The Neuroscience minor provides students with an introduction to the study of the nervous system from a range of levels. Study of the nervous system is a relatively new discipline, and discoveries in this area have great promise to illuminate the roots of our mental experience, and to provide the tools to preserve and reverse the effects of injury and disease. While only one of several major organ systems in the body, the nervous system is very complicated and critical to our identity. Neuroscience is fundamentally interdisciplinary, and draws on techniques from diverse fields including biology, psychology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and philosophy. The courses included in the Neuroscience minor focus on the fundamentals of the biology and function of the nervous system. The minor is open to any major, and should be of interest to students with professional interests in the biomedical or health sciences. The courses included in the minor focus on the organization and function of the nervous system, from the specializations of single neurons and glia to the function of large networks of neurons which support movement, memory, emotion and more.


text:
Edison je obec v okrese Skagit v americkém státě Washington. V roce 2010 zde žilo 133 lidí a obec byla částí metropolitní oblasti Mount Vernon-Anacortes. Všech 1,5 km² rozlohy obce zabírá souš. V roce 2010 tvořili 96 % místního obyvatelstva běloši a 2 % Afroameričané.

Zdejší území jako první osadil roku 1869 Ben Samson, až později získalo své jméno po Thomasi Alvovi Edisonovi.

Původně měla obec i svou střední školu, na které studoval i novinář Edward R. Murrow, po skončení 2. sv. války se ale obec spojila s nedalekým Burlingtonem, se kterým vytvořila školní obvod Burlington-Edison. Jeho jediná střední škola, Burlington-Edison High School, se nachází právě v Burlingtonu. V Edisonu se nyní tedy nachází pouze základní škola.

Reference

Externí odkazy

Města ve Washingtonu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Guest Post: Sean Dice
BY Bob Chapman Aug
2016 August 10, 2016 3 comments
This post is the second in a series of posts exploring the points of the Leadership Checklist which we introduced in "Good Leadership: Why Leave It to Chance?" In this post, Sean Dice, a senior electrical engineer with BW Container Systems' Ambec product line, shares a story that shows the ripple effect of good leadership.
Responsible Freedom Realized
About a year ago, while onsite supporting a check-up and tune-up of one of our process installations, I had an unexpected conversation with Samantha, the quality lab manager. Samantha and I have known each other for quite a few years now, due to the number of process installations we have provided to her company.
It was a weekend, which wasn't unusual for Samantha and the batch room manager Stephen. Samantha began telling me about the struggles she was having with the lab technicians who had come to rely on her to micromanage their work. Day in and day out, the lab techs would come to Samantha with questions about the simplest of procedures, even though they had performed all of the same tests and tasks repetitively for more than a year. Samantha asked for ideas on how to encourage her employees to take initiative and ownership of their daily tasks without expecting or wanting someone to look over their shoulder.
At this time the powerful mantra of Jim Schoeneweis, our electrical engineering director, popped into my head as though he were speaking through me. "You have responsible freedom," he would say to me and my teammates time and time again. This simple statement reminded all of us of Barry-Wehmiller's culture of encouraging team members to take ownership of their work, while keeping in mind their responsibility to their team and the organization.
I shared with Samantha my interpretation of responsible freedom. To me, the phrase means that we are all empowered with the freedom to make decisions for ourselves. We are trusted and valued team members who know how to identify and do the right thing. That, I explained, was the freedom part. The responsible part is multi-faceted: we have a responsibility to conduct ourselves in such a way to prove we are worthy of the trust and freedom instilled in us. In addition, we should own our decisions and actions and expect that we will be held accountable for them all, good or bad. Jim's role was one of partner and advisor, versus traditional authoritative manager. Samantha sat in silence for a moment and said she was going to have to think on that for a while.
A few months ago I returned to the company to provide some onsite training and troubleshooting. My first day in the plant, Samantha came into the office and said, "I am SOOO glad you are here! I have to thank you."
She asked if I remembered the conversation from a year ago. "You know, the one where you told me about 'responsible freedom'?"
"Of course," I replied, as it had been a very powerful conversation.
Samantha explained how, after thinking about the concept of responsible freedom for some time, she adapted her leadership style to be a partner and teammate to the people that reported to her. Sam was so happy, and she explained to me how the performance of team could not be better. Everyone enjoyed coming to work! The lab was operating better than she could have ever hoped. As part of her new leadership style, she started "Sam's Corner," a bulletin board on which she proudly displayed the following:
Recently, Samantha left that company and took her leadership skills to a role with one of our largest brewery customers. She has no worries for the teammates she left behind. She said they had all embraced the culture of responsible freedom and the new lab manager plans to continue where Sam left off and encourage her teammates.
At that moment I could not have been happier to be a member of the BW Container Systems and Barry-Wehmiller teams. I was struck with the realization of how much trust Jim has for all of us and what that says about the strength of his leadership and the power of a culture that offers responsible freedom. Through it, we can realize our potential and, along the way, teach others within our sphere of influence how they can be tremendous leaders…like Jim Schoeneweis.
Everybody Matters Podcast: Pete Carlson of BW Container Systems The "I's" Have It! The Moral of the Story Trust: Better To Give Than Receive Sharing Our Message: BW Leadership Institute
Business Continuous Improvement Culture Inspiration Leadership Manufacturing People-Centric
Barry-Wehmiller, Bob Chapman, BW Container Systems, Everybody Matters, inspiring leadership, leadership, responsible freedom 3
Kit Tennis says:
What a great example of the ways that B-W is impacting the lives of the people you serve!
Jose Irizarry says:
Hey Sean, thank you for sharing your story. I have never been as successful as when I worked in an environment of leadership like you've described. I'm glad Barry Wehmiller is building us this way.
RICHARD DVORAK says:
BW – Building a Better World – One Person at a Time!
< Teamwork on an Olympian Scale
Everybody Matters Podcast: Raj Sisodia and Nilima Bhat >

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi have purchased modem with vivid month to month. Vivid is crap speeds at 0.56 download while optus mobile hotspot is at 16. Can i purchase a optus wireless card and use in the vivid hwuawei modem that i paid $200 for. optus say ask vivid, vivid say ask optus? arnt they the same company?
Hey @customerrob the Vivid modem will only work with the service attached to it.


As you progress in your chosen career field, you may find that the key to promotion is more education. The Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies (MAIS) degree is a flexible graduate-level program that allows you to design academic study around topics of interest to suit your career goals.
The MAIS degree is limited only by your intellectual interests. Through this program, you can combine courses from UT Dallas' seven schools or delve into an area of interest.
A full-time student can complete the MA degree in one year. Part-time students should allow two years to complete this program.
Internships are an encouraged part of the MAIS degree plan and may be completed for academic credit.
At the conclusion of your studies, you will work with an advisor to design a capstone seminar and project. The seminar includes readings in, and discussion of, interdisciplinary theory and preparation for the research project. Your research topic will lend itself to an interdisciplinary approach. To complete the project, you will synthesize information from various sources, utilizing different methodologies, and draw conclusions that present a new perspective on the topic as a result of this interdisciplinary approach.
See utdallas.edu/is for more information.
Alumni pursue a wide variety of career fields in business, industry and public service. One graduate combined her love of the arts and education with business administration to open a successful art gallery.
Another graduate melded business education with psychology and literary studies courses to build a career in private sector advertising and local government marketing.
The University's Career Center is an important resource for students pursuing postgraduate employment. Licensed counselors are available to provide strategies for mastering job interviews, writing professional cover letters and resumes and connecting with campus recruiters, among other services.
Students not meeting the above criteria are considered on an individual basis. A student who has a deficit in either their GRE score or grade point average may be conditionally admitted to the program.
The MAIS program accepts graduate students for the fall, spring and summer semesters.
Visit utdallas.edu/enroll/apply/fees.php for official UT Dallas deadlines.
The programs of the School of Interdisciplinary Studies (IS) provide students with a broad learning experience. Because of the individualized focus and flexibility, the program is appropriate for both students preparing to enter the workplace and those planning to continue their studies. IS students are encouraged to customize a degree plan using two or more disciplines — a combination of business and the social sciences, for example — or they can tailor degrees in American studies or gender studies around topics of interest.
Thirteen percent of UT Dallas students seeking a bachelor's degree major in interdisciplinary studies.
The University's Teacher Development Center (TDC) is housed in the School of Interdisciplinary Studies, and provides rigorous, university-based coursework with extensive field experience, including student teaching or a supervised postbaccalaureate internship for students interested in making teaching or school administration their career. The TDC offers teacher certification options for both undergraduate and postbaccalaureate students.
The school is closely affiliated with the Carolyn Galerstein Women's Center (GWC). Founded in 1996, the GWC collaboratively presents gender issues on campus and in the community throughout the academic year and advocates for an inclusive, safe environment that directly impacts and improves lives.


text:
Q: Regexp for extensions tgz, tar.gz, TGZ and TAR.GZ Im trying to get a regexp (in bash) to identify files with only the following extensions :
    tgz, tar.gz, TGZ and TAR.GZ.
    I tried several ones but cant get it to work.
    Im using this regexp to select only files files with those extensions to do some work with them :
if [ -f $myregexp ]; then

  .....
fi

thanks.

