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Why Victorian works are so everlasting
January 4, 2016 January 8, 2016 / enywulandari	/ Leave a comment
thank you http://www.leeds.ac.uk for the picture
I can't agree more with GoodReads statements when I once read its viewpoint on what makes classics books are evergreen. It says that certain works, be they are books or poems or drama, fall under canon literature because they convey messages that are timeless, stay-in-tune across culture and generations.
Whatever social backgrounds that lead authors of the Victorian era, I think the humanness of the fictional characters strongly portraying those living in the era is the one that makes them very memorable to readers.
General themes —- love, women role in society, faithfulness, religion, social interaction, poverty —- remain in the minds of modern readers because they are never old-fashioned. In my opinion, the emergence of the Industrial Revolution plays an important role to have made Charles Dickens' novels highly applauded. The rise of industry in the United Kingdom at that time inspires Dickens to have raised topics on economy, materialism, consumerism, etc. But I mostly admire Dickens' stories on people at that time. How industry has driven people to have acted at that time is related with what we see today, the modern world, where industry is no longer a phenomenon but an ordinary one.
The topic of love, particularly the relationship between women and men, I believe becomes the one that's never enough to be written. But what makes the works in the era set standards for preceding works?
Here, my best reference is Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy. So far, there's no novel that can speak about love more thoroughly than this. To love means to work it out. Loving means compromising, working together for a bigger picture regardless bleak past stories. And the finale of the book says that you can't have all that happy ending forever. But when you both work your best to be together, brief happy moments are all that you need to be contented.
The Victorian era provides perfect insights on women status, roles in the society, a topic that remains interesting no matter how rapid time has shifted. Referring to a few numbers of Victorian classics that I have read so far, female figures are the centre of all the books. Apparently, when it comes to the society, women take all the blames if they do something against public' wishes. Take for instance, Hetty Sorrel in 'Adam Bede'. She does commit adultery but it seems unfair that she is the one who is on the spotlight of all. She's the one who gets very stressful after she murders her only kid then is put behind the bars.
Bathsheba Everdene, the central figure of 'Far from the Madding Crowd' provides a clear picture on overwhelming burden women can suffer. In the book, she is an established woman who does not seek marriage to elevate her social status. Despite the already wealthy status, Bathsheba is still a subject to be blamed with all love stories revolving her and a few men who are fallen for her. I get the sense that all of her wishy-washy attitudes in romance taint her image as a successful woman.
In 'Agnes Grey' a very somber picture can be learned from the fate of Grey's mother who chooses to have married against her father's wishes expecting her to marry a rich man. As a result, she is let to have left her home. She is 'no longer the daughter of the family' then loses all her supposed inheritance.
While for some countries women are as equal as men, they sometimes remain a hot topic for debate in emerging or least developed ones probably in different, various cases. For instance, in some African countries, women are forced to marry wealthy men to help her family making ends meet. While for poor women, marriages may be driven by economy, career women may find themselves in contrastive perspectives against public. While many may wish career women to abandon their jobs after getting married, this type of women may hold different point of view.
All I can say is that women throughout time and space, across countries and generations, have been, are and will always be the ones whom public can easily put their fingers at. Those are themes that may sound usual but the creative minds of handful Victorian writers have turned them all into something extraordinary that stand the test of time.
My views on life as told by these Victorian writers
September 25, 2015 September 25, 2015 / enywulandari	/ Leave a comment
One of the greatest reading benefits is knowing that I am not a solo fighter to affirm my perspectives on life. From religion, social status, gender… writers share what they think about the world, which in coincidence, matches with my own. And I can say there are things from each of the book that I have read which are just what I feel. As my latest reading experiences are, still, on Victorian era, I'd love to highlight what I and the fantastic four authors have in common:
Oh yes, there he is, again and again. He remains my darling for the Victorian era. His books are endless resources for my writings. What makes me liking this writer is definitely due to his views on life which are similar with mine. Below are some of his works that best describe my thoughts:
Feminism is the first word that emerges in my mind the first time I read about Bathsheba Everdene. She's the kind of feminist that I adore. I don't exactly know well the definition of feminism. All I agree is that a woman must be independent, capable of doing her tasks and making ends meet on her own but she, one day, will be a wife and a mother because she wants to be like that. And she does that out of love, not by force. When she is at home, she respects her husband wholeheartedly.
Whenever I think about Jude, the main character in the book, introversion is the first word that perfectly characterizes him. I and Jude both agree that reading is the key to the world, or even, the tool that crafts our beings. Introversion and reading are best partners in life. Perfect mates to live up our dreams. Jude is the reflections of my characterization as someone who sticks at his introversion, lives the life according to his idealism amidst the world that prefers looking at extroverts.
The Woodlanders
Sometimes, the best thing falling in love with someone is limited as standing by his side, giving a helping hand when he needs that, being his best friend even when he's in love with another woman. So painful yet that experience has brought so much joy for Marty South, one of the characters in the book. The death of Giles Winterborne doesn't encourage her to immediately find another lover. Is being faithful to an unrequited love is a pathetic romance? You have your say. But for me, her decision to love, to have her heart crushed, to fall until she reaches the very bottom of her life is a very brave, risky thing to do. She doesn't mind being so vulnerable and that what makes her heart is so precious.
Elizabeth Gaskell is really sweet. She's the kind of writer that nourishes your soul with her poetic, beautiful phrases. She is, what I call, as moderate realist. Neither skeptical nor an optimist. She's such a refreshment.
Wives and Daughters
Molly Gibson, the heroine of the novel, speaks my stance about womanhood very well in Wives and Daughters. I used to really hate table manners, ladylike sort of things when I was a teenager. I hated make up, wore dresses and girly accessories. They were so nonsense. They took up so much of my priceless time. Womanhood used to be so annoying for me. I even wished I were born as a boy, LOL. At that time, I thought boys were so free. No norms, public statements that would limit their movements. While girls were born with so many duties, stereotypes. And if they went against public norms, their lives would be doomed, filled with gossips.
But that was then. Just like Molly, now I understand the nicest things of becoming a woman. I enjoy them all by the time I was turning, may be, 25. Sounds a bit late but each and every of us has a wonderful journey of his or her own. My time happens when I was 25 years old. But still, I keep my tomboyish trait and let it flourishes once in a while, like when I do exercises and watch sport games.
Agnes Grey
By the time I write this post, I almost complete reading Agnes Grey and I really love reading it. I usually prefer to read books with third person narration but Agnes Grey proves me that reading novels using first person narration method can be awesome, too. I am so fond of Agnes, the heroine of the book. Apart from the fact that she's a bookworm and introvert, just like I am, she's so bold and brutally honest. She's so firm with her belief although that means she is risky of losing her jobs.
She does not give up easily pursuing her dreams despite the fact she faces hatred, unfair treatments, harsh words from her bosses and their families. She knows some people view her profession as a governess is no more than a servant but she keeps doing what she feels correct. Oh the last thing I really like about Agnes is that she's not a people pleaser.
Adam Bede
Dinah Morris, one of the major characters in this novel, amazes me because of her religiosity. She devotes her life for her religion then share what she has with the poor, the depressed or those in need of spiritual help out of love not for the sake of good impressions. She knows well what she wishes in her life, she practices her religious rituals because she knows what they mean to her life.
I, too, my ultimate goal in life is getting closer and closer to Alloh swt. I want to make Him as the best ever friend in the world and the hereafter through questioning, self-learning, doing religious rituals under His guidance as stated in Koran and the sunah from the Prophet Muhammad saw (peace be upon him). To make my life much more meaningful, I'd like to share good things and help people out of love and because Alloh swt wishes me to do so. I'd love to make Islam as my way of life, fully implement it to live the days full of peace even as days go wild because I have Alloh swt in my heart. (the source of the picture: http://www.azquotes.com)
"The Three Strangers" by Thomas Hardy
April 11, 2015 / enywulandari	/ Leave a comment
I thought I would never again find another title other than famous novels by Thomas Hardy in the Kinokuniya bookstore. "Far from the Madding Crowd," Jude the Obscure", "The Major of Casterbridge", "Tess of the D'urbervilles, "The Return of the Native", and "The Woodlanders", are his widely-read books, which I have read, too. Usually, the store sells only most popular works from an author, including Hardy, thus discovering his short stories collection is such a rarity for me.
Aside from the glee that I am going to read his less popular stories, the fact that the book is just as Rp21,000 or less than US$2 is perfect for my current pocket. The 85-pages book contain his three stories – "The Three Strangers", "The Distracted Preacher" and "The Fiddler of the Reels. So far, I have completed reading "The Three Strangers" which leave me with mixed feelings about the writer.
Before going on the reading remarks, I would like to share what the story is all about:
The loneliness of Higher Crowstairs, the name of a cottage, is broken down by the gathering of 19 persons — men and women from various professions. They dance, talk about so many things while listening to the beautiful rhythm coming from a 12-year old fiddler boy. One of the attendants in the conglomeration is shepherd Fennel and his wife. The blitheness of the party comes to a stop when a stranger knocks at the shepherd's house.
Not long after that, a second strangeman goes in, too. While the first produces no sign of awkwardness, the second one seems a bit avaricious and mysterious at least for Mrs. Fennel. Although she tells her husband how she dislikes the look of the second man and that she feels he is a bit avaricious for quickly drinking lots of mead, Mr. Fennel ignores her complains.
The night goes on and the second stranger joins the party by singing a song about shepherd which stimulates the wonder among the people because of the man's strange lyrics. While he is about to resume his song a knock at the door is audible. The third stranger, a man in a decent dark clothes, is about to ask for a direction but he stops saying after his eyes catches those of the second stranger. The latter keeps singing, though, that later makes the third man gets trembling, shaking then running away.
While the group has yet to fully understand the motives of the third man's sudden departure, a gunshot shocks them. Later, they learn that the police are looking for a shepherd stealer. They then quickly conclude that the third man is their target given his super quick, weird behaviours. The male attendants pursue him, including the second man.
However, he does not follow the overall research and stops by at a friend's house. At the end of the search, the people and the authority finds the third stranger then brings him to the police. Surprisingly, the police declare that the third stranger is not the wanted man. The third man then explains that it is the second man who becomes the object of the investigation. He flees from the shepherd's house after he finds out that the second man, who is also his brother, is there, too. When his brother rises his bass voice, the third stranger quickly learns that the former does not want to be found thus the latter chooses to escape. At the end of the story, the second man is never discovered.
