This chapter provides technical information about fall hazards and protection methods. The information is intended to help prepare OSHA compliance officers to conduct inspections and investigations. For convenience, links are provided to applicable OSHA standards throughout this chapter. This chapter does not cover all OSHA requirements for fall prevention/protection methods, and is not intended to serve as a comprehensive guide for developing compliant fall protection programs.
Fall prevention: preventing workers from falling by using engineering controls (e.g., guardrails and hole covers) or restraint systems.
Fall arrest/rescue: preventing injury during and after a fall by using personal fall arrest systems (PFAS) or safety nets and having an effective rescue plan in place.
Recognizing fall hazards and planning to control them before work begins is critical for determining the best methods and equipment for protecting workers during construction activities at heights.
Emergency response planning will identify necessary emergency response training and critical resources (e.g., trained on-site fall arrest rescue team and rescue equipment).
29 CFR 1926.1423: Cranes and Derricks.
Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of OSHA standards on fall protection.
OSHA-approved state occupational safety and health plans may have different standards, but those standards must be at least as effective as federal OSHA requirements. More information about state plans is available on the OSHA website.
A guardrail system can be used as a barrier installed to prevent workers from falling off a work surface edge to a lower level. Guardrail systems can be used on many work surfaces, including rooftops, platforms, mezzanines, balconies, scaffolds, incomplete decked floors, catwalks, observation platforms, mobile work surfaces and ladderway points of access. Figure 1 shows a temporary guardrail system for a walkway (see 29 CFR 1926.500; 29 CFR 1926.502(b)).
Guardrails can also be used to keep workers from falling into holes or openings in decking or floors (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4)(i); 29 CFR 1926.502(b); Figure 2).
Toeboards when necessary to protect workers below from falling objects.
Figure 2. Guardrails used around an opening.
A surface that is smooth and free from burrs to prevent punctures and lacerations and to prevent snagging of clothing (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(6)).
Toprails and midrails that are at least 1/4 inch in diameter (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(9)).
Strength to withstand at least 200 pounds applied within 2 inches of the top edge in any outward or downward direction (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(3)).
A toprail between 39 and 45 inches from the working level, raised as necessary to account for workers using stilts or otherwise working in an elevated location above the work surface (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(1)).
Midrails (or equivalent structural members) that withstand at least 150 pounds of force in the downward or outward direction (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(5)).
A midrail, mesh, screen, or equivalent intermediate structural members installed between the guardrail system top edge and the walking/working surface when there is no wall or parapet wall at least 21 inches high (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(2)).
Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between posts, that are not more than 19 inches apart (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(2)(iii)).
Flags made of high visibility material every 6 feet if wire rope is used for top rails (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(9)).
Guardrails that deflect to lower than 39 inches above the working surface when 200 pounds of pressure are applied in a downward direction (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(4)).
Toprails and midrails that overhang terminal posts to constitute a projection hazard (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)(7)).
Basic guardrail components come in a variety of materials and configuration options. It is common for employers to use material available or produced at the worksite. Upright supports may be made from wood, formed metal, pipe, or composites. Wire rope is sometimes used for the top rails and midrails.
Table 1 provides guidelines as a starting point for designing guardrail systems. However, the guidelines do not provide all the information necessary to build a complete system. The components of a guardrail system must still be designed and assembled in such a way that the completed system meets all applicable requirements.
Workers installing or removing guardrails must be protected using other forms of fall protection whenever the guardrail systems are not attached securely to a stable structure.
lb-ft/in2 = pound-foot per square-inch. Adapted from 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Appendix B.
Premade or job-made guardrails can be used as temporary guardrails while more permanent structures are being installed or when the work is transient or in a space not intended as a permanent work area. For example, temporary guardrails can be used while constructing a wall, completing floor decking, or replacing a roof (see Figure 4). These guardrails are often constructed from reusable materials or premade guardrail system components as shown in Figure 4 (see 29 CFR 1926.502(b)).
Premade guardrails are particularly susceptible to damage if not handled properly when disassembled and stored. Specific handling instructions are typically included in the manufacturer's recommended procedures for disassembling and storing the guardrail components. If railing components are bent, broken, or missing, the guardrail may not be effective. Damage is more likely to occur if the components are dropped when disassembled, transported in vehicles, or stored in areas not protected from conditions that could cause corrosion or distortion.
Scaffolds, aerial lifts, and scissor lifts can pose similar fall hazards. Guardrails, possibly in combination with additional types of fall protection systems (e.g., PFAS or restraint system), may be used to address these hazards (see 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1); 29 CFR 1926.453(b)(2)(v); 29 CFR 1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(A)).
A stairrail system is a vertical barrier that runs along the unprotected side edge of a stairway to prevent workers from falling to lower levels (see Figures 5 and 6). The top surface of the stairrail system may be used as the handrail (see 29 CFR 1926.1050(b); 29 CFR 1926.1052(c)(7)).
Effective handrails provide an adequate handhold for workers to grasp to prevent them from falling (see Figure 6 and 29 CFR 1926.1052(c)(1), (c)(9)).
Effective handrails are 30 to 37 inches high and meet the guardrail strength requirements (i.e., able to withstand 200 pounds of weight applied within two inches of the top edge in any downward or outward direction at any point along the top edge) (see 29 CFR 1926.1052(c)(5), (c)(6)).
Effective temporary handrails have a minimum clearance of 3 inches between the handrail and walls, stairrail systems, and other objects (see 29 CFR 1926.1052(c)(11)).
Figure 6. Stairrail with effective handrail.
For additional information see OSHA's booklet on Stairways and Ladders - A Guide to OSHA Rules (OSHA 3124-12R) 2003.
objects can fall through the hole and injure workers below (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4)(iii)).
Workers are protected from the hazards associated with holes by the use of covers, personal fall protection or guardrail systems (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4)(i)).
Excavations or cuts in roadways.
Covers are strong protective surfaces used on walking/working surfaces or roadways to prevent workers from falling through a hole (see Figure 7).
Covers for permanent holes are typically built for a specific purpose (e.g., permanent access points, manhole covers, and trap doors) and are only effective when they are properly designed and secured in place.
Covers for temporary holes are often constructed on work sites with reusable materials, most commonly using plywood and steel plates. For example, to cover large holes in a road, hinged steel plate covers can be used. Other options for covers include grates designed to support weight, custom boxes to cover a hole with an elevated lip or partially installed equipment, and temporary trapdoors.
Large enough to provide appropriate overlap to prevent workers from falling through.
Strong enough to support at least twice the anticipated weight imposed by the heaviest load (see 29 CFR 1926.502(i)(1), (i)(2)).
Left in place over the hole until access is needed.
Inspected periodically to identify deterioration.
Secured (see 29 CFR 1926.502(i)(3)) and do not create trip hazards.
Clearly marked as hole covers (see 29 CFR 1926.502(i)(4)).
Chicken wire or other fencing material.
Figure 9. Plywood hole cover.
Heavy plywood is a common choice for covering temporary holes in floors and roofs (see Figure 9), but plywood strength and durability can vary. Some materials, including plywood scraps from shipping crates or similar scrap products, do not have structural value or span ratings, making it hard to know if they are strong enough. In addition, strength information on the plywood is occasionally covered with paint.
Several factors determine and measure plywood strength. In the United States, two groups provide the most commonly used plywood rating systems: APA–The Engineered Wood Association (formerly the American Plywood Association and Douglas Fir Plywood Association) and the Timber Engineering Company (TECO). CSHOs should refer to these organizations for detailed information.
The hole size and the expected load weight are considered when determining if the plywood is effective for use as a hole cover (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(4); 29 CFR 1926.502(i)(1), (i)(2)).
Plywood is susceptible to damage over time from exposure to water, traffic, and heavy loads that may reduce its strength. Some indicators of reduced-strength plywood may include cracks, chips, a warped appearance, a worn surface, de-lamination, and water stains. Expected damage after exposure to water depends on whether the plywood is exterior-grade or interior-grade. The binding agents (i.e., adhesive) used to adhere interior-grade plywood layers degrade more rapidly in a moist environment than do the binders used in exterior-grade plywood. For specific cases, SLTC, in conjunction with the U.S. Forest Service Products Laboratory, can evaluate plywood strength degradation.
When workers are using hauling equipment, the weight of the equipment and its load is concentrated into the smaller area that contacts the ground (e.g., the load in a wheelbarrow will concentrate where the wheel hits the ground – an area of just a few inches in size). Commonly used routes for hauling these loads will experience additional wear and tear to the flooring. Adding a protective layer to the floor along these routes is one way to prevent damage to the flooring from concentrated loads. Typical protective layers may include liquid latex compounds, penetrating oils, sheet plastics, and interlocking membranes.
Figure 10. Plywood orientation relative to hole orientation and strength axis.
The plywood piece is larger than the hole size so that it is possible to cover the hole with the shortest panel side overlaying the longest unsupported hole dimension.
The panel overlaps the supporting surfaces around the hole far enough for needed support.
The panel is positioned with the strength axis (grain direction) running along the shortest unsupported hole dimension (Figure 10 above).
Figure 11. Warning line system for non-roofers.
A warning line system is a barrier erected on a flat or low- sloped roof to warn workers that they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b); 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(10); Figure 11). A warning line system includes a line (rope, wire, or chain) and supporting stanchions (see 29 CFR 1926.502(f)(2)).
Warning lines are not engineered to physically prevent or arrest falls and may not be used in all situations. On flat or low-sloped roofs, warning lines are used in conjunction with conventional fall protection or a safety monitoring system (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(10)).
Workers are not allowed in the area between the warning line and the unprotected edge, except during roofing work (see 29 CFR 1926.502(f)(3)). Any employee performing roofing work between the warning line and the roof edge must be protected using another form of fall protection.
A safety monitoring system uses a competent person as a safety monitor who can recognize and warn workers of fall hazards (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b); 29 CFR 1926.502(h)(1)). Safety monitoring systems are typically used as part of fall protection plans during precast concrete erection work, leading edge work, and residential construction work when conventional fall protection is infeasible or would create a greater hazard and alternative measures (such as scaffolds, ladders, or vehicle mounted work platforms) are not used (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(2), (b)(12), (b)(13); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)(6), (k)(8)). Also, when conducting roofing work on a flat or low sloped roof that is 50 feet or less in width, a safety monitoring system may be used as a stand alone fall protection technique (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(10)).
Only workers engaged in low-sloped roofing work and workers performing the specific job tasks covered by a fall protection plan are allowed in an area where workers are being protected by a safety monitoring system (see 29 CFR 1926.502(h)(3)). The worker designated as the safety monitor may not perform other job tasks that could take attention away from the monitoring function (see 29 CFR 1926.502(h)(1)(v)).
A controlled access zone is a clearly marked, designated work area where certain work (e.g., overhand bricklaying) may take place without conventional fall protection systems (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)). Controlled access zones are used to keep out workers other than those authorized to enter a work area (see 29 CFR 1926.502(g)).
Precast concrete erection (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(12); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)(7)).
In overhand bricklaying and related work, CAZs can be used provided that workers are not reaching more than 10 inches below the walking or working level they are on (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(9)).
CAZs may be used for leading edge work, precast concrete work, and residential construction work only as part of a fall protection plan when conventional fall protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(2)(i), (b)(12), (b)(13); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)).
A controlled decking zone is a clearly marked work area used during steel erection while workers are initially installing decking at the leading edge of the work area (see 29 CFR 1926.751; 29 CFR 1926.760(c); 29 CFR 1926 Subpart R Appendix D).
Control lines are used to demark CAZs.
29 CFR 1926.502(g)(1) describes the general requirements for control lines in CAZs.
29 CFR 1926.502(g)(2) describes the control line requirements where overhand bricklaying and related work are taking place.
29 CFR 1926.502(g)(3) describes control lines physical requirements.
Fall restraint systems prevent the user from falling any distance. To determine the force needed to restrain a worker, consideration is given to the force that would be generated by the worker walking, leaning, or sliding down the working surface. OSHA has no specific standards for restraint systems, however, at a minimum, fall restraint systems should have the capacity to withstand at least 3,000 pounds of force or twice the maximum expected force that is needed to restrain the worker from exposure to the fall hazard.
Positioning devices are specialized systems that hold workers in place on an elevated vertical surface (such as a wall) allowing them to keep both hands free to work while leaning into the system (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)). When the worker leans back, the system is activated (supporting the worker's body weight). Positioning devices limit free falls to two feet or less (see 29 CFR 1926.502(e)(1)).
Fall arrest systems are designed to prevent or reduce injuries when a worker falls from an elevated height.
Safety net systems (see Figures 12 and 13) are an option when workers are working at elevated heights with hazardous vertical drops (see Table 3). Safety net systems are commonly used during work on bridges and large structures. The nets are available in various sizes and materials, including materials resistant to ultraviolet deterioration.
Figure 12. Safety net system.
Figure 13. Safety net system.
A PFAS is a system with components that work together to protect workers when they fall from elevated heights. PFAS components include an anchorage, connectors, and a full-body harness, and may include a shock-absorbing lanyard, a retractable lifeline, and/or a deceleration device (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)).
PFAS components will be marked by the manufacturer with pertinent information specific to the equipment, such as warnings, serial/model number, capacity, and the materials used to make the component (see Figure 14). Information (e.g., proper use, maintenance, inspection) about fall protection components is typically provided in equipment manuals.
Although some components may look the same, they may not be interchangeable if they are from different manufacturers or from different equipment series made by the same manufacturer.
Figure 14. Examples of manufacturers' labels for various types of fall protection equipment.
Personal fall protection system effectiveness relies on component compatibility. Often, components are supplied together as a set. Using non-compatible fittings can lead to damage and system failure (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(5)).
A compatibility assessment should be performed when using fittings from different manufacturers or different product lines from the same manufacturer. This includes assessing the way fittings connect to each other and confirming with the manufacturer(s) that the fittings can be used together safely.
Compatibility of Personal Fall Protection System Components, OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin.
Many factors can contribute to a workers' risk of falling from an elevated work area. Examples include precarious work positions, excessive leaning or reaching, improper work practices, unstable structures, trip hazards, slippery surfaces, and distractions.
When guardrails are not an option, personal fall protection equipment is helpful in some situations, but only when properly selected, worn, and attached to an adequate anchor point.
A personal fall arrest system was not a good choice in this case. In the illustration below, the trusses were not fully installed, braced and sheathed, so they did not form a sufficiently strong anchor point. The structure collapsed when it received the sudden force of the falling worker.
The fall hazard could have been eliminated by pre-assembling the truss sections (groups of several trusses) on the ground or using special devices that serve as temporary bracing for fall arrest equipment.
Anchorage systems normally include, at a minimum, a building structure and an anchorage device to which the worker will tie off (see Appendix C).
Anchors are fixed to a strong structural member. Anchors are not effective if they are attached to weak materials. Certain structural members may not be strong enough to hold the sudden weight imposed by a falling worker. The anchorage manufacturer should provide instructions on anchor installation (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(15); 29 CFR 1926.1423(g)).
Many anchors are removed when they are no longer needed. Other anchors are designed to be left in place for future use (e.g., repeated servicing), or are covered over during the job (e.g., with roofing shingles), or are cut flush with the surrounding surface (e.g., concrete bolt-style anchor protruding from a wall). Appendix C provides fall protection anchor examples.
A lanyard is a flexible rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage point (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)). Some manufacturers offer adjustable length lanyards. Effective lanyards are maintained in a clean, intact condition, and inspected prior to each use for wear, tear, and any obvious distortion or signs that the fall arrest (energy-absorbing) system has been activated (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(21)).
Inspecting a lanyard involves beginning at one end and continuing to the opposite end. During an inspection, the lanyard is slowly rotated so that its entire circumference is checked. Spliced ends require particular attention.
Lanyards used for personal fall protection are not to be used for hoisting materials. Equipment used for hoisting is not suitable for use in a fall protection system (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(18)).
Self-retracting lanyard. A self-retracting lanyard/lifeline contains a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted or retracted. The lanyard extends as necessary to allow the worker to move about the work area, but retracts as necessary to maintain slight tension, preventing the line from becoming slack. The drum is under slight tension during normal worker movement and automatically locks the drum when the line is extracted too rapidly (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)).
Self-retracting lanyards and lifelines that limit free fall to two feet or less need to sustain, at a minimum, 3,000 pounds applied to the device with the lanyard in the fully extended position (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(12)).
