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The Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Rules, 2005
KERALA IRRIGATION AND WATER CONSERVATION RULES, 2005 KERALA GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
Vol.L Thiruvananthapuram 10th December 2005 No. 2660 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Water Resources (ISWC) Department
NOTIFICATION G. O. (P) No. 60/2005/WRD. Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 5th December, 2005.
S. R. O. No. 1076/2005.— In exercise of the powers conferred by section 94 of .the Kerala. Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003 (31 of 2003), the Government of Kerala hereby make the following rules, namely:—
1. Short title and commencement.—(1)These rules may be called the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Rules, 2005.
(2) They shall come into force at once.
2. Definitions.—(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) "Act" means the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003 (31 of 2003),
(b) "Form".means form appended to these rules;
(c) "section" means a section of the Act.
(2) Words and expressions used and not defined in these rules but defined in the Act, shall have the meaning respectively assigned to them in the Act.
3. Regulation of abstraction of water from water courses.—
(i) The application for abstraction of water shall be submitted to the officer authorised under section 4 of the Act in Form No.1 appended to these rules accompanied by a fee of rupees fifty to be paid by means of treasury chalan.
(2) The terms and conditions for the abstraction of water from water courses shall be as follows:—
(i) The maximum quantity that shall be drawn for the purpose of irrigation shall be fixed by the authorised officer depending on the crop pattern, crop period, area to be irrigated and the nature of soil;
(ii) The abstraction arrangements should be open for inspection at any time by the Departmental authorities;
(iii) The fee for abstraction of water shall be one rupee for every kilo litre and part thereof;
(iv) The permission once granted shall remain valid for a period of three years, unless it is cancelled before expiry of that period, for valid reasons.
(3) On receipt of the application under sub-section (1), the authorised officer may, after due inquiry, grant or refuse to granj'permission in the form of specific order for the abstraction of water within a period of 60 day's from the date of application.
(4) Where permission is refused, it shall be communicated to the applicant showing the reasons for such refusal in writing.
(5) Where the permission is granted an undertaking or agreement shall be executed by the applicant as to the terms and conditions for abstraction of water.
4. Appeal,—(1) Any person or agency aggrieved by an order refusing to grant permission under sub-rule (3) of rule 3 may, within a period of 60 days from the date of receipt of such order, prefer an appeal to the Collector of the District.
(2) The appeal shall be in the form of a memorandum setting forth concisely the grounds for objection to the order, which is the subject of the appeal, and shall be accompanied by the original or certified copy of that order. The memorandum of appeal shall be submitted in duplicate.
(3) A fee of rupees one hundred shall be paid by means of a treasury chalan in respect of each appeal.
5. Construction and commissioning of irrigation works by the Government.— The particulars of the irrigation work to be published in the Gazette by the Government under section 8 of the Act shall include the following, namely:—
(i) Name of work
(ii) Details of estimate
(a) estimate cost
(b) actual cost (iii) Date of sanction
(iv) Date of commencement of work
(v) Ayacut area
(a) Village/Panchayat
(b) Taluk/District
(vi) Date of commissioning
(vii) Whether commissioning partly or fully.
6. Licence,—(1) The authority referred to in clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (1) of section 9 of the Act shall be the Executive Engineer under whose jurisdiction the irrigation work falls.
(2) -Every application for a licence under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 9 shall be submitted to the authority in Form No. 2 and every such application shall be 3
accompanied by a fee of rupees one hundred paid by means of a treasury chalan.
(3) The licence shall be issued in Form No. 3.
(4) Every licence issued under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 9 shall have the following terms and conditions namely:—
(i) the drawal of water shall be only for irrigation purpose;
(ii) the maximum quantity that shall be drawn for the purpose of irrigation as fixed by the Executive Engineer depending on the crop pattern, crop period, area to be irrigated and the nature of soil;
(iii) the drawal of water shall not affect the minimum draw down level.
(iv) the drawing arrangement shall not damage the existing structures or hinder the purpose of the irrigation work constructed; and
(v) the abstraction arrangement should be open for inspection by the Department authorities at any time.
7. Constitution of committee and form and manner of appeal-—(1) - An appeal preferred under section 12 of the Act shall be submitted to the committee consisting of the following members, namely:—
(1) Director of Agriculture
(ii) Chief Engineer (Irrigation and Administration)
(iii) Superintending Engineer concerned
(2) Every appeal shall be submitted in the form of a memorandum setting forth concisely the grounds for appeal and shall be accompanied by the order in original or certified copy of the order passed by the Collector under sub-section (4) of section 10.
(3) The appeal memorandum shall be accompanied by a fee of rupees five hundred paid by means of treasury chalan.
8. Form of notice.—The notice to be published by the Irrigation Officer under sub-section (1) of section 19 of the Act, shall be in Form No. 4.
9. Form of undertaking.— The undertaking to be obtained by the Irrigation Officer from the land owner under sub-section (3) of section 19 of the Act shall be in Form No.5.
10. Form of publication of statements showing lands benefited by the irrigation works.— (1) The statement to be prepared by Irrigation Officer under sub-section (1J of section 20 of the Act shall be in Form No. 6 and under sub-section (2) of section 20 of the Act shall be in Form No.7.
(2) An order passed under sub-section (5 ) of section 20 of the Act by the Tahsildar to the objector shall be communicated through registered post with acknowledgement due.
(3) Every appeal under sub-section (7) of section 20 of the Act shall be filed in the form of a memorandum setting forth clearly the grounds of appeal along with the original or a certified copy of me order appealed against and a fee of rupees one hundred to be remitted by means of treasury chalan.
11. Issue of certificate.— (1) The Tahasildar of the locality shall issue the certificate under sub-section (1) of section 21 of the Act in Form No. 8.
(2) Any person aggrieved by the issue of or by any of the conditions in the Certificate may apply to the Revenue Divisional Officer for the cancellation or modification, as the case may be, of the certificate.
(3) On receipt of an application under sub-rule (2), the Revenue Divisional Officer may, after conducting an enquiry and after giving the owner an opportunity of being heard, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by order, cancel or modify or refuse to cancel or modify the order.
(4) Every appeal to the Collector under sub-section (5) of section 21 shall be in the form of a memorandum setting forth clearly the grounds of appeal along with the original or certified copy of the order appealed against along with a fee of rupees two hundred and fifty only to be remitted by means of treasury chalan.
(5) The application for the issue of the certificate under sub-section (7) of section 21 of the Act, shall be submitted to the Tahsildar within a period of 30 days from the date of the modified statement,
12. Levy of irrigation cess.—The cess payable under sub-section (2) of section 23 shall be paid within a period of 60 days from the date of notification of the rate of cess by the Government By remitting the amount to the Village Officer having jurisdiction over the area.
13. Form of order.—An order directing the defaulting owner to execute the portion of work under sub-section (2) of section 31 of the Act shall be in Form No.9. The estimate of the work shall be prepared by the Irrigation Officer as per the approved Public Works Department data based on the current schedule of rates and contractor's profit may be excluded for this purpose.
14. The manner of realizing cost from the defaulting owner.—The Collector, or the Punja Special Officer or such other officer authorised by the Government, as the case may be, shall inform the actual cost of labour to the defaulting owner by means of a notice requesting him to remit the amount in the office of the Collector, or Punja Special Officer or such other officer authorised, as the case may be, within 60 days from the date of delivery of the notice. If the defaulting owner refuses or fails to remit the said cost amount within the time specified, the Collector shall initiate proceeding to realize the cost due from such defaulting owner in the same manner as if it were an arrear of public revenue due on land.
15. Constitution of the Committee of Padasekharam.—(1) There shall be constituted a Committee known as "Padasekharam Committee" and all owners of the land within a padasekharam shall be members of the Committee.
(2) Every Padasekharam Committee shall have an Executive Committee consisting of the members specified in sub-rule (3) and the execution of all programmes of the Padasekharam. Committee shall vest with the Executive Committee.
(3) The Executive Committee shall consist of the following members, namely:—
(a) three members elected from -farmers owning riot more than 0.4 hectare of paddy field in the concerned padasekharam from among themselves;,
(b) three members elected from farmers owning more than 0.4 hectare and not more than 2 hectares in the concerned padasekharam from among themselves;
(c) three members elected from farmers owning more than 2 hectare of
paddy field in the concerned padasekharam from among themselves
(d) the Agriculture Officer of the Krishi Bhavan having control of the
concerned padasekharam shall be the ex-officio member.
(4) The Executive Committee shall elect a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary and a Treasurer from among themselves.
(5) The Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer of the Executive Committee shall be the Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, and Treasurer of the respective Padasekharam Committee.
(6) The term of office of the Executive Committee shall be three years.
(7) The Executive Committee shall meet at least once in two months.
