you are, the less TV you watch. Young people in the 18-34 age group watch 63% less TV than those over 65 while 35-49 year olds watch TV 37% less. It's the dramatic decrease in TV viewing by younger viewers that has the TV industry worried. This is certainly going to mean a major shift in advertising dollars away from TV, something that has recently become noticeable. And this same trend of caring less about TV might be what breaks the traditional cable model rather than cord cutters. Young people still watch TV, but a lot less than older generations.
There is also a huge difference between generations in terms of total hours spent using these devices. The 18–24 year-olds spend 51 hours and 20 minutes per week, those 35-49 spend 68 hours and 20 minutes, and those over 65 spend 68 hours and 6 minutes.
People under age 50 have made a dramatic shift to using their smartphones for entertainment, be that playing games, browsing the web or shopping. Both the 18-24 year olds and the 35-49 year olds use their smartphones over 9 hours per week. Interestingly, I have read a lot of articles talking about how smartphone video usage is growing rapidly and will eventually swamp other kinds of viewing, but these numbers don't support that contention. This shows that even those in the 18-24 group are watching video on the smartphones less than a half-four per week on average. Certainly usage of smartphones in general is way up, but they still only represent a very tiny sliver of the market for watching video.
These charts also reminded me how much people still listen to AM/FM radio. I listen to Sirius XM radio in my car since I am a talk radio junky and I haven't listened to regular radio in years. But these numbers still show that all age groups are listening to the radio more than 10 hours per week.
Tagged Am/FM Radio, Nielsen, Smartphone, Watching TV
Statistics on How We Watch Video
Experian Marketing has published the results of yet another detailed marketing survey that looks at how adults watch video. This is perhaps the largest survey I've seen and they talked to over 24,000 adults about their viewing habits. This one has a bit of a different twist in that it correlates TV viewing with the use of various devices. The conclusion of the survey is that people who use certain devices are much more likely to be cord cutters.
Probably the most compelling statistic from the survey is their estimate that as of October 2013 the number of cord cutters has grown to 7.5 million households, or 6.5% of all households. This is several million higher than previously published estimates. This survey shows that age is an important factor in cord cutting and that 12.4% of households that have at least one family member who is a millennial between the ages of 18 and 34 are cord cutters. And something that makes sense is that over 18% of those with a NetFlix or Hulu account have become cord cutters.
The survey also shows that the number of people who watch streaming video continues to grow and that 48% of all adults and 67% of those under age 35 watch streaming or downloaded video from the Internet each week. And this is growing rapidly and both of those numbers increased by 3 percentage points just over the prior six months.
The main purpose of this survey was to look at viewing habits by type of device. One of the surprising findings to me is that smartphones are now the primary device used to watch streaming video. I guessed it surprised me because this is not one of the ways we watch video in our household other than videos that pop up from Facebook. But during a typical week 24% of all adults or 42% of smartphone users watch video.
The television set is still the obvious device of choice for viewing content and 94% of adults watch something on their television each week. Only 84% of adults now use the television to watch live programming and the rest are watching in some different manner. For instance 40% of television watchers still view content from DVDs, 32% get content from a DVR, 13% watch pay-per-view and 9% watch streaming video. As of February 2014, 34% of television sets are now connected to the Internet. Of those 41% use AppleTV, 35% use Roku and the rest have Internet-enabled TVs.
Adults are watching content on a lot of different devices now. Something that might be surprising to bosses around the country is that 16% of adults with a PC at work use it to watch streaming video. One fourth of adults who own game consoles watch streaming video, 26% of adults who own a home PC use it for videos, and 42% of adults who have either a smartphone or tablet use them to watch video.
The survey also looked at what people watch and the time spent with specific programming on each kind of device. For example, YouTube is the source for 59% of the video watched on PCs and the average adult spends over 21 minutes per week watching it. Only 7% of content viewed on PCs is NetFlix, but the average time spent is over 23 minutes per week. And over 10 minutes per week is spent on PCs watching Hulu, Bing Videos and Fox News.
The survey also asked how adults feel about advertising that comes with the video on each kind of device. Not surprising to me, only 9% of those over 50 found the advertising on their smartphone to be useful and 14% found advertising on the TV to be useful. But younger viewers are not quite as jaded as us baby boomers and 36% of millennials find advertising on their smartphone to be useful and 39% find TVs advertising to be useful.
Tagged cord cutters, Experian Marketing, millenials, NetFlix, Smartphone
The Latest in Home Security
Home security (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Anybody following this blog knows that I have been promoting the ideas of telecom providers getting into the home security business. I see this as one of the ways that you are going to keep yourself relevant with the advent of the internet of things.
Modern Home security centers in the homes are already a lot more than that, and they can also be the platform used for home automation and energy management. There are numerous devices being made that function as the gateway to any ethernet device in your home that can be connected with wires or with wireless technologies. These main consuls then can interface with the user through smart phones or other such devices.
Of course home security still does the basic stuff. You can set up your house with monitors on doors and windows that will tell you when something changes. But modern security systems can do so much more. Here are some examples:
Everything can be tied into your smart phone so that you have access to your security system at all times. You can use your phone to change settings, to peek in on any of the cameras or even to speak with somebody who is at your front door even if you are not at home.
You can tie normal security features in with motion detectors. This will tell you if something is moving in a room that ought to be empty. But it can also do cool stuff like alert you when anybody approaches the external doors in your house. So rather than wait until somebody has broken in you can be alerted when somebody is at one of your doors. It's not all that useful to know when the mailman comes every day, but it's very comforting to know that you can be alerted when somebody is at your back door at 2:00 in the morning.
The systems can be tied into a number of other kinds of monitors. Certainly you can tie this into smoke detectors, but you can also monitor if the temperature changes drastically in any room. You can monitor for carbon monoxide levels (and if you are really paranoid, for many other kinds of chemicals and gases).
New systems include voice recognition and you can talk to your system. This allows you to change settings on the fly. For example, you can just tell your system that you will be working in a certain room and to ignore monitoring that room for a while. But your security system can then help with those absent-minded people like me. If you turn off the security in an area for a while, you can set it to ask you later if you still want it off.
Your system can get to know you. Sophisticated systems are starting to use things like face recognition and gait sensors so that your security system will know it's you walking around on the lawn at midnight and not a stranger.
And it's all cloud based, meaning that you can get an alert if the power goes out on your system while you are not at home. Turning off the power to a home has always been a common burglar technique for confounding a security system, but the system can be set to alert your smart phone every time the power goes out.
And of course, there are cameras to view or record everything. You can set your cameras up with some smarts to only view unusual events or events of a certain kind so that you are only storing views of things that matter. But the cameras give you the ability to monitor pets or babysitters while you are not at home. With cheap cloud storage you can record a lot of video.
There are now smart door locks that are tied to the security systems. These can use some combination of proximity to cell phone, voice or face recognition to allow keyless entry.
For those times when you drive away from home and can't remember if you set the alarm a certain way, your system can be tied into your smart phone's GPS and it can ask you if you want the alarms on once it senses you away from the home. Side benefit – you are always tracking the location of your cell phones if you want to see where your kids really are.
You customers can monitor it all themselves. It's no longer necessary to have the security system tied into some center that will alert the police. A customer who is never without their smart phone can take a more active role and get all of the alerts if they so choose.
Most of these changes have been introduced within the last few years and one can imagine that many more changes will be coming in the next decade. So the best platform is one that is software driven and that can be upgraded to accept new devices and new features as they hit the market.
Tagged Alarm Systems, Burglar alarm, Business, Business Services, Fire and Security, Physical security, Security, Smartphone


