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Wind Turbine Life Expectancy
That same turbine, typically with a rated output of 1. Fluid-Structure Interaction on Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. Depending on how windy and turbulent the site is, the turbine could last for 25 years or even longer, though as with anything mechanical, the maintenance costs will increase as it gets older. The Blyth offshore wind farm is a two-wind-turbine farm. A tough task given that they are made from composites. If the wind turbines don't generate sufficient power to offset their own production costs, then it is a grand green statement but a net environmental loss. Nacelle Tower Base T&B delivers solutions that make your job easier and offer the power to bring it all together in one package, top to bottom. Fairfield Township resident and farmer Scott Miller has signed a lease with Apex for part of his farm and called himself a. A small 12-inch-diameter turbine vent with a constant wind speed of 5 miles per hour (mph) can remove 347 cubic feet of air per minute (cfm) from the attic space. The wind turbine GE 3. scale wind turbines is having a significant impact on their energy yield, through the improved economies of scale and higher rated outputs, despite potential increases in embodied energy. Wind turbines under 100 kilowatts cost roughly $3,000 to $8,000 per kilowatt of capacity. Joe Barton - Wind is a finite resource Graphic via Teabonics This "quote" has been widely attributed to Congressman Joe Barton of Texas: "Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow down the winds which would cause the temperature to go up. Generally a wind turbine is certified for operation for a period of 20 year after which it has to be reassessed. Although wind produces about 1% of world-wide electricity use, it accounts for approximately 19% of electricity production in Denmark, 9% in Spain and. — The clock is ticking for the township to enact legislation that places restrictions on wind turbines, but supervisors are confident they'll get it done on time. We were amazed by the span of the rotor blades that shot up into the sky above us. OL370i medium-intensity permanent light for wind turbines. CIMC Vehicles recorded a journey up Baoding mountain in China. High-quality marine-grade coating and construction provide versatility on both land and marine environments. However, this doesn't mean that they stop producing electricity after 25 years – it just means that energy production has declined by what manufacturers consider to be a significant amount. Exelon began developing the $250-million Michigan Wind 3 project more than five years ago. Extending the life span of wind turbines (Nanowerk News) The Spanish technology centre Cener gives an overview of the first results coming from the testing phase on the software, the blade configurations and the control strategies developed during the European Windtrust project. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SCALED SMART ROTOR BLADE FOR WIND TURBINE LOAD CONTROL A. Depending on how windy and turbulent the site is, the turbine could last for 25 years or even longer, though as with anything mechanical, the maintenance costs will increase as it gets older. Veers et al. Onshore wind. Pacific Northwest. Previously, it was believed that turbines have a shorter life span than other energy technologies, but this study offers comprehensive proof that wind energy is not simply a short-term investment. Generate Electricity Using DIY Solar Energy and DIY Wind Power By Content Keyword RSS copy. How to catch 'wind turbine syndrome' by hearing about it Social anxiety over new technology has a long history. blades with struts so that a Darrieus turbine will have a long life cycle in. How To Make A Wind Power Generator There are dozens of guides on the internet to help you learn how to make a wind power generator for use with a home system. 000 hours throughout its estimated life span of 20 years (European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 2014). 2 Wind turbine components The load bearing structural components in wind turbines are mostly made of large, complexly shaped spheroidal graphite iron castings and steel fabrications. "Wind turbine syndrome" and its historical context The attribution of symptoms to wind turbines has been made by some of the residents who live close to some wind farms and by some research teams who have suggested that people who live close to a wind farm are more likely to report symptoms than people who live further away. Suffice to say that wind power is generally installed for 20-30 year life-span of the Turbines, after that they become un-economical to operate both due to increased maintenance costs, wear on the main structural components and the blades themselves (the bending stresses eventually weaken the blades) as well as technical developments making the. "They're usually electrical fires," he said. Wind turbines need to be continually serviced to perform at their best. One of the two wind turbines was recycled and reused for spare parts within the company's onshore fleet, and the other was used for training purposes. 6-137 is 137 m. The LCA and the reporting have been prepared by Vestas Wind Systems A/S. The gearbox of the yaw drive is a very crucial component since it is required to handle very large moments while requiring the minimal amount of maintenance and perform reliably for the whole life-span of the wind turbine (approx. How a 'Swim Cap' Could Extend the Life of Wind Turbine Blades but leading-edge erosion occurs over the entire span of the blade," he said. Wind farm turbines wear sooner than expected, says study Britain's wind farms are wearing out far more rapidly than previously thought, making them more expensive as a result, according to an. If a turbine is install. The ISO 14040 standard on LCA was followed and the EDIP (Environmental Design of Industrial Products) method and modelling tool were used [2]. The turbines are not a CO2 free way to produce power. A wind turbine can generate electricity as long as it is in a peak performance. scale wind turbines is having a significant impact on their energy yield, through the improved economies of scale and higher rated outputs, despite potential increases in embodied energy. These figures were from 2004 or earlier, and so it is likely that they are shorter now. 0 m/s (18 km/h) average wind speed, Rayleigh Distribution, Sea Level elevation Synergy - Solar - Biomass - Diesel Generator - Hydroelectric - Geothermal Rated Wind Speed 11 m/s (40 km/h or 24. Mar 07, 2019 · The world's largest wind turbine is now the Enercon E-126. Fish and Wildlife researchers on the number of eagle deaths by wind turbines and the average life expectancy is. In total the turbines would. Sep 17, 2018 · In a unanimous vote, the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities opened up a bidding process for developers to pitch wind energy projects located off the New Jersey coast. An upcoming series of Today in Energy articles will examine trends in generating capacity additions by fuel type, for coal, hydro, nuclear, natural gas, petroleum, and wind. 0 MW wind turbines 173 Table 1 Summary of prior wind energy LCA studies by location Location Study goal Sources Compare three wind turbine models Kabir et al. Every part of a wind turbine depends on iron and steel. Jun 13, 2017 · Wind power fails in Canada – a 23 year life span not likely to be replaced Anthony Watts / June 13, 2017 From the Calgary Herald and the "waiting of the government cash cow" department:. 23 Annual avian mortality from collisions with turbines is 0. Recent studies have shown that the life span is probably more likely to be around 10 to 12 years. Spica Technology offers a customised N50 Retrofit solution to extend the life span of ageing Nordex N50 800kW wind turbines. Easy access to the assets makes it. rotor blade and turbine reliability in the 20 year designed life span. The NTP Linear Pitch wind turbine is designed for easy setup and assembly by our dealers and is suitable for both residential and light commercial applications. Building a solid base is the foundation to a strong structure of a wind turbine. If the blade experiences a slight flutter every revolution, the effects can be compounded, resulting in significant blade fatigue and greatly reducing the life span of the blade. Today, with over 150,000 wind turbines operating in 90 countries, wind energy is one of the fastest growing major sources of new electricity around the world. ? Increase in government subsidies for wind power. Jan 16, 2018 · #2 Wind energy. However, the rapid growth of wind power over the last two decades will soon be reflected in a delayed but ever increasing and never-ending supply of waste materials. Distributed wind energy systems. Finally, offshore wind. Aug 07, 2017 · As wind turbines need to be replaced, some sites are retooling with newer technology instead of decommissioning projects completely. One of the two wind turbines was recycled and reused for spare parts within the company's onshore fleet, and the other was used for training purposes. Corrosion protection of offshore wind turbines Astrid Bjørgum and Ole Øystein Knudsen Wind Power R&D seminar – deep sea offshore wind, Trondheim, 21-22 January 2010 Materials and Chemistry 2 Offshore wind turbines – Challenges High corrosivity (marine environment) Erosion impacts due to salt particles and water droplets. But in order for the wind turbine to produce the greatest amount of energy efficiently, a wind turbine service technician must inspect, troubleshoot, repair, and ensure that the wind turbine is in good working order. However, transient and. Ageing is a fact of life. Wind energy production was 2,252 MW in 1999 and had increased to 34,296 MW by 2009 (U. Employees who are working directly on the electrical equipment, for example, will need to do all they can to ensure electrical generation has stopped. Jun 29, 2016 · 53 Responses to The ERoEI of High Altitude Wind Power. The wind turbine GE 3. 95 MW pilot plant of eleven 450 kW wind turbines with gravity based foundations. Oct 23, 2019 · There is little doubt that wind turbines cause annoyance, and possibly stress, among people that oppose the construction of wind mills near their homes. In practice it is frequently observed that components in a turbine fail earlier and must be replaced before the stated lifetime. Blade pitch angle monitoring leads to an increased life expectancy of the structure and the drive train components. By late 2014, Sentient had been contracted to provide prognostic and life-extension services to more than 5,000 wind turbines from eight operators in North. "Studies since then showed they're not lasting 20 years anyway. All this exposes the lie that all wind turbines will be dismantled and removed at the end of their twenty five year life span. Wind turbines are around 120 metres tall with blades that span around 45 metres. The rated power of Zenia Energy 30kW is 30,00 kW. Energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs may cost a bit more up front, but they can save big money over the life of the product. However, this doesn't mean that they stop producing electricity after 25 years - it just means that energy production has declined by what manufacturers consider to be a significant amount. Wind turbines require very little maintenance throughout their life span, any maintenance that is required is mostly external re-painting to prevent rusting after pronged exposure to the elements, the actual working parts require little to no maintenance during its life span. The main components of a wind. High-quality marine-grade coating and construction provide versatility on both land and marine environments. "We know what (we. The plant had a shorter life span than most commercial wind projects, operating for just 19 years. This wind generator turbine is small yet versatile turbine and can produce up to 600 Watts Max. The wind turbine pay back period is reduced significantly from 30 to 3 and a half years. Typically their life expectancy is twenty years, however there is a large amount of research being done to lengthen the life span of a wind turbine with new advances in technology (Wind Energy Technology). The effect and non-effect of Ontario wind turbines is a topical discussion. The first 5M wind turbine was erected in Germany at the coastal city of Brunsbuttel; it came on-stream in 2005 as a pilot project to evaluate the total turbine design. know-how and experience in wind turbines leading to fast and reliable commissioning. Vox reports that the average wind turbine on the ground is 466 feet tall, Haliade-X is 853 feet, nearly twice as. Louis County, Minn. Life Cycle Analysis of Wind Turbine 21 gross energy demand of the European Union to be contributed from renewable by 2010. Wind energy has become a great way for landowners