Self-retracting lanyards that do not limit free fall to two feet or less need to sustain, at a minimum, 5,000 pounds applied to the device with the lanyard in the fully extended position (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(13)).
Some retractable lifelines provide a deceleration (energy-absorbing) function. These lifelines can include a feature that slows the fall over a distance of up to 3.5 feet (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)).
Rip-stitch lanyards. A rip-stitch lanyard has extra webbing incorporated into the lanyard. The extra webbing is stitched into place and folded lengthwise along the lanyard. During a fall, the weaker stitching allows the folded webbing to pull away at a controlled speed, slowing the fall.
Shock-absorbing lanyards. The webbing in a shock-absorbing lanyard is designed to stretch as it receives the worker's falling weight. The stretching action breaks the fall in a controlled manner.
This is not an all-inclusive list of lanyards. OSHA expects that emerging lanyard technology will continue to improve safety in the workplace.
A lifeline is a component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline) or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a PFAS to the anchorage (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)).
Lifelines function as an extension of an anchorage system, allowing an employee to move up and down (vertical lifeline) or back and forth (horizontal lifeline) across a work area. A sliding fitting (rope grab or shuttle) connects to the line and a lanyard connects the worker's harness to that sliding fitting.
Vertical lifelines require active participation by the worker, who must often reposition the rope grab when moving to a new position.
Vertical lifelines remain connected to a set anchorage point while the lanyard moves with the worker. If the worker falls, the clip locks (cable grab) to the lifeline and stops the worker from falling further. When vertical lifelines are used each worker generally needs to be attached to a separate lifeline (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(10)).
Horizontal lifelines require special attention during design and installation to: (1) limit the distance the worker can fall (a greater sag in the line can mean a farther fall); and (2) minimize the forces on the connectors at the anchorage (a greater sag in the line can mean lower forces on the anchorage connectors at either end). A qualified person must supervise the horizontal lifeline's design, installation, and use (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(8)).
Depending on their geometry and sag angle, horizontal lifelines may be subjected to greater loads than the impact load imposed by an attached component. When the horizontal lifeline's sag is less than 30 degrees, the impact force imparted to the lifeline by an attached lanyard is greatly amplified. For reference, a 15-degree sag angle amplifies the force approximately 2:1. A 5 degree sag angle amplifies the force approximately 6:1. See 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Appendix C for more information.
When a horizontal lifeline is used for multiple tie-offs, if one worker falls, the lifeline's movement may cause other workers to fall.
OSHA is aware of emerging fall protection technology, such as pre-manufactured horizontal lifelines, that will continue to improve workplace safety.
Harnesses include shoulder straps and leg straps, a sub-pelvic assembly, adjustable buckles or fasteners, and one or more D-rings to connect to a lanyard.
The dorsal D-ring (between the worker's shoulder blades) is used with a fall arrest system. D-rings in other positions are sometimes included for use with ladder safety devices. For this reason, some harnesses come with D-rings on the front, sides, and lower back.
A safe and effective harness will fit (i.e., be the correct size) and is adjusted so that all straps are snug (see Figure 15). Dangling leg straps or arm straps are signs that the harness is not being worn correctly. The sub-pelvic assembly transfers the forces during a fall or suspension to the worker's sub-pelvic region.
Although adjustable, some models come in different sizes and may be gender specific.
A body belt is a wide band that buckles around the hips with means both for securing it about the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device. Body belts serve as positioning devices that position a worker so the person can perform a job safely in a vertical work position. Body belts are designed to hold a worker in place and reduce the possibility of a fall (see 29 CFR 1926.502(e); 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Appendix D).
Ladder safety devices or systems are used to climb fixed ladders. The system includes a body harness, carabiner, carrier rail, and safety sleeve. Ladder safety devices are available as a cable (i.e., vertical lifeline) or fixed rail system (see Figure 16 and 29 CFR 1926.1053(a)(18), (a)(22), (a)(23)).
The worker wears a body harness attached to the system by a carabiner. The system uses a cable/safety sleeve, shuttle, or cable grab specifically designed to attach the climber to the vertical line or rail. The cable grab or shuttle freely travels up or down the lifeline/rail as the worker ascends or descends the ladder, allowing the worker to maintain full contact with the ladder. If the worker falls, a locking cam or friction brake in the cable grab or shuttle locks onto the cable or rail and arrests the fall.
Typically, cable and fixed rail systems are permanently attached to the ladder or supporting structure. The cable (flexible carrier) or rail (rigid carrier) is attached by mountings at the top and bottom of the fixed ladder, with intermediate mountings or cable guides for added strength. Existing ladders may be retrofitted with commercially available ladder climbing systems.
A ladder climbing system should not be confused with a "climb assist" system, which consists of motorized equipment that ascends the ladder and partially bears the worker's weight. Some, but not all, climb assist systems incorporate fall protection features.
Figure 16. Ladder safety device.
Figure 17. Worker suspended in harness prior to rescue.
An effective fallen worker rescue plan addresses the procedures, equipment, and personnel needed to ensure that a rescue proceeds quickly and efficiently when a fall occurs.
Even when a PFAS works properly, the fallen worker is still in danger. The worker's body weight places pressure on the harness straps, which can compress the veins, and cause blood to pool, in the lower extremities and reduce blood return to the worker's heart (see Figure 17). This condition is called suspension trauma, also known as harness hang syndrome. In medical terms, this results in orthostatic intolerance. If the pressure is not reduced promptly, the worker can lose consciousness within minutes. (See Suspension Trauma/Orthostatic Intolerance, OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin.
See Washington Industrial Safety & Health Division's Fall Protection Responding to Emergencies.
Self-rescue and aided rescue are two techniques for rescuing a suspended worker. Rescuing the worker promptly (i.e., aided rescue) or ensuring the worker can self-rescue is imperative to preventing injury or a fatality (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(20)).
A worker who is suspended from a lifeline and cannot perform a self-rescue will need help from trained rescuers using appropriate equipment, including appropriate fall protection. Off-site emergency response personnel may rescue suspended workers, although most 911 responders are not trained in how to do so.
With proper personal fall protection equipment, training and practice, a fallen worker can take steps to minimize suspension trauma. Self-rescue methods allow a fallen worker to temporarily relieve pressure on the legs or in some cases to even lower himself or herself to the lower level. Self-rescue methods are discussed in detail in Washington Industrial Safety & Health Division's Fall Protection Responding to Emergencies.
Free fall distance: This is the distance the worker falls before the PFAS begins to slow the fall. When using a PFAS, this distance must be 6 feet or less and also prevent the worker from contacting a lower level (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iii)).
Free fall distance varies depending on the lanyard's length and where the anchor is set relative to the back D-ring on the harness.
Deceleration distance: This is the distance the lanyard stretches in order to arrest the fall. Deceleration distance must be no greater than 3.5 feet (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)).
Safety factor: A safety factor is an additional distance added to the total fall clearance distance to ensure there is enough clearance between the worker and the lower level after a fall. It is typically 2 feet.
The total fall clearance distance is calculated by adding these values together.
Deceleration distance: 3.5 feet (the maximum per OSHA requirements (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)).
D-ring height (shoe sole to point between shoulder blades): 5 feet.
Safety factor: typically 2 feet.
The equation below shows how to add the various values in order to calculate total fall clearance distance. A fall arrest system will not protect a falling worker if the calculated clearance distance is greater than the actual distance available below the elevated work area (measured as the distance between the point at which a worker would be anchored and any lower surface).
* If actual workplace values or manufacturer specifications are available, or if circumstances dictate the need to use alternative values, use them instead.
This table applies to a worker using a shock-absorbing lanyard (e.g., ripstitch lanyard). Self-retracting lanyards typically activate, and thus limit free fall distance, within 2 feet. Refer to manufacturer specifications for activation details.
A worker is framing an attic. The worker will wear a PFAS with a 6-foot rip-stitch lanyard tied off to an anchor attached to a truss' bottom chord. He will also be standing on the same bottom chord (so the anchor will be at foot level). Calculate his total fall clearance distance.
Answer: The free fall distance (11 feet) is greater than the 6-foot maximum free fall permitted (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iii)).
No further calculations are necessary. The free fall distance can be reduced by moving the anchor above the D-ring. For example, if a section of truss has been stabilized and sheathed, the anchorage point might be moved above the worker's head.
A competent person sees that the trusses in the adjacent section have been installed, fastened in place, and sheathed, and are stable enough to serve as an anchorage. An anchor is installed 2 feet above the back D-ring on the worker's harness. What is the total fall clearance distance?
Answer: total necessary fall clearance distance = 4 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2 = 15.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the vertical clearance actually available at the work location.
A worker on a concrete wall is wearing a PFAS tied off to a concrete anchor strap, which is 1 foot below his D-ring. His shock-absorbing lanyard is 2 feet long. What is the total fall clearance distance?
Answer: total fall clearance distance = 3 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2 = 14.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the vertical clearance actually available at the work location.
This example demonstrates that, even with a relatively short lanyard (2 feet), a fall arrest system can require considerable clearance below the elevated work area. In this case the free fall distance is 3 feet (less than OSHA's 6-foot maximum); however, the total fall distance is 14.5 feet (more than the typical space between levels in a building under construction). A falling concrete worker could come in contact with (and be injured by) any object within the space 14.5 feet below the worker's original position.
If fall protection in this configuration is used, there needs to be at least 14.5 feet of clear space below the worker. The fall protection equipment requires this much vertical distance to stop a fall and prevent the worker from falling on an object and sustaining an injury.
Where guardrails cannot be used, fall restraint is a better option than fall arrest for a work area with limited clearance below.
A worker welding in a warehouse is using a PFAS. The system includes a 4-foot shock-absorbing lanyard that is anchored to an I-beam clamp, level with the D-ring on her upper back. What is her total fall clearance distance?
Answer: total fall clearance distance = 4 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2 = 15.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the available vertical clearance actually available at the work location.
A construction worker is wearing a PFAS including a 6-foot rip-stitch lanyard. He uses a strap anchor to tie off around a steel ceiling joist 4 feet above the D-ring on his back. What is the total fall clearance distance?
Answer: total fall clearance distance = 2 + 3.5 + 1 + 5 + 2 = 13.5 feet. This value can then be compared to the vertical clearance actually available at the work location.
The same construction worker is now using a self-retracting lanyard that activates (locks) within 2 feet if he falls. This new lanyard is connected to the same steel ceiling joist 4 feet above the D-ring on his back. What is the total fall clearance distance?
This self-retracting lanyard automatically limits free fall distance to 2 feet as stated in the Example 5 problem statement (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(12)).
The swing fall hazard is created by the pendulum effect, which can swing a fallen worker into a nearby surface, such as a wall or protruding beam. In addition to calculating the total fall clearance distance before beginning work on an elevated level, it is important to evaluate the swing fall hazard at the edges where a worker might fall. A worker who falls while connected to an anchor (unless it is directly overhead) will swing back and forth like a pendulum. Workers can be seriously injured if they strike objects during a swing fall. Installing the anchorage point directly above the work area (i.e., connected to an overhead attachment point with sufficient strength) will help prevent injury.
This appendix lists some of the OSHA standards that apply to fall protection in construction.
This appendix identifies various types of anchors, how they are generally used and shows an image of the anchor in use.
Peak Anchor (One or Two D-Rings) Typically used on a house roof after it is sheathed or fully constructed. They are typically left in place after the job is completed for future repairs.
Truss Anchor (including Spreaders) Used before a structure is fully framed. A spreader is a method a qualified person may use to improve anchor point lateral stability before trusses are fully sheathed.
I-beam clamp and structural steel (vertical or horizontal beams) The clamp adjusts to various steel beam sizes.
Trolley beam anchor Allows a worker to have greater access to a larger area without a longer lanyard.
Standing seam metal roof anchor For workers on standing seam metal roofs. This anchor clamps onto parallel seams.
Doorway and window opening clamp For anchoring between interior building framing or a window opening.
Top Plate Anchor For activities near the framed wall top plate.
Cable anchorage sling For use around structural steel or I-beams.
Drop-through anchor cable Anchor point drops through a small hole in an overhead substrate (concrete or steel).
Strap anchor (web) For sturdy horizontal structures (e.g., beams or structural steel members). Sharp or rough edges could damage the strap.
Concrete anchor strap with D-ring Often used by workers conducting foundation and formwork. The concrete anchor strap has a tough sleeve or wear-pad that protects it from abrasion where it contacts concrete. The strap loop slips over rebar and is left in place (with D-ring exposed) when concrete is poured. When no longer needed, the strap is cut flush with the concrete surface.
Photo: a worker connects a shock-absorbing lanyard to an embedded concrete anchor strap.
Precast hollow core concrete anchor For workers performing activities with precast hollow concrete. Allows a single worker to tie off.
Bolt-on wall anchor Temporary or permanent anchor point on a vertical concrete wall.
Welded D-ring anchor Single D-ring temporary or permanent anchor point that is welded onto vertical structural steel.
Weld-on anchor post This permanent anchor point is welded onto an I-beam.
Trench Box Guardrail Anchor For performing deep excavation. The trench box guardrail is designed with an anchor point on a post near the guardrail.
Mobile fall protection system Intended for a single worker using a fall arrest system. It allows quick mobility from place to place on a job site. Larger versions allow multiple workers to anchor.
Rotating retractable anchor mast For use on sloped residential roofs. Allows the worker greater range of motion (up to 360 degrees for some models) and helps elevate the anchor point above the worker.
Dead weight anchor For use on roofs where penetrating the surface is not an option. Anchorage is provided by the weight of heavy materials (e.g., concrete, steel, water bladder).
Bolt hole anchor For use in horizontal steel bolt holes.
Rope grab (with vertical lifeline) Rope lifeline attaches to an anchorage at the top and hangs vertically down through the work area. Movable rope grab attaches to the rope. Lanyard connects the rope grab to workers' harness. To move up and down the work area, the worker can slide the rope grab up and down the lifeline, then relock it in place. If the worker falls, the rope grab locks onto the rope to break the fall. This system's effectiveness depends on how well the worker is trained to reposition the rope grab while moving about. The grab can slide off the end of the rope if the rope is too short, if a knot is not tied near the end of the rope, or if the grab is not installed properly.
This hybrid system uses one line (firmly anchored at both ends) as the anchorage for another. This allows the worker greater lateral movement than a fixed anchor point. The components are the same as other personal fall protection systems. A deceleration device or rip-stitch lanyard can be included.
In some cases, more than one worker will connect to the horizontal lifeline if approved by the manufacturer and a qualified person.
Photos used with permission of the manufacturers.
Lanyard Lanyard (typical 2-foot and 6-foot lengths) Lanyards are available in a variety of lengths.
Y-lanyard (or twin-leg lanyard) Typically used during work on cranes, rebar and steel structures, and poles. By attaching and reattaching the legs in different positions, the worker can move across the work face, remaining connected by at least one leg of the lanyard at all times.
Deceleration Device Rip-stitch-style Shock Absorbing Lanyard These typically expand by approximately 3.5 feet during deceleration, which reduces the force on the worker.
Stretch-type Shock-Absorbing Lanyard These absorb force in a fall by stretching (or by a similar mechanism) on impact to provide a controlled deceleration.
Self-retracting lifeline (line wound on a reel in a reel-housing) The lifeline is wound on a reel and automatically extends or retracts to take up slack in the line as the worker moves about. A sudden extension in the line activates a locking mechanism that typically includes a deceleration device. Some self-retracting lanyards can be set to restrict the distance traveled and so can also function as part of a properly designed fall restraint system.
Body Harness Used in personal fall protection systems. Has a D-ring on the back between the shoulders when used for fall arrest and fall restraint systems. Workers need to be fitted with the correct harness size. Available with special features such as an integrated high-visibility vest, extra D-rings (for use with positioning devices), life vest (for over-water work), or various buckle and closure styles.
Body Belt In general, harnesses are preferable to body belts. Body belts may be used in limited instances (e.g., as part of a positioning device system).
Thimble Thimbles provide a protective interface between the eye of a rope loop and a connector. They are used to prevent pinching or abrasion of the rope. The thimble needs to be firmly seated in the eye of the rope loop.
ARA, AEM, AED, IPAF, and SIA. 2010. Statement of Best Practices of General Training and Familiarization for Aerial Work Platform Equipment (a joint industry initiative). 02-10-AWP-SBP001.
ARA, AEM, IPAF, and SIA. 2013. Statement of Best Practices for Workplace Risk Assessment and Aerial Work Platform Equipment Selection. 02-13-AWP-SBP003.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2012 (preliminary results). August 22.
eLCOSH. 2007. Fall Protection: Misconceptions & Myths; Working Within the OSHA System. Originally published by American Society of Safety Engineers.
ISEA. 2015. Personal Fall Protection Equipment. Use and Selection Guide.
NIOSH, 2000. Worker Deaths by Falls (NIOSH document 2000-116).
NIOSH. 2004. NIOSHÂ Alert: Preventing Falls of Workers Through Skylights and Roof and Floor Openings. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-156.
NIOSH. 2011. Workplace Safety & Health Topics Page: Prevention Through Design.
NIOSH 2014. Workplace Safety & Health Topics Page: Fall Injuries Prevention in the Workplace. Fall-related Research Projects.
OSHA, 2002, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry.
OSHA. No date. Scaffolding. Appendix.
OSHA. No date. OSHA Construction e-Tool: Personal Fall Arrest Systems.
OSHA. No date. Fall Protection.
OSHA. No date. Plan. Provide. Train. Three Steps to Preventing Falls.
OSHA. 2003a. Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. 3124-12R.
OSHA. 2011. Suspension Trauma/Orthostatic Intolerance. SHIB 03-24-2004, updated 2011.
OSHA. 2013. Communication Towers webpage.
Wilmes, LLC. 2013. Fall Protection Force Calculator.
WISHA. (Washington Industrial Safety & Health Division). No date. Fall Protection: Responding to Emergencies. F417-208-000.
WISHA. No date. Competent Person Evaluation (checklist): Fall Restraint and Fall Arrest.