Let me be honest. Four things I dislike from Victorian novels
February 27, 2015 March 2, 2015 / enywulandari	/ 2 Comments
Reading less than 30 Victorian novels from four different writers is, I know, insufficient to call this dislikeness list a representation of the overall canon literature era. I have created this list, however, according to my readings so far that will likely change in the near future for I promise to myself to read more books written by authors, except Thomas Hardy, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot and Oscar Wilde.
Too women centric
This may sound too subjective but I always feel women bear too much in almost each story that I have read. Even if they are heroines I find women during Victorian era suffer too much. The first sample is Molly Gibson in 'Wives and Daughters', a super thick novel that has been completed this week after a 3.5-month of an on-and-off reading process. She is a flawless character; honest, really good-tempered, compassionate, very tender, lovable girl. She is too soft-hearted that she acts kindly to her stepsister Cynthia who gets engaged to the love of the former. Even when Molly becomes the subject of gossip among Hollingford people as resulted from her intention to fix the relationship between Cynthia and Mr. Preston, Molly remains in good terms with Cynthia. What distresses me while reading the novel is how much Molly disturbed by the Victorian womanhood standards set by, particularly, her stepmother, Clare or Mrs. Kirkpatrick who later changes her last name as Mrs. Gibson. The stepmother is so noisy and annoyed with Molly's curly hair, messy dress and her relatively tomboyish traits. I feel this kind of similiar disturbance when reading 'The Mill on the Floss" in which Maggie Tulliver is often teased by her relatives and is compared to her girlish cousin because of her tomboyish personalities, too. How hard it is to be a good woman in the eyes of the soceity at that time even if Molly and Maggie come from rich families. How complicated their lives are…
For women from low social status their sitution is much more difficult, for instance is Tess Durbeyfield. This heroine is my most unforgettable one because of her tragical, depressive life story. It's her real life struggles that are just beyond my senses. Not only her romance is so heartbreaking but also her impoverished family forces her to do whatever she can to make ends meet. Although yes she marries the love of her life, Angel Clare, yet their sweet tale lasts so quick, incomparable with their long separation.
Excessive details
There are some novels which I think contain too many details, some of which are unnecessary, making the reading process sometimes burden my mind. For instance in 'Adam Bede'. George Eliot allocates a number of pages about Methodist whenever she wants to describe the characterization of Dinah Morris. Apart from my limited knowledge about Methodist, I think that it does not really shape Dinah Morris as a distinctive character compared to, say, someone who is a Catholic follower but not a Methodist one in particular. She is really a religious person who spends a lot of time to help those in need but what makes her especially distinctive to those who are close to God without any certain sect is uncertain. Or may be you can shed another light on this topic for this is beyond my understanding.
Another sample for this point is in 'Wives and Daughters'. As this super thick book wants to depict the growing period of Molly and another character, needles to say that Elizabeth Gaskell needs to write this really long story. Yet there are some chapters which I think are insignificant to the formation of the characters. For instance is when Gaskell puts a chapter on Cynthia's visit to the Kirkpatrick family in London which although she meets Mr. Henderson whom later she marries with, I don't think this should be a certain chapter for another visit to the family takes place later on.
Too depressive
Some stories in this Victorian era proves to be too somber with "The Mill on the Floss" is my leading example. It is very miserable to recall what happens between Maggie and Tom Tulliver for it costs their lives to eventually realize how much the latter loves the former.
Another fine example is of course "Jude the Obscure". Very desolate, dark, pathetic. Sorrowful tone is all over the book even if yes, there are some lovely moments between Jude Fawley and Susanna Florence Mary Bridehead or called as Sue. Hardy's attempts to go against social norms by presenting the affairs between Jude and Sue, who are distant relatives, turn out to be disastrous. Their decision to elope then register their marriage only after they get sick of people' gossips make the matter even worse. You can find almost all tartness here: divorce, poverty, sickness, death, rumours, forced reunion. And the finale sparks my anger as Sue gets back to her old lover Mr. Richard Pillotson while sadness leads Jude to death.
Some of you may choose "Jude the Obscure" as more depressive than "The Mill on the Floss" but I select the other way around because "The Mill" is very heartbreaking while "Jude" is sometimes like a karma as they should not get married given their relative status. While Hardy ignites controversy at that time due to their forbidden romance and illegal union the end of the book suggests you that he advices readers not to go against the norms.
Where is the romance?
If you want to read Victorian novels for finding romance story, like major scenes about romance, well I think you've got a relatively wrong reason although this depends on which books you choose. I think most of Victorian writers put society norms, family mattters, materialism, manner aspects above love stories. From Oscar Wilde to George Eliot, they have the same tendency; that society completely influences characters' personal affairs. Worse, there are some books that reveal happy love stories after the novels almost come to a close. For instances are 'Mary Barton', 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles', 'Far from the Madding Crowd' and 'Wives and Daughters'. Elizabeth Gaskell reunites the love of Mary and Jem just after they have gone some misunderstandings and have escaped from death penalty.
In 'Tess", things get much wretched. While the joy between Tess and Angel begins at the center of the novel when they meet in a dairy I think their most enduring lovely moments start only when they have separated for quite a long time. Their joy lasts too quick for Tess is later executed for killing Alec.
Although 'Mary' and 'Far' are written by different authors yet Gaskell and Hardy's views on romance is similar in a way that the love story can only tasted only when characters have gone through difficult moments that test their faith. In 'Far', Batsheba and Gabriel Oak gets married in a very quite, modest ceremony just when the book is about to end.
I get dissapointed with the ending bond between Roger Hamley and Molly Gibson for they don't even verbally confess their true feelings. In the last chapter, Roger is seen to have given gestures that attract Molly's attention. It's too bad Gaskell leaves this novel unfinished after 766 pages long yet readers can fancy that both Roger and Molly share the same feeling. And that happens just a few pages after the book ends.
How I wish to complain to those authors who give little enjoyment when it comes to real romance!
Seven Tips How to Enjoy Super Thick Victorian Novels
January 11, 2015 / enywulandari	/ Leave a comment
After some trials and tribulations with Victorian novels, I would like to share these following tips not only how to complete reading these super thicks book but also to enjoy literary journeys with classic canons.
Mood matters
Honesty is number one rule in reading. Pick a book that perfectly suits current state of emotion. I, for instance, choose 'Far from The Madding Crowd' because I want to read something a little bit about women and men equality at that time. It turns out that this second Victorian reading becomes the first experience that kicks off my years-long trip with the Victorian books.
For such a serious person like me, reading, no matter how pleasant it is, requires a commitment. This is so important as it consistently reminds me not to be a quitter. I have to end what I start. That is to say I must complete reading all books that I buy, not only because I spend some money on them but also I must stick to what I begin. As such, I will attempt to make use of any vacant time to read. I may abandon some books for certain time but I will return to them unless I find they are really hard to digest or I don't enjoy reading several titles that I will leave them for good.
Being selective
It's really helpful to search on the internet on which titles you are going to read. You can start with reading some titles of the favorite authors that you haven't read or you can randomly select some books via topics. Or even if you have no ideas at all you can simply go to bookstores, take a look at the brief summary that is usually written at the back cover. If you are still unconvinced with the summary, you can read books' first few pages as I always do.
Big picture, big picture
Knowing book summary is the key to the overall journey. Victorian novels are so rich that they can be tricky in a way that there will be so many minor characters, events that may carry you away too far from the core of the book itself. Just remember that whenever you come to the points where you seem get lost in the story because of encountering new, minor characters or small incidents, you'd better temporarily halt your reading. Be quick to recoqnize that they are not really essential. That's why reading the summary, understanding what books are all about, knowing the names of the major characters are very vital to guide you throughout the book. Aren't main messages, big characters that make books worth your time?
The devils are in the details
Victorian books, as I often say, are such priceless arts. The language, story, characterizations, for me, are marvelous. But the enjoyment they provide may distress those, like me, as non native English speakers, for understanding each and every word they convey. Those beautiful, flowery, mind-blowing phrases are surely too precious to be just taken for granted. But, paying too close attention to those will burden us as we will spend too much time to open up dictionary finding out what they actually mean.
Taking some notes, asking help from internet
I sometimes forget to do this step or as reading process goes on I stop taking some notes but I strongly you to stick to this tip. Given its long plot with again, many minor characters, small events that can distract your reading focus, it's good to have some notes on certain moments of the novels that matter most. Or you can write several names that come up as your reading proceeds as I sometimes experience to have met new, important characters in the middle or even in the third last part of the novels.
And if you remain puzzled with the story or the significance of certain characters, internet is always abundant with information. There are always other readers, especially native English speakers, who understand better. Yet, it's better for you to ask their help only whenever you are in great difficulty or after you finish reading books but still find some aspects or characters that puzzle you. And yes, avoid spoilers.
Trials and errors
I don't remember how many fruitless efforts I have made with Victorian novels. Even after applying some of the aforementioned strategies, I sometimes find myself get cheated. There are some books that turn out to be so boring that I take so many efforts to have eventually finished reading them all. Some are even left unread. But I never give up. I learn from my mistakes though, yes, I keep making similar mistakes once in a while. Never mind, though. That won't stop me from reading another title and another title. I now regard enjoying Victorian masterpieces, or novels in larger extent, as never ending trip that is going to surprise me in remarkable ways, either good or bad, but the point is I try to enjoy all trips in all those books. And I sincerely hope you do, too.
Under the Spell of Gaskell's Magical Words in "Mary Barton"
December 23, 2014 December 23, 2014 / enywulandari	/ Leave a comment
"Mary Barton" is such a beauty. I lack of adjectives to describe how magnificent the language of the book is. Beautiful words are all around in the thick book. I even type many lovely, memorable phrases and sentences in my BlackBerry to make me easier reread them all whenever I wish to read something artsy.
It's the first book that I would like to put it into my most favorite novel list because of its language. If there were people who later ask me on why they should read the novel, I would say the language is all what makes it really worth your precious time.
