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Alto Carabaque () ou Carabaque Montanhoso (), (, tr.: Nagórni Karabákh) é uma região cercada de terra na Transcaucásia (sul do Cáucaso), situada entre o Carabaque (ou Baixo Carabaque) e a província de Siunique (Zangezur), ao longo de todas as montanhas do chamado Pequeno Cáucaso. A região é, em sua maior parte, montanhosa e coberta por florestas, e tem uma área de 8 223 quilômetros quadrados.

A região faz parte, de jure, do Azerbaijão, porém é governada de facto pela República de Artsaque, que não tem reconhecimento internacional. Desde o fim da Guerra do Alto Carabaque, em 1994, representantes dos governos da Armênia e do Azerbaijão vêm mantendo negociações de paz, mediadas pelo Grupo de Minsk, acerca do status em disputa da região.

Etimologia

Нагорный (Nagornii) é uma palavra russa que significa "montanhoso". A palavra não é usada nem no armênio nem no azeri, porém foi utilizada como nome oficial da região durante o domínio da União Soviética, motivo pelo qual também passou a ser utilizado por estes idiomas. Os nomes mais comuns, no entanto, costumam traduzir o significado literal do russo Нагорный Карабах (transl. Nagorniy Karabah):

 Armênio: , transl. Lernayin Gharabagh Azeri: Dağlıq Qarabağ ("Carabaque Montanhoso") ou Yuxarı Qarabağ ("Alto Carabaque")

Diversos outros idiomas também optam por traduzir o significado da expressão; em português, por exemplo, o território também é chamado de Carabaque Montanhoso ou Alto Carabaque, a exemplo do francês Haut-Karabakh.

A palavra Carabaque é tida em geral como turcomana e persa, e significa literalmente "jardim" negro".Ulubabyan, Bagrat. Karabagh (Ղարաբաղ). Enciclopédia Armênia Soviética, vol. vii, Ierevan, RSS Armênia, 1981 p. 26 (em armênio) O nome aparece pela primeira vez em fontes georgianas e persas dos séculos XIII e XIV. Karabagh é uma grafia alternativa do nome, que também se refere a um tipo de tapete produzido originalmente na região. Em português também se usam as grafias Karabaque e Carabaque, entre outras.

Uma teoria alternativa sugere uma origem turco-armênia, referindo-se ao "Grande Baghk" (em armênio: Մեծ Բաղք), uma possível referência a Ktish-Baghk (posteriormente ), um dos principados de Artsaque sob o domínio da , que ocupou o trono do Reino de Siunique entre os séculos XI e XIII, e se intitulava o "Reino de Baghk".

A região também é conhecida pelos armênios que vivem na região como Artsaque (em armênio: ), referindo-se à décima província do antigo Reino da Armênia. Nas inscrições urartianas dos séculos IX e  o nome Urtekhini é usado para designar a região.
Fontes da Grécia Antiga chamam a região de Orcistena (Orchistene).

História
História antiga

O Alto Carabaque se situa em terras ocupadas inicialmente por povos conhecidos pelos arqueólogos modernos como a cultura Cura-Araxes, que viviam entre os rios Cura e Araxes. A população original da região consistia de diversas tribos, autóctones e migratórias. De acordo com o estudioso americano Robert H. Hewsen, estas tribos primitivas "certamente não tinham origem armênia", e "embora certos povos iranianos possam ter se estabelecido ali durante o longo período do domínio persa e medo, a maior parte dos nativos não era indo-europeu. Estes povos, segundo Hewsen, foram conquistados pelo Reino da Armênia no .

No entanto, com base nas informações fornecidas pelo historiador armênio Moisés de Corene, do , outros autores ocidentais afirmaram - e, posteriormente, o próprio Hewsen - que estes povos podem ter sido conquistados pelo Reino da Armênia até mesmo antes, no .

No todo, desde cerca de  e até o  — antes de voltar a fazer parte novamente do Reino da Armênia, em 855 — o território do Alto Carabaque continuou a fazer parte do Reino da Armênia unido na forma da província de Artsaque.Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh," in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983

Depois da partição da Armênia entre o Império Bizantino e a Pérsia, em 387, o reino de Artsaque passou a fazer parte da Albânia, que, por sua vez, situava-se sob forte influência religiosa e cultural armênia.Walker, Christopher J. Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity. Minority Rights Group Publications, 1991, p. 10Hewsen, Robert H. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chicago: 1982 Alguns historiadores armênios, como Moisés de Corene e Moisés de Dascurene, ligaram o nome armênio da região do Reino de Aghvank - Աղվանից Թագավորություն, Albânia Caucásica - à alcunha dada ao lendário soberano local, Arã (em armênio Աղու, transl. Aghu - "bondoso" ou "gentil"). Nos relatos de Kaghankatvatsi, Aran é designado para governar Aghvank por Vagharshak, rei da Armênia.

Uma descrição extensa de Artsaque e de seus 12 condados faz parte do atlas geográfico armênio do  chamado Ashkharatsuyts (Geografia), compilado pelo acadêmico Ananias de Siracena.

A partir de um registro militar armênio do  (em armênio: Զորանամակ, Zoranamak), sabe-se que, no início da Idade Média, Artsaque devia fornecer ao exército armênio pelo menos mil soldados.

Os armênios habitam a região do Carabaque desde os tempos romanos; Estrabão relata que, por volta dos séculos II ou , toda a população da Grande Armênia - incluindo Artsaque e Otena — falavam o armênio,Cornell, Svante E. Small Nations and Great Powers. 2001, p. 64 embora isto não queira necessariamente dizer que a população era formada por armênios. Em seus relatos, Estrabão descreve Artsaque como uma província da Armênia "... que fornece a maior parte de sua cavalaria." Mastósio fez, no total, três viagens diferentes a Artsaque e Otena, alcançando territórios pagãos aos pés do Grande Cáucaso.

Foi neste período que o principal historiador armênio, Moisés de Corene, confirmou que o rio Cura formava "a fronteira da fala armênia." O linguista e gramático armênio do , Estêvão Syunetsi registrou que os armênios de Artsaque tinham seu próprio dialeto, e encorajava seus leitores a aprendê-lo. No mesmo século o poeta armênio Davtak Kertogh escreveu a sua "Elegia sobre a Morte do Grão-Príncipe Juansher", onde cada passagem começa por uma letra do alfabeto armênio.Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk. The Heritage of Armenian Literature. Wayne State University Press (Dezembro de 2002), pp. 94-99 A única história abrangente do Reino de Aghvank foi escrita em armênio, pelo historiador Moisés de Dascurene.Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk. The Heritage of Armenian Literature. Wayne State University Press (Dezembro de 2002), pp. 94-99

Nos séculos VII e VIII a região foi dominada por governadores indicados pelo Califado Omíada e Abássida. Em 821 o príncipe armênio Sahl Smbatian iniciou uma revolta em Artsaque, e fundou a Casa de Khachen, dinastia que governou Artsaque como um principado até o início do . O nome Khachen originou-se da palavra armênia khach, que significa "cruz". Por volta de 1000 a Casa de Khachen proclamou o Reino de Artsaque, com João Senaqueribe como seu primeiro soberano. Inicialmente Dizaque, no sul de Artsaque, também formou um reino dominado pela antiga , descendente dos primeiros reis da Albânia. Em 1261, depois da filha do último rei de Dizaque se casar com o rei de Artsaque, os dois reinos se fundiram num só, e Artsaque passou a existir na forma de principado.