A: Try this:
#!/bin/bash
# no case match
shopt -s nocasematch
matchRegex='.*\.(tgz$)|(tar\.gz$)'
for f in *
do
    # display filtered files
    [[ -f "$f" ]] && [[ "$f" =~ "$matchRegex"  ]] &&  echo "$f";

done

A: I have found an elegant way of doing this:
shopt -s nocasematch
for file in *;
do
 [[ "$file" =~ .*\.(tar.gz|tgz)$ ]] && echo $file
done

This may be good for you since you seems to want to use the if and a bash regex. The =~ operator allow to check if the pattern is matching a given expression. Also shopt -s nocasematch has to be set to perfom a case insensitive match.

A: Write 4 regexes, and check whether the file name matches any of them. Or write 2 case-insensitive regexes.
This way the code will be much more readable (and easier) than writing 1 regex.

A: Use this pattern
 .*\.{1}(tgz|tar\.gz)

But how to make a regular expression case-insensitive? It depends on the language you use. In JavaScript they use /pattern/i, in which, i denotes that the search should be case-insensitive. In C# they use RegexOptions enumeration.

A: Depends on where you want to use this regex. If with GREP, then use egrep with -i parameter, which stands for "ignore case"
egrep -i "(\.tgz)|(\.tar\.gz)$"

A: You can even do it without a regex (a bit wordy though):
for f in *.[Tt][Gg][Zz] *.[Tt][Aa][Rr].[Gg][Zz]; do
   echo $f
done

A: In bash? Use curly brackets, *.{tar.gz,tgz,TAR.GZ,TGZ} or even *.{t{ar.,}gz,T{AR.,}GZ}. Thus, ls -l *.{t{ar.,}gz,T{AR.,}GZ} on the command-line will do a detailed listing of all files with the matching extensions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This sweet four level boast newer engineered wood floors throughout the main and lower levels. Granite counter tops. Fully fenced back yard with nice flower beds and mature trees. The carpet is in excellent shape. The roof is newer and warrantied. Forced air heat, new water heater and evaporative cooler ac. This home is a very short distance to schools. Look no more! This is a great centrally located home with wonderful finishes.


betting on a totally Portuguese manufacture.
Coverpool International already has pool enclosures in Continental Portugal, Madeira, the Azores and beyond in several countries in Europe and Africa. We are market leaders not only for the numbers, but mainly for the satisfaction of our customers and for always recommending us. This is undoubtedly the best indicator of all.
The company's productive growth is accompanied by technologically sustainable growth, with the company having acquired new manufacturing and project support equipment in recent years. In addition, we highlight the partnership with the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Instituto Superior Técnico, where structural analyzes are carried out on the pool enclosures and where a Research and Development project was also launched for Coverpool pool enclosures.
Concern for the environment is present throughout our operations as a company, with all manufacturing surpluses being sent to certified recycling companies.
We have been pioneers in the market, guaranteeing always the growth and training of the team that accompanies us. Specialized in the design, manufacture and installation of pool enclosures.


text:
HomeMLRC PublicationsMediaLawLetterMediaLawLetter August 2011
MediaLawLetter August 2011
PUBLICATION: MediaLawLetter
Congressional Update: The Opening Months of the 112th Congress
By Kathleen Kirby and Shawn Bone As anticipated when the Republicans took control of the House last November, the 112th Congress has been characterized by partisan battles, rancor, and gridlock. While the House, Senate, and White House focused on government spending, the debt ceiling, and deficit reduction, media and communications issues largely were left on…
Divided Ninth Circuit Finds Anti-Obama Postings Constitutionally Protected
Statements Not "True Threats" Recounting a list of scathing and offensive statements about former Presidents, a divided Ninth Circuit panel recently reversed the conviction of a man convicted of threatening Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential campaign. United States v. Bagdasarian, No 09-50529 (9th Cir. July 19, 2011) (Reinhardt, Kozinski, Wardlaw (dissenting) JJ.). The court…
Facebook User's ADA Lawsuit Dismissed Plaintiff Failed to State a Claim for Federal or State Law Relief
A California federal district court recently dismissed a lawsuit against Facebook, Inc. alleging that it violated the Americans with Disabilities Act and related state law claims. Young v. Facebook, Inc., No. 10-3579 (N.D. Cal. May 17, 2011) (Fogel, J.). The court found that plaintiff, a Facebook user whose account was deactivated, failed to state any…
TOPICS : Media Contracts
Scraping and Aggregation: The Legal Issues Explored
By Niri Shan and Lorna Caddy In late July 2011, the Court of Appeal of England & Wales gave its decision in the case of The Newspaper Licensing Agency Limited and others v Meltwater Holding BV and others [2011] EWCA Civ 890. This case is the first in which British courts have considered the practice…
TOPICS : Copyright, International
The Other Side of the Pond: Updates on UK Media Law
Phone Hacking, Libel and Privacy Decisions, Open Justice and IP Developments By David Hooper These have been difficult months for News International and the scandal has acquired a momentum of its own stoked by inordinate amount of press coverage which it has received. 14 people have been arrested – usually by appointment but nearly always involving…
TOPICS : International
Court Grants Motion to Dismiss Copyright Claims Targeting South Park's Parody of Inane Viral Music Video
By Alonzo Wickers IV "Federal lawsuits seldom touch on such riveting subjects and regard so many colorful parties as the present matter." So began U.S. District Court Judge James Stadtmueller's July 6 order holding that Brownmark Films' copyright-infringement claims against Comedy Partners (Comedy Central), South Park Digital Studios, MTV Networks, and related defendants were barred…
TOPICS : Copyright
The Ongoing Assault on the Right to Photograph/Record in Public
By Mickey H. Osterreicher Phil Datz, Jim Epstein and Emily Good may not be household names but they are among a growing list of citizens and journalists who have been arrested for doing nothing more than taking pictures or recording video on a public street or during a public meeting. Photographers are never charged with…
New York Times Wins Libel Suit Over Coverage of Labor Dispute
Competing Accounts of Dispute Constituted Protected Opinion By David McCraw and Dana Green A Brooklyn Supreme Court judge has dismissed a libel claim against The New York Times in a case that highlights the challenges of impartially reporting on the competing sides in a public controversy. Gorilla Coffee, Inc. v. New York Times, Co., 2011…
TOPICS : Opinion
Texas Court of Appeals Grants Summary Judgment to Book Author
Authors and Publishers Entitled to Use Interlocutory Appeal Statute By Thomas J. Williams One of the most effective tools available for a media defendant in a libel case in Texas state court is the state's interlocutory appeal statute. That statute, enacted in 1993 and codified at Section 51.014(a)(6) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies…
Tennessee Court Denies Motion to Dismiss Libel and Privacy Claims over Prison Reality Show
Jury Could Find Program Implied Plaintiff Was a Drug Smuggler A Tennessee federal court denied, in part, the motion of defendants, A&E Television Networks and Wild Eyes Productions, Inc., to dismiss a complaint over an episode of the A&E reality television program, "The Squad: Prison Police." Battle v. A&E Television Networks, LLC, No. 3:11-0013 (M.D….
TOPICS : Defamatory Meaning, False Light
Tenth Circuit Affirms Summary Judgment to A&E in Federal Prisoner's Defamation Suit
Allegation Of Gang Membership Is Substantially True By Steven D. Zansberg On July 19, 2011, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the U.S. District Court's (D. Colo.) order granting summary judgment to A&E Television Networks ("AETN" or "A&E") in a defamation action arising from the cable television show Gangland: Aryan Brotherhood. Bustos v. A&…
TOPICS : Truth
Georgia Court of Appeals Affirms Dismissal of Richard Jewell Libel Suit
Reporting Ruled Accurate and Not Actionable; Confidential Source Protection Reaffirmed By Peter Canfield A three-judge panel of the Georgia Court of Appeals has unanimously affirmed the dismissal of Atlanta Olympic bombing suspect Richard Jewell's 14 year old libel lawsuit against the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Estate of Richard Jewell v. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, et al., No. A11A0510…
TOPICS : Opinion, Reporters Privilege, Truth
Download Publication LIBEL/PRIVACY Ga. App.: Georgia Court of Appeals Affirms Dismissal of Richard Jewell Libel Suit Reporting Ruled Accurate and Not Actionable; Confidential Source Protection Reaffirmed Estate of Richard Jewell v. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, et al. 10th Cir.: Tenth Circuit Affirms Summary Judgment to A&E in Federal Prisoner's Defamation Suit Allegation of Gang Membership Is…


(1855–1929) art collector, suffragist; born in New York City. Daughter of a wealthy sugar refiner, she studied in Paris (1873), met Mary Cassatt there, and began to purchase works by the Impressionists. In 1883 she married Henry Havemeyer, who also made a fortune in sugar, and they lived a luxurious life in New York City. She and her husband became discerning collectors of art, traveling through Europe and personally buying what they liked; they especially collected the Impressionists but also such under-appreciated artists as El Greco. After her husband's death, she devoted herself to social causes, and was a founder of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (later the National Woman's party) (1913). She lectured—and once exhibited her painting collection—for the suffrage movement, but her most dramatic moment came in 1919 when she burned an effigy of President Woodrow Wilson on the White House lawn; she was jailed for three days, after which she set off on the "Prison Special," a train that toured the country for a month to promote woman suffrage. Most of her vast art collection went to the Metropolitan Museum of Art after her death.