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Home / News / AP tests administered online and in-person
AP tests administered online and in-person
by Paul Hong, News Reporter, & Sarah Wei, News Editor
graphic by Angus Nichols
Advanced Placement (AP) tests, taking place between May 3 and June 11, are in the midst of being administered for the 2020-2021 school year.
Tests were offered both digitally and in person on paper, with the exception of Music Theory and world language exams, which were only available in person. The College Board introduced online testing in the 2019-2020 school year as a result of the pandemic, taking months to develop a downloadable testing application to ensure security during exams. For years prior, tests had only been available in person.
The online and in-person tests differed in sectional composition as well as in question styles.
Junior AP U.S. History (APUSH) student Shanae Venter said that she felt unprepared for the digital exam.
"I had done a variety of short-answer question practices on AP Classroom … and I felt that the wording of the questions on the actual exam were unlike those of the practices," she said. "Also, with being unable to go back and forth, it made the new format of questions harder to adapt to."
Though students were registered for a total of nearly 1400 exams, in the first nine days of testing, only 64 students tested in the building, AP Testing Coordinator Mary Ann Price said. She said that although the total number of registered tests was comparable to previous years, an atypical amount got canceled as the test dates drew closer.
"The biggest difference this year is the number of canceled exams — students have canceled about 500 exams," she said. "Prior to 2020, students might have canceled 50 to 100 exams in total."
To account for turbulence in student's lives and the stress load of AP tests, the College Board offered full refunds for canceled tests for the first time in history.
Junior AP Chemistry student Jessie Traxler said that the refund policy allowed for flexibility and hopes that it will continue.
In preparation for the test, teachers, including AP French teacher Deborah Hahn, said that they grappled with challenges trying to adapt to constant changes in South's schedule and College Board's testing format.
"I had less time to prepare my AP students due to many factors [such as] the later start to our school year, the continual need to pivot as our learning model fluctuated and the decision to limit out-of-school required assignments," Hahn said.
AP Chemistry teacher Marianne McChesney said that she had to adjust her teaching style to prepare her students for digital testing.
"Test prep this year has included more practice using AP Classroom online progress checks so that students could get used to the online format. Entering responses on the computer is different from writing on paper because of all the special formatting involved in making chemical equations and chemical structures," she said. "These changes in test prep help students become more familiar and confident in their ability to perform well on exam day."
Students, like Junior MJ Kim, who took the APUSH exam, felt the pandemic's effects on their learning. Kim said that he had trouble staying concentrated while attending school online.
"The disadvantages of online learning is that it is really easy to lose focus, and while it's very comfortable, I would have learned a lot more in person," he said.
Traxler said in-person preparations for exams could have been more valuable and is disappointed to have missed out this year.
"Studying for my tests has been alright, but I definitely miss study groups. Voice calls and messaging are great, but it's not the same as studying in person with a group of friends," she said.
Through the various challenges of online preparation, Hahn said that her students have learned and grown throughout the year.
"Most students felt very positive about their experience … they were challenged and exposed to new ideas and ways of thinking," she said. "That, to me, is the true definition of a successful year."
Stras takes the reins
Perspectives: Should South have access to student activity on school-issued Chromebooks?
Local Businesses Hit Hard by COVID-19
COVID-19 Cancellations
Newton Turkey Trot


