text:
Titanijev dioksid ili titanijev(IV) oksid (TiO2) javlja se u tri kristalne modifikacije: tetragonskoj (mineral rutil), romboedarskoj (mineral brukit) i drugoj tetragonskoj (mineral anatas). Rutil ima veliki indeks loma, a optičku disperzivnost veću od dijamanta. Ima i veliku moć pokrivanja, te se upotrebljava kao bijela boja (titanijevo bjelilo). TiO2 ima amfoterna svojstva. Taljenjem s metalnim oksidima, hidroksidima i karbonatima daje titanate.

Titanijev dioksid je proizvedena tvar. Od njega, na primjer, je pasta za zube bijela, a boja neprozirna. Uz to, TiO2 može razgraditi gotovo svaku organsku tvar kada je izložen sunčevoj svjetlosti ili nekom drugom izvoru svjetlosti. Iz tog razloga mnoge tvtke danas dobro zarađuju zahvaljujući reaktivnosti titanijevog dioksida, razvijajući širok spektar ekološki prihvatljivih proizvoda, uključujući samočisteće tkanine, politure za automobile, premaze za stakla koji onemogućuju zadržavanje nečistoće i vode i još mnoge druge proizvode za kućanstvo, automobile i industriju.

Razvijaju se i premazi na bazi TiO2 koji bi se nanosili na cestu i pločnik, te odstranjivali dušikov oksid iz zraka, rastvarajući ga na ekološki prihvatljivije spojeve, koje bi jednostavno isprala kiša. Titanijev dioksid je bezopasan (netoksičan) i stoga se koristi u mnogim kozmetičkim proizvodima (kremama za sunčanje, ruževima za usta, sapunima, pastama za zube), a sve je prisutniji i u farmaciji. Njegova primjena je prihvaćena čak i u prehrambenoj industriji, gdje se koristi kao umjetno bijelo bojilo za hranu E171, nalazi se u omotima pojedinih salama i na mnogim drugom mjestima. Čak se dodaje i u duhan, kako bi se dobio bijeli pepeo pri gorenju cigarete.

Titanijev dioksid se može smatrati neotrovnim, jer sam titanij je inertan, ali kako se sve više smanjujemo, postaje aktivniji. Istraživanja su pokazala da se nano čestice (čestice veličine 1 do 100 nm) TiO2 talože u stanicama, jer one zbog veličine nemaju metoda kako bi ga izbacile, i u njima mogu uzrokovati jednostrane i dvostrane prekide DNK. Istraživanja na miševima su pokazala da se genetičke promjene događaju već petog dana, što bi bio ekvivalent ljudskoj izloženosti u trajanju nešto manjoj od 20 mjeseci.

Nanočestice titanijevog dioksida
Nanočestice danas nije neuobičajno susresti u tvarima koje izravno dolaze u kontakt s kožom, kao npr. u sredstvima za sunčanje ili u mineralnom make up-u. Tamo se nalaze zbog zabrinutosti da su pojedini noviji sastojci kancerogeni i izazivaju hormonalne poremećaje. To je bio razlog da se dio korisnika vratio klasičnim receptima, ali i oni su imali manu, barem vidljivu. Naime klasični recept za kremu za sunčanje koristi titanijev dioksid ili cinkov oksid, koji ostavljaju trag. Proizvođači su uočili da ako samelju te okside na nano veličinu, zadržavaju pozitivna svojstva, ali dobiju i jedno korisnicima poželjno svojstvo – sredstvo bude prozirno zbog čestica koje su manje od valne duljine vidljive svjetlosti, što je bila jedina mana tradicionalnog recepta. Prozirna sredstva za sunčanje su ubrzo postala najraširenija upotreba nanočestica među populacijom. I kod make up-a je slična priča, finije mljeveni minerali u njima daju glađi i svjetlucaviji efekt, koji se dopao korisnicama.

Titanijev dioksid se može smatrati neotrovnim, jer sam titanij je inertan, ali kako se sve više smanjujemo, postaje aktivniji. Istraživanja su pokazala da se nano čestice (čestice veličine 1 do 100 nm) TiO2 talože u stanicama, jer one zbog veličine nemaju metoda kako bi ga izbacile, i u njima mogu uzrokovati jednostrane i dvostrane prekide DNK. Istraživanja na miševima su pokazala da se genetičke promjene događaju već petog dana, što bi bio ekvivalent ljudskoj izloženosti u trajanju nešto manjoj od 20 mjeseci. Za izbjegavanje možebitne opasnosti od nanočestica u preparatima koji se koriste na koži ili se mogu inhalirati prilikom upotrebe, može se ili njih prestati koristiti ili pričekati da se utvrdi
jesu li te čestice (bez)opasne, odnosno ako su opasne smanjiti njihovu upotrebu do razine kada više ne predstavljaju opasnost.

Primjena titanijevog dioksida

Titanijev dioksid kao pigment
Titanijevo bjelilo je po sastavu titanijev dioksid, TiO2. Koristi se kao miješani pigment s barijevim sulfatom, zinkovim oksidom i kalcijevim karbonatom, u kojem titanijevog oksida ima najmanje 20%. U upotrebi je najčešće pod nazivom Kronos Standard T i sadrži 25% TiO2 i 75 % BaSO4. To je pigment vrlo intenzivne bjeline, ujednačenog oblika kristalnog zrna, što boji daje glatkoću i sjaj. Ima najveću snagu pokrivanja među bijelim pigmentima i veliku moć bojenja (nijansiranja). Otporan je na svjetlost, kiseline i lužine, kao i prema atmosferilijama. Koristi se u svim slikarskim tehnikama. U kontaktu s uljem ne ubrzava sušenje, kao olovno bjelilo, niti stvara krti, film kao cinkovo bjelilo. Proizvodi se u anatas i rutil obliku. Anatas
je osjetljiv na svjetlost, pa se koristi za unutrašnje radove. Rutil je stabilniji i pokrivniji, pa je podesan za vanjske radove.

Rutilne obloge elektroda za zavarivanje
Vrste obloge elektrode za zavarivanje prema sastavu obloge su:
 A (Acide): kisela obloga,
 B (Basic): bazična obloga s visokim sadržajem vodika,
 C (Cellulosic): celulozna obloga,
 R (Rutile): rutilna.
Rutilna obloga elektrode za zavarivanje daje čistu zonu taljenja, niski sadržaj vodika, dobru udarnu žilavost, teško se odstranjuje troska, hrapava i izbočena površina zavara. Rutilne elektrode se mnogo koriste zbog dobrih mehaničkih svojstava zavara, stabilnosti električnog luka, mogućnosti korištenja istosmjerne i izmjenične struje zavarivanja, lijepog izgleda zavara, lakog čišćenja troske. Nedostatak primjene ovih elektroda očituje se kod zavarivanja čelika s višim sadržajem sumpora, mogućnosti nastajanja toplih pukotina, slabije žilavosti zone taljenja u odnosu na bazične elektrode.

Kreme za sunčanje
Industrija krema za sunčanje je golema – vrijedna je na milijarde dolara godišnje. Narasla je do takvih razmjera nakon što je otkrivena veza između raka kože i pretjeranog izlaganja Suncu kasnih 1960-tih i ranih 1970-tih. No, unatoč širokoj upotrebi ovih proizvoda, učestalost pojave raka kože i dalje je u stalnom porastu. Za titanijev dioksid u kremama za sunčanje se sumnja u kancerogenost kada je u obliku nanomaterijala.

Fotokatalizator s titanijevim dioksidom
Sposobnost poluvodičkog katalizatora (fotokatalizatora) da sudjeluje u reakcijama prijenosa fotoinduciranog elektrona na adsorbirane molekule na katalitičkoj površini ovisi o položaju energetske vrpce poluvodiča, te o redukcijskom potencijalu adsorbirane molekule. Fotokatalitičku aktivnost pokazuju dva kristalna oblika TiO2: anatazni i rutilni. Anatazni oblik ima zabranjenu zonu od 3,23 eV, što odgovara apsorpciji elektromagnetskog zračenja u ultraljubičastom dijelu spektra (λ = 384 nm), a rutilni od 3,02 eV (λ = 411 nm). Anatazni oblik se pokazao znatno aktivnijim. Unatoč tome, rutilni oblik ima određene prednosti u odnosu na anatazni, koji pri valnim duljinama iznad 385 nm pokazuje velik pad aktivnosti zbog deaktivacije. Treća kristalna forma TiO2, brukitna, nema primjenu u fotokatalizi.

Izvori

Metalni oksidi
Pigmenti


1. What is ultrasound and how does it work?
2. What is the ultrasonic wattage of the Omegasonics table top washers?
3. Are the ultrasonic table top units available in 240 volts?
Yes. The units are available in a 208-240 volt version. Please contact our office for exact pricing and availability.
4. Is a basket necessary with the table top units?
Either a basket, beaker holder or some device to suspend the parts being cleaned is required so that parts are not placed directly on the bottom of the ultrasonic unit. Placing items on the radiating surface of any ultrasonic cleaning system will accelerate cavitation erosion and reduce the overall life expectancy of the unit.
5. What sets Omegasonics apart from your competition?
Our patented ultrasonic generators are unity power factor corrected, have consistent power output regardless of incoming voltage, and will operate efficiently from 100-240 Volts AC. Our energy efficient electrical design, our ability to build with direct bond or immersible transducers, and the unprecedented capacitance matching of our PZTs deliver reliability and consistency to our ultrasonic parts washing systems. Another key factor is our willingness to test different cleaning applications using a variety of aqueous cleaning solutions, techniques and ultrasonic systems is unparalleled.
6. Are custom units available?
Yes. Custom size units, custom controls, customized functions, ultrasonic console systems, ultrasonic transducer retrofit packages are all available. Please contact our headquarters for you specific ultrasonic needs.
7. Do the ultrasonic table top washers have filtration?
No. Filtration is available on our ultrasonic floor model parts washers and console systems. Adding filtration to the ultrasonic table tops is generally not cost effective, even by the end user.
8. Do the ultrasonic table-top units come with lids?
Yes. All table top systems come with a lift-off stainless steel lid.
9. Does Omegasonics offer any discounts off retail prices?
Yes. Omegasonics offers monthly promotional specials on many of our ultrasonic machines. Please contact our sales office for details.
10. Can ultrasonic cleaning soaps be purchased in quantities other than 5 gallons?
Yes. We offer 1 gallon, 2-1/2 gallon, and 55 gallon containers. Contact Omegasonics as not all ultrasonic cleaning agents are available in each container size.
11. Is it possible to see an ultrasonic parts washing system operate before purchasing?
Yes. Depending on your location, we may have a representative in your area that can demonstrate the equipment at your facility, or an existing client who may be able to show off their ultrasonic cleaner. If a local representative is not available, we also have a "Demo Program" that is available on most models. Please contact Omegasonics for details.
12. Are service technicians available for service calls?
Omegasonics ultrasonic cleaning equipment is generally designed to be field repairable. Our ultrasonic floor models utilize plug-and-play technology that allows most users to contact the factory for over-the-phone customer support and easy replacement of any defective component. It is very rare that a floor model would require a service technician. Our ultrasonic table top washers are sent in to a centralized repair department for repairs which generally are turned around in one (1) to two (2) days.
13. Can parts be sent into Omegasonics for test cleaning prior to purchasing?
Yes. Many clients have sent parts to Omegasonics for test cleaning. We prefer that multiple parts be sent so that we can determine the proper chemistry, the proper dilution ratio, heat, time and orientation to the ultrasonic transducer.
14. What is the warranty on the Omegasonics ultrasonic parts cleaning machines?
Our ultrasonic table tops are one (1) for parts while our line of Omega Pro floor model washers is two (2) years.
15. Can ultrasonic systems be leased?
Omegasonics offers a lease-to-own program for systems valued over $2,000.00. This program is administered through third party equipment leasing companies. Available lease programs are Fair Market Value (FMV) or $1.00 Cash Out leases. Terms can range from 24, 36, 48 or 60 month terms. Contact Omegasonics for your exact requirements.
16. Can ultrasonic washing equipment be rented?
Not usually. Contact Omegasonics for your exact requirements and we will see if a suitable rental procedure is possible.
17. Are the Omega Pro models available in any other color than green?
Yes. Custom colors are available for a price adder. Delivery will be delayed depending on the color and model chosen. Exterior frames can be built in stainless steel as well. Contact Omegasonics for your exact requirements.
Delivery is a function of the type of unit purchased and current plant loading. Table tops are usually stock and can be shipped within one (1) day. Ultrasonic floor models are sometimes available from stock, but can take up to four(4) weeks. Custom units generally require more time for approval drawings and manufacture. Contact Omegasonics for our specific needs.
19. Does Omegasonics offer used ultrasonic cleaning equipment?
Yes. Occasionally we have used equipment available at a reduced price. Contact Omegasonics for your specific requirement.


Cruisesites.co.uk has been brought to you by Dijitul Motorsport.
The aim of this site is to catalogue the top 100 modified car cruise sites in the UK, and rank them according to hits and popularity.
We cannot control the content of the external sites, and do not condone illegal street racing or illegal activities.


text:
Košátky is een Tsjechische gemeente in de regio Midden-Bohemen, en maakt deel uit van het district Mladá Boleslav.
Košátky telt 170 inwoners.

Gemeente in Mladá Boleslav

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Happy Friday, guys! Did you all have a good Thanksgiving? Mine was pretty stellar… still feeling that food coma, though!
Now that Thanksgiving is behind us, I can fully embrace the holiday season! Bring on the Christmas decorations, movies, music, and sweet treats! I don't know about you, but I simply can't decorate my tree without a festive treat.
I do a lot of baking this time of year. That means I need to keep my kitchen well stocked with a great gluten-free flour. Bob's Red Mill is my go-to brand when it comes to flours. Not only is the gluten free 1 to 1 baking flour easy to find at my local grocery store, but it makes perfect baked goods! This flour combines finely ground brown rice flour, sweet white rice flour, whole grain sorghum flour, potato starch, and tapioca flour with a touch of xanthan gum—just enough xanthan gum to create chewy cookies and springy muffins. And of course, fabulous cupcakes! ?
If you guys are fans of peppermint mocha drinks, then you are going to go crazy for these cupcakes! The holiday season always makes me want all things peppermint. Combine that with two of my favorite things – chocolate and coffee… well, you've got a winner there!
Since this time of year includes a lot of family time, I love reaching for those tried and true recipes that have been around for generations. This chocolate cake batter is, legit, the best ever. Courtesy of my great-grandmother, whom I unfortunately never had the pleasure of meeting.
Luckily, my mom passed all of her recipes along to me. I could sit and read through them for hours on end! One, because I love reading recipes. And two, because most of them are scribbled on random pieces of paper and need a lot of decoding!
Obviously, my great-grandmother wasn't making gluten-free chocolate cake. Luckily Bob's Red Mill Gluten Free 1 to 1 Baking Flour is perfectly formulated for baked goods with terrific taste and texture – no additional specialty ingredients or custom recipes required. That makes it perfect for using in all of your favorite recipes!
What makes this chocolate cake so special? The boiling coffee!
I will never forget the first time I made it. I poured the boiling coffee in the cake batter and was horrified at what I saw. Super thin and runny… I really thought I did something wrong. After a few seconds, the flour mixture absorbs some of liquid and you end up with a thin, but velvety batter.
The trick here is that you want to mix your dry ingredients and then the wet (minus the coffee). Then, you mix the wet ingredients into the dry and once it's fully incorporated, you slowly pour in the boiling coffee while mixing. It will seem very thin, but that's what gives the finished cupcakes such a great texture!
The only thing I added to the recipe was peppermint extract. We are making peppermint mocha cupcakes after all!
Once they bake, you gotta let them cool. Yes, it's extremely difficult, but I use this time to clean up and make the frosting!
You can't have a peppermint mocha drink without whipped cream right? Right. So, you can't have a peppermint mocha cupcake without whipped cream frosting!
If you tried to just pile them up with whipped cream, it wouldn't hold up very well. The best way to get a sturdy whipped cream frosting is to add a stabilizer. For this I use a small amount of cream cheese and butter. Whip those together and add a hint of vanilla extract and peppermint extract. Once you have that nice and smooth, add in 1/4 cup of the heavy cream. This helps to smooth things out and brings things closer in temperature. Sweeten things up with powdered sugar and then whip in the rest of the cream.
Whipped cream frosting = fantastic.
Once you have completely cooled cupcakes, you can pile on the frosting! Then, top them off with crushed candy canes for some crunch and a pretty finish.
Now, tell me that isn't the perfect treat to enjoy while decorating the Christmas tree?! I plan on enjoying quite a few while we do our tree. ?
Be sure and checkout this website to get a coupon for Bob's Red Mill flour!
Welcome the holiday season with these cozy peppermint mocha cupcakes! Chocolate cake batter is flavored with coffee and peppermint extract for a classic flavor combo. Top the cupcakes with a delicious peppermint whipped cream frosting for the perfect holiday treat!
In the bowl of a stand mixer (or a large mixing bowl) whisk together the flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and cocoa powder.
In a medium bowl, combine the egg, vanilla extract, peppermint extract, melted butter, and milk. Whisk until well combined.
At this point, you should bring your coffee to a boil.
If using a stand mixer, fit the mixer with the paddle attachment. Alternatively you can just use a rubber spatula. With the mixer running on low speed, pour the wet ingredient mixture into the dry ingredient mixture until just combined.
With the mixer running on low, slowly pour in the boiling coffee. The batter will be thin!
Pour the batter into the prepared muffin tin, filling the cups about 2/3 of the way full.
Bake the cupcakes for 18-20 minutes, or until a cake tester comes out clean ( a few small crumbs are ok!).
Transfer the cupcakes to a cooling rack and allow them to cool completely before frosting.
In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, whip the cream cheese, butter, vanilla extract, peppermint extract, and a pinch of salt.
Once the mixture is smooth and creamy, pour in ¼ cup of the heavy cream and add in the powdered sugar. Beat until the mixture is smooth and creamy.
Swap out the paddle attachment on the mixer for whisk. Pour in the remaining ¾ cup of heavy cream and whip until the mixture will hold a firm peak.
Frost the cupcakes using a pastry bag, or just slather it on!
Top the cupcakes with chopped candy canes and enjoy!
*I like to brew strong coffee so the flavor can really shine through. Feel free to use your favorite coffee!
These are beautiful! And so great that they are gluten free.
These look so amazing!! I can't wait to make them myself. I was wondering though I would like to do them as mini cupcakes and was wondering if you have a suggested baking time for them? I'm planning on talking them to a holiday party where there are about 150 people. I want to make a lot so everyone can have a chance at one!
My cupcakes overflowed over the edges and fell in the middle. Any advice?
Love these cupcakes. Would like to use for a red velveteen wedding theme and wondered which cupcake liners you used, they work beautifully with cake!
Hi Maraline. I'm not sure of the brand as I've had them for years and don't have the original packaging. I bought them at Michael's, though!
How far ahead can you make the topping? I want to make these a day ahead but am not sure how long the topping will stay firm. They look yummy!


text:
La Platja de El Dique, se situa en la localitat de Aramar, a la comarca del Cap de Peñas, en el concejo de Gozón, Astúries.

Descripció
La platja té forma lineal, i presenta un jaç de poca sorra de gra mitjà i fosc amb afloraments rocosos.

Es pot observar la desembocadura del rierol Cañeo en la part aquest de la platja, en la qual es troben les restes del que va ser una antiga drassana artesanal, que va pertànyer a la família Artime durant molts anys i que era conegut amb el nom de "la Universitat", ja que els treballadors tenien alta qualificació. Va ser la primera drassana que va haver-hi en Luanco, i era utilitzat per a la fabricació de petites embarcacions de pesca, podent-se distingir encara la presència d'uns dics malgrat el seu degradat estat de conservació.

No presenta cap mena de servei, ni tan sols de neteja, o senyalització de perill.

Està situada molt a prop de la platja d'Aramar, a la qual s'uneix quan hi ha baixamar, podent passar en aquest moment a l'illa del Carme des d'ambdues platges.

Referències

El Dique
Gozón


Many questions of the humanities, which relate to specific text resources, can be reduced to the analysis of vocabulary. Especially the comparison of such vocabulary is of central interest. This may require comparing two own text resources or a text resource with a reference corpus. CLARIN allows to easily perform such comparative analyses using the resources and Web tools it provides. The following guide will show this on the basis of a simple example. The show case covers the discovery and selection of resources, their processing and finally their analysis. The aim is to demonstrate to scholars how to answer own scientific questions with the help of comparative text analysis within CLARIN.
At least two texts are available.
The vocabulary used is to be compared to find fundamental differences.
Using the CLARIN-D infrastructure, a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of the texts can easily be conducted.
Entry point for resource search:: VLO, CLARIN's search engine for language resources.
Refinement: as "Resource Type" select "Written Corpus".
Browse the content of the text resource: Click on "Plain text search via Federated Content Search".
Click on "Send To WebLicht"
A list of European academic research institutions appears.
o Search for your research institution, if you have no AAI-enabled account at your own institution, select 'clarin.eu website account'.
You will see a login page of your research institution.
Log in with your details, usually this is your University account.
You will see the WebLicht interface.
Check the data to be used: In the "Upload" section you'll see the file name of the data provided. Click "OK"
Save the results "Save Result"
The actual analysis of the data is conducted with the help of the web application CorpusDiff. The application allows for the comparison of the vocabulary of two or more text resources.
Click on: "Upload Own Corpus"
Load file that was previously created by WebLicht.
Click on "Select a file on your computer or drop it here"
Make sure that for "File Type" TCF (Text Corpus format) is selected, the output format of WebLicht.
Optionally more corpora or other corpora can be selected, which are then compared pair wise.
Click a field of the matrix to see further results that describe the different uses of vocabulary in the texts.
lists of vocabulary that occurs only in one of the texts.
Example: When comparing the Europe-related texts with the contents of Wikipedia, words such as crisis, debt or fears are prominent, which clarify the thematic focus of the text resource previously generated.
At this point, other analyzes are also possible. One possibility would be the comparison of texts by different authors, from different sources (news and Wikipedia) or corpora of individual years to identify typical vocabulary or topics.


Highlights to look out for and information on SCAD's 21st Savannah Film Festival.
This year the Savannah Film Festival celebrated the 20th anniversary with 50,000 fans, filmmakers, media, and students of the Savannah College of Art and Design.
The Savannah College of Arts and Design celebrates the 20th anniversary of The Savannah Film Festival.


text:
Keyboard Ninja: Kill Windows with the Blue Screen of Death in 3 Keystrokes
Lowell is the founder and CEO of How-To Geek. He's been running the show since creating the site back in 2006. Over the last decade, Lowell has personally written more than 1000 articles which have been viewed by over 250 million people. Prior to starting How-To Geek, Lowell spent 15 years working in IT doing consulting, cybersecurity, database management, and programming work. Read more...
Updated Jan 17, 2009, 5:13 pm EST | 1 min read
Have you ever wanted to show off your keyboard ninja skills by taking down Windows with just a couple of keystrokes? All you have to do is add one registry key, and then you can impress your friends… or use it to convince people to switch to Linux.
This isn't a bug, it's a "feature" in Windows that is designed to let users trigger a crash dump for testing purposes. There's even a whole Microsoft KB article on the subject.
To enable this feature, open up regedit and then browse down to one of these keys, depending on your keyboard type:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\kbdhid\Parameters
PS/2 Keyboard
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\i8042prt\Parameters
Now right-click on the right-hand pane and add a new DWORD key named CrashOnCtrlScroll, giving it a value of 1.
Reboot your computer, and when it starts back up you can trigger the Blue Screen of Death by using the following keyboard shortcut:
Hold down Right Ctrl and hit Scroll Lock twice
To remove this "feature" you can just delete the registry key and then restart your computer again.
Please note that following this article WILL crash your computer… really isn't very useful, but it's lots of fun =)
› The 50 Best Registry Hacks that Make Windows Better
› Did You Know Windows 10 Has a Green Screen of Death?
› Help Troubleshoot the Blue Screen of Death by Preventing Automatic Reboot
Lowell is the founder and CEO of How-To Geek. He's been running the show since creating the site back in 2006. Over the last decade, Lowell has personally written more than 1000 articles which have been viewed by over 250 million people. Prior to starting How-To Geek, Lowell spent 15 years working in IT doing consulting, cybersecurity, database management, and programming work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import re
import os
import sys
import lxml
from math import factorial
import Levenshtein
import itertools
from lxml import etree

SENTINEL = -1
LEV_THRESHOLD = 30

# getErrorPath(fileName, tag)
# ---------------------------
# Gives consistent name formatting to error files.

def getErrorPath(fileName, tag):
	if tag == 'xref':
		return sys.argv[5] + '/' + fileName + '_xref_error'
	else:
		tagName = tag.replace("/", "_")
		tagName = tagName.replace(".", 'DOT')
		return  sys.argv[5] + '/' + fileName + '/' + tagName + '_error';

# getCompleteText(elem)
# ---------------------
# Combines all text elems of the children text nodes of a single XML parent element.

def getCompleteText(elem):
	completeText = ''
	iterText = elem.itertext()
	for text in iterText:
		completeText += text
	return completeText;

# createErrorFile(fileName, tag)
# ------------------------------
#
# Creates an error file that will be referenced frequently throughout
# the file.

def createErrorFile(fileName, tag):
	"Create error file (with the name of tag currently being analyzed) in the folder of all error files of the current XML being analyzed."
	errorPath = getErrorPath(fileName, tag)
	error = open(errorPath, 'w')
	return error;

# updateTagData(mismatchCount, totalTags, tag):
# ---------------------------------------------
# Updates a consistent list of total number of tags processed (both in this and other files),
# in addtiion to updating # of mismatches and proportion of mismatched tags.

def updateTagData(mismatchCount, totalTags, tag, fileName, errorLines):

	stringTag = tag.replace("/", "_")
	stringTag = stringTag.replace(".", "DOT")
	if (tag == 'xref'): parentFolder = sys.argv[5] + '/all_xref/'
	else: parentFolder = sys.argv[5] + '/allTags/' + stringTag + '/'
	misSoFar = SENTINEL; totSoFar = SENTINEL; misF = None; totF = None

	if not os.path.isfile(parentFolder + 'mismatches'):
		misF = open (parentFolder + 'mismatches', 'w')
		totF = open (parentFolder + 'total', 'w')
		misSoFar = mismatchCount
		totSoFar = totalTags
	else:
		misF = open (parentFolder + 'mismatches', 'r'); totF = open (parentFolder + 'total', 'r')
		misSoFar = float(misF.readline()) + mismatchCount
		totSoFar = float(totF.readline()) + totalTags
		misF.close(); totF.close()
		misF = open (parentFolder + 'mismatches', 'w'); totF = open (parentFolder + 'total', 'w')

	misF.write(str(misSoFar))
	totF.write(str(totSoFar))

	message = open (parentFolder + 'message', 'w')
	message.truncate()

	proportion = SENTINEL
	if totSoFar != 0 : proportion = float(misSoFar)/float(totSoFar)
	else: proportion = 0

	if tag == 'xref':
		message.write("There has been a total of  " + str(totSoFar) + " xref body tags processed thus far. ")
		message.write("The result of subtracting the total number of back ref tags from the total number of xref body tags is " + str(misSoFar))
		message.write(" resulting in a precision  of " + str(proportion) + ' , ONLY if you take into account the number of tags, and not the content. A more accurate level of precision is most likely lower.')
	else: message.write("There have been " + str(totSoFar) + " tags processed, and " + str(misSoFar) + " have fallen over the Levenshtein threshold, resulting in a miss rate of " + str(proportion))

	if errorLines:
		with open(parentFolder + 'failedFiles', "a") as failedFiles:
			failedFiles.write('\n' + fileName + ' fail lines:\n' + str(errorLines) + '\n')

	message.close(); misF.close(); totF.close();

# compareXREFS(trialTree, sampleTree, error, fileName)
# ----------------------------------------------------
#
# First, this method compares the total number of xrefs in the trial document to the total number of xrefs in the sample document.
#
# Then, the document goes through every single 'rid' in each xref in the body document, and checks to see if there's a corresponding
# ref in the back of the trial document. Then, the reverse is done: every 'id' of each ref tag is checked for a corresponding
# xref in the body of the trial document. The total number for both these failures are averaged out, and the results are recorded.
#

def compareXREFS(trialTree, sampleTree, error, fileName):

	bodyXrefIDMatchFailures = 0; backRefIDMatchFailures = 0; errorLines = []
	bodyXREFS = trialTree.findall('body//xref'); backREFS = sampleTree.findall('back//ref'); sampleXREFS = sampleTree.findall('body//xref')
	totalBodyXREFS = len(bodyXREFS); totalBackREFS = len(backREFS); totalSampleXREFS = len(sampleXREFS)

	for bodyXREF in bodyXREFS:
		idNum = bodyXREF.get("rid")
		# idXREF is a list of all tags matching the xpath.
		idXREF = trialTree.xpath("back//ref[@id=\'" + idNum + "\']")
		# # if len(idXREF) is not equal to one, that means that idNum matched to nothing, or to multiple tags.
		if len(idXREF) != 1:
			bodyXrefIDMatchFailures += 1.0
			errorLines.append(bodyXREF.sourceline)

	for backREF in backREFS:
		idNum = backREF.get("id")
		idXREF = trialTree.xpath("body//xref[@id=\'" + idNum + "\']")
		if len(idXREF) != 1:
			backRefIDMatchFailures += 1.0
			errorLines.append(backREF.sourceline)

	diff = totalBodyXREFS - totalBackREFS
	result = open('pathTestResults', 'w')
	result.write(str(diff))

	result2 = open('pathTestResultsT', 'w')
	bodyXRefPer = bodyXrefIDMatchFailures/totalBodyXREFS
	backRefPer = backRefIDMatchFailures/totalBackREFS
	xrefPerAvg = ((bodyXRefPer + backRefPer) / 2)
	result2.write(str(xrefPerAvg))

	error.write("\n There was a difference of " + str(diff) + "between the sample xrefs and the converted xrefs in this document.")
	error.write("\nThere was a total of " + str(totalBodyXREFS) + " body Xrefs and a total of " + str(totalBackREFS) + " back refs.\n\n")
	error.write("\n" + str(bodyXRefPer) + " percent of all body xrefs in the converted document failed to match properly with a back reference tag.")

	updateTagData(diff, totalBodyXREFS, 'xref', fileName, errorLines);

	result.close(); result2.close()

# countMismatches(convertTree, sampleTree, tag, error)
# ----------------------------------------------------
#
# Counts the number of mismatches between text within tags. A mismatch occurs
# when the text of a trial elem  cannot come within LEV_THRESHOLD of the text of a sample elem. For each tag, if the text does not match exactly,
# with another tag, the closest match (w/ lowest Levenshetein distance) is checked to see if
# it has a higher Levenshetein distance than the highest thus far.
#
# At the end, the error file is updated to show off the most erroneous text.

def countMismatches(trialTree, sampleTree, tag, error, fileName):

	mismatchCount = 0
	totalTags = 0
	errorLines = []
	highestLevCount = 0

	# Cermine occassionally chooses to classify tags in other tags that can occassionally be uninituitive. Below are hardcoded 'aliases' for common tags.

	aliasTag = tag
	if tag == 'front//name': aliasTag = 'front//string-name'
	if tag == 'front//institution': aliasTag = 'front//aff'

	trialTreeTags = trialTree.findall(tag)
	if not trialTreeTags: trialTreeTags = trialTree.findall(aliasTag)

	sampleElemList = sampleTree.findall(tag)

	if not sampleElemList: sampleElemList = sampleTree.findall(aliasTag)

	if not sampleElemList and aliasTag == tag:
  		error.write('sampleTree has no elems matching xpath: ' +  tag + '\n\n')
 		mismatchCount += 1

	elif not sampleElemList and aliasTag != tag:
		error.write('sampleTree has no elems matching xpath: ' + tag + ' or ' + aliasTag)
  		mismatchCount += 1

	for trialElem in trialTreeTags:

		totalTags += 1.0

		if sampleElemList:

			levDistance = findClosestMatch(sampleElemList, trialElem, error, tag)

			if levDistance > LEV_THRESHOLD:
				mismatchCount += 1
				errorLines.append(trialElem.sourceline)

			if levDistance > highestLevCount:
				highestLevCount = levDistance

	result = open('pathTestResults', 'w')
	result.write(str(highestLevCount))
	result2 = open('pathTestResultsT', 'w')
	if totalTags != 0:
		result2.write(str(mismatchCount/totalTags))
	else:
		result2.write('0')
	updateTagData(mismatchCount, totalTags, tag, fileName, errorLines);

# safeLevDistance(textOne, textTwo)
# ---------------------------------
#
# The Levenshtein function imported is unable to deal with empty strings.
# This function makes sure to check for cases in which one of the two texts
# is not empty. It is assumed that at least one of the texts passed in is a valid string.
#
# Since the inputs have heterogenous encodings, both texts are encoded in 'utf-8' before Levenshtein.distance is called.

def safeLevDistance(textOne, textTwo):
	if textOne == None and textTwo != None: return len(textTwo)
	elif textOne != None and textTwo == None: return len(textOne)
	else:
		textOne.replace(" ", ""), textTwo.replace(" ", "")
		return Levenshtein.distance(textOne.encode('utf-8'), textTwo.encode('utf-8'));

# findClosestMatch(sampleElemList, convertElem, error)
# ----------------------------------------------------
# Goes through each elem in the sampleElemList, and compares
# the text of the elem to the text of the convertElem. If a new elem's text in the sampleElemList
# has a lower levenshetein distance than the lowest one recorded thus far, the new tag is recorded as the
# closest match thus far. If the text is the same, the
# the levenshetin distance is recorded as 0, and the loop is exited out.
#
# In the event that the tag passed through is 'front//name',
# the 'sampleTextList' that is cycled through so that all possible permutations of the name are recorded.
#

def findClosestMatch(sampleElemList, trialElem, error, tag):

	trialText = getCompleteText(trialElem)

	matchIndividualElem = False
	lowestLevDistance = SENTINEL
	closestMatchingString = ''

	for sampleElem in sampleElemList:
		if tag != "front//name":
			sampleTextList = []
			sampleTextList.append(getCompleteText(sampleElem))
		else:
			# test against all name permutations
			nameParts = sampleElem.getchildren()
			namePartsTextList = []
			namePartsTuples = []
			sampleTextList = []
			for nameTag in nameParts:
				namePartsTextList.append(nameTag.text)
			for subset in itertools.permutations(namePartsTextList, factorial(len(namePartsTextList))):
				namePartsTuples.append(subset)
			for namePermutation in namePartsTuples:
				sampleTextList.append(' '.join(map(str, namePermutation)))

		for sampleText in sampleTextList:

			if sampleText == trialText:
				matchIndividualElem = True
				lowestLevDistance = 0
				break

			sampleDistance = safeLevDistance(sampleText, trialText)

			if sampleDistance < lowestLevDistance or lowestLevDistance == SENTINEL:
				lowestLevDistance = sampleDistance
				if sampleText == None: closestMatchingString = ''
				else: closestMatchingString = sampleText.encode('utf-8')

	if matchIndividualElem == False and trialText != None:
		safeErrString = trialText.encode('utf-8')
		error.write('In line ' + str(trialElem.sourceline) + ', the following text could not be matched: \n\n \'' + safeErrString + '\'. \n\n  The closest text is:\n\n \'' + closestMatchingString + '\' with a Levenshtein distance of '+ str(lowestLevDistance) +  '.\n\n')
	return lowestLevDistance;

# main(sampleFile, trialFile, fileName, tag, errorParent)
# ------------------------------------------------------
#
# Counts the total number of mismatches between the files, (how many tag texts in trial tree are not
# in sample tree), records the most mismatched string in an extraneous file, and updates a file
# that keeps track of errors across a corpus.
# A special process is undergone in the event that the
# tag being compared is 'xref.'

fileName = sys.argv[3]
sampleFile = open(sys.argv[1], 'r')
trialFile = open(sys.argv[2], 'r')
tag = sys.argv[4]

trialTree = lxml.etree.parse(trialFile)
sampleTree = lxml.etree.parse(sampleFile)

trialFile.close()
sampleFile.close()

error = createErrorFile(fileName, tag)

if tag != 'xref': countMismatches(trialTree, sampleTree, tag, error, fileName)
else: compareXREFS(trialTree, sampleTree, error, fileName)

error.close()
if os.stat(getErrorPath(fileName, tag)) == 0: os.remove(getErrorPath(fileName, tag))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Waiting on customers at deli counter.
Slicing of lunch meats and cheeses.
Serving lunch and dinner plates from Deli hot bar.
Frying chicken, baking products, cleaning and maintaining a clean and safe work environment.
Must be 18 years of age due to operating slicers, fryer, and oven.


NEW DELHI: Auto component maker Subros on Thursday reopened its Manesar plant after a major fire incident in May last year.
"Subros today re-opened its Manesar plant after the fire incident which took place on May 29, 2016 severely impacting the building, plant and machinery, stocks and other assets," the company said in a BSE filing.
After the fire, one of the company's largest customers Maruti Suzuki India had announced that it was suspending production following disruption of supplies.
Subros provides airconditioning compressors to Maruti Suzuki. Subros' Manesar plant supplies over 90 per cent of its production to meet requirements of Maruti Suzuki.
The plant re-opening was graced by the presence of R C Bhargava, Chairman, Maruti Suzuki India, K Ayukawa, Managing Director, Maruti Suzuki India, Y Iida, Senior Executive Director, Thermal Group from Denso Corporation, Japan and other senior dignitaries from Maruti Suzuki and Denso, Subros said.
Shares of the company were trading 7.78 per cent higher at Rs 210.60 on the BSE.


solita Tacos & Margaritas Valencia's Grand Opening Fundraiser Raises $3,500 for the Boys & Girls Clubs of Santa Clarita Valley – No Fooling!
Santa Clarita Valley's newest neighborhood south-of-the border eatery, solita Tacos & Margaritas Valencia, recently raised $3,500 at its Grand Opening blowout celebration and fundraiser held on Thursday, February 5th, 2015 to benefit the Boys & Girls Club of Santa Clarita Valley.
The solita Tacos & Margaritas Valencia Grand Opening soiree kicked-off with a ribbon-cutting and proclamation presentation hosted by the Santa Clarita Valley Chamber of Commerce. Following the red carpet extravaganza, solita Executive Chef Deborah Schneider hosted guests to an evening of her signature custom wood-grilled menu items featuring bold flavors, imaginative dishes and traditional Mexican favorites. As guests of the Grand Opening noshed on the delectable treats being served throughout the evening, Beverage Director Colin Pflugradt and his team mixed up a variety of margaritas and other libations, with 100 percent of all proceeds donated directly to the Boys & Girls Club of Santa Clarita Valley's "It Just Takes One" campaign. "It Just Takes One" is a nationwide initiative that aims to raise funds for the Boys & Girls Club to ensure that the doors to each Club remain open and accessible to all children, and that the Clubs are able to continue to provide education and career exploration, the arts, sports, recreation and fitness, character and leadership development, and healthy life choices to needy youth in the area.
"We are a community-driven company, and it was really important to find a cause that is not just important to us, but that is also important to the community," says Co-Founder and Director of Operations Matt Baumayr.
solita Tacos & Margaritas Valencia visited the Boys & Girls Club of Santa Clarita Valley on Tuesday, March 24th, 2015 and directly presented them with a check for $3,500.
solita Tacos & Margaritas Valencia is open from 11:00 am to 10:00 pm every Sunday through Thursday, and 11:00 am to 11:00 pm Friday and Saturday. (The bar is open until midnight or later daily). For more information about solita Tacos & Margaritas, please visit www.solitaTacos.com or call them directly at 661.291.1399.


text:
Estrilda astrid
Estrildid Finches (Estrildidae)
COMW
ESTAST
The Common Waxbill is a small species of finch that is common in open habitats of Sub-Saharan Africa. It has also been introduced to many other parts of the world, including Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. It forages for small seeds near and on the ground in grassy and open areas. The Common Waxbill has a very large global population and been given a conservation rating of Least Concern.
Common Waxbill: This small finch is mostly brown-gray with red on the belly and a line through the eye. The bill is red-orange, the legs and feet are black, and it has faint barring on the upperparts and flanks. The wings are short and the tail is medium in length. The female is similar, but lacks red on the belly and has a black bill. It feeds mainly on grass seeds. The flight is undulating.
Common Waxbill: Breeds in open, grassy areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Several populations have also become established in other parts of the world including Hawaii. First reported on the island of Oahu in the late 1970s, it has spread to other islands. Most populations are resident although some make local movements in search of seeding grasses.
Common Waxbill SONGS AND CALLS
Common Waxbill F1
Song is two to three sharp notes, followed by a bubbling, "ti-cket please!" or "di-di-di-JEEE".
Calls of a feeding flock.
"Chik-it zeer-it"
Frequently kept in captivity, escaped Common Waxbills have occurred in the Hawaiian Islands, California, Brazil, and Puerto Rico.
This species can form flocks that number in the 1000s.
This species is also known as the St Helena Waxbill.
A group of finches has many collective nouns, including a "charm", "company", and "trembling" of finches.
Java Sparrow
RANGE MAP HAWAII
About this Hawaii Map
This map shows how this species is distributed across the Hawaiian island.
The Estrildid Finches are one of the one hundred eighteen families of birds in the order PASSERIFORMES (pronounced pas-ser-i-FOR-meez); a large taxonomic order that also includes the shrikes, the gnatcatchers, and the wrens.
The Estrildidae (pronounced es-TRIL-duh-dee) family, which includes the waxbills, contains one hundred and forty-one species in twenty-nine genera mostly found in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia.
There are thirteen species of Estrildidae in five genera that occur in North America (including the Hawaiian Islands). The waxbills and mannikins are members of this bird family.
Members of the Estrildidae such as the waxbills are known for their colorful bills with a "wax-like" appearance. They are also well known for being kept as pets as they have pleasant calls, attractive plumages, and are easy to care for.
The Estrildidae are small finches with fairly short tails, short wings, rather short legs with strong feet adapted to perching, and rounded heads with large, stout bills suited to cracking open seeds.
Members of this family are often plumaged in attractive patterns of brown, white, and gray with black barring or spotting. Bright colors are common in many species with blue, red, purple, and yellow occurring in their plumages, while their bills are often colored red.
All of the species of estrildid finches that occur in North American are introduced species established from populations of captive birds. In North America, there are populations in regions with climates warm enough to support these tropical birds such as in the states of Florida, Hawaii, and California. They typically occur in habitats similar to those of their native range; open marsh or grassy areas.
Like other introduced species, estrildid finches are not migratory in North America.
Members of the Estrildidae are social birds that often occur in flocks while foraging, some species nesting in loose colonies. Although they take insects, small seeds and grain make up the bulk of their diet. They forage for these food sources in low vegetation and on the ground.
In North America, the estrildid finches are introduced species that are not considered to be threatened. In other parts of their range, though, some species such as the beautiful Gouldian Finch and localized Java Sparrow, are threatened by habitat loss and capture for the pet trade.
Members of this family have filled a variety of seed eating niches, including that of bamboo seeding events; an unpredictable occurrence that happens once during a bamboo plant's life. The parrotfinch species occupy this niche in Asia, Australia, and some Pacific Islands, usually occurring in nomadic flocks that are rarely found away from these rare seeding events.


to make a decision with a reasonable number of branches.
have an individual branch for every possible value in the data set.
Every possible fork in the data set.
gives you a lot of information gain.
But doesn't actually help that much.
It sort of instantly over fits.
So you want to sort of bucket these things.
labels of normal and high, we actually had the percent humidity as a number.
70 is one bucket, and between 70 and 80 is another bucket, and so on.
being sort of an extra decision you have to make when you're modeling this data.
We don't want parameters in the system unless we have to.
What's a way to do this sort of algorithmically.
order of humidity, point at the wrong screen, that.
split it into two choices.
And choose the point which gives us the highest information gain.
Here's what that might look like.
this might be a pretty good candidate to split on.
that's what we're looking for here.
because there's a lot of yes's, all but one above it.
we're less likely to play outside.
which means it's zero entropy, totally predictable.
is zero point nine five.
we'd expect because it's pretty predictable, right.
90 percent chance of being a yes.
And here four out of four is zero point is zero.
four, but over here it's an even lower number.
didn't change in between there, which actually suggests an optimization.
turning any continuous variable into a discreet variable so you can on this.
you can also pick more buckets to have even a higher fan out.


Oredo – In continuation of its campaign to curb void votes in the forthcoming general elections, the Edo state directorate of National Orientation Agency (NOA) on Friday held a One Day sensitization workshop.
The workshop which is part of efforts by NOA to take the campaign to grassroots, was held at Iririh Community Town hall in Oredo local government area of the state.
Mrs Eseka who took out time to demonstrate to participants how to thumbprint on the ballot papers before voting, called on political parties to enlighten their supporters to identify their party symbols.
"The programme is to ensure that the votes of electorates count and more importantly curb invalid votes in the forthcoming elections", The Edo NOA director said.
The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Officer in Oredo local government area, Mr John Adie informed participants of the commission's preparedness to conduct a credible elections.
Mr Adie urged the electorates who are yet to collect their Permanent Voters Card (PVC) to do so, adding "No PVC, No Vote" as there is no provision for 'incidence form' for those without PVC.
In his remarks, Odionwere of the community, Pa Omoruyi Osemwingie commended NOA for taking the awareness campaign to every nooks and cranny of the country.
High point of the campaign was the display of logo of the 91 political parties and steps to vote during the election.


The Olympic Peninsula is home to many ecological wonders. It contains many plant and animal species found nowhere else in the world. It is the best way I have found to get back to nature, and is an easy drive from Seattle.
The Olympic Peninsula is home to the largest western red ceder, sitka spruce, coastal douglas fir, alaskan/yellow ceder, western hemlock, and mountain hemlock trees in the world, which can all be found in the hiking trails in the forest near the shores of Lake Quinault. There is an old Native American legend that the creator god once fought a lake monster at Lake Quinault, and the largest trees in the world being found at this place only further illustrate the immense natural beauty and lush Native history that can be found on the olympic peninsula, a one of a kind place.
Lake Quinault is accessed by driving towards the ocean from Olympia and taking the turn north towards the natural green wonders instead of going south to touristy Ocean Shores. Lake Quinault also has many hikes including one to an old copper mine.
If you drive toward Forks from Lake Quinault, you will pass the Hoh rainforest, a natural temperate rainforest with canopy and tons of beautiful moss covering the trees and a few mile hike.
Up on the tip of the peninsula, Cape Flattery trail (www.northolympic.com/capeflatterytrail/ ) is a short 1 mile hike, the northwesternmost tip of the USA. The hike is out on the point. The Makah museum (www.makah.com/mcrchome) near there also houses the ruins of an ancient Native oceanfront village and is recognized as the nation's finest tribal museum.
Lake Ozette, if you are looking for a bigger hike, is a 9 mile hike, out to the ocean from near the lake, and the reason to do this is the hundreds of years old indian petroglyphs on the ocean rocks on the beach. These are quite the sight and it is a beautiful hike.
East of this, the Sol Duc hot springs (www.visitsolduc.com/ ) near Port Angeles, just past Lake Crescent (worth seeing and hiking itself) are a natural mineral hot spring and there is a resort there at the hot spring. Also, north of Sequim, Dungeness Spit in the Dungeness wildlife refuge, (www.dungeness.com/refuge/) is a 6 mile long hike, out the longest natural sand spit in the USA and home to over 200 species of birds.
The drive back down the highway on the side of Hood Canal is scenic, and there are many places to stop and buy fresh shellfish, mainly oysters. Lena lake, near Hoodsport, is a nice 7 mile hike, and there are many mountain and beach hikes alongside the canal as well. There is plenty more to explore in the mountains and forest in the olympic national park, but this camping and hiking road trip route is the way to hike and camp some of the best ecological places in the nation. Happy Travels!
Writer Bio: Lars Jensen is a musician and scientific philosophy author with 5 books in the works.


text:
import React from "react";
import PropTypes from "prop-types";
import { graphql, compose } from "react-apollo";
//Components
import AuthLayout from "../../../components/organisms/AuthLayout/index";
import { Input, Button, Link } from "../../../components/atoms/index";
import { Error } from "../../../components/molecules/index";
//hocs
import { withUser } from "../../../hocs";
//API
import {
  USER_CONFIRM_TOKEN_MUTATION,
  USER_RESEND_CONFIRMATION_MUTATION
} from "../../../api/Mutations";
//Utils
import { _isLoggedIn } from "../../../services/utilities";
import { getUrlParam } from "@vacom/vantage";
import LogRocket from "logrocket";
import { withAlert } from "react-alert";
//locales
import { FormattedMessage, injectIntl } from "react-intl";
import { globals as messages } from "../../../locales/api";
export class ConfirmUser extends React.PureComponent {
  static propTypes = {
    confirmEmail: PropTypes.func.isRequired,
    resendConfirmation: PropTypes.func.isRequired,
    history: PropTypes.object.isRequired,
    alert: PropTypes.object,
    intl: PropTypes.object.isRequired,
    user: PropTypes.object.isRequired
  };
  state = {
    confirmToken: "",
    error: false,
    errorMsg: ""
  };
  componentDidMount() {
    const { user, history } = this.props;
    //Checks if the user clicked on link send
    if (getUrlParam("token")) {
      this.setState({
        confirmToken: getUrlParam("token")
      });
    } else {
      //Checks if a user is login if not redirect to signin page
      if (!_isLoggedIn()) {
        history.push("/signin");
        return;
      }
      //Checks if the user already confirmed, redirect to main page
      if (user.state.profile.confirmed) {
        history.push("/");
        return;
      } else {
        this._onResendConfirmationCode();
      }
    }
  }
  _onSendConfirmationCode = async () => {
    //verifies the user and saves in the DB
    const { intl, user } = this.props;
    try {
      const { confirmToken } = this.state;
      await this.props.confirmEmail({
        variables: {
          confirmToken
        }
      });
      //updates user account confirmation state
      user.updateAccountConfirmation();
      //redirects the user to the main page
      this.props.history.push("/");
    } catch (e) {
      LogRocket.error({ SendConfirmationCode: e });
      this.setState({
        error: true,
        errorMsg: intl.formatMessage(messages.UserVerificationInvalid)
      });
    }
  };
  _onResendConfirmationCode = async () => {
    //If the code is invalid resend a new code
    const { intl, user, alert, resendConfirmation } = this.props;
    try {
      const email = user.state.profile.email;
      await resendConfirmation({
        variables: {
          email
        }
      });
      alert.show(intl.formatMessage(messages.UserVerificationSend));
    } catch (e) {
      LogRocket.error({ ResendConfirmationCode: e });
      this.setState({
        error: true,
        errorMsg: intl.formatMessage(messages.UserVerificationInvalid)
      });
    }
  };
  render() {
    const { confirmToken, error, errorMsg } = this.state;
    const { intl } = this.props;
    return (
      <AuthLayout
        title={intl.formatMessage(messages.UserVerificationTitle)}
        description={intl.formatMessage(messages.UserVerificationDescription)}
      >
        <label htmlFor="confirmToken" className="sr-only">
          <FormattedMessage
            id="user.account.verification.text.confirm"
            defaultMessage={"Confirmation Code"}
          />
        </label>
        <Input
          id="confirmToken"
          value={confirmToken}
          onChange={e => this.setState({ confirmToken: e.target.value })}
          className="form-control"
          placeholder={intl.formatMessage(
            messages.UserVerificationConfirmPlaceholder
          )}
          required
          autoFocus
        />

        <Button
          className="btn btn-lg  btn-block"
          style={{ marginTop: 10, marginBottom: 10 }}
          onClick={this._onSendConfirmationCode}
          primary
        >
          <FormattedMessage
            id="user.account.verification.action.confirm"
            defaultMessage={"Confirm Account"}
          />
        </Button>
        <Link onClick={this._onResendConfirmationCode}>
          <FormattedMessage
            id="user.account.verification.action.resend"
            defaultMessage={" Resend confirmation code?"}
          />
        </Link>
        <Error show={error}>{errorMsg}</Error>
      </AuthLayout>
    );
  }
}

const confirmUserWithData = compose(
  withUser,
  injectIntl,
  withAlert,
  graphql(USER_CONFIRM_TOKEN_MUTATION, { name: "confirmEmail" }),
  graphql(USER_RESEND_CONFIRMATION_MUTATION, { name: "resendConfirmation" })
);

export default confirmUserWithData(ConfirmUser);


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August 6th in History
Michael Dobson | August 6
A mushroom cloud over Hiroshima, Japan
Judge Crater steps into a taxicab and is never seen again (1930)
The B-29 Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan (1945)
LBJ signs the Voting Rights Act (1965)
Tim Berners-Lee releases his plans for the World Wide Web (1991)
The Ramones play their farewell concert (1996)
NASA's Curiosity rover lands on Mars (2012)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, poet (1809)
Charles Fort, investigator of strange phenomena (1874)
Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin (1881)
Louella Parsons, gossip columnist (1881)
Hoot Gibson, actor (1892)
Lucille Ball, actress (1911)
Robert Mitchum, actor (1917)
Freddie Laker, airline entrepreneur (1922)
Andy Warhol, artist (1928)
Piers Anthony, writer (1934)
M. Night Shyamalan, director (1970)
Soleil Moon Frye, actress (1976)
Ben Jonson, poet and playwright (1637)
Bix Beiderbecke, young man with a horn (1931)
Richard Bong, US fighter ace and Medal of Honor winner (1945)
Preston Sturges, director (1959)
Fulgencio Batista, Cuban president (1973)
Harry Reasoner, television journalist (1991)
Rick James, musician (2004)
John Hughes, filmmaker (2009)
Marvin Hamlisch, composer (2012)
Children's Day (Tuvalu)
Independence Day (Bolivia, Jamaica)
Kadooment Day (Barbados)
National Lighthouse Day (US)
National Root Beer Float Day (US)
Peace Memorial Ceremony (Hiroshima)
Railway Troops Day (Russia)
August 6 is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years). There are 147 days remaining until the end of the year.
Get the Book from this Day
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
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If I know that someone specifically wants a particular date, I'm happy to move it to the top of the queue. If you can give me six weeks' head start, I should be able to have your date written, designed, published, and available well in time. So click the link below to email me, and let me know what you want.


Do you know a lie when you hear one? If it brings the divinity of Jesus into question, it would be obvious to you but maybe not to the person telling it. In this book, Pastor Lutzer challenges six misconceptions and gives you historical evidence to counter them.
These are topics that can come up in ordinary conversation with family, friends, co-workers, and church members. You'll discover why these lies have taken hold in our culture and be ready to defend our Lord at the drop of a hat!


To celebrate PADI 5 Star IDC Sairee Cottage Diving's 10 year anniversary they put together the 'Change a Life' contest. One lucky winner would win an all-inclusive (zero to hero) PADI Divemaster package. Not only did this package include all PADI courses from Open Water Diver up to Divemaster, but it also included flights, accommodation, learning material, insurance, unlimited fun diving, gear rental and more.
I finally decided to enter the competition and began writing a blog post and filming a video to submit. A few weeks and one video interview later, Sairee Cottage Diving's PADI Platinum Course Director, Marcel van den Berg, messaged me to let me know I had actually won the contest! After totally freaking out, I immediately started looking for flights. With my flights booked for the 22nd July, I couldn't wait to go on my biggest adventure yet.
Being the lucky winner of the Sairee Cottage Diving 'Change a Life' competition, I won an all-inclusive PADI Divemaster package. Although I originally never imagined myself as a PADI Divemaster, I was excited to get started. I travelled to the beautiful island of Koh Tao, where I visited Sairee Cottage Diving. It was here that I was lucky enough to start a new chapter of my life as a PADI Divemaster, while living in paradise. My life was quickly filled with beautiful beaches, warm weather, amazing people and a lot of unforgettable diving!
Since travelling to Koh Tao and meeting the team at Sairee Cottage Diving, a lot has happened. I completed my PADI Advanced Open Water Diver, Emergency First Response and PADI Rescue Diver courses and I am currently on the journey to becoming a PADI Divemaster.
Most people I talk to ask me if I can teach students how to dive after completing the PADI Divemaster course, but the answer is simply no. To teach students how to dive you must first complete the PADI Open Water Scuba Instructor program. Instead, as a PADI Divemaster you can take already certified divers on guided tours (fun dives) despite their certification level (Open Water Diver and above). A Divemaster is simply an underwater tour guide that can show divers local dive sites, local marine life and basically anything interesting underwater.
Learning great buoyancy skills in my PADI Divemaster Course.
To become a PADI Divemaster you must first learn various demonstrating skills, theory about your equipment, human physiology, physics, and decompression and recreational diving. You must be able to prove your swimming, floating, snorkelling and towing abilities. To deepen your rescue, navigation, buoyancy and mapping skills, you must also attend workshops. Finally, you will also need to assist instructors on various courses. Besides all that, a huge part of the course is fun diving so you can perfect your confidence underwater and of course, your diving skills. Here at Sairee Cottage Diving, they emphasise that your Divemaster course is about having fun – and it absolutely is!
One thing that makes this humbling experience of discovering this whole new world, even more fun, is that I get to share it with so many other passionate divers. The PADI diving community is literally just as diverse as the Koh Tao marine life. You'll meet people of all ages, from all over the world, with the most diverse backgrounds, yet they all have a shared love for diving. I have learnt so much from just talking to them about what we've seen underwater during previous diving experiences. Being surrounded by those inspiring people and hearing their experiences have helped (and still help) me a lot with progressing in my own diving career. For example, I have been able to overcome my small fear of night diving by realising that with the right training, a night dive can be a very special and meditative experience.
Recently a friend of mine asked me about my most memorable experience in diving and I thought back to my first week on Koh Tao. Together with some other divemaster candidates, I went on a fun dive at a dive site called South West Pinnacle. It was a nice, sunny day and the visibility underwater was great. We were just hovering around the pinnacle enjoying ourselves when a giant school of beautiful gold band fusiliers came in sight. Those small, agile fish were everywhere, surrounding us from every side, moving whenever we moved. Some of them even came very close which made the experience of being a part of this community and one with the environment, even more exciting. It absolutely made my day and it still puts a big smile on my face today. Another dive I will never forget was when we saw a whale shark. It was so unbelievably exciting to see the stunning whale shark swim gracefully in the distance.
Whale shark encounter during my PADI Divemaster Course on Koh Tao.
Putting a big smile on someone's face and experiencing these amazing memories with them is why becoming a PADI Divemaster is so special. You are able to show them the marine life that they see on television, in front of their own eyes. Sometimes I catch myself taking all this for granted, as it has become a part of my everyday life. However, I keep reminding myself that the opportunity I was given comes as a once in a lifetime experience and I am incredibly thankful for that!
It's hard to put my thoughts and feelings into the right words, as there is so much more to tell. However, that's why I am sharing my experience of my PADI Divemaster journey and the amazing lifestyle that comes with it.
Are you interested in becoming a PADI Divemaster like Christina? Learn more about the PADI Divemaster course, PADI Open Water Scuba Instructor course and locate your local PADI Dive Store in Koh Tao today!


A Sister-In-Law And A Target Sale!
Craving fettuccine alfredo this afternoon but didn't have heavy cream or cream cheese on hand so settled for Parmesan Noodles.
Found this recipe on Pinterest (of course).
Yep, I needed a recipe. I do not do well winging it.
Only modification I made was adding freshly squeezed lemon.
Check out other recipes in the Cooking On Purpose menu. Strawberry Cheesecake Lush would be awesome right now!


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Paramount Pictures Sells Movie Downloads On AOL
by Wendy Davis @wendyndavis, October 23, 2006
Viacom's Paramount Pictures has started selling full-length movies on AOL, joining other major studios including 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group.
Films available for download on AOL at prices ranging from $9.99 to $19.99 include recent movies like "Failure to Launch" and older films, like "Breakfast at Tiffany's" and "Chinatown." With the addition of the Paramount titles, AOL now sells more than 300 movies from the major studios.
The digital film download space has become increasingly crowded in the last several months, as studios are experimenting with different distribution models and price points. In August, News Corp. said it would sell downloads of movies like "X-Men: The Last Stand" for $19.99 on Fox sites.
Apple Computer in September also launched a movie store with videos provided by Walt Disney Co.'s Pixar, Miramax, Touchstone and Disney. Apple's downloads cost $12.99 for pre-orders and new releases in their first week of circulation, $15 for recent releases, and $10 for older titles.
Additionally, last month, Amazon started selling films with prices ranging from $7.99 to $14.99 and renting for $3.99 each.
Still, despite the influx of new services, the market isn't expected to approach its potential until consumers can watch movies they have downloaded on TV screens--either by burning high-quality DVDs, or transferring directly to TV via another device.
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Home » News » Buhari, Tinubu, Adamu meet ahead of presidential campaign kick-off
Buhari, Tinubu, Adamu meet ahead of presidential campaign kick-off
President Muhammadu Buhari (middle) the presidential candidate of APC, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (left) and National Chairman of the party, Senator Abdullahi Adamu (right) at the meeting on Sunday night.
By Johnbosco Agbakwuru, Abuja
President Muhammadu Buhari, late Sunday night, held a pre-campaign kick-off meeting with the presidential candidate of the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC), Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, and the party's National Chairman, Senator Abdullahi Adamu, at the Presidential Villa, Abuja.
President Buhari arrived Abuja Sunday evening from a two-week medical check up in London, the United Kingdom (UK).
Recall that while in London, the President, on Wednesday, last week held a meeting with the British Monarch, King Charles III, at the Buckingham Palace.
Photos: Buhari returns to Abuja after private medical trip
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Sunday nights meeting was briefly announced by Special Assistant to the President on Digital Communications, Bashir Ahmad, on his verified Twitter handle, @BashirAhmad.
"JUST IN: President Muhammadu Buhari is currently meeting with our presidential candidate, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu and Chairman of great party, Senator Abdullahi Adamu, ahead of the formal presidential campaign flag-off later in the week," the tweet had said.
The presidential media aide, Ahmad, said he did not have details of the deliberations at the meeting.
But he said he could confirm it was all about putting final finishing touches to the kick-off of the party's presidential campaign, which has been scheduled to hold in Jos, Plateau State, on Tuesday.
According to him, "All I know about the meeting is that it was for the preparation towards the kick-off of the campaigns taking place in Plateau tomorrow."
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Today on the show we talking about be PREPARED financial for situations like retirement or college and using the stock market to do that. We get into what stocks are a good long term investment. We get into what to look for in a stock as an investment how to pick the right stock for you. We talk about stocks of companies vs commodity stocks. We dig into startups and buying there early stocks. We discuss penny stocks and how that works plus much more.
Today on the show were going over situational awareness and situation awareness. We talk about ways to increase situation awareness. We get into things I do to keep myself aware of my surrounding and the impact it can have on an emergency situation and daily life. I give tips out to our female listeners and using tech to keep aware of your surroundings.
Today on the show we talk about mortgages and things everyone should know about them in today's tough financial times. we get into Fixed Mortgages Vs Adjustable Mortgages. We talk about home line of credit over refinancing. We get into types of financing and the interest rates.
Today on the Survivalist Podcast we get into generators. We talk about entire house backup generators vs portable generators. We get into using transfer switches and the safety involved with generators. We talk about when to use generators and conserving fuel. We discuss solar generators as well.
Today on the show we talk about prepping for unemployment. How could you cut your bills if you needed? What could you cut vs what you can't cut? I talk about getting a great resume together and where you could look for work. I get into the unemployment system and know how much money your going to get while on unemployment. We talk about looking for jobs in advance and preparing your finances in advance.
How could you cut your bills if you needed?
What could you cut vs what you can't cut?
Where you can look for work.
Preparing your finances for loosing a job.
How to earn extra money on the side.
Making hard decisions on what to cut.
Today on the show we talk about EDC or Everyday Carry Bags we talk about the essentials of what should be in the bag and how the bag should always be with you. We talk about the kind of bag you should buy and difference between EDC and bug out bags.
What should be in your Everyday Carry bag.
Today is our first show we talk about what prepping means and that prepping is not just about survival. We talk about the show format and the website. We talk social media and the show on iTunes. We get into show topics that we will discuss over time. I give a bio about myself and we talk about much more.
What is this show about.


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More Than 760,000 Pounds Of Hot Pockets Are Being Recalled Over Glass And Plastic Contamination Fears
Nestlé Prepared Foods has issued a recall involving hundreds of thousands of pounds of Pepperoni Hot Pockets they fear could contain glass and plastic.
The recall was issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) on Friday and affects approximately 762,615 pounds of Premium Pepperoni Pizza Hot Pockets with Garlic Buttery Crust. The company fears these Hot Pockets "may be contaminated with extraneous materials, specifically pieces of glass and hard plastic."
The recall went into effect after authorities received four consumer complaints of "extraneous material" in the product. FSIS has received one report of a "minor oral injury" associated with the consumption of the affected Hot Pockets. The recall was categorized as a Class I recall, one in which there is a "reasonable probability that the use of the product will cause serious, adverse health consequences or death."
The affected Hot Pockets specifically have the date and lot codes 0318544624, 0319544614, 0320544614, and 0321544614, as well as a "best before" date of February 2022 on the boxes and "EST. 7721A" inside the USDA mark of inspection. You can see the full product information in the recall here.
These Hot Pockets were produced from Nov. 13, 2020 through Nov. 16, 2020, and were distributed to stores nationwide. As the product has a shelf life of 14 months, the FSIS said in its release that it is concerned these boxes could very well still be in peoples' freezers. If you discover you have one of the affected boxes in your freezer, the FSIS urges you not to consume it but instead to throw it away or return it to the place of purchase.
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Colorado Fishing Network. - Offers information about fishing in Colorado. Includes information on fishing trips, lodges and fishing supplies.
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Southwest Colorado Travel Region - Offers travel planning guide, visitor/tourist information for Southwest Colorado travel region.


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Video Game Review: Super Mario Land (Gameboy)
October 11, 2019 by Talking Pulp	in Reviews, Video Game Review and tagged action, adventure, fantasy, Gameboy, platformer, review, sci-fi, side scroller, Super Mario, video game
Super Mario Land was released in 1989 as one of the launch titles for Nintendo's first hand held console, the original Gameboy. I think it was the first game I actually played on the platform.
It's pretty much a standard side scrolling Super Mario Bros. game. It's similar to the original Nintendo trilogy of games, being closest to the first one in the series.
What I like about it is that it's really unique in that you don't fight Bowser but instead, fight a alien dude in a spaceship. You also fight giant flame breathing sphinxes and a lot of other new types of enemies. Plus, everything either has an ancient Egypt or a UFO theme.
While this also has some of the old baddies in it, the koopas in this game are more like a cross between koopas and bob-ombs. Instead of their shells bouncing around as weapons, they now fall and explode.
Ultimately, this was a pretty imaginative Mario game with a lot of cool things that set it apart from the others before it without diverting away from the gameplay style that made the games popular.
It's a smooth running, energetic game with cool levels, neat monsters and a final boss that was unlike anything else in a Mario game before this.
Pairs well with: the other Super Mario games for Gameboy and the original Nintendo.
← Comic Review: The New Mutants: War Children – One-Shot
Film Review: Fear of a Black Hat (1993) →


Portable radios date back to the early 1800s, where old classics would constantly stream in and out of old cafes, barber stalls, salons, or dilapidated garage sheds. When I think of old portable radios, my mind takes me back to Cuba Gooding Jr. in the movie Men of Honor. His old father's radio tucked under his arm, setting out to fulfill a dream as a US Navy diver.
Portable radios may have been a thing of the past, but they've found their place even in today's world, only modern and highly evolved. The following are some portable radio reviews that could get you skeptical, or settle doubts - hopefully you can go home with a new radio ready to be hooked up.
Given below are portable radio reviews of what's in and hot in the market scene of music devices. Amazon is selling these radios for different price ranges. Compare and make an evaluation of what works best in terms of pricing and quality.
This portable radio comes with good sound quality, includes an FM radio, two axillary inputs on the top of the unit, powered by 8 D batteries, comes with a slot that carries the remote, with an option to even clip it onto your belt when you're not in one place. The downside is that it is a little steep on the price range ($223 - $299), but it's worth every penny. It can also be used as iPod speakers.
Features a Wi-Fi enabled setup with free Internet radio broadcasts, including podcasting features and local network streaming. It has FM radio, with good sound quality. It has a touch interface, with battery packs that cost a little extra on the downside. It comes with a remote and excludes some popular music services like Slacker, Rhapsody and others. Speaker settings are mono and the radio doesn't pick up on AM broadcasts. The plus side is that the Wi-Fi radio offers a strong coverage platform including full sound. Music streaming options are apparently obsolete.
It comes with both AM/FM enabled radio, with dual alarm clock systems and iPod/iPhone playback capabilities. It also supports videos from the iPod, with two auxiliary ports that are easy to use. Touch sensitive snooze is pretty impressive. It's a little large to be kept on a cluttered nightstand, so you'll need to make place just for the radio. The AM/FM and iPod clock radio comes with plenty of customizable and connectivity options for users.
The radio can be manipulated to do your bidding, by using three options that are available for the sake of convenience; a remote control, the front of the radio, or the Iphone remote control app, to change Pandora stations directly. It has 10 channels already built into it, including 50,000 other radio stations that you can enjoy tuning in to. It has Wi-Fi capabilities and also has Internet streaming features to name a few.
Satellite radios are a nice way of getting music streaming in, sometimes with the option of no advertisements, that tend to be annoying and troublesome. Check out the top three portable satellite radios in the market, and get one that gels with your taste.
The signal strength and sound quality is stellar, with live concerts featured and exclusive coverage of baseball and NHL sporting events. It comes for $13/month. It also has the PGA golf and Indy Racing League as featured channels, along with news, politics, radio talk shows and more. It is an ideal way of having radio streaming that is constant and doesn't need one to log online for music but can be placed anywhere, at one's convenience.
You can flip through a catalog of channels that are dedicated to specific artists. Also features channels of NFL football matches. For subscribers that avail of this service online, the sound quality is high. The downside is that an additional payment is made to avail of the best quality in sound. This satellite radio is priced at $13/month. Howard Stern has two channels that he is featured on with other talk show hosts like Oprah, weather forecasts, and political news. It is a service that is current and easy to use, with music available all day, everyday through satellite streaming.
This has a one hour buffer for pause/replay, including a split screen display, and full color. It contains lots of features although it doesn't have a wireless transmitter and has a power button that is just way too small. Amazon is selling it now for a price of $80. Experts and users find this an apt choice of radio satellite, especially with the option of pausing and replaying and it saves up to an hour of programming. The two options, 'TuneSelect' and 'GameSelect' are also highly acclaimed, with TuneSelect alerting users of favorite tracks playing on the radio, and GameSelect for sporting event alerts.
Satellite radio is a thing of the future, with people tuning in to music that directly streams from worldwide radio stations that anyone, anywhere can enjoy after the satellite radio installation is complete. I hope these portable radio reviews will help you choose which portable radio/satellite radio services to avail of. Do your research on the best buys out there with respect to these portable radios and make a smart purchase.


A research team at Stanford University launched the Puffer streaming service in a bid to improve video streaming algorithms. While live, a computer will be taught how to design new algorithms to reduce glitches and stalls while improving image quality.
Usually when a new, free service appears on the internet it is accompanied by some method of generating revenue to keep it running, which usually takes the form of ads. However, Stanford University just launched a free streaming TV service without ads.
As The Streamable reports, the new service is called Puffer and Stanford University classes it as a research study. It currently offers access to six channels—KPIX (CBS), KNTV 11 (NBC), KGO-TV 7 (ABC), KTVY 2 (Fox), KDTV 14 (Univision), and KQED 9 (PBS)—that are all re-transmissions of free over-the-air broadcasts. Accessing them is as easy as picking a username and password and logging into Puffer.
The research team really wants (needs!) you to sit and watch TV using Puffer because it helps them to teach a computer to design new algorithms. As you watch, Puffer will experiment with different algorithms and monitor how they impact the quality of the stream. The end result of the study is to hopefully come up with new algorithms that reduce the number of glitches and stalls occurring during a stream, but also to improve image quality and better predict the capacity of internet connections and how that changes.
The more people who stream, and the more diverse the ways they connect to the internet are (wired, wireless, rural, heavy and light traffic times of the day), the better Puffer's algorithms should end up being.
Puffer works in the Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Edge web browsers across Windows, Linux, and Mac. If you try to stream Puffer using Safari on a Mac desktop you won't be able to hear any sound. Attempting to stream it on an iPhone or iPad will result in failure as Safari on iOS doesn't support Media Source Extensions, which Puffer relies on to function.
Stanford's goal is to get 500 people streaming simultaneously, but I suspect they'll get many times more than that as word spreads of its existence. As the limit is 500 people streaming at once, don't be surprised if Puffer doesn't work the first time you try it.


What To Do If Model Test Results Are Worse than Training.
The procedure when evaluating machine learning models is to fit and evaluate them on training data, then verify that the model has good skill on a held-back test dataset.
Often, you will get a very promising performance when evaluating the model on the training dataset and poor performance when evaluating the model on the test set.
In this post, you will discover techniques and issues to consider when you encounter this common problem.
The problem of model performance mismatch that may occur when evaluating machine learning algorithms.
The causes of overfitting, under-representative data samples, and stochastic algorithms.
Ways to harden your test harness to avoid the problem in the first place.
This post was based on a reader question; thanks! Keep the questions coming!
Photo by Arapaoa Moffat, some rights reserved.
When developing a model for a predictive modeling problem, you need a test harness.
The test harness defines how the sample of data from the domain will be used to evaluate and compare candidate models for your predictive modeling problem.
There are many ways to structure a test harness, and no single best way for all projects.
One popular approach is to use a portion of data for fitting and tuning the model and a portion for providing an objective estimate of the skill of the tuned model on out-of-sample data.
The data sample is split into a training and test dataset. The model is evaluated on the training dataset using a resampling method such as k-fold cross-validation, and the set itself may be further divided into a validation dataset used to tune the hyperparameters of the model.
The test set is held back and used to evaluate and compare tuned models.
The resampling method will give you an estimate of the skill of your model on unseen data by using the training dataset.
The test dataset provides a second data point and ideally an objective idea of how well the model is expected to perform, corroborating the estimated model skill.
What if the estimate of model skill on the training dataset does not match the skill of the model on the test dataset?
The scores will not match in general. We do expect some differences because some small overfitting of the training dataset is inevitable given hyperparameter tuning, making the training scores optimistic.
But what if the difference is worryingly large?
Which score do you trust?
Can you still compare models using the test dataset?
Is the model tuning process invalidated?
It is a challenging and very common situation in applied machine learning.
We can call this concern the "model performance mismatch" problem.
Note: ideas of "large differences" in model performance are relative to your chosen performance measures, datasets, and models. We cannot talk objectively about differences in general, only relative differences that you must interpret yourself.
There are many possible causes for the model performance mismatch problem.
Ultimately, your goal is to have a test harness that you know allows you to make good decisions regarding which model and model configuration to use as a final model.
In this section, we will look at some possible causes, diagnostics, and techniques you can use to investigate the problem.
Let's look at three main areas: model overfitting, the quality of the data sample, and the stochastic nature of the learning algorithm.
Perhaps the most common cause is that you have overfit the training data.
You have hit upon a model, a set of model hyperparameters, a view of the data, or a combination of these elements and more that just so happens to give a good skill estimate on the training dataset.
The use of k-fold cross-validation will help to some degree. The use of tuning models with a separate dataset too will help. Nevertheless, it is possible to keep pushing and overfit on the training dataset.
If this is the case, the test skill may be more representative of the true skill of the chosen model and configuration.
Try a k-fold cross-validation evaluation of the model on the test dataset.
Try a fit of the model on the training dataset and an evaluation on the test and a new data sample.
If you're overfit, you have options.
Perhaps you can scrap your current training dataset and collect a new training dataset.
Perhaps you can re-split your sample into train/test in a softer approach to getting a new training dataset.
I would suggest that the results that you have obtained to-date are suspect and should be re-considered. Especially those where you may have spent too long tuning.
Overfitting may be the ultimate cause for the discrepancy in model scores, though it may not be the area to attack first.
It is possible that your training or test datasets are an unrepresentative sample of data from the domain.
This means that the sample size is too small or the examples in the sample do not effectively "cover" the cases observed in the broader domain.
A large variance on cross-validation scores.
A large variance on similar model types on the test dataset.
In addition, you will see the discrepancy between train and test scores.
Another good second test is to check summary statistics for each variable on the train and test sets, and ideally on the cross-validation folds. You are looking for a large variance in sample means and standard deviation.
The remedy is often to get a larger and more representative sample of data from the domain. Alternately, to use more discriminating methods in preparing the data sample and splits. Think stratified k-fold cross validation, but applied to input variables in an attempt to maintain population means and standard deviations for real-valued variables in addition to the distribution of categorical variables.
Often when I see overfitting on a project, it is because the test harness is not as robust as it should be, not because of hill climbing the test dataset.
It is possible that you are seeing a discrepancy in model scores because of the stochastic nature of the algorithm.
Many machine learning algorithms involve a stochastic component. For example, the random initial weights in a neural network, the shuffling of data and in turn the gradient updates in stochastic gradient descent, and much more.
This means, that each time the same algorithm is run on the same data, different sequences of random numbers are used and, in turn, a different model with different skill will result.
This issue can be seen by the variance in model skill scores from cross-validation, much like having an unrepresentative data sample.
The difference here is that the variance can be cleared up by repeating the model evaluation process, e.g. cross-validation, in order to control for the randomness in training the model.
This is often called the multiple repeats k-fold cross-validation and is used for neural networks and stochastic optimization algorithms, when resources permit.
A lot of these problems can be addressed early by designing a robust test harness and then gathering evidence to demonstrate that indeed your test harness is robust.
A sensitivity analysis of train/test splits.
A sensitivity analysis of k values for cross-validation.
A sensitivity analysis of a given model's behavior.
A sensitivity analysis on the number of repeats.
Low variance and consistent mean in evaluation scores between tests in a cross-validation.
Correlated population means between model scores on train and test sets.
Use statistical tools like standard error and significance tests if needed.
Use a modern and un-tuned model that performs well in general for such testing, such as random forest.
If you discover a difference in skill scores between training and test sets, and it is consistent, that may be fine. You know what to expect.
If you measure a variance in mean skill scores within a given test, you have error bars you can use to interpret the results.
I would go so far as to say that without a robust test harness, the results you achieve will be a mess. You will not be able to effectively interpret them. There will be an element of risk (or fraud, if you're an academic) in the presentation of the outcomes from a fragile test harness. And reproducibility/robustness is a massive problem in numerical fields like applied machine learning.
Finally, avoid using the test dataset too much. Once you have strong evidence that your harness is robust, do not touch the test dataset until it comes time for final model selection.
In this post, you discovered the model performance mismatch problem where model performance differs greatly between training and test sets, and techniques to diagnose and address the issue.
Thanks again for the nice post! I learn new things whenever I read your blogs.
I have basic question here – Is there a way to check 100% coverage of training data before stratified k-fold cross validation? 100% coverage means training sample/data that will have all possible combinations/data/values of features to be considered for model, or is it something domain expert should confirm?
Normally we do not seek 100% coverage, instead we seek a statistically representative sample.
We can explore whether we achieve this using summary statistics.
I am developing my model prediction using both plsr package (partial least square) and h2o package (deep machine learning). From the original data set, I split 80% for model training through 10-fold CV and retain 20% for testing. I repeat this 10 time (i.e. outer loop CV) and each time the data is shuffled before split into training (80%) and testing (20%). My observation is that the Rcv reported by the pls model is always higher than that of machine learning. However, on the outer loop, when I use the best model obtained during cross validation to predict the test data, the thing is opposite: the r-squared of machine learning is better than that of pls for all 10 repeats. Can I conclude that the CV of pls possibly overfits the data?
I would change one thing.
Discard all models trained during cross validation, then train a model on all training data and evaluate it on the hold out test set.


Help us care for young trees at Valleyridge Park! We'll do some monitoring of trees we've planted in the past and show them some love by giving them a fresh ring of mulch!
Bring your family and friends – all are welcome! High school students will earn volunteer hours – don't forget your forms!
Please register at THIS LINK to let us know you're coming.
Please be prompt – we'll teach you how to mulch properly at the beginning of the event.
Come dressed for the weather and working in the dirt. We work rain or shine! If it is sunny don't forget sunscreen or a brimmed hat. We recommend long pants, as some areas have high weeds (including thistles!).


• Ice: An ice cube or ice pack will temporarily soothe and numb the skin, while reducing inflammation.
• Baking soda or oatmeal: Make a paste with a tablespoon of either of these plus an equal amount of water, and place it on your bite for about ten minutes before rinsing away.
• Honey: Let the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of honey soothe your bite.
• Basil: Crush some basil leaves and apply them on your skin.
• Black tea: Place wet, cold tea bags on bites to draw out toxins, lessen pain and reduce swelling.


You are here: Home / Blogs / Seven Reasons Why We Automate ?
Seven Reasons Why We Automate ?
3. Reduce the man-hour cost of common changes. Scripts require less operational time to action.
5. Testing and validation – automated scripts and SDN platforms should be used to conduct testing and post-change validation to verify that business services is operational and valid.
6. Silo breakdown – orchestration and automation should span multiple silos e.g. provisioning a server should be automated and require interaction between sysadmins, developers, server/virtualization, storage and network teams can break free from silos to co-operate.
7. Enable the Impossible – old saying: 'man who looks at feet while walking does not see where he is going'. Once freed from low value tasks, bigger problems can be addressed that we not possible before. Equally important, we can see the major issues more clearly as the minor tasks are removed.


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Which CSCS Card Do I Need ?
When you book your CSCS test you will need to decide which CSCS card to apply for and this will depend on which trade you are in and your level of education and experience.
The different card colours denote the level of experience or specialisation.
Your trade or profession determines not ony which of the cards (citb Heath Safety & Environment) you need to apply for, but also which questions you are asked at your test as there will be different questions asked if you want to book a test for any of the specialisations.
If you are a labourer you will need the basic operators green card.
These are the craft cards. You will need to apply for the blue card if you area skilled tradesperson such as a Floor Tyler, Carpenter, Thatcher, Painter etc. If you are a trainee or apprentice in one of the trades you should apply for a red Card. You can also apply for a gold card if you are advanced.
These cards are required for Supervisory or advanced craft workers.
This is the Card you will need if you are in a Construction Related occupation or are a Professionally Qualified Person (PQP).
The Black card is for management, for example a town planning practitioner or a Transportation Practitioner.
This card is a regulars visitors card. i.e. for anyone who would regulary visit a site, who are working within the construction skills certification scheme, in the course of their work.
Checkout the rest of the site to find out more about the CSCS Health and Safety Test and CSCS certification. Whatever your occupation, If you work on, or regularly have reason to visit a construction site, you are going to need to apply for a CSCS Card.
Hi there hope you can help I hold a White Card from Western Australia which enables me to work on any construction site in Western Australia as well as mine sites were I worked.Can you tell me if this can be used to obtain a CSCS Card, Thanks again for any help you may give me.