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For the love of Ruskin Bond
Last updated on: December 22, 2014 10:40 IST
Archana Masih/Rediff.com talks to India's most loved writer.
Ruskin Bond shows the first pages of the autobiography he is working on. Photo: Seema Pant.
Ruskin Bond laughs a lot and talks as someone much younger than his 80 years. He is friendly, wears cute slip-on pumps with brown bears and asks if we've had breakfast on a Sunday morning at his home in Landour, Mussoorie.
He is also Landour's most famous resident at whose door tourists often arrive unannounced, and at unearthly hours. Some even at 6.30 in the morning.
For a writer whose stories have been loved by three generation of readers, adulation comes aplenty, even at the cost of his privacy that he cherishes enormously.
His home on the first floor, up a red flight of stairs is cosy with yellow and orange walls. Heaps of books meet your eyes wherever you look, his Padma Shri hangs in a corner. (He was also honoured with a Padma Bhushan last year.)
"I used to see the valley clearly, now it is hazy. If I leave the windows open, monkeys come in," he says looking out of the window with an orange geranium pot resting on its ledge.
His writing table is placed opposite the window. A small bed next to it.
"It's conveniently situated, when I get drowsy I sleep," he chuckles, standing beside that writing desk from where he has written scores of wonderful stories. It is covered with books and papers, with literally only a corner left vacant.
"I just have a little corner left to write," he says, showing me the first page of his biography, written in beautiful handwriting with a blue pen. He has only reached till age 8 and has seven more decades to cover.
I feel a thrill looking at the first chapter called First Loves.
Mr Bond had given me an appointment after I sent him a handwritten letter. Chatting with him was discovering all over again the world he has introduced so many Indians to through his simple and brilliant storytelling.
What is the most interesting thing a fan has said to you?
There was this little girl in a school in Delhi. I was interacting with the class and the teacher asked, 'What do you think of Mr Bond as a writer?'
She thought about it, looked me up and down and said, 'Sir, you are not a bad writer.'
I take that as a compliment.
In Landour Days you wrote that once when you checked into a hotel, the receptionist asked, 'When did you arrive in India'?
Yes, that was in Delhi. Now of course everyone has to produce ID – back at that time we didn't have to – and they kept asking me when did you arrive in India?
So I finally said I arrived in India in 1934 -- by stork!
Does this still happen to you?
Lot of people now know. I was at Delhi airport recently and the chap who checks your security (at the entrance) saw my ID and said, 'Ruskin Bond, you are a writer'.
He wasn't a reader but he knew. Lot of people recognise me that's true.
How do you handle fame?
I don't handle it…(laughs)... I ignore it.
It's nice people come up and say hello and chat but not at 6 in the morning!
'I write direct to the reader. I don't hold back'
A few weeks ago, it was 6.30 am we were all asleep, a car stopped, some tourists came to the door and said, 'We are on our way to Dhanaulti and thought we'll just see Ruskin Bond first'.
Beena (his adopted family member) said of course not and sent him away... (laughs) … so sometimes it is irritating.
If I am having a bath in my kaccha baniyan or writing and someone comes pounding at the door (laughs)... and they all say but we've come all the way from Bangalore or Bombay and I think it's not my fault... (laughs)
So do you have many visitors coming by at your door?
Not so much now because it's off season but yes, during summer.
Once you returned from England after spending three years there, you never left India again?
That's true. I came back in 1955 and am still here. Except for short visits to Nepal or Dubai but not for long stays – no.
In fact it was a nightmare for me the thought that I might have to go back because I wasn't particularly happy in England. I can't say I was unhappy but I was so much happier here that the thought of going there again didn't excite me.
The street where he has lived for the past 35 years in Landour. Photo: Seema Pant/Rediff.com.
Did you choose Landour or did Landour choose you?
I chose Mussoorie for practical reasons. Having grown up in Dehradun, I knew the area.
I came to this house in 1980. First as a tenant, then after few years, I managed to buy this upper storey.
In a way I came to Landour looking for accommodation. It is different from Mussoorie. It is 1,000 feet higher than the Mall Road in town. It is quieter. It's not built up being a cantonment area, although people get away with adding things here and there.
After living and working in Delhi for 4-5 years, I made my great escape to the hills but I still wanted to be in touch with publishers/ editors and Mussorrie was closer to Delhi than other hill resorts.
Many of your stories are set in trains, stations…what are your memorable train journeys?
There was a very long one to Bombay I remember. It was the Emergency, when someone in Bombay had brought a case against me for writing a story they said was obscene.
It's called The Sensualist and had then been published in Debonair when Vinod Mehta was the editor.
So I had to keep going there to appear in court.
'I find life quite funny at times and a little more ridiculous'
It was published later by Penguin. It's a short novella but the case dragged on for two years. Then the judge finally said he had enjoyed the story and it wasn't obscene… (laughs).
So much what is written now is far more if not obscene but more explicit.
Earlier train journeys were far more interesting. In those days there were separate compartments and it was easier to meet people and interact. You could open your windows, they were not glazed like today where you can't see anything.
In this particular journey we got to Baroda at 2 in the morning and everyone had told me to shut the window at night.
I had left it open because it was very hot and I put my spectacles under my pillow. At Baroda I felt a hand coming through the window and exploring under the pillow. As the hand was withdrawn, this youngster had my spectacles.
He had it from one end, I got the other and we had a tug-of-war. I got the glasses back but the arms had been twisted and there was no time to get a new pair and next day I had to appear in court.
So every time, the judge asked me a question and I said 'Yes your honour, no your honour' they would fall off!
One of your first stories I read was Night Train at Deoli, how long did it take you to write it?
That was one of my earlier stories. I was 21 when I wrote it and had a romantic look, there was always a chance of a big romance in your life.
I hadn't become an old cynic, I am not one now... (laughs).
It took me an hour or two to write it in 1956-57. I used to write 4-5 stories a month. I got Rs 50 for it.
Is there a railway station called Deoli?
There is a Deoli. In fact there are 3. One is in MP.
My Deoli was set here and it came to me randomly.
The Eyes have it is another one that is popular.
So much of what you've written is drawn from your childhood memories. Are there things you've kept in your treasure box of memories?
My father's old school prayer book, on which is written 'Aubrey Alexander Bond, Lovedale, 1913'.
He was a trainee teacher in Lovedale in the Nilgiris.
A couple of letters and postcards. A lot of childhood photographs. Photos in Jamnagar and Delhi during the War where I am wearing his RAF cap (His father was in the Royal Air Force).
I am not much of a collector of old mementos.
The faint queasiness I always feel towards the end of a journey probably has its origin in that first homecoming after my father's death. It was the winter of 1944 – yes, a long time ago – and the train was running through the thick sal forests near Dehra, bringing me at every click of the rails nearer to the mother I hadn't seen for four years and the stepfather I had seen just once or twice before my parents were divorced.
I was eleven and I was coming back to Dehra.
Three years earlier, after the separation, I had gone to live with my father. We were very happy together… We took long walks together, exploring the ruins of old tombs and forts; went to the pictures; collected stamps; bought books (my father had taught me to read and write before I started going to school); and made plans for going to England when the war was over.
Six months of bliss, even though it was summer and there weren't any fans, only a thick khus reed curtain which had to be splashed with water every hour by a bishti (water-carrier) who did the rounds of similar tents with his goat-skin water bag...
A happy time. But it had to end.
Excerpted from A Town Called Dehra
It must have been traumatic for you as a child when after your father's death you discovered that your teacher had lost the letters he had written to you?
I don't brood over it but sometimes I remember and I have a good memory for childhood.
Oddly enough I sometimes remember things that I had almost forgotten over the years.
I don't know if it's something to do with getting older that you start remembering things that had slipped your memory. Although I haven't got to the stage of Alzhiemer's yet… (laughs).
Heaven forbid!
You're Archana Masih?... (Laughs).
From your stories you come across as someone with a tremendous sense of humour.
When I was younger I took life much more seriously.
Ruskin Bond was born to English parents in Kasauli during the Raj. He went to England at 17 but returned after 3 years. He never went back. Image: The book cover of A Town Called Dehra.
Was it because you were lonely?
That's true. Now I find life quite funny at times.
Something to do with the altitude, where the air is thinner, you tend to get light headed… (laughs)… and find life a little more ridiculous.