No  o território do Carabaque integrou os Estados governados pelas confederações tribais do Cordeiro Negro e Confederação do Cordeiro Branco. O senhor feudal turcomano Jeã Xá  indicou príncipes locais para o governo do Alto Carabaque, fazendo surgir uma liderança local armênia que consistia de cinco dinastias nobres lideradas por príncipes locais que tinham o título de meliques. Estas dinastias representavam os ramos da antiga Casa de Cachém, e eram os descendentes dos reis medievais de Artsaque; suas terras eram conhecidas como o País de Hamsá (cinco, em árabe). O Império Russo reconheceu a soberania dos cinco príncipes nestes seus domínios através de uma carta oficial do imperador  datada de 2 de junho de 1799.

No início do , depois da queda dos Cordeiros Brancos, o controle da região passou para a Império Safávida, que criou o Vilaiete de Carabaque. Apesar destas conquistas, a população do Alto Carabaque permaneceu armênia em sua maior parte. Inicialmente sob o controle do Canato de Ganja, parte do Império Safávida, os príncipes armênios locais receberam um amplo grau de autonomia, do Império Safávida, sobre o território atual do Alto Carabaque e terras adjacentes.

Os meliques armênios mantiveram controle total sobre a região até a metade do . No início do século, Nader Xá, da Pérsia, retirou Carabaque do controle dos cãs de Ganja, como punição pelo seu apoio aos safávidas, colocando o território sob seu controle direto.Mirza Adigezal bey. Karabakh-name, p. 48 (em russo) Simultaneamente, os meliks armênios receberam a autoridade suprema sobre os principados armênios vizinhos e os canatos muçulmanos no Cáucaso, em troca pelas vitórias dos meliks sobre os turcos otomanos na década de 1720. No meio do , à medida que os conflitos internos entre os meliks levaram ao seu enfraquecimento, o Canato de Carabaque foi formado.

O Carabaque se tornou um protetorado da Rússia imperial através do tratado de Kurekchay, assinado entre Ibraim Calil Cã, do Carabaque, e o general Pavel Lisounenko Medvedev (em nome do czar Alexandre I), em 1805, pelo qual o monarca russo reconhecia Calil Cã e seus descendentes como únicos soberanos hereditários da região.Atkin, Muriel. The Strange Death of Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Qarabagh. Iranian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1/2 (Inverno - Primavera, 1979), pp. 79-107 Seu novo status foi confirmado sob os termos do tratado de Gulistã (1823), pelo qual a Pérsia cedeu formalmente o Carabaque ao Império Russo,Chrysanthopoulos, Leonidas Themistocles. Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993-1994. Gomidas Institute, 2002, p. 8. ISBN 1884630057.Taru Bahl, M.H. Syed. Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. Anmol Publications PVT, 2003 p. 34. ISBN 8126114193. antes que o resto da Transcaucásia fosse incorporado ao Império, em 1828, pelo tratado de Turkmenchay.

Em 1822, o Canato do Carabaque foi dissolvido, e a área passou a fazer parte da guberniya de Elisabethpol, dentro do Império Russo. Com a transferência do canato para a Rússia, diversas famílias muçulmanas migraram para a Pérsia, enquanto muitos armênios foram estimulados pelo governo russo a migrar da Pérsia para o Carabaque.

Era soviética

O atual conflito pelo Alto Carabaque tem suas raízes nas decisões tomadas por Josef Stalin e o Bureau do Cáucaso (Kavburo) durante a sovietização da Transcaucásia; o órgão estava sob o controle do próprio Stalin, Comissário de Nacionalidades (Narkomnats) em exercício na União Soviética do início da década de 1920. Após a Revolução Russa de 1917, o Carabaque se tornou parte da República Democrática Federativa Transcaucásica, porém logo foi desmembrada em Estados separados armênios, azeris e georgianos. Nos próximos dois anos (1918-1920) uma série de pequenas guerras entre a Armênia o Azerbaijão foram travadas, envolvendo diferentes regiões, incluindo o Carabaque. Em julho de 1918 a Primeira Assembleia Armênia do Alto Carabaque declarou a autonomia da região, e criou um Conselho Nacional e estabeleceu um governo local. Como consequência, tropas otomanas entraram no Carabaque e enfrentaram a resistência armada dos armênios.

Após a derrota do Império Otomano na Primeira Guerra Mundial, tropas britânicas ocuparam o Carabaque. O comando britânico confirmou provisoriamente Khosrov bey Sultanov, indicado pelo governo azeri, como governador-geral de Carabaque e Zangezur, aguardando uma decisão final da Conferência de Paz de Paris, numa decisão que sofreu oposição ferrenha dos armênios do Carabaque. Em fevereiro de 1920 o Conselho Nacional do Carabaque concordou preliminarmente à jurisdicação azeri, enquanto os armênios da região continuaram a manter a guerrilha, sem aceitar o acordo. O acordo acabou sendo anulado pela Nona Assembleia Carabaque, que declarou a união com a Armênia em abril.

Em abril de 1920, enquanto o exército azeri estava preso no Carabaque lutando contra as forças locais armênias, o próprio Azerbaijão foi tomado pelos bolcheviques; na sequência, as áreas disputadas de Carabaque, Zangezur e Naquichevão passaram para o controle dos armênios. Durante julho e agosto, no entanto, o Exército Vermelho passou a ocupar estas regiões. Em 10 de agosto do mesmo ano a Armênia assinou um acordo preliminar com os bolcheviques, que concordava com uma ocupação temporária bolchevique das áreas até que um acordo final fosse atingido. No ano seguinte a Armênia e a Geórgia também foram tomadas pelos bolcheviques que, para conseguir o apoio público, prometeram passar o Carabaque para a Armênia, juntamente com Naquichevão e Zangezur. A União Soviética, no entanto, também tinha planos a respeito da Turquia, na esperança que ela acabasse se desenvolvendo ao longo das linhas comunistas; forçada a satisfazer os turcos, os soviéticos concordaram com uma divisão na qual o Zangezur permanecia sob o domínio armênio, enquanto Carabaque e Naquichevão passaram para o controle do Azerbaijão. Como resultado, estabeleceu-se o Oblast Autônomo do Alto Carabaque, dentro da RSS Azeri, em 7 de julho de 1923.

Com a União Soviética mantendo um firme controle na região, o conflito arrefeceu por diversas décadas. Somente com o início da dissolução da URSS, no fim da década de 1980 e início da década seguinte, é que a questão do Alto Carabaque voltou à tona. A população de maioria armênia acusou o governo da República Socialista Soviética Azeri de conduzir uma "azerificação" forçada da região, e, com apoio ideológico e material da República Socialista Soviética Armênia, começou um movimento para assimilar o óblast autônomo.

Guerra e independência

Em 22 de fevereiro de 1988 ocorreu o primeiro confronto direto do conflito, quando um grande grupo de azeris marchou de Agdam contra a população armênia de Askeran, "espalhando a destruição no caminho". O confronto entre os azeris e a polícia nos arredores de Askeran acabou se transformando nos enfrentamentos de Askeran, que deixaram dois azeris mortos, um deles supostamente morto por um policial azeri, bem como um saldo de 50 armênios e um número desconhecido de azeris feridos. Grandes quantidades de refugiados abandonaram a Armênia e o Azerbaijão à medida que se iniciou a violência contra as populações minoritárias em cada um dos dois países. No outono de 1989 o conflito entre as etnias se intensificou dentro e ao redor do Alto Carabaque, levando a União Soviética a conceder as autoridades azeris maior poder para controlar a região. Em 29 de novembro do mesmo ano o governo direto soviético no Alto Carabaque foi encerrado, e a região retornou oficialmente à administração azeri. A política soviética, no entanto, teve o efeito contrário ao esperado quando, depois de uma sessão conjunta do Soviete Supremo Armênio e do Conselho Nacional, o órgão legislativo do Alto Carabaque proclamou a unificação da região com a Armênia.