You've heard of the ole saying "turning your lemons into lemonade" After sending several weeks in divorce mediation, I penned this outragous story.
Meet Malik, a smooth talking, charismatic, good-looking guy, who grew up street hustling. We are drawn to him and trust him. This appeal hasn't been lost on Attorney Figueroa who sees Malik at the same coffee shop every morning. One day he approaches Malik with an offer too good to be true. He seems to know a lot about Malik, that he's out on bail awaiting a trial that could put him in jail for ten years and that he was busted with $1.5 million worth of cash and product. Figueroa's offer seems outrageous and, even more so, unbelievable. Malik will become a divorce mediator. Learn the right stuff to do and say then mediate Figueroa's divorce and manage the outcome to be in Figueroa's favor. Can this be real?
LOGLINE: A neigborhood hustler uses a divorce mediation scheme to pay off a debt that threathens his life.
Not to be touched by your husband?


The private observatory Meyer/Obermair was built in 1978/79 by Erich Meyer and Erwin Obermair in Davidschlag, about 30km north of Linz, Austria. The observatory is located at 14° 16' 31" E, 48° 26' 33" N, 815 m above sea level.
Until 1983, the 4.5m plastic dome housed a 0.3m f/4.5 Newtonian reflector. From 1983 until 1999, the observatory was equipped with a 0.29m f/5.2 Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope In October 1999, a new computer controlled 0.6m f/3.3 refelctor on a innovative fork mount was installed. Information on this telescope is available here.
The observatory is mainly used for astrometric observations of unusual minor planets and comets. A list of all NEO observations is available from NEODys and a list of all minor planet observations is available from AstDys. A table with all minor planets discovered at this observatory is also available.
For the observations, a SBIG STL-1001E CCD camera is used, which was partially funded by the Gene Shoemaker NEO Grant. Data reduction is done using the "Astrometrica" CCD Astrometry Software by H. Raab.