How much did your first story Untouchable that was published in The Illustrated Weekly fetch you?
Rs 50. That was the standard rate that The Weekly gave which was the best in India because I also wrote stories for other magazines which usually got me Rs 25-30.
Those were the 1950s and Rs 50 was as good as a couple of thousands today.
That same year I was writing The Room on the Roof. It was a journal that I was keeping in 1951, the year I finished school so when I was sent off to England, I turned it into a novel. It took me couple of years to get a publisher.
What was the life of a writer in India in those days?
In the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s – there were no literary festivals. Book fairs started in the 70s. There were no book launches and no television either. Writers have become like mini celebrities today.
You lived in a certain amount of anonymity which is good in a way for a writer. I think you shouldn't get too much public attention.
You wrote your book, searched for a publisher and if you were lucky to get a good one, the book might go to book shops and somebody would come along and maybe buy one and read one.. (laughs).
That was about it and you did a lot of things by correspondence.
Mr Bond writes his stories by hand and sends his manuscripts to publishers in long hand.
Those were different times, weren't they? But you still write in long hand, don't you?
I do very much so. In fact I've gone backwards, I used to type but now I get a stiff neck or shoulders.
I am far more comfortable writing by hand. My handwriting is good so people don't object.
The publishers put my writing through their computers and send me a printout – that will be full of mistakes which I have to then correct... (laughs).
There are so many writers now that it is hard to keep up with the names, isn't it?
Yes there are new writers being published every week. Even when I go to a bookstore, 2-3 writers come and give me their books, some self published.
It's amazing the number of people who are publishing their own work.
Writers get a lot more attention now. There are writers who are enormously successful like Chetan Bhagat, Amish Tripathi and so many others.
There are certainly far more people writing today – sometimes I think there are more writers than readers... (laughs).
Long before Chetan Bhagat and Amish Tripathi, your stories had already found their readers and year after year more people get introduced to your work.
That's true, my readership has grown and I've been fortunate. A lot of my stories go into school readers, kids come to know and may grow up to continue reading my stories or pass them on to their children.
I've really been through three generations of readers.
How have you been able to hold on to your voice when there are so many newer voices coming in everyday?
I am a very personal writer. I write direct to the reader. I don't hold back. The reader often feels s/he knows me and is participating in my life. It gives a sort of directness and intimacy which perhaps you don't always get.
I enjoy writing so maybe I convey that enjoyment.
'I've been through three generations of readers'
Who are your favourite writers?
I am a bit old fashioned. I have my old favourites. Writers from the 40s-50s I grew up with.
I still do sometimes read PG Wodehouse, Somerset Maugham. I like reading biographies of interesting people, literary biographies, journals, diaries...
Over the years are there things that people have said to you that you remember well?
My aunt had a friend in Jersey in the Channel Islands. My aunt told her that Ruskin keeps writing these stories, they keep coming back with rejection slips and he doesn't get discouraged. So her friend said, 'He has a determined chin.'
I don't see how a chin can be determined… (laughs)? Or how people can have a 'noble nose' or 'intelligent ears!'
But I was determined to be a writer of course
What's a day in your life like?
Very lazy… (laughs). I love to sleep. I try to write something everyday. Two-three pages and I usually succeed, unless there are too many interruptions.
I usually do that in the morning or if there is any correspondence that I need to deal with.
In the afternoon I usually take a nap. I have a pre-lunch nap or a post-lunch siesta, one or the other. Then do some reading early in the evening.
These days I am reading a book of detective stories that my publisher sent me. It's good. Also an old one by Margarey Allingham.
I like detective stories. And I like classics – Conrad that I read recently.
He has been honoured by a Padma Shri and a Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. Photo: Seema Pant/Rediff.com.
In A town called Dehra you wrote that your dream was to have your own tree, your own room, your own place in the sun – with 8 decades behind you, if not all, have most of your dreams been fulfilled?
Even in my boyhood, I had a room of my own even if it was a small one.
Even today, I have a small room – these two rooms (pointing towards them) that I live in and the rest of my adopted family have the rest of the flat.
I never want a lot of space but it should be my own (Laughs). And the room must have a window, that's essential. I can't live in a room without a window.
I have a nice window. I look out. I can see two or three roads below and can see what people are doing. That helps me write stories.
You look over the valley, you can see the mountains, the plains, people. I can spend time at the window without getting bored. The room is important but the window too.
In London, I had a room with a small window that overlooked a cemetery which was not very cheerful… (laughs) but that was better than nothing.
Apart from writing and napping, what are the things you enjoy?
Reading.
I used to do hiking and trekking, not any more. I am not walking as much as I used to.
I am getting more deskbound. I seem to have more work and have become busier in my old age. Since I am functioning, why not be busy?
Part II of Ruskin Bond's interview: 'If I can't write, I might as well be dead'
Archana Masih


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Life in Chigwell - part of Essex's 'golden triangle' where celebs flock and houses sell for £1.4m
Lord Alan Sugar owns a very popular building there
Alasdair Hooper
Harry Kane and Rio Ferdinand at Sheesh - the popular restaurant in Chigwell (Image: Twitter)
Welcome to the Essex town that celebrities love to call home.
Chigwell, located within the Epping Forest District, is part of the so-called 'golden triangle' of wealthy locations along with Loughton and Buckhurst Hill.
It is home to footballers, TOWIE stars and Lord Alan Sugar himself. And you have probably spotted its restaurants on the Instagram stories of stars in the calibre of Little Mix.
This year it was also home to the most expensive house sold in the county - sold at an eye-watering £23million.
Thanks to its close proximity to central London it takes just 30 minutes to get to Liverpool Street on the Central Line from Chigwell Station.
However, the area also has plenty of rural appeal to people looking for the best of both worlds.
And that idyllic location comes at a price - usually a sum that is well into the the six-figure mark.
There is a reason, after all, that a large number of celebrities call this place home.
Mark Wright unveils stunning £1.35m Essex house bought with Michelle Keegan's cash in Chigwell
The house prices
A short walk along Chigwell's roads and you'll find houses anyone could be envious of. They look very expensive.
And with so many wanting to call a neighbourhood like this home, however, you would expect the prices to reflect that.
"If you are looking for a four-bedroom family house in Chigwell by the high street you are probably talking anywhere between £850,000 to £1.1m," explains Matt Cole, the Chigwell branch manager of Portico estate agents.
Chigwell has plenty of attractive homes in the area
But it's not all mansions.
"The properties here range quite a bit all the way up to the very expensive stuff," he explained.
"With the climate we have at the moment, people are so worried about Brexit and they think it's a bit doom and gloom.
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"There are quite a few new build sales at the moment and there is a development by the station called the Cube.
"That's a while off being completed."
House prices can vary quite a bit in the area
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It isn't just the buying market where there is plenty of demand in this corner of the 'golden triangle'.
Similarly there is also plenty of people interested in buying to let around here.
For example, a one two-bedroom apartment situated on High Road, Chigwell is currently on the market for £518 per week (that translates as £2,250pcm).
High Road, Chigwell flat
In this building there is a two-bedroom, second floor apartment currently under offer.
The rental price is £518pw, which is £2,250pcm, and it is perfectly situated on High Road.
It is just a short walk away from Chigwell Station and is also slap bang next to the parade of shops in the centre of town.
The property is part of the Claremont Place development, which was formally Chigwell police station.
It is a modern and stylish development of 18 apartments and comes with secure private parking.
Is everyone there a footballer?
High Road is the main route through the town
Fans of Tottenham and West Ham will tell you that Chigwell is best known for being the place 'where the footballers live'.
Jermain Defoe and Paolo Di Canio are two more recent footballers to have lived in the area while England World Cup-winning captain, and West Ham legend, Bobby Moore also called Chigwell home at one point.
Part of the reason Chigwell is so popular is partly because of its affluent status, but Tottenham also used to have their training ground nearby.
This is when Middletons Steakhouse is opening in Chelmsford
Further down the footballing pyramid are Leyton Orient. Now in playing in the National League, but also have their training ground a stone's throw from the centre of Chigwell.
It's not just footballers living in the area though, famous faces from The Only Way is Essex have also upped sticks to the golden point.
Chigwell has this parade of shops along High Road
"We used to have Tottenham's training ground here so you would see plenty of footballers but you also get a lot of the girls from TOWIE," said Donna, who works at the Space boutique in Chigwell.