Mind you. Almost all of the novels that I have read so far, particularly those by Victorian writers, are indeed artistic. "Far from the Madding Crowd", "The Mayor of Casterbridge" and "The Mill on the Floss", to name a few, fall into this category. I am completely hooked by "The Mill on the Floss", by the way, but its sentimental, sad plot is the most memorable aspect that is left in my mind until now. "The Mayor of Casterbridge", for me, is outstanding for its characterization. "Far from the Madding Crowd" is the kind of story that leaves me with contentment because of its relatively gloomy plot, unconditional faith that ends in a happy, modest marriage among its two protagonists.
I can say I feel so sad reading "Mary Barton". There are some quite funny moments but most of the time the book is all about bitter facts faced by the working class people in Manchester where the poor really suffer from unfair payment while the rich keep living luxuriously. Coming to the parts where several minor characters, one of them even passes away, due to hunger, is indeed heartbreaking. But nothing is more depressed than the scene where John Barton says farewell to his only kid, Mary Barton, on the night before he sets out a journey to Glasgow for labor-related affairs. I almost cry when I read those parts. So sorrowful because, as I expected, nothing is not the same again after that. John goes away without any news, and when he returns home, he looks lost. Although Mary and Jem are two characters that become the centre of the novel, I think it is the traits of John that makes the book "a complete story of human being".
While Mary and Jem are described to be those who are mostly kind-hearted, John is the one that makes me hard to define. He is the one who is so overwhelmed with the labor condition at that time that he neglects Mary. He puts the interests of others above Mary's future. He feels so miserable when he is out of work. Even when George, his best friend, dies, John looks unmoved. He says to Mary that is better for George to have passed away than to watch the worsening condition in Manchester.
I have sympathy for him for voicing, representing the needs of the laborers. However, I pity him for being unbalanced between labor-related affairs and his domestic matter. The way he abuses Mary after his London mission is fruitless triggers my anger. And my reaction gets harsher whenever he ignores her super tenderness with all the meal service despite his joblessness.
And the climax when he shots Harry Carson to death is unbearable. I pity him even more because the burden of all the labor issues carry him so far away from he used to be. When he admits he does not even know why he acts as cruel as that, I completely understand.
I can not blame John, though. He suffers a lot. He loses Mary's brother because he can't afford paying hospital fees. He witnesses the death of his fellow because of poverty. He has no pride when he does not work. He sometimes says he does not need meal, even when he is about to depart for Glasgow he refuses to eat. All he wishes to have is a job as the source of his dignity. John's agony reaches his peak with the murder story. Probably, the only thing that he should have not opted is getting too much involved with his comrade in arms in fighting for their rights. He should have focus on his daughter. He makes a choice, somehow. The one that really costs his life. Again, he has faith in his option and that what makes the novel leaves a crack in my heart.
While for Mary.. what can I say about this character? Almost flawless. The only thing that causes my disrespect is when she has a giddy flirting with Harry Carson that makes the latter to put a high hope on their future marriage. It is this trivial act that causes the two male figures to have come in a misunderstanding with the final consequence of putting Jem's life at the risk of being executed. But, Gaskell brilliantly makes Mary to pay her foolishness. She sacrifices her life to rescue Jem. When she almost dies to do this, I regain my respect for this protagonist. The way Jem loves her and vice versa is very touchy because their actions speak it all. This is what I really like with the romance story in the Victorian era. I once read this kind of love-based action when I read 'Far from the Madding Crowd.'
Mary is the best daughter one can hope for. Her obedience is beyond everything. Her beauty is far deeper than her skin. And the one thing that makes me feel relieved with the fate of Mary is the presence and the love from Job Leigh and his granddaughter, Margaret. It would be so wicked should Gaskell leave Mary to face the hardness without their help throughout the book. She might not have a full love from her father but she has a best friend and best neighbor of all who stand by her side whenever she needs them all, especially when Jem is at the prison.
All in all, the book is perfect. It has a simple good story that really reflects people at the time the novel is written. The romance is influenced with social status and society perspective when the potency of the marriage between Mary as the daughter of the poor and Harry Carson as the son of the employee emerges. The complicated trait of John Barton, the innocence of Jem and the compassion from Job Leigh and Margaret confronts me with mixed feeling. And the reading journey is paid off with its pleasant closure. The very last, as it becomes the first point that I say here, is the language. To close this post, I'd like to share some of my favorites:
The passionate grief of youth has subsided into sleep
She could catch a wink of sleep
A lovely girl of sixteen, fresh and glowing, and bright as a rosebud
The mists and the storms passed clearing away from his path, though it still was full of stinging thorns
… used to dazzle her eyes by extraordinary graces and twirls
Where the distant horizon is soft and undulating in the moonlight, and the nearer trees sway gently to and fro in the night – wind with something of almost human motion, and the rustling air makes music among their branches, as if speaking soothingly to the weary ones, who lie awake in heaviness of heart. The sights and sounds of such a night lull pain and grief to rest. (This one is my most favorite.)
Humans' dark sides and literature
May 31, 2013 / enywulandari	/ Leave a comment
Let me begin this long piece of story from my thoughts after reading Jude the Obscure. Before I read this novel a couple of months ago, I had known the title from its movie under the title of just Jude. I stumbled across this movie as I searched every movie Kate Winslet starred. This not-so-famous movie earned her many praises. As curiosity grew, I visited my favorite bookstore and found the book. But I didn't buy it at once although it first pages stole my heart right away. The reason was I knew beforehand the core story of the novel so I didn't want to spoil my reading with such bleak, pessimistic story. So instead, I firstly read Far from the Madding Crowd and The Mayor of Casterbridge, both of which have left me with outstanding remarks about Thomas Hardy.
But I always have this kind of tendency; the more I avoid something, the more curious I am. So, it's only a matter of time that I eventually bought the novel. The book is quite thick but never mind. And as expected, I read it quite fast. About a month to end up reading the thick book and I was completely into the book. I mean, I enjoyed reading it a lot. I was really satisfied; the language, the characters (Hardy is always brilliant in characterization), the plot (he is always focused on major characters), the settings, the story, all main elements met my expectations. But there's one thing disturbs me a lot, until today: the suicide of Jude and Sue's three kids, one of whom is the son of Jude and his first wife, Arabella.
I knew that this book is very dark but I never thought that it is that frosted. I would wholly understand if Jude or Sue decide to commit suicide, but their little children? No wonder that many critics condemned the book once it was published. And I understand why Hardy finally gave up writing novels after this one came out. Not only this book earn many negative critics about its pessimistic themes, but also people attacked the novel due to its strong oppositions against marriage institution and definitely Christianity learning. Moreover, Hardy includes incest as the foundation of Jude-Sue's romance, such a taboo theme when the book was published in late 19th century.
In relation to these after-reading feelings, I would like to bring up subjects about humans' dark sides that surprisingly (or may be not) put some books into top 100 literary works of all time according to The World Library, a list of 100 best ever literary works as voted by 100 writers across the globe.
Of all the 100 titles, I learn one of the major reasons that make some of the titles to be included in the list is because they highlight human beings' negative trait. The point of these titles is the characters can't control their own dark sides that these cause them into downfall. Let me pick up some titles (FYI, I don't read these titles, I just read their synopsis):
1) Lolita
image source: id.wikipedia.org
This novel is so phenomenal that it produces terms, like Lolita complex, famous heart-shaped glass that is strongly identical with Lolita. Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov is so brilliant in creating a character so complicated as Humbert Humbert (even the name is already confusing, I mean, why double Humbert?). The book is about Humbert's possessive love toward a girl, much younger than his age namely Dolores Haze or usually is called as Lolita. As the book progress, Humbert becomes her stepfather after her mother dies. Humbert declares that he loves Lolita but I can see that he turns out to be very possessive as a father and as a lover. Is a love like that a normal thing or not? Or .. Does Humbert have problems with his mentality so that he makes use his true love to justify his deeds? Surely, I don't want to read this book. I already find it very disgusting to read a love story like this one.
2) Medea
image source: historyforkids.org
This old Greek drama written by Euripides is about the myth of Jason and Medea. Medea is Barbaric woman who takes revenge of his own husband, Jason, because he marries Glauce, the daughter of Creon king. What makes this story is so tragic as ever is that Medea kills their son to completely break Jason's heart. My question is simple: Why does she do that? Killing her own son to torture his husband's heart?
3) Mrs. Dalloway
image source: en.wikipedia.org
This book is the best ever story written by Virginia Woolf. And to be honest, this is the most difficult novel I have read so far. Too many implicit stories with difficult language I find it hardly to digest. Apart from self-identity issue, I think this very high level of language difficulty also contributes this book into the list. I entirely accept the suicidal decision in the book. That matches the plot. But, suicidal themes always trigger me to question on why many authors opt to end their stories with suicides? Has life been that desperate?
4) The Stranger
image source: http://www.guardian.co.uk
I don't know what to say about the novel. Albert Camus is definitely such a brilliant, sophisticated writer that my brain will be hardly able to cope with his ideas. The book is about a man namely Mersault who smokes cigarettes during his mother's funeral then makes love with his friend. He then shots dead an Arabian that later put him into jail. During his trial, he is as cold as stone. He gives no regrets about his deeds and refuses to ask for God's forgiveness. Understanding one's strange qualities can never be this hard.
5) Sons and Lovers
image source: www.csaword.co.uk
This used to be my would-be-read book but after reading this synopsis I give it up (probably) for good. The book is about the love of a mother namely Gertrude Coppard toward her two sons; William and Paulus. The novel stirs a debate as Gertrude, who is unhappy with her marriage, clings her happiness on her sons. Her relationship changes from a tender love of a mother to a romance between a man and a woman. At first, she loves her first son who later passes away due to pneumonia then she shifts her love to the second son. The deep connection between the mother and both sons make them unable to intertwine love stories with girls they meet. Even Paul's latest girlfriend, Clara Dawes, is unable to bring their relationship into marriage because the mother dislikes her. To this, Paul chooses her mother.
A mother loves her sons like a woman devotes her heart for a man? You know why I find it so difficult to understand the characters' traits.
In my opinion, exploring humans' unthinkable deeds or strangest traits are always interesting and disgusting at the same time. People always have the bright and dark sides that make them normal. The problem arises when people can't put everything into a balance hence makes them suffer at the end. Literature provides such a good way for many authors to bring up taboo topics. And I think that's good. We can't turn a blind eye on the aforementioned themes as they do exist, like it or not. What must be put into concerns is that I hope readers have their own filters when reading the books. The purposes of the novel, I believe, is to make their eyes open on the presence of the topics, understand the reasons then avoid doing similar things. I strongly hope readers won't take these kind of books as justifications to make other people believe that their misdeeds are normal, or can be normal, as these have been debated in old literature.