Dzen is a general purpose messaging, notification and menuing program for X11.
managers like dwm, wmii and xmonad, though it will work with any windowmanger.
dzen2-textwidth calculate the width in pixels of text for a given font.


text:
Van Der Breggen is a fighter on the Montasio
The World and Olympic Champion is the solo winner in the stage 9, the penultimate of the 30th Giro Rosa Iccrea (Gemona del Friuli - Chiusaforte/Malga Montasio, 125.5 km): Anna Van der Breggen beated for 17'' the Pink Jersey Annemiek Van Vleuten (Mitchelton - Scott) and the South African Ashleigh Moolman - Pasio (CCC-Liv), who beated in a one-to-one sprint the Australian Amanda Spratt (Mitchelton - Scott).
The stage on the roads of the Carnia Region had two different sides: seven riders were the protagonists in the first part, Steigenga (BePink), Jasinska (Movistar), Neylan (Virtu Cycling), Dobrynina (Servetto - Piumate - Beltrami TSA), Barnes (Canyon - SRAM), Van den Steen (Lotto Soudal Ladies) and Boogaard (BTC City Ljubljana). The breakaway arrived at the beginning of the climb to Sella Nevea with 1'30'' but here the peloton accelerated with the Mitchelton - Scott Team in the front. The Australian Team with Annemiek Van Vleuten made the pace and took in very few times the breakaway, and 10 kms from the finish just 5 riders were in the front. Van Vleuten, Van der Breggen, Brand (Sunweb), Spratt and Moolman - Pasio. Lucinda Brand could not stay with them and in the hardest part of the climb, with slopes at 20% just Van Vleuten with Van der Breggen were the stage leaders. Katie Hall tried to chase too when Van Vleuten was solo with 17''. Suddenly, at 1 km to go Anna Van der Breggen found the right time to chase, reach and beat Annemiek to become the stage winner.
Anna Van der Breggen, 1st place, says: "It's amazing to win here, I tried to keep a regular pace on the climb and not to chase Annemiek, but when I saw her in trouble I thought that I could win the stage so I gave my best. I arrived to with my third Giro, but the second place and the stage win today make me really happy."
The Giro Rosa Iccrea has tomorrow it's last day: the final stage from San Vito al Tagliamento to Udine will finish with a cobbled climb to the castle.
RESULTS STAGE 9:
1. Anna Van der Breggen 3h26'27'' 36,474 km/h
2. Annemiek Van Vleuten 17''
3. Ashleigh Moolman-Pasio 1'38''
4. Amanda Spratt 1'38''
5. Katharine Hall 1'57''
6. Demi Vollering 2'51''
7. Ane Santesteban Gonzalez 2'51''
8. Erica Magnaldi 2'53''
9. Elisa Longo Borghini 2'55''
10. Juliette Labous 3'10''
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION AFTER THE STAGE 9:
1. Annemiek Van Vleuten 22h09'39''
2. Anna Van der Breggen 3'50''
4. Ashleigh Moolman - Pasio 8'05''
6. Katarzyna Niewiadoma 8'10''
7. Lucinda Brand 8'25''
9. Soraya Paladin 9'26''
10. Erica Magnaldi 9'31''
THE JERSEYS OF THE GIRO ROSA ICCREA:
Pink (GRUPPO BANCARIO ICCREA): Annemiek Van Vleuten (Mitchelton - Scott)
Cyclamine (SELLE SMP): Annemiek Van Vleuten (Mitchelton - Scott)
Green (EFFEBIQUATTRO): Annemiek Van Vleuten (Mitchelton - Scott)
White (KRU): Juliette Labous (Team Sunweb)
Blue (GSG): Elisa Longo Borghini (Trek - Segafredo)
Today's stage will be broadcasted by PMG with highlights on 70 tv platforms of the Eurovision Group, including Eurosport. Long highlights will be broadcasted by Raisport tonight at 7:08 PM. These will be on streaming on national and international websites, like PMG Sport, (Facebook, site, Youtube), Repubblica.it, Lapresse, Cicloweb.it, Federciclismo, Tuttobiciweb, Cyclingpro, InBici. Abroad on Flobikes, GCN Racing and VoxWomen.
Photo (c) Flaviano Ossola (Free for editorial use)
STAGE CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION (PINK JERSEY)
OVERALL POINTS CLASSIFICATION
OVERALL MOUNTAIN CLASSIFICATION
YOUNG RIDERS AND ITALIANS CLASSIFICATION