"My shop doesn't really cater for those types of girls, we tend to cater for the more classic shape.
"But you often see the TOWIE girls from the show filming around and we actually used to live next door to one of the girls so she would pop round every so often."
Matt agreed.
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"You get footballers, retired footballers and Tottenham used to have their training ground around here," he added.
"But you still get their players.
"In the area I have also heard there is a TOWIE tour that you can go and do - I haven't been on that myself.
"But you've also got places like Sheesh as well."
The Central Line
Part of the reason Chigwell is so popular is it's easy access to the central London.
Chigwell station lies on the Central Line of the London Underground and has regular trains running all the time.
Journey times from Chigwell to Liverpool Street are just 30 minutes while you can get to Oxford Circus in just 40 minutes.
Chigwell's celebrity status
A light-up celebrates Diwali
Sheesh is a popular celebrity haunt owned by one of the town's most famous residents, Lord Alan Sugar.
The billionaire and face of BBC reality show The Apprentice, has lived in Chigwell for some time and he owns the oldest building in the area.
That building was immortalised in the Charles Dickens novel 'Barnaby Rudge' as the Maypole Inn, Ye Olde Kings Head and was built in 1547.
However, it has since become Turkish Restaurant Sheesh, which has established itself as one of the best places to dine out in Essex.
It takes just 30 minutes to get to Liverpool Street station from Chigwell
At the opposite end of town there is also another high-end restaurant - La Sala.
The restaurant, the sister venue of the La Sala establishment on the Costa del Sol, also attracts some stellar customers.
Among those who have been seen dining at a La Sala includes Little Mix, Kym Marsh and footballers David Bentley, Paul Robinson and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.
And just yesterday (Wednesday, November 11) former TOWIE star Mark Wright unveiled a stunning £1.35m house in Chigwell that made national headlines.
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Chigwell is family-orientated
The King William IV pub
Amongst the celebrity status of Chigwell it can be easy to forget about everyone else that calls the town home.
There are plenty of them after all and what comes across is a community that is tight-knit.
"Chigwell is very much a family-orientated area simply because it is a bit greener here," said Matt.
"But you are also still very close to London with the Central Line.
"It is mostly family-orientated but there is still a younger generation looking to move here too."
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Donna, of the Space boutique, added: "We have been here for 20 years and where we are in Chigwell there's just one parade of shops.
"We have a lot of regular customers, we know most of them, and we can get anyone in their 20s to their 60s.
"It is quite a family-orientated area, a lot of the people that come in here often come in with their daughters.
"It's just a nice area and it is obviously quite an affluent area - we have been here for plenty of years and I know most of the people here."
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Home Los Angeles Lakers Lakers News: Metta World Peace's 'Ultimate Goal' Is Coaching On The NBA Level
Lakers News: Metta World Peace's 'Ultimate Goal' Is Coaching On The NBA Level
Jeff Chiu-AP Photo
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Before the 2016-17 NBA season got underway for the Los Angeles Lakers, Metta World Peace future with the team was up in the air. World Peace was on the roster bubble with many anticipating the veteran forward to be cut by the team to get down to the maximum of 15 players on the final roster.
— Get 15% off everything in the Lakers Nation Store right now by using the promo code 'Lakers' —
Fortunately for World Peace, the Lakers coaching staff valued his presence as a veteran voice in the locker room and in practice. The one-time NBA champion was able to secure a spot on the roster but was rumored to have been offered a position on Luke Walton's coaching staff beforehand.
Although World Peace has expressed his interest in coaching at some point, he wants to continue his playing career. The Lakers forward recently talked about his coaching intentions after his playing days are over in an interview with ESPN's Tim MacMahon:
Are you interested in coaching at the NBA level? I've heard that you might actually want to coach high school ball.
MWP: I did high schools [in 2014-15]. I was the assistant coach at Palisades High School [outside of Los Angeles], boys and girls. We actually won a championship. It really don't matter what level, but I definitely want to get into it. Preferably the ultimate goal is to be a professional head coach one day.
With World Peace having a close relationship with Walton, it may not be out of the realm of possibility that he eventually takes an opportunity to be on the coaching staff in the near future.
In the meantime, World Peace wants to go out the same way Kobe Bryant did with 20 seasons in the books. It may be a stretch for a player that has clearly regressed as he has in terms of what he brings on the floor, but World Peace has been adamant about his goal.
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The WHS Jazz Club
FIRST ENTRY: 1958
LAST ENTRY: 1962
N°: 6
EARLIEST
HAVING Now recovered from the loss of our leader last year, the Jazz Club has taken a large step forward into a new kind of music. The emphasis has been moved from the "Traditional" vein to a new kind of music, which, although unclassifiable, lies somewhere between the "modern" and "swing" styles.
The unusual line up of flute, tenor saxophone, piano, guitar, drums and bass has presented some problems, but with the help of the Headmaster, for which we are most grateful, it has, been possible to build up a reasonably sized repertoire.
It was hoped to have been possible to present the second of the Jazz Club concerts at the end of the Spring Term, but this has had to be postponed till the beginning of next term. Towards the end of the term the band was invited to supply some music for the weekly meetings of the Dancing Club and our first "outside" performance is pending. Thanks to the efforts of Mr. Cobb, the Club members and others interested in this kind of music were able to spend a very enjoyable and "instructive" evening listening to the fabulous band of Count Basie in 1pswich last term.
We hope that our future performances will reflect the hard work we have put into the Club.
N. J. FLETCHER
THE BEGINNING OF term saw the Jazz Club bereft of its founder-member and lead-player. Interest therefore waned and was in no way helped by the Asian 'flu epidemic. The result was too much "rock 'n' roll" and not enough jazz of any real merit.
However, with the Headmaster's backing, it has made a fresh start; under the leadership of Barry Sandland, backed by the old gang Head, Fletcher, Cummins and others. Members, at the moment, are restricted, but only until the Club is really under way again.
The promise of financial aid has considerably encouraged the more business-like members. Sheet-music will no doubt be first on the list, although it must be noted, to his credit, that one player produced an arrangement of "Memories of You" within a few hours of the new Club being formed.
So, if enthusiasm is anything to go by, and I think it is, then the Jazz Club is assured of, a successful run. The ultimate aim, of course, is to play for a Sixth Form dance, and when this comes about, it is proposed to invite Simmons down, to perform as the guest star. This will surely be the final recognition of an ideal.
G. SMITH (VI)
SEPTEMBER, 1956 saw the germination of the seed of an idea that had been forming in my mind for almost a year previously. In that month, a long awaited piano, provided by the Amenities Fund, and the use of a hut in the Northern Group, made the idea of Jazz in the School possible. From those early beginnings, of the merciless shrieks of an untamed clarinet, and the shattering reverberation of an attempted off-beat, evolved an activity shared at first only by the chosen few but ultimately enjoyed by the many.
Of all types of Jazz Music in general, perhaps the two most popular and, conveniently, the easiest to execute are the Dixieland style, and "Rhythm and Blues", or its modern successor Rock 'n Roll. So with these in mind, and the thought of a possible concert in time, we set to work, experimenting with different line-ups until we found a combo which suited both trends of Jazz fairly satisfactorily. The result was the highly successful concert given at the end of last Easter term. Elated though we of the club may feel at the result of this concert, we must admit, however, that musically we are not outstanding and there is plenty of room for improvement, although we have progressed remarkably during the last six months.
The recent addition of two saxes, an alto and a tenor, into the club has provided a new stepping stone and has introduced "swing" into our repertoire. We hope to exploit this fully after the G.C.E.
Finally I, and the members of the club, would like to express our thanks to the Headmaster who has made this club possible and to other members of the staff who have shown co-operation in this field of music.
R. SIMMONS (VA)


The final week of the 2016 – 2017 Cosmoledo season produced some of the best fishing that the guides have seen. Despite the adverse weather conditions at the beginning of the week, the fishing remained exceptional throughout with plenty of notable catches. The neap tides provided ample opportunities to explore the inner flats of the atoll as well as some excellent fishing offshore.
The week got off to a flying start with Lance R wasting no time in catching a monstrous 112cm GT on the first day. His boat partner Korey K had the last laugh though as he waited to the final day to catch the fish of a lifetime, a 125cm GT. The tides also lent themselves to targeting Triggerfish on the turtle grass flats with Bob T, Matt J and Jim T all capitalizing on this within the first few days. Jim went on to land a Triggerfish, a Bonefish and a GT all in one day earning himself a 'Flats Slam'. A special mention goes out to Cody B who managed two 'Slams' back to back, something that has not been done this season. Julia B also added to the Triggerfish tally with a nice Moustache.