(8) The quorum for the meeting of the Executive Committee shall be one third of the total membership
(9) The casual vacancies shall be filled up through bye-election and the members so elected shall hold office for the remaining period,
(10) The election to the Executive Committee of a Padasekharam Committee
shall be conducted by the Punja Special Officer in the following manner, namely:—
(a) The Committee shall meet at least 60 days prior to the date of expiration of its term and pass a resolution fixing the date, time and place for the conduct of the election to the new Committee. A copy of such resolution shall be submitted to the Punja Special Officer;
(b) The Punja Special Officer shall, on receipt of such a resolution, make arrangements to appoint an officer of the Agriculture Department as the Returning Officer and such other officers for the conduct of the election;
(c) The Returning Officer shall prepare a list of farmers belonging to the category specified in sub-rule (3) and the same shall be published in the notice board of the village office concerned and in two dailies having wide circulation in the locality, calling objections;
(d) The Returning Officer shall also specify therein the time within which the objections to the said list may be filed, the date on which the final voters list shall be published, the time and the place at which nomination paper shall be filed as to the scrutiny of such nomination paper, withdrawal of nomination etc. and the time and place of polling etc;
(e) The Returning Officer shall be competent to prepare the form of nomination paper and all other things for the proper conduct of the election;
(f) The list of elected members shall be published, as soon as may be, after the election and a copy of the list shall be affixed in the notice board .of the village office concerned and published in two dailies having wide circulation in the area.
(g) If an Existing Committee do not take steps for the conduct of election, the Punja Special Officer shall take necessary steps for the conduct of election immediately after the term of the Existing Committee and the members shall continue until new Committee enters upon office.
(11) Notwithstanding anything contained in this rule, the first Executive Committee shall be elected from a list of farmers published as stated in sub-rule (10).
16. Functions of the Executive Committee.— The Executive Committee shall perform the following functions, namely:—
(i) Prepare an action plan every year for the development of-paddy cultivation,
(ii) Closely monitor the execution of activities as envisaged in the action plan.
(iii) Undertake development activities for encouraging profitable paddy cultivation.
(iv) Ensure maximum utilization of resources in padasekharam for increasing paddy production.
(v) Maintain proper accounts of the income and expenditure of the funds of the Padasekharam Committee.
17. Powers and duties of the Collector, Punja Special Officer or Officer authorised.—The Collector, Punja Special Officer or any other officer authorised by the Government under sub section (1) of section 31 shall exercise the powers and perform the duties under sections 31, 32 and 33 of the Act. In addition, they shall also supervise the work done by the Padasekharam Committee.
18. Realization of cost.—(1) The Irrigation Officer shall inform the land owner who fails to comply with the notice under sub-section (2) of section 39 the actual cost of the repair by means of a demand notice and direct him-to remit the amount in the office of the Irrigation Officer within 60 days from the date of delivery of the notice.
(2) If the land owner refuses or fails to remit the amount specific Jin sub-rule (1) within the time stipulated therein, the Irrigation Officer shall report the matter to the Collector to initiate proceedings to realize the cost from such owned in the same manner as if it was an arrear of public revenue due .on land.
19. Fishing in reservoirs.— (1) Every person seeking previous permission for fishing under sub-section (1) of section 42 of the Act shall submit a written application, with a fee of rupees twenty-five for the purpose, to the Irrigation Officer concerned. The fee shall be remitted by means of a treasury chalan.
(2) The Irrigation Officer shall consider the application and may either grant or reject the application.
(3) Every permission shall be granted subject to the following terms and conditions, namely:—
(i) The person should have written permission of the custodian officer of the reservoir;
(u) During fishing, no structures, appurtenances, bunds etc. shall be damaged. If damaged, the cost thereof would be recovered with penal charges from the permit holder;
(iii) No dewatering is permissible for fishing;
(iv) The fee payable for fishing in a reservoir will be rupees one hundred per hectare, to be remitted by means of a treasury chalan;
(v) The permission issued shall be valid only for thirty days from the date of issue.
20. Levy of betterment contribution.—(1) The authorized officer shall prepare plans and estimate after an investigation is made in respect of land irrigated by the major irrigation work. The previous publication of the proposals under sub-section (1) of section 46 shall be in Form No. 10 and shall be published in the Gazette or in the notice board of the concerned local body.
(2) The authority authorized by the Government under section 4 of the Art may issue a demand notice directing the person concerned to remit the betterment contribution payable under section 46 of the Act in twenty equal annual instalments. The payment of the first instalment shall be made within a period of 30 days from the date of publication of the order by the Government under sub-section (4) of section 46 or from the date of the order revising the rate of betterment contribution under subsection (5) of the said section, as the case may be. The subsequent instalment shall be paid within the first week of the commencement of every financial year.
21. Registration of Farmers Association.—(1) Every Farmers Association formed under section 49 of the Act, shall submit an application for registration before the Chief Engineer (Irrigation and Administration), Water Resources Department who shall be the Registering Authority for the purpose of sub-section (9) of section 49 of the Act.
(2) The application for registration shall be accompanied by a bye-law duly approved by the Chief Engineer (Irrigation and Administration) which specifies the area of operation of the Association, rules and regulations of the Association, fee to be collected towards membership, the records to be maintained by the Association and the procedure for conducting audit of accounts and water budgeting.
(3) The bye-law of the Association shall be amended only with the previous sanction of the- registering authority.
(4) On receipt of an application under sub-rule (1), if the registering authority is satisfied that the Association is liable to be registered, he may register the same and issue a certificate in Form No, 11.
(5) An Association registered under this rule may collect an annual fee of rupees fifty per hectare from its members for carrying out its functions under the Act.
22. Power to suspend or withdraw registration.— If the Farmers' Association has failed to discharge the duties in accordance with the provisions of the Act or Rules, the Registering Authority may suspend or withdraw the registration granted under sub-rule (4) of rule 21:
Provided that before suspending or withdrawing the registration, the concerned Farmers Association shall be given an opportunity of being heard in the matter.
23. Term of office and other conditions of service of the members of the Dam Safety Authority.—(1) The term of office and other condition of service of the members of the Dam Safety Authority shall be as follows:—
(1) The term of office of the members of the Authority shall be four years.
(ii) The maximum age up to which a member can hold office shall be 62
(iii) The pitting fee for the members shall be rupees five hundred per day. The Traveling Allowance and Daily Allowance shall be at the rate applicable to the Class I Officers of the State Government.
24. Staff of the authority.— (1) The Government shall, in consultation with the Chairman of the authority appoint the personal staff of the Chairman as per the following pattern:
(1) Personal Assistant : One
(2) Confidential Assistant : One
(3) Driver : One
(4) Peons : Two
(2) The Government shall, in consultation with the Authority, appoint such other officers and staff as may be required to assist the Authority. The terms and conditions of employment may be as ordered by the Government.
25. Recovery of cost incurred by Government.—The cost stipulated under sub-section (4) of section 62 of the Act shall be recovered as if it was an arrear of public revenue due on land.
26. Budget.-—The Authority shall prepare a budget for the next financial year showing estimated receipt and expenditure of each scheme relating to the administration before the first week of November each year in Form No. 12 and forward the same to the Government in the first week of December.
27. Accounts of the Authority.— (1) The accounts of the Authority shall be maintained for each financial year. The Member Secretary of the Authority shall be responsible for the proper maintenance of the accounts and records of the Authority.
(2) Compilation of accounts arid preparation of accounts and budget shall be the responsibility of the Member Secretary of the Authority.
(3) Save as otherwise expressly provided in these rules, the provisions of the Kerala Treasury Code, the Kerala Financial Code, the Kerala Public Works Accounts Code, Stores Purchases Manual, other Departmental Manuals, standing orders or instructions applicable to departments of Government shall apply in all matters relating to drawal of funds, bill forms, meeting of expenditure, handling and maintenance of accounts, tendering of works, purchase of materials etc.
(4) The concerned officers shall exercise the administrative and financial powers, which are assigned to them by the Authority in relation to the purpose of carrying out the functions envisaged in the Act in the administration of the fund.
(5) All moneys received by the Authority or by any officer or employee of the Authority who have been authorized to receive in their official capacity shall be acknowledged and deposited into the Treasury in Form TR 5 without any delay. No portion of the amount collected shall be set apart for day-to-day expenditure.
(6) If the payment of arrears due to the Authority are received as cheque, an acknowledgement in Form No, 13 shall be given in the first instance. If the person tendering cheque demands payment receipt, the same shall be sent in his address after the cheque has been cleared and the proceeds thereof shall be credited to the Authority's fund.
(7) A cheque register in Form No. 14 to maintain a record of the receipts and realisation of cheques shall be kept and it shall be inspected every month. A statement showing cheques outstanding at the commencement of the month, cheques received during the month, cheques realized during the month and cheques outstanding for realization with reason thereof shall be sent to the Member Secretary by the 15lh of the month immediately following.
(8) The officer who realizes fees and arrears due to the Authority and remits the same to the Treasury or Bank to the credit of the Authority's fund shall maintain a remittance register in Form No. 15 showing particulars of amount remitted by cash and cheques.
(9) It shall be the responsibility of the Member Secretary of the Authority to ensure that the fees and arrears due to the Authority are promptly demanded, realized and credited to the Authority's fund. He shall maintain a collection register in Form No. 17 in respect of all amounts realised and credited to the Authority's fund. Besides, he shall also maintain a Demand, Collection and Balance Register in Form No. 17.