"Our state-of-the-art curriculum equips the young manager with all the necessary knowledge and skills to bring real value to today's competitive business organizations."
That it gave me the opportunity to attend lectures from outstanding, talented professors and meet very interesting people from around the world.
From faculty members to student body, has been a worthwhile experience because it helps you to develop a managerial mind-set that becomes the key in problem solving and decision making.
Our state-of-the-art curriculum equips the young manager with all the necessary knowledge and skills to bring real value to today's competitive business organizations.
The fact that I am a more confident business leader and a coach thanks to this MBA at MSM.
It has prepared me for the competitive job market and given me the opportunity to get introduced to the stunning culture of The Netherlands. Studying at MSM has also helped me to be able to adjust quickly to different backgrounds and cultures in the working environment.
The high quality education, cultural diverseness and global connections. Being with students from many countries and working in intercultural groups is a very enriching experience. Apart from the business subjects, MSM also teaches to manage time and self-discipline indirectly through its tight schedules and vast curriculum. The skills gained will certainly influence positively in my future career.
The structure of the program and the time between lecturing weeks provided the best balance between work and study. It has enriched my business understanding and consequently opened new doors. Joining this programme has been one of the best decisions I've made.
What I would highlight: Our state-of-the-art curriculum equips the young manager with all the necessary knowledge and skills to bring real value to today's competitive business organizations.
What I would highlight: It has prepared me for the competitive job market and given me the opportunity to get introduced to the stunning culture of The Netherlands. Studying at MSM has also helped me to be able to adjust quickly to different backgrounds and cultures in the working environment.
What I would highlight: That it gave me the opportunity to attend lectures from outstanding, talented professors and meet very interesting people from around the world.
What I would highlight: From faculty members to student body, has been a worthwhile experience because it helps you to develop a managerial mind-set that becomes the key in problem solving and decision making.
What I would highlight: Pursuing the MBA provided me with a new set of ideas; both soft skills and technical skills in areas outside of Law. This was very valuable in placing myself in the best position to successfully make the transition into a career in finance in which I am today.
What I would highlight: The students creating a brotherhood that stretches beyond the classroom experience and the duration of the program. I'm glad to say my former classmates and I are stil good friends and have developed an active professional network too.
What I would highlight: The practical learning materials for searching academic literature and drafting a research proposal are among the most highlighted features of the RMS program, the previous step to Doctor of Business Administration programme.
What I would highlight: The high quality education, cultural diverseness and global connections. Being with students from many countries and working in intercultural groups is a very enriching experience. Apart from the business subjects, MSM also teaches to manage time and self-discipline indirectly through its tight schedules and vast curriculum. The skills gained will certainly influence positively in my future career.
What I would highlight: The fact that I am a more confident business leader and a coach thanks to this MBA at MSM.
What I would highlight: The structure of the program and the time between lecturing weeks provided the best balance between work and study. It has enriched my business understanding and consequently opened new doors. Joining this programme has been one of the best decisions I've made.
Maastricht School of Management provides education and research for ethical management, inspiring leadership, innovative entrepreneurship and effective public policy, building on our unique history in working together with institutions in emerging economies for better global management.