to sell out the quality of life in their communities, become a partner in this massive fraud of an industry, and then allow corporate poachers. In another, solar panels cover 20% of the land. Future When the life of a wind turbine is completed and the turbine. (Report) by "International Journal of Applied Engineering Research"; Engineering and manufacturing Air-turbines Energy use Electric potential Models Fluctuations (Physics) Methods Simulation methods Voltage Wind turbines. All wind turbines have a specific wind speed required to begin generating power, and some are as low as 6 mph (9. Rick Brooks, Sales Manager, Wind and Power Generation for Timken recently joined the "Wind Talk" podcast to talk about turbine uptime. The more surface scratches, the more performance degradation. That same turbine, typically with a rated output of 1. The anti-wind energy Renewable Energy Foundation yesterday published an "anonymously peer reviewed" study by wind energy critic Professor Gordon Hughes (author of 'The myth of green jobs' and 'Why wind energy is so expensive') claiming that the economic life of wind turbines is 10-15 years rather than the 20-25 years stated by the wind industry. For example, a single turbine at Teesside offshore wind farm consists of more than 40 sensors, creating around 1500 individual data streams of information every day. Distributed wind energy systems. Just as with conventional forms of power generation, the energy produced by a wind farm gradually decreases over its lifetime, perhaps due to falling availability, aerodynamic performance or conversion efficiency. If South Africa were to give citizens access to this renewable energy feed-in tariff there would be large benefits. In a wind farm with more than 200 Micon 65 wind turbines, more than 20% experienced complete gearbox failures in an average of 10,000 hours of operation. The average availability of commercial wind power plants is now around 98% [6]. Brand New Solar and Wind Power Off-Grid Hybrid System that includes a 1000-Watt Wind Turbine, four 200-Watt Solar Panels, 2000-Watt Hybrid Controller, four 150-amp hour Deep Cycle Gel Batteries, and a 2000-Watt Pure Sine Wave Inverter. 5-MW Liberty wind turbines to generate about 25 megawatts (MW) of energy on this farm. A versatile system in that its design allows for operation both in applications with access to grid power and in applications where grid power is unavailable. Green Wind Energy is in talks with DE Wind Ltd. Cullen says wind turbines have a life span of 20 to 30 years. 6-137 is 3,60 MW. All disease-markers/endpoints variables would be catalogued and measured consistently over at least 20 years. The rated power of Zenia Energy 30kW is 30,00 kW. Wind power showed a growth rate of 31. When it is time to clean up after a failed idea, no green environmentalists are to be found. Read more about wind and about wind power. Personal wind turbines are the next big thing in wind power technology, and the Swift Wind Turbine is sure to make a splash with its quiet and unobtrusive design. The Jamaica Observer ePaper is available to you at home or at work,. A versatile system in that its design allows for operation both in applications with access to grid power and in applications where grid power is unavailable. However, suppliers of small wind turbines tend to have an even shorter life expectancy than their products. Input to these cases includes blade mode shapes and natural frequencies (see VIBRATION ANALYSIS), chord and mass distributions along the blade span, airfoil lift and drag coefficients, rotor and wind speeds, blade twist and pitch angles, etc. com Summary This paper gives examples of the sound from wind turbines in the outdoor. Because wind turbines have a shorter life span than most other technologies, the dismantling of these units is already in progress in Europe and will soon be needed in the United States. The wish to minimize size and weight due to the physical. The project led to new design standards for the design and operation of offshore wind turbine support structures. Based on the data, life expectancy had increased by almost 10 years over the course of nearly 6 decades – from 69. Pacific Northwest. 4″h Heavy Duty 12V AGM 200ah ea Deep Cycle Battery Charge using AC, Solar or Wind Power Float Service Life span of 8 to 10 years…. Besides this. According to manufacturers, the life span of wind turbines amounts to 25 years. Of that total, 449MW of wind energy production is located in Wisconsin. An average wind speed of 8 mph or more is recommended for a battery charging system and 12 mph or more for a utility intertie system. The Ørsted vision is a world that runs entirely on green energy. Not all wind energy devices are limited to industrial sites. , typically fail on average 2. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) published the "Masculinities and Health in the Region of the Amer. Barlovento experience in wind energy covers all aspects of engineering and consultancy, along the useful life-span of the wind farm, from the initial planning to the dismantling, passing through Due Dilligences, among others. Lazard claims the cost of wind power ranges from $37 to $81 per megawatt-hour, while Michael Giberson at the Center for Energy Commerce at Texas Tech University suggests it's closer to $149. SHARE: With typical operational lifetimes of 20 years, some wind turbines will soon be reaching the end of their predicted lives. 5-MW Liberty wind turbines to generate about 25 megawatts (MW) of energy on this farm. AWE 5kw by Aero Wind Energy; 20-year minimum life expectancy;. Wind turbine design is a careful balance of cost, energy output, and fatigue life. A wind turbine, or alternatively referred to as a wind energy converter, is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy. In practice it is frequently observed that components in a turbine fail earlier and must be replaced before the stated lifetime. AWS HC Wind Turbines have a minimum 20 year life expectancy. rotor blade and turbine reliability in the 20 year designed life span. Thanks to rapid revolutions of wind technology, the average life of a wind turbine is over 25 years. Is The Answer, My Friend, Blowing In The Wind. The man who took wind power to another level. Extending turbine lifetime brings down CoE. 6-137 is 3,60 MW. 7 grid tie wind generator. Output power of a wind turbine varies with the wind speed and every location will have some degree of wind speed variations around an average value. California, for example, has entire fields of them. Wind Energy Projects Application Filing Requirements October 2017 Introduction i Application Filing Requirements Wind Energy Projects October 2017 This document lists information required for a complete application for the construction of a wind energy generation facility that requires either a Certificate of Authority (CA) under Wis. Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from an onshore V110-2. Plus, wind turbine hardware has constraints that are different from other forms of equipment. The plant had a shorter life span than most commercial wind projects, operating for just 19 years. Materials & Life span. Colstrip's six utility owners have informed regulators that the future price of Rosebud Mine coal could determine the life expectancy. At least not in regard to her charges against several wind turbine companies, a provincial ministry and its cabinet minister. What is Wind Turbine Syndrome? Need a crash course on WTS? If you've got only 10 minutes and you want to know what all this "Wind Turbine Syndrome" stuff is about—read " Inconvenient Truths ," by Pierpont. 9 years to 78. Oct 24, 2019 · The average life of a wind project is 20–25 years compared to 60–80 years for a nuclear project, therefore it would require at least three life cycles of wind to match the nuclear project, pushing the cost for capital up to £4. 65 MW turbine. This contradicts claims that such facilities have a life expectancy of just 10 years. An invisible, ancient source of energy surrounds us—energy that powered the first explorations of the world, and that may be a key to the future. "They're usually electrical fires," he said. During the forecast period of 2017 and 2025, analysts estimate that the global market will surge at a CAGR of 7. GE's latest wind technology development is fabric-covered wind turbine blades, which are supposed to even more efficient that the fiberglass that is used now. Permission to print this letter by : by Kristi Funfar 5/2/17. normal life,which is human ideal energy acquisition modes. Sep 19, 2011 · GE enters the turbine power race GE announced last month that it had begun a two-year project to develop a direct drive wind turbine as big as 10 to 15 MW using superconducting magnets. The short-run cost of wind is zero: flowing air costs nothing. Typically their life expectancy is twenty years, however there is a large amount of research being done to lengthen the life span of a wind turbine with new advances in technology (Wind Energy Technology). After that they can either be retooled or taken down. Using field instrumentation and data from wind farms, LLNL researchers determine the effects of wind and other atmospheric variables on power production. Aug 28, 2017 · Wind Power Costs Could See Another 50% Reduction by 2030 all while the installed cost per kilowatt falls and plant life expectancy grows. The field reliability study of modern. Horizon Wind Energy, the developer and operator of the project, will use Vestas V90 3-MW turbines to generate about 100 MW of energy on this farm. The improved knowledge from this joint industry project will contribute to a better understanding of the response and life expectancy of these assets, helping to improve future designs and optimise operations and maintenance requirements for existing fleet. The life span of modern wind turbines is now 20-25 years, which is comparable to many other conventional power genera-tion technologies. The N50 Retrofit solution is the Spica Retrofit Controller with Spica Control System integrated in a special designed nacelle panel fitted for the Nordex N50 nacelle. The plant output tripled from 139 MW (end 2002) to 415 MW (end 2003) within a year. This contradicts claims that such facilities have a life expectancy of just 10 years. As wind energy technology advances, wind energy is becoming more cost competitive and efficient. 23 July 2012 by Eize de Vries Wind turbines are still often developed for a 20-year design life. The Sundance Center Skiff Center shown on this page are offered for sale at deep discounts. Fault handling capacity is poor. In the United States, a state government might adopt ---- to promote a new field of wind turbines off the coast of North Carolina renewable portfolio standards ________ is a government mandate that a certain percentage of energy use come from renewable energy resources. A wind turbine can generate electricity as long as it is in a peak performance. 4″h Heavy Duty 12V AGM 200ah ea Deep Cycle Battery Charge using AC, Solar or Wind Power Float Service Life span of 8 to 10 years…. This installation is the largest known urban wind tower in North America, and is capable of producing 2. Energy Information Administration. According to manufacturers, the life span of wind turbines amounts to 25 years. They vary in diameter from 1. Generally a wind turbine is certified for operation for a period of 20 year after which it has to be reassessed. Wind turbines have significant economies of scale. The main components of a wind. Cities have. Life cycle assessments are an excellent tool for assessing the environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave. To meet these re-quirements, Liebherr has equipped the Liduro Wind frequen - cy converter system with an innovative cooling concept that. Spain is one of the first countries in the world to face the aging of its wind farms: by 2020, half of its wind turbines will be over fifteen years old. Feb 26, 2016 · Most wind turbines should last for about 25 years with normal inspection and maintenance. The mechanical part of the WES250 is based on the original, proven design from 1983. Wind turbines are conventionally designed for a lifetime expectancy of 20 to 25 years and, according to the Danish Energy Agency, 4,300 turbines have been in operation for more than 10 years in Denmark, including both onshore and offshore 3. Mar 21, 2014 · Wind and Solar Harvest Enough Energy Now to Pay Back Manufacture Plus Add Storage. a wind turbine with a working life of. Based on this calculation, nearly all gearboxes in a wind farm are likely to fail within 20 years. Wind turbine service technicians generally work outdoors, in confined spaces, and often at great heights. 0 out of 5 stars 1 $303. 