text:
Libertarians in the Civil Rights Era
Posted on October 5, 2017 by John Jackson
Someone was wrong on the internet the other day. It was me. I was wrong. Howlingly wrong. You couldn't even see right from where I was standing, that is how wrong I was. I apologize. Behold! My head is at your feet and I am but dust!
It was on Twitter (surprised?) where I was having a lively exchange with some critics of my work on this blog when I wrote:
Libertarians were silent on de jure segregation in '50s &'60s. I've looked. I found nothing. Not. A. Word. Black people didn't count.
Aha! Phil Magness, with a flourish usually reserved for magicians producing a rabbit from a top hat you would have sworn was empty, immediately produced not one, but two quotations wherein libertarians remarked that legalized segregation was wrong. In other words, it is if I said "All crows are black" and Phil produced not one but two white crows! Take that lefty!
Properly humbled, I will now offer a new claim I am prepared to defend:
Libertarians were all but silent about civil rights and race in the Civil Rights era. I've looked. I found almost nothing. In one of the biggest struggles for freedom in the 20th century: libertarians did almost nothing.
How I Will Defend my Claim
In the classic Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of Silver Blaze," the key to unraveling the mystery of who stole the eponymous race horse was that the dog did NOT bark in the night time. (No, you don't get a spoiler alert, the story was published in 1892). To torture the metaphor: The night time = Civil Rights Era (1954-1964); dog = libertarians; barking = defending African-American civil rights. In other words, during the greatest struggle for freedom in the 20th century, libertarians took a pass.
I have read a lot of libertarians of the time and I have not found any real attacks on Jim Crow. Of course, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Just because I haven't found it, doesn't mean it isn't there. I am making what is technically called an "argument from ignorance" which is, our logician friends will quickly remind us, a fallacy.
As it happens, I've written about this problem before and the argument from ignorance is not always a fallacy. Take an ordinary example: you are at a bus stop wondering if the next bus stops at Main Street. You check the bus schedule on the wall of the bus stop and see that Main Street is not listed as a stop. You reasonably conclude that the bus does not stop at Main Street. But why do you conclude that? It is not like the schedule provided you with positive evidence like a sign that read: "BUS DOES NOT STOP AT MAIN STREET." All you have is an absence of evidence: there is no evidence the bus stops at Main Street.
Your conclusion about the bus is justified because of the notion that: "If this bus stopped on Main Street, it would be listed on the schedule. It is not listed on the schedule therefore I know it doesn't stop there." Perfectly reasonable. Argumentation scholars call this epistemic closure. Ordinary people tend to use the phrase: "If it were true, I would know it." The bus example is a trivial one, but think about drug safety. Our drugs are declared safe through an identical argumentative process. Drugs are tested in various ways to make sure they don't cause any harm. Once testing standards are satisfied and no harm found, the drug is declared safe simply because it has never been found to be harmful.
So, in order to make my case I need to do two things:
Make a good-faith effort to find evidence. I need to really look for evidence of libertarians joining the civil rights cause. I am trying to deceive people if I make a cursory examination and then declare: "If they had written for African-American rights, I'd know it" simply because I wouldn't know it. So I need to demonstrate that I really looked. I try to do that in this post. It is going to be a long ride.
Admit that my claim is provisional and tentative. Sometimes, we know, drugs that are thought to be safe turn out to be dangerous. So, I need to tell you that I may well be wrong about libertarians during the Civil Rights Era. But, the burden of proof has now shifted to my opponents: they have the burden to show that my conclusion is erroneous. Until they produce evidence to the contrary, my claim stands as good.
So lets look at the lines of evidence I have to support my provisional claim.
1.My Own Reading
Lots and lots of libertarian writing is online. The Freeman, for example, is all there. They never discuss civil rights in the time period under construction. Sure, there is a single article by Frank Chodorov right after the Brown decision that basically said, "Yeah, that's a good decision, let's use it to privatize schools." There is another article by noted African-American conservative George Schuyler that argued more or less the same thing. But really? That's about it. The subtitle of the magazine was "Ideas on Liberty" but apparently when it came to the barriers to liberty faced uniquely by African Americans, they were plumb out of ideas.
The premier publisher of libertarian books for the time period was Caxton Printers. They published books by most major libertarian writers: Garet Garrett, Felix Morley, Ayn Rand, Albert Jay Nock, Rose Wilder Lane, Robert LeFevre, Roger Lea Macbride… the list could go on. However, titles dealing with the freedom struggle of African Americans are thin on the ground. Here is a comprehensive bibliography of every title they published between 1946-1963, and here is their advertising flier for "Books for Libertarians" published in 1961. All we are seeing here are book titles, but there is nothing there that seems to address the Civil Rights struggle in any way. Nothing that jumps out at me, anyway. I could well be wrong, and there is a key text in there somewhere that I've just missed.