Read the hottest magazine in the profession! ASCP Skin Deep is the premier estheticians' source for the latest trends, techniques, products, and industry news. ASCP members and skin care schools receive an exclusive subscription to our bimonthly magazine.
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For more information on our readers, or to receive a customized advertising plan, please contact advertising manager Tracy Donley at 800-789-0411, ext. 620, or tracyd@ascpskincare.com.
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Feature articles are planned 8–12 months in advance.
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Include a description of the product, pricing, sizes available, contact number, website for ordering, and a high-resolution, professional image of the product.
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text:
Let Iran Aseman Airlines 3704 byl pravidelný vnitrostátní let 18. února 2018 v Íránu spojující letiště Teherán-Mehrabád a letiště Jásúdž. Letadlo ATR 72-500 společnosti Iran Aseman Airlines 50 minut po startu v cca 16:30 narazilo do hory Dena v pohoří Zagros. Na palubě zahynulo 59 cestujících a 6 členů posádky. Letoun imatrikulace EP-ATS byl starý 24,3 let.

Vrak byl nalezen 19. února 2018 pátracími týmy.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Iran Aseman Airlines 3704
Iran Aseman Airlines 3704
Zagros
18. únor
Iran Aseman Airlines 3704


You may be attempting to cover hair loss with a combover for example. This is a guide to typical balding hairstyles to avoid if you want to look good.
Male Health Site is owned by A. Bolland. I strive to provide accurate and independent review information to aid consumer choice. As part of the review process I sometimes receive commission on products purchased via the links from my website but this does not affect my judgement. This notice is to demonstrate my intention to operate a 100% honest and transparent website.


British American Tobacco taking Productora Tabacalera away from Phillip Morris shows the willingness for big tobacco companies to grow through M&A. I think that the consolidation is not over and there will be at least one big deal that would need to go through for companies to hold onto pricing power (perhaps Imperial will be the next target). I think this is important to look after, as big tobacco companies have very attractive dividend yields and should be considered during any substantial drop in their prices. These companies could become more favorable as the search for yield continues with investors.
With the US govt. at its debt limit it is a bit of a relief to see that the 6 person committee is starting to tackle some of the major issues with the budget. How these discussions go will determine whether we will be experiencing an 11th hour deal, which would definitely make the markets shaky in the run up, or a true bipartisan deal for the greater good of the country's finances. I would suggest taking profits as the talks progress and prepare to re-enter the market under several scenarios: if the deal gets made early, if the deal is made at the last minute, or (the less likely but more concerning) the US has to default on debt payments. As of right now the market is ignoring the issues at hand (Europe seems to be more of a concern, and to a degree, rightfully so) so this should be the time to get into the proper positions for when this is a front page issue.
Looking at the movement of bonds in the US there seems to be a development forming toward the search for yield we have spoken about several times before. With more fixed income money moving into developing markets and high yield bonds, one should question the year high that the US treasuries hit last week. There will be an unwinding, in one direction or the other, between the need for safety and the desire to make a positive real return. Over the short term there could be a correlation between corporate bonds and assets such a gold and treasuries. With the debt ceiling debate still far from over, it could prove prudent to buy shorter term, investment grade corporate debt and avoid treasuries as August approaches without a resolution to the debt ceiling.
The US vs Euro portfolio has been closed.
For more details see the strategy.


text:
Springfield Ladies' blankets comfort traumatized kids
June 3rd, 2019 development
By COLLEEN SPARKS
Linus from Charles M. Schulz's comic strip "Peanuts" was iconic for carrying around one of these soft, cuddly comforts, and a group of ladies in a Chandler senior community frequently make them for the same reason.
The Springfield Ladies have made thousands of blankets that they give to children and teens — and sometimes adults — to provide some comfort in times of trauma and stress.
Named after the senior-living community where they live, The Springfield Ladies make about 250 blankets — or "blankies," as they call them — a year and have so far made 5,500 since they began this project in 1997.
Marge Durand, 83, started the blanket-making with her husband Ad's help when they moved from Colorado that year. Ad has passed away but Marge is still busy making blankets with much assistance from her daughter, Kelly Della Chiesa, 61, who also lives in the Springfield community.
"My mom and dad started this with their own funds," Chiesa said. "As word got out, they had some small fundraisers like a golf tournament. Then we got more people on board so we were able to do more. They go to the very neediest of needy people. The whole community donates so much. This could not happen without the whole village."
The women use sewing machines and sew fabric with patterns they think are happy for kids, including cartoon characters and other fun things.
The blankets have been given to the Chandler and Mesa police departments to give to victims of crises and crimes as well as to kids in foster homes and children at The Love House Kids Program, a Phoenix organization that helps abused and neglected children in the community.
"It makes me feel good, but I'm glad that Kelly is here now," Chiesa said. "I'm gonna be 84 years old. I'm slowing down. I don't want to just give it up; Kelly has taken a big hand in this. We need more hands, younger people."
Besides Marge and Chiesa, the main people who sew the blankets are Lucille Leckey, Muriel Wenthe, Barb Fox, Cory Rosow and Millie Funk.
While living in Colorado, Marge had been involved in a similar but larger organization called Project Linus, through which blankets are collected and distributed to children in hospitals, shelter, social service agencies and other places around the country.
"When I moved here, I thought, 'Oh, boy, I need to do something,'" she said. "I got a little group of women and we started making blankies. We found a place to take them."
Besides blankets, the ladies also make Christmas stockings decorated and they fill them with toys, books, cards, crayons, clay and other items for children around the Valley.
"I've been sewing all my life," Marge said. "I made clothes. My mother made all of my clothes."
Chiesa said first The Ladies find and buy fabric for the top and the color they want on the back. Then they buy batting and find yarn and the ladies pick up all the materials and sew them in their homes. It takes at least a couple of hours to sew one.
"Sometimes the blankies have little pockets and we can put a little dolly and stuffed animal," in them, Chiesa said. "We also make knit hats. We've delivered a lot of those knit hats this winter."
The hats were given to the Chandler Police Department and to churches to give to those in need in the winter.
"This is Springfield and they are so, so generous with making sure we have everything we need," Chiesa said.
The ladies get donations of fabric and sometimes hold fundraisers. They look for fabrics that will still look good after they have been washed, Marge said.
"It's just comfort," she said. "It's like a teddy bear."
Marge has seven grandchildren, five great-grandchildren and, besides Chiesa, another daughter and son.
"Mom and Dad started this but they carried the load for a long time by themselves," Chiesa said. "It is truly a community effort (now)."
In November the ladies plan to have an auction to raise money for supplies.
"If there's a need, we'll try to do what we can," Chiesa said. "If everybody just did some little thing together, we can make a difference."


text:
Méndez replaces Mondelo at the head of the women's team
September 27, 2021 by Terrence Terrence
The FEB has chosen the route of prestige to leave behind a golden stage with a cloudy ending. Miguel Méndez has been named the new women's basketball coach, replacing Lucas Mondelo, who was dismissed in August after his poor performance at the Olympic Games and punctuated by the testimonies of Anna Cruz and Xargay about alleged turbulent relations when they coincided with the Barcelona coach.
Méndez, born in Vigo 54 years ago, is one of the most renowned coaches in women's basketball. It is the first Spanish coach in history to win the Euroleague three times, in a consecutive way, after breaking the tie precisely with Mondelo (2). The Galician coach has been adding titles since he began to train Celta de Vigo in 2000. He remained here until 2011, still being the one that has led the historic team of the Olympic city for the longest time.
Your Yekaterinburg is making history. He has four Russian Superleagues and three continental reigns. Before that, the new Spanish coach had won three leagues in Italy with Famila Schio and one in Celta Banco Simeón. He also went through Rivas in Madrid. In Yekaterinburg his right hand is another Spanish coach, Nacho Martínez Rey. Defeated in the final held in Istanbul (68-78) to the Avenida Perfumery, directed by another great of our country, Roberto Iñiguez. Three national coaches (Miguel Méndez, Roberto Iñiguez and Víctor Lapeña) met in a Final Four, a sign of the good health of Spanish women's basketball at the slate level. Víctor Lapeña, at the controls of Fenerbahce Oznur Kablo, got the bronze medal by beating Sopron Basket 64-58.
Méndez has had one of his stellar players in the historic Alba Torrens. A woman who missed the Eurobasket because she had to remain locked up in a room for two weeks due to COVID and in Japan she lived her third Games. "She is one of the best Spanish athletes of all time," she has come to say. "It is not easy to win in three different teams. Apart from numbers, she is an incredible player and her personality, her humility and her way of making her teammates better shows her greatness," he added. Miguel has been away from home for almost ten years and always refers to the fact that he misses his land. His wife is a businesswoman and cannot leave her job to be with him, she remains far away with her children. "It is a sacrifice that is worth it because I have the best job you can have in women's basketball and that compensates. But I cannot help but recognize the difficulty that it entails," he alludes. Now he will have to combine the two facets, as a club coach in Russia and as a coach. In principle, he would sign until Paris 2024.
In recent interviews, Méndez threw balls out about the option of training the national team: "At the moment, it is difficult to consider this since the national team has the best possible coach. Lucas has been our differential factor in recent years and I have not raised to get to train the national team because it seems impossible to find a better coach ".
Categories Basketball Tags Méndez, Mondelo, replaces, team, womens
Goodbye Triple Crown? Yuli Gurriel surpasses Vladimir Guerrero Jr. in batting average