text:
Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media
Alireza Shariati*, Roger A. Sheldon, Geert-Jan Witkamp, Cor J. Peters
The homogeneously-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate (MAC) was chosen to evaluate the feasibility of combining the advantages of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for reactions and the chiral complexes as catalysts for enantioselective reactions. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and (-)-1,2-bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene (cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (Rh-MeDuPHOS) were selected as the solvent and the catalyst, respectively. All experiments were carried out in an autoclave. The Rh-MeDuPHOS catalyst dissolved in [bmim][BF4] was able to hydrogenate MAC with high conversions and enantioselectivities. The effects of hydrogen (H2) pressure on the conversion and enantioselectivity of MAC hydrogenation were studied. It was shown that with increasing H2 pressure, the conversion increases while the selectivity decreases. Adding carbon dioxide (CO2) as a potential enhancer of this reaction was also studied. It was shown that by increasing the partial pressure of CO2, the conversion decreases, while the selectivity increases. Catalyst recycling by extraction of the product with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was also possible.
Green Chemistry
https://doi.org/10.1039/b714465b
Published - Mar 19 2008
10.1039/b714465b
Dive into the research topics of 'Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate Chemical Compounds 100%
Cinnamates Chemical Compounds 76%
Hydrogenation Chemical Compounds 53%
Enantioselectivity Chemical Compounds 42%
catalyst Earth & Environmental Sciences 38%
Catalysts Chemical Compounds 35%
Rhodium Chemical Compounds 18%
Ionic Liquids Chemical Compounds 18%
Shariati, A., Sheldon, R. A., Witkamp, G-J., & Peters, C. J. (2008). Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media. Green Chemistry, 10(3), 350-354. https://doi.org/10.1039/b714465b
Shariati, Alireza ; Sheldon, Roger A. ; Witkamp, Geert-Jan ; Peters, Cor J. / Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media. In: Green Chemistry. 2008 ; Vol. 10, No. 3. pp. 350-354.
@article{5bd74683bdd241a99190d077267c8fc8,
title = "Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media",
abstract = "The homogeneously-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate (MAC) was chosen to evaluate the feasibility of combining the advantages of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for reactions and the chiral complexes as catalysts for enantioselective reactions. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and (-)-1,2-bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene (cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (Rh-MeDuPHOS) were selected as the solvent and the catalyst, respectively. All experiments were carried out in an autoclave. The Rh-MeDuPHOS catalyst dissolved in [bmim][BF4] was able to hydrogenate MAC with high conversions and enantioselectivities. The effects of hydrogen (H2) pressure on the conversion and enantioselectivity of MAC hydrogenation were studied. It was shown that with increasing H2 pressure, the conversion increases while the selectivity decreases. Adding carbon dioxide (CO2) as a potential enhancer of this reaction was also studied. It was shown that by increasing the partial pressure of CO2, the conversion decreases, while the selectivity increases. Catalyst recycling by extraction of the product with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was also possible.",
author = "Alireza Shariati and Sheldon, {Roger A.} and Geert-Jan Witkamp and Peters, {Cor J.}",
doi = "10.1039/b714465b",
journal = "Green Chemistry",
Shariati, A, Sheldon, RA, Witkamp, G-J & Peters, CJ 2008, 'Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media', Green Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 350-354. https://doi.org/10.1039/b714465b
Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media. / Shariati, Alireza; Sheldon, Roger A.; Witkamp, Geert-Jan; Peters, Cor J.
In: Green Chemistry, Vol. 10, No. 3, 19.03.2008, p. 350-354.
T1 - Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media
AU - Shariati, Alireza
AU - Sheldon, Roger A.
AU - Witkamp, Geert-Jan
AU - Peters, Cor J.
N2 - The homogeneously-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate (MAC) was chosen to evaluate the feasibility of combining the advantages of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for reactions and the chiral complexes as catalysts for enantioselective reactions. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and (-)-1,2-bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene (cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (Rh-MeDuPHOS) were selected as the solvent and the catalyst, respectively. All experiments were carried out in an autoclave. The Rh-MeDuPHOS catalyst dissolved in [bmim][BF4] was able to hydrogenate MAC with high conversions and enantioselectivities. The effects of hydrogen (H2) pressure on the conversion and enantioselectivity of MAC hydrogenation were studied. It was shown that with increasing H2 pressure, the conversion increases while the selectivity decreases. Adding carbon dioxide (CO2) as a potential enhancer of this reaction was also studied. It was shown that by increasing the partial pressure of CO2, the conversion decreases, while the selectivity increases. Catalyst recycling by extraction of the product with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was also possible.
AB - The homogeneously-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate (MAC) was chosen to evaluate the feasibility of combining the advantages of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for reactions and the chiral complexes as catalysts for enantioselective reactions. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and (-)-1,2-bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzene (cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (Rh-MeDuPHOS) were selected as the solvent and the catalyst, respectively. All experiments were carried out in an autoclave. The Rh-MeDuPHOS catalyst dissolved in [bmim][BF4] was able to hydrogenate MAC with high conversions and enantioselectivities. The effects of hydrogen (H2) pressure on the conversion and enantioselectivity of MAC hydrogenation were studied. It was shown that with increasing H2 pressure, the conversion increases while the selectivity decreases. Adding carbon dioxide (CO2) as a potential enhancer of this reaction was also studied. It was shown that by increasing the partial pressure of CO2, the conversion decreases, while the selectivity increases. Catalyst recycling by extraction of the product with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was also possible.
U2 - 10.1039/b714465b
DO - 10.1039/b714465b
JO - Green Chemistry
JF - Green Chemistry
Shariati A, Sheldon RA, Witkamp G-J, Peters CJ. Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of methyl α-acetamido cinnamate in [bmim][BF4]/CO2 media. Green Chemistry. 2008 Mar 19;10(3):350-354. https://doi.org/10.1039/b714465b