There is another way to find libertarians in the Civil Rights era and that is to look at some standard histories of the movement. No libertarians appear in the work of David Garrow, Taylor Branch, Aldon Morris, Michael Klarman, or Hugh Davis. This absence makes me agree with Eric Foner when he wrote that in the Civil Rights Era, "libertarians proved amazingly indifferent to the denial of blacks' economic and educational opportunities" (p. 314).
Clearly, my own reading and the description of part of it I just gave is insufficient. There were some libertarian journals and books I haven't been able to track down or have time to read yet. And there are lots and lots of studies of the Civil Rights Era that I've never read. Beside, my Twitter frenemies are always accusing me of "confirmation bias" and seeing only what I want to see, hence maybe you shouldn't even trust me on what I did read. We need more than this to prove the libertarian dog never barked.
2. Hazlitt, Henry. 1956. The Free Man's Library; A Descriptive and Critical Bibliography. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.
Henry Hazlitt was at the center of most libertarian activity of the time. His 1946 book, Economics in One Lesson is still recommended reading for budding libertarians. Between 1946 and 1966, he wrote a regular column for Newsweek (kids ask your parents). His libertarian bona fides appear impeccable to me. He introduced The Free Man's Library by telling the reader:
This book is a descriptive and critical bibliography of works on the philosophy of individualism. I have applied the term "individualism" in a broad sense. The bibliography includes books which explain the processes and advantages of free trade, free enterprise and free markets; which recognize the evils of excessive state power; and which champion the cause of individual freedom of worship, speech and thought. (p.1)
Here's a list of over 500 books about "individualism." Compiled by someone who really believes it. A philosophy of individualism should have a lot to say about race. After all, race is a "collectivist" idea, mainly that groups of people, called races, are real entities. A philosophy of individualism would totally undermine that idea and be a powerful resource for African Americans seeking to bolster their case that they should not be categorized by the group to which they belonged but as individuals. By 1956, books attacking the idea of race were plentiful. Here's a partial list:
Finot, Jean. 1907. Race Prejudice. Translated by Florence Wade-Evans. New York: E.P. Dutton.
Boas, Franz. 1911. The Mind of Primitive Man. New York: MacMillan.
Hankins, Frank H. 1926. The Racial Basis of Civilization: A Critique of the Nordic Doctrine. New York: Knopf.
Barzun, Jacques. 1937. Race : A Study in Modern Superstition. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company
Benedict, Ruth. 1945. Race: Science and Politics, Rev. Ed. with the Races of Mankind. New York: Viking.
Montagu, Ashley. 1942. Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. New York: Columbia University Press.
All of these books, by undermining the race concept itself, would certainly be relevant to a critical biography on individualism. How to choose from among them? But perhaps the best resource at the time would be:
Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Myrdal's massive text was the source for America's "race problem." It contained all the details on the oppression of African Americans on every possible topic: schooling, religion, labor, economics. Nearly every social scientist who studied race (and some who didn't) took part in Myrdal's study and there were five additional specialized volumes that spun off from it. Anyone concerned with race in the US would have drawn upon it or, at the minimum, acknowledged it as the definitive statement documenting the harms of the collectivist race idea.
You are ahead of me, I know—Hazlitt mentioned none of these works. Or any other work that dealt with race. He managed to track down and list any book with the thesis that "Taxation is theft" (seriously, how many of those do you have to read before you get the point?). He managed to include a bunch of union-busting books. He managed to recommend Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn's Liberty or Equality: The Challenge of our Time which regular readers will recall recommended a return to monarchy (p. 104). He also recommended a volume of John Calhoun's writings: Calhoun, he noted,
openly defended slavery as a positive good, and frankly repudiated the doctrine of human equality as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. This fact has thrown into undeserved neglect his brilliant defense of States' rights and the rights of minorities. (p. 52)
He also recommended a biography of Calhoun for everyone (p. 172-3). I dunno, libertarians; Calhoun is looking more like a "lodestar" for libertarians all the time.
There was one book on Hazlitt's list that dealt with the race concept from a scientific point of view. Hazlitt recommends Edward M. East's Mankind at the Crossroads (1923) which he calls "An authoritative study of the population problem" (p. 65). Of all the scientific books that Hazlitt might have recommended, some of which I listed at the beginning of this section, he reached back three decades to recommend one from one of the most racist eugenicists of the twentieth century.