(10) The Member Secretary of the Authority shall submit a statement of amount realized and credited to the Authority's fund in each month to the Authority by the tenth of the month immediately following after verification of credits shown in the statement.
(11) The Member Secretary shall prepare and furnish a list of officers authorized to withdraw money from the Authority's fund, to the Secretary, Water Resources Department and to the Accountant General (A&E/Audit).
(12) All officers of the Authority shall reply promptly to the orders and objections send by the Auditor letters, enquiries audit memorandum statements, etc. It shall be the responsibility of the Member Secretary to ensure that all audit objections relating to accounts of the Authority are satisfactorily and expeditiously answered. The officers may seek the assistance of the Member Secretary in settling audit objections.
The Member Secretary may obtain returns for specific period from the concerned officer of the Authority regarding the pending audit objections with reasons for prudence.
(14) The Authority shall prepare and maintain a Register of movable properties as prescribed in the Kerala Financial Code. In this Register, separate pages shall be allotted item-wise for each property. The properties received by transfer from the Government shall also be included in the said Register.
(15) The details regarding the lands transferred from the Government or purchased or acquired by the Authority shall be entered in the land register in Form No. 18.
(16) The Member Secretary shall enter the details regarding grants received by the Authority from Government, separately in a Register in Form No. 19. Expenditure to be incurred from each type of grant shall be entered separately in this Register. The amount shall be expended as per the terms and conditions of the grant. The officers utilizing the grants allotted to each specific purpose shall furnish utilization certificate to the appropriate authorities through the Member Secretary. They shall also submit a quarterly statement showing opening balance of grants, amount received, amount utilized and the closing balance at the end of each period* to the Member Secretary. An annual statement of this type shall also be furnished to the Member Secretary.
(17) An attendance register recording the name of employees, designation, attendance, date of absence from duty, leave, date of coming late, shall be maintained at each office of the Authority. The preparation of salary bills in acquittance roll shall be on the basis of the office-wise attendance register The details as to period of work done, rate of pay and allowance, deduction from the amount of advance, Provident Fund contribution and other items and the net amount received shall be entered in the salary bill or acquittance roll. The bills shall be checked and passed before the amount is drawn from the Fund for payment. Recoveries which are payable to the Government or Non-Government agencies shall be collected in cash and remitted to the concerned. As far as practicable, salary to officers may be disbursed by cheques. At the time of disbursement the requisite revenue stamps in the column provided in the salary bill or acquittance roll shall be affixed and the signature with date of the employee shall be recorded on it.
(18) All the drawing and disbursing officers of the Authority shall furnish the statement of accounts of the respective month to the Member Secretary at least before the 10"1 of the succeeding month. On receipt of the monthly accounts, the Accounts Wing of the Authority shall examine and consolidate the accounts before 25th of that month.
(19) An annual statement of accounts in Form No. 20, along with income and expenditure statement and balance sheet shall be prepared and forwarded to the auditor within 30th June of each year. The account shall show the receipt and expenditure of each scheme.
(20) The Authority shall appoint a Chartered Accountant to audit its accounts and the accounts as audited, together with the report, shall be forwarded to the Government before the 30th September of every year. .
(21) The accounts furnished as certified by the Auditor with the audit report annexed thereof shall be laid before the Legislative Assembly.
28. Annual report of the Authority. —(1) The Authority shall prepare for every financial year a report based on its activities under the Act and submit the same to the Government before the 30'h June of the succeeding year and the Government shall cause the same to be laid, as soon as possible before the Legislative Assembly.
29. Recovery of costs from convicted person.—The cost incurred by the Irrigation Officer for carrying out the work shall be recovered from the convicted persons under section 73 of the Act, as follows:—
(i) The Irrigation Officer shall issue a demand notice to the convicted persons to remit the cost incurred by the Irrigation Officer;
(ii) Where the convicted person refuses or fails to remit the amount within the time specified in the demand notice, the Irrigation Officer shall report the matter to the Collector with a request to recover the amount from the assets of the convicted persons under the provisions of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act, 1976 as amended from time to time.
30. Notice of entry and inspection etc.—Every notice under sub-section (1) of section 81 shall be issued in Form No, 21.
31. Payment of compensation.— For the purpose of sub-section (5) of section 81 the officer referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 81 shall assess the quantum of damage caused to the owner based on the prevailing market rates and determine the amount of compensation payable to the owner and the amount shall be paid to the owner by means of cheque..
32'. Appeal to Government.—Every appeal under sub-section (3) of section 85 of the Act shall be filed in the form of a memorandum setting forth clearly the grounds of appeal along with the original certified copy of the order appealed against with a fee of rupees one hundred only, to be remitted by means of treasury chalan.
33. Appointment of non-officials to the Water Management and Utilisation Board,—The non-officials to be appointed as members under section 90 shall be those persons who have experience pr expertise in the field of irrigation and water conservation.
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
FORM No. 1 [See rule 3 (1)]
Application for permission for the abstraction of water
The..............................................................
1. Name of applicant :
2. Place of residence and address :
3. Purpose :
4. Name of water course :
5. Location of abstraction and :
mode of abstraction
6. Quantity of water to be drawn :
7. Period of drawal :
8. Amount paid :
9. Extent of irrigable land held : with survey No
10. Nature of crop :
11. Cropping pattern :
12. Chalan No. :
I/We declare that I /We shall abide by the terms and conditions for the abstraction of water.
Date: Signature of the applicant.
FORM No.-2
[See rule 6 (2)]
Application for licence under section 9 of the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003
The........................................
District.................................
2. Father's Name :
5. Location of abstraction :
(Village, Taluk, District)
6. Name and details of
irrigation work :
7. Quantity of water allowed : to be drawn
9. Extent of irrigable land : held with survey No.
10. Amount paid :
I declare that I shall abide by the terms and conditions of the licence.
Date: Signature of applicant.
OFFICE USE Issued licence/Rejected vide order No.................................dated......................
Rejected vide order No............................................dated...........................
(Reasons to be stated)
Dated Signature of the issuing authority.
(Office Seal)
FORM No. 3
Licence under section 9 of the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003
Fee Rs.: Licence No.:
This licence is granted to permit the under mentioned person/agency using water from.......................................... Irrigation work owned controlled or maintained by the Government for -under mentioned purpose for the period from.......................to..............
1. Name of person/Agency
2. Place or residence and address :
4. Quantity of water allowed to be drawn : 5. Period of drawal :
6. Extent of irrigable land held : with survey No.
7. Date of issue of licence . :
8. Date &f expiry of licence :
Date: Signature of the issuing Authority.
(Seal)
(See rule 8)
Whereas it has been decided to start the work of field channel namely....................
..................................., the following statement is published as required under sub-section (1) of section 19 of the Kerala In'igation and Water Conservation Act, 2003.
(1) Alignment details like length etc.
(2) Hydraulic particulars like discharge, ayacut etc.
1. Nature of work
2. Proposed amount
The owners of land must intimate the undersigned within one month from the date of service of the notice whether they desire to carry out the work by themselves. If so, they may submit an undertaking in Form No. 5 within 30 days.
Irrigation Officer. 16
I/We..... am/are the land owner/
owners of the land having an extent of....................... ..........................................
area in survey numbers.............of................village................................................
taluk...................................................................district hereby agree to carry out the work of field channel namely....................................................... as per the directions of the Executive Engineer, Irrigation division..............................................................................................I/We hereby undertake to carry out and complete the work at my own/our cost on or before ..........................................
Place: Signature of the Land owner/owners
Date: with name and address.
Witness:
[See rule 10 (1)]
Name of Irrigation Work:...................................................................................
Land Benefited or capable of being benefited
Nature of crop cultivated or proposed to
be cultivated
General pattern of
cropping adopted
or proponed to be
(1) Name of land holder
(2) Taluk
(3) Village
(4) Sy. No.
(5) Class
(6) Extent H.A. Sq.M.
Tahsildar
Name of Irrigation work commissioned partly or fully before the commencement of the Act
Name of the Irrigation work .................................................................................
Nature of crop cultivated or proposed to be cultivated
General pattern of croping adopted or proposed to be adopted
(10) Sy. No.
(11) Class
(12) Extent H. A
Sq.M.
Irrigation Officer.
Under section 21 of the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003, it is hereby certified that the landholder mentioned below holds the under mentioned area of land of crops cultivated therein. He/She is liable to pay the annual irrigation cess levied under sub-section (1) of section 23 of the Act.
Name of the holder (Taluk, Village)
Sy.No
Extent H. A
Name of crop cultivated
Name of irrigation work
(See rule 13)
Whereas Sri/Smt.................................................................................being a
defaulting owner under section 31 of the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation Act, 2003 and whereas.........................................................
......................being the authorized officer, do hereby order that
Sri/Smt ................................................................................................................
shall execute the portion of the work specified below within a period
of.........................................months/days failing which the estimate cost of the
work of Rs..........................(Rupees)..................................based on the current
Public Works Department schedule of rates shall be recoverable from you.