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FEINKOST, Berlin ("Series Young Galleries in Eastern Europe")
by Aaron Moulton (Berlin) · Published 08/23/2009
ARTMargins continues its series on young galleries in Central and Eastern Europe.
FEINKOST is located in a '50s-era glass pavilion on the former border between East and West Berlin. Built in the style of a poor-man's Neue Nationalegalerie, the building was, until the early Noughties, a Feinkost, or "delicatessen." In 2007 Mette Ravnkilde Nielsen and I started the gallery. Since that time its program has consisted of solo shows and group exhibitions that investigate the use-value of art in society and culture, taking into consideration the kind of lofty epistemological criteria that have ultimately been lost in the market-obsessed climate of the contemporary art world.
Today, it is fair to say that everyone expects more from galleries and institutions than the usual buttresses of celebrity, hype and merchandising that the art market and its operators have proliferated for the past decade or more. In that respect it is important to rethink the models of for-profit and non-profit and the preconceptions attached to each as they are often not so different from one to the other. Furthermore, it is of utmost importance that we each step back and ask ourselves about our own personal expectations of and preconceptions toward contemporary art and whether much of what we have been given by way of the pervasive institutionalization or canonization of practice actually deserves the status it has achieved. I think that the first way to do this is to properly analyze the market, force some level of transparency and, more generally, make people put their mouths where their money is.
The Romantic and revolutionary side of art in Western civilization has been altogether gelded by its intense cash value. On top of that, the loss of locality resulting from globalization and the internationalization of art and culture makes the artistic output of Western civilization seem altogether homogenous, acultural and ahistorical. This cash-value situation structures far too heavily the criteria according to which people create and accept creativity. Once you take away the commercial or commodity status of art, its function changes drastically. Due to rampant insularity, art is no longer useful in helping people develop alternative perspectives on the world, changing perceptions of sentience or rerouting political, social and cultural pathways.
Historically, art has been seemingly subjugated to the visual tastes of a privileged class. Functionality or use-value are very recent facets of cultural production that, though not yet pre-requisites, comprise an ever-more pervasive part of audience expectations. The contemporary art object today has to have been made in consideration not only of the history of its material but also whatever other questions of precedence and furtherance arise in the processes of cultural validation and consecration. Eventually, we will begin to assess the value of the object or action against precedence, its agency within reality, philosophy or some other such field, and its ability to engage with a general and specific audience — and within all of this aesthetics will become a basic criteria rather than the fundamental goal.
Many of the artists represented by FEINKOST were not trained to be artists and spent portions of their professional lives engaged in other fields. Arcangelo Sassolino's background in industrial design and his usage of engineers and industries as artisans produces unique and threatening phenomena. Ignacio Uriarte studied Business Administration and worked for 10 years in cubicle life as a manager at companies such as Siemens. His practice filters office-based practices, materials and gestures through a conceptual and minimalist vernacular of the '60s and '70s. Others touch upon their own ethnic backgrounds in conceptual ways, as is the case in Daniel Baker's instrumentalization of his Traveller upbringing and research towards a Roma Aesthetic, or Andisheh Avini's mining of the layered consciousness of cultural identity through the Iranian diaspora. One way or another, they are all engaged with components of their respective realities in a bilingual way that collapses into their work and creates a scale of production and frame of reference that engages directly with reality in a confident way effacing aspects of the aforementioned.
One of the biggest difficulties for an artist is to avoid becoming locked within the context of one's own practice. Curators are typically there to intellectualize and open the practices of individual artists to wider arguments and broader dialogue. Along these lines, the practices of artists represented by FEINKOST are continuously reinterpreted and tested in the context of group shows analyzing social, cultural and political structures. Placing young and emerging artists alongside established and/or underappreciated artists within well-considered thematic contexts allows those established artists to be seen in new ways while at the same time raising awareness of others who we at the gallery believe deserve it.
Due to Berlin's seemingly endless resources of local and international art stars and up-and-comers, all operating within an arm's reach of one another, it has been possible for us to work with artists who we would otherwise have had difficulty collaborating with due to their stature, such as Christian Jankowski, Douglas Gordon, Mike Kelley, Mike Bouchet, Dorothy Iannone and many others. We aim at highlighting artistic practices that are diverse in range and flexible in their applicability towards subjects. In its attempt to question the relevance of artistic practice to contemporary culture, the gallery practice tends towards blurring otherwise dated notions of the profit and non-profit binary within the contemporary art world.
From a curatorial standpoint FEINKOST has put together exhibitions that through journalistic, anthropological and/or essayistic methods have investigated topics simultaneously emerging in news media and popular thinking. This is evidence that commercial galleries represent potentially the most advanced guard available in cultural production for disseminating ideas and putting concepts into action. Examples therein include the exhibitions detailed below.
The Art World was an anthropological study of the art world and its mechanisms, including academicization, rhetoric, social networking and economy. This occurred shortly after the gallery opened and shortly before the market crashed, at a point when there was little or no criticism of the problematics and opacity of the art world. It was an exhibition borne out of the dilemma faced by an institutional critique that has been widely "institutionalized," leading to an overall complacent and often complicit attitude. Projects were selected for their case-study-like ability to open windows onto areas of this hermetic industry rather than merely aestheticize it. Subjects like deaccessioning, disauthetication, etiquette, profiling, production of false icons, manipulations of markets, exploitation, authorship of history, and the larger questions of the actual value of global art in relation to local culture were put on the table. Even though a proper exegesis is still in order, if one were to produce such an exhibition today it would not only be obvious but seem overly cynical towards something that we are now all openly fed up with.
More Love Hours Than Can Ever Be Repaid functioned as an antidote to the market's collapse and a way to re-establish criteria by which to determine notions of value. Love Hours quantify the time/effort/love one invests in making something that does not proportionally reflect all that went into making it. We paired mothers and their children–Daniel and Celia Baker as well as Sarah Pucci and Dorothy Iannone—in order to begin with the most primal point of the subject. From there, O.C.D. abstraction and a therapy of labor moved towards the desire to balance the world on a pinhead, until alternative economies and new forms of value began to emerge. Each project in Love Hours tried to imagine art possessing a value that goes beyond price, one that is electrified by the energy of its maker — energy made almost tangibly present for the viewer as seen through each work's process, purpose and materials.
Schengen was an exhibition revealing the ways in which artists, cultural critics and architects were understanding and using the Europeanization process as a material in their practice. Among others, OMA/AMO's flag for the EU, Matei Bejenaru's illegal immigration instructions, Pablo Helguera's Conservatory of Dead Languages and Hito Steyerl's Universal Embassy generated a composite sketch of Schengen that promotes Europe through re-envisioning borders, disappearing locality, and the creation of national palimpsests and informal markets. The Kiev-based REP Group produced the work Contraband, which showed members of the group inflating colorful balloons with methane gas and hot water bottles with oil, materials that were then strapped and tied to their bodies. The aim of the "performance" was to see whether they could successfully import insignificant quantities of fuel from the Ukraine into Poland. The commentary, in this case, could not have been more direct. Made at a time when Gazprom had recently shut off the pipes to the Ukraine, in this video we witnessed an imaginative emergence of alternative economies resulting from the geostrategic manipulation of Ukraine's position by Russia. Even if to an almost absurd degree, the gesture ultimately reflects the conditions that might lead even the common person to go to such lengths in order to import the lucrative materials that lubricate foreign policy in the world.
The Schengen exhibition coincided with the 2008 dissolution of the borders that divided Eastern and Western Europe. It was accompanied by a solo exhibition of gallery artist Daniel Baker, the previously mentioned English Traveller who featured prominently in the OSI-funded first Roma pavilion at the Venice Biennale the year prior. The pairing was meant to question the side effects and potential homogenization of Europe by placing the standardization accords alongside an artist whose heritage links him to those who could be considered the original European citizens.
The Practice of Everyday Life, based on the eponymous book by Michel de Certeau examined the ways in which artists make projects that replicate production and consumption processes precisely in order to simulate the original purpose, product or service they are imitating, like a kind of ouroboros. For example, dressing up like a street cleaner and cleaning the street, or becoming and being accepted as a pop star. The first audience is the passerby who believes what he sees to be what it seems and the second audience is the gallery-goer who understands the performative nature of it. The idea was not only based in performance but also in design and the construction of everyday behaviors. It asked, moreover, how the artist might have more potential to affect a change in everyday reality than his professional counterpart, working legitimately within the respective profession that is being performed. The show looked at different ideas of bricolage starting with moments where one has a need or a desired outcome and must make use of his own means in order to achieve it. This lead into what I would refer to as "occupational bricolage," in which artists use occupations as media. The conclusion focused on projects that interrupt, change or maintain a status quo or expectations; i.e. things that are cleanly sublimated into a reflex of functional use by the passerby or everyday consumer.
The goal of the show was also to question the continuing professionalization of artists in realms reaching far outside typical studio practice: art and ecology/urbanism/design/etc., which are often merely flirtations with reality through the aestheticization of discourse. Operating within the art world allows a healthy safety net that liberates the practitioner's credibility from the potential errors of any legitimate trials.
Andisheh Avini's exhibition Homesick was timed with the 30th anniversary of the Iranian Revolution and, coincidentally, the uprising against the re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The current summer exhibition, David Levine: Hopeful, is about looking at cultural waste, the pursuit of celebrity, and relentlessness of self-promotion; analogies rooted in the nature of the art world but in this case directed at the mechanisms of Hollywood's hopefuls. And while the parallel is rather cringeworthy, it is nonetheless appropriate that Michael Jackson should have met his demise within days of the inauguration.
This July FEINKOST was invited by the gallery Brown in London to make an exhibition about the gallery and its artists. This was the first time a curatorial statement was structured exclusively around artists associated with or represented by the gallery. None of the artists we worked with on this exhibition have anything in common within their respective practices apart from their association with the gallery, and therefore it was an excellent challenge to make a cohesive statement in regards to their work. In effect, the exhibition Sleeper put nine international artists together under a rather sinister light. The theme looked at the notion of suddenly becoming something else, as if awakening under a directive. In this case, the exhibition concept scrutinized the nature of curatorial practice, reinterpreting artistic practices and projects that carry their own specific meanings by suddenly placing them in altogether different roles.
Today, thanks to Bush-era aftershocks, the definition of the sleeper has been overloaded with Hollywood tales like The Manchurian Candidate and The Bourne Identity, as well as the media's pervasive trawling for homegrown threats, terrorist cells, and secret agents. This exhibition plotted out a scene of criminal intent, connecting disparate artistic practices to create a theater of interpretation.
The result ultimately allowed each practice to retain the trace of its origin while being forced within the structure we had created for it. The effort also coincided with the fourth anniversary of the July 7th terrorist attacks in London. This timing was not a way to be insensitive or controversial but rather to test the relevance of a topic that has become taboo and yet also somehow passé in the wake of the Bush presidency.
Today we are fortunately nearing the other side of an important plateau never before crossed in the history of the art world or cultural production. As we sit back holding our breath waiting to understand exactly how we will emerge from a global economy in shambles, redirecting our interests away from capital investment art that is now receiving much deserved speculation, the hope is that a new quest for genuine content will begin. Heavy-handedness, opinion and conviction are how the art world has made it this far. The gallery practice and the artists whose work gets represented through it could seem mere drops in the bucket of Berlin's 500+ galleries. However our efforts towards re-envisioning purpose into cultural production and applying that purpose in contributive ways not only makes everyone reflect on the nature of their own practice as artist, gallerist or curator but hopefully brings a much-needed and noticeable relevance to art in everyday life.
Other essays in this series:
ACBGallery, Budapest
FUTURA, Prague
Aaron Moulton began his professional career working for Gagosian Gallery and the Wrong Gallery in New York. He obtained an MA in Curating from the Royal College of Art after which he became editor of Flash Art International. Since finishing his post there in late 2006 he has been editor on monographs for artists Kirstine Roepstorff and Arcangelo Sassolino as well as written texts for various institutions and publications in Europe and America. In addition to a curatorial practice in and out of the gallery, he has lectured about curatorial practice, art world infrastructures and cultural production at different university and institutional settings.
Next article "Vuk Ćosić: Out Of Character" at Threshold artspace, Perth (Exhib. Review)
Previous article "Monument to Transformation" at City Gallery Prague, Municipal Library, Prague (Exhib. Review)