As the wind subsided towards the end of the week the Milkfish began feeding in good numbers in the lee of the atoll. Everyone was keen to spend time targeting these fish while they were around and there were plenty of close encounters. Bill C and Cody B both put in a great deal of time and effort and were each rewarded with their first ever Milkfish. When the Milkfish were not playing ball there was some great GT fishing offshore with David A and Randy C boating 23 GTs between them in one session.
On the final day all the guides were out to get that last trophy fish of the season. Cosmoledo truly gave us a great send off with Eugene P landing a big Indian Mirrorfish, something that none of the guides has ever heard of being caught on a fly. The Bonefish fishing rivalled that of the GT action with Randy C landing the biggest fish of the week measuring in at 66cm.
It has truly been a privilege to spend time on this vast and diverse atoll and we could not have asked for a better group of guests to end what has been a brilliant season.
Tight Lines from Alphonse Fishing Co. team on Cosmoledo.


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text:
Q: Amazon RDS security group - how to modify by AWS I have already setup my RDS environment. I also have configured my Security Groups before and I can modify my RDS security group on Amazon web console as well. So everything works by hand!
The question is, how can I modify the Security Group for a RDS using AWS SDK (preferably Java). To be more clear, I like to add more security groups to my RDS instance using AWS SDK (or AWS CLI).
I have already taken a look at Amazon VPC Security Groups, but didn't get anything out of it.

A: I finally found the answer. I try to explain the API in Java but there is a similar way to do it with CLI command too.
AmazonRDSClient has a modifyDBInstance method that takes ModifyDBInstanceRequest as the parameter.
Depending on the RDS Security Group type, you can set the security groups for your RDS instance.
RDS Security Groups are explained on AWS user guide.
    AmazonRDSClient client = ... //initialize Amazon RDS Client
    String dBInstanceIdentifier = ... //DB instance identifier
    List<String> vpcSecurityGroupIds = ... //List of VPC Security Group Ids

    ModifyDBInstanceRequest request = new ModifyDBInstanceRequest(dBInstanceIdentifier);
    request.setApplyImmediately(true);
    //request.setDBSecurityGroups(dbSecurityGroupIds);
    request.setVpcSecurityGroupIds(vpcSecurityGroupIds);

    DBInstance result = client.modifyDBInstance(request);

Use setVpcSecurityGroupIds method if you are trying to set VPC Security Groups or use setDBSecurityGroups if you like to set DB Security Groups.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Title: Property
Subject: List of companies traded on the JSE, John Locke, Property, Real estate, Movewithus
Collection: Economic Anthropology, Environmental Social Science Concepts, Property, Social Inequality
Part of the common law series
Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
Estates in land
Allodial title
Fee tail
Defeasible estate
Future interest
Concurrent estate
Leasehold estate
Bona fide purchaser
Torrens title
Strata title
Action to quiet title
Future use control
Rule against perpetuities
Rule in Shelley's Case
Doctrine of worthier title
Nonpossessory interest
Equitable servitude
Practicing without a license
prior appropriation
Lateral and subjacent support
Nemo dat
Quicquid plantatur
Conflict of property laws
Blackacre
Other common law areas
Wills, trusts and estates
In abstract, property is that which belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing. In the context of this article, property is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person's estate; or so belonging to, as in being owned by, a person or jointly a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society. (Given such meaning, the word property is uncountable, and as such, is not described with an indefinite article or as plural.) Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property has the right to consume, alter, share, redefine, rent, mortgage, pawn, sell, exchange, transfer, give away or destroy it, or to exclude others from doing these things,[1][2][3] as well as perhaps to abandon it; whereas regardless of the nature of the property, the owner thereof has the right to properly use it (as a durable, mean or factor, or whatever), or at the very least exclusively keep it.
Property that jointly belongs to more than one party may be possessed or controlled thereby in very similar or very distinct ways, whether simply or complexly, whether equally or unequally. However, there is an expectation that each party's will (rather discretion) with regard to the property be clearly defined and unconditional, so as to distinguish ownership and easement from rent. The parties might expect their wills to be unanimous, or alternately every given one of them, when no opportunity for or possibility of dispute with any other of them exists, may expect his, her, its or their own will to be sufficient and absolute.
The Restatement (First) of Property defines Property as anything, tangible or intangible whereby a legal relationship between persons and the State enforces a possessory interest or legal title in that thing. This mediating relationship between individual, property and state is called as property regimes.[4]
Important widely recognized types of property include real property (the combination of land and any improvements to or on the land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons, business entities or individual natural persons), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc.), although the latter is not always as widely recognized or enforced.[5] An article of property may have physical and incorporeal parts. A title, or a right of ownership, establishes the relation between the property and other persons, assuring the owner the right to dispose of the property as the owner sees fit.
Types of property 1.1
Related concepts 2
Violation 2.1
Miscellaneous action 2.2
Issues in property theory 3
What can be property? 3.1
Who can be an owner? 3.2
Whether and to what extent the state may interfere with property 3.3
Theories of property 4
Property in philosophy 5
Ancient philosophy 5.1
Medieval philosophy 5.2
Thomas Aquinas (13th century) 5.2.1
Modern philosophy 5.3
Thomas Hobbes (17th century) 5.3.1
James Harrington (17th century) 5.3.2
Robert Filmer (17th century) 5.3.3
John Locke (17th century) 5.3.4
David Hume (18th century) 5.3.5
Adam Smith 5.3.6
Karl Marx 5.3.7
Charles Comte – legitimate origin of property 5.3.8
Pierre Proudhon – property is theft 5.3.9
Frédéric Bastiat – property is value 5.3.10
Andrew J. Galambos – A Precise Definition of Property 5.3.11
Contemporary views 5.4
External links and references 9
Often property is defined by the code of the local sovereignty, and protected wholly or more usually partially by such entity, the owner being responsible for any remainder of protection. The standards of proof concerning proofs of ownerships are also addressed by the code of the local sovereignty, and such entity plays a role accordingly, typically somewhat managerial. Some philosophers assert that property rights arise from social convention, while others find justifications for them in morality or in natural law.
Property, in the first instance, is a thing-in-itself. When a person finds a thing and takes that thing into that person's possession and control, then that thing becomes a thing-for-you for that person. Once the person has that thing in that person's possession, that thing becomes that person's property by reason of discovery and conquest, and that person has the individual right to defend that property (property interest) against all others by reason of self-help. Typically, persons join together to form a political state which may develop a formal legal system which enforces and protects property rights so that the individual can go to court to get protection and enforcement of that person's property rights, rather than having to use self-help. It is possible that when a person has constructive possession of personal property, but another person has actual possession, then the person having constructive possession has bare legal title, while the other person has actual possession. Generally, the ground and any buildings which are permanently attached are considered real property, while movable goods and intangibles such as a copyright are considered personal property. Also, property cannot be considered a reified concept, because in the first instance, property is very concrete as a physical thing-in-itself.
Various scholarly disciplines (such as law, economics, anthropology or sociology) may treat the concept more systematically, but definitions vary, most particularly when involving contracts. Positive law defines such rights, and the judiciary can adjudicate and enforce property rights.
According to Adam Smith, the expectation of profit from "improving one's stock of capital" rests on private property rights.[6] Capitalism has as a central assumption that property rights encourage their holders to develop the property, generate wealth, and efficiently allocate resources based on the operation of markets. From this has evolved the modern conception of property as a right enforced by positive law, in the expectation that this will produce more wealth and better standards of living. However, Smith also expressed a very critical view on the effects of property laws on inequality:
"Wherever there is great property, there is great inequality … Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is in reality instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all."[7] (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations)
In his text The Common Law, Oliver Wendell Holmes describes property as having two fundamental aspects. The first, possession, can be defined as control over a resource based on the practical inability of another to contradict the ends of the possessor. The second, title, is the expectation that others will recognize rights to control resource, even when it is not in possession. He elaborates the differences between these two concepts, and proposes a history of how they came to be attached to persons, as opposed to families or to entities such as the church.