Em 10 de dezembro de 1991, num referendo boicotado pelos azeris locais, os armênios do Alto Carabaque aprovaram a criação de um Estado independente. Uma proposta soviética que previa um aumento de autonomia para a região dentro do Azerbaijão não satisfez nenhum dos lados, e uma guerra total acabou irrompendo entre o Azerbaijão e o Alto Carabaque, apoiado pela Armênia.Human Rights Watch.  The former Soviet Union. Human Rights Developments. Em 1992 o conflito ficou muito mais letal à medida que ambos os lados - o Exército Nacional Azeri e milícias independentes que lutavam do seu lado, além de armênios e mercenários lutando pelo Exército Popular de Liberação de Artsaque - começaram...United States Institute of Peace. Sovereignty after Empire. Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union. Hopes and Disappointments: Case Studies.  Enquanto isso, o conflito pelo Alto Carabaque gradualmente se transformou numa guerra em grande escala entre irregulares azeris e do Carabaque, com os últimos recebendo apoio da Armênia. / A vantagem objetiva do Azerbaijão em termos de potencial humano e econômico foi, até agora, ofuscada pelas habilidades superiores de combate e de disciplina das forças armadas do Alto Carabaque. Após uma série de ofensivas, retiradas e contra-ofensivas, o Alto Carabaque atualmente controla uma porção considerável do próprio Azerbaijão (...), incluindo o corredor de Lachin.

A disputa pelo Alto Carabaque se intensificou depois que tanto a Armênia quanto o Azerbaijão conseguiram independência da União Soviética, em 1991. No vácuo de poder pós-soviético, as ações militares entre os dois países foram influenciados fortemente pelas forças armadas russas. As tropas de ambos os países empregaram um grande número de mercenários da Ucrânia e da Rússia, e até mil mujahidin afegães participaram no combate pelo lado azeri, juntamente com chechenos. Muitos dos sobreviventes do lado azeri refugiaram-se nos doze campos de emergência montados em outras partes do Azerbaijão para lidar com o número crescente de pessoas desalojadas devido ao conflito.

No fim de 1993 o conflito já havia provocado milhares de vítimas, e criado centenas de milhares de refugiados em ambos os lados. Em maio de 1994 os armênios dominavam cerca de 14% do território do Azerbaijão; a esta altura o governo deste país decidiu, pela primeira vez no conflito, reconhecer o Alto Carabaque como uma terceira força envolvida no conflito, e iniciar negociações diretas com as autoridades carabaques. Como resultado destes esforços, um cessar-fogo não oficial foi estabelecido em 12 de maio daquele ano, com negociações comandadas pelos russos.

Continuação da violência (1994 - atualidade)

Apesar do cessar-fogo, as baixas provocadas por conflitos armados entre soldados armênios e azeris continuaram. Em agosto de 2008 os Estados Unidos, França e Rússia (membros do Grupo de Minsk) começaram a tentar negociar um fim ao conflito, propondo um referendo sobre o status da região, que culminou com a viagem do presidente azeri, Ilham Aliyev, e do seu equivalente armênio, Serj Sarkisian, até Moscou, para negociações de paz mediadas pelo presidente russo Dmitri Medvedev em 2 de novembro de 2008. A rodada de negociações terminou com um acordo, assinado pelos três presidentes, que estabeleceu novas discussões para um acordo político do problema do Alto Carabaque.

Geografia

O Alto Carabaque tem uma área total de  quilômetros quadrados, e é um enclave totalmente cercado pelo Azerbaijão; seu ponto mais próximo à Armênia situa-se ao longo do chamado corredor de Lachin, com aproximadamente quatro quilômetros de largura. Em 1989, o território tinha uma população de 192 000 habitantes; era formada, então, por 76% de armênios e 23% azeris, com minorias de russos e curdos. A capital do Alto Carabaque é Estepanaquerte, conhecida no Azerbaijão como Canquendi. Sua outra principal cidade, que hoje em dia se encontra parcialmente em ruínas, é Shushi (conhecida no Azerbaijão como as Shusha).

O território do Alto Carabaque lembra o formato de um grão de feijão; apresenta altas cadeias montanhosas ao longo de suas fronteiras a norte, oeste e sul, enquanto a "curva" do feijão em si é um vale relativamente plano, com as duas pontas do feijão, as províncias de Martaquerta e Martuni, também situadas em planícies. Outros vales também podem ser encontrados em torno do reservatório de Sarsang, Hadrut, e ao sul. A maior parte do Alto Carabaque é coberta por florestas, especialmente suas montanhas.

O território do atual Alto Carabaque forma parte da região histórica do Carabaque, que se situa entre os rios Cura e Araxes e a atual fronteira Armênia-Azerbaijão. Em tempos antigos e medievais, esta região mais ampla consistia das províncias históricas de Artsaque e Otena, que alternou, politicamente, entre os reinos da Armênia e da Albânia. A partir dos séculos XIII e XIV, a área recebeu o nome de Carabaque; sua porção oriental, correspondente a Otena, se encontra numa região mais baixa e plana, e tradicionalmente foi chamada de Baixo Carabaque, enquanto a parte ocidental e montanhosa, correspondente a Artsaque, foi chamada de Alto Carabaque ou Carabaque Montanhoso.

Demografia
Números concretos sobre a situação demográfica do Alto Carabaque aparecem desde o . O arquimandrita Minas Tigranian, depois de ter completado sua missão secreta à Armênia persa sob ordens do czar russo Pedro, o Grande, declarou, num relatório datado de 14 de março de 1717, que o patriarca do mosteiro de Gandzasar tinha, sob sua autoridade, 900 aldeias armênias do Alto Carabaque.

Ao discutir Carabaque e Shusha, no mesmo século, o diplomata e historiador russo S. M. Bronevskiy (em russo: С. М. Броневский) indicou, em suas Notas Históricas, que o Carabaque - que, segundo ele, "localiza-se na Grande Armênia" - tinha de 30 a 40 mil armênios portando armas em 1796.

Um estudo preparado pelas autoridades imperiais russas em 1823, muitos anos antes da migração de 1828 de armênios da Pérsia para a recém-fundada Província da Armênia, mostra que todos os armênios do Carabaque viviam aglomerados nas partes mais altas da região, ou seja, no território dos cinco principados tradicionais armênios do Alto Carabaque, e formavam uma maioria demográfica absoluta naquelas terras. O estudo, com mais de 260 páginas, registrou que o distrito de Khachen tinha doze vilas armênias e nenhuma "tártara" (muçulmana); Jalaperte (Jraberd'') tinha oito vilas armênias e nenhuma tártara; Dizaque tinha catorze armênias e apenas uma vila tártara; o Gulistão tinha doze vilas armênias e cinco tártaras; e Varanda tinha 23 vilas armênias e apenas uma tártara.

Na altura do colapso da União Soviética, em 1989, o Oblast Autônomo do Alto Carabaque apresentava uma população de 145 593 armênios (76,4%), 42 871 azeris (22,4%), e diversos milhares de curdos, russos, gregos e assírios. A maior parte dos azeris e curdos fugiram da região durante os anos de combates mais ferozes (de 1992 a 93). O principal idioma falado no Alto Carabaque é o armênio; os armênios do Carabaque. no entanto, falam um dialeto da língua que é consideravelmente diferente do que é falado na Armênia, na medida em que apresenta em seu léxico verdadeiras camadas de palavras russas, turcas e persas.

Em 2001, 95% da população da região seria composto por armênios, com o restante incluindo assírios, gregos e curdos. Em março de 2007 o governo local anunciou que sua população havia atingido os  habitantes; a taxa anual de natalidade foi registrada a - por ano, um aumento dos cerca de 1 500 registrados em 1999. Até 2000 o saldo migratório era negativo. Na primeira metade do ano foram registrados 1 010 nascimentos e 659 mortes, com um saldo migratório de 27.

A maior parte da população armênia do Carabaque é cristã, e pertence à Igreja Apostólica Armênia. Certas denominações cristãs ortodoxas e evangélicas também existem, e entre as outras religiões existentes no território está o judaísmo.

Cidade-irmã
Desde 18 de junho de 2018, o município de Mairiporã foi declarado, através da Lei №3767, cidade-irmã de Estepanaquerte, capital da autodeclarada República de Artsaque. apesar do alerta dado pelo Itamaraty sobre o problema de que o Brasil, nem qualquer país integrante da ONU, reconhece a República de Nagorno-Karabakh como independente.

Ver também
 Lista de países com reconhecimento limitado

Ligações externas

 Pontos de vista neutros
 Todas as resoluções do Conselho de Segurança da ONU - cortesia do Departamento de Estado Americano
 Acordo do Nagorno-Karabakh de 2 de novembro de 2008 e perfil da BBC
 Artigo sobre o referendo de 10 de dezembro - Russia Profile
 Resolução #1416 da Assembleia Parlamentar do Conselho da Europa

 Perspectiva armênia
 "Azat Artsakh" - jornal diário de Nagorno-Karabakh (em armênio)
 Escritórios do NKR em Washington, DC
 Página oficial do governo de Nagorno-Karabakh
 Página oficial do Ministério de Relações Exteriores de Artsaque
 Página oficial do presidente de Artsaque]

 Perspectiva azeri
 Karabakh.co.uk
 Karabakh.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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282. DEMENTIA [DAUGHTER OF HORROR] (1955)
May 11, 2017 Gregory J. Smalley (366weirdmovies)	6 Comments
"Do you know what madness is, or how it strikes? Have you seen the demons that surge through the corridors of the crazed mind? Do you know that in the world of the insane you'll find a kind of truth more terrifying than fiction? A truth… that will shock you!"–Opening narration from Daughter of Horror
DIRECTED BY: John Parker
FEATURING: Adrienne Barret, Bruno VeSota, Ed MacMahon (voice in Daughter of Horror cut)
PLOT: A nameless woman awakens from a nightmare and makes her way out onto the city streets. She meets a wealthy man and agrees to go with him, and imagines a bloody family drama enacted in graveyard while riding in his limousine. Later, she stabs the man and throws his body off his penthouse balcony; she is then pursued by a cop with the face of her father, who chases her into a jazz club.
The film contains no dialogue, although it's not technically a silent film as some sound effects can be heard.
Director John Parker has only Dementia and one short film (a dry run for this feature) in his filmography. We know little about him except that his parents were in the film distribution business.
Star Adrienne Barrett was Parker's secretary, and the film was inspired by a nightmare she related to Parker.
Co-star and associate producer Bruno VeSota is perhaps better known for his work as a character actor in numerous Roger Corman pictures, including a memorable turn as a cuckolded husband in Attack of the Giant Leeches. VeSota later claimed to have co-written and co-directed the film (no director is listed in the credits).
Cinematographer William C. Thompson also lensed Maniac (1934) and Glen or Glenda? (1953), making him the rare craftsman to serve on three separate Certified Weird movies (all for different directors).
Dwarf Angelo Rossito (Freaks) plays the uncredited "newsboy."
The score was written by one-time bad boy composer George Antheil, whose career had plummeted into film and TV scoring after having once been the toast of Paris' avant-garde with "Ballet Mechanique" (1924).
Dementia was submitted to the New York Censor's board in 1953, and refused a certificate (they called it "inhuman, indecent, and the quintessence of gruesomeness"—which they didn't mean as praise). It was approved in 1955 after cuts. (Reportedly they requested removal of shots of the severed hand). The film was banned in Britain until 1970 (!)
After failing to find success in its original dialogue-free form, Dementia was re-released in 1957 with narration (from future late night talk show sidekick Ed McMahon) and retitled Daughter of Horror.
Daughter of Horror is the movie teenagers are watching in the theater when the monster strikes in The Blob.
INDELIBLE IMAGE: Our protagonist (the "Gamin") surrounded by faceless onlookers, who silently and motionlessly stare at her victim's corpse. (Daughter of Horror's narrator unhelpfully informs us that these unearthly figurants are "the ghouls of insanity").
THREE WEIRD THINGS: Precognitive headline; graveyard memories; throw on a dress
WHAT MAKES IT WEIRD: A skid row nightmare, Dementia dips into post-WWII repression and exposes the underbelly of the American night. It's a boozy odyssey through a netherworld of newsboys, flower peddlers, pimps, murderers, and hot jazz, with our heroine pursued by cops and faceless demons. It's noirish, expressionist, and nearly silent, except when Ed MacMahon interrupts the proceedings with pulpy purple prose. Perhaps it was not quite "the strangest motion picture ever offered for distribution," as Variety famously claimed, but, warts and all, it's like nothing else you've seen. It was too much naked id for its time, taking the spirit of Allen Ginsburg's "Howl" and channeling it into a guilt-drenched B-movie dream.
Original trailer for Daughter of Horror
COMMENTS: The first thing the Gamin sees when she wakes from her nightmares and leaves her apartment on an unspoken errand—one for which she needs a switchblade—is an unattended toddler sitting on the apartment steps. On her way out into the night, she gingerly avoids a crime scene: a battered woman, a surly man, a nosy neighbor. While the good people of L.A. sleep, she encounters lecherous drunks, abusive cops, seedy procurers, lecherous millionaires, and hedonistic nightclubs. Plot points hint at child abuse and prostitution. The night pulses with forbidden pleasures. Our protagonist is alone, a grown-up orphan in the dark, lost in her own purgatory. This is Jack Kerouac's 1950s, Charles Bukowski's 1950s. "Happy Days" these ain't.
Dementia is most noted for its experimental style: it's a near silent film. There's no dialogue (except for the narrator in Daughter of Horror), although you will very occasionally hear diegetic sounds like a bottle breaking or the Gamin's mocking laughter. Unlike silent films, there are no intertitles to describe what's happening; it's pure visual storytelling. Although it's an overused term, this story does follow the logic of a dream, driven by the lead character's guilt. The visuals are inspired by film noir; Dementia exists only at night.The Gamin walks along a deserted city street, preceded and dwarfed by her own shadow, cast by streetlamps against a blank wall. But the silence speaks even louder than the visuals, though of course, it's not really silence, just the impression of silence. The soundtrack is a constant. Aside from a swinging number by Shorty Rogers and his band at the after-hours speakeasy, the score is supplied by George Antheil, with Marni Nixon singing along wordlessly. (Antheil borrowed the idea for his main theme from Gustav Holst's "Neptune, the Mystic"). The effect is genuinely eerie and nerve-chilling. It's a wonderful, full-fledged silent film score, sadly unavailable on its own.
Of course, most people will not get the full effect of the silent-film, due to Ed MacMahon's intrusive and unwelcome narration appended to the commonly available Daughter of Horror print. This commentary assumes the viewer is an idiot, describing the action on the film in explicit detail while simultaneously forcing its own interpretations onto the visions. The interpolations are infrequent, at least. Some people find Daughter's overheated prose, which might have been written by Ed Wood Jr. in a sober moment, enjoyable. Certainly, lines like "the pulse of the neon light like a hammer at your brain: tormenting you, haunting you, forcing you to think, forcing you to remember your guilt, your horror; forcing you to go back, back, back, into the terror that you're trying to forget," and "yes, you are safe… in another hallucination of your crazed mind!," spoken by a disembodied voice who identifies himself as "the demon who possesses your soul," add a pulpy dimension to the story. Arguably, the exploitative commentary clashes enough with the artier mood of the original that it adds an additional layer of weirdness. Your preference for the unadorned Dementia or the annotated Daughter of Horror may depend on whether you're seeking an intense, dreamlike experience, or a campier one that exposes and amplifies the movie's Freud 101 pretensions.
Much of Dementia is what might fondly be described as "dime store surrealism." The refugees of the night don't act like people do in the daytime world. The newsboy smilingly traces the headline "MYSTERIOUS STABBING" as he hands the late-night edition to the Gamin. The millionaire takes the lady to his penthouse, then serenades her on piano, then ignores her while he wolfs down a fried chicken dinner. His butler seems unconcerned by his employers sudden disappearance. A man pulls the Gamin out of an alley and into the backroom of the jazz bar as she flees the police, then literally throws a party dress on her. A lot of time is spent surveying the denizens of the jazz club; they dance, make out at tables, morose drunks catch the Gamin's eye. The drummer looks like he's constantly stifling a yawn (this was Shorty Rogers' real jazz band, so it's possible they were all high during the shoot). The hot tunes send one hoofer into an out-of-his-head trance, slapping his palms on the stairs, ignoring his lady friend. The patrons are all subtly, and some not so subtly, depraved. Everyone has an angle. They are her people, creatures of darkness, abandoned to their private impulses. We identify with these libertine hipsters, rather than the forces of law and order. At the nightclub, the Gamin is happy, for the only time in Dementia. At least, until one of the patrons sells her out to the coppers. There's no honor or mercy in this world, even among the thieves of the night.
Dementia is frequently compared to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (for its silent aesthetics and subjective depiction of insanity), Carnival of Souls (in the way atmosphere triumphs over budget), and Repulsion (due to its hallucinating, sexually vulnerable female protagonist). In some ways the movie it most reminds me of, however, is Night of the Hunter, made in the same year of 1955. Both movies are artistic triumphs and critical/box office flops. In both cases, the director, stung by the audience's hostility, never made another film. True, Harry Powell is a maximized antihero full of blustery speechifying, while the Gamin is minimal, silent and withdrawn. Hunter is far more polished; Stanley Cortez's camera is able to go places (like underwater) where William C. Thompson can't afford to follow. And Hunter chickens out a little with a happy ending that Dementia explicitly rejects. But the impulse of both is to pass beyond the curtain of shadow only suggested in film noir. Both films peer into the darkest corners of human depravity, into hard worlds for little things. Audiences stayed away in both in droves, spending their dollars instead on the now-forgotten 1955 top grosser Cinerama Holiday, or sunshiny musical spectacles like Oklahoma! and Guys and Dolls. Pushing as far as contemporary censors would allow, John Parker and Charles Laughton depicted worlds of abuse, hypocrisy, and murder, shadowy backwoods and back alleys where insanity and evil rendezvoused in the moonlight. Only ten years removed from the end of WWII, America was in denial, not yet ready to face the darkness again. With the distance of time, we can now appreciate these artists' bravery in confronting evil head on.
WHAT THE CRITICS SAY:
"The strangest film ever offered for theatrical release."–Variety (contemporaneous)
"One of the most deliberately weird exercises in the history of horror cinema… an eerie, groundbreaking landmark among modern horror movies."–Cavett Binion, All Movie Guide
"It's not by Ed Wood, but John Parker's 1955 surrealist grade Z nightmare, DEMENTIA (AKA DAUGHTER OF HORROR), is full of poverty row trimmings, with Wood's same weird love for all the seedier elements of late 1950s Hollywood. In fact if Ed was a closeted lesbian schizophrenic beatnik prostitute, this would be his GLEN OR GLENDA (presuming too the whole film was that weird devil dream sequence)."–Erich Kursten, Acidemic
IMDB LINK: Dementia (1955)
Dementia (AKA Daughter of Horror) (1955) (Overview) – Turner Classic Movies' page on the film features a very valuable background essay from David Kalat
Dementia – A long synopsis and even more background information from American Film Institute's Dementia page
Savant Review: Dementia/Daughter of Horror – Glenn Erickson's review, reprinted from DVD Savant, is noteworthy for transcribing the entire narration (see footnotes)
DVD INFO: Although it's in the public domain and therefore has multiple releases, the edition to own is Kino's dual Dementia/Daughter of Horror disc (buy ). The reason? It's the only available release with a standalone copy of Dementia, without the seedy narration (never fear, that version is available too). It also has the featurette "Dementia: A Case Study," one of the most complete sources of information on the shadowy history of this obscurity. The bad news? It's out of print (boo!) and you'll probably have to pay twice the normal price for a copy.
Kino tracked down an original negative of Dementia, but public domain sources stick to multi-generation copies of Daughter of Horror, sometimes duped from VHS tapes. Your best bet (it's free, at least) is to watch the upload from the Internet Archive (visit the download page here, or simply watch the embed below).
(This movie was nominated for review by "David Ross," who described it as "psycho-noir. Some incredibly good B/W work throughout." Suggest a weird movie of your own here.)
1955Black and WhiteCult filmDreamlikeExperimentalExpressionismGuiltHorrorJohn ParkerLow budgetMental illnessPsychologicalPublic domainRecommendedSilent Film
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6 thoughts on "282. DEMENTIA [DAUGHTER OF HORROR] (1955)"
Monte Mallin says:
Just a note – perhaps in addition to David Ross, I recommended this movie to you some time ago and it was shortly after I did so that it was put on the list. I've been following its upward progress for what seems like a year now! I know this seems trivial but hey, it's all I got! 🙂 Thanks!
Gregory J. Smalley (366weirdmovies) says:
We always mention the person who first suggested a movie as the person who "nominated" it. But you showed great taste by also recommending it!
One of my favorite "Three degrees" connections concerns Shorty Rogers ( he and his band perform the 'Wig Alley' number at the jazz nightclub) — and his contribution to one of my favorite Looney Tunes cartoons, The Three Little Bops (in which, the three pigs are members of a jazz combo and the the Big Bad Wolf wants in. He tries to add his trumpet into the mix, with disastrous results. The problem? He stinks! He's not hip enough for the ultra-cool lounge pigs, so he uses his instrument to blow down their first venue (straw nightclub), then the next (wood nightclub), before a final futile attempt to join the band at their latest gig in the brick nightclub. Does he finally get in? Well, only after unsuccessfully trying to use TNT to blow the place up. It's only upon his descent to Hell that he becomes a worthy trumpeter, as the pigs realize, "You gotta get hot, to play real cool." ).
Shorty Rogers has had lots of other credits, but these were two of my favorites.
RCMrchant says:
Now I need to see this!
Yes, you do. It's an essential low-budget 1950s movie. Too artsy to be a B-movie, but too full of (hints of) sex, abuse and violence to be a mainstream movie.
Leslie Corbet says:
PLEASE find the versions WITHOUT the narration! This movie is a real find and the narration ruins the whole movie.
Leave a Reply to Leslie Corbet Cancel reply
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The List Thus Far (Certfied Weird Movies)
3-Iron (2004)
3 Women (1977)
8 1/2 (1963)
200 Motels (1971)
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (1953)
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971)
The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the Eighth Dimension (1984)
After Hours (1985)
After Last Season (2009)
Akira Kurosawa's Dreams (1990)
Alice [Neco Z Alenky] (1988)
Allegro non Troppo (1976)
Altered States (1980)
Amarcord (1973)
The American Astronaut (2001)
The Apple (1980)
Archangel (1990)
Arise! The SubGenius Movie (1992)
Arizona Dream (1993)
Audition [Ôdishon] (1999)
Bad Boy Bubby (1993)
Barbarella (1968)
Barton Fink (1991)
The Beast [La Bête] (1975)
The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)
Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)
Beauty and the Beast [La Belle et la Bete] (1946)
The Bed Sitting Room (1969)
Begotten (1991)
Belladonna of Sadness (1973)
Belle de Jour (1967)
Beyond the Black Rainbow (2010)
Birdboy: The Forgotten Children (2015)
The Black Cat (1934)
Blancanieves (2012)
Blood Diner (1987)
Blood Freak (1972)
The Blood of a Poet [Le sang d'un poète] (1930)
Blood Tea and Red String (2006)
The Boxer's Omen [Mo] (1983)
A Boy and His Dog (1975)
Brand Upon the Brain! (2006)
Bubba Ho-Tep (2002)
The Butcher Boy (1997)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
Careful (1992)
Carnival of Souls (1962)
Catch-22 (1970)
Cat Soup (2001)
Cemetery Man [Dellamorte Dellamore] (1994)
Un Chien Andalou (1929)
Christmas on Mars (2008)
The City of Lost Children [La cité des enfants perdus] (1995)
City of Women (1980)
Clean, Shaven (1993)
The Color of Pomegranates [Sayat Nova] (1969)
Come and See (1985)
The Company of Wolves (1984)
Conspirators of Pleasure (1996)
The Cook the Thief His Wife & Her Lover (1989)
Cowards Bend the Knee, or, the Blue Hands (2003)
The Cremator [Spalovac Mrtvol] (1969)
Cube (1997)
Daisies [Sedmikrásky] (1966)
The Dance of Reality (2013)
The Dark Backward (1991)
Dark City (1998)
Dead Alive (1992)
Dead Leaves (2004)
Dead Man (1995)
Dead Ringers (1988)
Death Bed: The Bed That Eats (1977)
Death by Hanging (1968)
Death Laid an Egg [La morte ha fatto l'uovo] (1968)
Delicatessen (1991)
Dementia [Daughter of Horror] (1955)
Der Samurai (2014)
Desperate Living (1977)
Destino (2003)
The Devils (1971)
Dillinger is Dead (1969)
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)
Django Kill… If You Live, Shoot! (1967)
Doggiewogiez! Poochiewoochiez! (2012)
Dog Star Man (1964)
Dogtooth [Kynodontas] (2009)
Donnie Darko (2001)
Don't Look Now (1973)
Dr. Caligari (1989)
Eden and After (1970)
Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015)
Elevator Movie (2004)
Escape from Tomorrow (2013)
Even Dwarfs Started Small (1970)
The Exterminating Angel [El àngel exterminador] (1962)
Eyes Without a Face [Les Yeux sans Visage] (1965)
The Face of Another (1966)
The Falls (1980)
Fantastic Planet [La Planète Sauvage] (1973)
Fantasy Mission Force (1983)
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
Fellini Satyricon (1969)
Female Trouble (1974)
A Field in England (2013)
Final Flesh (2009)
The Forbidden Room (2015)
Forbidden Zone (1982)
Funeral Parade of Roses [Bara no sôretsu] (1969)
Funky Forest: The First Contact (2005)
Glen or Glenda (1953)
Godmonster of Indian Flats (1973)
Goke, Body Snatcher from Hell (1968)
Goodbye Uncle Tom (1971)
Gozu (2003)
La Grande Bouffe (1973)
Greaser's Palace (1972)
The Greasy Strangler (2016)
Häxan [Witchcraft Through the Ages] (1922)
Head (1968)
Heavenly Creatures (1994)
Hellzapoppin' (1941)
Help! Help! The Globolinks [Hilfe! Hilfe! Die Globolinks] (1969)
Holy Motors (2012)
The Holy Mountain (1973)
The Horrors of Spider Island [Ein Toter hing im Netz] (1960)
The Hourglass Sanatorium (1973)
Hour of the Wolf [Vargtimmen] (1968)
House [Hausu] (1977)
Howl's Moving Castle (2004)
How to Get Ahead in Advertising (1989)
Hugo the Hippo (1975)
The Hypothesis of the Stolen Painting (1978)
I Can See You (2008)
Idiots and Angels (2008)
If…. (1968)
I'm A Cyborg, But That's OK [Saibogujiman Kwenchana] (2006)
The Immaculate Conception of Little Dizzle (2009)
Indecent Desires (1968)
Inherent Vice (2014)
Ink (2009)
Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life (1995)
It's Such a Beautiful Day (2011)
I Will Walk Like a Crazy Horse [J'irai Comme un Cheval Fou] (1973)
Jacob's Ladder (1990)
Japanese Summer: Double Suicide (1967)
John Dies at the End (2012)
Keyhole (2011)
Kin-Dza-Dza (1986)
Kontroll (2003)
Kung Fu Hustle (2004)
Kwaidan (1964)
L'Age d'Or (1930)
The Lair of the White Worm (1988)
Last Year at Marienbad [L'Année Dernière à Marienbad] (1961)
The Legend of Suram Fortress [Ambavi Suramis Tsikhitsa] (1984)
Lemonade Joe [Limonádový Joe aneb Konská Opera] (1964)
Léolo (1992)
L'Immortelle (1963)
L'Inhumaine (1924)
Lisztomania (1975)
Little Otik [Otesánek] (2000)
Love Exposure (2008)
The Love Witch (2016)
Lucifer Rising (1981)
Lunacy [Sileni] (2005)
The Lure [Córki Dancingu] (2015)
Maelstrom (2000)
Malpertuis (1972)
Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)
The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976)
Marquis (1989)
Meet the Feebles (1989)
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)
Metropolis (1927)
The Milky Way [La Voie Lactee] (1969)
Millennium Actress (2001)
Mind Game (2004)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Mood Indigo (2013)
My Winnipeg (2007)
Naked Lunch (1991)
Neon Genesis Evangelion: The End of Evangelion (1997)
Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941)
Night of the Hunter (1955)
Night Train to Terror (1985)
Ninja Champion (1985)
The Ninth Configuration (1980)
No Smoking (2007)
Nostalghia (1983)
Nothing but Trouble (1991)
Nuit Noire [Black Night] (2005)
O Lucky Man! (1973)
Orpheus (1950)
A Page of Madness [Kurutta ippêji] (1926)
Paprika (2006)
Perfect Blue (1997)
Performance (1968/1970)
Persona (1966)
Phantasm (1979)
The Phantom of Liberty (1974)
Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
Pi (1998)
Pierrot le Fou (1965)
The Pillow Book (1996)
Pink Flamingos (1972)
Pink Floyd the Wall (1982)
The Pornographers (1966)
Prospero's Books (1991)
The Red Squirrel [La Ardilla Roja] (1993)
The Reflecting Skin (1990)
Reflections of Evil (2002)
Repo Man (1984)
A Report on the Party and Guests (1966)
Robot Monster (1953)
The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
Roma (1972) [AKA Fellini's Roma]
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990)
Rubin & Ed (1991)
The Ruling Class (1972)
Run Lola Run (1998)
The Saddest Music in the World (2003)
Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny (1972)
Santa Claus (1959)
Santa Sangre (1989)
The Saragossa Manuscript (1965)
Save the Green Planet! (2003)
A Scanner Darkly (2006)
Schizopolis (1996)
The Science of Sleep (2006)
The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993)
A Serious Man (2009)
Seven Servants (1996)
Shanks (1974)
Shock Corridor (1963)
Silent Hill (2006)
The Singing Ringing Tree (1957)
Sita Sings the Blues (2008)
Skidoo (1968)
Skins [Pieles] (2017)
Solaris [Solyaris] (1972)
Songs from the Second Floor (2000)
Sorry to Bother You (2018)
Spider Baby (1967)
Steppenwolf (1974)
Strange Frame: Love & Sax (2012)
Street of Crocodiles (1986)
Survive Style 5+ (2004)
Sweet Movie (1974)
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971)
The Swimmer (1968)
Synecdoche, New York (2008)
Tales from the Quadead Zone (1987)
The Taste of Tea (2004)
Tekkonkinkreet (2006)
The Tenant (1976)
Teorema (1968)
The Testament of Orpheus (1960)
Tetsuo: The Iron Man (1989)
That Obscure Object of Desire (1977)
Thundercrack! (1975)
Tideland (2005)
Time Bandits (1981)
The Tingler (1959)
Titus (1999)
Tokyo Gore Police (2008)
Toto the Hero [Toto le Heros] (1991)
Trash Humpers (2009)
The Tree of Life (2011)
The Trial (1962)
The Triplets of Belleville (2003)
Tromeo & Juliet (1996)
True Stories (1986)
Tuvalu (1999)
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)
Underground (1995)
Under the Skin (2013)
Upstream Color (2013)
Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer (1984)
Valerie and Her Week of Wonders (1970)
Vampire's Kiss (1988)
Vampyr (1932)
Visitor Q (2001)
Viva la Muerte [Long Live Death] (1971)
Waking Life (2001)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
Wax, or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)
Weekend (1967)
Why Don't You Play in Hell? (2013)
The Wicker Man (1973)
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971)
The Woman in the Dunes (1964)
Wool 100% (2006)
WR: Mysteries of the Organism (1971)
Yellow Submarine (1968)
You, the Living [Du Levande] (2007)
Zardoz (1974)
Zazie dans le Metro (1960)
A Zed and Two Noughts (1985)
Zéro de conduite (1933)
Big Man Japan (2007)
Celine and Julie Go Boating [Céline et Julie vont en bateau] (1974)
Electric Dragon 80000V (2001)
The Fabulous Baron Munchausen [Baron Prásil] (1962)
Gemini (1999)
The Happiness of the Katakuris (2001)
She's Allergic to Cats (2016)
Singapore Sling (1990)
Under the Silver Lake (2018)
The Wolf House (2018)
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Persistence with basal insulin therapy can be suboptimal, despite recent improvements in insulin formulations and delivery systems. Patient support programs may help increase adherence. This study evaluated the impact of the Toujeo® COACH support program, which provides patients with continuing and individualized education and advice on lifestyle changes, by assessing its effect on number of refills and days on therapy.
The study population included 1724 patients with diabetes who filled a first prescription for insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) between April and December 2015 and received a welcome call from a Guide, and 1724 matched control patients from the Symphony Health Integrated Dataverse® prescription claims database. Control patients received Gla-300 but did not enroll in the program. These patients were matched based on age, gender, location, prior use of insulin, insulin dose, number of concomitant drugs, and copay tier.
The COACH and control groups comprised 52% men and 48% women; 22% were aged 18–47 years, 23% were 48–55 years, 27% 56–61 years, and 28% ≥ 62 years. Most (99%) had used insulin in the year before receiving the welcome call. At 6 months, patients in the COACH group had refilled their prescription 3.2 times on average, compared with 2.4 times for control patients (P < 0.0001); at 9 months, the average number of refills was 4.7 and 3.6, respectively (P < 0.0001). The average number of days on therapy at 6 months was 102.2 days in the COACH group and 81.5 days in the control group (P < 0.0001); at 9 months, the average number of days on therapy was 151.9 and 121.6, respectively (P < 0.0001).
Patients in the COACH program were significantly more likely to refill their prescriptions and stay on therapy. Patient support programs such as the COACH program could be an effective way to help improve diabetes care.
Sanofi US, Inc. and McKesson Corporation.


What makes a city good for moms?
It's a house with a hot tub, and close proximity to a park, shopping and a library, Seattle-based online real estate company Redfin reported Wednesday, ahead of Mother's Day.
"For this analysis, we decided to focus on fun, relaxation, easy entertainment for the kids, and books," Redfin's Tim Ellis wrote in a blog post.
We pored through 300,000 homes for sale across 25 metro areas around the country looking for for-sale listings that had hot tubs for a relaxing soak at the end of the day, nearby parks where the kids can burn off their energy without tearing up the house, were close to shopping so mom can take a break and have some fun, or had a library close by where kids and moms can expand their knowledge.
By that metric, Seattle is the nation's fourth-best city for moms. Here are the top 10 cities.
10. Inland Empire, Calif.: 3.6 percent of listings have a hot tub, 6.6 percent are near a park, 12.5 percent are near shopping and 2.1 percent are near a library.
9. Sacramento, Calif.: 1.7 percent of listings have a hot tub, 11.8 percent are near a park, 10.7 percent are near shopping and 1.1 percent are near a library.
8. Chicago: 4.1 percent of listings have a hot tub, 10.5 percent are near a park, 9.9 percent are near shopping and 2.1 percent are near a library.
7. Denver: 4.8 percent of listings have a hot tub, 14.6 percent are near a park, 8 percent are near shopping and 1.6 percent are near a library.
6. San Jose, Calif.: 2.8 percent of listings have a hot tub, 9.7 percent are near a park, 14.1 percent are near shopping and 2.9 percent are near a library.
5. Philadelphia: 4.4 percent of listings have a hot tub, 8.3 percent are near a park, 15.1 percent are near shopping and 2.8 percent are near a library.
4. Seattle: 5.1 percent of listings have a hot tub, 13.3 percent are near a park, 11.3 percent are near shopping and 1.9 percent are near a library.
3. San Diego: 5.6 percent of listings have a hot tub, 11.3 percent are near a park, 12.9 percent are near shopping and 4.8 percent are near a library.
2. Ventura, Calif.: 4.3 percent of listings have a hot tub, 13.7 percent are near a park, 11.1 percent are near shopping and 6.4 percent are near a library.
1. Los Angeles: 5.2 percent of listings have a hot tub, 12.5 percent are near a park, 13.5 percent are near shopping and 4.7 percent are near a library.
Redfin also reported that six of the top 15 neighborhoods for moms are in Los Angeles, while five more are elsewhere in California.
We weren't quite sure about these priorities. So we decided to suggest some alternatives.
Which feature of a home or neighborhood is most important for moms?