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


While being stuck in a wheelchair, either permanently or temporarily, is not a walk in the park, items don't need to stop for the person in question. It's still possible to live a relatively normal life, and we must admit that a wheelchair provides you a component of your independence back. It could have been worse if there weren't wheelchairs in any respect. But lucky for some folks, they exist, and they have the potential of making your life more bearable. Moreover, as technology advanced, wheelchairs have become better and better at providing mobility and support, so let us take a moment and be grateful for it.
Surely there are sufficient areas in Hamilton, OH from where you can lease a wheelchair. However, I don't think that is the best idea. It's ideal to buy a wheelchair for a lot of reasons. If you do not understand what I am referring to, here are a couple of reasons why auto leasing is poor to buying one.
It is money from the window — paying rent for a seat in Hamilton, OH might not be a lot, but as soon as the figures add up, you are going to understand that purchasing one is a good deal better. Wheelchair rental companies will charge you an quantity of money at the start of your contract, and you will have to pay a fee for every single day or week of use, depending on the company. Delivery and pickup will be charged extra, so remember about that. The total amount will depend on how much you use the chair. As a result, in the conclusion of your contract, then you will get a massive bill that will make you regret that you did not get a wheelchair at the first place. And if you buy a wheelchair and you also take very good care of this, you can sell it back at a fair price. That is if you don't need it anymore. If you're permanently disabled, automobile leasing shouldn't even be an alternative.
You might not get exactly what you need — there is more than one type of wheelchairs, and you might require a specific model. Let's say that you want one with foot rests, however, the ones which are offered for rental will not provide what you require. Don't settle and go with what you find. It's advisable if you listen to your doctor and purchase exactly what you want. Settling can cause additional annoyance, and the aim is to get out of that seat when possible. If getting rid of the chair is not a potential, then you want to spend your days at a chair that offers maximum comfort and stability. Otherwise, you would not purchase a wheelchair at the first location.
You will get someone else's broken wheelchair — do you think that wheelchair rental companies have fresh wheelchairs in stock? No, some of them are damaged. Perhaps not severely, but they may have a twisted wheel or even a rickety armrest. You might not want that? Is not it best if you buy a new seat and everything is as it should be? I believe it is, and accepting someone's leftovers isn't agreeable, to say the very least.
The reasons mentioned previously are just the tip of the iceberg, and surely you will find more. That's the reason I feel it's best if you purchase a wheelchair and forget everything about wheelchair rental.
anybody who's on the lookout for a wheelchair in Hamilton, OH is concerned about the purchase price. The wheelchair price is something that could ascertain whether you may purchase a specific item or not. One thing is for certain, though. Rates can fluctuate from 80$ (the basic ones) to 12.000$ (those who may lift you up.) Everybody will decide based on budget, but quality is equally as important as everything else.
Most individuals, not only the ones in Hamilton, OH, do not like to spend large amounts of money to get a wheelchair. Yes, there are those who is able to get a very costly wheelchair, but this is past the point. Even so, you can get some cheap products that are of high quality. And by cheap I mean that a few hundreds of dollars. On the flip side, a wheelchair above 1000$ can have amazing features such as elevating footrests and whatnot. At that cost, even electric wheelchairs are an option. The main idea is to not think only of wheelchair cost, but also your comfort and freedom too. Bear in mind that a wheelchair is supposed to give back your freedom. It's not the opportunity to go in economy mode.
Shed weight is more significant than you think. It will influence your freedom considerably. The objective of a wheelchair is to move about with ease. If you opt for a thick wheelchair, that isn't going to occur, can it be? If you have work, or you like to move around the neighborhood a whole lot, you need a wheelchair that's lightweight, especially in the event that you have no one to drive you.
The wheelchair weight is ordered by the materials used for its construction. Lucky for you, you can find lightweight materials out there that may be as sturdy as possible. Require aluminum, for instance. It's a hard metal, but very lightweight. Hybrids are also an alternative, but they're somewhat pricey. Alloys, on the other hand, are one of the least expensive materials. Finally, the choice is yours, and you might base your decision based upon your financial plan. But remember that wheelchair weight is something that you should keep in mind prior to purchasing a specific product. After all, you are the one who is going to push it around all day long.
Wheelchair accessories have been made for the comfort and convenience. There are a couple of things that you can buy along with your own wheelchair, and this are the most commonly employed.
Foam cushions — Foam has become the most common material used in wheelchair cushions. It is most likely because foam is significantly less expensive than other materials. However, high-density foam is far better than ordinary foam. I suppose you've learned about memory foam. It provides maximum comfort, it is going to help with pressure sores, and it takes the shape of your body. However, foam cushions are vulnerable to tear and wear much quicker than other substances. They don't last very long, especially if they are in use daily.
Gel cushions — gel cushions still have a foam base, but there's gel bladder somewhere in the center that will protect against pressure sores better than foam. A whole lot of people purchase this and declare themselves satisfied. They will be able to help you with your posture, and you won't experience pain in your lower spine and tailbone. The disadvantage with this type is that they have a tendency to bottom-out. The answer to that is to knead it at least one time per day.
Air flotation cushion — If you don't know what that is, let me enlighten you. An air flotation cushion is made up of a specific number of balloons that inflate to keep you at a comfortable and healthful posture. You have the possibility of adjusting the pressure points by tying a couple of balloons to stop them from inflating. The only downside of this form of cushions will be upkeep. In the end, we're referring to balloons. They can leak air, and you need to fix that if and when it occurs.
Urethane honeycomb — Last however, urethane honeycomb is the most recent technology in futon cushions. That's because a urethane honeycomb pillow is made of numerous individual cells. In terms of support and comfort, this type is great. In addition, the air can circulate freely between both cells, which means that warmth retention is hopeless. Because of all those features, and because there are not any drawbacks whatsoever, this type of pillow has become the most expensive of all of them.
Only a person who is bound to a wheelchair can understand the significance of a wheelchair ramp. The lack of access is a real obstacle for a handicapped individual, which is the reason it's a good thing that all public spaces are obligated by law to set up wheelchair ramps. Nevertheless, you need to put in one at your home too.
Certainly you can come across drops at Hamilton, OH, and truth be told, they are not too expensive. However, you will need a person to install it for you since I don't believe you can handle it yourself. One aspect you will need to be careful about is the wheelchair ramp incline. You would like it to be comfortable that you use. If the angle is too high, that could be difficult for you to go up, and an extremely low angle requires quite the space for the ramp, which again, it is not convenient. Putting a wheelchair ramp slope is simple, and you ought to purchase a ramp so.
The capacity to move from point A to point B is still another important facet. Just because you're in a wheelchair doesn't indicate that you can move only around your home or neighborhood. Lucky for you, there are a few things that you can try. For starters, you can use a wheelchair van. It has an elevating system that will make entering and exiting the vehicle comparatively simple. Such a vehicle may be a little costly, but it is going to help you with your mobility on extended distances. It is possible to go out and interact more. It'll keep you apart from melancholy.
furthermore, if you prefer to travel in spite of your disability, you may use a wheelchair RV. It is pretty much exactly the exact same since the wheelchair van, however rather than a car, you receive an RV. You may travel anywhere you need, and you receive the help you want to have in and outside of the automobile. A wheelchair RV is by far the best way of traveling for a disabled person.
Surviving is not alive, so make sure you delight in everything in your daily life. There are tons of means of entertaining that you can try. You can occupy a hobby or play a sport. Did you know you could play with wheelchair football? It resembles regular soccer, except that you'll be moving the ball in your own wheels. You should think about doing it.
If wheelchair football isn't your cup of tea, it is possible to join a wheelchair basketball team. Certainly there are a few around Hamilton, OH. Their sports events are enjoyable, and you're able to enjoy yourself a terrific thing. And of course that you get to exercise. Everything you will need to keep in mind is that you can keep yourself amused. All You've Got to do is find several activities for disabled people in Hamilton, OH and join.
Once you get accustomed to it, a wheelchair will get a part of you. You are going to find out how to live your own life inside, and you will be more than fine. Nevertheless, ensure that you make an educated decision when you purchase a wheelchair. In addition, do not forget about the accessories, and buy your self the ideal wheelchair you are able to spend. After all, this really is the mobility we are referring to, and you deserve the very best.