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The Western School of Commerce, 1904, Brief Historical Sketch
The Western School of Commerce began its existence September 30, 1901, under the name of the Gas City Business College.
The proprietors, Messrs. J. R. Humphreys and T. H. Wollenbargar, believed that the public would gladly support a really modern commercial school. Con-sequently, the equipment of each department of the school was made the very best; modern and practical courses of study were adopted; methods'of instruction were based on twentieth century ideas.
This school was the first in the west to introduce the method of teaching bookkeeping and business, customs by business practice from the beginning; the first to introduce loose leaf systems of account-. ing into college work, thus training pupils in the use of the latest labor-saving devices; among the first to introduce modern checking systems now in use by big commercial firms, and the second to introduce card ledgers and card systems of indexing.
The result of modern methods and fair dealing with the public soon brought returns far beyond the expectations of the proprietors . Ninety-six pupils were enrolled the first year. The rapid increase in attendance made necessary the addition of another member to the faculty. Accordingly, Mr. H. W. Bessac was admitted as a partner and as a member of the faculty, June 1. 1902, and the name of the school was changed to Western School of Commerce. The second year's work was even more successful than the first, the enrollment for the second year being fifty per cent greater.
The school was incorporated Sept. 1, 1903, with J. R. Humphreys, president, and H. W. Bessac, secretary. All the stock is held by the members of the faculty.
The opening of the third year's work has been flattering in the extreme. At the present rate of increase the school will reach the limit of its present seating capacity before the end of the spring term The success of its graduates has been a special cause for congratulation to the school. There have been calls for the graduates of the school as rapidly as they finished their courses. The school has many reasons to be proud of its short but successful career.
1. "Brief Historical Sketch", Western School of Commerce, Stockton, California, 1903-04 Catalogue, page 3.
Western School of Commerce 1903-04 Catalogue
Genealogy Today Archived Materials (including THIS PAGE) residing at http://wiki.genealogytoday.com/ published by Genealogy Today LLC are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


Cosmic ecology and harnessing Sun energy to create a closed farming system. Use of green manures to create deep in-situ composting activity. Shows the special Biodynamic ripper working in green manure in Italy, and on Australian dry land.


Calle 13 leads the nominees at the 2014 Latin Grammys.
The Puerto Rican hip-hop duo Calle 13 is no stranger to the Latin Grammys' stage. But the group should feel even more at home there, after ruling the nominations for the 2014 awards.
The group earned nine nods in several major categories including album of the year, song of the year ("Ojos color sol") and record of the year ("Respira el Momento"), alongside nominations for best alternative song and best urban song.
The album of the year nod should be especially rewarding for the duo, as they released it on their own boutique record label (with a marketing and distribution partnership with Sony). The group's Eduardo Cabra also earned recognition for his production work on Jorge Drexler's album "Bailar en La Cueva."
Other leading figures at the 15th annual Latin Grammys include Enrique Iglesias and Descemer Bueno, who garnered five nominations for their single "Bailando," including record of the year. Carlos Vives also made the cut for his album "Más + Corazón Profundo." Vives is up twice for song of the year, for "Cuando nos volvamos a encontrar" and "El mar de sus ojos."
Vives' album was also a big success for its producer and songwriter Andrés Castro, and helped him earn eight nominations, the second most after Calle 13.
The Latin Grammys telecast will air live on Univision on Nov. 20. See the complete list of nominees here.


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Today I'm going to show you how you can make your own cute picture holder! I wanted to make a cat on a carpet because cats are my favourite animals and I thought it would look cute.
You will only need polymer clay and a paper clip!
I hope you like this tutorial and have fun!


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Blue Water Diving Center offers PADI formations from Open Water Diver to Dive Master.
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Discover Scuba Diving (DSD) is not mandatory, but we strongly advise it to beginner. This allows you to familiarize with the element and underwater breathing, to feel weightlessness to discover the richness of the underwater world and to have a idea of the extraordinary adventure you are about to begin!
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Open Water Diver (OWD): This is the gateway to one of the greatest discovery adventure of all times - the exploration of our world last undiscovered frontier!
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Young defender Romoney Crichlow-Noble has committed his future to Huddersfield Town after agreeing a new deal with the Club.
Romoney has put pen-to-paper on a two-year contract with the Terriers, securing his future to the Club until 2020.
The left-sided centre-half, who can also play at left-back, joined Town in March 2017 following a successful trial period with the Club.
The youngster, who was born in Luton, joined Town as a free agent having studied at the Dynamic Football Academy in Buckinghamshire whilst playing for Enfield Borough's First Team in tier 11 of the English football pyramid.
After impressing for Town's Under-18s towards the end of 2016/17 campaign, the defender stepped up to Under-23s level and went on to feature in 18 games this season, scoring once.
Crichlow-Noble, who has been working very closely with Mark Hudson, also scored in the Club's Under-19 friendly at Bayern Munich as the Young Terriers ran out 2-1 winners.
"We're delighted that Romoney has signed a new contract with Huddersfield Town.
"Under the guidance of Mark Hudson, we have seen his game progress. Romoney joined us as a left-back but he has since grown into a role as a left sided centre-half, so now the challenge for him is to make that position his own and to make further strides as we go through the year.
Romoney is wearing Town's new 2018/19 Training Wear; available now in store and online – visit htafcmegastore.com to see the full range.


To Keep Minnesota State Government Out of Your Medical Records, Email or Write a Letter Today!
REGARDING: The Minnesota Department of Health's plan (proposed rule) to collect, store and use individually-identifiable medical record data without patient consent: Proposed Permanent Rules Relating to Administrative Billing Data, Minnesota Rules, Chapter 4653.
State health officials will have access to confidential medical information. They will know who goes to the doctor, what for, who treats them, with what, and for how long. The department will be able to profile patients and practitioners. The Department has gone so far as to require insurers to provide them with the date a pregnancy begins," says Twila Brase, president of Citizens' Council on Health Care, a Minnesota health care policy organization.
The Bush Administration's modification of the final federal medical privacy did not focus on the privacy needs of patients. It focused on the health care industry's desire for date, says one health care policy organization.
Would a Medicare Drug Plan Follow Oregon's New Drug Rationing Process?
If Congress passes a Medicare drug benefit next year, the Oregon Health Plan has provided federal officials with a process to limit medication choices. This should worry current and future Medicare recipients, says Citizens' Council on Health Care (CCHC), a Minnesota-based health care policy organization.
Although several citizen organizations testified multiple times against the provision, the MN Department of Health received authority to quarantine individuals and groups suspected of having a communicable or potentially communicable disease without a court order - 365 days a year.
FIRST RIGHT: The first right to go was the right of the public to testify on the proposed legislation. Rep. Richard Mulder (R-Ivanhoe), chair of the committee and author of the bill (HF 3031), began the third hearing of the Conference Committee by saying public testimony would not be taken. It had not been allowed in the first hearing, but in the second hearing, thanks to the insistence of Rep. Lynda Boudreau (R-Faribault), the public was given permission to testify.
The Minnesota Emergency Health Powers Act has faulty reasoning and constitutional concerns according to Citizens' Council on Health Care (CCHC), a health care policy group which provided testimony in the Senate Health and Family Security Committee today.
Closed meetings on security and emergency response procedures should not include discussions and decisions about medical procedures that impact the physical bodies of citizens, says Citizens' Council on Health Care (CCHC). The Civil Law Committee agreed. The amendment proposed by CCHC, and approved by the bill's author, was attached to the Minnesota House anti-terrorism bill (HF 2746).
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services today released $1.1 billion and a plan to build government health surveillance systems in every state. The stated goal: to enhance public health infrastructure for bioterrorism preparedness. The plan: government access to everyone's medical record through their hospitals and doctor's offices.


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Le transistor bipolaire à grille isolée (IGBT, de l'anglais ) est un dispositif semi-conducteur de la famille des transistors qui est utilisé comme interrupteur électronique, principalement dans les montages de l'électronique de puissance.

Ce composant, qui combine les avantages des technologies précédentes  a permis de nombreux progrès dans les applications de l'électronique de puissance, aussi bien en ce qui concerne la fiabilité que sur l'aspect économique.

Les transistors IGBT ont permis d'envisager des développements jusqu'alors non viables en particulier dans la vitesse variable ainsi que dans les applications des machines électriques et des convertisseurs de puissance qui nous accompagnent chaque jour et partout, sans que nous en soyons particulièrement conscients : automobiles, trains, métros, bus, avions, bateaux, ascenseurs, électroménager, télévision, domotique

Historique
La première tentative concernant ce composant est sa réalisation en composants discrets, avec un transistor à effet de champ de faible puissance commandant un transistor bipolaire de puissance (montage BipMos). Le but est de simplifier les circuits de commande inhérents aux applications des transistors de puissance en commutation, fort complexes dans les années 1970-1980.

La technologie IGBT a été brevetée aux États-Unis le  par Hans W. Beck et Carl F. Wheatley, Jr., sous le nom de Power MOSFET with an Anode Region (Brevet 4,364,073). C'est une technologie récente, qui succède aux thyristors, aux transistors Darlington et aux thyristors GTO.

La première génération de transistors IGBT présentait d'importants problèmes de verrouillage (ou latching), qui ont été corrigés dans la deuxième génération apparue au début des années 1990. La fin du  a connu trois nouvelles générations de transistors IGBT, qui ont augmenté les performances pour des courants et des tensions importants (IGBT à structures trench, CSTBT).

Les caractéristiques de l'IGBT font que dans les années 2000 il s'est largement imposé dans tous les domaines de l'électronique de puissance face aux autres types de composants pour les gammes de tension  à , et qu'il perce dans les tensions supérieures face au GTO, ainsi que dans les tensions inférieures face au MOSFET, bien qu'il soit plus lent.

Caractéristiques

L'IGBT est un transistor hybride, regroupant un transistor à effet de champ du type MOSFET en entrée et un transistor bipolaire en sortie. Il est ainsi commandé par la tension de grille (entre grille et émetteur) qui lui est appliquée, mais ses caractéristiques de conduction (entre collecteur et émetteur) sont celles d'un bipolaire. Le schéma équivalent du transistor IGBT ci-contre montre un troisième transistor, qui représente une propriété parasite responsable du latching.

Cette structure lui donne le faible coût énergétique de commande d'un MOSFET, avec les pertes de conduction plus faibles (à surface de puce donnée) d'un bipolaire. De plus, les IGBT peuvent gérer une tension bien plus élevée que celle gérée par les MOSFET.

Résistance à l'état passant
La résistance à l'état passant (inverse de la conductance) est définie par la résistance du transistor lorsque celui-ci est en régime de conduction (on dit également « saturé ») : appelée aussi R dans le cas d'un FET, elle est représentée par le V pour un bipolaire. C'est une caractéristique importante car elle détermine l'échauffement du composant en fonction du courant I : plus le V est faible, plus le courant admissible peut être fort. Dans le cas de l'IGBT, la résistance à l'état passant est minimisée par l'utilisation d'un transistor bipolaire en sortie et par l'optimisation de la saturation de celui-ci. Pour cela, il est possible de diminuer le R du MOSFET d'entrée, et d'augmenter le gain du transistor bipolaire. Cependant un gain trop important entrainera un risque élevé de latching.

Les dernières technologies SPT (Soft-Punch-Through), dites SPT+, permettent de diminuer encore la chute de tension directe V de l'ordre de 25 à 30 %.

Transconductance
La transconductance d'un IGBT est le rapport entre le courant de sortie et la tension d'entrée. Ce rapport dépend de nombreux paramètres, notamment la taille du transistor, la température ou le courant de sortie. Contrairement aux transistors bipolaires, les MOSFET et les IGBT n'ont pas un gain de transconductance qui chute avec le courant de sortie.

Commutation
La faiblesse de l'IGBT (comparé au MOSFET) résulte essentiellement dans sa vitesse de commutation, notamment lors du passage de l'état passant à l'état bloqué : les « trous » présents dans la « zone d'épitaxie N- » (Drift zone) doivent se recombiner ou être évacués lorsque la tension de la grille passe en dessous du seuil de commutation. La technologie PT possède une zone tampon (buffer) à proximité de la zone de drift pour accélérer l'absorption des trous. Les transistors IGBT-PT seront donc plus rapides, mais auront une tension V plus élevée.

Les fréquences de commutation maximales peuvent être notablement augmentées par l'utilisation de « circuits d'aide à la commutation » passifs (dissipatifs), mais surtout actifs (non dissipatifs), de type « ZVS » (Zero Voltage Switch, commutation au zéro de tension), « ZCS » (Zero Current Switch, commutation au zéro de courant) ou autres. Ces circuits, en assurant des « commutations douces », permettent une diminution drastique des pertes de commutation, tout en facilitant grandement la mise en conformité des équipements concernant la compatibilité électromagnétique. Néanmoins, du fait de leur complexité et de leur coût, ils sont encore peu utilisés dans les fortes puissances.

Verrouillage (Latching)
L'IGBT présente quatre couches N-P-N-P qui peuvent sous certaines conditions devenir passantes à la manière d'un thyristor, du fait de la présence du transistor parasite entre émetteur et base du transistor bipolaire principal (voir le schéma équivalent ci-dessus) : c'est l'effet latch-up (verrouillage). Dans ces conditions le transistor restera passant, avec effets destructifs, jusqu'à ce que l'alimentation soit coupée. Les constructeurs sont parvenus à diminuer ce problème majeur du transistor IGBT, et ce de différentes manières : réduction de la transconductance du transistor bipolaire de sortie, utilisation de nouvelles techniques de gravure comme l'IGBT Trench. Ces évolutions, ainsi que l'amélioration des processus de commande de grille, font que le phénomène de verrouillage est actuellement bien maîtrisé et ne pose plus de problèmes au développement de l'utilisation industrielle de l'IGBT.