The coldest months of the year are just around the corner. Learn how to fight off some of the risks associated with winter's chill. Before bundling up to head outdoors, be sure to check both the temperature and the wind chill. Wind chill indicates how the air feels on your skin. It can vary dramatically from the actual temperature. You will want to take extra safety precautions since low wind chills and cold temperatures can have dangerous effects on your body, such as frostbite and hypothermia.
Frostbite occurs when parts of your body freeze from prolonged exposure to the cold. Warning signs include: numbness and skin that's white or grayish-yellow and unusually firm or waxy.
Hypothermia sets in when your body is losing heat faster than it can produce it. There are several stages of hypothermia, but common symptoms include: uncontrollable shivering, memory loss, disorientation, slurred speech and drowsiness.
Victims with frostbite or hypothermia should receive immediate medical attention. For more information on how to respond, review these tips from the American Red Cross.
If you must venture outside, layer up! Wear wool, silk or polypropylene inner layers and a tightly woven or wind-resistant outer layer. Finish off with the essentials: a hat, water-resistant boots, and gloves or mittens. Remove layers as you warm up - sweat can aid in heat loss.
Stick to ice at least 6 inches thick and free of ice fishing holes and other debris.
If traveling in mountainous terrain, check for avalanche conditions.
Avoid driving on ice, but if it's the only option, wear a life jacket.
Preparation is one of the best defenses against the dangers of winter storms and cold temperatures.
Review these winter cold weather tips from State Farm® to ready your home for winter and prepare your car to drive in the snow.
Even if you live in a climate where winters aren't extreme, you should still take precautions against colder temperatures. Have your furnace inspected so it can operate safely and smoothly if a cold front blows through. And don't forget about the risk of fog when warm daytime air meets cooler nighttime temperatures. Make sure to brush up on tips for driving in foggy weather.