Unrivalled technology- demonstrable ROI. Once clients see it, they're sold.
What sort of disruptive SaaS technology can improve productivity and sales effectiveness by 40%? Don't ask the recruiter, ask the tier 1 insurance and financial services clients that have deployed this software and have reaped the rewards for the last 3 years! This company is going viral- literally! Once a prospect sees the technology in action, they're hooked and before long, it is seen as a mission-critical part of the onboarding of a customer. So where do you fit in? You'll either come from a SaaS or Software background and will be selling line of business applications to major corporate organisations- the obvious fit would be customer experience software, business intelligence, CRM or even contact centre applications. And in return? Well, you'll be joining an agile software company in a phase of phenomenal growth. Add a brilliant package and lots of support and you'll have the sort of role that you've been dreaming of!
LOCATION: Coventry, Northampton, Birmingham, Oxford, Cambridge.
PACKAGE: £70k-80k basic, OTE 140k+, Car Allowance, Pension, Health, Full Work from home/ Flex benefits package.


Safety is everyone's responsibility and in joining Petts Wood Runners you agree to the rules of the club, including the safety rules which are set out below.
1) Please ensure that you are physically fit to undertake any form of exertion. Should you feel unwell or be injured, it is better to miss a week's run and give yourself time to recover than risk making your condition worse. Always seek medical advice prior to starting or restarting running if you have been on any form of medication or suffered an injury.
2) Please ensure that you wear suitable clothing when joining us for a run and that you have the correct footwear. Clothing should be comfortable and not restrict movement. You should wear something fluorescent or reflective, especially when running in darkness. Shoes designed for road running will normally be the most suitable for club runs. It is advisable for runners to have their running gait assessed in a specialist sports shop and to take the results into account when buying running shoes. The only form of head/ear phones permitted are those allowed by England Athletics, the bone conduction headphones, manufactured by Aftershokz. Please try not to wear them at all though, Tuesday runs are meant to be a sociable occasion!
3) Bring a drink of water, ideally in a bottle that is easy to carry whilst running. When you are training for more than 30 minutes you should always increase your fluid levels as you run.
4) Always carry some form of identification – a simple pet name barrel is a simple solution to this and can be picked up easily from any pet store.
4) Choose a group that suits your running ability rather than any targets you may have set yourself. The club arranges regular "move-up Tuesdays" to enable runners to try a quicker group when they feel they are ready. When attending for the first time, it is advisable to run with a group that runs at a slower pace that what you believe to be your ideal level, until you are familiar with the Club and the way it operates.
5) PWR offers the opportunity to run in a group and group leaders will ensure that, when running with us, no one is left to run on their own and no individual or small group gets lost. Please do not overtake your group leader unless told to do so. It is important that runners do not run off from their group or leave individuals behind. Group leaders have been instructed to ensure that each group runs at the pace of the slowest runner and no runners try to increase that pace through "running ahead" or placing pressure on any other runner.
6) Always maintain visual contact with the runner immediately behind you and in front of you. Should you lose visual contact, communicate this immediately along the chain to ensure that the whole group stops in order to re-group.
7) Immediately report any injury or unwellness – whether affecting yourself or another runner – to a fellow runner who should then pass it along the chain to the group leader. If you have a medical condition or disability e.g. diabetes, asthma, angina etc. please carry a note with you in case you should need medical attention during the run. If someone is injured or unwell, it is the responsibility of each runner in the group to ensure that they receive prompt help and support from the group leader and other runners.
8) Always shout out a warning oncoming obstacles, obstructions or dangerous situations to other runners. Keep a look-out particularly for holes in the ground, tree roots, branches or stinging nettles and approaching cars. A simple "roots" or "car" shouted out loudly acts as a clear warning to your fellow runners. When you hear a member shout out a warning, ensure you repeat it so that the warning travels back along your whole group.
9) Respect your surroundings – don't run over areas that are not open to the public or are private property.
10) Always ensure that you advise your group if you are going to "drop out" early to run home rather than return to Willett Rec. Many runners actually run past or near their homes during the latter parts of our runs and decide to go straight home. If you do this please ensure that you inform your group leader. Likewise, if you have been told that a runner is leaving early, please communicate this to the group leader.
11) Always ensure that you report any "missing" runners immediately. At the end of the run please report any runners who you think might be missing. There may be a simple explanation, but it is better to be safe than sorry.
12) After running, stretch – the easiest way to avoid injury is to stretch after your run and the best way to do this is as a group!
13) Explain clearly the distance that you intend to go and the pace (in minutes per mile) at which the group will run. Ensure that the group does not run at a quicker pace than stipulated.
14) Welcome any new members to the group and ensure that they are confident that they can maintain the stipulated pace. If you are in doubt, suggest that they begin with a slower group.
15) Ensure that all members of the group are sufficiently warmed up before running at the stipulated pace.
16) Carry your mobile phone with you. Ensure that you also have with you a copy of the PWR Emergency Contacts card, as supplied by the Club Secretary.
17) Whilst the group is running, the slowest pace always dictates. One of the most important roles of the Club is to ensure that no one is left to run on their own and no individual or small group gets lost. Group leaders may permit faster runners to run ahead to a specified point and "loop back" to rejoin the group, but should otherwise not allow any runner to run off from their group. The group should always run at the pace of the slowest runner and should, under no circumstances, try to increase that pace through "running ahead" or placing pressure on any individual runner.
18) Never allow a runner to become tailed off such that they may lose contact with the rest of the group. If an experienced member of the group is willing to accompany a struggling runner back to Willett Rec, this should first be authorised by the group leader.
19) Always maintain a complete chain of communication. It is your responsibility to ensure that your group remains as close together as possible and that a complete 'unbroken' chain of communication between the last runner and the first runner is maintained throughout the run.
20) Always run on public footpaths and pavements. When crossing roads, take particular care for your own safety as well as that of your fellow runners.
21) Re-group at regular intervals – this allows runners to catch their breath and report any injuries that they may feel. It also stops the group from spreading out.
22) During the summer months, runners often like to run in the woods. There is no need to discourage this provided that the club's safety guidance is particularly closely observed. The risk of runners suffering injury or becoming separated from their group is raised whilst running in the woods and group leaders must ensure that runners remain in close proximity and shout out warnings of hazards such as tree roots.
23) If a group of more than 20 runners wishes to run in the woods and there are sufficient group leaders taking part to allow for this, the group should be split into two and run separately. All groups must be out of the woods before nightfall.
24) Return to Willett Rec and lead runners in a warm-down, involving appropriate stretches. It is important not to neglect this as it reduces the risk of injury. Groups must not congregate at the entrances to Willett Rec but proceed through the gate into the rec.
25) Ensure that any injuries or illnesses suffered by runners and any other matters of concern are reported to the Club's Health and Safety Officer.


text:
digital identity management
Engineering, Full Time Paris, France Posted: Wednesday, April 10, 2019
Are youpassionate about helping the organizations to deliver faster, more reliably with less effort, thanks to test automation & continuous delivery? Are you autonomous & enjoy problem solving? Join Dashlane as a Software Engineer in Test & help us automatethe best password managerand digital identity managementapplication with a global impact.
About Dashlane
Dashlane is a top-rated password manager & online security app created for everyone who lives, works, & plays on the internet. With offices in Paris, New York, & Lisbon, Dashlane has helped over 11 million users in 180 countries manage & secure their digital identity & has enabled over $17 billion in e-commerce transactions.
As a Software Engineer in test you will help us in industrializing the release pipeline by building new automation projects, extending the test coverage of existing automation projects across multiple platforms (Web, Windows, macOS, iOS, Android). You will work closely with developers & the Automation team on a daily basisto build & improve our automation solutions.
You will be based in Paris, France.
At Dashlane you will
Manage & improve our Automation projects & CI (Gitlab / Bamboo) on variousplatforms(Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Server API, Browser Extensions, Web Applications & Website)
Manage & improve the testing automation setup, i.e. docker images, automation scripts, kubernetes setup, etc.
Collaborate with developers in how to improve the test suites & framework for unit, integration, functional & stress testing.
Expand our scope of test automation to cover performance, load, security, etc.
Train QA Analysts on writing automation scripts & maintaining it.
Evolve in a fast-growing company, where you will make a significant impact!
Minimum 3yearsof experience in software development / QA automation.
Proven experience on working with CI tools like Gitlab, Jenkins or Bamboo.
Provenexperiencein coding & scripting in one or more programming languages (Java, typescript, python, bash, etc).
Experience using test frameworks like Selenium, Cucumber, JUnit, Webdriver, JMeter, XCtest, Espresso etc.
Hands-on experience with Docker.
Proficiency in English.
Creative problem solving, strong troubleshooting skills.
Experience in developing automated tests for applications onmultiple platforms.
Experience with development of automated test suites including unit, integration, performance, security & functional testing.
Experience in diverse software quality assurance engineeringenvironments on a variety of platforms.
Experience with Kubernetes andconfiguration management system like Puppet / Ansible.
Diversity at Dashlane
As a truly international company, founded in Paris & currently split between Paris, New York, & Lisbon, we thrive off diverse perspectives. We recognize that diversity has different aspects: gender, sexual orientation, ability, ethnic origin, social, age, lifestyle, & more. We're committed to finding diverse talent & fostering a culture where everyone is heard & feels a sense of belonging.