Classical liberalism subscribes to the labor theory of property. They hold that individuals each own their own life, it follows that one must own the products of that life, and that those products can be traded in free exchange with others.
"Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself." (John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government)
"The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property." (John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government)
"Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place." (Frédéric Bastiat, The Law)
Conservatism subscribes to the concept that freedom and property are closely linked. That the more widespread the possession of private property, the more stable and productive is a state or nation. Economic leveling of property, conservatives maintain, especially of the forced kind, is not economic progress.
"Separate property from private possession, and Leviathan becomes master of all... Upon the foundation of private property, great civilizations are built... The conservative acknowledges that the possession of property fixes certain duties upon the possessor; he accepts those moral and legal obligations cheerfully." (Russell Kirk, The Politics of Prudence)
Socialism's fundamental principles center on a critique of this concept, stating (among other things) that the cost of defending property exceeds the returns from private-property ownership, and that, even when property rights encourage their holders to develop their property or generate wealth, they do so only for their own benefit, which may not coincide with benefit to other people or to society at large.
Libertarian socialism generally accepts property rights, but with a short abandonment period. In other words, a person must make (more-or-less) continuous use of the item or else lose ownership rights. This is usually referred to as "possession property" or "usufruct". Thus, in this usufruct system, absentee ownership is illegitimate and workers own the machines or other equipment that they work with.
Communism argues that only collective ownership of the means of production through a polity (though not necessarily a state) will assure the minimization of unequal or unjust outcomes and the maximization of benefits, and that therefore humans should abolish private ownership of capital (as opposed to property).
Both communism and some kinds of socialism have also upheld the notion that private ownership of capital is inherently illegitimate. This argument centers mainly on the idea that private ownership of capital always benefits one Social class over another, giving rise to domination through the use of this privately owned capital. Communists do not oppose personal property that is "hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned" (as the Communist Manifesto puts it) by members of the proletariat. Both socialism and communism distinguish carefully between private ownership of capital (land, factories, resources, etc.) and private property (homes, material objects, and so forth).
Most legal systems distinguish between different types of property, especially between land (immovable property, estate in land, real estate, real property) and all other forms of property—goods and chattels, movable property or personal property, including the value of legal tender if not the legal tender itself, as the manufacturer rather than the possessor might be the owner. They often distinguish tangible and intangible property. One categorization scheme specifies three species of property: land, improvements (immovable man-made things), and personal property (movable man-made things).
Dead Investment property, it is a property from which you cannot derive any profits. Scenario the property might be not in a suitable condition to use or cannot be used to earn profits. Investors also say that the properties where we stay are Dead Investments.
In common law, real property (immovable property) is the combination of interests in land and improvements thereto, and personal property is interest in movable property. Real property rights are rights relating to the land. These rights include ownership and usage. Owners can grant rights to persons and entities in the form of leases, licenses and easements.
Throughout the last centuries of the second millennium, with the development of more complex theories of property, the concept of personal property had become divided into tangible property (such as cars and clothing) and intangible property (such as financial instruments—including stocks and bonds—intellectual property—including patents, copyrights and trademarks—digital files, communication channels, and certain forms of identifier—including Internet domain names, some forms of network address, some forms of handle and again trademarks).
Treatment of intangible property is such that an article of property is, by law or otherwise by traditional conceptualization, subject to expiration even when inheritable, which is a key distinction from tangible property. Upon expiration, the property, if of the intellectual category, becomes a part of public domain, to be used by but not owned by anybody, and possibly used by more than one party simultaneously due the inapplicability of scarcity to intellectual property. Whereas things such as communications channels and pairs of electromagnetic spectrum band and signal transmission power can only be used by a single party at a time, or a single party in a divisible context, if owned or used at all. Thus far or usually those are not considered property, or at least not private property, even though the party bearing right of exclusive use may transfer that right to another.
Of the following, only sale and at-will sharing involve no encumbrance.
General meaning or description
Complementary notion
Complementary actor
Giving of property or ownership, but in exchange for money (units of some form of currency). Seller Buying Buyer
Allowing use of property, whether exclusive or as a joint operation. Host Guestship Guest
Tenancy Tenant
Allowing limited and temporary but potentially renewable, exclusive use of property, but in exchange for compensation. Renter
Lease Leasee
Incorporeal division
Better known as nonpossessory interest or variation of the same notion, of which an instance may be given to another party, which is itself an incorporeal form of property. The particular interest may easily be destroyed once it and the property are owned by the same party. N/A
Aspect of property whereby ownership or equity of a particular portion of all property (stock) ever to be produced from it may be given to another party, which is itself an incorporeal form of property. The share may easily be destroyed once it and the property are owned by the same party.
Aspect of property whereby right of particular use of it may be given to another party, which is itself an incorporeal form of property. The easement or use-right may easily be destroyed once it and the property are owned by the same party.
Condition whereby unencumbered ownership of property is contingent upon completion of obligation; the property being collateral and associated with security interest in such an arrangement. Lienor Lieneeship Lienee
Condition whereby while possession of property is achieved or retained, possession of it is contingent upon performance of obligation to somebody indebted to, and unencumbered ownership of it is contingent upon completion of obligation. The performance of obligation usually implies division of the principal into installments. Mortgagor Mortgage-brokering Mortgage-broker
Condition whereby while encumbered ownership of property is achieved or retained, encumbered ownership of it is contingent upon performance of obligation to somebody indebted to, and possession and unencumbered ownership of it is contingent upon completion of obligation. Pledge Pawnbrokering Pawnbroker
(Conflict)
Inability for property to be properly used or occupied due to scarcity or contradiction, the effective impossibility of sharing; possibly leading to eviction or the contrary, if resolution is achieved rather than a stagnant condition; not necessarily involving or implying conscious dispute. N/A
(Ward)
Degree of resistance to or protection from harm, use or taking; the property and any mechanisms of protection of it being ward. (Alternately, in finance, the word as a countable noun refers to proof of ownership of investment instruments, or as an uncountable noun to collateral.) In general, there may be an involvement of obscurities, camouflage, barriers, armor, locks, alarms, booby traps, homing beacons, automated recorders, decoys, weaponry or sentinels.
With land; moats, trenches or entire buildings may be involved.
With buildings or certain forms of transport, turrets may be involved.
With information; encryption, steganography or self-destruct capability may be involved.
With communications reliability, channel-hopping may be involved, as immunity or attempt thereat from jamming.
With devices of proprietary design, the respective compositions of them may be more mangled, more convoluted and more complex than functionality warrants, hence confusing or obscure for protective purposes (though possibly to conceal unapproved copying instead).
With contractual rights; retentions of collateral and risks of jeopardy of collateral may be involved.
Securer Protecteeship Protectee
Warden Ward
General meaning or description, the act occurring in a way not beholden to the wishes of the owner
Use of physical and usually but not necessarily only immovable property or occupation of it. Trespasser
Alteration, damage or destruction of physical property or to the appearance of it. Vandal
(Incorporeal analogy to trespassing.) Alteration or duplication of an instance of intellectual property, and publication of the respectively alternate or duplicate; the instance being the information in a medium or a device for which a design plan predates and is the basis of fabrication. Infringer
Violator
Taking of property in a way that excludes the owner from it, or active alteration of the ownership of property. Thief
The cognisant or incognisant reproduction and distribution of intellectual property as well as the possession of intellectual property that saw publication of its duplicates in the aforementioned process.
Infringement with the effect of lost profits for the owner or infringement involving profit or personal gain.
Publication of a work, whether it is intellectual property (perhaps copyrighted) or not, whether it is in public domain or not, without credit being afforded to the creator, as though the work is original in publication. Plagiarist
Miscellaneous action
Occupation of property that either is unused and unkept or was abandoned, whether the property still has an owner or not. (If the property is owned and not abandoned, then the squatting is trespassing, if any usage not beholden to the wishes of the owner is done in the process.) Squatter
Discovery of how a device works, whether it is an instance of intellectual property (perhaps patented) or not, whether it is in public domain or not, and of how to alter or duplicate it, without access to or knowledge of the corresponding design plan. Reverse engineer
Creation of a textual work, whereby in publication, another party is explicitly allowed to be credited as creator. Ghostwriter
Issues in property theory
What can be property?
The two major justifications given for original property, or the homestead principle, are effort and scarcity. John Locke emphasized effort, "mixing your labor"[8] with an object, or clearing and cultivating virgin land. Benjamin Tucker preferred to look at the telos of property, i.e. What is the purpose of property? His answer: to solve the scarcity problem. Only when items are relatively scarce with respect to people's desires do they become property.[9] For example, hunter-gatherers did not consider land to be property, since there was no shortage of land. Agrarian societies later made arable land property, as it was scarce. For something to be economically scarce it must necessarily have the exclusivity property—that use by one person excludes others from using it. These two justifications lead to different conclusions on what can be property. Intellectual property—incorporeal things like ideas, plans, orderings and arrangements (musical compositions, novels, computer programs)—are generally considered valid property to those who support an effort justification, but invalid to those who support a scarcity justification, since the things don't have the exclusivity property (however, those who support a scarcity justification may still support other "intellectual property" laws such as Copyright, as long as these are a subject of contract instead of government arbitration). Thus even ardent propertarians may disagree about IP.[10] By either standard, one's body is one's property.
From some anarchist points of view, the validity of property depends on whether the "property right" requires enforcement by the state. Different forms of "property" require different amounts of enforcement: intellectual property requires a great deal of state intervention to enforce, ownership of distant physical property requires quite a lot, ownership of carried objects requires very little, while ownership of one's own body requires absolutely no state intervention. Some anarchists don't believe in property at all.
Many things have existed that did not have an owner, sometimes called the commons. The term "commons," however, is also often used to mean something quite different: "general collective ownership"—i.e. common ownership. Also, the same term is sometimes used by statists to mean government-owned property that the general public is allowed to access (public property). Law in all societies has tended to develop towards reducing the number of things not having clear owners. Supporters of property rights argue that this enables better protection of scarce resources, due to the tragedy of the commons, while critics argue that it leads to the 'exploitation' of those resources for personal gain and that it hinders taking advantage of potential network effects. These arguments have differing validity for different types of "property"—things that are not scarce are, for instance, not subject to the tragedy of the commons. Some apparent critics advocate general collective ownership rather than ownerlessness.
Things that do not have owners include: ideas (except for intellectual property), seawater (which is, however, protected by anti-pollution laws), parts of the seafloor (see the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for restrictions), gases in Earth's atmosphere, animals in the wild (although in most nations, animals are tied to the land. In the United States and Canada wildlife are generally defined in statute as property of the state. This public ownership of wildlife is referred to as the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation and is based on The Public Trust Doctrine.[11]), celestial bodies and outer space, and land in Antarctica.
The nature of children under the age of majority is another contested issue here. In ancient societies children were generally considered the property of their parents. Children in most modern societies theoretically own their own bodies but are not considered competent to exercise their rights, and their parents or guardians are given most of the actual rights of control over them.
Questions regarding the nature of ownership of the body also come up in the issue of abortion, drugs and euthanasia.
In many ancient legal systems (e.g. early Roman law), religious sites (e.g. temples) were considered property of the God or gods they were devoted to. However, religious pluralism makes it more convenient to have religious sites owned by the religious body that runs them.
Intellectual property and air (airspace, no-fly zone, pollution laws, which can include tradable emissions rights) can be property in some senses of the word.
Ownership of land can be held separately from the ownership of rights over that land, including sporting rights,[12] mineral rights, development rights, air rights, and such other rights as may be worth segregating from simple land ownership.
Who can be an owner?
Ownership laws may vary widely among countries depending on the nature of the property of interest (e.g. firearms, real property, personal property, animals). Persons can own property directly. In most societies legal entities, such as corporations, trusts and nations (or governments) own property.
In many countries women have limited access to property following restrictive inheritance and family laws, under which only men have actual or formal rights to own property.
In the Inca empire, the dead emperors, who were considered gods, still controlled property after death.[13]
Whether and to what extent the state may interfere with property
Under United States law the principal limitations on whether and the extent to which the State may interfere with property rights are set by the Constitution. The "Takings" clause requires that the government (whether state or federal—for the 14th Amendment's due process clause imposes the 5th Amendment's takings clause on state governments) may take private property only for a public purpose, after exercising due process of law, and upon making "just compensation." If an interest is not deemed a "property" right or the conduct is merely an intentional tort, these limitations do not apply and the doctrine of sovereign immunity precludes relief.[14] Moreover, if the interference does not almost completely make the property valueless, the interference will not be deemed a taking but instead a mere regulation of use.[15] On the other hand, some governmental regulations of property use have been deemed so severe that they have been considered "regulatory takings."[16] Moreover, conduct sometimes deemed only a nuisance or other tort has been held a taking of property where the conduct was sufficiently persistent and severe.[17]
Theories of property
There exist many theories of property. One is the relatively rare first possession theory of property, where ownership of something is seen as justified simply by someone seizing something before someone else does.[18] Perhaps one of the most popular is the natural rights definition of property rights as advanced by John Locke. Locke advanced the theory that God granted dominion over nature to man through Adam in the book of Genesis. Therefore, he theorized that when one mixes one's labor with nature, one gains a relationship with that part of nature with which the labor is mixed, subject to the limitation that there should be "enough, and as good, left in common for others." (see Lockean proviso)[19]
From the RERUM NOVARUM, Pope Leo XIII wrote "It is surely undeniable that, when a man engages in remunerative labor, the impelling reason and motive of his work is to obtain property, and thereafter to hold it as his very own."
Anthropology studies the diverse systems of ownership, rights of use and transfer, and possession[20] under the term "theories of property." Western legal theory is based, as mentioned, on the owner of property being a legal person. However, not all property systems are founded on this basis.
In every culture studied ownership and possession are the subject of custom and regulation, and "law" where the term can meaningfully be applied. Many tribal cultures balance individual ownership with the laws of collective groups: tribes, families, associations and nations. For example the 1839 Cherokee Constitution frames the issue in these terms:
Sec. 2. The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common property; but the improvements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens respectively who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them: Provided, that the citizens of the Nation possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to their improvements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right or power to dispose of their improvements, in any manner whatever, to the United States, individual States, or to individual citizens thereof; and that, whenever any citizen shall remove with his effects out of the limits of this Nation, and become a citizen of any other government, all his rights and privileges as a citizen of this Nation shall cease: Provided, nevertheless, That the National Council shall have power to re-admit, by law, to all the rights of citizenship, any such person or persons who may, at any time, desire to return to the Nation, on memorializing the National Council for such readmission.
Communal property systems describe ownership as belonging to the entire social and political unit. Such arrangements can under certain conditions erode open access resources. This development has been critiqued by the tragedy of the commons.
Corporate systems describe ownership as being attached to an identifiable group with an identifiable responsible individual. The Roman property law was based on such a corporate system.
Different societies may have different theories of property for differing types of ownership. Pauline Peters argued that property systems are not isolable from the social fabric, and notions of property may not be stated as such, but instead may be framed in negative terms: for example the taboo system among Polynesian peoples.
Property in philosophy
In medieval and Renaissance Europe the term "property" essentially referred to land. After much rethinking, land has come to be regarded as only a special case of the property genus. This rethinking was inspired by at least three broad features of early modern Europe: the surge of commerce, the breakdown of efforts to prohibit interest (then called "usury"), and the development of centralized national monarchies.
Urukagina, the king of the Sumerian city-state Lagash, established the first laws that forbade compelling the sale of property.[21]
The Ten Commandments shown in Exodus 20:2-17 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21 stated that the Israelites were not to steal, but the connection between Bronze Age concepts of theft and modern concepts of property is suspect.
Aristotle, in Politics, advocates "private property." He argues that self-interest leads to neglect of the commons. "[T]hat which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the common interest; and only when he is himself concerned as an individual."[22]
In addition he says that when property is common, there are natural problems that arise due to differences in labor: "If they do not share equally enjoyments and toils, those who labor much and get little will necessarily complain of those who labor little and receive or consume much. But indeed there is always a difficulty in men living together and having all human relations in common, but especially in their having common property." (Politics, 1261b34)
Thomas Aquinas (13th century)
Thomas Aquinas concludes that, given certain detailed provisions,[23]
it is natural for man to possess external things
it is lawful for a man to possess a thing as his own
the essence of theft consists in taking another's thing secretly
theft and robbery are sins of different species, and robbery is a more grievous sin than theft
theft is a sin; it is also a mortal sin
it is, however, lawful to steal through stress of need: "in cases of need all things are common property."
Thomas Hobbes (17th century)
The principal writings of Thomas Hobbes appeared between 1640 and 1651—during and immediately following the war between forces loyal to King Charles I and those loyal to Parliament. In his own words, Hobbes' reflection began with the idea of "giving to every man his own," a phrase he drew from the writings of Cicero. But he wondered: How can anybody call anything his own? He concluded: My own can only truly be mine if there is one unambiguously strongest power in the realm, and that power treats it as mine, protecting its status as such.[24]
James Harrington (17th century)
A contemporary of Hobbes, James Harrington, reacted to the same tumult in a different way: he considered property natural but not inevitable. The author of Oceana, he may have been the first political theorist to postulate that political power is a consequence, not the cause, of the distribution of property. He said that the worst possible situation is one in which the commoners have half a nation's property, with crown and nobility holding the other half—a circumstance fraught with instability and violence. A much better situation (a stable republic) will exist once the commoners own most property, he suggested.
In later years, the ranks of Harrington's admirers included American revolutionary and founder John Adams.
Robert Filmer (17th century)
Another member of the Hobbes/Harrington generation, Sir Robert Filmer, reached conclusions much like Hobbes', but through Biblical exegesis. Filmer said that the institution of kingship is analogous to that of fatherhood, that subjects are but children, whether obedient or unruly, and that property rights are akin to the household goods that a father may dole out among his children—his to take back and dispose of according to his pleasure.
John Locke (17th century)
In the following generation, John Locke sought to answer Filmer, creating a rationale for a balanced constitution in which the monarch had a part to play, but not an overwhelming part. Since Filmer's views essentially require that the Stuart family be uniquely descended from the patriarchs of the Bible, and since even in the late 17th century that was a difficult view to uphold, Locke attacked Filmer's views in his First Treatise on Government, freeing him to set out his own views in the Second Treatise on Civil Government. Therein, Locke imagined a pre-social world, each of the unhappy residents of which are willing to create a social contract because otherwise "the enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure," and therefore the "great and chief end, therefore, of men's uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property."[25] They would, he allowed, create a monarchy, but its task would be to execute the will of an elected legislature. "To this end" (to achieve the previously specified goal), he wrote, "it is that men give up all their natural power to the society they enter into, and the community put the legislative power into such hands as they think fit, with this trust, that they shall be governed by declared laws, or else their peace, quiet, and property will still be at the same uncertainty as it was in the state of nature."[26]
Even when it keeps to proper legislative form, though, Locke held that there are limits to what a government established by such a contract might rightly do.
"It cannot be supposed that [the hypothetical contractors] they should intend, had they a power so to do, to give any one or more an absolute arbitrary power over their persons and estates, and put a force into the magistrate's hand to execute his unlimited will arbitrarily upon them; this were to put themselves into a worse condition than the state of nature, wherein they had a liberty to defend their right against the injuries of others, and were upon equal terms of force to maintain it, whether invaded by a single man or many in combination. Whereas by supposing they have given up themselves to the absolute arbitrary power and will of a legislator, they have disarmed themselves, and armed him to make a prey of them when he pleases..."[27]
Note that both "persons and estates" are to be protected from the arbitrary power of any magistrate, inclusive of the "power and will of a legislator." In Lockean terms, depredations against an estate are just as plausible a justification for resistance and revolution as are those against persons. In neither case are subjects required to allow themselves to become prey.
To explain the ownership of property Locke advanced a labor theory of property.
David Hume (18th century)
In contrast to the figures discussed in this section thus far David Hume lived a relatively quiet life that had settled down to a relatively stable social and political structure. He lived the life of a solitary writer until 1763 when, at 52 years of age, he went off to Paris to work at the British embassy.
In contrast, one might think, to his polemical works on religion and his empiricism-driven skeptical epistemology, Hume's views on law and property were quite conservative.
He did not believe in hypothetical contracts, or in the love of mankind in general, and sought to ground politics upon actual human beings as one knows them. "In general," he wrote, "it may be affirmed that there is no such passion in human mind, as the love of mankind, merely as such, independent of personal qualities, or services, or of relation to ourselves." Existing customs should not lightly be disregarded, because they have come to be what they are as a result of human nature. With this endorsement of custom comes an endorsement of existing governments, because he conceived of the two as complementary: "A regard for liberty, though a laudable passion, ought commonly to be subordinate to a reverence for established government."
Therefore, Hume's view was that there are property rights because of and to the extent that the existing law, supported by social customs, secure them.[28] He offered some practical home-spun advice on the general subject, though, as when he referred to avarice as "the spur of industry," and expressed concern about excessive levels of taxation, which "destroy industry, by engendering despair."
"Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is, in reality, instituted for the defense of the rich against the poor, or of those who have property against those who have none at all."
— Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776[29]
"The property which every man has in his own labour, as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable. The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper without injury to his neighbour, is a plain violation of this most sacred property. It is a manifest encroachment upon the just liberty both of the workman, and of those who might be disposed to employ him. As it hinders the one from working at what he thinks proper, so it hinders the others from employing whom they think proper. To judge whether he is fit to be employed, may surely be trusted to the discretion of the employers whose interest it so much concerns. The affected anxiety of the law-giver lest they should employ an improper person, is evidently as impertinent as it is oppressive." - (Source: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book I, Chapter X, Part II.)
By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and the United States, and had begun in France. The established conception of what constitutes property expanded beyond land to encompass scarce goods in general. In France, the revolution of the 1790s had led to large-scale confiscation of land formerly owned by church and king. The restoration of the monarchy led to claims by those dispossessed to have their former lands returned.
Section VIII, "Primitive Accumulation" of Capital involves a critique of Liberal Theories of property rights. Marx notes that under Feudal Law, peasants were legally as entitled to their land as the aristocracy was to its manors. Marx cites several historical events in which large numbers of the peasantry were removed from their lands, which were then seized by the aristocracy. This seized land was then used for commercial ventures (sheep heading). Marx sees this "Primitive Accumulation as integral to the creation of English Capitalism. This event created a large unlanded class which had to work for wages in order to survive. Marx asserts that Liberal theories of property are "idyllic" fairy tales that hide a violent historical process.
Charles Comte – legitimate origin of property
Charles Comte, in Traité de la propriété (1834), attempted to justify the legitimacy of private property in response to the Bourbon Restoration. According to David Hart, Comte had three main points: "firstly, that interference by the state over the centuries in property ownership has had dire consequences for justice as well as for economic productivity; secondly, that property is legitimate when it emerges in such a way as not to harm anyone; and thirdly, that historically some, but by no means all, property which has evolved has done so legitimately, with the implication that the present distribution of property is a complex mixture of legitimately and illegitimately held titles."[30]
Comte, as Proudhon later did, rejected Roman legal tradition with its toleration of slavery. He posited a communal "national" property consisting of non-scarce goods, such as land in ancient hunter-gatherer societies. Since agriculture was so much more efficient than hunting and gathering, private property appropriated by someone for farming left remaining hunter-gatherers with more land per person, and hence did not harm them. Thus this type of land appropriation did not violate the Lockean proviso – there was "still enough, and as good left." Comte's analysis would be used by later theorists in response to the socialist critique on property.
Pierre Proudhon – property is theft
In his 1849 treatise What is Property?, Pierre Proudhon answers with "Property is theft!" In natural resources, he sees two types of property, de jure property (legal title) and de facto property (physical possession), and argues that the former is illegitimate. Proudhon's conclusion is that "property, to be just and possible, must necessarily have equality for its condition."
His analysis of the product of labor upon natural resources as property (usufruct) is more nuanced. He asserts that land itself cannot be property, yet it should be held by individual possessors as stewards of mankind with the product of labor being the property of the producer. Proudhon reasoned that any wealth gained without labor was stolen from those who labored to create that wealth. Even a voluntary contract to surrender the product of labor to an employer was theft, according to Proudhon, since the controller of natural resources had no moral right to charge others for the use of that which he did not labor to create and therefore did not own.
Proudhon's theory of property greatly influenced the budding socialist movement, inspiring anarchist theorists such as Mikhail Bakunin who modified Proudhon's ideas, as well as antagonizing theorists like Karl Marx.
Frédéric Bastiat – property is value
Frédéric Bastiat's main treatise on property can be found in chapter 8 of his book Economic Harmonies (1850).[31] In a radical departure from traditional property theory, he defines property not as a physical object, but rather as a relationship between people with respect to an object. Thus, saying one owns a glass of water is merely verbal shorthand for I may justly gift or trade this water to another person. In essence, what one owns is not the object but the value of the object. By "value," Bastiat apparently means market value; he emphasizes that this is quite different from utility. "In our relations with one another, we are not owners of the utility of things, but of their value, and value is the appraisal made of reciprocal services."
Bastiat theorized that, as a result of technological progress and the division of labor, the stock of communal wealth increases over time; that the hours of work an unskilled laborer expends to buy e.g. 100 liters of wheat decreases over time, thus amounting to "gratis" satisfaction.[32] Thus, private property continually destroys itself, becoming transformed into communal wealth. The increasing proportion of communal wealth to private property results in a tendency toward equality of mankind. "Since the human race started from the point of greatest poverty, that is, from the point where there were the most obstacles to be overcome, it is clear that all that has been gained from one era to the next has been due to the spirit of property."
This transformation of private property into the communal domain, Bastiat points out, does not imply that private property will ever totally disappear. This is because man, as he progresses, continually invents new and more sophisticated needs and desires.
Andrew J. Galambos – A Precise Definition of Property
Andrew J. Galambos (1924–1997) was an astrophysicist and philosopher who innovated a social structure that seeks to maximize human peace and freedom. Galambos' concept of property was basic to his philosophy. He defined property as a man's life and all non-procreative derivatives of his life. (Because the English language is deficient in omitting the feminine from "man" when referring to humankind, it is implicit and obligatory that the feminine is included in the term "man".)
Galambos taught that property is essential to a non-coercive social structure. That is why he defined freedom as follows: "Freedom is the societal condition that exists when every individual has full (100%) control over his own property."[33] Galambos defines property as having the following elements:
Primordial property, which is an individual's life
Primary property, which includes ideas, thoughts, and actions
Secondary property, which includes all tangible and intangible possessions which are derivatives of the individual's primary property.
Property includes all non-procreative derivatives of an individual's life; this means children are not the property of their parents.[34] and "primary property" (a person's own ideas).[35]
Galambos emphasized repeatedly that true government exists to protect property and that the state attacks property. For example, the state requires payment for its services in the form of taxes whether or not people desire such services. Since an individual's money is his property, the confiscation of money in the form of taxes is an attack on property. Military conscription is likewise an attack on a person's primordial property. In the U.S. as of the early 21st century, there is a widespread public impression that military conscription no longer exists. To the contrary, it is required that all men between ages 18 and 26 register for conscription. Failure to do so is punishable by imprisonment and substantial fines.
Contemporary views
Contemporary political thinkers who believe that natural persons enjoy rights to own property and to enter into contracts espouse two views about John Locke. On the one hand, some admire Locke, such as W.H. Hutt (1956), who praised Locke for laying down the "quintessence of individualism". On the other hand, those such as Richard Pipes regard Locke's arguments are weak, and think that undue reliance thereon has weakened the cause of individualism in recent times. Pipes has written that Locke's work "marked a regression because it rested on the concept of Natural Law" rather than upon Harrington's sociological framework.
Hernando de Soto has argued that an important characteristic of capitalist market economy is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system which clearly records ownership and transactions. These property rights and the whole formal system of property make possible:
Greater independence for individuals from local community arrangements to protect their assets
Clear, provable, and protectable ownership
The standardization and integration of property rules and property information in a country as a whole
Increased trust arising from a greater certainty of punishment for cheating in economic transactions
More formal and complex written statements of ownership that permit the easier assumption of shared risk and ownership in companies, and insurance against risk
Greater availability of loans for new projects, since more things can serve as collateral for the loans
Easier access to and more reliable information regarding such things as credit history and the worth of assets
Increased fungibility, standardization and transferability of statements documenting the ownership of property, which paves the way for structures such as national markets for companies and the easy transportation of property through complex networks of individuals and other entities
Greater protection of biodiversity due to minimizing of shifting agriculture practices
All of the above, according to de Soto, enhance economic growth.[36]
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^ "property definition", BusinessDictionary.com
^ "property", American Heritage Dictionary
^ "property", WordNet, retrieved 2010-06-19
^ Pellissery, Sony (2012) Emerging Property Regimes In India: What It Holds For the Future of Socio-Economic Rights? IRMA Working Paper 234
^ Anti-copyright advocates and other critics of intellectual property dispute the concept of intellectual property.[1].
^ Understanding the Global Economy, Howard Richards (p. 355). Peace Education Books. 2004.
^ An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (p. 177). Hackett Publishing Company. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
^ John Locke: Second Treatise of Civil Government: Chapter 5
^ http://www.zetetics.com/mac/libdebates/ch6intpr.html
^ "The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation and Public Trust Doctrine". Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ http://www.basc.org.uk/media/2001_definition_of_sporting_rights.pdf
^ Mckay, John P. , 2004, "A History of World Societes". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
^ See, for example, United States v. Willow River Power Co. (not a property right because force of law not behind it); Schillinger v. United States, 155 U.S. 163 (1894) (patent infringement is tort, not taking of property); Zoltek Corp. v. United States, 442 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
^ Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978).
^ See United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., 474 U.S. 121 *(1985).
^ United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946).
^ "Property". Graham Oppy. The shorter Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy. Editor Edward Craig. Routledge, 2005, p. 858
^ Locke, John (1690). "The Second Treatise of Civil Government". Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ Hann, Chris A new double movement? Anthropological perspectives on property in the age of neoliberalism Socio-Economic Review, Volume 5, Number 2, April 2007, pp. 287-318(32)
^ Samuel Noah Kramer. From the Tablets of Sumer: Twenty-Five Firsts in Man's Recorded History. Indian Hills: The Falcon's Wing Press, 1956.
^ This bears some similarities to the over-use argument of Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons".
^ http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3066.htm
^ "The Origin of Property". Anti Essays. 27 May. 2012,
^ John Locke, The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), Chap. IX, §§ 123-124.
^ John Locke, The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), Chap. XI, § 136.
^ This view is reflected in the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Willow River Power Co..
^ An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, Cooke & Hale, 1818, pg 167
^ The Radical Liberalism of Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer
^ http://www.econlib.org/library/Bastiat/basHar.html
^ http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php?title=79&chapter=35530&layout=html&Itemid=27
^ Galambos, Andrew (1999). Sic Itur Ad Astra. San Diego, California: The Universal Scientific Publications Company, Inc. pp. 868–869. ISBN 0-88078-004-5.
^ Galambos, Andrew (1999). Sic Itur Ad Astra. San Diego, California: The Universal Scientific Publications Company, Inc. pp. 23. ISBN 0-88078-004-5.
^ Galambos, Andrew (1999). Sic Itur Ad Astra. San Diego, California: The Universal Scientific Publications Company, Inc. pp. 39, 52, 84, 92, 93, 153, 201, 326. ISBN 0-88078-004-5.
^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/03/desoto.htm
Bastiat, Frédéric, 1850. Economic Harmonies. W. Hayden Boyers, trans.; George B. de Huszar, ed. Liberty Fund.
Bastiat, Frédéric, 1850. "The Law", tr. Dean Russell.
Bethell, Tom, 1998. The Noblest Triumph: Property and Prosperity through the Ages. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Blackstone, William, 1765-69. Commentaries on the Laws of England, 4 vols. Oxford Univ. Press. Especially Books the Second and Third.
De Soto, Hernando, 1989. The Other Path. Harper & Row.
De Soto, Hernando, and Francis Cheneval, 2006. Realizing Property Rights. Ruffer & Rub.
Ellickson, Robert, 1993. "Property in Land PDF (6.40 MB)", Yale Law Journal 102: 1315-1400.
Fruehwald, Edwin, 2010. A Biological Basis of Rights, 19 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 195.
Mckay, John P., 2004, "A History of World Societies". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Palda, Filip (2011) Pareto's Republic and the New Science of Peace 2011 [3] chapters online. Published by Cooper-Wolfling. ISBN 978-0-9877880-0-9
Pipes, Richard, 1999. Property and Freedom. New York: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780375404986
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Saskia Mermans, General Counsel of KBC and President of the Institute of Company Lawyers, gives some thoughts on the changing role of the inhouse counsel. The interview was filmed on the "Day of the Practice" on March 28, 2017. This day is dedicated entirely to the Institute's Practice Groups.