Details of the perform of work to be executed:
Place: Irrigation Officer.
FORM No. 10
[See rules 20(1)]
Whereas it has been decided to levy a betterment contribution in respect, of
.................................(here enter name of work). Any person concerned who
has any objection or suggestion to offer regarding entries in the table below may file the same with .his/her signature before the undersigned within 30 days of the publication of this notice in the Gazette.
Dry lands which are likely to be benefited
Gross annual
Income per hectare
Settlement Tharam
Single crop wet lands
Double crop wet lands
Other lands
Place: Date :
Signature : Designation 22
..........................................................................................Farmers'
Association at.................................................having Register number
.................................. of ..........................................................District
is hereby recognized as the agency for promoting irrigation activities in the area mentioned below.
(Irrigation & Administration)
Water Resource Department
Date;
(Seal) 23
FORM No. 12 (See rule 26)
THE KERALA DAM SAEETY AUTHORITY
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Home / Tag Archives: file sharing
Tag Archives: file sharing
Yesterday's macOS security patch fixed the root login bug, but it also broke file sharing
November 30, 2017 Apple, Featured Tech News
Yesterday, an alarming macOS bug came to light that allowed you to access any system running High Sierra simply by typing Root at the login screen and pressing enter twice. This posed as a huge security issue, leading to Apple pushing out an emergency patch. Unfortunately, it seems that in …
France's biggest file sharing site has been shut down by Police
November 29, 2016 Online
The biggest file sharing website in France, Zone-Telechargement, has been shut down after being seized by the police. This will see millions of file sharers looking elsewhere for their content, as Zone-Telechargement was ranked as the 11th biggest website in France at the time of its shutdown. Launched in 2011, …
UK government wants 10 year jail sentences for online piracy
April 22, 2016 General Tech
Following on from an almost year-long consultation on the matter, the UK government has decided that two-year maximum prison sentences for those caught sharing copyrighted material online might not be enough, and now wants to push for a ten-year maximum sentence instead. According to an Intellectual Property Office report, this …
Pirate Bay return far from smooth sailing
February 18, 2015 Channel
The return of the Pirate Bay at the beginning of February should have been a triumphant one, with fans and staff happy to see the classic face of online file sharing back to its old self. Unfortunately for them though, its rebirth has been anything but that. On top of …
Rapidshare will close. No longer feels like sharing
February 10, 2015 Online
Filesharing sites tend to have pretty short lives, with most popular sites being forced to call it a day after a few years at most. Rapidshare has been though its share of ups and downs, but it has been around for a long time now, since it was first founded in 2002 …
The Pirate Bay is back… sometimes
February 2, 2015 Channel
The Pirate Bay, perhaps the world's most well known torrent site, is officially back online after weeks of downtime, marking the site's longest outage in its 11+ year history. However, it isn't all smooth sailing, as despite its seeming imperviousness to traffic spikes and overloaded servers before its downing, TPB …
Fallout at TPB, admins and moderators jumping ship
January 28, 2015 Channel
The past month has seen many a file sharer await with baited breath the return of the infamous Pirate Bay torrent search site. Since its downing late last year, its future has been up in the air, but in February at least, it looks likely to return. However, according to …
Pirate Bay still popping up, added Phoenix
Visiting the Pirate Bay in the last few years has felt like stepping back in time. Its design never really changed, apart from a few new homepage links and the creation of the promo-bay. And yet in the last couple of months change is all we've seen from TPB. After it …
UK continues to lazily block streaming sites
March 11, 2014 Channel
Despite knowing that they're incredibly easy to get around, a new High Court ruling this week has once again forced the top ISPs, BT, Sky, Virgin, O2, EE and TalkTalk to initiate DNS blocks on media link and streaming websites, because of their affiliation with copyright protected content. The sites …
YIFY founder retiring, but uploads to continue
The founder of YIFY Torrents, one of the most beloved movie rippers and uploaders in the torrent scene, has announced his impending retirement. However, he's urged fans not to be too upset, as YIFY will continue as always, with a new person at the helm and a few small changes. …
ISP's call out useless site blocks
November 25, 2013 Channel
The US is playing world police again and leaning on Switzerland this time to crack down on its high levels of piracy. However, not everyone is cool with that this time around, as local Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been standing up and protesting the proposed site blocks. "The United …
$100 gadget to block the NSA
September 30, 2013 Base Unit, Network, Security
John McAfee wants to protect us from the NSA, with a d-central device that communicates directly with your devices to create a private network – this network would be inaccessible to the government. The technology has been planned for a few years, but with the recent NSA leaks, work on …
CNET can keep its torrent client downloads, court rules
Last week we heard how a coalition of artists and one billionaire had targeted CNET's Download.com with legal action, hoping that the court would ban it from distributing the file sharing software uTorrent. However a court has now ruled that the site is more than within its right to continue …
Labels, not musicians make money from record sales
While this might be something a lot of people have known about for a long time, it's not what you'd hear trumpeted by most big music labels. The claims often made by these corporations is that without album sales, musicians starve – it's why they go after pirates so much. …
US refutes Dotcom entrapment claims
Kim Dotcom has been very vocal about his opinions of the US government and the way it treated him during his investigation, arrest and the shuttering of his file locker website, Megaupload – often suggesting that he was used to entrap himself through cooperation. US authorities are of course keen …
First Pirate Bay server becomes museum exhibit
The Computer Museum in Linköping has continued to expand its exhibition on the past 50 years of file sharing by showing off the first ever Pirate Bay server. It's a pretty unremarkable looking PC base case filled with simple hardware, but what it represents to the online world is huge. …
Demonoid just blinked its dead eyes
January 7, 2013 Channel
Demonoid, one of the world's most well known torrent trackers and search sites, has begun to show signs of life again, even if it is the bare minimum. Now if you attempt to visit the Demonoid.me page, you're redirected to a new domain: Demonoid.hk, which shows a "403 forbidden" status. …
BitTorrent teams up with author for promotion
BitTorrent Inc has announced that it is joining forces with author Tim Ferriss in order to promote his new book, off the back of US book retailers stating that they wouldn't sell anything that was published through Amazon. Unfortunately for Mr Ferris, that's where his latest book, "The 4-Hour Chef," …
Rapidshare reinstates high speed downloads for free users
October 29, 2012 Channel
File locker website Rapidshare has announced that it has removed download speed restrictions from free users, as part of a move to introduce what a spokesperson described as "more efficient counter measures" against piracy. The Rapidshare download limits, which prevented those with free accounts from downloading at speeds over 30Kb/s, were introduced …
The Pirate Bay takes to the cloud, ditches servers
The Pirate Bay has announced the next step in its fight against authority take downs, by ditching its servers in favour of, "ascending into the next stage, the cloud." "So, first we ditched the trackers. Then we got rid of the torrents," begins the post on the website's blog. "Now? Now …
Google adsense banned author for Pirate Bay link
September 28, 2012 Channel
A self published author was banned from Google's adsense program after it was found he was using the torrent search site The Pirate Bay to distribute his work, linking to the content from the same site that Google's ads were appearing. Cory Jackson, author of a book on Python programming, …
Filesonic and Oron in court over porn
July 31, 2012 Channel
File locker websites Filesonic and Oron have been served with legal papers by pornographic company Flava Works. In court with the sites' representatives, are 26 individuals that purportedly shared links of the copyright protected content on the sites as well as publicising links to it elsewhere. Flava works is alleging, …
Torrent trackers to come back online
July 30, 2012 Development
Two of the world's biggest torrent trackers, OpenBitTorrent (OBT) and Public BitTorrent (PBT), have announced their plans to return to operation, concluding the protest against uTorrent parent company BitTorrent Inc. A couple of weeks ago, we reported on how both trackers voluntarily ceased operation in an attempt to force the …
Global anti-piracy strategy revealed in leaked report
A secretive report written by the IFPI – that purports to represent the music industry worldwide – has been inadvertently made available online. In it, the group and its leader detail plans to deal with piracy and major recording labels around the world. The 30 page document is dated for …
File share admin arrested for selling user info
The administrator of several Italian file sharing websites has been arrested after selling on the information of some 300,000 of his users. While the sites themselves were shut down last November, with such a number of users between them, the owner who went by the online pseudonym of Tex Willer, …
Megaupload founder Kim Dotcom released on bail
It has been exactly a month and two days since Kim Dotcom and three of his high-ranking employees were arrested in Auckland over file-sharing and copyright allegations and today Mr Dotcom was granted bail. The other three have already been released on bail. The North Shore District Court (literally 5 minutes …
Megaupload takedown instills fear in cyberlocker sites everywhere
January 25, 2012 Online
The Megaupload saga that has unfolded in recent days appears to have sent ripples of fear through cyberlocker services across the globe. Very shortly after Megaupload was shut down and several principals arrested, there is a wave of other 3rd party file sharing web sites either making drastic changes to …

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Mrs Nagamootoo hosts Mashramani exhibition
Staff WriterFebruary 17, 2017
GINA, GUYANA, Friday, February 17, 2017
Several city high school students have been enlightened on the history of Mashramani by one of the festival's founding members as they viewed a Mashramani Exhibition, at the Prime Minister's Official Residence, Main Street.