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"Dominion"
(Spinefarm)
01. Entrance
03. Ominous Premonition
04. Lamia
05. Love of the Damned
06. Northlanders
07. The Discord of Melkor
08. Serpents of Fire
From the char of black metal mania glorified by profiled pundits EMPEROR, DIMMU BORGIR, CRADLE OF FILTH and MAYHEM rose a mini-legion of one-man wannabes, dark forest wanderers and orchestral fugue art farts. Corpse paint, crusty leather, inverted crosses, middle fingers hoisted toward Catholicism, at this point, a great big Mega-Therion yawn.
Yet the underground advent of black metal at the turn of a purportedly damned new millennium did spawn legitimate artistic merit in the form of WOLVES IN THE THRONE ROOM, ENSLAVED, AGALLOCH, NACHTMYSTIUM, SIGH, CHTHONIC and, of course, Ihsahn's gloriously tormented solo project. Around that time, TESTAMENT's Eric Peterson, SADUS's Steve DiGiorgio (at the time residing in TESTAMENT with Peterson) and NEVERMORE's Steve Smyth decided to let their darker inhibitions run free, and DRAGONLORD was birthed. 2001's "Rapture" and 2005's "Black Wings of Destiny" were, at their points of release, aspirant recordings of black metal excellence. Somehow, they further dignified a subgenre that really didn't need or want such vast exposure. BATHORY, MERCYFUL FATE and CELTIC FROST were all that black metal could stomach surrendering to the metal world at large.
It's been 13 years since the last DRAGONLORD album, and all that remains of a band suffering as many lineup changes as a proto-tech metal unit is Eric Peterson. In true black metal maverick style, he handles just about everything on DRAGONLORD's latest offering, "Dominion". Playing guitars, bass and fielding vocals, Peterson is supported by drummer Alex Bent (TRIVIUM), keyboardist Lyle Livingston (PSYPHERIA) and femme vocalist, Leah. What becomes one of the year's most curious releases, "Dominion" has its share of girth and creativity, but it is also filled with quizzical unevenness.
Opening with a cliché thunderstorm soundbite and death tolls does nothing to raise expectations, and as Eric Peterson recreates some of EMPEROR's and SLAYER's best licks throughout "Entrance", a hokey series of synthesized chorales spill behind him. The faux vocals become an overblown, repetitive nuisance (sounding more at home in a Danny Elfman/Tim Burton collaboration) as "Dominion" grinds out a predictable mash of EMPEROR, DIMMU BORGIR and THERION. Positively, Eric Peterson's bass work is phenomenal, his guitar solo lovingly TESTAMENT-borne, his vocal squelching as much up to the task as his somber cleans. Lyle Livingston's keys are luxuriant as the progressions work toward power metal in the middle section.
It's when "Ominous Premonition" rockets along a set of scrumptious rocking chords that this album becomes worth its salt. Stricken of the banal pseudo chorals, this song would be a mini masterpiece of thrash, death metal and fifties rock 'n' roll that you don't see coming. Peterson's bass flurries are equally striking. What you also don't see coming is the goth pop swell of "Lamia" afterwards, which rides an agreeable harmony before tumbling into an awkward transition of progressions, at least graced by Leah's magnetic sirens.
When Peterson sings in clean mode, you'll swear at times it's Chuck Billy, particularly on "Serpents of Fire", while "Love of the Damned" is re-engaged from "Souls of Black"-era TESTAMENT. "The Discord of Melkor" is a Tolkien miss until the infernal blasting at the rear of the track; "Serpents of Fire" makes up for it with its searing intensity and brilliant stylistic conversions.
You'll likely be begging for mercy from the clumsy choral dumps into the hammering grind of "Northlanders", particularly when Leah is more than enough to fill space behind Eric Peterson. Frankly, that stinks, since the track itself is well-written and swarmed by Alex Bent's clomping rhythms.
The optimist's view to this album says Eric Peterson has shown off a mighty impressive repertoire that will blow away TESTAMENT fans previously unaware of DRAGONLORD's existence. The opposing view would say "Dominion" is a curtain closer in which Peterson has scrambled to cleanse his teeming creative mind before the next TESTAMENT writing sessions.
Author: Ray Van Horn, Jr.
Posted in: CD Reviews
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Categories: Air PollutionArticle
The Modi Government Must Tackle Air Pollution by Understanding Its Severity During All Seasons
It is a common practice that the government and the people of India often neglect the seriousness of Air Pollution as just a winter issue. It has been found that a lot of them can be seen restricting the problem to New Delhi only. With the advent of the same government again, it has become absolutely necessary to understand the problems. Modi Government must Tackle Air Pollution with measures that go beyond the tactics that can only be used in urban land.
There is an instant need to understand that the problem of Air Pollution is global and not seasonal at all. Soon enough most parts of the country will be reeling in dust particles that would be a common occurrence throughout the day. While the spike in pollution usually goes to hazardous levels during winters, several parts of the country have poor air quality throughout the year.
Particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are few pollutants that combine to form Air pollution. While PM 2.5 are direct indicators of Air Pollution, the population-weighted annual concentration taken through various satellite data has gone beyond an estimate of 91 microgram/m3 in 2017. This data is only going to increase and become thrice the national standards in the coming year.
Modi Government must Tackle Air Pollution which is a global health emergency:
With each passing year, the health impact of poor air quality has become staggering. While it was supposed to reduce average life expectancy by 1.5 years, new reports have notified that life expectancy will be reduced by more than 2 years now. Which is to say that 1 out of every eighth death in the country is because of air pollution.
Sources of concern:
While there are a lot of sources that contribute to Air Pollution, Industries, Power Plants, Vehicles, construction dust, and household sources all are most important sources of Air Pollution and are a major concern. In India alone, household fuels used for cooking and heating purposes are the biggest contributor to the PM 2.5 values in the country. Coal burning in power plants and industries is a close second and third largest contributor.
Since the kind of measures needed to scale the influence of Air Pollution requires a geographical understanding and monitoring steps, there's a need for the central government to be at their toes doing work for the betterment of the pollution level across the country; not just cities like Delhi which are considered to be the only polluted cities by laymen.
The newly elected Narendra Modi government's works and largely adheres by The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) made by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in January 2019. This is a document that creates city-specific templates from the past while completely missing governance gaps. The body reinitiates the same old plans that were sorted as administrative solutions and never trends into questioning the real problem of Air Pollution in the entire country.
The necessity of taking up Air Pollution control from the executives.
The new Modi government should take up the lead in crafting and implementing strategies for effective nationwide control over pollution. The present system is mostly judiciary driven. What we need is a greater autonomous system that should be provided to pollution control boards (PCBs) who have a team of experts dealing with the problem head-on.
How to Change the present strategy?
The NCAP needs to be strengthened by focusing on efforts that prioritize solution that present short term plans which are executed in a way that governs reforms in a longer term.
Prioritizing concrete actions such as understanding the dispersed sources of pollution and putting monitoring solutions in place that can tackle transportation, households, waste burning, and construction in a more centralized level.
For example, the government should imply more strict policies that aim at higher levels in the manufacturing process of vehicles. That is to say that these vehicles should comply with Bharat Stage VI norms that completely check them for their proper functioning rather than periodic inspections.
The three things that NCAP should be focusing on are:
1. Normalizing Power Plant Emission
Indian Industries and power plants that burn coal are the second and third largest sources in India. The average national exposure to Air Pollution is thus raised higher which also causes the big burden of diseases. The MoEFCC has introduced new emissions standards back in 2015. These standards called for pollution control equipment to be installed. However, the standard has never complied with the regulations and revised timelines have often resulted in critical consequences.
2. Ensuing LPG usage as the primary household fuel
The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was an important step towards revamping the use of household solid fuel in the country. Since household solid fuel usage is the largest contributor to the pollution exposure of the country, making sure that LPG, which is a clean fuel is provided at affordable prices. It can't be done overnight but taking step towards making it possible should be done.
3. Investing more in public transport
Public transport that is affordable should be put into place. Non-motorised transport that helps reduce the emission by vehicles on the road should be preferred. Also, strategies that cumulatively deal with long-term goals to fix this problem should be implemented.
Air Pollution is a problem that is more complex than it seems on the surface. The newly appointed Modi Government must tackle Air pollution in ways that are based on centralized ideas that go beyond the urban population. Tackling the big sources and then implementing new policies that try to cut the sources off to the ground must be followed.
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Tags: air monitoringair monitorsair pollutantAir Pollutantsair pollutionair pollution effectsair pollution in India
18th June 2019 3:58 PM


On 08/12/2017, PAU announced Job notification to hire candidates who completed B.Sc, M.Sc for the position of Research Fellow.
ii. Essential: B.Sc. (Agri) (Hons)/ B.Sc. Food Science & Technology/ B.Tech Food Technology/ B.Sc. Food Science and Quality Control/ B.Sc. (H.Sc.)/Life Science or equivalent with OCPA 2.00/4.00 or OCPA 5.00/10.00 or 50 % marks. M.Sc. (Food Technology)/ M.Sc. (Food & Nutrition) with OCPA 3.40/4.00 or 6.50/10.00 or 65% marks.
The applications should reach in the office of Head, Deptt of Food Science & Technology, PAU, Ludhiana on any working day from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. by 22-12-2017. The incomplete applications will not be entertained. The candidates should appear for the interview on 28-12-2017 at 11.00 am in the office of the Head, Food Science & Technology, PAU, Ludhiana. The candidates should bring original certificates at the time of interview. No separate intimation for interview will be sent. No TA/DA will be paid for attending the interview.