markj added a comment to D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
While systems with unbalanced NUMA domains behave far worse the same problem exists in systems with balanced NUMA domains while top reported 3.8GB free memory.
Update: In one case it took over 7 minutes for zsh to get paged back in and execute date.
Yes, and that assumption is not very ZFS-friendly, especially if the domain sizes are not roughly equal: the round-robin allocations performed in keg_fetch_slab() can cause the smaller domain(s) to become depleted, and we end up in a situation where one domain is permanently below the min_free_count threshold. Aside from causing hangs, this will also result in an overactive page daemon.
I think all of the vm_page_count_min() calls are problematic. For the swapper, at least, I think we need to follow r338507 and consult the kstack obj's domain allocation policy (as well as curthread's) before deciding whether to proceed. In other cases, such as uma_reclaim_locked(), the solution is not so clear to me. If we permit situations where one or more domains is permanently depleted, then uma_reclaim_locked() should only drain per-CPU caches when all domains are below the free_min threshold. However, this can probably lead to easy foot-shooting since it is possible to create domain allocation policies which only attempt allocations from depleted domains.
Swapper then should collect all policies for kstack objects for all threads of the process which is swapped in. This is somewhat insane.
kib added a comment to D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
Peter reproduced this issue as well. I think the problem is with the vm_page_count_min() predicate in swapper_wkilled_only(). If one domain is depleted, we won't swap processes back in.
I am not quite sure would could be an alternative there. if the policy for the kstack object is strict and corresponding domain is in severe low condition, then we must not start swapin.
I think that the current design does assume that all domains must return from the low conditions.
I did see zsh processes wrapped with "<>" in top's output so they were get swapped out. I need a few minutes to reproduce the problem and run "ps auxwwwH".
markj updated subscribers of D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
If you prefer we can switch to IRC.
mmacy added a comment to D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
mjg closed D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
mjg accepted D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
cem accepted D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
kbowling created D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:.
kbowling added child revisions for D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:: D16191: Fix vm_waitpfault on numa, D16836: Allow empty NUMA domains to support AMD 2990WX.
kbowling added a reviewer for D17059: Enable options NUMA on amd64 GENERIC/MINIMAL:: scottl.
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Concentrated fruit has brawny tannic structure. Cedar, vanilla and dark chocolate from toasty oak will integrate with bottle age. There's noteworthy intensity and focus to the flavors, then the structure amps up in the finish.


text:
Die Arthrodese (von altgriechisch  arthron, 'Gelenk' und  desis, 'das Binden') ist eine operative Gelenkversteifung (Versteifungsoperation). Die Bewegungsfähigkeit im Gelenk wird dabei komplett unterbunden. Dabei wird entweder das Gelenk eröffnet (intraartikuläre Arthrodese) oder nicht eröffnet (extraartikuläre oder paraartikuläre Arthrodese). Wird nur vorübergehend eine Fixation quer durch ein Gelenk angelegt, z. B. mit einem K-Draht, liegt eine temporäre Arthrodese vor.

Eine Arthrodese an der Wirbelsäule wird als Spondylodese bezeichnet. Die natürliche (krankheitsbedingte) Gelenkversteifung heißt Ankylose.

Die operative Gelenkversteifung ist prinzipiell an allen Gelenken möglich. Hüft- und Kniearthrodesen sind seit der Einführung von Endoprothesen selten geworden. Relativ häufig wird das Verfahren noch an Schulter, Hand, Sprunggelenken und Fußgelenken durchgeführt. Die Arthrodese des ersten Tarsometatarsal-Gelenkes (Lapidus-Arthrodese) ist ein häufiges Verfahren zur Korrektur eines schweren instabilen Hallux valgus und die Großzehengrundgelenk-Arthrodese wird häufig bei einem Hallux rigidus durchgeführt.

Geschichte
Der Begriff Arthrodese wurde von Eduard Albert eingeführt. Er nahm 1878 bei einem Mädchen mit Kinderlähmung die erste Arthrodese vor und erreichte standfeste Knie. Im Jahr 1887 nahm er die erste erfolgreiche Hüftgelenksarthrodese vor. Der erste Bericht über eine erfolgreiche Hüftgelenksarthrodese aus dem französischen Sprachraum stammt aus dem Jahr 1886 von Lagrane, aus dem englischen von F. Albee 1908.

Indikationen

Eine Arthrodese wird beispielsweise bei einer schweren Arthrose oder anderen degenerativen Erkrankungen, bei bestimmten Frakturen (etwa im Bereich der Halswirbelsäule), bei einer chronischen Gelenksinstabilität infolge einer Lähmung, oder zur Korrektur einer schweren Fehlstellung (z. B. beim Hallux valgus) vorgenommen. Die Arthrodese ist im Fall einer Arthrose eine Alternative zur Gelenkprothese und zur Resektions-Interpositions-Arthroplastik.

Weiterhin kann eine Arthrodese bei schlaffen Lähmungen, z. B. nach Poliomyelitis durchgeführt werden, meist im Sprunggelenksbereich, um hierdurch eine ausreichende Stabilität zu erreichen.

Bei Patienten mit Tetraplegie dienen Arthrodesen im Handgelenksbereich zusammen mit Sehnentransfers, um Fingerbewegungen und v. a. eine Greiffunktion mit Hilfe umgelenkter nicht gelähmter Muskeln wiederherzustellen.

Arthrodesen kommen gelegentlich auch bei Gelenken infrage, die durch eine eitrige Arthritis oder gelenknahe Osteomyelitis zerstört wurden.

Durchführung
Das Verfahren der offenen Arthrodese sieht eine Resektion der knorpeligen Anteile des Gelenks vor, oft mit Entfernung des darunterliegenden Knochens, wodurch auch eine Achskorrektur erreicht werden kann. Anschließend erfolgt in der Regel eine interne Fixation mit einer Osteosynthese. Dabei können kanülierte (hohle) Schrauben (wie im Bild der Schulter-Arthrodese), K-Drähte, intramedulläre Nägel oder Platten angewandt werden. Dies hängt von der Lokalisation der Arthrodese, der Präferenz des Operateurs und der speziellen Indikation ab. Zur Verbesserung der Knochenheilung können zudem ein eigenes Knochentransplantat (Beckenkamm-Spongiosa) oder künstliche Knochenersatzmaterialien angelagert werden. Nach der Operation ist in der Regel eine mehrwöchige Ruhigstellung in einem Gipsverband oder Schiene nötig, damit eine knöcherne Durchbauung des ehemaligen Gelenkes stattfindet.

Komplikationen

Die Folge der Versteifung ist eine teilweise oder vollständige Übernahme der Beweglichkeit durch benachbarte Gelenke, die dadurch mittel-langfristig ebenfalls geschädigt werden können. Die Entscheidung zur Arthrodese sollte daher auch stets den Zustand der Nachbargelenke berücksichtigen.  Der Funktionsverlust bei Arthrodesen im Fuß- und Sprunggelenkbereich kann sehr gut kompensiert werden und erfordert manchmal eine Sohlenanpassung (Sohlenrolle), eine Einlagenversorgung, Schuhzurichtung oder orthopädischen Maßschuh. Bei posttraumatischen (und postinfektiösen) Instabilitäten kann die Arthrodese einen wesentlichen Funktionsgewinn bedeuten.

Eine fehlende knöcherne Durchbauung der Arthrodese (Pseudarthrose) ist so gut wie immer die Folge mangelhaften Drucks auf die zusammengefügten Knochenenden.

Literatur
 K. D. Thomann: Die künstliche Gelenkversteifung. Zur Geschichte eines therapeutischen Verfahrens. In: Th. Stuhler (Hrsg.): Arthrodesen (Kongreßbericht). Berlin/ Heidelberg/ New York 1991.

Weblinks
 Roche-Lexikon 5. Auflage - Arthrodese

Einzelnachweise

Therapeutisches Verfahren in Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie
Operatives Therapieverfahren


text:
★ Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried price inflation since 1997
Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried priced at $20 in 1997 → $35.26 in 2022
Other Processed Fruits And Vegetables Including Dried Inflation Calculator
Calculate Inflation
See price inflation for:
Full list of CPI categories
Prices for Other Processed Fruits And Vegetables Including Dried, 1997-2022 ($20)
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, prices for other processed fruits and vegetables including dried are 76.32% higher in 2022 versus 1997 (a $15.26 difference in value).
Between 1997 and 2022: Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried experienced an average inflation rate of 2.29% per year. This rate of change indicates significant inflation. In other words, other processed fruits and vegetables including dried costing $20 in the year 1997 would cost $35.26 in 2022 for an equivalent purchase. Compared to the overall inflation rate of 2.43% during this same period, inflation for other processed fruits and vegetables including dried was lower.
Price Inflation for Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried since 1997
Consumer Price Index, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Years with the largest changes in pricing: 2008 (9.54%), 2022 (9.30%), and 2007 (6.18%).
View price changes for other categories
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Buying power of $20.00 since 1997
Below are calculations of equivalent buying power for Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried, over time, for $20 beginning in 1997. Each of the amounts below is equivalent in terms of what it could buy at the time:
USD Value
1997 $20.00 -
1998 $20.10 0.48%
2010 $29.83 -0.10%
2022 $35.26 9.30%*
* Not final. See inflation summary for latest details.
** Extended periods of 0% inflation usually indicate incomplete underlying data. This can manifest as a sharp increase in inflation later on.
Raw Consumer Price Index data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried:
CPI 100.000 100.485 101.685 101.985 103.200 108.400 109.708 111.715 118.485 121.123 128.603 140.870 149.281 149.136 153.361 160.993 160.520 160.378 163.269 161.200 157.596 155.673 153.194 159.117 161.322 176.318
Adjust other processed fruits and vegetables including dried prices for inflation
Start with the inflation rate formula:
CPI in 2022 / CPI in 1997 * 1997 USD value = 2022 USD value
Then plug in historical CPI values from above. The CPI for Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried was 100.000 in the year 1997 and 176.318 in 2022:
176.318 / 100.000 * $20 = $35.26
Therefore, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $20 in 1997 has the same "purchasing power" as $35.26 in 2022 (in the CPI category of Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics began tracking the Consumer Price Index for Other processed fruits and vegetables including dried in 1997. In addition to other processed fruits and vegetables including dried, the index produces monthly data on changes in prices paid by urban consumers for a variety of goods and services.
In other countries:


I am a Professor of Development Economics in the Faculty of Economics at Malaya University where until recently I additionally held the post of Deputy Director at the Centre for Poverty and Development Studies (CPDS). I also held visiting positions at Oxford, Harvard, Kent, Manchester, Reading and Mindanao State Universities (UK). Other affiliations include Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), South-East Asia Lead of the Global Labor Organization (GLO), Fellow of the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Peer Review College and Life Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA). In addition to holding the above positions, I have worked at BRAC (Bangladesh) as a Distinguished Fellow.
Current research draws upon data from South and South-East Asia and focuses on issues such as poverty, labor market, education, child marriage, gender and the rise of non-state (low-cost for-profit, NGO-run as well as Islamic) schools. Past work has been supported by national (e.g. HIR scheme of University of Malaya) as well as international grants (e.g. the Australian Development Research Award scheme, Leverhulme Trust, International Growth Centre (IGC), DFID, South Asian Network of Economic Research Institutes (SANEI) and the World Bank).
I am an Associate Editor of the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities and on the editorial advisory board of COMPARE: A Journal of Comparative and International Education and International Journal of Educational Development.


text:
UK's ICO issues stark reminder of backlash for privacy invasion
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) in the United Kingdom has issued a stark reminder and straight-to-the-point warning for all employees who might be tempted to snoop on others' personal data.
Tomáš Foltýn	 20 Nov 2017 - 01:46PM
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) in the United Kingdom has issued a stark reminder and straight-to-the-point warning for all employees who might be tempted to snoop on others' personal data.
In his blog post, ICO's Enforcement Group Manager and Criminal Investigations Team head Mike Shaw delineated the whole gamut of repercussions that a privacy intruder may face after accessing others' personal data without a valid reason or without their employer's knowledge.
Such conduct "could lead to prosecution by the Information Commissioner's Office and a day in court".
There is more, however.
"If found guilty, you'll face a fine and possibly have to pay prosecution costs. The court case will likely be covered by local media and the details played out over the internet. Not only could you lose your job, but your future employment prospects could be irreparably damaged too."
"Careers and reputations can be destroyed over nothing more than simple nosiness or personal curiosity."
Mike Shaw
The warning was issued in the wake of the latest cautionary tale involving snooping on patient medical records by a National Health Service (NHS) employee. Marian Waddell, 61, a nursing auxiliary at the Royal Gwent Hospital in Newport, Wales, has 'faced the music' for unlawfully accessing the personal data of a patient, who was also her neighbor, on six occasions between July 2015 and February 2016. In addition to a fine of £232, Cwmbran Magistrates' Court has ordered her to pay £150 costs as well as a £30 victim surcharge for acting in breach of the Data Protection Act 1998.
Writing in the aftermath of Waddell's penalty, Shaw went on to call for harsher consequences that such offences carry in the UK – on top of fines that can be meted out at present. "In the future, we would like to see custodial sentences introduced as a sentencing option for the courts in the most serious cases," he wrote.
Waddell's is the eighth case of a criminal prosecution that ICO has brought against NHS employees for breaching patient privacy this year.
Shaw noted how "extremely distressing" such prying into the health records of others can be for the victims. "Not only is it an invasion of their legally ensured fundamental right to privacy, it potentially jeopardises the important relationship of trust between patients and the NHS and can be damaging to the reputation of the health service as a whole," he stated.
The ICO's Regional Manager for Wales, David Teague, lamented the recurrence of the incidents. "It is disappointing that we continue to see people getting into serious trouble over behaviour which is so easily avoidable. Staff training, and the publicity around previous cases of this nature, means that they really should know better."
The NHS itself has recently made it into infosec-themed headlines for other issues than reports of staff prying into the medical records of fellow citizens.
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