Jimmy Hamilton, one of the founding members of Mashramani
The exhibition was held by Mrs. Sita Nagamootoo, wife of Prime Minister Moses Nagamootoo during this week. Students of Saint Stanislaus College, the Bishops' High School, Queen's College and the Richard Ishmael Secondary School were given a history of Mashramani by Jimmy Hamilton as they viewed the exhibition under the guidance of Mrs. Nagamootoo.
Mashramani began in the town of Linden in Region Ten following independence in 1966. Hamilton said, "… we had independence Carnival in '68 (1968) and we did everything, copy it from Trinidad…and this went on in '69. In 1970 when we were now going to become a Republic and the President of the day…said that comrades we are now going to be a Republic and I don't want to hear that you are crowning queens and kings… that was the trigger that started Mashramani."
An independence carnival in Mackenzie had to be turned into a Guyanese celebration. Terms such as 'monarchy', 'crowning of queen' and 'carnival' had to be replaced, and the search began for patriotic names.
Hamilton related that, Allan Fiedtkou who at the time worked in the geological department of the bauxite company was called in to help with
Prime Minister Moses Nagamootoo and wife Mrs. Sita Nagamootoo, with teachers and students of the Bishops' High School
the research project to transform the carnival into a Guyanese celebration. Fiedtkou told stories about various Amerindian cultural celebrations, one of which was Mashramani. It was a celebration which usually goes for days during a wedding, or after the end of hard labour, Hamilton explained. Hamilton said after hearing the story, the organisers felt that it was the perfect patriotic name for the celebration
After Guyana gained Republican status in February 1970, Mashramani was taken to Georgetown for the first time in 1972, and then to other parts of the country in keeping with nationalistic principles.
Queen's College student, Joshanna Hopkinson shared her thoughts on the exhibition noting, "This is my first time at the Prime Minister's residence. I was not aware until here that it was a heritage site, but Mrs. Nagamootoo was very welcoming to us…the exhibition was very educational, so I really enjoyed my time here."
Another student of Queen's College, Jehu West said that he was glad to be one of the first persons to visit this exhibition and truly appreciated the history of the Republic of Guyana's journey to Mashramani.
Hamilton reiterated that there is no such word as Mash, rather it is Mashramani.
By: Zanneel Williams
CATEGORIES GovernmentNewsPM Nagamootoo
TAGS 2017GINAHistory of MashramaniMashramani ExhibitionPrime Minister Moses NagamootooResidence of the Prime MinisterSita Nagamootoo


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Pune city is gearing up for the SEVA MELA.
Come and connect with 25+ phenomenal NGOs of our own city and discover ways to get involved with these causes. NGOs span over a variety of causes, from women empowerment to environment conservation, from healthcare to education. Apart from sharing volunteering opportunities, NGOs shall also present handcrafted merchandise for sale.


i'm finally setup a new installation about Alfresco 6.1.2.
On startup log I can't find any error but when I try to login to share page i can't login; it seems admin/admin was right but can't login.
I've tried to put wrong user and password and page show me user error.
Did you check both war extracted or not?
Is your log showing any error?
Try to open http://localhost:8080/alfresco and is opening or not?if not opening then war is not extracted .
i'm opening all pages but when I try to login to http://192.168.1.48:8080/share and insert admin/admin it seems login but still on login page.


Best wishes to all my readers, subscribers, facebook fans and stumblers. Here's to you and yours having a wonderful Christmas. I leave you with a poem by T.S. Eliot. A fitting poem for the year that we have had I think.
Author StephenPosted on December 24, 2010 December 22, 2010 Categories Poetry, ReligionTags Christianity, Christmas, Holidays, Magi, Poem, Religion and SpiritualityLeave a comment on Merry Christmas!
On Monday 20 December a Carol Service will take place in St Annes Church, Shandon Street Cork at 8pm. This will be a a Celebration of Welcome. A non-denominational service to welcome everyone.
Singing the Carols will be Mná, Mná, a choir put together for the event and winner of Chambers Got Xtra Talent Darragh McGann.
The service has had some coverage across the pond on LezGetReal who have a post that is well worth reading.
Mince pies and mulled wine will be served after the service.
So I am just home from another night on the canvass. It was an interesting experience, but quote an uplifting one on a number of fronts. One was the response we got on the doorstop. Yes, while it was mainly anti-Government there was some very Pro-FG responses. Others wanted to complain and were eventually brought around.
The other reason it was uplifting was the Christmas decorations on all the houses. Lots of houses were all set for Christmas and of course that did make a difference to peoples attitude.
Very few people mentioned the budget, even tough it is tomorrow. It will be interesting next week to see what effect the budget will have on the doorstep.
It was an interesting experience tough canvassing tonight. Plenty of slipping and sliding around the estate, but no major falls. We called it a night once it started to rain as it was most likely to get worse. I wonder will it snow tonight?
Image via WikipediaHeres wishing you and yours a wonderful Christmas. I hope Santa is good to you.
Blogging will resume after Christmas Day as more then likely I will be bored on St. Stephen's Day!
Every year NORAD, who are responsible for North American Air Defence, track Santa's journey around the Globe. They have a website which is fantasic (and tells me that he is leaving in 13hrs!) and they have integrated with Google Earth so you can track Santa via that or via video, which is probably what I will be doing! Bitz, one Santa's elfs, has discovered Twitter and is helping Norad track santa using that!
You can embed a map tracking santa on your site here like I have done below!
Merry Christmas and I hope Santa is good to you when he reaches you and you are well tucked up in bed like I will be!!
Here Comes Santa Claus – On An iPhone Tracker!
This morning I posted on Facebook and Twitter that today was Christmas Eve Eve and it did confuse someone. I am not sure where myself and my sister came up with this one (I think it was mainly her) but instead of calling today the Eve of Christmas Eve, we called it Christmas Eve Eve! I was talking to Russell today on the phone and he had not seen Facebook or twitter and called today Christmas Eve Eve! I know its a strange name for a day but why not! Do you have any strange names for days around Christmas?


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1990s / Past Daily / Past Daily Soundbooth / Psychedelia / Radio / Shoegaze / The Fourth Estate / The Press / Uncategorized / Unreleased recordings / World Stage / Youth
Chapterhouse - mistaken early on as part of the resurgence of Acid Rock, but quickly embraced as groundbreaking purveyors of Shoegaze.
Chapterhouse – Live At The Marquee 1991 – Past Daily Soundbooth
by gordonskene · Mar 4, 2016
Chapterhouse – mistaken early on as part of the resurgence of Acid Rock, but quickly embraced as groundbreaking purveyors of Shoegaze.
https://oildale.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/22051549/Chapterhouse-Live-at-The-London-Marquee-Sept.-3-1991.mp3
Chapterhouse – live at The Marquee, London – September 3, 1991 – Gordon Skene Sound Collection –
Chapterhouse tonight. One of the bands heralded by the Press as part of the wave of Shoegaze in the late 80s/early 90s, Chapterhouse initially sought to distance themselves from any specific genre. Together only since 1987, they had been mistaken early-on as part of the resurgence of Acid Rock, and had done several gigs alongside Spacemen 3. But because their sound was so closely resembling Shoegaze, audiences and the Press dubbed them part of that newly established genre, and became synonymous with it until their breakup in 1994.
Sadly, they didn't release much during their tenure – two albums, two eps and 8 singles. Their debut album, Whirlpool was critically acclaimed, and it went to number 23 on the UK charts, but it failed to capture a wider audience, and got scant airplay in the U.S. via college and Public radio stations.
Shoegaze, in the U.S., had more of an underground appeal than ever achieving a mainstream one. Coupled with the fact that audiences in the States were discovering Nirvana and what would be dubbed the Grunge genre. Shoegaze had its fans, but not to the degree the Seattle-based bands were acquiring – and many worthy bands got lost in the shuffle.
After a period of years, where the individual members of Chapterhouse went off in different directions, they did stage a reunion in 2008 and then staged a full reunion in 2009. But it didn't go past 2010, after a U.S. and Japanese tour concluded.
Tonight's concert, an extended excerpt of an appearance at the London Marquee in 1991, puts the band at the high point in their career. They would also play the Reading Festival of that year, immediately following a performance by Nirvana.
One of those bands who got something of a short-shrift at the time but who, in the long run, were ultimately a highly influential entity during a period of huge musical changes. There was a lot going on in the 90s, contrary to what you may have heard via mainstream radio. With the reunion of Lush and a much anticipated tour, it's triggering a lot of reassessment of music which may have gone overlooked – and the discoveries are plentiful.
Play loud – enjoy loud.
Tags: BoiseCaliforniaIdahoLos AngelesSan FranciscoSanta AnaSeattleShoegazeSpokaneVancouverWashington
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Blumenthal-McMahon Face-Off Viewed in 78,000 Households
By Steve Peoples
Posted October 5, 2010 at 4:41pm
The first head-to-head clash in Connecticut's high-profile Senate contest was the buzz among many political observers in Washington, D.C. But just a fraction of Connecticut voters watched the Monday night showdown between former wrestling executive Linda McMahon (R) and state Attorney General Richard Blumenthal (D), according to ratings shared with Roll Call by the local Fox affiliate's parent company.
CT1 Media reports that about 78,000 Nutmeg State households, a 7.8 household rating, tuned into the 7 p.m. live broadcast that aired in every region aside from Fairfield County, which borders New York and contains roughly one-third of all Connecticut households.
That's a relatively strong number for the Monday night time slot, when about 40,000 local households typically watch reruns of the popular show "Two and a Half Men," according to Steve Rabb, CT1's senior manager of special projects and research.
But a 7.8 share is a far cry from reaching a majority of Connecticut voters.
There were more than 2.1 million registered voters in the state as of last October, according to the Connecticut Secretary of State's Office. That means the highly touted debate reached about 5 percent of the total electorate.
Of course, many won't participate in this year's elections. But for some additional perspective, more than 1.1 million voters turned out in Connecticut's previous high-profile off-year Senate contest, which was the 2006 race that pitted Democrat-turned-Independent Sen. Joe Lieberman against Democrat Ned Lamont.
And a Fox debate that aired Oct. 16, 2006, attracted a 9 household rating, according to Rabb.
The numbers, of course, don't include those who may have watched the debate streamed live on Fox's website.
"There's a great deal of interest in this contest," Rabb said.
There are two more debates scheduled in this Senate race; the first is Thursday morning with the Business Council of Fairfield County. That's expected to be carried live by a local radio station and streamed on the website of a local television station.
The second meeting is set for 7 p.m. next Tuesday in New London and will be aired live on local television.


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Childhood Leprosy Scenario at a Tertiary Level Hospital: A Four - Year Retrospective Study
Gupta, R; Sinha, R; Pradhan, S.
Indian J Lepr ; 2019 Sep; 91(3): 217-224
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-195052
Childhood leprosy is an important marker of the status of any ongoing leprosy control programme because it is an indicator of active disease transmission in the community. Studies pertaining to proportion and characteristics of paediatric cases from Bihar are few in number. Hence, present study was carried out to know the scenario of childhood leprosy. A retrospective analysis of 4 year records of leprosy patients aged up to 14 years in a tertiary care hospital of Bihar, was carried out from June 2014 to May 2018. A total number of 72 (9.31% of total leprosy) cases of childhood leprosy reported to AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India during this 4-year period. The majority of cases belonged to the age group of 11-14 year (84.72%) with a male preponderance. Borderline tuberculoid was the commonest clinical type (44%) followed by tuberculoid type (29%). Borderline lepromatous, Indeterminate form, Histoid leprosy and Pure Neural type was seen in 2, 4, 1, 2 cases respectively. Multibacillary (MB) cases constituted a total of 39 (54.16%), while remaining 33 (45.83%) were of paucibacillary (PB) type. A solitary skin lesions either a hypo-pigmented or an erythematous patch with decreased sensation with or without thickened nerve was the most frequent manifestation in 34 cases (47.22%) followed by 2-5 skin lesions in 29 (40.27%) and more than 5 skin lesions or diffuse infiltration in 9 (12.5%) patients. Although nerve thickening was seen in 32 (44%) cases, neuritis and lepra reactions were less common. Disability was noted in 15.27% cases (Grade1 disability in 2.7% and Grade 2 disability in 12.5%). History of contact was found in 51.38% cases. Continuous and sustained efforts for early case detection of leprosy cases in the community in general, and a close follow-up of susceptible children amongst household contacts of leprosy cases will be desirable to treat these cases of childhood leprosy early before they develop any disability. Intense efforts are thus required to achieve the target of zero disability in child leprosy cases set in the Global Leprosy Strategy 2016-2020.
Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Leprosy in Post Elimination Era: A Hospital Based Study
In December 2005, National leprosy Eradication Programme of India announced elimination of leprosy as a public health problem at national level. However, a significant number of new cases continue to be diagnosed in India. This study was carried out in Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprology, AIIMS, Patna where we have retrospectively analysed the clinicoepidemiological profile of of registered cases of leprosy between January 2016 and December 2017. Out of 464 fresh / default leprosy patients who reported to our department, a majority proportion (24.35%) belonged to 30 to 39 years age group followed by 20-29 yr (23.49%) 40-49 yr (19.39%), remaining belonged to other age groups. There was male preponderance. By occupation most of patients were farmers and labourers. Borderline Tuberculoid (29.41%) was the most frequent morphological type, but the proportion of Lepromatous Leprosy (21%) was significant. Overall, multi-bacillary leprosy (80.17%) cases were the most dominant type. 34.91% patients presented in reaction, among these Type 1 in 40.74% and type 2 in 59.25%. Disabilities were found in 172 (37.06%) patients with Type 1 disabilities in 76 (16.37%) patients and Type 2 disabilities in 96 (20.68%) patients. Clinically thickened peripheral nerve enlargements were recorded in 421 patients (90.73%). Ulnar nerve was found to be the most commonly involved nerve. History of contact was present in 10.34% of cases. 296 (63.79%) patients belonged to rural area whereas 168 (36.28%) belonged to urban area. Very high proportion of multi-bacillary cases, reactions and also high disability rates indicate the need for in depth studies at community level and appropriate remedial public health measures.
Gastric carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia: A case report of a double malignancy
Pradhan, S; Sherpa, M.
A double malignancy involving a solid organ and hematopoieteic system is rare. We report an interesting case of gastric adenocarcinoma with subsequent development of acute myeloid leukemia, in the absence of any therapeutic intervention.
Clinico-epidemiological Profile of Pure Neuritic Hansen's Disease in Western Odisha: a Hospital Based Retrospective Cross Sectional Study
Pradhan, S; Padhi, T; Sirka, CS; Nayak, BP; Dash, M.
Indian J Lepr ; 2018 Dec; 90(4): 253-259
There is a complete lack of data on clinico epidemiological profile of pure neurotic leprosy from Western Odisha region, despite the area still being endemic for leprosy. This study has been carried out to address this issue to identify the profile of pure neuritic leprosy reporting to a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Odisha. Patient's case records with clinical diagnosis of PNL who reported to this centre between October 2012 to October 2014 were studied. Demographic details, educational qualification, clinical presentation, pattern of peripheral nerve involvement, type of disabilities and complications occurring if any, were noted from the patient records and analyzed. Data collected and analysed shows that out of total 1460 of these leprosy patients 145 (9.93%) patients had been diagnosed with pure neuritic form of the disease. The mean age of PNL patients was 34.43 + 1.09 years. The various clinical presentations, that were observed and recorded, included sensory loss, tingling, pain, hypoesthesia, trophic ulcer and various grades of motor nerve disabilities. Neuropathic pain was complained by 28.3% patients. Mononeuritic presentation was observed in 79/145 (54.5%) patients with ulnar nerve being the most commonest nerve involved. Grade 2 disabilities were present in a large proportion of these PNL cases. Disabilities were more common in polyneuritic type of cases compared with mononeuritic cases. Such high disability rates in these PNL cases at our Tertiary Care Centre might be due to late self reporting of cases for treatment or diagnosis being delayed. These figures may not reflect the proportion/percentages at population level which should be verified by actual surveys after proper training of staff. As PNL demands early diagnosis to prevent progression of nerve damage and multiple nerve involvement, all patients having the above clinical presentations should be suspected of PNL in leprosy endemic areas
Association of Internet Addiction with Insomnia, Depression, Anxiety and Stress among University Students - A Cross-Sectional Study.
Gupta, S; E, V; Pradhan, S.
Background & Objectives: Internet is undoubtedly leading to the fourth industrial revolution. Use of internet comes with its misuse, namely Internet Addiction (IA). Mood disorders have been reported to be associated with heavy internet use, especially among young adults. We assessed the prevalence of IA and its association with insomnia, anxiety, depression and stress among University students. Material & Methods: In a cross-sectional survey using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire, information on socio-demographic characteristics was collected from all willing students. Previously validated and standardized scales like Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) and Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) were used. Results: Among 430 average YIAT score was 29.69 ± 16.66. Potential IA prevalence rate was 13% with a 95% CI of 10 - 16%. Prevalence of depression was 44.1%, Anxiety was 59.1% and stress was 37.2%. Significant correlations were found between potential IA and insomnia, stress, anxiety and depression (p-value < 0.0001). ISI, DASS stress scores were significantly associated with internet addiction. Conclusion: Potential internet addiction often exists with other psychological problems which warrant its detection in order to provide appropriate counselling and supervision.
Ocular manifestations of isolated corneal bee sting injury, management strategies, and clinical outcomes
Gudiseva, H; Uddaraju, M; Pradhan, S; Das, M; Mascarenhas, J; Srinivasan, M; Prajna, N V.
Indian J Ophthalmol ; 2018 Feb; 66(2): 262-268
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the presenting features, management strategies, and clinical outcome following bee sting injury to the cornea. Methods: Retrospective case series involving 11 eyes of 11 patients with corneal bee sting injuries who presented over a period of 2 years. Nine of these 11 eyes had the presence of intact bee stinger in the cornea, which was removed immediately under an operating microscope and sent for microbiological and histopathological evaluation. The patients were managed as per the individual treatment protocol of the respective treating physicians. Results: Six eyes (54.5%) had a good clinical outcome (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] >20/40) with medical therapy alone with no need for surgical intervention. Five eyes (45.5%) had a poor clinical outcome (BCVA <20/40) with medical therapy and required surgery; of which three required a combined penetrating keratoplasty with cataract surgery, while one required isolated cataract surgery and one underwent penetrating keratoplasty. Glaucoma was present in 3/5 eyes undergoing surgery, one of which required a trabeculectomy. Five of the six eyes who had a good clinical outcome with medical therapy alone had been treated with concomitant oral steroids, along with topical antibiotic-steroid combination therapy. Conclusion: Oral corticosteroid supplementation to the topical steroid antibiotic treatment in patients with corneal bee sting injury where corneal involvement and anterior reaction is severe at presentation or inflammation not ameliorating with topical steroids alone prevents serious vision-threatening complications such as corneal decompensation, cataract, and glaucoma.
Impact Of Health Awareness Intervention Among The Women Sweepers Working Under The Midnapore Municipality Of West Bengal, India.
Das, R; Pradhan, S; Mandal, S; Ali, K M; Maiti, S; Ghosh, D.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-167480
Background: Women sweepers is the vulnerable segment of our community and suffering from different occupational health problems due to limited education, lack of knowledge on occupational health hazards. The present study aimed to assess the awareness level regarding occupational health and personal hygiene and to evaluate the effect of occupational health intervention among the women sweepers. Methods: The study adopted a pre-test and post-test design. A total of 52 women sweepers in the age group of 25 to 60 years were selected randomly from Midnapore Municipality of West Bengal, India. At first, a self-structured questionnaire was prepared on the aspects of general health, occupational health, personal hygiene, environmental health and nutritional aspects. After the pre-awareness assessment an intervention package was delivered covering said domains. Than post testing was done on the participants after the period of intervention. Results: Results demonstrated that there was a considerable increase in the awareness levels among the women sweepers with regard to knowledge of health problems, occupational health. The knowledge of participants regarding personal hygiene improved markedly after imparting the intervention. With regards to preventive approaches of diseases among the women has increased after the intervention. Overall health knowledge increased significantly post-awareness stage than pre-awareness stage (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that occupational health intervention has a positive effect towards the improvement of awareness level among the women sweepers which may change their health habits.
Time to revamp the universal immunization program in India.
Pradhan, S K.
Indian J Public Health ; 2010 Apr-Jun; 54(2): 71-74
Novel applications of nanotechnology in medicine.
Surendiran, A; Sandhiya, S; Pradhan, S C; Adithan, C.
Current modalities of diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially cancer have major limitations such as poor sensitivity or specificity and drug toxicities respectively. Newer and improved methods of cancer detection based on nanoparticles are being developed. They are used as contrast agents, fluorescent materials, molecular research tools and drugs with targeting antibodies. Paramagnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells and nanosomes are few of the nanoparticles used for diagnostic purposes. Drugs with high toxic potential like cancer chemotherapeutic drugs can be given with a better safety profile with the utility of nanotechnology. These can be made to act specifically at the target tissue by active as well as passive means. Other modalities of therapy such as heat induced ablation of cancer cells by nanoshells and gene therapy are also being developed. This review discusses the various platforms of nanotechnology being used in different aspects of medicine like diagnostics and therapeutics. The potential toxicities of the nanoparticles are also described in addition to hypothetical designs such as respirocytes and microbivores. The safety of nanomedicine is not yet fully defined. However, it is possible that nanomedicine in future would play a crucial role in the treatment of human diseases and also in enhancement of normal human physiology.
Animals , Drug Delivery Systems , Genetic Therapy/methods , Humans , Liposomes , Nanomedicine/methods , Nanostructures/adverse effects , Nanostructures/therapeutic use
Hepatoprotective activity of six polyherbal formulations in paracetamol induced liver toxicity in mice.
Girish, C; Koner, B C; Jayanthi, S; Rao, K R; Rajesh, B; Pradhan, S C.
Background & objective: Polyherbal formulations available with a wide range of indications like protective to liver, appetite and growth promoters, gastrointestinal and hepatic regulator, as treatment for hepatic dysfunction, for hepatic regeneration as well as liver stimulant and tonic. Despite the widespread use, there is a lack of scientifi c evidence on their effi cacy and safety. This study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of six commercially available formulations, namely Liv 52, Livergen, Livokin, Octogen, Stimuliv and Tefroliv in acute liver toxicity in mice model induced by paracetamol (PCM). Methods: Swiss albino mice of either sex were used, divided in 28 groups with six in each group. The dose of the polyherbal formulations was calculated from human dose (20 ml/day) using a standard conversion table. They were given as pretreatment (2.60 ml/kg/day) for 7 days by oral route twice a day prior to PCM administration. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering a single oral dose of PCM (500 mg/kg bw) on day 8. The study parameters were conducted on day 9. The biochemical parameters included liver enzyme levels alanine tranaminases (ALT), aspartate transaminases (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The pharmacological and pathological parameters were phenobarbitone sleeping time and macroscopic and microscopic changes of liver tissues respectively. Results: PCM toxicity signifi cantly increased ALT, AST and ALP (321.00 ± 87.93, 273.17 ± 45.68, 257.50 ± 17.64 IU/l vs normal control, 33.33 ± 0.61, 89.33 ± 9.50, 152.17 ± 11.40 IU/l respectively, P<0.05), prolonged phenobarbitone induced sleeping time (from 277.50 ± 8.04 min to 335.83 ± 7.00 min, P<0.05). When PCM higher dose (1g/kg p.o. single dose) was used, the liver tissue, in macroscopic appearance, showed extensive necrosis associated with haemorrhages. Low dose (500 mg/kg p.o. single dose) showed punctate haemorrhagic necrosis of liver tissue. In the microscopic studies, PCM induced toxicity showed haemorrhages, fatty changes and necrosis. The pretreatment in low doses (2.6 ml/kg/day) with liquid formulations of Liv 52 and Livergen reversed the PCM induced liver toxicity. At higher doses (5.2 ml/ kg/day), all the six herbal formulations conclusively showed marked benefi cial effects in the studied pharmacological, biochemical and histological parameters. Interpretation & conclusion: The present fi ndings demonstrated the effi cacy of polyherbal liquid formulations at two dose levels in PCM induced hepatotoxicity in mice. However, it suggests that a dose adjustment may be necessary to optimize the effects in clinical settings.
Acetaminophen/toxicity , Alanine Transaminase/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Combinations , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/drug therapy , Liver/drug effects , Materia Medica/pharmacology , Materia Medica/therapeutic use , Mice , Phytotherapy/methods , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
Reye syndrome: a case report with review of literature.
Ghosh, A; Pradhan, S; Swami, R; K C, S R; Talwar, O P.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-45936
Here we describe a case of Reye syndrome diagnosed at postmortem liver biopsy of a three-year old girl who presented with vomiting, low grade fever for three days and loss of consciousness for 18 hours. Clinically, the differential diagnoses were meningitis, encephalitis and septicemia. No history of past illness or any drug ingestion including aspirin were present. Laboratory investigations indicated a diagnosis of Reye syndrome. The child was given supportive treatment but died after two days of admission and postmortem needle-biopsy of the liver showed microvesicular steatosis consistent with Reye syndrome.
Biopsy, Needle , Child, Preschool , Fatal Outcome , Fatty Liver/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Reye Syndrome/diagnosis
Primary malignant melanoma of vagina--a case report with review of literature.
Ghosh, A; Pradhan, S; Swami, R; Kc, S R; Talwar, O.
Primary vaginal malignant melanoma is a very rare tumor with less than 300 cases reported to date. We describe a case of primary vaginal melanoma and review the literature. A 60 years postmenopausal female patient presented with painless mass coming out of the vagina with occasional bleeding for last 2-3 weeks. On vaginal examination there was a firm polypoidal growth of size 7 cm attached to the right lateral wall of vagina and coming out of the introitus. Histopathology of the mass showed features of malignant melanoma. Wide local excision was done and adjuvant therapy was given. However patient came back after three months with widespread metastasis and expired 6 months after the initial diagnosis. Vaginal melanoma is a very aggressive tumor and the overall prognosis is very poor despite the treatment modality.
Biopsy , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Diagnosis, Differential , Fatal Outcome , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Melanoma/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Vaginal Neoplasms/diagnosis
Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
Khanal, B R; Ansari, M A; Pradhan, S.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. METHODOLOGY: A prospective randomized study was carried in the Dept. of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 120 patients, who were clinically diagnosed as acute appendicitis were subjected to ultrasonography of the abdomen. A detailed ultrasonography was performed and the findings were recorded. Twenty one cases had alternate diagnosis. Ninety nine cases ultimately underwent laparotomy and the retrieved appendices were sent for histopathological examination. Intra-operative, histopathological and ultrasonographic diagnoses were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic, intra-operative and histopathological findings were statistically insignificant (P0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy percentage of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was 85.7%, 100%, 100%, 6.7% and 85.9% respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography has a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However, the diagnosis should be considered with the diameter of appendix over 6 mm. Therefore acute appendicitis with diameter of appendix having less than 6 mm should be evaluated with other diagnostic parameters.
Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Appendicitis/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Young Adult
Diagnostic variability and therapeutic efficacy of ECT in Nepalese sample.
Ahikari, S R; Pradhan, S N; Sharma, S C; Shrestha, B R; Shrestha, S; Tabedar, S.
BACKGROUND: Though electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used in Nepal for last twenty years, researches regarding its use, its efficacy and other data are non-existent. AIMS: The objective of this study was to know about diagnostic variability and therapeutic efficacy of the use of ECT in hospitalized patients. METHODS: This is a prospective comparative study between patients who received ECT and who did not using ICD-10 as diagnostic confirmation. Psychopathology was evaluated using Brief Psychiatric Research Scale (BPRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) between the groups at admission, at discharge, at 1st month, at 6th month and at 12th month. Functional assessment of patients was done using Global Assessment of Function (GAF). Modified ECT was performed using general anaesthetic agent. RESULTS: 47 patients received ECT as compared to 78 patients who were non-receivers. The patients with most common five diagnosis were paranoid schizophrenia (14.4%); psychotic depression (13.6%) ; undifferentiated schizophrenia (8.8%) ; bipolar mania (7.2% ) ;severe depression without psychosis (5.6%) . There was significant decrease in BPRS in ECT receiver as compared to non-receivers at discharge (p=0.0001), 1st month (p=0.0001), 6th month (p=0.0001) and 12th month (p=0.0001) ; in YMRS at discharge (p=.008), 1st month (p=.002) and at 12th month (p=.015) ; in HAMD-M at discharge (p=0.0001), at 1st month (p=0.0001), at 6th month (p=0.0001) and at 12th month (p=0.0001) ; in GAF at discharge (p=0.0001), at 6th month (p=0.0001) and at 12th month (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: There was significant improvement in overall psychopathology of patients who received ECT as compared to non-receivers. The improvement was shown by decrement in scores in BPRS, YMRS, HDRS and GAF at the time of discharge, 1st month, 6th month and 12th month which were statistically significant. Day to day functional status of patients also improved as shown by GAF. The efficacy of ECT was very significantly shown in this study with all the psychiatric spectrum disorders.
Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Child , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Nepal , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sex Distribution , Young Adult
Role of an area specific approach to increase community participation in pulse polio program in a locality of south Delhi.
Lahariya, Chandrakant; Khandekar, Jyoti; Ray, T K; Meenakshi,; Pradhan, S K.
Adult , Child, Preschool , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , India , Infant , Interviews as Topic , Mass Vaccination/methods , Mothers , Patient Education as Topic , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
A prospective and retrospective study of actinomycosis in last five years at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal.
Talwar, O P; Ghosh, A; Pradhan, S; Swami, R M; Shivraj, K C.
OBJECTIVE: The study was carried out to determine the clinical and morphological presentation of actinomycosis and its association with malignancy and other opportunistic infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective and retrospective study of cases was done from January 2001 to December 2006 (5 years) in the department of pathology. RESULT: Total 19 cases of actinomycosis were found during this period. Patients presented with discharging sinus and non-healing superficial abscess. Out of 19 cases, three cases were associated with malignancy, two cases were associated with aspergillosis while one case was clinically misdiagnosed as malignancy. All cases were diagnosed pathologically except a case of maxillary sinusitis which was initially suspected as fungal sinusitis by CT scan. Since actinomycosis is often misdiagnosed it is important to know the clinical presentation and morphological features of actinomycosis for correct management. CONCLUSION: The clinical features and histopathological findings of actinomycosis are important to understand for its correct diagnosis and better management of patient.
Actinomycosis/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Nepal/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Sex Factors
Correlation of PAP smear findings with clinical findings and cervical biopsy.
Pradhan, B; Pradhan, S B; Mital, V P.
OBJECTIVES: Carcinoma of the cervix is the most common cause of the death in Nepal. Cervical carcinoma does not develop suddenly from normal epithelium but is presented by a spectrum of intraepithelial neoplastic changes that are precancerous lesion and were termed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Cervical cytological screening is designed to detect over 90% of cytological abnormalities. It has also been established that most cervical cancers can be diagnosed at the preinvasive stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening. Keeping in view of the importance of carcinoma and the precancerous lesion (CIN) of cervix, study of different methods for the early detection of abnormalities in cervix, correlation with the clinical findings and comparison between the techniques was carried out. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with suspicious cervix attending Gynaecology OPD of TUTH and Western regional hospital (Pokhara) who have undergone for pap smear cytology test along with biopsy were selected. Detail history with clinical examination was performed and the findings were correlated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Unhealthy cervix with discharge was found to be common even in chronic cervicitis however bleeding and tenderness were associated with more advanced lesions. Pap smear test was found to be equally sensitive to histopathological examination for the early detection of different cervical lesions. However, it is advised to perform biopsy if any abnormalities are detected in pap smear for correlation and confirmation.
Adult , Aged , Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/epidemiology , Cervix Uteri/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Nepal/epidemiology , Vaginal Smears/methods
Screening for psychosocial development among infants in an urban slum of Delhi.
Malik, Meenakshi; Pradhan, S K; Prasuna, J G.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2007 Sep; 74(9): 841-5
OBJECTIVE: Psychosocial developmental screening of the infants in an urban slum of Delhi and studying the factors influencing the development. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study 202 infants and their mothers were included. Psychosocial Development Screening Test developed by Indian Council of Medical Research was used to asses the development status of infants, and the mothers were interviewed for socio-demographic details RESULTS: Infants who achieved milestones in time were 92.5% for personal skills, 91.8% for hearing language and concept development and 90.6% for gross motor milestones, respectively. These percentages were lower for Vision and fine motor (88.6) and social skills (81.4). Sex of the infant and socioeconomic status of their families significantly influences the few domains of development. Other factors like age of the infant, literacy of their mothers were not significantly influencing the development of infants. CONCLUSION: The objective evaluation and screening for psychosocial development of infants living tin urban slums is necessary for early detection and intervention.
Child Development , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Interviews as Topic , Male , Poverty Areas , Psychomotor Performance , Urban Population
Cytology of body fluids from different sites: an approach for early diagnosis of malignancy.
Pradhan, S B; Pradhan, B; Dali, S.
Malignant effusions are a common presenting sign of malignancy and reflect dissemination. A retrospective study of all fluid samples accessioned at the Department of Pathology, TUTH from April 2000 to October 2002 were done. Over the study period, a total of 584 specimens were examined- 324 peritoneal fluid, 224 pleural fluid, 19 pericardial fluid, 9 knee joint effusion and 8 Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF). One hundred and nine (18.66%) out of 584 cases were found to have malignancy, 57 were male and 52 were female. The age group of the adult male ranged from 42-78 years and female ranged from 43-62 years. Three patients were children with age ranging from 8-11 years. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest that comprised 89%, followed by Non Hodgkin's lymphoma 6.5% squamous cell carcinoma 2.7% and small cell carcinoma comprised 1.8 %. Exfoliative cytology is cheap, rapid and highly effective tool for the evaluation of body fluid and should be advised in all effusion cases.
Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Ascitic Fluid/cytology , Body Fluids , Cerebrospinal Fluid/cytology , Child , Cytological Techniques , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pleural Cavity/cytology , Pleural Effusion/cytology , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors
Comparative study of esmolol and labetalol to attenuate haemodynamic responses after electroconvulsive therapy.
Shrestha, S; Shrestha, B R; Thapa, C; Pradhan, S N; Thapa, R; Adhikari, S.
OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of Esmolol and labetalol in patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy treatment were studied according to randomized, double blind placebo controlled protocol. Ninety patients were divided into three groups with thirty patients in each group. Patients received either Esmolol (1 mg/kg), Labetalol (0.25 mg/kg) or Normal Saline (placebo) intravenously just after induction with propofol. The baseline heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters before and after drug therapy and after the ECT current application, were recorded at different time intervals. RESULTS: It was found that Esmolol significantly attenuated the degree of tachycardia and hypertension after ECT in comparison with placebo in the first three minutes (p<0.05), whereas the rise in HR and blood pressure was significantly blunted in the labetalol group in comparison to placebo, from three minutes onward till ten minutes. (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that Esmolol is effective in blunting the hemodynamic response after ECT stimulus in the first three minutes after application of the electrical current, whereas Labetalol is effective after five minutes onwards till ten minutes.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Double-Blind Method , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Heart Rate/drug effects , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Humans , Labetalol/administration & dosage , Placebos , Propanolamines/administration & dosage , Treatment Outcome
au:"Pradhan, S"