03: Wind Turbine Analysis: One of the greatest concerns facing this retrofit was the location of the actual wind turbines. Wind turbines under 500 feet (152 meters) must be lit with one L-864 medium-intensity flashing red light. Some of the most recent models on the market are vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), which. The ordinary turbines are much more efficient though than this thing is, for sure. Jun 09, 2014 · 10 Disadvantages of Wind Energy: Not as Clean as You Thought June 9, 2014 by Matthew Johnson \Right now, there's a lot of attention focused on the various types of fuels that we utilize to get our energy from, and many of the major players, such as coal and fossil fuels, are getting a bad rap these days, and rightfully so. Energy Information Administration. Repowering is so much more than simply providing new wind turbine equipment-we're bringing the entirety of GE to the table for our customers, providing options for servicing, grid solutions, forecasting and tailored. Our turbine components have long life due to fewer wearing parts. Wind farm turbines wear sooner than expected, says study Britain's wind farms are wearing out far more rapidly than previously thought, making them more expensive as a result, according to an. Males, which may approach 5 feet in height, are larger than females. That's according to Janet Patterson a spokesperson for Yukon Energy. Minnesota has invested more than $15 billion on wind energy, and the limited lifespan of wind turbines means the state will soon have to spend even more money just to update the wind turbines we already have. New WindSoleil Solar and Wind Power Off-Grid Hybrid System that includes a 600-Watt Wind Turbine, two 200-Watt Solar Panels, a 1000-Watt Hybrid Controller + Load Dumping Box, two 200-amp hour Deep Cycle Gel Batteries and a 1000-Watt Pure Sine Inverter. Wind power showed a growth rate of 31. Green Wind Energy is in talks with DE Wind Ltd. The yield of large turbines varies between 800 and 1200 kWh/m 2/year. This turbine is designed for 12 Volt systems only. Spinning at an extremely high speed can create more of a risk for damage to the parts as well as additional wear before the turbine has lived out its entire life span. A modern wind turbines will be designed to work for 120 000 hours throughout their estimated life-span of 20 years. But it has never crossed anyone's mind that we would run out of wind. sustainable battery system for storage. The wind tower, measuring 443 feet tall, was constructed in June 2011 at the Lincoln Electric world headquarters and manufacturing campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Life-span: 20 years Note: Region with substantial wind required – 2m/s wind needed to start turbine. Furthermore, if a reliable information of the nacelle direction is available, a sectored analysis allows one to quantify the. The average availability of commercial wind power plants is now around 98% [6]. For concrete, BASF has continuously. A simple application of WD-40 should do the job. Wind turbines under 100 kilowatts cost roughly $3,000 to $8,000 per kilowatt of capacity. Stator is directly connected to the grid. Study of almost 3,000 turbines in Britain sheds doubt on. 5 MW, has a blade span longer than a football field, meaning that the blade tips travel at speeds of around 200 MPH under typical wind conditions. Founded by Barry Ireland, president and CEO, VBINE Energy aims to provide an alternative energy source that is environment-friendly, efficient, and economical. 2 or more and 0. At present, it's the cheapest large-scale renewable energy source (Clean Energy Council). Feb 26, 2016 · Most wind turbines should last for about 25 years with normal inspection and maintenance. Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis. But in Europe, with a much longer history of wind power generation, the life of a turbine appears to be somewhat less. normal life,which is human ideal energy acquisition modes. The wind turbine will produce more power up to 2000-Watt at 28 mph. Most of the roughly 250,000 wind turbines now in operation worldwide were installed less than 25 years ago, which is their estimated life expectancy. Jan 12, 2008 · The advantage of using magnetic levitation in wind turbines is that of reduced maintenance costs, and increases life span of the generator. Climbing inside the wind turbine and seeing how it was made gave us a new perspective and appreciation of renewable energy. Just as with conventional forms of power generation, the energy produced by a wind farm gradually decreases over its lifetime, perhaps due to falling availability, aerodynamic performance or conversion efficiency. Brush estimates that the carbon output required to produce copper for a single wind turbine is offset in 3-5 days by the very same wind turbine and a generator made of copper can have a life span of up to 15 years. Of those that fledge, approximately 70% die in their first year. In the last 25 years the global wind energy had b een increasing drastically and at the end of 2009 total world wind capacity reached 159,213 MW. The proper centralized lubrication system simplifies service tasks, extends the service interval and protects from atmospheric conditions. The O&M cost of a wind farm is approximately 20-25 percent. A wind turbine plunged nearly 200 feet to the ground near I-10 in North Palm Springs after going into "overspeed", KPSP news reported on May 1, 2009. They use Pointwise's T-Rex for control over the meshing process. The price of a barrel of oil is $80. How long do solar panels last? As a general solar industry rule of thumb, solar panels last about 25-30 years. • The duration of the development period is less predictable. 0 m/s (18 km/h) average wind speed, Rayleigh Distribution, Sea Level elevation Turbine Synergy - Solar - Biomass - Diesel Generator - Hydroelectric - Geothermal Rated Wind Speed 11 m/s (39 km/h) Start-up Wind Speed 2. A longer life span of the lubricated components, which means less costs and downtime due to repair and maintenance ; In bearings and gears the grease will spread out better across the surface to be lubricated, due to the fact that lubrication takes place while the turbine is in operation. Sep 01, 2016 · Today wind is the second largest renewable energy source in Europe, after hydro. And there won't be another. This would be the turbine operating for approximately 66% of the time for two decades. For a longer life span of your wind generator, you should paint the blades, motor sleeve, mount and tail. A typical wind-turbine contains 20 to 25 bearings, all of which must be considered in a system-level reliability calculation of life expectancy. Roof Vents: Problems and Solutions. Ørsted develops, constructs and operates offshore and onshore wind farms, solar farms and energy storage facilities, bioenergy plants and provides energy products to its customers. Even at conservative estimates, life expectancy of a wind turbine lasts up to 20 years. That's according to Janet Patterson a spokesperson for Yukon Energy. , a subsidiary of South Korea's Daewoo International Corporation (KSX: 47050) for construction of the wind farm. Quality maintenance is possible on a wind turbine with the proven reliability of the Twin heavy-duty system. The wind tower, measuring 443 feet tall, was constructed in June 2011 at the Lincoln Electric world headquarters and manufacturing campus in Cleveland, Ohio. This allows owners to receive actual retail price for the electric power their wind turbine produces. The O&M cost of a wind farm is approximately 20-25 percent. A modern wind turbine is typically designed to work for approximately 120. The average availability of commercial wind power plants is now around 98% [6]. 20-year long life-span wind power generator is deserved you to own it. Repowering wind turbines increases efficiency, but only for another 20 to 25 years until they need to be repowered once again. Aug 23, 2019 · Wind Energy could do the research needed by exposing monitored residence living various distances from the wind turbines in large enough numbers to meet anticipated statistical significance. Mar 26, 2012 · SOUTH BRANCH WIND FARM DECOMMISSIONING REPORT Report 7 of 9 March 26, 2012 South Branch Windfarm Inc. For the cost to drill a single shale well, one can build two 500-foot-high, 2-megawatt (MW) wind turbines. Easy access to the assets makes it. The rated power of Zenia Energy 30kW is 30,00 kW. The rated power of Zenia Energy 30kW is 30,00 kW. The additional ice masses accumulated on wind turbine blades will generate considerably deterministic loads and fatigues, which is further inclined to shorten the wind turbine's life expectancy 7. 2 or more and 0. The Wind Technician Boom is Here. While each of the turbines at Lincoln could generate enough electricity to power about 257 homes, Cullen says newer turbines can. Oct 02, 2013 · Rep. Wind Turbine Controllers Wind Generator Hybrid Controllers. Forget Eagle Deaths, Wind Turbines Kill Humans. life expectancy and mortality trends. The use of riblets makes the same energy output with lower strain possible and as the life expectancy of the wind power plant is increased, the costs decrease. • At MTC's trial site (Okapuka, just outside of Windhoek) good wind speeds of 2-9 m/s (daily average) were experienced during the 30 day trial period. What is the "useful life" of a wind turbine? A critical part of any wind energy project is a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), which is a contract between a developer and a utility for the purchase and sale of the electricity generated by a wind turbine. I'm not sure whether the improvements in wind turbines have been quite so meteoric, but they've also definitely improved (bigger usually equals better better for wind, and they're a lot bigger today! ) I'd also like to know what figures are used for the life expectancy of the various types of generating plant. A wide variety of 30kw wind turbine prices options are available to you, such as paid samples. For long period of time, the use of control on the wind turbine was to extract as much energy as possible from the wind to maximize the power output from the wind turbine and at the same time, to protect the wind turbine from damage due to excessive loads and hence increase the wind farm life time [Boukhezzar and Siguerdidjane (2009); Thumthae and. Nov 01, 2015 · One of the options that may be explored as part of our future energy toolkit is tidal power, the capturing of the energy in the ocean's tides to generate electricity. The life expectancy of the urethane or rubber on these cores is short lived. Apr 03, 2013 · Besides the fact that the outputs of these wind LEMONS are abysmal, even the wind industry has admitted to the very short lifespan of these things. Despite some of the issues with wind turbine recycling, wind energy remains one of the greenest sources of electricity. just to repeat (restate): what is needed is the actual life of renewable energy plants (wind turbines, commercial solar plants, residential PV installation). Even on a windy night in Vanuatu, wind speed and thus output power of the XANT turbines will fluctuate. Cookie Policy At Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, S. The life span of modern wind turbines is now 20-25 years, which is comparable to many other conventional power generation technologies. Oct 24, 2019 · The Humboldt Wind Energy Project is being scheduled for a Public Hearing with the Humboldt County Planning Commission. All in all, they entail less wear on components and lower maintenance costs. Generally a wind turbine is certified for operation for a period of 20 year after which it has to be reassessed. The researchers also scoured the medical literature for studies of U. And that's a shame,. For long period of time, the use of control on the wind turbine was to extract as much energy as possible from the wind to maximize the power output from the wind turbine and at the same time, to protect the wind turbine from damage due to excessive loads and hence increase the wind farm life time [Boukhezzar and Siguerdidjane (2009); Thumthae and. Wind turbine components are often transported by a roadway. The first part of the study investigated the feasibility of. electrical utility wind turbines at the MW level of rated power are their weakest-link-in-the-chain component. In a broad sense, a wind turbine is any device that converts the kinetic energy of the moving air into other usable forms of energy. 8 m/s (11 km/h) Braking Wind Speed 22 m/s (80 km/h). The inhabitants of the loft shall take care of the technical inspections, monitoring and diagnostics of the equipment, necessary to keep the turbine's life-span as long as possible. Both of these important functions prevent premature damage and wear and tear to the wind turbines, helping them to reach as close to their full life expectancy as possible. Technical support ABB provides remote services, support line, and on-site field support as part of its maintenance program for wind turbine converters.