text:
Find Research Data
Publication Year Person
Data from: Sperm as arbiters of environmentally induced paternal effects in a livebearing fish
Evans, J. (Creator), Lymbery, R. (Creator), Wiid, K. S. (Creator), Rahman, M. M. (Creator), Gasparini, C. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 15 Mar 2017
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gr6dq, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.gr6dq
Data from: Estimating relatedness and inbreeding using molecular markers and pedigrees: the effect of demographic history
Robinson, S. P. (Creator), Simmons, L. (Creator), Kennington, J. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 16 Sep 2013
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.060b1, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.060b1
pynoddy: Release of publication version
Wellmann, J. F. (Creator), Thiele, S. (Creator), Jessell, M. (Creator), Zenodo, 5 Feb 2016
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.45624, https://zenodo.org/record/45624#.WoO-8Gf187w and one more link, https://github.com/flohorovicic/pynoddy/tree/v1.0 (show fewer)
Figure 2 from: Framenau V, Miglio L, Harms D, Harvey M (2014) Four new Mouse Spider species (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Actinopodidae, Missulena) from Western Australia. ZooKeys 410: 121-148. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.410.7156
Miglio, L. (Creator), Harms, D. (Creator), Framenau, V. (Creator), Harvey, M. (Creator), Zenodo, 22 May 2014
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.410.7156.figure2 , https://zenodo.org/record/953728#.WoT1WGf187w and one more link, https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3808 (show fewer)
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.410.7156.figure8 , https://zenodo.org/record/953740#.WoT5PWf187w
Mansfield (Victoria, Australia) area original GeoModeller model and relevant MCUE outputs
Pakyuz-Charrier, E. J. (Creator), Zenodo, 24 Aug 2017
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.848225, https://zenodo.org/record/848225#.WoToDmf187w
Data from: Towards an evolutionary understanding of questing behaviour in the tick Ixodes ricinus
Tomkins, J. (Creator), Aungier, J. (Creator), Hazel, W. N. (Creator), Gilbert, L. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 21 Oct 2014
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9p40s, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.9p40s
Data from: Socially cued seminal fluid gene expression mediates responses in ejaculate quality to sperm competition risk
Simmons, L. (Creator), Lovegrove, M. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 20 Jul 2017
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8rq18, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.8rq18
Data from: Benefits and challenges of incorporating citizen science into university education
Mitchell, N. (Creator), Triska, M. D. (Creator), Liberatore, A. (Creator), Ashcroft, L. (Creator), Weatherill, R. (Creator), Longnecker, N. E. (Creator), Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1 Nov 2017
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186285.g001, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186285 and one more link, https://figshare.com/articles/Benefits_and_challenges_of_incorporating_citizen_science_into_university_education_-_Fig_1/5559883 (show fewer)
Data from: Genetic variation underlies temperature tolerance of embryos in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma armigera
Lymbery, R. (Creator), Evans, J. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 16 Jul 2013
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jp2rm, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.jp2rm
Data from: Canopy facilitates seaweed recruitment on subtidal temperate reefs
Bennett, S. (Creator), Wernberg, T. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 11 Nov 2014
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.72181, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.72181
Data from: Extreme fertilisation bias towards freshly inseminated sperm in a species exhibiting prolonged female sperm storage
Gasparini, C. (Creator), Daymond, E. L. (Creator), Evans, J. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 5 Feb 2018
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7v1hq, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.7v1hq
Data from: Patterns of genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in embryos of the terrestrial-breeding frog, Pseudophryne guentheri
Eads, A. R. (Creator), Mitchell, N. (Creator), Evans, J. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 13 Feb 2012
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r8jh5t00, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.r8jh5t00
Data from: Paternity analysis reveals wide pollen dispersal and high multiple paternity in a small isolated population of the bird-pollinated Eucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae)
Bezemer, N. (Creator), Krauss, S. (Creator), Phillips, R. D. (Creator), Roberts, D. G. (Creator), Hopper, S. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 28 Jun 2016
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.43rv3, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.43rv3
Data from: A novel stereo-video method to investigate fish-habitat relationships
Collins, D. L. (Creator), Langlois, T. (Creator), Bond, T. (Creator), Holmes, T. (Creator), Harvey, E. (Creator), Fisher, R. (Creator), McLean, D. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 1 Sep 2016
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1p3s4, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.1p3s4
Evidence for redox sensing by a human cardiac calcium channel
Hool, L. (Creator), The University of Western Australia, 14 Apr 2016
DOI: 10.4225/23/59153153d127a
Data from: Heritable variation in heat shock gene expression: a potential mechanism for adaptation to thermal stress in embryos of sea turtles
Tedeschi, J. (Creator), Kennington, J. (Creator), Tomkins, J. (Creator), Berry, O. F. (Creator), Whiting, S. (Creator), Meekan, M. G. (Creator), Mitchell, N. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 7 Dec 2015
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.617vp, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.617vp
Data from: Replicated evolutionary divergence in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of male crickets associated with the loss of song in the Hawaiian archipelago
Simmons, L. (Creator), Thomas, M. L. (Creator), Gray, B. (Creator), Zuk, M. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 18 Aug 2014
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tj00r, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.tj00r
Data from: Transferring Biodiversity Models for Conservation: Opportunities and Challenges
Martins Sequeira, A. (Creator), The University of Western Australia, 18 Apr 2018
DOI: 10.4225/23/5a979b84c81ff
Assembled upper limb quantitative data and intermembral (IM) indices for cretins of three different age groups, Homo floresiensis and other species.
Oxnard, C. (Creator), Obendorf, P. J. (Creator), Kefford, B. J. (Creator), Public Library of Science (PLoS), 27 Sep 2010
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013018.t004, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013018.t004 and one more link, https://figshare.com/articles/_Assembled_upper_limb_quantitative_data_and_intermembral_IM_indices_for_cretins_of_three_different_age_groups_Homo_floresiensis_and_other_species_/498206 (show fewer)
The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on repeat-sprint performance in hypoxia
Kent, G. (Creator), Dawson, B. (Creator), McNaughton, L. (Creator), Cox, G. (Creator), Burke, L. (Creator), Peeling, P. (Creator), The University of Western Australia, 27 Jul 2018
DOI: 10.26182/5b5ab73d20f71
Data for: Modulation of joint and limb mechanical work in walk-to-run transition steps in humans
Lay, B. (Creator), Rubenson, J. (Creator), Pires, N. (Creator), The University of Western Australia, 2 Aug 2018
DOI: 10.26182/5d2d558d2eb8e
Effect of dietary nitrate supplementation in trained cyclists on a cycling power profile test in normobaric hypoxia
Kent, G. (Creator), Dawson, B. (Creator), Peeling, P. (Creator), The University of Western Australia, 9 Aug 2018
DOI: 10.26182/5b6cfc9e340ef
Fertilization success, genetic relatedness and mitochondrial lineage estimates from competitive sperm chemotaxis experiment
Lymbery, R. (Creator), Kennington, J. (Creator), Evans, J. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 14 Nov 2017
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4kh60, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.4kh60
Data from: Sperm competition games: a general model for pre-copulatory male-male competition
Parker, G. (Creator), Lessells, C. (Creator), Simmons, L. (Creator), Dryad Digital Repository, 10 Jul 2012
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d71n2, https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.d71n2


text:
Q: Objective c-[ERROR] DBRequest#connectionDidFinishLoading: error moving temp file to desired location: Error and warning shown when trying to download a file from dropbox app folder to iphone.This is my code
-(void) download:(CDVInvokedUrlCommand*)command
   {
 CDVPluginResult* pluginResult = nil;

NSLog(@"Dropbox restore method is executing");

 NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory,         NSUserDomainMask, YES);

NSString *documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0]; // Get documents directory

NSString *localPath = [documentsDirectory stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"key.txt"];

NSString *dropBoxFile = @"/key.txt";

[[self restClient]  loadFile:dropBoxFile intoPath:localPath];

 pluginResult = [CDVPluginResult resultWithStatus:CDVCommandStatus_OK];

 self.restoreJavaScript = [pluginResult toSuccessCallbackString:command.callbackId];
 }

error details:[ERROR] DBRequest#connectionDidFinishLoading: error moving temp file to desired location: The operation couldn't be completed. (Cocoa error 512.)
Warning:[WARNING] DropboxSDK: error making request to /1/files/sandbox/key.txt - (512) Error Domain=NSCocoaErrorDomain Code=512 "The operation couldn't be completed. (Cocoa error 512.)"
Can anyone figure out whats wrong!!! :(

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