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in: Pages with broken file links, All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014,
France articles missing geocoordinate data
All articles needing coordinates
Conflicts in 1914
Battles of World War I involving France
Battles of World War I involving Germany
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
1914 in France
Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade
Battle of Le Cateau
Part of the Great Retreat on the Western Front (First World War)
British dead at the Battle of Le Cateau.
Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France
Successful retreat by the Allies
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
France German Empire
Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien
Michel-Joseph Maunoury Alexander von Kluck
Karl von Bülow
40,000 Unknown
7,812 men (including about 2,600 prisoners)
38 guns Around 5,000
Retreat to the Marne
Le Cateau
Le Grand Fayt
Étreux
St. Quentin
Néry
1st Marne
1st Aisne
The Battle of Le Cateau was fought on 26 August 1914, after the British and French retreated from the Battle of Mons and had set up defensive positions in a fighting withdrawal against the German advance at Le Cateau-Cambrésis.
On the morning of 26 August, the Germans arrived and heavily attacked the British forces commanded by General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien. Unlike the Battle of Mons, where the majority of casualties inflicted by the British were from rifle fire, Le Cateau was an artilleryman's battle, demonstrating the devastating results which modern quick-firing artillery using airbursting shrapnel shells could have on infantry advancing in the open.
The British deployed their artillery in the open, about 50–200 meters behind their infantry, while the German artillery used indirect fire from concealed positions.[1]
Holding their ground tenaciously against superior odds despite taking heavy casualties, by mid-afternoon, the right, then left flanks of the British, began to break under unrelenting pressure from the Germans. The arrival of Sordet's French cavalry acted as a shield for the British left flank, and supported a highly co-ordinated tactical withdrawal despite continued attempts by the Germans to infiltrate and outflank the retreating British forces.
That night, the Allies withdrew to Saint-Quentin. Of the 40,000 Allied men fighting at Le Cateau, 7,812 were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner. Several British regiments had even disappeared from the rolls altogether.[citation needed] Thirty-eight artillery pieces (guns) were abandoned to the advancing Germans, the majority having their breech blocks removed and sights disabled by the gunners before retirement.
For these losses, however, the engagement at Le Cateau had achieved its objective, and enabled the British Expeditionary Force to retreat unmolested by the Germans for a further five days. Despite being later criticised for his decision to "stand and fight" at Le Cateau by his superior Field Marshal Sir John French, Smith-Dorrien was lionised by both the army and the public at home for his actions. The consensus amongst military historians considers Le Cateau as amongst the most successful holding actions in British military history,[citation needed] ranking alongside the Battle of the Imjin River during the Korean War in terms of its strategic effect.
Retreat from Mons
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial
↑ Jonathan B. A. Bailey (2004). Field Artillery and Firepower. Naval Institute Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-1-59114-029-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=4M_Q6vWMshgC&pg=PA213.
Further reading[]
Becke, Major A. F. The Royal Regiment of Artillery at Le Cateau. (Reprinted D P & G Military Publishers, 2002, ISBN 978-1-903972-16-8. Reprinted Naval & Military Press Ltd (July 2003, paperback) ISBN 978-1-84342-545-8; (June 2006, hardcover) ISBN 978-1-84734-275-1)
Bird, Antony Gentlemen, We Will Stand and Fight: Le Cateau 1914 The Crowood Press Ltd, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84797-062-6
Brown, Malcolm, The Western Front, (1993), Sidgwick and Jackson.
Cave, Nigel and Sheddon, Jack. Le Cateau. Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85052-842-8.
Evans, M. M. (2004). Battles of World War I. Select Editions. ISBN 1-84193-226-4.
Gavaghan, Michael. Illustrated Pocket Guide to Mons, Le Cateau 1914. (Forgotten Battles Series, Book 3) M&L Publications ISBN 0-9524464-5-6.
HMSO. Battle of Le Cateau 26th August, 1914. Tour of the Battlefield. HMSO (By Command of the Army Council), 1934, reprinted Naval & Military Press Ltd, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-033-7.
Jones, Nigel H. The War Walk, (1983), Robert Hale Ltd.
Lomas, David. Mons - 1914, (1997), Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-142-7.
The Battle of Le Cateau, 1914
The Battle of Le Cateau, 26 August 1914
Battle of Le Cateau, 26 August 1914
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014


As a systems integrator and high-frequency (HF) radio equipment manufacturer, HMK focuses on integrated communication systems (ICS) for naval vessels, as well as HF ground-to-air applications.
HMK provides a full service package, including feasibility studies, system engineering, hardware / software design, production, system integration and setting to work, as well as integrated logistics support (ILS) combined with comprehensive after sales services over the whole product life cycle.
Within more than 40 years, HMK has built and delivered more than 560 integrated internal / external communication systems for all classes of vessels including 130 submarine communication systems.
HMK's HF Radio Series 3000 is a family of software-based, multi-purpose, high-performance and modular equipment in the frequency range 10kHz to 30MHz (receive) and 1.5MHz to 30MHz (transmit). It includes the transceivers TRX 3015 (150W) / TRX 3050 (500W) / TRX 3100 (1kW), the transmitters TX 3500 (5kW), TX 310K/FH (10kW) and the VLF/HF receiver RX 3002.
The new exciter / receiver ERX 3003 boosts the radio family into the new generation of software defined radios (SDR) with 24 kHz HF wideband capability. Its high dynamic conversion technology results into an outstanding co-site performance, which is important for multi-transmitter applications on board of naval vessels.
The Raptor (Project 03160) high-speed patrol boats are designed and being built by Open JSC Pella Shipyard based in Leningrad, Russia.
The U212 submarine is capable of long-distance submerged passage to the area of operation. The German Navy has ordered four of the submarines.


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by Paul Lilly — Friday, December 09, 2016, 09:47 AM EDT
Nintendo's Super Mario Run Demands Alway-On Internet Connection To Curb Piracy
In less than a week Nintendo will release its first official Mario game for smartphones, Super Mario Run. It's a big moment for Nintendo, which is starting to embrace gaming on mobile handsets, and Super Mario Run could end up being huge. That is, if Nintendo doesn't get in its own way. The reason that is a concern is because Super Mario Run will require a persistent Internet connection.
Series creator and Super Mario Run producer Shigeru Miyamoto explained the decision to require an always-on Interconnection to Mashable in an interview, along with a string of other topics. In short, the online requirement is a move that's intended to thwart piracy.
"We view our software as being a very important asset for us. And also for consumers who are purchasing the game, we want to make sure that we're able to offer it to them in a way that the software is secure, and that they're able to play it in a stable environment..
"We wanted to be able to leverage that network connection with all three of the [Super Mario Run] modes to keep all of the modes functioning together and offering the game in a way that keeps the software secure. This is something that we want to continue to work on as we continue to develop the game," Miyamoto said.
Miyamoto goes on to explain that unlike Nintendo's other game devices, Super Mario Run is not trickling out with a released in a limited number of countries; it's launching in 150 countries, each with different network environments.
Incidentally this is also the reason why Super Mario Run is launching to iOS devices before Android.
"But actually, the security element is one of the reasons that we decided to go with iPhone and iOS first. So this is just—based on the current development environment—a requirement that's been built into the game to support security and the fact that the three different modes are connecting to the network and interacting with one another," Miyamoto said.
Nintendo considered making a standalone World Tour (story) mode available that would be available to play offline, but was concerned that would complicate the connection back to the other two game modes that would still require an online connection.
There are several other mobile games in the wild that require an online connection for the full experience, so Nintendo isn't treading new ground here. However, most of those titles support offline gaming, with whatever progress is made getting uploaded once a connection is re-established.
Super Mario Run releases to iPhone and iPad devices on December 15 for $10.
Tags: Nintendo, Internet, games, Piracy, super mario run


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Q: Increase parsing speed of NP extraction in Stanford NLPCore So I am trying to run CoreNLP in an embedded fashion.
Currently, I am loading a single instance of the StanfordCoreNLP pipeline (and keeping a static reference to it in Main) before any call and then calling annotate to tag parts of the sentence. then walking the tree and looking for NP tags with Tregex.
The current speed on my machine on Strings ranging from 1-250 words (upper bound tested) is approx ~.4s. Is there anyway of increasing this speed. I tried setting -Xms & -Xmx params but this doesn't have any effect.
    ArrayList <List<String>> result = new ArrayList <List<String>> ();

    Annotation annotation = new Annotation(testSentence);
    Main.pipeline.annotate(annotation);

    TregexPattern pattern = TregexPattern.compile("@NP");

    List<CoreMap> sentences = annotation.get(CoreAnnotations.SentencesAnnotation.class);
    for(CoreMap sen : sentences){
        List<String> sentenceList = new ArrayList<>();
        Tree tree = sen.get(TreeAnnotation.class);

        TregexMatcher matcher = pattern.matcher(tree);
        while (matcher.find()) {
            Tree match = matcher.getMatch();
            List<Tree> leaves = match.getLeaves();

            String nounPhrase = Joiner.on(' ').join(Lists.transform(leaves, Functions.toStringFunction()));
            sentenceList.add(nounPhrase);
        }

        result.add(sentenceList);
    }

A: Maybe you can try to put threads property, it will increase performance. You can check Sebastian Schuster's answer about this topic: https://stackoverflow.com/a/30686865/3177662
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put("annotators", "tokenize, ssplit, pos, lemma, ner, parse, dcoref");
props.put("threads", "8")
StanfordCoreNLP pipeline  = new StanfordCoreNLP(props);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Auteurs Chris R. Shepherd & Loretta Ann Shepherd
Uitgever John Beaufoy Publishing
Formaat 180 x 128mm
Bindwijze Paperback
Afbeeldingen Kleurenfoto's
Jaar van uitgave 2017
This easy-to-use identification guide to all of the 120 species of primate in Asia is perfect for resident and visitor alike.
High quality photographs from some of the region's top nature photographers are accompanied by detailed species descriptions, which include nomenclature, size, distribution, habits and habitat, as well as interesting snippets of information about the primates. The user-friendly introduction covers details on habitats, advice on primate watching, notes on taxonomy and information on threats to the wildlife. Also included is an all-important checklist of all of the primates of Asia encompassing, for each species, its common and scientific names.
Chris R. Shepherd and Loretta Ann Shepherd are a husband-and-wife team based in Malaysia, working on wildlife conservation issues throughout Southeast Asia. Both strongly believe that an increased appreciation for wildlife is the key to conservation success.
field guide / mammals / säugetiere / Veldgids / Zoogdieren
Handbook of the mammals of the world - volume 3
Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia