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Lord Ramachandra
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Laksmana, Rama, and Sita in the forest
Ramachandra, or Lord Rama, is one of the Supreme Person's many avatars on earth. He appeared during a previous age, Treta-yuga, and ruled as emperor of the world. A chronicle of His activities is presented extensively in the epic Ramayana, and concisely in the ninth canto of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, a biography of Krishna's many incarnations.
Ramachandra's life is considered to be exemplary in every way. Followers of India's Vedic culture see Him as the ideal king, the most powerful warrior, and the most faithful husband. It is said that He ruled His kingdom just as a loving father cares for his children. Lord Rama's nobility, integrity, decency, and virtue are spoken of with reverence even today.
He appeared as the eldest son of Maharaja Dasarath, along with brothers Bharata, Lakshmana, and Shatrughna—also incarnations of the Supreme Person. He married Sita devi, daughter of King Janaka, after breaking the bow of Siva in the contest for Sita's hand. On the day of Ramachandra's coronation, however, due to royal intrigue, He was banished to the forest for fourteen years, and Lakshmana and Sita accompanied Him there.
Ravana, king of Lanka, kidnapped Sita when Rama was absent from Their forest home. Subsequently, Rama and Lakshmana organized an army of forest-dwelling simians, vanaras—including the great devotee Hanuman— to attack Lanka. He then killed Ravana, rescued Sita, and triumphantly returned to His capital city, Ayodhya.
Image shows Laksmana, Rama, and Sita in the forest during Their exile from Ayodhya.
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Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana) Canto 9, Chapter 10-11
Translation and purport by His Divine Grace, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.
Shukadeva Goswami said: The son of Maharaja Khatvanga was Dirghabahu, and his son was the celebrated Maharaja Raghu. From Maharaja Raghu came Aja, and from Aja was born the great personality Maharaja Dasharatha. Being prayed for by the demigods, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the Absolute Truth Himself, directly appeared with His expansion and expansions of the expansion. Their holy names were Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna. These celebrated incarnations thus appeared in four forms as the sons of Maharaja Dasharatha.
O King Parikshit, the transcendental activities of Lord Ramachandra have been described by great saintly persons who have seen the truth. Because you have heard again and again about Lord Ramachandra, the husband of mother Sita, I shall describe these activities only in brief.
To keep the promise of his father intact, Lord Ramachandra immediately gave up the position of king and, accompanied by His wife, mother Sita, wandered from one forest to another on His lotus feet, which were so delicate that they were unable to bear even the touch of Sita's palms. The Lord was also accompanied by Hanuman, king of the monkeys, [or by another monkey, Sugriva] and by His own younger brother Lord Laksmana, both of whom gave him relief from the fatigue of wandering in the forest. Having cut off the nose and ears of Shurpanakha, thus disfiguring her, the Lord was separated from mother Sita. He therefore became angry, moving His eyebrows and thus frightening the ocean, who then allowed the Lord to construct a bridge to cross the ocean. Subsequently, the Lord entered the kingdom of Ravana to kill him, like a fire devouring a forest. May that Supreme Lord, Ramachandra, give us all protection.
In the arena of sacrifice performed by Vishvamitra, Lord Ramachandra, the King of Ayodhya, killed many demons, Rakshasas, and uncivilized men who wandered at night in the mode of darkness. May Lord Ramachandra, who killed these demons in the presence of Lakshmana, be kind enough to give us protection.
O King, the pastimes of Lord Ramachandra were wonderful, like those of a baby elephant. In the assembly where mother Sita was to choose her husband, in the midst of the heroes of this world, He broke the bow belonging to Lord Shiva. This bow was so heavy that it was carried by three hundred men, but Lord Ramachandra bent and strung it and broke it in the middle, just as a baby elephant breaks a stick of sugarcane. Thus the Lord achieved the hand of mother Sita, who was equally as endowed with transcendental qualities of form, beauty, behavior, age and nature. Indeed, she was the goddess of fortune who constantly rests on the chest of the Lord.
While returning from Sita's home after gaining her at the assembly of competitors, Lord Ramachandra met Parashurama. Although Parashurama was very proud, having rid the earth of the royal order twenty-one times, he was defeated by the Lord, who appeared to be a kshatriya of the royal order.
Carrying out the order of His father, who was bound by a promise to his wife, Lord Ramachandra left behind His kingdom, opulence, friends, well-wishers, residence and everything else, just as a liberated soul gives up his life, and went to the forest with Sita.
While wandering in the forest, where He accepted a life of hardship, carrying His invincible bow and arrows in His hand, Lord Ramachandra deformed Ravana's sister, who was polluted with lusty desires, by cutting off her nose and ears. He also killed her fourteen thousand Rakshasa friends, headed by Khara, Trishira and Dushana.
O King Parikshit, when Ravana, who had ten heads on his shoulders, heard about the beautiful and attractive features of Sita, his mind was agitated by lusty desires, and he went to kidnap her. To distract Lord Ramachandra from His ashrama, Ravana sent Maricha in the form of a golden deer, and when Lord Ramachandra saw that wonderful deer, He left His residence and followed it and finally killed it with a sharp arrow, just as Lord Shiva killed Daksha.
When Ramachandra entered the forest and Lakshmana was also absent, the worst of the Rakshasas, Ravana, kidnapped Sitadevi, the daughter of the King of Videha, just as a tiger seizes unprotected sheep when the shepherd is absent.
Then Lord Ramachandra wandered in the forest with His brother Lakshmana as if very much distressed due to separation from His wife. Thus He showed by His personal example the condition of a person attached to women.
Lord Ramachandra, whose lotus feet are worshiped by Lord Brahma and Lord Shiva, had assumed the form of a human being. Thus He performed the funeral ceremony of Jatayu, who was killed by Ravana. The Lord then killed the demon named Kabandha, and after making friends with the monkey chiefs, killing Vali and arranging for the deliverance of mother Sita, He went to the beach of the ocean.
After reaching the beach, Lord Ramachandra fasted for three days, awaiting the arrival of the ocean personified. When the ocean did not come, the Lord exhibited His pastimes of anger, and simply by glancing over the ocean, all the living entities within it, including the crocodiles and sharks, were agitated by fear. Then the personified ocean fearfully approached Lord Ramachandra, taking all paraphernalia to worship Him. Falling at the Lord's lotus feet, the personified ocean spoke as follows.
O all-pervading Supreme Person, we are dull-minded and did not understand who You are, but now we understand that You are the Supreme Person, the master of the entire universe, the unchanging and original Personality of Godhead. The demigods are infatuated with the mode of goodness, the Prajapatis with the mode of passion, and the lord of ghosts with the mode of ignorance, but You are the master of all these qualities.
My Lord, You may use my water as You like. Indeed, You may cross it and go to the abode of Ravana, who is the great source of disturbance and crying for the three worlds. He is the son of Vishrava, but is condemned like urine. Please go kill him and thus regain Your wife, Sitadevi. O great hero, although my water presents no impediment to Your going to Lanka, please construct a bridge over it to spread Your transcendental fame. Upon seeing this wonderfully uncommon deed of Your Lordship, all the great heroes and kings in the future will glorify You.
Shukadeva Goswami said: After constructing a bridge over the ocean by throwing into the water the peaks of mountains whose trees and other vegetation had been shaken by the hands of great monkeys, Lord Ramachandra went to Lanka to release Sitadevi from the clutches of Ravana. With the direction and help of Vibhishana, Ravana's brother, the Lord, along with the monkey soldiers, headed by Sugriva, Nila and Hanuman, entered Ravana's kingdom, Lanka, which had previously been burnt by Hanuman.
After entering Lanka, the monkey soldiers, led by chiefs like Sugriva, Nila and Hanuman, occupied all the sporting houses, granaries, treasuries, palace doorways, city gates, assembly houses, palace frontages and even the resting houses of the pigeons. When the city's crossroads, platforms, flags and golden waterpots on its domes were all destroyed, the entire city of Lanka appeared like a river disturbed by a herd of elephants.
When Ravana, the master of the Rakshasas, saw the disturbances created by the monkey soldiers, he called for Nikumbha, Kumbha, Dhumraksha, Durmukha, Surantaka, Narantaka and other Rakshasas and also his son Indrajit. Thereafter he called for Prahasta, Atikaya, Vikampana and finally Kumbhakarna. Then he induced all his followers to fight against the enemies.
Lord Ramachandra, surrounded by Lakshmana and monkey soldiers like Sugriva, Hanuman, Gandhamada, Nila, Angada, Jambavan and Panasa, attacked the soldiers of the Rakshasas, who were fully equipped with various invincible weapons like swords, lances, bows, prasas, rishtis, shakti arrows, kadgas and tomaras.
Angada and the other commanders of the soldiers of Ramachandra faced the elephants, infantry, horses and chariots of the enemy and hurled against them big trees, mountain peaks, clubs and arrows. Thus the soldiers of Lord Ramachandra killed Ravana's soldiers, who had lost all good fortune because Ravana had been condemned by the anger of mother Sita.
Thereafter, when Ravana, the King of the Rakshasas, observed that his soldiers had been lost, he was extremely angry. Thus he mounted his airplane, which was decorated with flowers, and proceeded toward Lord Ramachandra, who sat on the effulgent chariot brought by Matali, the chariot driver of Indra. Then Ravana struck Lord Ramachandra with sharp arrows.
Lord Ramachandra said to Ravana: You are the most abominable of the man-eaters. Indeed, you are like their stool. You resemble a dog, for as a dog steals eatables from the kitchen in the absence of the householder, in My absence you kidnapped My wife, Sitadevi. Therefore as Yamaraja punishes sinful men, I shall also punish you. You are most abominable, sinful and shameless. Today, therefore, I, whose attempt never fails, shall punish you.
After thus rebuking Ravana, Lord Ramachandra fixed an arrow to His bow, aimed at Ravana, and released the arrow, which pierced Ravana's heart like a thunderbolt. Upon seeing this, Ravana's followers raised a tumultuous sound, crying, "Alas! Alas! What has happened? What has happened?" as Ravana, vomiting blood from his ten mouths, fell from his airplane, just as a pious man falls to earth from the heavenly planets when the results of his pious activities are exhausted.
Thereafter, all the women whose husbands had fallen in the battle, headed by Mandodari, the wife of Ravana, came out of Lanka. Continuously crying, they approached the dead bodies of Ravana and the other Rakshasas.
Striking their breasts in affliction because their husbands had been killed by the arrows of Lakshmana, the women embraced their respective husbands and cried piteously in voices appealing to everyone.
O my lord, O master! You epitomized trouble for others, and therefore you were called Ravana. But now that you have been defeated, we also are defeated, for without you the state of Lanka has been conquered by the enemy. To whom will it go for shelter?
O greatly fortunate one, you came under the influence of lusty desires, and therefore you could not understand the influence of mother Sita. Now, because of her curse, you have been reduced to this state, having been killed by Lord Ramachandra.
O pleasure of the Rakshasa dynasty, because of you the state of Lanka and also we ourselves now have no protector. By your deeds you have made your body fit to be eaten by vultures and your soul fit to go to hell.
Shri Shukadeva Goswami said: Vibhishana, the pious brother of Ravana and devotee of Lord Ramachandra, received approval from Lord Ramachandra, the King of Kosala. Then he performed the prescribed funeral ceremonies for his family members to save them from the path to hell.
Thereafter, Lord Ramachandra found Sitadevi sitting in a small cottage beneath the tree named Shimshapa in a forest of Ashoka trees. She was lean and thin, being aggrieved because of separation from Him.
Seein His wife in that condition, Lord Ramachandra was very compassionate. When Ramachandra came before her, she was exceedingly happy to see her beloved, and her lotuslike mouth showed her joy.
After giving Vibhishana the power to rule the Rakshasa population of Lanka for the duration of one kalpa, Lord Ramachandra, the Supreme Personality of Godhead [Bhagavan], placed Sitadevi on an airplane decorated with flowers and then got on the plane Himself. The period for His living in the forest having ended, the Lord returned to Ayodhya, accompanied by Hanuman, Sugriva and His brother Lakshmana.
When Lord Ramachandra returned to His capital, Ayodhya, He was greeted on the road by the princely order, who showered His body with beautiful, fragrant flowers, while great personalities like Lord Brahma and other demigods glorified the activities of the Lord in great jubilation.
Upon reaching Ayodhya, Lord Ramachandra heard that in His absence His brother Bharata was eating barley cooked in the urine of a cow, covering His body with the bark of trees, wearing matted locks of hair, and lying on a mattress of kusha [grass]. The most merciful Lord very much lamented this.
When Lord Bharata understood that Lord Ramachandra was returning to the capital, Ayodhya, He immediately took upon His own head Lord Ramachandra's wooden shoes and came out from His camp at Nandigrama. Lord Bharata was accompanied by ministers, priests and other respectable citizens, by professional musicians vibrating pleasing musical sounds, and by learned brahmanas loudly chanting Vedic hymns. Following in the procession were chariots drawn by beautiful horses with harnesses of golden rope. These chariots were decorated with flags with golden embroidery and by other flags of various sizes and patterns. There were soldiers bedecked with golden armor, servants bearing betel nut, and many well-known and beautiful prostitutes. Many servants followed on foot, bearing an umbrella, whisks, different grades of precious jewels, and other paraphernalia befitting a royal reception. Accompanied in this way, Lord Bharata, His heart softened in ecstasy and His eyes full of tears, approached Lord Ramachandra and fell at His lotus feet with great ecstatic love.
After offering the wooden shoes before Lord Ramachandra, Lord Bharata stood with folded hands, His eyes full of tears, and Lord Ramachandra bathed Bharata with tears while embracing Him with both arms for a long time. Accompanied by mother Sita and Lakshmana, Lord Ramachandra then offered His respectful obeisances unto the learned brahmanas and the elderly persons in the family, and all the citizens of Ayodhya offered their respectful obeisances unto the Lord.
The citizens of Ayodhya, upon seeing their King return after a long absence, offered Him flower garlands, waved their upper cloths, and danced in great jubilation.
O King, Lord Bharata carried Lord Ramachandra's wooden shoes, Sugriva and Vibhishana carried a whisk and an excellent fan, Hanuman carried a white umbrella, Shatrughna carried a bow and two quivers, and Sitadevi carried a waterpot filled with water from holy places. Angada carried a sword, and Jambavan, King of the Rikshas, carried a golden shield.
O King Parikshit, as the Lord sat on His airplane of flowers, with women offering Him prayers and reciters chanting about His characteristics, He appeared like the moon with the stars and planets.
Thereafter, having been welcomed by His brother Bharata, Lord Ramachandra entered the city of Ayodhya in the midst of a festival. When He entered the palace, He offered obeisances to all the mothers, including Kaikeyi and other wives of Maharaja Dasharatha, and especially His own mother, Kaushalya. He also offered obeisances to the spiritual preceptors, such as Vasishtha. Friends of His own age and younger friends worshiped Him, and He returned their respectful obeisances, as did Lakshmana and mother Sita. In this way they all entered the palace.
Upon seeing their sons, the mothers of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna immediately arose, like unconscious bodies returning to consciousness. The mothers placed their sons on their laps and bathed them with tears, thus relieving themselves of the grief of long separation.
The family priest or spiritual master, Vasishtha, had Lord Ramachandra cleanly shaved, freeing Him from His matted locks of hair. Then, with the cooperation of the elderly members of the family, he performed the bathing ceremony [abhisheka] for Lord Ramachandra with the water of the four seas and with other substances, just as it was performed for King Indra.
Lord Ramachandra, fully bathed and His head clean-shaven, dressed Himself very nicely and was decorated with a garland and ornaments. Thus He shone brightly, surrounded by His brothers and wife, who were similarly dressed and ornamented.
Being pleased by the full surrender and submission of Lord Bharata, Lord Ramachandra then accepted the throne of the state. He cared for the citizens exactly like a father, and the citizens, being fully engaged in their occupational duties of varna and ashrama, accepted Him as their father.
Lord Ramachandra became King during Treta-yuga, but because of His good government, the age was like Satya-yuga. Everyone was religious and completely happy.
O Maharaja Parikshit, best of the Bharata dynasty, during the reign of Lord Ramachandra the forests, the rivers, the hills and mountains, the states, the seven islands and the seven seas were all favorable in supplying the necessities of life for all living beings.
When Lord Ramachandra, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, was the King of this world, all bodily and mental suffering, disease, old age, bereavement, lamentation, distress, fear and fatigue were completely absent. There was even no death for those who did not want it.
[PURPORT: All these facilities existed because of Lord Ramachandra's presence as the King of the entire world. A similar situation could be introduced immediately, even in this age called Kali, the worst of all ages. It is said, kali-kale name-rupe krsna-avatara: Krishna descends in this Kali-yuga in the form of His holy name—Hare Krishna, Hare Rama. If we chant offenselessly, Rama and Krishna are still present in this age. The kingdom of Rama was immensely popular and beneficial, and the spreading of this Hare Krishna movement can immediately introduce a similar situation, even in this Kali-yuga.]
Lord Ramachandra took a vow to accept only one wife and have no connection with any other women. He was a saintly king, and everything in His character was good, untinged by qualities like anger. He taught good behavior for everyone, especially for householders, in terms of varnashrama-dharma. Thus He taught the general public by His personal activities.
Mother Sita was very submissive, faithful, shy and chaste, always understanding the attitude of her husband. Thus by her character and her love and service she completely attracted the mind of the Lord.
[PURPORT: As Lord Ramachandra is the ideal husband (eka-patni-vrata), mother Sita is the ideal wife. Such a combination makes family life very happy. Yad yad acarati shreshas tat tad evetaro janah: whatever example a great man sets, common people follow. If the kings, the leaders, and the brahmanas, the teachers, would set forth the examples we receive from Vedic literature, the entire world would be heaven; indeed, there would no longer be hellish conditions within this material world.]
Lord Ramachandra Rules the World
Srimad-Bhagavatam, Canto 9, Chapter 11
Shukadeva Goswami said: Thereafter, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Ramachandra, accepted an acharya and performed sacrifices [yajnas] with opulent paraphernalia. Thus He Himself worshiped Himself, for He is the Supreme Lord of all demigods.
Lord Ramachandra gave the entire east to the hota priest, the entire south to the brahma priest, the west to the adhvaryu priest, and the north to the udgata priest, the reciter of the Sama Veda. In this way, He donated His kingdom.
Thereafter, thinking that because the brahmanas have no material desires they should possess the entire world, Lord Ramachandra delivered the land between the east, west, north and south to the acharya.
After thus giving everything in charity to the brahmanas, Lord Ramachandra retained only His personal garments and ornaments, and similarly the Queen, mother Sita, was left with only her nose ring, and nothing else.
All the brahmanas who were engaged in the various activities of the sacrifice were very pleased with Lord Ramachandra, who was greatly affectionate and favorable to the brahmanas. Thus, with melted hearts, they returned all the property received from Him and spoke as follows.
O Lord, You are the master of the entire universe. What have You not given to us? You have entered into the core of our hearts and dissipated the darkness of our ignorance by Your effulgence. This is the supreme gift. We do not need a material donation.
O Lord, You are the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who have accepted the brahmanas as Your worshipable deity. Your knowledge and memory are never disturbed by anxiety. You are the chief of all famous persons within this world, and Your lotus feet are worshiped by sages who are beyond the jurisdiction of punishment. O Lord Ramachandra, let us offer our respectful obeisances unto You.
Shukadeva Goswami continued: Once while Lord Ramachandra was walking at night incognito, hiding Himself by a disguise to find out the people's opinion of Himself, He heard a man speaking unfavorably about His wife, Sitadevi.
[Speaking to his unchaste wife, the man said] You go to another man's house, and therefore you are unchaste and polluted. I shall not maintain you any more. A henpecked husband like Lord Rama may accept a wife like Sita, who went to another man's house, but I am not henpecked like Him, and therefore I shall not accept you again.
Shukadeva Goswami said: Men with poor fund of knowledge and a heinous character speak nonsensically. Fearing such rascals, Lord Ramachandra abandoned His wife, Sitadevi, although she was pregnant. Thus Sitadevi went to the ashrama of Valmiki Muni.
When the time came, the pregnant mother Sitadevi gave birth to twin sons, later celebrated as Lava and Kusha. The ritualistic ceremonies for their birth were performed by Valmiki Muni.
O Maharaja Parikshit, Lord Lakshmana had two sons, named Angada and Chitraketu, and Lord Bharata also had two sons, named Taksha and Pushkala.
Shatrughna had two sons, named Subahu and Shrutasena. When Lord Bharata went to conquer all directions, He had to kill many millions of Gandharvas, who are generally pretenders. Taking all their wealth, He offered it to Lord Ramachandra. Shatrughna also killed a Rakshasa named Lavana, who was the son of Madhu Rakshasa. Thus He established in the great forest known as Madhuvana the town known as Mathura.
Being forsaken by her husband, Sitadevi entrusted her two sons to the care of Valmiki Muni. Then, meditating upon the lotus feet of Lord Ramachandra, she entered into the earth.
After hearing the news of mother Sita's entering the earth, the Supreme Personality of Godhead was certainly aggrieved. Although He is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, upon remembering the exalted qualities of mother Sita, He could not check His grief in transcendental love.
[PURPORT: Lord Ramachandra's grief at the news of Sitadevi's entering the earth is not to be considered material. In the spiritual world also there are feelings of separation, but such feelings are considered spiritual bliss. Grief in separation exists even in the Absolute, but such feelings of separation in the spiritual world are transcendentally blissful. Such feelings are a sign of tasya prema-vashyatva-svabhava, being under the influence of hladini-shakti and being controlled by love. In the material world such feelings of separation are only a perverted reflection.]
The attraction between man and woman, or male and female, always exists everywhere, making everyone always fearful. Such feelings are present even among the controllers like Brahma and Lord Shiva and is the cause of fear for them, what to speak of others who are attached to household life in this material world.
[PURPORT: As explained above, when the feelings of love and transcendental bliss from the spiritual world are pervertedly reflected in this material world, they are certainly the cause of bondage. As long as men feel attracted to women in this material world and women feel attracted to men, the bondage of repeated birth and death will continue. But in the spiritual world, where there is no fear of birth and death, such feelings of separation are the cause of transcendental bliss. In the absolute reality there are varieties of feeling, but all of them are of the same quality of transcendental bliss.]
After mother Sita entered the earth, Lord Ramachandra observed complete celibacy and performed an uninterrupted Agnihotra-yajna [fire sacrifice] for thirteen thousand years.
After completing the sacrifice, Lord Ramachandra, whose lotus feet were sometimes pierced by thorns when He lived in Dandakaranya [forest], placed those lotus feet in the hearts of those who always think of Him. Then He entered His own abode, the Vaikuntha planet beyond the brahmajyoti.
Lord Ramachandra's reputation for having killed Ravana with showers of arrows at the request of the demigods and for having built a bridge over the ocean does not constitute the factual glory of the Supreme Personality of Godhead Lord Ramachandra, whose spiritual body is always engaged in various pastimes. Lord Ramachandra has no equal or superior, and therefore He had no need to take help from the monkeys to gain victory over Ravana.
Lord Ramachandra's spotless name and fame, which vanquish all sinful reactions, are celebrated in all directions, like the ornamental cloth of the victorious elephant that conquers all directions. Great saintly persons like Markandeya Rishi still glorify His characteristics in the assemblies of great emperors like Maharaja Yudhishthira. Similarly, all the saintly kings and all the demigods, including Lord Shiva and Lord Brahma, worship the Lord by bowing down with their helmets. Let me offer my obeisances unto His lotus feet.
Lord Ramachandra returned to His abode, to which bhakti-yogis are promoted. This is the place to which all the inhabitants of Ayodhya went after they served the Lord in His manifest pastimes by offering Him obeisances, touching His lotus feet, fully observing Him as a fatherlike King, sitting or lying down with Him like equals, or even just accompanying Him.
O King Parikshit, anyone who aurally receives the narrations concerning the characteristics of Lord Ramachandra's pastimes will ultimately be freed from the disease of envy and thus be liberated from the bondage of fruitive activities.
Maharaja Parikshit inquired from Shukadeva Goswami: How did the Lord conduct Himself, and how did He behave in relationship with His brothers, who were expansions of His own self? And how did His brothers and the inhabitants of Ayodhya treat Him?
Shukadeva Goswami replied: After accepting the throne of the government by the fervent request of His younger brother Bharata, Lord Ramachandra ordered His younger brothers to go out and conquer the entire world, while He personally remained in the capital to give audience to all the citizens and residents of the palace and supervise the governmental affairs with His other assistants.
[EXCERPT from the PURPORT: The Supreme Personality of Godhead does not allow any of His devotees or assistants to be engaged in sense gratification. The younger brothers of Lord Ramachandra were at home enjoying the personal presence of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, but the Lord ordered Them to go out and achieve victory all over the world. … Lord Ramachandra showed His favor to His brothers by ordering Them to go out. Many of the Lord's devotees residing in Vrindavana have taken the vow not to leave Vrindavana to preach Krishna consciousness. But the Lord says that Krishna consciousness should be spread all over the world, in every village and every town. This is the open order of Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
prithivite ache yata nagaradi grama
sarvatra pracara haibe mora nama
A pure devotee, therefore, must execute the order of the Lord and must not gratify his senses by remaining stagnant in one place, falsely proud, thinking that because he does not leave Vrindavana but chants in a solitary place he has become a great devotee. A devotee must carry out the order of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu said, yare dekha, tare kaha 'krishna'-upadesha. Every devotee, therefore, should spread Krishna consciousness by preaching, asking whomever he meets to accept the order of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The Lord says, sarva-dharman parityajya mam ekam sharanam vraja: "Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me." This is the order of the Lord, who speaks as the supreme emperor. Everyone should be induced to accept this order, for this is victory (dig-vijaya). And it is the duty of the soldier, the devotee, to impress upon everyone this philosophy of life. … ]
During the reign of Lord Ramachandra, the streets of the capital, Ayodhya, were sprinkled with perfumed water and drops of perfumed liquor, thrown about by elephants from their trunks. When the citizens saw the Lord personally supervising the affairs of the city in such opulence, they appreciated this opulence very much.
The palaces, the palace gates, the assembly houses, the platforms for meeting places, the temples and all such places were decorated with golden waterpots and bedecked with various types of flags.
Wherever Lord Ramachandra visited, auspicious welcome gates were constructed, with banana trees and betel nut trees, full of flowers and fruits. The gates were decorated with various flags made of colorful cloth and with tapestries, mirrors and garlands.
Wherever Lord Ramachandra visited, the people approached Him with paraphernalia of worship and begged the Lord's blessings. "O Lord," they said, "as You rescued the earth from the bottom of the sea in Your incarnation as a boar, may You now maintain it. Thus we beg Your blessings."
Thereafter, not having seen the Lord for a long time, the citizens, both men and women, being very eager to see Him, left their homes and got up on the roofs of the palaces. Being incompletely satiated with seeing the face of the lotus-eyed Lord Ramachandra, they showered flowers upon Him.
Thereafter, Lord Ramachandra entered the palace of His forefathers. Within the palace were various treasures and valuable wardrobes. The sitting places on the two sides of the entrance door were made of coral, the yards were surrounded by pillars of vaidurya-mani [color changing gems], the floor was made of highly polished marakata-mani, and the foundation was made of marble. The entire palace was decorated with flags and garlands and bedecked with valuable stones, shining with celestial effulgence. The palace was fully decorated with pearls and surrounded by lamps and incense. The men and women within the palace all resembled demigods and were decorated with various ornaments, which seemed beautiful because of being placed on their bodies.
Lord Ramachandra, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, chief of the best learned scholars, resided in that palace with His pleasure potency, mother Sita, and enjoyed complete peace.
Without transgressing the religious principles, Lord Ramachandra, whose lotus feet are worshiped by devotees in meditation, enjoyed with all the paraphernalia of transcendental pleasure for as long as needed.
[End of the Eleventh Chapter, Ninth Canto, of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, entitled "Lord Ramachandra Rules the World."]
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– Always try and help others in whatever big or small way you can. It helps to bring happiness and appreciation at your work and among the people at your office.
– One of the best and the most difficult advice you could get is "Leave your personal worries at home & your professional issues at work" but it surely helps you keep focus and handle situations separately with more conviction and confidence.
– Another most important thing is the comfort level of your workspace or the cubicle you work in. Make it your own personal space (not like your own personal living room off course) where you feel the urge to work hard and also keeps you comfy, keep stuff like photographs, small plants, motivational quotes (if you're into that stuff), posters (not exactly movie posters) etc. which you like or just makes you feel more relaxed.
– Don't gossip, a little info sharing is ok but b**ching about someone or something behind someone's back is morally and professionally wrong, and could get you into trouble so why take a chance.
– Always find a way of finishing off pending work as soon as possible coz it can have a lot of problems, like seeing all those files / paperwork pile up on your desk makes you realise every minute that you have a lot of work to do and then de-motivates you to move forward, even with the current work you're doing.
– Maybe a check-list can help you keep organised and also to keep track of multiple things (even personal) that have to be done. Once you start to cross-off the things from the list … it automatically encourages you to finish of the last couple of things on it as well.
– Try and stay away from people who always complain about most of the things in the workplace or the people around. It just takes time those people get on your nerves or start to get into your head and make you feel the same way at some point of time.
– Don't eat too much at once, especially at work and try having loads of water Well actually this advice goes for all the people working or not… but it does really have a positive affect on your productivity and energy level.
– Always take small breaks of 10 mins , move around a little just to divert your mind off the work stress, and relax for a few mins and then come back to your desk feeling a little rejuvenated.
– Make an effort of knowning people at work and making friends at work , it always helps and reduces the chances of you feeling depressed and over-worked.
– Interact with people which have the same job profile and maybe more experience in the same field your working in, so that you can share your work problems easily and maybe discuss solutions and help each other out sometimes when needed.
– Keep yourself updated with info about what's going on in your company or about other departments. Try not to poke your nose into other people's business …always keep that in mind.
– Do things differently.Doing the same thing over and over again can be monotonous and non-productive sometimes… so try out new ways to do the same work while having more fun or taking more interest. And maybe the new approach improves your productivity level as well and keeps you happy doing the same thing which you were doing for the last few years.
– Take charge of your Professional Development , I know some people have a complaint that their bosses don't allow them to improve or try out new things and dont even give them the chance to develop their skills … and maybe they are right most of the times… but don't let that push you down… try and find ways to still go ahead with whatever you wanna learn and improve on.
– Stand up for yourself. It's hard to be happy when you're being harassed or bullied by the very people you work with and the only options you have is either to keep quiet or simply quit rather than confronting the problem. So don't let that happen to you.
– Don't make foolish commitments just to show-off or take extra responsibility to impress your boss, and then exert yourself more than you can just to prove that your right. Never a good idea.
– Expect change and prepare for it. Always be updated about the economy and the company's policies, trends, profits/losses etc. which in turn gives rise to some action which will eventually have an affect on your job. Another good option is to always have a backup plan.
– Don't let small fights or quarrels take a toll on you If you ever have a conflict or problems with a colleague … don't just keep it in and find ways to get back at him/her , instead find ways to resolve it as soon as possible without really throwing knives at each other.
– Sometimes go to other departments of the company or meet a few people who you don't know. You'll feel more comfortable socially, plus knowing more people obviously helps the work flow and making more contacts and connections.
– Stretching always helps you to relax the muscles , especially the back and the neck. There are so many simple workplace exercises which helps you to relax and feel more energetic and elongates your working capacity.
– Learn and acquire more skills to be more productive. It adds value to you, your work and your perspective about the work you do.
– Just make yourself feel lucky that you at least have a job. Since the very job you don't like somtimes gives the roof over your head and food on your plate and other luxuries of life… so just don't ignore those necessary details when cursing your job.
– If all else fails and you can't seem to be satisfied then just ask one simple question to your self … " is this worth it ? Am I happy doing what I do ? " If you don't get any good valid answers to this question then maybe you should just think of other options for work and be happy as well.
– Last … but definitely not the least advice I have for you is … " Have Fun..Chill Out & Lighten up " , it's only work. There are always bad days and good days…don't worry about it so much … worrying never solves the situation, it only ads pressure.
Be sincere , do whatever you love and do it with all your commitment and conviction everything just falls into place.


Since its inception over a hundred years ago, the movie culture we love has been ground zero for the offbeat and unusual. Come join me as I uncover illogical trivia and probe into the weird and wonderful corners of the greatest form of entertainment and the people who create it. It's not just bizarre…it's Hollywood Bizarre.
1955's biblical epic The Prodigal stars Lana Turner as a pagan high priestess luring a young man into darkness, but the real star of the movie is a towering, terrifying statue. The 11-foot tall behemoth weighs three tons and is the creation of the MGM props department, and is said to depict the Babylonian goddess Astarte. It was later slightly modified, and popped up again in 1959's Tarzan the Ape Man and finally in 1961's Atlantis, The Lost Continent. Believe it or not, this red-glowing-eyed hulk of horror spent years in a field in New Jersey, and was recently sold to a bar in Philadelphia, who has plans to put it on top of their building.
Another biblical epic, Cecil B. Demille's 1923 version of The Ten Commandments, cost 1.5 million dollars and was filmed in the central California desert. The fabricated sets included large-scale recreations of Egyptian architecture, statues, and over a dozen sphinxes. When filming ended, much of the set was abandoned where it stood and left for the elements to destroy.
However, in 2014, archaeologists discovered the decayed plaster ruins beneath the California desert sands, and huge efforts were made to save as much of DeMille's 91-year-old set as possible. The surviving remnants are currently on display at Guadalupe, California's The Dunes Center.
Los Angeles' Circus Liquor has been guarded by a 32-foot tall scary clown since 1959. The big creeper has been seen in numerous movies, including Clueless.
If you're ever visiting Hollywood and are too busy identifying dead bodies down at the morgue to buy yourself a souvenir, have no fear: the Los Angeles Coroner's Office has a gift shop where you can purchase mementos of your visit.
One of the most famous cars in the history of cinema is the ECTO-1, a 1959 Cadillac ambulance converted into a ghost-hunting vehicle for 1984's Ghostbusters. Unfortunately, both the ECTO-1 and the ECTO-1A from the film's sequel sat in disrepair on the Sony Pictures lot for over two decades, slowly decaying. Thankfully, the original car was finally lovingly restored in 2007. The ECTO-1A, however, was slated for restoration but never completed. A bunch of upset fans started a petition that collected thousands of signatures, but it seems like no progress has been made. The last photos of ECTO-1A showed a car that had been stripped and bore little resemblance to former glories. This story still has no happy ending.
The most famous sound effect in the history of movies is the Wilhelm Scream. It's been used in hundreds of films and countless television shows. The scream is attributed to Sheb Wooley, an actor who starred in dozens of cheap westerns in the 1950s, and was recorded for use in a movie called Distant Drums for a scene where a man was being attacked by an alligator. When sound editor Ben Burtt discovered the audio clip while working on the original Star Wars, he threw the scream into the movie and the rest is history. Though millions of people have heard Sheb Wooley's scream over the years, many of them have also heard his 1958 #1 Billboard hit song, "The Purple People Eater," never realizing both came from the same voice.
The Trojan horse created for the 2004 movie Troy currently resides in Canakkale City, Turkey. As it turns out, archeological evidence suggests that the region of Turkey known as Truva is the site of the historical city of Troy, and that a Turkish civilization dating back to 5,000 B.C. is the basis for Homer's story, not ancient Greece. The region has since been dubbed Troia and given the title of UNESCO World Heritage Site, where a crude Trojan Horse guards the spot. After the 2004 Hollywood film wrapped production, Brad Pitt gifted the gigantic Trojan Horse used in that movie to the people of Turkey. Plans are to move the horse to Troia once they complete construction on a museum they're building. Until then, it resides in the center of Canakkale City, serving as a bizarre gift from a country thousands of miles away.
How about some Hollywood sign trivia? Most people know that the sign originally read HOLLYWOODLAND, and advertised a ritzy housing development. The last four letters were dropped in 1949 to stop any further association with the real estate promotion and to further establish Hollywood as its own thing. What is less known is that the sign was in pitiful condition by the late 1970s because it had only been designed to stand for 18 months. Its replacement was funded by businessmen and celebrities when a public plea was made for 250,000 dollars, with $27,777.77 required for each letter. Hugh Hefner donated for one letter, Gene Autry for another, and Alice Cooper donated in honor of the recently-deceased Groucho Marx to replace the first "O" in HOLLYWOOD.
Also of interest is that there was ANOTHER famous sign in Old Hollywood. Outpost Estates was in direct competition with the Hollywoodland real estate venture, and in 1927, the word OUTPOST was installed in thirty-foot high neon letters on a hill above the Chinese Theater. Outpost Estates was another luxury housing development competing for the dollars of the Hollywood elite, and was founded on land that had a rich history. At the center of the development was a tree that had been used to hang no fewer than 13 horse thieves and outlaws. The hanging tree was chopped down in 1931 and in 1935 Bela Lugosi bought a home in the Outpost development. When the U.S. joined World War II, the neon letters of the OUTPOST sign were taken down for fear that the bright lights would serve as a target to enemy bombers. The sign has been forgotten over the years, but Outpost Estates has survived, and many of the classic homes still exist today, overlooking Hollywood and commanding millions of dollars.
On a final note, if you ever feel like watching a movie with the Hollywood elite, consider joining a Cinespia Cemetery Screening. A few times a year Cinespia conducts a screenings of classic Hollywood films within the walls of the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, among the graves of hundreds of Tinsel Town's deceased stars and creators. For as little as 25 dollars per movie, you can sit on the lawn of the cemetery and watch the cinematic contributions of those men and women who lay around and beneath you. It's just one more confirmation that movies are forever, and so is the bizarre world of Hollywood.
Cool article Heath,I share your love for this stuff.
Cool article -- made me want to add some of this stuff to my itinerary on my next trip to LA! Or Turkey.
Friends ask me did you hear the news about so and so?
But its been all over the radio?
I got to be honest I would love to watch Night of the Living Dead at the cemetery and bury a hand underneath the grass and at just the right moment.
Well i am super evil.


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As I weaved my way through the rows of lunch trays and chatting students, whispers of, "Look! A princess!" greeted me as the elementary school children spotted my tiara. But why would I be wearing a tiara in a school during lunch time? I'm so glad you asked!
Let me introduce myself: I'm Anna, the 2017-18 Washington State Dairy Ambassador. As the Ambassador, I travel around the state sharing stories about the dairy farm families of Washington and the health benefits of the delicious products they produce. While I enjoy all my travels, going to schools to talk with students is my one of my favorites.
So, what do you get when you combine excited students, a Dairy Ambassador and milk mustache stickers in a school cafeteria? A "dairy special" Harvest of the Month celebration!
School districts throughout Washington State feature a fresh food each month as part of the Washington State Department of Agriculture's Harvest of the Month program. The program encourages students to taste and appreciate the variety of delicious and healthy Washington foods available to them in their school meals. And during the month of February, Seattle Public Schools celebrated dairy for Harvest of the Month.
True or False: dairy is one of the most local foods in the cafeteria?
It's true! Milk goes from the farm to your local schools in less than 48 hours.
During the month of February, I joined dairy farmers and fellow dairy ambassadors visiting students during lunch to help serve milk, answer dairy questions, and showcase milk from farms right here in Washington. As the Dairy Ambassador, I was thrilled to celebrate Harvest of the Month at nearly a dozen participating schools.
As I was talking to students, I was so excited to see how eager they were to tell me their favorite dairy food or show a dairy food they were eating in their lunch. As a dairy ambassador, I love interacting with kids and helping them connect eating and learning in a fun way.
"As a dairy ambassador, I love interacting with kids and helping them connect eating and learning in a fun way."
Because dairy is so close to my heart, I love to share how dairy products go from farm to table. At one Harvest of the Month celebration, dairy farmer Michelle Schilter from Chehalis, Washington talked with the students about the "farm to table" story. Students were fascinated when she showed them the live video stream of cows on her farm. Dairy farmer Leann Krainick brought a milk machine from her farm and students were able to learn how cows are milked.
Fresh, local, nutritious foods (like dairy!) are an important part of every student's school meal. As lunch was starting, I was given the opportunity to make a nutrition announcement explaining why milk and dairy products are both local and fresh. Many students had no idea that school milk comes fresh from Washington dairy farms to their school within 48 hours. Students also reviewed the importance of drinking milk to help strengthen bones, teeth and muscles.
During this Harvest of the Month celebration, I wanted students to understand that healthy eating is fun and tasty as well as leaving them with a positive mealtime memory. So whether it is Harvest of the Month or just a typical Wednesday, local, Washington milk is something to celebrate all year long.


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I have a dental implant that I had inserted about 8 years ago, it is in the far back left of my mouth, on the bottom.
I historically had lost a molar during wisdom teeth removal and my implant serves as a replacement.
Just recently, i noticed a small stringy/threaded white material, poking out between my gum and my implant. It was maybe 4 mm long but only maybe 1 mm in diameter. And I pulled the material and it came out almost like a string from between my implant and my gum.
A few months have passed, and the gum on the outside of my implant has become inflamed due to an infection. I am not on antiobiotics and am working to clean the area around the implant.
My question is, could the stringy material have been decayed food? Or could it have been some kind of suture? If so, it seemed exceptionally deep between my gum and implant. I worry that during flossing, I might even accidentally push food deeper into my gums if I am not careful.
Had anyone had similar experiences with dental implants?


The South Dakota Prep Media Basketball Poll for the week of January 14, 2019, has been released with some changes in the middle of the rankings.
This week's poll features all six classes keeping the same number one team from last week. All of the top teams this week had stellar weeks combining for an overall record of 10-0 against opponents.
Changes in this week's poll took place in the middle of the classes. The Huron boys have dropped out of the top-five of Class AA boys after losses to Yankton and O'Gorman. The Knights are back in the top-five after a tough start, while Brandon Valley continues their strong start to the year.
On the girls AA side, O'Gorman remains in the top spot after holding Washington and Huron to a combined 51 points in the two games played against them. Washington is still holding on to the fifth spot in the rankings even with the loss to O'Gorman. Class AA girls are one of three classes in this week's poll to have the same five teams ranked in the same spot as last week.
The South Dakota Prep Media Basketball Poll for the week of Jan. 14 is listed below, ranking the top-five teams, the team's record, points received and ranking in the previous poll. First-place votes are listed in parentheses.


Bryce and Ashley Timberline are normal 13-year-old twins, except for one thing—they discover action-packed mystery wherever they go. Whether it's searching for a missing writer or fearing for their lives at the bottom of a canyon, Bryce and Ashley never lose their taste for adventure. Wanting to get to the bottom of any mystery, these twins find themselves on a nonstop search for the truth.


Note: The following discussion is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice. For specific information about the provisions of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 affecting charitable deductions, consult your tax adviser or attorney.
Getting ready to make your end-of-year gifts to charity? You may want to do some research first—the Pension Protection Act of 2006 contained several provisions affecting charitable deductions. Some went into effect this year; others will go into effect in 2007.
Here are brief summaries of the changes that might affect the average taxpayer. Consult your tax adviser or attorney for more details.
In 2006 and 2007, if you are age 70½ or older and have an Individual Retirement Account, you can donate up to $100,000 each year from your IRA to charity. The distribution will not be taxed as income as long as: the charity is eligible to receive tax-deductible contributions, the charity is not a section 509(a)(3) supporting organization, and the withdrawal goes directly to the charity. You do not need to itemize your taxes to take advantage of this provision; if you do itemize, however, you cannot also take the contribution as a deduction.
Used clothing or household items donated after August 17, 2006, must be in "good" condition or better to be deductible. An exception is a gift worth more than $500, which can be of lesser quality but which must be documented with a "qualified appraisal" included with your tax return. For information on determining the fair market value of your donations, see the Salvation Army's on-line guide, or visit your local Goodwill or other charity thrift store.
There are new rules for deducting "fractional gifts," i.e., shares of an artwork, collectible, or other valuable, made after August 17, 2006.
Beginning January 1, 2007, you must have a "bank record" or receipt for all monetary contributions you deduct. No more deducting that dollar you put in the kettle or collection plate.
Other provisions affect deductions for conservation easements, conservation contributions and rehabilitation tax credits, façade easements, contributions of vacant land in historical districts, and contributions of exempt use property. Consult your tax adviser or attorney for more information.


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Der Zoologische Garten Benedikt war der erste öffentliche Zoo in München. Er bestand von 1863 bis 1866 auf dem an den Englischen Garten grenzenden Anwesen Nr. 12 der Wiesenstraße (heute Königinstraße 28).

Geschichte
Der Münchner Großhändler Benedikt Benedikt, der sich mit dem Gedanken einer Zoogründung in München trug, plante zunächst die Errichtung einer Aktiengesellschaft zu diesem Zweck nach dem Vorbild etwa des Frankfurter Zoos. Wegen des mangelnden Interesses potenzieller Geldgeber an diesem Modell ging er das Projekt anschließend in Eigenregie an. Dazu erwarb er im September 1862 ein Grundstück an der Wiesenstraße westlich des Englischen Gartens, auf dem Jean Baptiste Métivier 1823 für den damaligen Kriegsminister Nikolaus von Maillot de la Treille eine Villa im Stil der italienischen Renaissance erbaut hatte, das sogenannte Maillot-Schlösschen. Das Anwesen hatte dann 1839 der Fabrikant Gustav Schulze erworben und darauf 1847 ein Gewächshaus errichten lassen.

1867 überstieg das Projekt Benedikts finanzielle Leistungsfähigkeit, weshalb versucht wurde, das Objekt zu versteigern. Da sich kein Käufer fand, fiel das Grundstück an die Stadt München, die es an den Unternehmer Hermann verpachtete. Dieser erweiterte das Konzept des Zoologischen Gartens um Eventgastronomie mit Konzerten. Zeichnungen vom Vorhaben erschienen im Münchener Punsch.

1870 erwarb der spätere Kommerzienrat Karl Rosipal das Anwesen und bewohnte es bis ins hohe Alter.

Nach 1924 erwarb einen Teil des Grundstückes die Anschütz-Kaempfe-Stiftung (Universitätsreitschule München GmbH) und einen Teil der Orden der Barmherzigen Schwestern.

Heute befindet sich auf dem Gelände der Hauptsitz der Allianz SE.

Literatur
 Michael Kamp, Helmut Zedelmaier (Hrsg.): Nilpferde an der Isar. Eine Geschichte des Tierparks Hellabrunn in München. Buchendorfer Verlag, München 2000, ISBN 3-934036-19-8, S. 16–25.
 Wiesenstraße Zoologischer Garten auf books.google.de

Einzelnachweise

Munchen
Gegründet 1863
Aufgelöst 1866
Münchner Geschichte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Fiber Year 2021 – world staple fibers
Andreas W. Engelhardt January 20, 2022 1k Views
Global supply of staple fibers in 2020 accounted for nearly 59 million tonnes, 52% of the world fiber and yarn market. Their share continuously diminished from more than 80% in the 1980s. Development after the turn of the millennium clearly revealed a distinct tendency in favor of mainly wood-based types comprising viscose, modal and lyocell fibers. They started their recovery 20 years ago with dynamic growth just interrupted by the financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Long-term development over four decades revealed doubling of global supply, equivalent to almost 2% annual average growth. Market development in 2020 initially suggested marginal expansion of natural fibers, stagnation of synthetics and decline of wood-based fibers. This extraordinary performance appeared plausible as cotton planting decision was already taken before the pandemic, while manmade fibers quickly can be controlled to match demand. Subsequent revisions now assume a stagnation of natural fibers. Synthetic fibers marginally advanced to 20 million tonnes thanks to expansion of polyester and nylon, both marking long-term highs, and cellulosic fiber expansion came to a temporary halt after 11-year growth after declining to 6.5 million tonnes. The chart above originates from The Fiber Year 2021 based on April 2021 projections, and the new textile yearbook to be released in May will include a comprehensive update.
The pandemic pummeled the international fashion industry and most textile-related applications. The sharp revision of cotton use, unprecedented in dimension, was a direct response after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Revisions before were a result of continuous downgradings of the International Monetary Fund's global growth projections. In addition, downgradings also affected other natural fibers. For example, flax with 80% of global supply originating from Europe ended its decade-long growth and another steep decrease is expected in 2021.
Polyester is the second-largest staple fiber and was the only type apart from small-scale nylon with growth in 2020, up 1% to 17 million tonnes. Chinese industry, occupying 62% global share, also suffered from slowing manufacturing due to lower recycled fiber output following the virgin material price spread further narrowing. In general, industry preferred standard blends such as CO/PES at lower prices as consumers cut spending on garment due to losses in disposable income.
Supply in regional terms is highly concentrated with PR China, India, U.S., Brazil and European Union covering almost three quarters. They have also been heavily engaged in trading with PR China and EU taking in a net importing position during quota-free period. U.S. traditionally has been the world's largest exporter of cotton and runs the largest fiber export surplus, predominantly resulting from more than 3 million tonnes cotton shipments as local use just accounted for around 10% of output while manmade fiber shipments were flat as CAFTA was shut 4-5 months and the typically strong cotton yarn export surplus mainly arises from regional trade agreements including yarn-forward provisions.
The movement of textile chain in Brazil continued to veer toward raw cotton exports, increasingly relying on sourcing manmade fibers abroad amid gradually shrinking local production while cotton cultivation hit all-time high harvesting in 2019/20 season after four-year growth of area and improvement of yields. However, domestic use at the same time shrank to just a fifth of actual production. Thus, total export surplus reached a historic high at 2 million tonnes, but cotton exports out of one port implies potential risk in case of temporary shutdown or impaired operation.
India has the world's largest cotton, coir and jute fiber cultivation and ranks second in manmade fiber supply. The country was the world's third-largest net exporter of fibers at 1.9 million tonnes next to U.S. at 3.3 million tonnes and Brazil at 2.0 million tonnes. The decisive bottleneck preventing higher value added production and finally enlarged apparel exports continued to be the midstream segment, although India houses the world's largest number of looms, of which the vast majority is installed in an unorganized sector.
The next installment of "The Fiber Year" column will take a look at the trend of spun and filament yarn production.
Andreas W. Engelhardt
Andreas Engelhardt, a former senior manager at Oerlikon Textile International Business, is the founder and president of The Fiber Year GmbH. The company's mission is to provide international expertise, analyses, strategy consulting, and customized solutions to the international textile industry. Andreas can be reached at +41 71 450 06 82 or engelhardt@thefiberyear.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jul 29, 2014 ... Sebastian Porter – Geschichten einer blauen Raupe (feat. ...... up of producer and composer Eric Crusher with singer and songwriter Chloe Berlin. ... first release, Unicorn, a soft yet danceable romance song that begins slowly with a ... refined lyrics furthering the evocative emotion created by Crusher's track.


Helen McGregor directed me to the above photo, which she found among the digitalized images of the State Library of Victoria. She had been searching for information on Jimmy Feehan, a friend whom her father, Scottish soldier Thomas Penman, spent time with after the men escaped from Camp 59.
14/9/1944 – Entrained at Victoria. Vic L of C Area (report of 25/9/1944).
"So it was between the 10th and 14th of September 1944.
American readers should note the day precedes the month in the above dates. For example, 10/9/1944 is September 10, 1944.
The following dates and locations for Thomas Penman are from a British military record for Thomas that Helen McGregor shared with me.
Deemed to have been enlisted March 19, 1940.
The last entry apparently covers the period from his return to the UK in August 1944 through his lengthy recovery at Camp 197 ("The Mount") in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales.
This entry was posted in ANZAC Prisoners, James Feehan, Leslie Worthington, Thomas Penman on April 24, 2016 by Dennis Hill.


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If this controversy been "resolved" by most of the economics profession today in favor of some version of the aggregate demand view, what does that say about economics as a science? If the majority is wrong (as Austrians believe) -- after all of these years of discussion -- where is the science? Are we using the word "science" just to impress people?
Commented Aug 7, 2013 on Economics as a Coordination Problem -- Even in Tough Times It is Important to Stress This at Coordination Problem
Economics as a Coordination Problem -- Even in Tough Times It is Important to Stress This
|Peter Boettke| Mathieu Bedard recently brought my attention to the following quote from Robert Leonard's excellent Von Neuman, Morgenstern and the Creation of Game Theory: From 1928, Hayek and Morgenstern had been the co-directors of the [Austrian Trade Cycle Institute], with its tiny staff. [...
On a related note, there was a very recent conference at the NBER in Cambridge about the Fed and the *first* hundred years. If you look at the cast of invitees you do not see any serious re-evaluation of the Fed -- anything fundamental has been ruled out by the Establishment.
Commented Jul 20, 2013 on Gold as a Hedge; Gold as a Standard at Coordination Problem
Gold as a Hedge; Gold as a Standard
|Peter Boettke| Gold is back in the news. Since 2001, and then with the onset of the financial crisis in 2008, the price of gold rose drastically as investors sought to hedge against extreme events on the bad side. But also as the Fed has responded to the crisis with one round of quantitativ...
There is a Chinese (I think) saying that a fool can ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in a lifetime. This list reminds me of that. I would adjust it as: A fool can make more errors in a relatively short column than a wise man can correct in a lifetime. The errors seem to be of two major kinds: (1) A&L often can't distinguish the general rule from the exceptions; (2) They do not realize that most economists do not take the idealizations of economic theory literally. These idealizations require a certain judgment to apply. Complications of the basic model are important but often irrelevant to basic policy. And what's more: public choice considerations often spoil attempt to be subtle -- like counteracting foreign subsidies with domestic tariffs.
Commented Jul 9, 2013 on Econ 101 is What is Needed Most at Coordination Problem
Econ 101 is What is Needed Most
|Peter Boettke| Robert Atkinson and Michael Lind have it exactly reverse. Econ 101 isn't what is killing us, it is the denial of the practical impliactions of the science of economics that is. One must always remember that simple economics -- basic principles derived from the logic of action in...
Your words are good and true to the man. I remember Leonard from my college days at Fordham. I met him through Murray Rothbard during the late 1960s. Radicalism was everywhere in the air then. We libertarians -- Leonard and Murray included -- were trying to figure out if we could make common cause with the so-called "New Left." That ultimately went nowhere for what are now obvious reasons. Leonard has spent his life building liberal and Austrian movements. I have learned much from Leonard both intellectually and about dedication to a purpose. Thank God he has come our way. Ad multos annos.
Commented Jul 6, 2013 on Happy 80th Birthday Leonard Liggio at Coordination Problem
Happy 80th Birthday Leonard Liggio
Steven Horwitz Let me take a moment to wish a happy 80th birthday to one of the most important figures in the modern libertarian movement who many of you might not know: Leonard Liggio. Leonard has been around the movement since his youth, having spent time with Rand and Rothbard and being one o...
The problem is the combination of democracy and the idea of the omnipotence of democracy. This was thoroughly discussed by classical liberals in the 19th century -- Herbert Spencer, Alexis de Tocqueville, William Lecky, Thomas Babington Macauley and others. I like the line from Herbert Spencer -- the political superstition of previous times was the divine right of kings; the political superstition of the present is the divine right of parliaments. I am not sure there is much we can do about this today. The genie is out of the bottle.
Commented Jun 29, 2013 on Liberalism is a Guiding End, Democracy is Merely a Means at Coordination Problem
Liberalism is a Guiding End, Democracy is Merely a Means
|Peter Boettke| The web is a buzz with discussion of Hayek's affinity with right-wing dictatorship. In these discussions, the line between the consistent and persistent implications of some intellectuals theory and their own personal practical political vision is often blurred. In an important...
Once again my comment -- morally decent and intellectually perfect -- was deleted. There is a communist somewhere in this system.
Commented Jun 12, 2013 on Contrasting Visions of the Role of the Economist at Coordination Problem
Contrasting Visions of the Role of the Economist
|Peter Boettke| Ludwig von Mises argued in Human Action that: "It is impossible to understand the history of economic thought if one does not pay attention to the fact that economics as such is a challenge to the conceit of those in power." p. 67 On the other hand, Thomas Pogge believes the foll...
Very odd clip. But I do think it shows the limits of economics as a "science." I am not saying that Stiglitz's economics is just as good as anyone else's. What I am saying is that when you deal with issues that are as interwoven with political, moral, and ideological considerations, economists have -- in practice -- a hard time keeping all of these considerations separate. He is not wrong that economists can have an interest in believing certain things. But Stiglitz is not the exception he thinks he is. After all, he is in the business of promoting Soros's brand of "new" economic thinking. Lucas, on the other hand, thinks of economics as the discipline that invents toy economies that do not "easily" relate to real economies or real economic policy. But he loves his mathematical precision. What is his interest? Not the real world, I am afraid. So the answer is they both fit into a profession that has lost its way.
Commented May 29, 2013 on What Does It Say About a Discipline When the Term "Mainstream" Applies Equally to Joe Stiglitz and to Bob Lucas? at Coordination Problem
What Does It Say About a Discipline When the Term "Mainstream" Applies Equally to Joe Stiglitz and to Bob Lucas?
|Peter Boettke| HT: Roger Koppl
Yay, Pete! You didn't forget. Neither did I. http://thinkmarkets.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/f-a-hayek-his-114th-birthday/ I have a similar picture hanging in my office (slightly different pose). But I had the nasty napkin taken out.
Commented May 8, 2013 on Happy Birthday Professor Hayek at Coordination Problem
Happy Birthday Professor Hayek
Mises is so screwed up on methodology that I wish I have never read that first section of Human Action. It is not that his position is entirely wrong but he doesn't know how to explain it. He uses terms very carelessly. The only interpretation of Mises on methodology that makes any sense to me is that produced by Roderick Long in his yet-unpublished, but available, book on Wittgenstein and Austrian Economics. You can find it on Mises.org and on Roderick's web page. But then we must ultimately thank Wittgenstein for this.
Commented May 1, 2013 on Implications of Machlup's Interpretation of Mises's Epistemology at Coordination Problem
Implications of Machlup's Interpretation of Mises's Epistemology
We argue that Machlup's (1955) interpretation of Mises's epistemology is at least, if not more, plausible than Rothbard's (1957). The implications of Machlup's interpretation of Mises and Austrian epistemology affect Austrians, non-Austrians and how they relate to each other. Machlup's interpret...
My comment was deleted. ???!!!
Commented Apr 1, 2013 on Market-Destroying Institutions: Why Emergency Policies in Cyprus Embody all that is Wrong about Europe at Coordination Problem
Market-Destroying Institutions: Why Emergency Policies in Cyprus Embody all that is Wrong about Europe
~ Frederic Sautet ~ Some depositors at Cyprus' largest bank may lose a lot of money (e.g. see article in FT). Those with deposits above €100,000 could lose 37.5 percent in tax (cash converted into bank shares), and on top of that another 22.5 percent to replenish the bank's reserves (a "special ...
As we know, there were economists recommending expanding government spending during recessions even before Keynes made it his own policy. The source was the old Chicago school. I am saying that there was this kind of macro-thinking even before the Keynesian revolution.
Commented Mar 26, 2013 on How the Keynesian Revolution Changed Everything at Coordination Problem
How the Keynesian Revolution Changed Everything
|Peter Boettke| That was the title of a talk I gave last week at a joint IHS/Mercatus conference. My argument was rather simple --- Keynesianism changed everything because it changed the language we used to discuss economic issues, and by controling the language Keynesianism controlled the way ...
I have used Larry's book for the past three years (first in manuscript form). It is truly excellent.
Commented Feb 26, 2013 on Larry White at Hillsdale -- The Great Debate Lecture at Coordination Problem
Larry White at Hillsdale -- The Great Debate Lecture
|Peter Boettke| During the fall 2012 term I taught Larry White's The Clash of Economic Ideas in 2 of my classes -- 1 undergraduate and 1 graduate. It is an amazing work -- extremely readable and, dare I say, entertaining as it is full of history and fascinating personalities, yet also serious s...
I hate the new way comments are to be posted. I don't know what I am doing. There is no Mariorizzo.wordpress.com Mario Rizzo.
Commented Feb 15, 2013 on The Rule of Law and Economic Policy at Coordination Problem
The Rule of Law and Economic Policy
|Peter Boettke| In my PhD seminar Econ828 this evening we will be discussing Part II of Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. This section of the book raises several important issues for political economists to think about, but most important in my opinion is the quesiton of the relationship of ...
So he changed his mind on redistribution from the position in The Constitution of Liberty? Mario Rizzo.
I have experience teaching a course on classical liberalism in one form or another for twenty years. I can say with some confidence that economists generally have very little clear knowledge of what it is. One economics major thought economic liberalism meant the "efficient markets" hypothesis. We must also remember that Keynes made a mess of the definition of "liberalism" with his dichotomy between the macro sector, including the "socialization" of investment, and the micro world where mom and pop firms could do what they want. It is also the case that some economists do not consider big redistributionist schemes as in any way hindering the liberal economic order. I guess they believe something like John Stuart Mill's split between the laws of production and the laws of redistribution. Of course, we can argue about the purity of liberal policies but I do not think it is too much to ask that people recognize the mixed- economy interventionism is the dominant view in the west. (On a contentious political note, one could hardly listen to Obama Inaugural address and think economic liberalism is the dominant ideology.)
Commented Jan 23, 2013 on Compare and Contrast --- Economic Analysis of Mercantilism and Its Contemporary Relevance at Coordination Problem
Compare and Contrast --- Economic Analysis of Mercantilism and Its Contemporary Relevance
|Peter Boettke| Here is Dani Rodrik writing on Januray 9th of 2013. Here is Murray Rothbard writing in November 1963. Rodrik claims that "The liberal model has become severely tarnished, owing to the rise in inequality and the plight of the middle class in the West, together with the financial c...
I was also impressed by the documentary, "The Power of Nightmares" which I think of as a companion piece in many ways. It shows the psychological role of scaring people in building a large defense establishment. You can now view it in whole or part free of charge. http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-power-of-nightmares/
Commented Jan 16, 2013 on Why We Fight at Coordination Problem
|Peter Boettke| One benefit of coping with the flu, is the opportunity to catch up on things you wanted to watch but haven't had the opportunity to watch. So I watched the documentary Why We Fight, which is about the rise and maintenance of the military-industrial complex. This documentary d...
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A postpartum doula is a trained consultant and educator who specializes in the care of new moms, babies and families in the first 12 weeks following birth.
During this time of great transition, it is helpful to have a non-judgmental, caring person who understands the wide range of normal postpartum and newborn emotional and physical behavior.
Postpartum doulas are trained to advise and educate parents on newborn care, breast or bottle-feeding, needs of the postpartum mom and baby, sibling adjustments, and other aspects of life when a baby joins the family, such as how to grocery shop and run errands with a baby.
Postpartum doulas help facilitate bonding of the new family and smoothing the transition to parenthood. The development of confident, secure and happy parents and babies is a primary goal of postpartum doulas.
Although the duties of a postpartum doula may include holding the baby while the mother rests or takes care of other needs, they are not babysitters. They are also not baby nurses, although their duties include helping the mother recognize normal infant behavior and directing her toward appropriate medical care for herself or her baby when indicated. Postpartum doulas frequently help with some household chores such as laundry, meal preparation and grocery shopping, but they are not housekeepers. If a new mother simply wants a babysitter, nurse or housekeeper, she should hire one of those professionals.
However, if the new mother would like to be cared for and nurtured during these transforming weeks of her life, if she would like to be educated on issues and techniques involved in caring for her new baby, and if she would like to have a personal consultant who is trained to observe and apply specific information just for her new family, then a postpartum doula is the one to seek.
It is possible to ease into motherhood with confidence and peace. Having a postpartum doula can be best gift a new mother ever receives!
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> throttle back, which is nicer, but at least they don't burn).
Volyage applied x current consumed = watts. Reach for the cpu datasheet.
point builds will fail. Every thermal resistance is provided in ohms.
junctions - case; case - heatsink.
above ambient. Get the idea?
Don't forget ram in all of this. That could be the issue here too.


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Approximately 80 percent of U.S. consumers are in debt, so it makes sense that consumers differ in how they deal with the problem. Below we'll look at three unwise ways to deal with large debt and suggest three alternative strategies instead.
It can be argued that this is the easiest get-out-of-debt strategy, but denial is not at all effective. If you're buried with debt, it might seem easier to tune out the problem, but you'll only make matters worse.
Ignoring your debt (refusing to repay what you owe) could result in collection calls or potential lawsuits. Even if you "ignore" your debts, your debtors surely won't ignore them.
The lottery can potentially be a good system, but in the U.S., it's a broken process and gives expensive false hope to those who can't really afford it. Per a 2016 Gallup Poll, over half of Americans played the lotto, yet it's more likely for a person to get attacked by a shark or killed by a vending machine than it is to win the lottery.
Save those funds and allocate it toward your highest-interest credit card instead.
Unless you want to drop off the proverbial grid, you need to house and feed yourself at the minimum. You probably need a few other things as well. Abstaining from spending money isn't the answer; work on a plan to get out of debt and think of ways to generate more money instead.
There's nothing as empowering as solving problems on your own. Debtors in the early stages of falling behind on their payments need to be proactive about informing creditors of their financial situation. Since creditors want to get paid and don't want to eventually hand the debt off to a collection agency or lose it through bankruptcy, they might work with you in the form of lower interest rates, a payment grace period or even a complete payment restructuring.
Other DIY methods you should couple with reaching out to creditors are improving your financial literacy by reading personal finance blogs and books, creating a realistic budget and implementing debt repayment strategies like the debt avalanche or debt snowball.
When debt has surpassed the early stages and is starting to build up, using a debt relief company may relieve some of the stress. These companies may offer different strategies like debt consolidation, debt management, debt settlement, etc.
A debt consolidation plan can simplify your balances if your credit score hasn't been severely impacted yet and you can take out a loan to cover your outstanding balances. The idea here is that the new loan will have a lower interest rate than your other debts and that one payment will make it easier to stick to an aggressive repayment plan.
Going the debt settlement route means the company will negotiate with your creditors to reduce the percentage of debt you owe. Debt settlement could save you a lot of time and money on your debt. However, scams can be rampant, so research companies wisely through online review sites and by calling each one to get a feel for their knowledge and interest in your situation, not a sale. For instance, organizations like Freedom Debt Relief have a positive reputation for reducing the amount owed and the amount of time it takes to pay off a debt.
For debtors who don't want to work with a company, declaring bankruptcy, either by chapter 7 or chapter 13, can provide a fresh financial start. Chapter 7 can wipe away a debtor's full balance but will liquidate many of the debtor's possessions to help pay back the debts.
Chapter 13 bankruptcy allows a debtor to keep their possessions as long as they make 3–5 years of court-ordered payments. Bankruptcy will stay on credit scores for 7-10 years and takes years to resolve, in addition to court costs, financial courses and attorney fees. However, it's still a path out of the red.
There's no uniform best way to get out of debt. A debtor's situation, income prospects, and long-term goals should dictate the strategy. However, having a plan you can track will yield progress. Frivolous spending, denial and constricting your lifestyle of necessities will only get you further behind.
If you are interested in even more lifestyle-related articles and information from us here at Bit Rebels then we have a lot to choose from.