12801 Roydon Drive has a Walk Score of 57 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the Southbelt - Ellington neighborhood in Houston. The closest park is Gulf Palms Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 12801 Roydon Drive.
12801 Roydon Drive has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options.
12801 Roydon Drive is in the Southbelt - Ellington neighborhood. Southbelt - Ellington is the 69th most walkable neighborhood in Houston with a neighborhood Walk Score of 35.


text:
Stanisław Marian Thun, ps. "Janusz" "Leszcz" "Malcz" "Nawrot" (ur. 19 listopada 1894 w Dzierznie Dworskim, zm. 3 sierpnia 1944 w Warszawie) – podpułkownik Wojska Polskiego, legionista, członek POW, ZWZ i Armii Krajowej.

Życiorys
Syn obywatela ziemskiego Jana i Władysławy Zaleskiej. Uczęszczał do szkoły w Gnieźnie (1902–1904), a następnie uczył się w III Gimnazjum im. Jana Sobieskiego w Krakowie (1905–1913). Po maturze studiował krótko medycynę na Wydziale Lekarskim UJ w Krakowie, potem w Akademii Handlowej. Od marca 1911 r. był członkiem tajnej Armii Polskiej, następnie od lipca tego samego roku w PDS i Polowych Drużynach "Sokoła".

Od 16 sierpnia 1914 r. w Legionach Polskich. W 2 pułku piechoty był dowódcą plutonu, a następnie adiutantem II batalionu. 29 września 1914 r. został mianowany chorążym piechoty. Od 30 września 1914 r. walczył na froncie karpackim. 29 października 1914 r. podczas bitwy pod Mołotkowem ciężko ranny dostał się do niewoli rosyjskiej. Przez kilka miesięcy leczył się w szpitalu w Płoskirowie. W czerwcu 1917 r. udało mu się zbiec z niewoli i w lutym 1918 r. przedostać do Galicji. Internowany w Wiedniu, potem w Witkowicach. Po uwolnieniu od kwietnia 1918 r. był dowódcą plutonu i instruktorem POW w Krakowie. Jednocześnie pracował jako urzędnik w inspektoracie zasiłkowym Centrali dla Odbudowy Galicji.

Od 1 listopada 1918 r. służył w Wojsku Polskim jako oficer ordynansowy w Komendzie Wojskowej w Krakowie, dowódca plutonu gońców bojowych 4 pułku piechoty Legionów, a następnie przeniesiony do Warszawy gdzie od 1–30 stycznia 1919 r. był adiutantem DOGen. Warszawa – gen. Edwarda Rydza-Śmigłego. Dowódca kompanii harcerskiej 2 Dywizji Piechoty Legionów. Uczestniczył w walkach z bolszewikami na froncie litewsko-białoruskim. Od września 1919 r. do marca 1920 r. był adiutantem dowódcy DOGen. Kielce, gen. Bolesława Roji, DOGen. Pomorze, Grupy Pomorskiej, 2 Armii i ponownie DOGen. Pomorze. 19 sierpnia 1920 r. został zatwierdzony z dniem 1 kwietnia 1920 r. w stopniu kapitana, w piechocie, w grupie oficerów byłych Legionów Polskich. Dowódca kompanii 4 pułku piechoty od września 1920 r., a od grudnia tego samego roku mianowany oficerem łącznikowym komendy m. st. Warszawy w Wyższej Szkole Handlowej i Szkole Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego, równocześnie studiując w WSH (1920–1922), gdzie uzyskał dyplom w 1926 r.

3 maja 1922 r. został zweryfikowany w stopniu kapitana ze starszeństwem z 1 czerwca 1919 r. i 208. lokatą w korpusie oficerów piechoty, a jego oddziałem macierzystym był nadal 4 pp Leg. W 1923 roku pełnił służbę w 20 pułku piechoty w Krakowie. 23 października tego roku został przydzielony do Wojskowego Instytutu Naukowo–Wydawniczego w Warszawie na stanowisko kierownika referatu wydawnictw. 1 grudnia 1924 r. został mianowany majorem ze starszeństwem z 15 sierpnia 1924 r. i 44. lokatą w korpusie oficerów piechoty. Później został przeniesiony z korpusu oficerów piechoty do korpusu oficerów administracyjnych, grupa kancelaryjna. W kwietniu 1926 został szefem Wydziału II Wydawniczego WINW w Warszawie. Z dniem 29 lutego 1932 r. został przeniesiony w stan spoczynku. Po zwolnieniu z czynnej służby wojskowej został dyrektorem Głównej Księgarni Wojskowej. Jednocześnie był członkiem Zarządu Głównego  Towarzystwa Wiedzy Wojskowej w latach 1924–1925, a w latach 1935–1937 zastępcą członka. W "Wojskowym Przeglądzie Wydawniczym" (wydawany od 1926 jako dodatek do "Bellony") był redaktorem oraz wchodził w skład komitetów redakcyjnych "Przeglądu Piechoty" i "Przeglądu Wojskowego" (w latach 1929–1933). W 1934 r. pozostawał w ewidencji Powiatowej Komendy Uzupełnień Warszawa Miasto III, jako oficer stanu spoczynku administracji.

Podczas kampanii wrześniowej został 7 września 1939 r. przydzielony do stacji zbornej na terenie warszawskiej cytadeli, potem został d-cą ochotniczego II batalionu 2 pułku piechoty "Obrony Pragi" (późniejszy 336 pułk piechoty). Uczestnik obrony Warszawy. Po kapitulacji podjął działalność konspiracyjną od października 1939 w szeregach SZP/ZWZ/AK. Początkowo współorganizator i pierwszy d-ca obwodu SZP W-wa Żoliborz, następnie szef Oddziału VII (Biuro Finansów i Kontroli) w Dowództwie Głównym SZP, KG ZWZ/AK. Rozkazem KG ZWZ nr L.1/BP z 1 lipca 1940 r. mianowany ppłk. piech. Poległ 3 sierpnia 1944 r. podczas powstania warszawskiego przy ul. Leszno 24. Pochowany na Cmentarzu Wojskowym na Powązkach w Warszawie (kwatera A 25-8-1).

19 listopada 1920 r. dowódca Okręgu Generalnego Kielce zezwolił mu na zawarcie związku małżeńskiego z Zofią Aleksandrą Wołoszyńską z Kielc.

Ordery i odznaczenia
 Krzyż Złoty Orderu Wojskowego Virtuti Militari (pośmiertnie, 2 października 1944)
 Krzyż Srebrny Orderu Wojskowego Virtuti Militari nr 5920
 Krzyż Niepodległości (4 lutego 1932)
 Krzyż Kawalerski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (28 kwietnia 1926)
 Krzyż Walecznych (czterokrotnie, po raz trzeci i czwarty we wrześniu 1944)
 Złoty Krzyż Zasługi (1938)
 Srebrny Wawrzyn Akademicki (5 listopada 1935)
 Odznaka Pamiątkowa Więźniów Ideowych

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Członkowie Armii Polskiej (1910–1914)
Członkowie Polowych Drużyn Sokolich
Członkowie Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej
Członkowie Towarzystwa Wiedzy Wojskowej
Internowani w Austro-Węgrzech w czasie I wojny światowej
Majorowie piechoty II Rzeczypospolitej
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (II Rzeczpospolita)
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Niepodległości
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Srebrnym Orderu Virtuti Militari (II Rzeczpospolita)
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Walecznych
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Złotym Orderu Virtuti Militari (II Rzeczpospolita)
Odznaczeni Odznaką Pamiątkową Więźniów Ideowych
Odznaczeni Srebrnym Wawrzynem Akademickim
Odznaczeni Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi (II Rzeczpospolita)
Oficerowie 2 Pułku Piechoty Legionów
Oficerowie piechoty Legionów Polskich 1914–1918
Pochowani na Powązkach-Cmentarzu Wojskowym w Warszawie
Polegli w powstaniu warszawskim
Szefowie Oddziałów Dowództwa Głównego SZP
Szefowie Oddziałów Komendy Głównej AK
Szefowie Oddziałów Komendy Głównej ZWZ
Uczestnicy kampanii wrześniowej (strona polska)
Uczestnicy wojny polsko-bolszewickiej (strona polska)
Urodzeni w 1894
Zmarli w 1944
Żołnierze II Brygady Legionów Polskich

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Washington employers can address their workforce challenges by partnering with schools and nonprofits, and by learning from other companies that have created their own solutions, AWB members heard Wednesday at the second-annual AWB Workforce Summit.
Finding skilled workers is one of the top challenges facing many employers, but there are many tools in the toolbox: Apprenticeships, mentorships, internships, on-the-job training and more. And notably, there are many business, education and nonprofit leaders willing to help and share their experiences, including companies that have created their own workforce pipeline with the help from local schools and nonprofits.
"We're business. We're innovative. We need to be nimble and we need to figure this problem out for our own industries," said Julie Orchard, a human resources client manager at Providence Medical Group in Spokane.
Julie Orchard of Providence Medical Group was part of the "Debunking Apprenticeship Myths: The Future of Work Based Learning Models" panel.
Orchard was one of the speakers at the half-day event at the Hilton Bellevue. More than 130 attendees learned how to create a strong workforce pipeline that can sustain the state's economy for years to come. Conference-goers heard from experts on employment law, apprenticeships, innovative education ideas and creating and maintaining a great place to work.
Providence Medical Group is one organization that has created its own workforce pipeline for medical assistants with the help of local schools, Orchard said. The result is young people can get certifications and earn good wages by age 19, and Providence has a more stable workforce.
Matt Poischbeg, vice president and general manager at SEA-LECT Plastics in Everett, kicked off the event with a with a keynote address describing his own experience finding employees.
"If a kid shows up to work, I will train him." Powerful story from Scott Anderson, owner of CSR Marine in Seattle, about growing up with dyslexia and being told he was a hopelessly stupid student. He excelled in shop class, and believes strongly in training kids like he was. He spoke alongside Mark Behrends of Pioneer Human Services, which provides training and jobs for those coming out of incarceration.
Poischbeg described creating his own workforce pipeline after the company's top mold maker retired, and he was unable to find a replacement. He eventually connected with local schools and the Aerospace Joint Apprenticeship Committee, a nonprofit dedicated to workforce development.
Poischbeg told a packed ballroom that a combination of on the job training and school is a great solution for success for both businesses and employees. He also said the labor force is so small that the only future workforce is in school today.
But there are more benefits to workforce development than helping companies fill open spots on the shop floors.
Apprenticeships are the backbone of the middle class in many countries, but not in America, Poischbeg said.
"Here we have a great opportunity to strengthen the middle class," he said.
Scott Anderson of CSR Marine said he had trouble in school but gained valuable skills in metal shop classes. He had seven job offers when he graduated high school, and later founded his own company.
Employers also heard from innovative education leaders that are shaking up the traditional public school model, including the leader of Spokane Valley Tech, an Eastern Washington high school focused on college and career readiness.
Principal Camille Nielsen says she's battling the notion that all students have to get a four-year college degree, and constantly encouraging kids to look into "fantastic living wage jobs" available through two-year degrees, certifications or training.
"We need you as community members … to help us communicate that message," Nielsen said.
The day's final panel featured AWB's most recent Employers of the Year, who shared their strategies to develop and maintain a healthy workforce.
Michele Beehler of Schweitzer Engineer Laboratories said her company structures employee benefits around long-term incentives like retirement, stock and onsite medical, fitness and childcare for both employees and their families.
Steve Lorence of Energy Northwest says his organization makes major investments in training employees, and noted that a nuclear power plant could be shut down by federal regulators if the right positions are unfilled. Energy Northwest managers make an effort to seek employee feedback, develop and train leaders, and take other steps to reduce turnover and boost morale.
Dan and Jodi Martinez of AllStar Glass in Spokane attended Wednesday's event to learn more about developing a future workforce pipeline to work at their commercial glazing company. They wanted to get out of their backyard, Dan Martinez said, to see what was working in western Washington. They intend to connect with the Aerospace Joint Apprenticeship Committee to learn more.
"We're glad we came," Dan Martinez said.
Washington's workforce conversation will likely continue for many years to come. The state will need to fill 740,000 jobs in future years, and more than two thirds of those jobs will require some kind of postsecondary credential.
To learn more about workforce development in Washington, please contact AWB Government Affairs Director Amy Anderson at 360.943.1600.
Click here for a social media roundup of Wednesday's event.


text:
Asia Pacific|Japan Copes With Aftermath of Jebi, Strongest Typhoon in 25 Years
Japan Copes With Aftermath of Jebi, Strongest Typhoon in 25 Years
Huge waves caused by Typhoon Jebi hit a fishing port in Aki, in Kochi Prefecture on Japan's western coast, on Tuesday.CreditCreditKyodo, via Reuters
By Motoko Rich and Makiko Inoue
TOKYO — Japanese rescue workers on Wednesday began evacuating thousands of people who had been trapped at a major airport, a day after a powerful storm battered the country, leaving 11 people dead and 600 injured.
The storm, Typhoon Jebi, brought widespread flooding and winds of up to 130 miles an hour. It prompted government evacuation orders for about 49,000 people, with many more advised to flee, the Fire and Disaster Management Agency said.
Boats floating along with debris in Nishinomiya, Hyogo Prefecture.CreditReuters
The storm traversed Japan's main island of Honshu before traveling up its western coast, leaving a trail of death. Among the fatalities was the owner of a warehouse that collapsed on him, news reports said.
Pedestrians in Tokyo. Wind speeds reached 130 miles per hour in some places.CreditToru Hanai/Reuters
Early in the afternoon on Tuesday, an oil tanker unmoored by the storm crashed into the only bridge that connects Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay to the mainland. The Coast Guard later rescued the crew members using a helicopter and patrol boats, the public broadcaster NHK said.
Early on Wednesday morning, three speedboats began rescuing some of the 3,000 people who had been stranded at the airport, which sits on a man-made island, NHK reported. Others were being transported by bus across the northern part of the damaged airport bridge to Izumisano, a city in Osaka Prefecture.
Footage on NHK's noon broadcast on Wednesday showed long lines of stranded people waiting for buses at the airport. Officials said Thursday that the airport, Japan's third largest, may remain closed for a week.
The storm was downgraded to a low-pressure system on Wednesday as it moved away from the Japanese archipelago, the Japan Meteorological Agency said. Bullet trains in the area resumed full service after being suspended a day earlier.
But Kansai International Airport was still closed, with nearly 1,000 flights canceled since Tuesday, and local trains were canceled or delayed across a wide swath of eastern and northern Japan.
Much of the airport's runways remained under water early Wednesday, though the main terminal buildings were safe, said Takayuki Nomori, an officer with the Kansai Airport police.
An oil tanker crashed into the only bridge connecting Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay to the mainland.CreditKentaro Ikushima/Mainichi Newspaper, via Associated Press
In Kyoto, damage to the roof of the main rail station brought debris crashing down onto passengers below, injuring three people and closing parts of the station. News footage showed shipping containers strewn across Kobe Port, a cargo hub.
About 2.2 million homes were without power late Tuesday, according to a central government tally. By Wednesday morning, NHK reported, 570,000 homes were without power in Osaka Prefecture and five neighboring prefectures, as well as 37,000 other homes in Hokkaido Prefecture.
The Kyodo news agency also reported that about 160 elementary school children on a school trip in Kyoto had been stranded since Monday because the roads leading to the facility where they were staying were blocked by downed trees. Two children who had fallen ill there were taken to a hospital by helicopter on Wednesday, Kyodo reported.
The typhoon hit during a summer of meteorological misery for Japan, with floods and landslides killing over 200 people in western Japan in July, the same month that heat waves claimed about 130 lives.
Evacuation orders in Japan are not mandatory, but the failure to heed such orders during the July rains was seen as a contributing factor to the high number of deaths.
Containers jumbled together near a port in Osaka.CreditKota Endo/Kyodo News, via Associated Press
Mike Ives contributed reporting from Hong Kong, Hisako Ueno from Tokyo and Hiroko Tabuchi from New York.
A version of this article appears in print on , Section A, Page 9 of the New York edition with the headline: 9 Die and Thousands Flee as Typhoon Hits Japan. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
In Japan, Deadly Heat Wave Tests Endurance of Even the Most Stoic
Temperature Hits Record High in Japan as Nation Withers
Amid Japan's Flood Devastation, Survivors Dig Out

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Judge Roy Moore may no longer be a judge but he stood up for his right to display the Ten Commandments. The liberal judges in this land are doing all they can to tear down what our forefathers fought and died for. I for one, am proud of the stand that Roy Moore took. It is judges of this caliber that need to be put in office. Our forefathers would have been proud of Roy Moore's stand on the Ten Commandments. Not so proud of the way this country is turning.
Ladies and Gentlemen it is my right to post the Ten Commandments. If the pornographers and movie makers have a right to post their obscenities in this land, I too, have the right to post the Ten Commandments. Our government has the right to post them, it was what our forefathers wanted. It is what we want as Christians, we do not have to stand for the evil that prevails upon this land by a few bleeding heart liberals.
Our Christian forefathers did not separate God and Government, the liberals are doing that.
Yes I said Christian forefathers and that would be another Opinion. I really have not heard a good reason for not allowing the government to post the Ten Commandments. Pretty much all of it stems from the bleeding heart liberal group, the ACLU. This group stands for nothing and does nothing but try to destroy God's Word and Commandments.
The ACLU is supposedly a "Defender of the Bill of Rights" and a "guardian of our Liberty" They supposedly work in the courts and legislatures and communities defending our individual rights.
There is more rhetoric of this kind that this group is supposedly doing , but I notice they make no mention of what the forefathers of the Constitution wanted.
They continually attack the Governments right to post the Ten Commandments just as our forefathers wanted to have posted in the court houses and supposedly say they defend the segments of our society that have their rights continually violated.
From what I have seen, this bunch is Anti-Christian and fights the Government on anything and everything against Christian viewpoints whether it is good for the country or not.
I want the Ten Commandments posted anywhere in this land that we want to post them.
Thank You Judge Roy Moore for making a stand for something important.


I haven't been doing the best at consistently posting and I apologize because I have so many great things to share. Before I left for Sweden our family went on a short trip to Jackson Hole and Yellowstone National Park.
My Husband is a wildlife and western landscape painter, so we naturally love coming to Jackson and Yellowstone. He particularly loves clouds, and I don't blame him. It's just scary sometimes driving with him while he's looking at them.
A few weeks ago we came out to Jackson for one of Nick's shows and luckily we had enough time to spend a day in Yellowstone.
I love coming to Yellowstone, it's always aw inspiring. I particularly loved seeing the wonder and excitement in my children's eyes. It was like I got to experience it for all for the first time. Henrik was particularly excited to see all the geysers.
Traveling with children means plenty of pee pee stops.
Luckily when we got to Old Faithful we only had to wait five minutes to see it erupt. We also stopped in to look at the beautiful architecture of the Old Faithful Inn.
As you can tell it was a perfectly windy, sunny day. Every single one of us had crazy hair in the wind (Henrik calls it scary hair) and it does look pretty scary.
Next week I'll have pictures of my trip to Stockholm and a giveaway...hooray!!!


text:
package lekt07_lister2;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView;

import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;

import dk.nordfalk.android.elementer.R;

public class BenytRecyclerviewOverskrifter extends AppCompatActivity {

  String[] landeArray = {"* Norden", "Danmark", "Norge", "Sverige", "Island", "Færøerne", "Finland",
          "* Europa", "Tyskland", "Østrig", "Belgien", "Holland", "Italien", "Grækenland",
          "Frankrig", "Spanien", "Portugal",
          "* Resten af verden", "Nepal", "Indien", "Kina", "Japan", "Thailand"};
  // Vi laver en arrayliste så vi kan fjerne/indsætte elementer
  ArrayList<String> lande = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(landeArray));

  RecyclerView recyclerView;

  @Override
  public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

    recyclerView = new RecyclerView(this);

    recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(this));
    recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);

    setContentView(recyclerView);
  }

  RecyclerView.Adapter adapter = new RecyclerView.Adapter() {
    @Override
    public int getItemCount()  {
      return lande.size();
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemViewType(int position) {
      if (lande.get(position).startsWith("*")) return 1;
      else return 0;
    }

    @Override
    public RecyclerView.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
      if (viewType==0) {
        View itemView = getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.lekt04_listeelement, parent, false);
        ListeelemViewholder vh = new ListeelemViewholder(itemView);
        vh.overskrift = itemView.findViewById(R.id.listeelem_overskrift);
        vh.beskrivelse = itemView.findViewById(R.id.listeelem_beskrivelse);
        vh.billede = itemView.findViewById(R.id.listeelem_billede);
        return vh;
      } else {
        View itemView = getLayoutInflater().inflate(android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, parent, false);
        return new RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemView) {};
      }
    }

    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(RecyclerView.ViewHolder vh0, int position) {
      if (getItemViewType(position)==0) {
        ListeelemViewholder vh = (ListeelemViewholder) vh0;
        vh.overskrift.setText(lande.get(position));
        vh.beskrivelse.setText("Land nummer " + position);
      } else {
        TextView tv = vh0.itemView.findViewById(android.R.id.text1);
        tv.setTextSize(36);
        tv.setText(lande.get(position));
      }
    }
  };

  class ListeelemViewholder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
    TextView overskrift;
    TextView beskrivelse;
    ImageView billede;

    public ListeelemViewholder(View itemView) {
      super(itemView);
    }
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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If you've ever heard me speak about Writing Down Your Soul, you know that the magic happens in and through and with the theta brain wave state. I hope this doesn't come as a surprise, but your conscious mind is useless. Unless you're making dinner or filling the tank with gas or doing something else that requires conscious attention, it isn't much help. To build a soul-directed, joy-filled, purpose-driven life, you gotta slip into theta as often as you can. Including–or especially–at night.
Of course. I remember. I remember looking to the left and right and up and down and being floored by the beauty and size and variety of the houses of worship–one more jaw-droppingly gorgeous than the next. I saw traditional mainline Christian churches with stained glass windows that begged you to step inside. I saw Jewish temples behind ornate iron gates. I think I saw a Christian Science church with those classic pillars. And I'm pretty sure I saw something that said LDS. I remember being surprised to find LDS in Harlem. And I saw lots of store front churches with names that shouted: Get Your Salvation Here! On any given block between 116th and 125th, there were at least three churches.
So what? That's a big clue to how you get to your Life Around the Corner. Maybe the biggest clue. Pray. Ask for help. Get out of your conscious, worry-filled, useless mind and access the universe of guidance and support that is everywhere around you.
Want to see the wonders of Malcolm X Blvd exactly where I was walking? Look at this glorious slide show. This is why God created Google, I think. I can't believe how effortlessly this exquisite tour of the exact blocks I walked fell into my hands this morning. I know it's for you!
But you don't have to be on Malcolm X Blvd to find divine assistance. Or even in a church. Although, it's lovely to sit in the cool dark of your favorite church or temple or shrine, you can commune with heaven anywhere and anytime.
My favorite shrine is St Michael's in Tarpon Springs, and lord knows, I get amazing guidance sitting there, but day in and day out the Voice guides me sitting right here in my "writing chapel" (aka my office, aka my third bedroom).
However you pray–in a pew or in your yard, or sitting in your writing chair–the reminder is to simply do it. To connect. To ask for help. You are not alone. Heaven wants you to reach your Life Around the Corner. And it is reaching out to help you. Reach back.
So tell me, how do you reach back?
Two days ago I wrote about "The life around the corner." Lovely idea. Lots of readers. Wonderful feedback. Now it's time to move on to the next blog post, right?
This morning, it came to me that I'm just beginning to scratch the surface of the full meaning of "the life around the corner." I was in the shower, which my original Conari editor called, "the phone booth to God." The first time I heard her say that I burst out laughing. Oh yes, it's the phone booth to God, alright, but there's a big problem with this phone booth: there's no place to take notes. I've learned to repeat out loud what I'm hearing/learning/seeing so it sticks in my head long enough to make it to a towel and then to paper.
Well, this morning in the phone booth, I realized that I had missed many of the rich details that make this story meaningful and important.
For example. The phrase "the life around the corner" came through on the page while I was whining about the low turnout for my workshop. As the class wrote their creative blessings, I barked on the page, "What's the deal? You bring me to New York and then everyone stays home? How does this help the book? How does this keep me going? I trust you to shine the light, but this sure doesn't look like a bright light to me!" (You should know by now that my relationship with the Voice is real. I bring the whole Janet to the conversation–warts, fears, irrational thinking and all.) Somewhere in the midst of my whining, that magical phrase popped on to the page.
The aha in the phone booth today was this: the phrase came through because I had a lousy turnout. If the room had been full, I'd have been writing, "thank you, thank you, thank you." And "the life around the corner" would never have appeared. So odd as it sounds, I'm grateful, oh so grateful, that the workshop was a dud. This is a perfect example of that profound but often undigestible truth: nothing is happening to you; everything is happening for you.
Where was I headed? 125th street. I love how numbers appear in my life, carrying nudges and messages and blessings. Well, 1 + 2 + 5 = 8. If you know anything about numerology, you know that 8 represents prosperity, abundance, success, money, power. So my life around the corner was on Abundance Street, so to speak.
My birth number is an 8. You get your birth number by adding up your birth date. Mine is 6 16 1948. Add up all those digits and you get 35. Then add the 3 +5 = 8. This is not a coincidence. Not in my book.
The life around the corner is right there. I just can't see it.
I have a choice: I can duck into a safe doorway or I can walk bravely up the avenue holding my dream and honoring my struggle to achieve it.
If I do that–dream and struggle, struggle and dream–while moving forward the whole time, I will reach my intersection. I will finally turn and see it: my life around the corner. I will step into the vision heaven is keeping for me. I just have to see it, believe it, and keep going.
I think I'll start by getting back in the shower.


Fundraising is a crucial component of all nonprofit organizations, and in order for a nonprofit to succeed, grant writers must be able to research and prepare a compelling grant proposal. The University of Miami Grant Writing Certificate Program focuses on the skills and tools needed throughout the grant process, from connecting with potential funders to submitting a grant application. Students will learn how to research grant opportunities, hone the writing and editing skills needed to prepare an effective grant proposal, and explore the step-by-step procedures for filing an application once the proposal is complete. Learning also encompasses a comprehensive overview of nonprofit development in general.
Students will learn how to research potential grant funding opportunities, how to network with and partner with an array of funders, and how to organize an effective grant writing campaign. They will also learn which materials to incorporate in a standard proposal to a foundation, explore various ways to gather that data and information, and heighten the core skills in writing, proofreading, and copyediting needed to prepare a persuasive proposal package. The multiple steps of the grant application filing process are explained in detail as well.
Program learning outcomes include: researching grant funding opportunities; applying proofreading, copyediting, and technical writing skills to the grant writing process; comprehending the procedure for filing grant applications; understanding the basics of nonprofit development; and preparing grant proposals.
The University of Miami Grant Writing Certificate Program is unique in that the learning outcomes are integrated using a facilitated, hands-on approach with module deliverables and application-based written assignments. The program components are supported by cooperative learning, inquiry-based learning, and hands-on teaching methods. Unlike programs based solely on theory, our program connects academics to the workplace by allowing students to experience learning applications based on real-world utilization of the program content, with the benefit of feedback from an industry professional who is an expert in the subject matter. The instructor also maintains a virtual open door to address questions, clarify program content, and interpret career learning connections.
This program is perfect for anyone seeking employment in the nonprofit sector, especially those who want to strengthen the skills needed to research and write effective grant proposals.
The price for the course is $3,495, plus the cost of textbooks (approximately $215).
Locating Research Grant Funding Opportunities, Core Writing Skills: Proofreading, Copyediting, and Technical Writing, The Grant Application Filing Process, The Foundations of Nonprofit Development, and Preparing a Grant Proposal.


Tracing the origins of business survival true statistics by Bloomberg revealed that 8 out of 10 businesses 'fail' within the first 18 months of inception.
The question is – who is the real culprit for this colossal amount of failures?
Most businesses fail because the leaders running them did not succeed in creating a culture of awesomeness. This deficit further resulted in crippling everything else that they did.
Business culture is a curious thing. You have one whether you're oblivious and ignorant to its presence or not. And if you're not focused and clear about the culture you are working to cultivate in your business, you're going to end up fostering an environment which talented high performers would not want to get associated with.
The unfortunate reality is that many leaders wake up to this realization only when sums of money are involved. Whether you're incurring losses or not making enough profits or looking at growing exponentially – are the only circumstances where business leaders pause and think about organizational culture. And in this instance, it's usually too late to drive the immediate change leaders seek.
Just because you need to scale up or expand right now doesn't mean you're going to be able to bend the laws of nature to your will. That's not how culture works. Frankly, you'll never drive massive amounts of new revenue if you're not focused on creating a sustainable high-impact, inspired workplace.
• Invest time not just on doing better but on being better.
• Get rid of negative people and destroy passive aggressive activity wherever you spot it in your organization.
• Set real and clear expectations with everyone around you.
Practice these things every day: Preach them! Teach them! Reward them! Protect them!
Don't expect anything to change overnight. But stay at it.
Make your growth an outcome of a sustained and congenial culture and not a random act of hiring new talent or technology.


I HAVE BEEN PLAYING AROUND WITH THOSE COLORS FOR A COUPLE OF DAYS. REAL RED AND BASIC BLACK. THIS IS THE FIRST CARD I MADE WITH THE MOVER & SHAPERS DIE. I LOVE THE WAY THE SCORE MARKS SHOW AROUND THE PUNCH.
I am so happy with this card I made for my Stamp club members. This card looks so hard to make but it is quite simple. It take a 5 1/2 X 12" piece of card stock.The really cool thing is that it fold up into a regular card size envelope as I mentioned in a similar post. This card I used so many different things to make. The girls really like it. But it did take some time to put together. Thanks for stopping by today.
Bigz Die: Stampin Ups Beautiful Butterflies, Sizzlits Die, Floral Fusion, Razzleberry Polka-dot Ribbon, Rhine Stone, Modern label Punch.


ALL FOUR WORKS CONSIST OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAST CONCRETE FORMS REFLECTED AND EXTENDED ON GRADE LEVEL WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL WHITE CONCRETE PAVER LINES, AND A SECTION OF TIGHTLY MANICURED LANDSCAPE SLICED TO REINFORCE THIS LOGICAL FLOW. THIS HARD-EDGE GEOMETRY IS CHALLENGED BY THE INCLUSION OF LARGE, NATURAL, GRANITE ELEMENTS THAT CREATE SURPRISING RELATIONSHIPS, THAT JOSTLE ONE'S EXPECTATIONS. FROM VARIOUS VIEWPOINTS THE PLAZA "PALETTE" APPEARS IN DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF TEXTURES, COLOR, AND FORMS, RENDERING THESE UNLIKELY MATERIALS INTO COMPOSITIONS EASILY READABLE FROM AFAR. THIS SHIFTING OF VIEWPOINT, GUIDED BY THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PAVER LINES, CAUSES THE STRUCTURE TO APPEAR IN FLUX, CAPABLE OF MOVEMENT AND CHANGE. THIS WORK IS A REFLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, AN ATTEMPT TO DISTILL THE URBAN LANDSCAPE THROUGH AN UNEXPECTED UNION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND NATURAL FORM. THESE LARGE WORKS PROVIDE A HAVEN FOR CONTEMPLATING THE NOTION THAT OPPOSING FORCES MAY BE FORGED TOGETHER TO PRODUCE AN UNEXPECTED HARMONY.


The conductometric sensor based on 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 was developed for the quantitative analysis of ammonium. The calixarene was immobilized on the surface of the planar interdigitated electrodes by attachment of its dialkyl sulfide groups to the surface of the gold electrodes. The intrinsic ability of the calixarene to capture ammonium was studied in the conductometric measuring mode and by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The developed sensor showed high selectivity to ammonium in the presence of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. Selective and highly sensitive detection of ammonium resulted from the complexation between the ammonium ions and a crown-ether fragment of the upper rim of the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 macrocycle. The developed sensor had high signal repeatability. Its sensitivity was found to be satisfactory for the forthcoming sensor application in the water-sample analysis; the linear range was 0.01–1.5 mM and limit of detection 10 μM.
Nowadays, an increase in the ammonium concentrations in the surface water systems causes a significant environmental and economic concern. The possible sources of ammonium and ammonia in surface water systems are land-applied manure and biosolids, fertilizer spills, septic systems, raw sewage, snow, rainfall, animal feedlot runoff, surface runoff into tile inlets, eroded soil and sediment, airborne ammonia, direct deposit by aquatic organisms, wildlife manure, land-applied fertilizer (ammonium containing) for crop and turf production, fertilizer on sidewalks and driveways, manure storage structures, manure stockpiles, fertilizer facilities, decay of aquatic organisms and organic materials in water, etc. [1, 2]. In the water systems, two nitrogen forms coexist in a certain ratio depending on the water pH, temperature, and ionic strength—unionized NH3 (ammonia) and ionized NH4 + (ammonium). Since a direct reaction between ammonia and water produces ammonium (Eq. (1)), the ammonia analysis in aqueous media often comes to the detection of ammonium ion concentration.
New analytical tools based on the chemical entities capable of inducing selective binding and transport of ionic or neutral species are of growing interest nowadays. Amongst the synthetic receptors widely applied in the sensor development (e.g., crown ethers, cyclophanes, cyclodextrins), calixarenes occupy a pivotal position. Being the phenolic nmetacyclophanes obtained by the high-precision cyclo-condensation of the p-substituted phenols with formaldehyde, calix[n]arenes possess intramolecular lipophilic cavities formed by aromatic rings of the macrocyclic skeleton. The structural diversity of calix[n]arenes is stipulated by their conformational isomerism and is caused by the hampered rotation of the phenolic fragments around the Ar–CH2–Ar bonds. In the case of calixarenes, such a rotation is hampered by the bulky substituents near to the atoms of oxygen belonging to a lower rim of the macrocycle .
To date, the methods of synthesis of calixarene derivatives in the stereochemically rigid conformations—cone, partial cone, 1,2-alternate, and 1,3-alternate—have been developed. They show unique ability to recognize ions and molecules by the host-guest principle owing to a variety of the noncovalent supramolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds, ion-dipole, cation-π, anion-π, CH-π, stacking, van der Waals interactions, etc.). These properties open wide perspectives of practical application of the calixarenes in different branches of chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and sensor technologies.
It is well-known that the recognition of ammonium cations is characteristic for 18-crown-6 ether and its derivatives that form stable "host-guest" complexes through a system of cooperative ion-dipole and hydrogen bonds of ammonium cation with oxygen atoms of crown ether . Thus, the combination of structural fragments of calixarenes and crown ether in one molecule allows achieving high efficiency and selectivity of ammonium cation binding.
These properties can be observed in the molecule of calixarene-18-crown-6 in the 1,3-alternate conformation that exhibits the complementarity of a stereochemically rigid three-dimensional molecular cavity to the tetrahedral ammonium cation [5, 6]. The lipophilic benzene rings of the cavity protect the ammonium cation against hydration, thus enhancing the ion-dipole and hydrogen bonds in the supramolecular "host-guest" complex.
As we showed it earlier, ammonium can be quantitatively determined with natural zeolite immobilized on the surface of the conductometric interdigitated transducers . Here, we aim at developing a novel ammonium-selective sensor based on 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6, that is calixarene-18-crown-6 in the 1,3-alternate conformation, synthesized by us for the first time, and studying the analytical characteristics of the developed sensor targeting to its further application in a real sample analysis. In our previous work, we have already reported the use of clinoptilolite for ammonium analysis with the conductometric sensor . However, the selectivity of the sensor mentioned was not sufficient for the sensor application in the complex media. In the work presented, we continue to search for the materials suitable for highly sensitive and selective recognition of ammonium. For this purpose, 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 was designed and applied to study its potentiality to be used for gold functionalization and ammonium capture with high selectivity and sensitivity at once.
The reagents used were the following: ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, sulfuric acid (conc. 95–98 %), hydrogen peroxide solution (conc. 35 %), and toluene supplied by Macrochem (Ukraine). A phosphate buffer solution was prepared from potassium nitrate monobasic and sodium phosphate dibasic (Helicon, Russian Federation); its concentration was 5 mmol L−1 and pH 6.1–6.2 unless stated otherwise. The chemicals were at least of purified grade. All solutions used were prepared using ultrapure water (the water was obtained from a Millipore purification system; its resistivity was no less than 18.2 MΩ cm).
The key component of the sensor membrane, 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 (Fig. 1), was synthesized as follows. In the first stage, tetrahydroxycalyxarene was alkylated by 1,4-dichlorobutane in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base, which resulted in the formation of 25,27-di-(4-chlorobutoxy)calixarene in the cone conformation. In the second stage, the reaction of cyclization of di-(4-chlorobutoxy)calixarene with ditosylate pentaethylene glycol in the presence of cesium carbonate resulted in obtaining 25,27-di-(4-chlorobutoxy)calixarene-crown-6 in the 1,3-alternate conformation. In the final stage, the chlorine atoms of 25,27-di-(4-chlorobutoxy)calixarene-crown-6 were substituted with propyl sulfide groups by the reaction of 25,27-di-(4-chlorobutoxy)calixarene-crown-6 with propylmercaptan in the solution of tetrahydrofuran in the presence of sodium hydride.
For more details on the synthesis of 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 (further may be simply mentioned as "calixarene") and its characterization, please refer to Additional file 1.
The conductometric transducers were 5 × 30 mm in size, and each of them consisted of two identical pairs of gold interdigitated electrodes deposited onto a ceramic support. The sensitive area of each electrode pair was about 2.9 mm2. Both the digit width and interdigital distance were 10 μm, and their length was ~1.5 mm. Conductive buses of the electrodes were covered with insulating material, except for the active region and the contact zone. The usage of two electrode pairs enabled differential mode of measurements. The image of a pair of gold interdigitated electrodes obtained by scanning electron microscopy and the overall view of the conductometric transducers fixed in the holders are presented in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively.
The transducers were manufactured at the V.Ye. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine). The electrodes were fabricated by thermo-vacuum sputtering of chromium (5 nm) and gold (150 nm) onto a non-conducting ceramic substrate. The chromium served to improve gold adhesion to the substrate in the electrodes fabrication.
Prior to deposition of any selective material on the transducers' sensitive areas, they were treated with piranha solution (consisted of H2SO4 (conc. 99.9 %) and H2O2 (conc. 35 %) in ratio of 2.34:1) then thoroughly rinsed in Milli Q water and treated with absolute ethanol. For the sensor fabrication, calixarene was deposited on the sensitive area of one pair of electrodes which was designated as a working membrane (for the information on the working membrane preparation, please refer to 2.5). The second pair of electrodes was not modified and was applied as a reference.
The structural features of the calixarene compound were considered as a base for its successful immobilization as well as in the ammonium detection using a conductometric measuring mode. These features were as follows. The upper rim of 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 (Fig. 1) contained the structural fragment of the crown ether capable of the selective complexation with cations of the alkali metals; the lower rim contained the dialkyl sulfide groups capable of chemical binding to the surface of atomic gold (Fig. 4).
The working membrane was prepared in the following way. 25,27-Di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 obtained in the preceding stage was further mixed with toluene in the ratio of 1:1; here, the homogeneous "calixarene-toluene" mixture was prepared in the argon atmosphere to prevent the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 oxidation. Before modification of electrodes, their sensitive surfaces, i.e., both pairs of gold interdigitated electrodes, were kept for 1–2 min in a freshly prepared solution based on hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid (in the ratio of 2.34:1). Afterwards, the entire sensitive surface was washed in Milli Q water, air-dried, and treated with a concentrated solution of ethyl alcohol.
Further modification of gold with 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 was performed for one pair of electrodes only. For this, 0.5 μL of the "calixarene-toluene" mixture obtained in the preceding stage were deposited as a thin layer on one pair of electrodes using a micropipette. The procedure was performed at room temperature. Afterwards, the electrodes were kept in the dark for 60 min to undergo the process of self-assembly of the monolayer from the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 molecules. The procedure was carried out in triplicate, with 60-min intervals between the depositions. After the last deposition, the sensor was kept at room temperature for 60 min and then left dry in the environment at +4 °C for 24 h to complete the formation of ordered molecular layer of 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 on the electrode surface. In the final stage, the sensor was washed for 30 min with fresh portions of 5 mM KH2PO4–Na2HPO4 buffer at constant stirring.
The conductometric measurements of ammonium with the prepared sensor were carried out in both differential and one-channel measuring modes. The differential mode was performed using the stationary experimental set-up [8, 9] that consisted of the elements schematically presented in Fig. 5. An alternative voltage (frequency of 100 kHz and amplitude of 10 mV) from the low-frequency signal generator "G3-118" (Ukraine) was applied to two pairs of interdigitated electrodes placed in the measuring cell. The circuit load resistance was R L = 1 kΩ. The electrode output signals entered the differential amplifier "Unipan-233-6" (Poland). The obtained differential signal entered the selective lock-in nanovoltmeter "Unipan-232B" (Poland) where a real component of the analytical significance (i.e., conductivity) was selected out of the total output signal and recorded in the appropriate way. The measuring cell used was of 3 mL in volume, and magnetic stirring was applied throughout the measurements.
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were performed with "VoltaLab 80" (model PGZ 301, Radiometer Analytical, France). Measurements were carried out in a frequency range of 100 mHz to 100 kHz and amplitude of 10 mV in a two-electrode configuration.
The most essential characteristic of the ion-selective sensor is its response to the target ion in the presence of other ions. Usually, a term "selectivity coefficient" is well-known in regard to the potentiometric ion-selective electrodes  and defines an ability of an ion-selective electrode to distinguish a certain ion among the variety of other ions in the same solution. As for the conductometric sensors, the conductometric selectivity coefficient can be determined by fixed interference method (FIM) by Eq. (2) reported by Cammann , as the definition of K Con was shown by him to be analogous to K Pot.
where a A is the activity of a primary ion in the solution containing an interfering ion of the constant activity, a B is the activity of an interfering ion, and Z A and Z B are the charges of primary and interfering ions, respectively.
The responses to ammonium were obtained for the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6-based membrane in the aqueous solutions of NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, and Al(NO3)3 (the concentration of each solution was 5 mM). Using the FIM method, the dependences of admittance on ammonium concentration in each solution were studied (Fig. 6), and the conductometric selectivity coefficients of the calixarene-based membrane determined by Eq. (2) were summarized in Table 1.
As seen from Table 1, the calixarene-based membrane demonstrated high selectivity toward NH4 + as compared to other ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum that are essential components of the water samples. Comparison of the selectivity coefficients of the calixarene-based membrane with those of the clinoptilolite-based membrane obtained by the authors earlier  showed that the calixarene sample applied had better discrimination ability toward ammonium, giving promise for its further use.
Conductivity variations in the pre-electrode area, containing calixarene, in response to ammonium injections were studied in the cation-free medium (ultrapure water) in the differential mode of measurements.
The conductometric responses to ammonium of the calixarene-based sensor (Fig. 7) obtained in a wide concentration range demonstrated the analytical performance of 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 in the range of 0.01–10 mM ammonium. The linear concentration range was found to be 0.01–1.5 mM, and the sensor sensitivity was about 8.2 μs mM−1 (RSD, 2–5 %, n = 3).
Comparison of signals of a bare electrode of a sensor and that of a calixarene-based membrane revealed that the differential signal of a sensor resulted from the conductivity increase just in the calixarene-based membrane, whereas the bare electrode did not record the conductivity variations drastically in the same solution (it measured the bulk conductivity of solution under the increase of ammonium concentration in it). This observation gives evidences for the applicability of toluene as a solvent for calixarene immobilization as well. It allows us to presume that toluene could provide a strong interaction between calixarene and gold surface (Au–S binding) and act positively making the calixarene molecules accessible enough to the guest ions (as a calixarene sample is of lipophilic nature). At the same time, selective and highly sensitive detection of ammonium resulted from the complexation between ammonium ions and a crown-ether fragment of the upper rim of the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 macrocycle provoking the conductivity growth in the calixarene/solution layer adjacent to the electrode.
To investigate the analytical performance of the calixarene-based sensor in the presence of interfering ions, its calibration curve in a phosphate buffer solution (5 mM KH2PO4–Na2HPO4, pH 6.2) was obtained (Fig. 8).
As seen in Fig. 8, the calixarene-based membrane had a much lower amplitude of responses to ammonium if compared with the analog responses obtained in the ultrapure water (Fig. 7). In addition, the sensor saturation in the buffer solution was observed near to 2 mM ammonium (Fig. 8) in contrast to 10 mM as detected in the cation-free medium (Fig. 7). This last experiment suggests us to pay a considerable amount of attention to the working solution parameters for the further analysis of a real sample when using the developed sensor. However, optimization of the working solution composition is usually required for the adequate performance of any ion-selective electrode or ion-selective sensor.
As a response time of the sensor was taken the time required to achieve 95 % of the conductometric response (at the steady-state equilibrium) to 1 mM ammonium. Its value was found to be 5–10 s and did not change regardless of the way in which the conductivity shifts were recorded — from low to high concentrations or vice versa.
The structural and spatial stability of the sensor recognition element over time is of great significance for the reliable and long-term operation of a sensor. In the study, responses of the sensor to 5 mM ammonium were monitored during one working day (Fig. 9). It was shown that the sensor signal was highly repeatable (coefficient of variation was about 2.39 %).
A storage stability of the sensor was monitored periodically, and it was observed that on the 116th day after its preparation, the sensor lost more than 90 % of its initial sensitivity.
Finally, the characteristics of the developed sensor were compared with those of the previously reported ammonium-selective electrodes and/or sensors (Table 2). The results obtained in the current study allowed us to place the calixarene-based sensor among other promising variants (either potentiometric or amperometric) known to date. Considering such analytical characteristics as a response time, operational and storage stability, and cost of analysis upon the whole, we may conclude the advantage of the sensors developed here over the existing sensor prototypes for ammonium.
Pure culture of Nitrosomonas sp.
Over 2 years (if stored under controlled conditions).
To study the practical performance of the proposed calixarene-based sensor, it was employed to determine trace amounts of ammonium in spiked water samples. For the analysis, samples from a river, Dnipro located in Kyiv, were filtered then spiked with various concentrations of ammonium and analyzed with the calixarene-based sensor. The recoveries were in the range of 93 to 106 %, indicating good accuracy and validating the potential utility of the present biosensor for ammonium detection in aqueous solutions.
A novel conductometric sensor for ammonium was elaborated using 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 as the selective recognition element, immobilized on the surface of the gold thin-film interdigitated electrodes. It was shown that the immobilization procedure used for the sensor preparation ensured the highly repeatable ammonium sensing with the acceptable sensitivity. The high selectivity of the sensor to ammonium in the media containing widespread interfering ions (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum) was observed. Limit of detection of the sensor was 0.01 mM, linear concentration range 0.01–1 mM, and response time 5–10 s. The analytical characteristics of the sensor allowed considering it as an efficient analytical tool for the on-line and on-site ammonium detection in aqueous solutions.
This work was supported by National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (complex scientific-technical program "Sensor systems for medical-ecological and industrial purposes").
OYS performed the experiments on the sensor fabrication, studies on its selectivity and analytical characteristics, participated in the discussion of the results, drew the conclusions, and drafted the manuscript. SGK suggested methods for the calixarene immobilization, carried out the calixarene sample preparation for its immobilization, provided the results discussion, and drafted the manuscript. SGV developed a method of the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calixarene-crown-6 synthesis and performed the corresponding experiments on it. VMP carried out the scanning electron microscopy of electrodes, participated in the discussion of the results, and drafted the manuscript. VIK suggested the idea of research, participated in the discussion of the results, and drafted the manuscript. SVD suggested the idea of research, participated in the discussion of the results, contributed to the efficient real sample analysis planning, drew the conclusions, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.