Aire de sécurité

L'aire de sécurité ou « zone de fonctionnement sûr » ou SOA (sigle anglais pour ) désigne les zones de fonctionnement autorisées du transistor dans le plan courant-tension. Dans ces zones, le transistor peut travailler sans subir de dommages dans les périodes où à la fois un courant important traverse le semi-conducteur et une tension importante est présente à ses bornes, c'est-à-dire en dehors du fonctionnement « saturé » (conducteur et faible chute de tension). Dans tous les cas ces zones de fonctionnement ne peuvent être que transitoires, car les puissances dissipées en valeurs instantanées sont de plusieurs ordres de grandeur au-dessus de la puissance admissible nominale du composant. On distingue trois phases critiques :
 Le court-circuit. Il s'agit de la zone dite de SCSOA (pour ) ou aire de sécurité de court-circuit. Lorsque la charge commandée par le transistor est en court-circuit, le courant demandé est en théorie infini. En pratique, le courant I dans le transistor est limité par la tension V sur la grille et la valeur de la transconductance, ainsi que par le circuit extérieur. Le risque pour l'IGBT est alors le verrouillage (latching). Suivant la famille utilisée ce risque est minimisé au détriment de la transconductance ou du V. Certains IGBT ont un circuit interne de limitation du courant de court-circuit à quelques multiples du courant nominal ;
 La commutation ON → OFF avec une charge inductive. Il s'agit de la zone dite de RBSOA (pour Reverse Bias SOA) ou aire de sécurité inverse. Lors de cette phase de transition on passe d'un état où un courant stable (et important) I est établi dans la charge et dans le transistor, à un état où le transistor est bloqué. La tension V croit alors de quelques volts à la tension d'alimentation augmentée de la FCEM de la charge inductive. Cette FCEM doit être limitée, par exemple, par une diode dite de « roue libre » à ses bornes. Durant cette phase le courant est constant  ceci jusqu'à la fin de la recombinaison des porteurs et au blocage de la jonction par augmentation de la barrière de potentiel. Il s'ensuit un risque de « claquage » du composant par formation de points chauds localisés et emballement thermique ; ce phénomène est connu pour les transistors bipolaires de puissance sous le nom de « second claquage » (Second Break Down en anglais). Les IGBT sont cependant beaucoup plus robustes que les bipolaires pour la tenue en aire de sécurité inverse. Des circuits d'aide à la commutation au blocage, en dérivant le courant de la charge inductive (dans un condensateur auxiliaire par exemple) pendant la période de blocage autorisent une commutation à pertes quasi-nulles pour le silicium et évitent le risque de second claquage ;
 L'utilisation du transistor en mode linéaire. L'étude de cette phase présente un intérêt plus limité, car ce n'est pas le mode de fonctionnement usuel de l'IGBT. Une attention particulière sur ce mode de fonctionnement est cependant nécessaire lors de la mise en œuvre des circuits de protection du composant contre les courts-circuits.

Performances
Le tableau suivant montre les performances typiques de quelques produits du marché des transistors.

Il dégage la tendance générale :
 le V augmente et la fréquence d'utilisation diminue quand la tenue en tension augmente ;
 les MOSFET et les GTO deviennent concurrentiels aux extrémités de la gamme.

Des produits de certains fabricants peuvent s'écarter significativement des valeurs mentionnées car relevant d'optimisations différentes (améliorant l'un des paramètres au détriment de l'autre) ou utilisant des techniques très récentes.

Structure

La structure d'un IGBT est basée sur celle d'un MOSFET vertical doublement diffusé : l'épaisseur du support est utilisée pour séparer le drain de la source. Les épaisseurs typiques des wafers sont de l'ordre de 70 à . Une zone dite d'épitaxie, dopée N-, permet l'apparition d'un canal lorsque des électrons sont injectés par la grille (V>0, état passant).

La technique de double diffusion est utilisée pour créer les puits dopés P/P+ à proximité de la source. La présence d'une région dopée P+ diminue le risque de latchup, tout en augmentant la tension de seuil de commutation.

La différence principale entre un MOSFET vertical et un IGBT est l'existence d'une couche de substrat P+ (fortement dopée) côté drain/collecteur. Cette couche injecte des trous dans la couche N-, ce qui a pour effet de diminuer la chute de tension à l'état passant et de le transformer en transistor bipolaire.

À l'état bloqué, c'est la couche N- qui supporte la tension. Cette tension maximale sera d'autant plus importante que la couche N d'épitaxie sera peu dopée et/ou épaisse.

À l'état passant, le courant sera limité par la largeur du canal. Les structures verticales permettent la mise en parallèle de plusieurs cellules élémentaires, de façon à augmenter le courant admissible et diminuer la résistance à l'état passant R.

Les différentes structures d'IGBT
Vues de sections d'IGBT

L'IGBT NPT (sigle anglais : Non Punch Through) à grille plane est la structure la plus simple à réaliser. Elle utilise des puces plus minces, sans couche N+ additionnelle. La transconductance sera moins élevée, il est donc plus robuste en situation de court-circuit.

L'IGBT PT (sigle anglais : Punch Through) à grille plane utilise des puces épaisses comportant une couche tampon N+. Il a en principe une chute de tension plus faible à l'état passant.

Cette couche tampon entre la zone d'épitaxie N et la zone d'injection P+ du collecteur permet d'obtenir une distribution du champ électrique trapézoïdal.

On trouve également des transistors dénommés DS-IGBT (pour Depletion Stop IGBT), ou FS-IGBT (pour Field Stop IGBT), qui présentent les mêmes caractéristiques que le PT-IGBT, avec une couche tampon moins dopée. Cela permet d'utiliser les techniques de fabrication plus simples d'un NPT-IGBT.

Les structures précédentes dites à grille plane (en anglais : planar) ont l'avantage d'être faciles à réaliser. Néanmoins une technologie dite de grille en tranchée (en anglais : trench) est également utilisée : la zone d'épitaxie est découpée sous la grille de manière à diminuer les phénomènes de  et permettre ainsi des densités de courant plus importantes. Cette géométrie est aussi plus compacte et généralement plus performante que la géométrie à grille plane.

Technologie

Les IGBT sont fabriqués avec des techniques similaires à celle des circuits intégrés (comme les MOSFET, mais contrairement aux GTO et thyristors de puissance). Ceci a pour conséquence que la taille de la puce est limitée à environ , alors qu'on sait faire des diodes monolithiques de  de diamètre ().

Les gros IGBT sont donc des modules multi-puces, constitués de nombreuses puces en parallèle, généralement brasées sur une semelle de cuivre ou d'Al-SiC à travers laquelle on assure leur refroidissement. La plupart intègrent aussi une diode anti-parallèle (ou de « roue-libre »), elle-même multi-puces. Cette diode est une partie très importante du module IGBT, car ses caractéristiques (en particulier de recouvrement) doivent être compatibles avec l'IGBT lui-même, nécessité cruciale. Cela représente d'ailleurs une des premières applications pour les semi-conducteurs en carbure de silicium.

La technologie RC IGBT ( IGBT) intègre la diode de roue libre à l'IGBT. L'avantage de cette configuration par rapport à deux éléments séparés est de permettre d'avoir une densité de puissance plus importante et de disposer d'une diode ayant le même courant nominal que l'IGBT, les deux éléments utilisant la même zone semiconductrice. Par contre, la diode étant optimisée pour une chute de tension faible en conduction et non pour un temps de recouvrement minimal, cette configuration ne peut être employée qu'avec une commutation douce.

On trouve principalement des IGBT « canal N ». La structure complémentaire « canal P » est possible, mais limitée aux petites puissances, car comme pour les transistors bipolaires et les MOSFET, les caractéristiques obtenues sont moins bonnes (pertes supérieures par exemple).

Ces composants sont disponibles pratiquement dans tous les boîtiers courants, depuis le petit boîtier plastique (TO-220) pour des courants de quelques ampères à quelques dizaines d'ampères et des tensions collecteur-émetteur de 600 à , jusqu'aux modules de forte puissance de quelques centaines d'ampères et quelques kilovolts. On trouve aussi des IGBT en boîtier , encapsulation déjà utilisée pour certains thyristors, avec les avantages que cela comporte.

Gammes et usages
Ces composants sont disponibles dans une gamme de tension allant de 600 (et moins) à , et des courants jusqu'à  par module. Les valeurs de tension les plus courantes sont :
  : valeur adaptée à la connexion sur un réseau  alternatif ;
  : valeur adaptée à la connexion sur un réseau  alternatif ;
  : valeur adaptée à la connexion sur un réseau  alternatif ;
  : valeur utilisée en traction ferroviaire  continu ;
  : valeur utilisée en traction ferroviaire  continu.

Applications
Les applications usuelles de l'IGBT sont les onduleurs, redresseurs et hacheurs pour les alimentations à découpage et la vitesse variable, mais aussi pour les FACTS.

Exemples
 Les IGBT sont utilisés comme éléments de puissance dans les convertisseurs de traction du TGV, sur les versions les plus modernes équipées de moteurs synchrones ou asynchrones, ainsi que dans la plupart des convertisseurs auxiliaires (éclairage, ventilation). La tendance est à la généralisation des IGBT sur ce marché.
 La technologie IGBT est exploitée dans les émetteurs ondes décamétriques développés par Thomcast (série TSW2500) à tétrode finale HF. Les modules IGBT constituent l'étage de modulation AM dont le but est d'effectuer une superposition du signal audio sur la tension d'alimentation de la tétrode finale HF de puissance. Des émetteurs de ce type sont installés sur le site de TDF d'Issoudun qui assure la radiodiffusion, entre autres, de RFI (puissance unitaire de  associée à une antenne ALLISS).
 Ils sont également utilisés dans les variateurs-onduleurs de commande des moteurs électriques des pods, propulseurs des navires les plus récents comme le Queen Mary 2.
 L'utilisation des IGBT se développe dans le secteur automobile pour les véhicules électriques et en particulier pour les voitures dites hybrides comme par exemple la Toyota Prius, dont la partie électrique de la chaîne de traction comprend deux moteurs électriques sans balais commandés par un onduleur de  à IGBT.
 Les ballasts électroniques de forte puissance (jusqu'à ) pour lampes à décharges halogènes comme les lampes HMI (Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp) utilisées dans les projecteurs professionnels de spectacle incorporent des IGBT dans leurs étages de puissance. Le fonctionnement de l'ensemble devant être inaudible, l'encombrement réduit et la compatibilité électromagnétique maximum, cette application particulière requiert un fonctionnement à des fréquences de découpages supérieures à  et l'emploi impératif de circuits d'aide à la commutation non dissipatifs.
 Ces transistors sont utilisés dans le chauffage par induction.

L'IGBT est utilisé presque exclusivement en commutation, c'est-à-dire quand seuls les états saturés et bloqués sont souhaitables. Néanmoins, comme tout transistor, il possède une zone de fonctionnement « linéaire », ou active, qui peut être utilisée pour des applications particulières (amplificateurs).

Principaux fabricants

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

En français
  « Généralités sur l'IGBT ». Premier chapitre de la thèse d'Omar Elmazria, présentée à l'université de Metz, Caractérisation et simulation de l'IGBT dans le but d'optimiser ses performances au moyen d'irradiation par faisceau d'électrons (1996), sur le site srv-mac.lpmi.uhp-nancy.fr
  Yves Corvisier, « Les modules IGBT », Yves Corvisier, Électronique ,
  Utilisation des IGBT dans les ASI, MGE (1998)

En anglais
   Using IGBT module, Mitsubishi (1998)
   Determining MOSFET Driver Needs for Motor Drive Applications, Microchip (2003)
   IGBT vs. HEXFET Power MOSFETs for Variable Frequency Motor Drives, International Rectifier
   Application Characterization of IGBTs, International Rectifier
   IGBT Characteristics, International Rectifier
   IGBT or MOSFET: Choose Wisely, International Rectifier
   IGBT Technical Overview - Application Note APT0408, Advanced Power Technologies, 2004, 16
   Spice Model for IGBTs, A.F Petrie, Charles Hymowitz
   Fairchild semiconductor Application note 9016 – IGBT Basic I, sur le site fairchildsemi.com
   Fairchild semiconductor Application note 9020 – IGBT Basic II, sur le site fairchildsemi.com
   Ixys Corporation Application note IXAN0063 – Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Basic, sur le site ixyspower.com

Bipolaire à grille isolée
Électronique de puissance


We are pleased to have been accredited for the national Walkers are Welcome scheme, and on 4th and 5th September 2015 there was an official launch for Cheddar Walking. Local dignitaries and representatives of tourist associations were present to "cut the ribbon", and there were guided walks on the Friday and Saturday.
Cheddar Walking has teamed up with Mendip Ramblers to organise a Walking Festival on the weekend of the August Bank Holiday 27/28/29 August 2016. An experienced team of walk organisers have been putting together a selection of walks starting and finishing in Cheddar, and taking in the wide range of footpaths in the Cheddar area, from out on the moors to up on the Mendips. Walk lengths vary and there is a choice of walks every day. For more details see below.
THE SCOUT HUT, Cheddar First School, The Hayes, Cheddar.
Car parking: at Cheddar First School, Kings of Wessex Academy and signed public car parks.
Please allow time for parking, choosing your walk and registering by signing the appropriate sheet.
Bring food and drink for a short morning stop and a longer lunch stop.
Wear/bring appropriate clothing, especially footwear, and waterproofs if necessary.
Well behaved dogs, under close control, are welcome but must be put on a lead when requested by the walk leader or back marker.
Tea and cake at the end. Please make a small donation!
contact martyn@mendipramblers.co.uk or telephone 01761 471891.
One of Cheddar's newest groups – Cheddar Walking – entered into the festive spirit before Christmas by dressing up and selling bunches of mistletoe to the crowds who flocked to the village's Festive Shopping Night.
The idea behind the stall outside the National Trust Shop in the Gorge was twofold – to make some money for the group to fund its activities and to promote walking in and around the village. Earlier in the year, the group had succeeded in gaining national accreditation for Cheddar as a 'Walkers Are Welcome' destination.
On the night Cheddar Walking raised around £90 towards its publication of walking guides and events such as the free walking festival planned for the summer and it also introduced a number of people to its walks.
Chairman of Cheddar Walking, Huw Robson, who also doubled as Father Christmas for part of the night, said he was pleased with the evening's work as the stall and mistletoe had cost nothing thanks to the generosity of others and it had allowed the group to introduce itself.
Huw Robson, chairman of Cheddar Walking, selling mistletoe.
Hilly walk of 4 -5 miles climbing 200 metres to Callow Hill above Cheddar Wood offering great views.
A walk with the AONB Volunteer Rangers exploring England's largest gorge with its weathered crags and pinnacles – one of our most spectacular natural sites. 5 miles – strenuous climbs.
Meet outside the National Trust shop and information centre in Cheddar Gorge, ST 468543.


Bev: "Dear God, sometimes I have resistance to writing to you."
God: "Writing is the action that helps release the blocks. You write to Me, and blocks within yourself are dissolved."
"I chose you long ago, and I have never gotten over you. I dance ahead of you, and I leave gifts along the way, remembrances of you so that you will remember Me."
I cannot tell you how much Heavenletters mean to me. Some days I could cry for the beauty of the words -- other days I laugh out loud -- and yet others I gasp with realization when I read them. The greatest gift these Heavenletters bring, I think, is the emotional responses we have - emotion ... e-motion ... energy in motion. They get us moving!
"And I sent you to the planet Earth to reflect My light lightheartedly. Will you forego seriousness now? Once and for all? Will you become lighthearted in service to Me?"
Heavenletter #2604 Shine On, O Harvest Moon!
The workshop was good, indeed, endearing everyone to God and you and divine Santhan, the lovely people who came, the special healing treat of Barbara Hovey and the singing bowls. The enlightening quotes that we shared primed the pump for Godwriting™ -- and the long wait before you let us Godwrite had us champing at the bit!
What a wonderful group! So thrilled that I came and have the chance to come back for the second session. To be at the workshop and to be Godwriting was like coming Home again!
I had a fabulous time at the workshop. Very very soul nourishing. Thank you so much.
and all of us meeting together auspicious!
Thank you, Gloria and Santhan, for all you did. I certainly would do it all over again, and I expect I will be even more grateful for the opportunity as the rest of my life unrolls.
How wonderfully God transforms us! How thankful I am that God can change people like me, and can change people to the extent of using people like me in His service. I can feel the change taking place already within me, just from doing the Godwriting yesterday and this morning.
Kirt Is Back! So glad you're back!
We're turning cartwheels that Kirt McCurdy of Colorado is back as Tech Angel again, saving Heaven Admin and me much time and energy! Kirt cares, takes responsibility, and gives great service. And he knows his way around. He's sending out many of the translations and soon will be taking over the technical aspects of the New Heaven News. I spend 8 - 10 hours getting Heaven News together, and Heaven Admin at least 3 hours producing it. Kirt is making our lives easier.
And Kirt is another one of those divine volunteers who won't allow us to thank them but thank us instead. God bless you, Kirt.
"There is not one of you who does not know Me. Is it such a leap to acknowledge, once and for all, that you are My meeting place, and that I live in you?"
There are more Heaven subscribers from U.S. than listed here. This count is about a month old, and there are people who just don't put down where they're from, and so they're not counted.
We would love to reach more people from every state. Of course, God isn't counting! I am. I love to see the numbers get bigger and bigger!
One of the 12 Heavenreaders from Oklahoma is a 16-year old high school student. In my heart, he counts for a hundred.
Most Heavenreaders find Heavenletters™ through word of mouth.
Bert Menninga was our very first Dutch translator. He was a great photographer. Alas, I cannot find a photo of him.
Then Emmy Bouwman who translated many Heavenletters. Again, no photo.
And Leen Joseph took Heavenletters to her heart.
We are so grateful to every single translator. Thank you so much.
Listen to 2 New Radio Shows! Fabulous!
http://208.78.109.250/Metamystic/MM021710.mp3 for the actual file for the program.
I haven't been able to get it on the MetaMysticRadio site yet because we are moving servers.
Thank you, Charmaigne and CJ, for all you give to the rest of us.
"Beloveds, say Yes to the fullness of love in your heart. Say Yes once and for all. Say Yes now."