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varnishadm¶

Control a running Varnish instance¶

SYNOPSIS¶

varnishadm [-t timeout] [-S secret_file] [-T address:port] [-n name] [command [...]]

DESCRIPTION¶

The varnishadm utility establishes a CLI connection to varnishd either
using -n name or using the -T and -S arguments. If -n name is
given the location of the secret file and the address:port is looked
up in shared memory. If neither is given varnishadm will look for an
instance without a given name.

If a command is given, the command and arguments are sent over the CLI
connection and the result returned on stdout.

If no command argument is given varnishadm will pass commands and
replies between the CLI socket and stdin/stdout.

OPTIONS¶

<col class="option" />
<col class="description" />

-t <var>timeout</var>
Wait no longer than this many seconds for an operation to finish.

-S <var>secret_file</var>
Specify the authentication secret file. This should be the same -S
argument as was given to varnishd. Only processes which can read
the contents of this file, will be able to authenticate the CLI connection.

-n <var>name</var>
Connect to the instance of varnishd with this name.

-T address:port

Connect to the management interface at the specified address and port.

The syntax and operation of the actual CLI interface is described in
the varnish-cli(7) manual page. Parameteres are described in
varnishd(1) manual page.

Additionally, a summary of commands can be obtained by issuing the
help command, and a summary of parameters can be obtained by issuing
the param.show command.

EXIT STATUS¶

If a command is given, the exit status of the varnishadm utility is
zero if the command succeeded, and non-zero otherwise.

EXAMPLES¶

Some ways you can use varnishadm:

varnishadm -T localhost:999 -S /var/db/secret vcl.use foo
echo vcl.use foo | varnishadm -T localhost:999 -S /var/db/secret
echo vcl.use foo | ssh vhost varnishadm -T localhost:999 -S /var/db/secret

SEE ALSO¶

varnishd(1)

HISTORY¶

The varnishadm utility and this manual page were written by Cecilie
Fritzvold. Converted to reStructuredText and updated in 2010 by Per
Buer.

COPYRIGHT¶

This document is licensed under the same licence as Varnish
itself. See LICENCE for details.

Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Varnish Software AS

目次

varnishadm

Control a running Varnish instance

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

EXIT STATUS

EXAMPLES

SEE ALSO

HISTORY

COPYRIGHT

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text:
"Steadfastness in believing doth not exclude all temptations from without. When we say a tree is firmly rooted, we do not say the wind never blows upon it."
— John Owen
John Owen1
"Everything is the same, the fog says 'We are fog and we fly by dissolving like ephemera,' and the leaves say 'We are leaves and we jiggle in the wind, that's all, we come and go, grow and fall' — Even the paper bags in my garbage pit say 'We are mantransformed paper bags made out of wood pulp, we are kinda proud of being paper bags as long as that will be possible, but we'll be mush again with our sisters the leaves come rainy season' — The tree stumps say 'We are tree stumps torn out of the ground by men, sometimes by the wind, we have big tendrils full of earth that drink out of the earth' — Men say 'We are men, we pull out tree stumps, we make paper bags, we think wise thoughts, we make lunch, we look around, we make a great effort to realise everything is the same."
— Jack Kerouac American writer 1922 - 1969
"We're tired of trees. We should stop believing in trees, roots, and radicles. They've made us suffer too much. All of arborescent culture is founded on them, from biology to linguistics. Nothing is beautiful or loving or political aside from underground stems and aerial root, adventitious growths and rhizomes."
— Gilles Deleuze French philosopher 1925 - 1995
from A Thousand Plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia, p. 15
"What do we plant when we plant a tree?
A thousand things that we daily see,
We plant the spire that out-towers the crag,
We plant the staff for our country's flag;
We plant the shade from the hot sun free,
We plant all these when we plant the tree."
— Henry Abbey American poet 1842 - 1911
"Christmas is here:
Winds whistle shrill,
Icy and chill.
Little care we;
Little we fear
Weather without,
Sheltered about
The Mahogany Tree."
— William Makepeace Thackeray novelist 1811 - 1863
The Mahogany Tree, reported in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919).
""Harold and I tried to plant new trees, but they won't take because of the roots. You got to dig up the old stumps and they go way down. It cost a lot and the roots go everywhere. Under the streets and the lawns. We got them in our cellar. And you seen the sidewalks." I said I had. "You'd like to plant a tree or two, but where?" "The roots will die eventually," I said, trying to be optimistic, since she really wanted to plant trees. "That's what I said. Harold says no. He says they just petrify there in the ground, making it impossible for anything alive to find root and grab ahold. 'Course Harold is a sourpuss. I think sometimes he just says things like that so he won't have to go out and try. Some people would rather do without trees than dig a little hole.""
— Richard Russo American novelist, short story writer and screenwriter 1949
"Without land we are not secure. The reason I am saying land is important, is that when you look at the trees, you feel satisfied. Not because you have eaten, but because it is your land. Without land you are like a bird that is flying from one place to another without a nest. That is why land is important."
— Roy Sesana Botswana activist 1950
APTN report, January 2002 http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/news/san-news-05-09-30.htm
"A Race without the knowledge of its history is like a tree without roots."
— Marcus Garvey Jamaica-born British political activist, Pan-Africanist, orator, and entrepreneur 1887 - 1940
Though often attributed to Garvey, this statement first appears in Charles Siefert's 1938 pamphlet, The Negro's or Ethiopian's Contribution to Art.
"An oak tree is an oak tree. That is all it has to do. If an oak tree is less than an oak tree, then we are all in trouble."
— Thich Nhat Hanh, Being Peace
"We humans look rather different from a tree. Without a doubt we perceive the world differently than a tree does. But down deep, at the molecular heart of life, the trees and we are essentially identical."
— Carl Sagan, Cosmos
"If invisible people eat invisible food does invisible wind blow invisible trees?"
— Cecelia Ahern, If You Could See Me Now
"And in the ghostly palm-trees the sleepy tune
Of the quiet voice calling me, the long low croon
Of the steady Trade Winds blowing."
— John Masefield English poet and writer 1878 - 1967
"Grow as a palm-tree on God's Mount Zion; howbeit shaken with winds, yet the root is fast."
— Samuel Rutherford Scottish Reformed theologian
"If we surrendered
to earth's intelligence
we could rise up rooted, like trees."
— Rainer Maria Rilke, Rilke's Book of Hours: Love Poems to God
"I was total trailer trash, babe. I can't remember any real tornadoes, although there were a couple of times when we had to tie our bicycles to trees to keep them from blowing away."
— Cameron Richardson American actress 1979
"I hail the seasons as they go,
I woo the sunshine, brave the wind,
I scan the lily and the rose,
I nod to every nodding tree,
I follow every stream that flows,
And wait beside the steadfast sea."
— Elizabeth Drew Stoddard United States poet and novelist 1823 - 1902
From The Poet's Secret 1895 edition in Poems kindle ebook ASIN B0084BS0QSASIN
"The old
Old winds that blew
When chaos was, what do
They tell the clattered trees that I
Should weep?"
— Adelaide Crapsey American writer 1878 - 1914
"Night Winds".


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text:
Q: automating the saving of multiple graphs I need to generate 170 graphs. When I try to automate the saving off all the graphs, only the first one appear with the right graphics the other ones are blank.
df <- read.csv("Full_data.csv", header = TRUE)
all.station <- as.vector(unique(df$Station))
for (i in 1:10) {
df.sub <- subset(df, df$Station == all.station[i])
df.1 <- df.sub[1:3, ]
v <- df.1[1,1]
z <- df.1[1, 3]
u <- df.sub[6, 3]

p1 = ggplot(...)
p2 = ggplot(...)
p3 = ggplot(...)
grid.arrange(p1, p2, p3, ncol = 3)
f.name <- paste(v, ".png", sep = "")
png(f.name)
ggsave(f.name, width=3.5, height=5, units = c("in"), dpi=100)

}
dev.off()

When I do it manually, all of them worked fine through the export command in the plot window. I tried using the method in cookbook but it only works for the first graph. Any suggestion about what I do wrong?

A: I was able thru research (matt to find out that ggsave don't work with grid.arrange.
so I had to use this that work perfectly:
    f.name <- paste(v, ".png", sep = "") +
    png(f.name) +
    grid.arrange(p1, p2, p3, ncol = 3)
    dev.off()
    }

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