We were called into this beautiful loft because the kitchen had only recirculating ventilation and the cook was tired of setting off the building's fire alarm. By adding a unique and custom drop ceiling the ventilation was added! And hey, check out all that storage.


An actual photo of me trying to keep cool in this AZ heat. . . While the pool is a great way for everyone in the family to cool off, including your pets, it still presents some dangers. We put together some pool safety tips for pet parents so that everyone can be safe while cooling off. Click on the link in the bio!
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Home17 Year Old Learner Killed Teacher For Not Allowing Him To Jump The Food Queue In Zeerust North West
17 Year Old Learner Killed Teacher For Not Allowing Him To Jump The Food Queue In Zeerust North West
The department of education has lost a teacher in Zeerust Dinokana, North West after he was stabbed to death by a learner, and all the teacher was trying to do was bring order and discipline to the school.
Meneer Mokolobate(Gadimang Mokolobate Costa Papiki) 24 years of age was stabbed to death by a student(17 years of age)this afternoon in The North West after they had a long argument.
A source told reporters that the teacher was one of the most hated educators at school because He was so strict and persuading all student to do good and to be in order.
According to the source the late Mr Mokolobate kicked this young boy yesterday when he didn't want to stand on the queue for food, usually the young boy would bully other students and get the food before them even though he never stood in the queue. Apparently the young boy hit the teacher with a plate of food following the kick.
SEE PICTURES HERE
SEE ANOTHER PICTURE HERE
"The next day the young boy came to school with a knife and initiated a fight with the teacher and he eventually stabbed him on the heart to kill him." - Added the source.
When the young boy pulled out the knife out of the teacher's flesh, he collapsed and he was taken to the hospital by fellow educators and later on after 30 minutes he was confirmed dead.
This Happened At A School Named Ramotshere High in Zeerust Dinokana In the north west.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag Archives: akhiesh yadav
India, Uttar Pradesh
The path to India's next government runs through Uttar Pradesh
April 3, 2014 Kevin Lees	Leave a comment
It's the most populous state in the world's largest democracy.
It's the great heartland of Hindustan along India's north-central border, home to the Taj Mahal, home to seven of India's 13 prime ministers, and the traditional base of the Nehru-Gandhi family, which has given India three prime ministers, and hopes to give India its next prime minister in Rahul Gandhi.
It's Uttar Pradesh (which translates to 'northern province'), and Narendra Modi's path to becoming India's next prime minister runs right through it.
A sketch of India's most populous state
With 199.6 million residents, it's nearly as populous as Brazil — and with 80 seats up for grabs in the 545-member Lok Sabha (लोक सभा), the state is by far the largest prize in India's parliamentary elections, which kick off April 7 and will be conducted in nine phases that conclude on May 12. Given the sheer size of the state, voters in Uttar Pradesh will go to the polls in six of the nine phases,** spanning virtually the entire voting season.
That means that Uttar Pradesh holds about one-third of the seats any party would need to win a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower (and more consequential) house of the Indian parliament.
Though it lies in the heart of the 'Hindi belt,' which might otherwise make it fertile territory for Modi's conservative, Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (the BJP, भारतीय जनता पार्टी), it won't necessarily be the easiest sell for Modi, the chief minister of Gujarat since 2001.
In contrast to Gujarat, which is one of the wealthiest states of India, Uttar Pradesh is one of the poorest — it had a state GDP per capita of around $1,586 (as of 2009), less than 50% of Gujarat's equivalent. Continue reading The path to India's next government runs through Uttar Pradesh →
akhiesh yadavbahujan samaj partybharatiya janata partyBJPBSPcasteCongressdalitINCindiaindian national congresslok sabhamanmohan singhmayawatimodimulayam singh yadavOBCrahul gandhisamajwadi partySCsinghsonia gandhiSPSTthird frontuttar pradesh


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Ки́евский Ёган () — река в Александровском районе Томской области, правый приток Оби, впадает в протоку Киевская. Начинается между урочищами Высокий Материк и Ларьёганские Острова.

Длина — 339 км, площадь бассейна — 4140 км². Крайне извилиста, протекает по болотистой местности, в низовьях — много озёр. Питание снеговое и дождевое.

Населённых пунктов на реке нет.

|}

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Верхнеобскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Обь от впадения р. Васюган до впадения реки Вах, речной подбассейн реки — Обь на участке от Васюгана до Ваха. Речной бассейн реки — (Верхняя) Обь до впадения Иртыша.

Примечания

Литература

Притоки проток и рукавов Оби
Реки Александровского района Томской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Het Servisch zaalvoetbalteam voor mannen is een team van Servische zaalvoetballers dat Servië vertegenwoordigt in internationale wedstrijden.

Prestaties op eindronden

WK-historie

1 Gekwalificeerd voor het toernooi, maar uit het toernooi gezet door de Joegoslavische oorlogen.
Servië


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A How-To guide to: Quantitative high-speed video profiling to discriminate between variants of primary ciliary dyskinesia
M. Chioccioli, L. Feriani, Q. Nguyen, J. Kotar, S. D. Dell, V. Mennella, I. Amirav, P. Cicuta
M. Chioccioli
1Biological and Soft Systems Sector, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
2Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Dep. Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
L. Feriani
3Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
Q. Nguyen
4Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
J. Kotar
S. D. Dell
5Department of Pediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
V. Mennella
6Cell Biology Program, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
I. Amirav
7Department of Pediatrics Respirology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
P. Cicuta
For correspondence: pc245@cam.ac.uk
This document presents detailed steps to analysing the waveforms of beating cilia, measured in high speed video microscopy. We show that in the case of PCD caused by mutations in DNAH11 and HYDIN the classification by a handful of parameters describing ciliary dynamics allows to distinguish the genotype, as well as (much more easily) distinguishing healthy from PCD samples. This document is intended to complement the brief highlight (1) and presents the details of the datasets used in that letter.
1. Materials and methods
1.1 Cell isolation
In the study (1), human primary nasal airway cell samples from healthy subjects and patients with PCD caused by mutations in DNAH11 and HYDIN (see Table 1 for details), were collected from University of Alberta Department of Pediatrics, SickKids Hospital, Toronto Canada and NJH Denver CO, USA.
Subjects with primary ciliary dyskinesia used in this study (*siblings). SD1b, SD2b and SD1, SD2 were from the same donors but cells grown at ALI and videos recorded at different times.
University of Alberta: human cells were collected with a cytology brush (Celletta™ brush cell collector with protective tip product number 9100060; Engelbrecht Medizin-und Labortechnik GmbH, Tiefenbachweg 13; 34295 Edermünde, Germany), as part of routine clinical investigation. To minimize pain, the brush was rinsed with an isotonic saline solution before being inserted in the inferior nasal meatus, using rotatory and linear movements. The brush was immediately removed and transferred into a tube containing 2–3 mL of cell culture medium (RPMI Medium 1640, Endotoxin tested, Cell culture tested, without L-Glutamine, without Sodium Bicarbonate. Biological Industries LTD., Beit Haemek, Israel). The tube was then shaken vigorously so that cells became detached from the brush.
SickKids, University of Toronto: Cells from patients at the SickKids Hospital in Toronto were collected with a cytology brush as described above and plated on collagen-coated (PurCol, Bovine Collagen Type I, Advanced BioMatrix) T-25 flasks (Corning) with PneumaCult-Ex Medium (Stem Cell Technologies) supplemented with ROCK Inhibitor (5 μM; Y-27632; Enzo Life Sciences) and hydrocortisol solution (96 ng/ml; Stem Cell Technologies). Under these conditions, basal (stem) cells were then expanded, seeded on transwells (Corning HTS Transwell-96 and -24 permeable support; 0.4 μm pore size), and differentiated following Stem Cell Technologies protocols using PneumaCult-Ex and PneumaCult-ALI media at 37°C with 5% CO2. This differentiation process spanned over a minimum 35-days period and was repeated at two different period of time: SD1, SD2 cells were grown at ALI and HSVM performed in 2017; for SD1b, while SD2b cells were grown at ALI and HSVM performed in 2018. PneumaCult-Ex and -ALI media were supplemented with the following antibiotics: Vancomycin (100 μg/ml; Bioshop Canada Inc), Tobramycin (80 μg/ml; Bioshop Canada Inc), Gentamicin (50 μg/ml Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Antibiotic-Antimycotic (1 X; Thermo Fisher Scientific).
University of Cambridge, Prof Pietro Cicuta's lab: Human primary nasal airway cell samples from two healthy donors were kindly provided by Prof. Max Seibold (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, CO, USA). The healthy cells were collected, expanded and maintained as previously described (2). Briefly, Cells from patients at NJH were collected with a cytology brush as described above and plated on Culture vessels coated with Rat Tail Collagen, Type I, 30µg/ml in PBS without Ca++/Mg++ (Cat#354236, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). At P0 nasal cells were cultured in BEGM plus singlequots (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland). Once cells reached P1 all BEGM media components including antibiotics and antifungals were added as directed. Cells were cultured until ∼80% confluency. Passage 4 cultured cells were differentiated using the previously described method (2). Briefly, cells were plated at a density of 90,909 cell/cm2 (12mm semipermeable inserts) in ALI expansion medium containing. At confluence, the expansion medium was switched to ALI differentiation media. ALI culture was maintained for 28 days.
1.2 Recording HSVM
Samples in the study (1) were observed via high speed video microscopy using the following set-ups:
University of Alberta: approximately 50 microliters of the cell suspension was used to perform HSVM: cells were imaged under an inverted microscope, Eclipse TS-100 inverted phase contrast microscope (Nikon Corp. Tokyo, Japan), with a 40X objective lens. Videos were recorded at 120 frames per seconds (fps) for 3 seconds, using a scA640-120 fm digital video camera (Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany) (3).
SickKids University of Toronto: cilia from each sample type were imaged by placing the filters cell-side down on a 1.5cm round coverslip mounted on a holder. HSVM (500fps; 8s videos) was performed using spinning disc confocal microscopy. The protocol was approved by Sickkids Ethics Committee.
University of Cambridge: cells at ALI were shipped to the Cicuta laboratory (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom). To perform HSVM on the cilia, we first excised the bottom membrane – supporting the epithelium - from the plastic ALI insert. The membrane was then folded in half and placed between two coverslips, together with a few μl of medium. The profile videos were then obtained by imaging the edge of the folded membrane. High speed videos were acquired at room temperature on an Eclipse Ti-E inverted microscope (Nikon, Japan) using a 60X water immersion objective (NA = 1.2, Nikon, Japan) and an additional 1.5X magnification in the optical path, and a CMOS camera (GS3-U3-23S6M-C, FLIR Integrated Imaging Solutions Inc., Canada). The image acquisition was run by a custom software running on a Linux machine. About 10 videos were acquired per insert, in different locations along the membrane's edge. Videos were at least 10s long, recorded with a framerate in excess of 200fps (1px = 0.065 μm).
1.3 Quantitative measurements on the ciliary beating pattern
The HSVM videos have to be analysed to recover cilia positions in successive frames. This can be done manually using an image editor and storing coordinates of pixels on one cilium. In the study (1) this process was carried out in Prof Cicuta's lab in Cambridge using a new user interface developed in Matlab (The MathWorks). The interface was designed to help the user to manually tracking the cilium position over time. Once the cilium positions on one frame are stored, this is repeated for each frame. This allows to extract the time-evolution of the evolving shape, which can be smoothed using an appropriate mathematical function.
Based on these shapes, we determined the amplitude and velocity of the ciliary beat at various distances (2, 3, 4 and 5 μm) from the cell surface (Figure 1-A). The curvature at every point along the cilium could then be determined, and the average curvature across different tracked cilia was expressed as a function of the relative position along the cilium length (Figure 1-B), Knowing the displacements of the cilium across subsequent frames, the force exerted by the different parts of the cilium onto the surrounding fluid was calculated using Resistive Force Theory, following the method described in (4) (Figure 1-C).
(A) Obtaining the amplitude and velocity of the ciliary beat. Cilium beating amplitude and velocity during the power and recovery stroke can be measured at any given distance from the cell surface by drawing a line that intersects all individual tracks at a given distance from the cell surface. The amplitude is measured as the distance between the intersection points of the cilium with each measuring line that are further apart from each other. The velocity is measured by dividing the distance between subsequent intersection points by the time interval.
(B) Measuring the curvature of the cilium over time. The waveform extracted from the tracking algorithm allows curvature (κ) to be measured at every point along the cilium (see supplementary methods for equations). The cilium shape is then coloured according to its local curvature. Local values for curvature (showed in colours) are used to compose a kymograph, where the evolution of the curvature can be tracked. Note the pattern of high-low-high curvature (green - dark blue - green) that propagates from the base to the extremity of the cilium during the recovery stroke. The power stroke shows instead a lower curvature overall, as the cilium moves in an extended configuration. The waveform shown in this figure is reconstructed from a healthy control. Scale bar is 2µm.
(C) Calculating the force exerted by the cilium on the fluid during the ciliary beat cycle. Resistive force theory is applied to the data extracted from tracking individual cilia (in this case healthy control) to calculate the force per unit length exerted by the cilium on the surrounding fluid during the evolution of the beat cycle (4); (see methods for further details and equations). Local values for the force density can then be built into a kymograph that shows the magnitude of the force per unit length (colour) as a function of the position along the cilium (y axis) and of time (x axis).
The details of the tracking and interpolating of the cilium shape over time are given in the following sections.
1.3.1 Tracking and reconstruction of the ciliary beating pattern
In each pre-recorded frame, the user clicks P points along the cilium shape (with, on average, P = 7), obtaining P couples of coordinates (Xi, Yi), with i being an index that grows from 1 to P from the base to the tip of the cilium. These points need not be exactly evenly spaced. A smooth representation of the cilium is then reconstructed by fitting the coordinates of the clicked points with two 4th degree polynomials. First, we measure the Euclidean distance between subsequent couples of points:
. We then define the parameter Si, corresponding to the coordinates (Xi, Yi), as the sum of all the Euclidean distances between the base and the i-th point:
, with S1: = 0. The discrete series of data points [(S1, X1), … (SP, XP)] and [(S1, Y1), … (SP, YP)] are finally fitted with two 4th degrees polynomials A and B, so that
(and likewise Yi). A much smoother representation of the cilium can then be obtained by evaluating the polynomials on s, a finely spaced variable ranging from 0 (at the base of the cilium) to SP (at the tip of the cilium), resulting for each frame in a parametric representation of the cilium as (x(s), y(s)), where
1.3.2 Finding the measuring lines at a constant distance from the cell surface
Still in the custom user interface the user creates a binary mask that closely follows the cell surface. Example of such masks can be seen in Figure 1-A and 2 The measuring line, for example at a distance h from the cell surface, is found by performing a dilation of the binary mask using a disk of radius h and taking the edge of the dilated mask.
1.3.3 Measuring the amplitude and the cilium velocity during power and recovery stroke
The amplitude of the cilium beat at distance h from the cell surface is measured as the distance between the two furthermost points where the cilium would intercept the measuring line at height h ("intersection points") (Figure 1-A). By taking the intersection points of the cilium in two subsequent frames and measuring the distance between them, and dividing it by the time interval, we measure the instantaneous values of velocity (Figure 1-A). We can then average all velocities measured on displacements towards the power stroke direction ("power stroke velocity") and, separately, towards the recovery stroke direction ("recovery stroke velocity").
1.3.4 Measuring the curvature
In each frame, the unsigned curvature of the cilium described by (x(s), y(s)) is measured as
, where the derivatives are in the parameters (Figures 1-B, 3). To average the curvature across different tracked cilia we express the curvature as a function of the relative length of the cilium, a variable that ranges from 0 (base of the cilium) to 1 (Figure 1-B). As the cilium beats its tip moves in and out the focal plane, and is therefore hard to track consistently. To normalise the cilia length, we discard very short regions of some tips, assigning the value "1" to the length of the reconstructed cilium that was the shortest during the beating cycle. Cilia shape could not be determined in some few frames, but we were able to retain analysis of the video as a whole by reconstructing the cilium shape in the missing frame by interpolating the coefficients of the two 4th degrees polynomials (x = A(s), y = B(s)) between the previous and subsequent frames, i.e. assuming that the shape of the cilium changes smoothly over time (Figure 1-B). To address the possibility that using 4th degrees polynomials to reconstruct a smooth mathematical model for the cilium shape might lead to overestimating the curvature at the proximal and distal end of the cilium, we tracked and reconstructed nine immotile cilia, and measured their curvature along the length of the cilium. We then subtracted the curve obtained averaging across the immotile cilia from each of the active cilia's curvature curves.
1.3.5 Measuring the force
Resistive Force Theory (RFT) can be used to measure the force exerted by the cilium on the fluid based on the method described in Brumley et al., 2014 (4). To measure the force exerted in the time between two frames, first we approximated the reconstructed snapshot in each of the two frames with a series of cylinders about the direction parallel and perpendicular to the cylinder itself. We can then define the velocity the cylinder moved at as the ratio between its displacement and the time interval between the two frames (Figure 1-C). If we define the velocity of the i-the cylinder as vi, and its two components as (vi⊥, vi‖), then thanks to RFT we can find the force a cylinder exerts on the fluid as fi = (c⊥vi⊥, c‖vi‖)li. li is the length of the i-the cylinder, and
have the units of viscosities and are the drag coefficients of a slender cylinder of length l and radius a. The total force is then found by integrating the force contributions of all the cylinders, considering overlapping cylinders. The position of the centre of drag in a frame is finally obtained by performing an average over the position of all the cylinders' midpoints, weighted with their contribution to the total force (Figure 1-C).
1.4 Statistical analyses
Results in (1) are presented in the figures as mean ± SD unless otherwise specified in the caption. First, we calculate the average across tracked cilia from the same patient, then mean and SD are calculated across all patients within the same group (healthy, HYDIN, or DNAH11). The SD is indicated in the figures either with error bars (Figure 4-B) or as shaded regions (Fig. 4S-A, C-E, G, 5S). To average several curves [y1 = f1 (x), y2 = f2(x), …, yN = fN(x)] measured each on a different tracked cilium, for each value x* of the independent variable we averaged the values of the dependent variable
. At the same x*, the standard deviation is measured as
. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student's t-test (with the option for unequal variance) using MATLAB. The 95% confidence level was considered significant.
1.5 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
We ran Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the results of which are in Figure 2 of ref. (1), on a subset of N = 85 well-characterised cilia. The N cilia are the subset of all analysed cilia in which all of the measurements detailed in this work were undertaken. The subset was composed of cilia from 4 HYDIN patients, 5 DNAH11 patients, and 3 healthy patients. The five specific parameters to build the "barcode" for our samples were, in order: i) the amplitude of the beat at 5μm from the cell surface, ii) the time averaged curvature measured at mid-length, iii) the standard deviation of the curvature over time measured at mid-length, iv) the autocorrelation of the curvature, measured at Δs=0.15, and v) the mean force exerted on the fluid, measured at nine tenths of the cilium length. The first three Principal Components (PCs) calculated on the N=85 by d=5 dataset account for 88% of the total variance of the sample. In the plane defined by the first two PCs the data points representing the average of the cilia from the same patient form two non-intersecting clusters, with data from the healthy samples very well separated from the PCD samples. An unsupervised clustering algorithm (k-means by MATLAB, 15 repetitions) separated data from healthy and PCD samples in 2 different clusters, only based on the projection of the data along the first 2 PCs. The data points of the two PCD variants then form two separated, non-intersecting clusters in the plane defined by the second and third principal component, according to their genotype.
The amplitude is measured as the distance between the intersection points of the cilium with each measuring line that are further apart from each other. The velocity is measured by dividing the distance between subsequent intersection points by the time interval.
2. Results and observations
2.1 Dynamics and waveforms of ciliary beating from the HSVM analysis pipeline
Once the HSVM data are analysed to extract the "barcode" of amplitude, velocity, force, and curvature of the cilium, it is apparent that there are strikingly differences between the three conditions. Some of these differences would be qualitatively clear by inspection of the waveforms, the most obvious being the severely restricted beating amplitude and curvature of the cilium in cells with mutations in either DNAH11 or HYDIN, compared to healthy cells (Figure 1 of ref. (1), Figure 2). This is consistent with qualitative data previously reported for these mutations (5–7). However, the reconstructed waveforms for the HYDIN and DNAH11 mutant HAECs are also more subtly distinct from each other: qualitatively one could see that the beating amplitude of the DNAH11 mutant cilia is slightly reduced compared to that of HYDIN, and the curvature appears to be more pronounced. Our pipeline allows the waveform dynamics to be interpreted more quantitatively, which we expect to be key for extracting biophysical parameters that drive mucociliary clearance (8), and to gain understanding of how these parameters are affected in PCD. In order to obtain these insights, further data processing is required.
2.2 Principal component analysis discriminates between DNAH11 and HYDIN PCD variants
Our HSVM analysis allows us to quantify several properties of the cilium shape. In particular we have focussed on measuring the beat amplitude, the average velocity of the cilium during its power and recovery strokes, the curvature of the cilium throughout the beat along its length, and the amount of force the cilium exerts on the surrounding fluid in a beat cycle. While the following section of this work will describe these quantities in detail, here we show how even a subset of these is sufficient to build a quantitative "barcode" unique to each patient mutation, and that this barcode can discriminate between different PCD variants. We applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the set of all the analysed cilia in which all of the measurements mentioned above were undertaken, choosing just five specific parameters to build "barcodes" for our samples: i) the amplitude of the beat, ii) the curvature of the cilium, measured at mid-length and averaged for the time cycle, iii) the standard deviation of the curvature over time measured at mid-length, iv) the autocorrelation of the curvature and v) the mean force exerted on the fluid.
Briefly, PCA is a standard technique to find new, uncorrelated observable quantities to describe the dataset, starting from a set of possibly-correlated measured quantities. The new observables are called Principal Components, and are linear combinations of the original measured quantities. PCA is often used to reduce the number of variables needed to describe the dataset and can identify the few most uncorrelated variables.
In Figure 2 of ref. (1) (left), we show how the data of the first two Principal Components (P.C.) cluster, so that the healthy and PCD data points are perfectly separated. This separation in the space of the first two P.C., between the data from healthy and PCD patients, was confirmed by an unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm, which successfully separated data from healthy and PCD samples based exclusively on the quantitative barcode of the phenotype, and no previous knowledge of the genotype. While the data points of the two PCD variants do not form separated, non-intersecting clusters in the plane of the first two P.C., they do so in the space of the first, second, and third principal components (Figure 2 of ref. (1)). This shows how PCA on a comprehensive set of measured quantities derived from HSVM (the "barcode") can be used to discriminate between cells from healthy subjects and those with PCD caused by mutations in DNAH11 and HYDIN.
2.3 Amplitude and velocity of the cilium during the beat cycle
The amplitude of the beating cilia at 5 μm from the apical surface was 1.3 ± 0.6 μm and 2.2 ± 1.1 μm for the DNAH11 and HYDIN mutant forms respectively, compared to 8.7 ± 1.6 μm in the healthy control (Figure 4-A). The beat amplitude of the cilia increased approximately linearly with the distance from the cell surface, although the gradient was markedly reduced in the PCD samples as compared to healthy control. These quantitative data are consistent with descriptions of reduced ciliary beating amplitude previously reported for both the DNAH11- and HYDIN-mutant forms of PCD (6, 7).
Representative curvature kymographs of single cilia in healthy control and PCD samples highlight very different dynamics of curvature along the cilia. Reconstructed cilium waveforms (top) and heat-maps (bottom) show the time evolution of the curvature of a single representative cilium in healthy (A), HYDIN (B) and DNAH11 (C) samples. Strongly marked and persistent diagonal signals are only present in the heathy cilia. Scale bar is 2μm.
Parameters of the cilium beating pattern. (A) The average amplitude of beating cilia, measured as in Figure 1S and 2S, increases at increasing distances for healthy control, HYDIN and DNAH11 variant PCD forms, although at different rates. (B) Average power stroke velocity vs average recovery stroke velocity at increasing distance for healthy control, HYDIN and DNAH11 variant PCD forms. Colour codes the height from the cell surface. By plotting the velocity of the power stroke on the y-axis, and of the recovery stroke on the x-axis, it becomes easy to see both a difference between the two velocities (points depart from the y=x line, on the side of the higher velocity) and a general increase in the total velocity of the cilium (lower velocities will be shown as data points closer to the origin of the axes, higher velocities will be shown further from the origin). Here we plot the population average taken across data points at the same height from the cell surface (markers). The error bars show the standard deviation in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the y=x line (drawn in black). This was done because the points averaged formed an elongated cluster oriented along the y=x line (Fig. 7S). (C) Time-averaged curvature relative to cilia length, plotted as population average (solid lines) and SD (shaded region). These curves are significantly different: P values calculated with an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test at mid-cilium are < 0. 05 between each pair of curves. (D) Standard deviation of curvature over time relative to cilia length, plotted as population average (solid lines) and SD (shaded region). The Healthy curve is significantly different from the two PCD curves: P values calculated with an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test at mid-cilium are < 0. 05 between Healthy and HYDIN, and < 0. 01 between Healthy and DNAH11. (E) Time-averaged autocorrelation of the cilium's curvature, plotted as population average (solid lines) and SD (shaded region). The Healthy curve is significantly different from the two PCD curves (P value calculated with an unpaired Student's t-test at Lis = 0. 15 was < 0. 05 between the Healthy and each of the two PCD curves). (F) The cilium can be coarse-grained as a point moving along the trajectory defined by the cilium's centre of drag over time. (G) Time-averaged magnitude of the force density along the cilium in healthy control and DNAH11 and HYDIN PCD variant forms, plotted as population average (solid lines) and SD (shaded regions). The red dotted lines throughout the figure highlight the subset of parameters used to build the "barcode" for Principal Component Analysis.
The velocity of the beating cilium increased with the distance from the cell surface, and was lower in PCD cells compared to healthy cells (Figure 4-B). We next considered whether there was any difference in velocity between the power and recovery strokes and, if so, whether this was constant along the cilium. Whereas healthy beating cilia exhibited a higher average velocity of the power stroke relative to the recovery stroke, this was not the case in the PCD samples. In the DNAH11 mutant multiciliated cells, the average velocity of the power stroke was higher only at measurements most distal from the cell surface (4 μm and 5 μm), whereas at the proximal end there was no measurable difference (Figure 4-B). In the HYDIN mutant cells, there was no detectable difference between the average velocity of the power and recovery stroke at any distance along the cilia. Thus, while there is a distinct difference in the velocity of the power and recovery strokes in healthy beating cells, this difference is lost in cilia from PCD patients with mutations in either DNAH11 or HYDIN.
2.4 Curvature of the cilium evolves along the arc length and during the beat cycle
A kymograph of curvature from the base of the cilium to its tip and throughout the beat cycle shows very obvious distinct spatio-temporal patterns among the different samples, indicating distinct travelling waves of curvature along the cilium (Figure 1-B). We generated kymographs for the curvature of the beating cilium over one or more beat cycles in different cilia of HAECs obtained from healthy subjects and subjects with mutations in DNAH11 and HYDIN (Figure 3). In contrast to healthy beating cells, there was no distinct pattern of dynamic curvature in the beating cilia from cells with mutations in either DNAH11 or HYDIN (Figure 3-B-C). Representative kymographs from individual cilia show that the overall curvature in both cases was low, reaching a maximum of 0.4 μm-1 and 0.7 μm-1 for DNAH11 and HYDIN respectively. In the case of HYDIN, curvature was extremely low in the central region of the cilium (2 μm to 4 μm distal to the base, Figure 3-B. This was not observed in the cells obtained from subjects with mutations in DNAH11; in this case, all regions of the cilium display a consistently low degree of curvature along the entire cilium at various time points during the beat cycle (Figure 3-C). Finally, no pausing between the end of the power stroke and the beginning of the recovery stroke was detected based on the analysis of the curvature of beating cilia from cells obtained from subjects with mutations in DNAH11 or HYDIN, unlike in healthy samples (Figure 3-A). The kymographs displayed in Figure 3 each represent the curvature of a single beating cilium from each genetic background (healthy, DNAH11 and HYDIN). In order to strengthen our analysis, we applied the analysis pipeline on different cells imaged in multiple different locations to obtain a measure of the average curvature, the standard deviation of the curvature, and the autocorrelation of the cilia curvature over time across the entire sample population (Figure 4, C – E). In the samples from PCD patients, the average curvature was much lower than the one from healthy cells, and appeared lowest overall in the HYDIN mutant form (Figure 4-C). Interestingly, in cells from PCD caused by mutations in DNAH11, average curvature was much higher in the central region of the cilia than at the proximal and distal ends. The degree to which the curvature changes at any given position along the cilium throughout the beating cycle can be measured by taking its standard deviation. The population-averaged standard deviation of the curvature for PCD samples caused by mutations in both DNAH11 and HYDIN were both lower than the one observed in healthy cells, and did not vary as markedly along the arc length of the cilium. This was consistent with the reconstructed waveforms of individually tracked cilia obtained from each genetic background (Figure 3). The autocorrelation of the curvature along the cilium arclength measures how rapidly changes in curvature happen along the cilium (Figure 4-E). Here, the curve obtained from the healthy samples shows a slightly slower decay than both the DNAH11 and HYDIN variant PCD samples.
2.5 Force exerted by the cilium during the beat cycle
We calculated the force per unit length exerted by a cilium on the surrounding fluid throughout a beat cycle using Resistive Force Theory, as described in section 1.3.5. Integrating the force density along the cilium we can measure the direction and magnitude of the total force during the beating cycle (Figure 1-C).
Examining the kymograph of the force density throughout the beat cycle in a representative healthy sample (Figure 1-C) we easily observe the power and recovery strokes, which correspond to the two areas of high force represented in the heat-map, and the transition between them (the area with low force density as shown by the kymograph, and where the total force changes direction). In contrast to the behaviour of healthy beating cilia, the force produced by cilia of cells with mutations in either DNAH11 or HYDIN is minimal, and it not obvious to identify the power and recovery stroke solely based on the force density kymographs (Figure 6). We next mapped the position of the "centre of drag" of the cilium over time, by calculating the average of the cylinders' positions weighted with the modulus of the force they exert on the fluid (Figure 1-C, 4-F). In healthy beating cilia, the centre of drag shows a wide orbital motion throughout the beat cycle, whereas in both the PCD variants the centre of drag remains clustered in a small region, consistent with the reduced amplitude of the beat. The motion of the centre of drag has been shown (8, 9) to be important in synchronising cilia dynamics to enable mucociliary clearance.
Average curvature of healthy cilia during power and recovery stroke.
Representative kymographs show the magnitude of the force per unit length (colour) as a function of the position along the cilium (y axis) and of time (x axis) in the HYDIN and DNAH11 PCD variant forms.
Scatterplots of the average power stroke velocity vs average recovery stroke velocity at increasing distance for healthy control, HYDIN and DNAH11 variant PCD forms.
In all samples, the force per unit length of the cilium increases from base to tip (Figure 4-G), consistent with previous reports (10). This is expected: as the distance from the base of the cilium increases the corresponding point on the cilium must cover increasingly larger amplitudes in the same amount of time. In the population of healthy beating cilia, the force exerted at the distal end is approximately three as large as the force exerted by cilia from cells with mutations in DNAH11 and in HYDIN. Consistent with the data from single cilia (Figure 6), the distribution of force increases gradually for cells with mutations in HYDIN, while for DNAH11 mutant cells the force increases gradually, but only starting from approximately the most distal two-thirds of the cilium arc length: the most proximal third remains constant.
3. Considerations on the data and method
We have presented here, and highlighted in (1), an analysis strategy that enables an in-depth characterisation of ciliary beating defects observed in PCD, which in turn allows us to assign unique quantitative profiles to specific PCD variants with mutations in either DNAH11 or HYDIN and to distinguish between them. Our analysis is based only on standard HSVM data as input, and does not require the use of specialised microscopy or experienced clinicians. We anticipate that a quantitative approach to characterising ciliary beating defects will advance both the diagnostic and mechanistic understanding of PCD, particularly in cases where no ultrastructural defect or causal mutation is detected.
Recent progress in the physics of cilia synchronisation has highlighted the importance of both the amplitude of a single beating cilium as well as its velocity over the cycle in collective dynamics and hence mucociliary clearance (11). In current practice, however, these two characteristics are not typically extracted from the HSVM data. Instead, the ciliary beat frequency (CBF), which is the number of full ciliary beating cycles per second, is evaluated for diagnostic and mechanistic studies (15). However, the CBF is not the key parameter behind the physics of ciliary waves (11), and neither is it an informative metric for the diagnosis and analysis of variant forms of PCD, or even PCD versus non-PCD (12–15). For example in patients with the HYDIN variant form of PCD, the CBF is reportedly normal (5, 16) and thus indistinguishable from healthy cells. In our new analysis, in contrast, the HYDIN variant PCD cilia were clearly distinguishable from healthy control on the basis of velocity and amplitude. Previous attempts to quantify velocity and amplitude of ciliary beating have been reported (9, 16) but these studies analysed only the movement of the tip of the cilia relative to the base, and thus did not consider the dynamic nature of each parameter along the entire arc length of the cilium nor variations across the beat cycle. In our study, we show that these data are absolutely required to build an accurate reconstruction of the ciliary waveform and to quantify important differences between PCD DNAH11 and HYDIN variants.
Many cases of PCD are characterised by defects in ciliary bending (5, 16): both the HYDIN- and DNAH11-causing PCD variants are known to show an impaired beat pattern, and have respectively been described as "bending capacity reduced" (6) and "reduced bending/increased stiffness" (5). Clearly, however, this does little to distinguish between the two forms. Quantitative analysis of the dynamic curvature of DNAH11 and HYDIN variant PCD cilia revealed a unique profile for each variant form and localised differences in curvature according to the relative proximal/distal position along the cilium. Our principal component analysis shows how, taken together, these unique profiles constitute a quantitative barcode that can be used to discriminate between different variant forms of PCD, and between PCD and healthy samples. Our analysis of individual parameters allows some interesting observations, for example we observe how for the DNAH11 genotype, both the force and the average velocity of the power stroke relative to the recovery stroke are perturbed only at measurements most distal from the cell surface, and not at the proximal end. This is intriguing, as the proximal region of the axoneme is where the DNAH11-driven motors are located, and yet this is not where the effect is observed. This suggests that the downstream effect of DNAH11 protein activity is more distal than its actual localization. Further work should therefore focus not only on the proteins that physically interact with DNAH11, but also those that may act more distally.
We envisage that the quantitative analysis of cilia beat phenotypes presented in this study could be applied to analyse all variant forms of PCD. These data would be used to establish a reference database of ciliary beat "barcodes": a quantitative dataset for the dynamics of motile cilia, containing the ciliary beat amplitude, velocity, curvature and force, unique to each PCD variant form. Diagnostic implementation of this proof-of-principle study would depend on the collection of a much larger dataset spanning the entire range of PCD-causing mutations, which could then be used as a training set for a machine learning algorithm. Many laboratories already use HSVM as a primary method to diagnose PCD, however the evaluation criteria vary between groups and the data are largely qualitative. Furthermore, current HSVM methods give little insight into the nature of the beating defect itself, where it manifests on the cilium, when it occurs during the beat cycle. A quantitative database of ciliary beat barcodes unique to each PCD variant would be useful in aiding diagnosis, particularly in cases where no ultrastructural defect or known causal mutation is detected, and would further aid in unravelling the genetic basis of PCD.
Support for the study
This work was supported by EU ERC grant CoG HydroSync (M.C., L.F., J.K., P.C.), V.M. received funding from the Canadian Lung Association.
M.C. designed the overall study. M.C. and L.F. performed experiments, interpreted data, generated figures and drafted the text. L.F. developed the analysis software. J.K. designed and optimized the HSVM apparatus and acquisition software. P.C. obtained funding, interpreted data and provided overall steering and support. I. A. and Q.N. performed cell culture and collected HSVM movies. M.C, L.F., I. A., P.C., V.M. and S.D. edited the manuscript. We thank C. Hendry for rigorous and thorough manuscript edits, J. Avolio for help with nasal cell scrapings, A. Fitzpatrick for help with HSVM acquisition, and M.A. Seibold for healthy control samples. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: software and digital videos data used in this study are available upon request. We thank C.E.Hendry for rigorous and thorough manuscript edits, J.Avolio for help with nasal cell scraping. A.Fitzpatrick for help with HSVM movies acquisition, and M.A.Seibold (NJH, Denver, CO, USA) for kindly providing healthy control samples.
M. Chioccioli, L. Feriani, Q. Nguyen, J. Kotar, S. D. Dell, V. Mennella IA and PC Chioccioli M, Feriani L, Quynh N, Kotar J, Dell S, Mennella V, Amirav I, Cicuta P. Quantitative high-speed video profiling discriminates between DNAH11 and HYDIN variants of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019.
Everman JL, Rios C, Seibold MA. Utilization of air–liquid interface cultures as an in vitro model to assess primary airway epithelial cell responses to the type 2 cytokine interleukin-13. Methods Mol Biol 2018. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7896-0_30.
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Horani A, Ferkol TW. Primary ciliary dyskinesia and associated sensory ciliopathies. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016;10:569–576.
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Papon JF, Bassinet L, Cariou-Patron G, Zerah-Lancner F, Vojtek AM, Blanchon S, Crestani B, Amselem S, Coste A, Housset B, Escudier E, Louis B. Quantitative analysis of ciliary beating in primary ciliary dyskinesia: a pilot study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012;7:78.
Robson EA, Chetcuti P, Hirst RA, Mitchison H, Moya E, Peckham D, Robinson PJ, Rutman A, O'Callaghan C. Update on primary ciliary dyskinesia. Paediatr Child Health (Oxford) 2017;27:337–342.
Jackson CL, Behan L, Collins SA, Goggin PM, Adam EC, Coles JL, Evans HJ, Harris A, Lackie P, Packham S, Page A, Thompson J, Walker WT, Kuehni C, Lucas JS. Accuracy of diagnostic testing in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2016;47:837–848.
Knowles MR, Leigh MW, Carson JL, Davis SD, Dell SD, Ferkol TW, Olivier KN, Sagel SD, Rosenfeld M, Burns KA, Minnix SL, Armstrong MC, Lori A, Hazucha MJ, Loges NT, Olbrich H, Becker-Heck A, Schmidts M, Werner C, Omran H, Zariwala MA, Genetic Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium TGD of MC. Mutations of DNAH11 in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia with normal ciliary ultrastructure. Thorax 2012;67:433–41.
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Bartoloni L, Blouin J-L, Pan Y, Gehrig C, Maiti AK, Scamuffa N, Rossier C, Jorissen M, Armengot M, Meeks M, Mitchison HM, Chung EMK, Delozier-Blanchet CD, Craigen WJ, Antonarakis SE. Mutations in the DNAH11 (axonemal heavy chain dynein type 11) gene cause one form of situs inversus totalis and most likely primary ciliary dyskinesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:10282–6.
Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Hjeij R, Onnebrink JG, Pennekamp P, Loges NT, Olbrich H, Häffner K, Dougherty GW, Omran H, Werner C. Ciliary beat pattern and frequency in genetic variants of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2014;44:1579–1588.
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Posted April 20, 2019.
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Der Caribbean Cup 2014 war die 17. Ausspielung der Fußball-Karibikmeisterschaft. Der Wettbewerb begann mit der ersten Runde der Qualifikation am 30. Mai 2014. Die Endrunde fand vom 11. bis 18. November auf Jamaika statt.

Die vier besten Mannschaften dieses Turniers qualifizierten sich für den CONCACAF Gold Cup 2015. Neben dem Sieger Jamaika waren dies Trinidad und Tobago, Haiti und Kuba. Der Sieger des Turniers qualifizierte sich außerdem für die Copa América Centenario 2016.

Spielort
Alle Spiele fanden im Montego Bay Sports Complex in Montego Bay statt, der größten Stadt des Bezirks Saint James.

Qualifikation

Insgesamt hatten 25 Mannschaften für den Wettbewerb gemeldet. Titelverteidiger Kuba und Gastgeber Jamaika waren ohne Qualifikation für die Endrunde gesetzt. Die übrigen 24 Mannschaften ermittelten in einer vorgeschalteten Qualifikation in zwei Vorqualifikationsgruppen (Gruppen 1 und 2), vier Erstrundengruppen (Gruppen 3 bis 6) und drei Zweitrundengruppen (Gruppen 7 bis 9) sechs weitere Endturnierteilnehmer. Alle waren Mitglieder der Caribbean Football Union, einer regionalen Unterorganisation der CONCACAF.

Gruppenphase

Gruppe A

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Gruppe B

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Final-Runde

Spiel um Platz 3

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Finale

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Weblinks
 Offizielle Website der CONCACAF (englisch)

2014
Karibikmeisterschaft 2014
Karibikmeisterschaft 2014
Sportveranstaltung in Jamaika
Saint James Parish


Step 1: Navigate to the album you wish to add items to and click the "add items" link on the sidebar.
Step 2: Click the "From Web Browser" tab if you are not already on that tab.
Step 3: You are now presented with one or more boxes for item uploads. Click the "Browse" button to open a dialog box that enables you to select a local file and insert its path into the form. Alternatively you can type in the local path directly into the form.
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Note: Provided Gallery's "Archive Upload" plug-in is enabled, you can upload zip files containing multiple files.
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With WebDAV you can easily upload photos directly with Windows Explorer, Mac OS X or other clients. Gallery easily connects to your computer and uploading and moving photos is as easy as moving photos on your own computer from one folder to another.
Make sure the WebDAV module is installed and active. See Installing Modules.
To help you find out the absolute filesystem path of your upload folder, open config.php of your Gallery 2 installation with a texteditor and take a look at $gallery->setConfig('data.gallery.base', path. You should pick your g2data folder as upload path, but the point is that the up to the g2data/ part of the path, the path of your upload folder will be very similar.
Step 3: Upload your items into the directory you created in step 1. This can be done with FTP. The files need to have permissions of at least 755.
Step 4: Navigate to the album you wish to add items to and click the "add items" link on the sidebar.
Step 5: Click the "From local server" tab if you are not already on that tab.
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Step 9: If you would like the filenames to be copied into the title, summary, or description, ensure those boxes are checked. If you want thumbnails created, leave that box checked.
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Step 11: Delete the files in the directory you created in step 1. This can be done with FTP. If you don't delete the files, everyone who has "add item" permission, can use the "from local server" method and add your items again somewhere in the Gallery.
Make sure the Remote plugin and the Upload Applet plugin is installed and activated.
Step 2: Click the "Upload Applet" tab if you are not already on that tab.
Step 3: You are now presented with a Java based upload form that you can drag'n'drop images to. Another method of selecting items for upload is to click the "Add Pictures" button. This will bring up a file system dialog box and you can browse to select the items you want to up upload.
Step 4: If you want, you can enter a caption for the item(s) added in Step 3. By default the items filename will be used as a caption.
Step 5: Click the "upload" button on the bottom of the page to upload the items selected.
Windows XP comes with a nice feature that allows you to publish content from your desktop directly to a web service. Follow the instructions below to enable this service on your Windows XP system.
Step 1: Install and activate the Publish XP module. Login to your Gallery 2 installation, and navigate to the Add Items page (e.g. under 'Options' within an existing gallery). Find the Windows XP tab, click it and download the configuration file available to the computer from which you want to upload pictures. Once downloaded, rename it to 'install_registry.reg'. If it asks you for confirmation about changing the file type, answer 'yes'. Right click on this file and you should see a menu appear. Select the Merge option (this should be at the top of the menu). It will ask you if you want to import these values into your registry. Click 'Ok'. It will tell you that the files were imported successfully. Click 'Ok' again.
-> click top menu item "Tools"
-> select "Show common tasks in folders"
-> there should be a link on the left that says 'Publish this file to the web...' Click this link and then follow the instructions to log into your Gallery, select an album and publish the image.
Gallery Remote makes it easy to batch upload photos from your desktop to any Gallery site. With Gallery Remote you can upload photos, create albums, view slideshows, scale and rotate images, and much more. You can install Gallery Remote on all platforms (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, ...) and adding a lot of items at once is really simple.
Make sure the Remote plugin is installed and activated. See Installing Modules.
Step 1: Download Gallery Remote and install it on the computer from where you want to upload photos.
Step 2: Start Gallery Remote (double-click on the Gallery Remote icon on your computer).
Step 3: Enter the address of your Gallery and your Gallery username / password in Gallery Remote and click 'login' in Gallery Remote.
Step 4: Select a target album and some images for upload.
Step 5: Click 'upload' and wait until the operation completes.
Step 2: Click the "From Web Page" tab if you are not already on that tab.
Step 4: You should now see a list of files and images from the other website. Select the ones you'd like to add and click Add URLs.
The Uploadify module extends gallery's ItemAdd module with the popular jQuery powered Uploadify plugin.
Step 1: In Picasa, use "Folder/Export as Web Page" or "Actions/Make a Webpage...", chosing XML as format in the dialog box.
Step 3: Point the "Import from Picasa" tab of your Gallery's "Add Items" page to the local path of your zip-file and click on "Add Items"
Note: Site Admins can import directly from the directory created in Step 1 using the "Import/Picasa 2" functionality of the Site Administration page after having uploaded the directory to the server.
There are many more ways to add items to Gallery. You can add items from iPhoto, Aparture, Kipi, Flickr, F-Spot, Gallery Local, Coppermine, the command line, from a webcam, etc.
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