My Twitter libertarian frenemies often lay this statement down like they are trumping my ace: "Hey! Eugenics was a leftist/Progressive program! How come you never talk about that, huh? How come?!" Believe me, telling a historian of American biology that the Progressives pushed eugenics is the ultimate coal-Newcastling. To paraphrase Severus Snape, we've known that since before you were born. When I tell them I've written a lot on that subject they often ignore me and change the subject.
Not all eugenicists were concerned with race, but East certainly was. In 1919 he wrote:
But in reality the negro is inferior to the white. This is not hypothesis or supposition; it is a crude statement of actual fact. The negro has given the world no original contribution of high merit. By his own initiative in his original habitat, he has never risen. Transplanted to a new environment, as in the case of Haiti, he has done no better. In competition with the white race, he bas failed to approach its standard. But because he has failed to equal the white man's ability, his natural increase is low in comparison. The native population of Africa is increasing very slowly, if at all. In the best environment to which he has been subjected, the United States, his ratio in the general population is decreasing. His only chance for an emended survival is amalgamation (p. 253)
[As an aside, my spellcheck catches "negro" as a spelling error, insisting it needs to be capitalized. In fact, the capitalization of "Negro" was a battle waged by African Americans of the early 20th century. East's use of the lower case is a studied, but subtle, insult.]
I don't have the specific book Hazlitt recommended, Mankind at the Crossroads, and it doesn't appear online [Edit: I was wrong again!]. We'll have to settle for the assessment of Michael Yudell in his terrific book, Race Unmasked:
East, the pioneering population biologist whose experimental work showed how Mendelian inheritance "could account for an almost continuous array of variation," also authored the racist tome Mankind at the Crossroads. In the chapter "Racial Prospects and Racial Dangers," East wrote in typological terms about the fixity of differences between black and white populations: "The Negro as a whole is possessed of undesirable transmissible qualities both physical and mental, which seem to justify not only a line but a wide gulf to be fixed permanently between it and the white race." According to the geneticist Bentley Glass, "No one went farther than East in lending his authority to racist and social prejudices." While this point is debatable…East certainly was among the most prominent racists among the generation of geneticists who were helping to develop population genetics.
The Progressives may have pushed eugenics before World War II but I seriously doubt that many were pushing racist books from the 1920s in 1956—especially since East's views had been thoroughly and soundly refuted by the books I listed at the beginning of the section.
Hazlitt found room for dozens and dozens of books decrying taxation as theft, but couldn't find room to include even one anti-racist book. Even though Hazlitt was a libertarian of almost unmatched public fame of the time, even though his critical bibliography was touted in The Freeman, even though it contained 550 books and not one dealing with exclusively race (or civil rights for that matter), it is still only one source. And, I certainly haven't read all of these books, maybe some really are attacks on the race idea. Mises's Omnipotent Government (1944), for example, has a section that attacks Nazi race doctrines and Hazlitt lists it along side Mises's other works. So maybe other books in Hazlitt's list contain similar attacks. But, if they are there, they seem a very minor presence.
Can we look elsewhere? Yes, yes we can.
Broad Surveys of Libertarian Publications
Librarians are awesome. Anyone writing any kind of scholarship owes librarians and archivists a great deal. One of the lesser-known tasks librarians sometimes undertake is to survey publications in specific areas and produce reports for researchers. In 1960, two of these hardworking librarians produced a report on The American Right Wing that surveyed an incredibly broad range of right wing publications:
The publications which these groups sponsor range all the way from the earnest, smudgily mimeographed Voice of the Hour put out occasionally by Captain Edward Miles of Rally Point, U.S.A., to the handsome quarterly Modern Age: A Conservative Review, edited by Russell Kirk. There are many well-written and well-edited weekly, bi-weekly, and fortnightly journals of general political comment, such as William Buckley's National Review, Alice Widener's U.S.A., David Lawrence's U.S. News and World Report, Frank Hanighen's Human Events, Fulton Lewis, Jr. 's Exclusive, Merwin K. Hart's Economic Council Letter, Dan Smoot's Report, Edward Rumely's Spotlight for the Nation. There are monthly magazines as dignified as Leonard Read's The Freeman and Robert Welch's American Opinion, as startling as Russell Maguire's American Mercury, as new as William Stephenson's Virginian, as old as Gerald L.K. Smith's The Cross and the Flag, as unilateral as William Dudley Pelley's Valor and Over Here. (p. 3-4)
They pretty much touched all bases of the right wing publications, libertarian and otherwise. In this broad survey, the authors conclude: "There are certainly some right wing organizations that favor integration, but none has come to light in the present survey" (p. 44). Libertarians were just like pretty much every other right wing writer of the time: no firm stance in favor of integration. This finding was reaffirmed in a 1999 survey of the libertarian press in the 20th century:
Martin, Perry, et. al. 1999. "The Libertarian Press." In The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America, edited by Ronald Lora and William Henry Longton, 305–75. Westport: Greenwood Press.
In this 70-page survey of the themes in libertarian publications, civil rights does not appear as a topic. Race appears three times: twice when they quote Rothbard, and once when they quote the Libertarian Forum in 1974: "Holding that 'injustice can be redressed only for the individual who suffered it, and retribution can justly be exacted only from those who caused it,' the Libertarian Forum rejected all quotas based on race, ethnicity, or sex."
That it was 1974 is important. I have an idea that libertarians suddenly discovered race as a topic in the 1970s when they began attacking affirmative action. Under Jim Crow, they were all but silent about legal racial distinctions, but once affirmative action got into gear, they were suddenly all about using their individualist ideology against such legal racial distinctions. Daniel Rogers wrote about:
The rapidity with which conservative intellectuals and policy makers who had once defended the historical and social necessity of racial distinctions moved to embrace as their own the language of equal individual chances that had once seemed so threatening. (p. 127)
Rodgers's view is buttressed by the last survey of libertarian publications that I will discuss:
Palmer, Tom G. 1994. A Guide to Classical Liberal Scholarship. Fairfax: Institute for Humane Studies.
This was no comprehensive guide, but rather an introduction to the literature for budding libertarians. It was published by the Institute for Humane Studies, founded by our old friend, Baldy Harper. Unlike all the other surveys I, uh, surveyed, this one has an entire section dedicated to "Race and Ethnic Conflict." But the compilers obviously could not find anything in "Classical Liberal Scholarship" before 1980. Other sections recommend titles from the teens through the fifties, but when it comes to race, libertarians had nothing to say until they began attacking affirmative action. A cynic (me) might posit that libertarians were unconcerned with race until race consciousness began threatening white privilege. And luckily a couple of black scholars like Walter Williams and Thomas Sowell were willing to attack affirmative action for the libertarian cause. Of course that is what a cynic (me) might posit. I welcome other interpretations.
Anybody still reading? Good. Moving on.
Doherty, Brian. 2009. Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. New York: Public Affairs.
Brian Doherty is an editor at the libertarian Reason magazine so he's a libertarian insider. His book is the best history of movement libertarianism of the 20th century we have. It clocks in at almost 750 pages, but he's such an engaging writer that it feels much shorter. He's done extensive research, read hundreds of books and articles and visited dozens of archives. While he's a libertarian insider, he shows us all the squabbles and missteps of the movement. While he his sympathetic to the libertarians he writes about this is no hagiography and he paints a very vivid and detailed picture of his subjects.
Radicals for Capitalism says nothing about the Civil Rights movement or libertarians' place in it. There is no mention of Brown v. Board of Education, the Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King, Jr., Central High School in Little Rock, the sit-in movement, the Freedom Rides, or the Civil Rights act. What did libertarians focus on in the 1950s and early 1960s when this freedom struggle was going on? This:
The nascent libertarian movement argued over compulsory taxation, the morality of the cold war, and such recondite free market economics debates as the gold standard versus managed central banking, passing around (and ruthlessly editing) suggested reading lists for the proper understanding of individualist ideas and history. (p. 225)
The struggle for freedom was going on all around them and it seems they were completely and utterly oblivious to it.
I set myself two tasks in this post. The first was to show that I have made a good-faith effort to find evidence for libertarian involvement in the Civil Rights movement. I hope I didn't tax your patience too much with my attempt to show that, "If it was there, I would know it." I've looked. It isn't there. Second, to admit my conclusion is provisional. I ask, I invite, I beg you to prove me wrong. Show me what I've missed. Despite my belief they played no part for African American rights, I am willing to be convinced otherwise.
Finally, a caution. Doherty is well aware that the reason that libertarians played no part in the civil rights movement was not because of their small numbers or marginal status among intellectuals. It was rather, because of their cramped (my word) view of "liberty":
Libertarian thinkers and institutions were generally concerned, by their nature, with issues of government acting where it didn't belong. This made libertarians and libertarian ideas—for reasons that go beyond their general cultural peculiarity and outsider status from at least the 1940s to late 1970s—far from major players in some of the biggest arenas of sociopolitical ferment of the 1960s and 1970s: the women's rights, civil rights, and black rights movements. (p. 524).
As a libertarian himself, he is worried that the traditional libertarian ideology will not speak to those who have traditionally been ignored by it:
Still, American blacks or women, Americans who like reading odd and unpopular things or who want to marry outside their race or within their gender might find libertarian complaints about government growth silly. Most of them certainly feel freer in many important ways than they would have in the nineteenth century, regardless of the size of their tax burden or the existence of the Americans with Disabilities Act or banking secrecy regulations. Libertarians risk losing credibility with a substantial audience by not recognizing that some types of highly valued liberty are flourishing outside the movement's primary concerns with the size and activities of government and by pretending everything is horrible and on a steady decline when it comes to our freedoms. (p. 527)
This is why Jacob Levy asks libertarians to forthrightly recognize the problems the ideology has had with race in the past and the need to rethink libertarian ideology. Denying this past is not tenable. Finding scattered quotations from long-forgotten speeches or letters in the archives where a libertarian mentions that Jim Crow is bad is hardly evidence that libertarians were actively involved in the African American struggle for freedom. Prove me wrong.
This entry was posted in Libertarianism by John Jackson. Bookmark the permalink.
11 thoughts on "Libertarians in the Civil Rights Era"
Phil Magness on October 5, 2017 at 12:14 pm said:
Thank you for writing this, John. It's actually of use. Specifically, I'll be sure to reference it the next time someone touts Nancy MacLean's claim that "Nothing energized this backwater movement like Brown."
John Jackson on October 5, 2017 at 2:36 pm said:
You are welcome! I look forward to hearing it from you! "Nope, she's wrong! Libertarians totally ignored civil rights and racism! So there!"
Pingback: Gary Becker and the Economics of Discrimination | Fardels Bear
Pingback: Ayn Rand on Racism | Fardels Bear
Pingback: Objectified Inegalitarian Objectivism | Head Space
Pingback: On the Prehistory of Holocaust Denial | Fardels Bear
Pingback: Jonah Goldberg on Ingratitude: What Goes Around, Comes Around | Fardels Bear
Pingback: Vice Chairperson of the Libertarian National Committee Invites Racists to Join the Libertarian Party | The Progressive Army
Pingback: Vice Chairperson of the Libertarian National Committee Invites Racists...
Pingback: The Return of Libertarians in the Civil Rights Era | Fardels Bear
Pingback: Answering the Twittertarians | Fardels Bear


The T.A.G.B is Europe's largest single martial arts organisation with over 25,000 members and 600 schools throughout the UK. Most towns throughout the UK have their own TAGB school , so if you move away you can be sure of receiving the same quality tuition.
The TAGB stands for quality and expertise in the field of martial arts , so don't settle for less come and join Britain's biggest and best.
Instruction is always given by Mr Kirman who teaches at all of the lessons.
Currently he is a 6th degree black belt who has been training since September 1989 and earned his black belt in April 1994. He is a fully qualified professional instructor who is fully insured and is DBS checked.
help to control and channel your aggression should the need arise. Right from the first lesson you will start developing a whole new range of skills and capabilities with the opportunity to realise self achievement.
violent world. Tae Kwon Do is a superb form of self defence and also a great way to keep fit and trim, it is safe, practical and most of all enjoyable.
at an early age are far more likely to succeed in their adult ambitions.
Tae Kwon Do is arguably the best way of instilling confidence into children and at the same time emphasises the importance of respect and discipline. As a result of the fast and exciting nature of TaeKwon Do there are thousands of children participating in the UK.
You will be surprised at the lack of co-ordination and control you have over your own body, as this only becomes apparent when you start to learn some of our techniques. Tae Kwon Do techniques have been scientifically developed to enable you to understand the control and co-ordination you can have over your body. As well as the improvement in your well being we also aim to improve your social life, as we hold many events during the year; from training camps, to discos and charity events. This enables the students who begin on their own to meet people and make many new friends.


text:
Q: Is it possible to Create custom album in IOS 6 Can any one tell me.. I want to work with Camera Application now so I have to know Is it possible to create custom album in IOS 6. I know it is possible in IOS5 then I searched it for IOS6
I did not get any clear information..

A: Yes, it is possible.  The method you want is the ALAssetsLibrary method addAssetsGroupAlbumWithName:resultBlock:failureBlock: which is detailed in the docs here: http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/AssetsLibrary/Reference/ALAssetsLibrary_Class/Reference/Reference.html#//apple_ref/occ/cl/ALAssetsLibrary
It was introduced in iOS 5 and has not since been deprecated, so I'm not quite sure what the issue is if it's not working for you.  You may have to update or repost the question if you are having trouble with it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Batman: Arkham Knight – New Details on the Game's Story, Gameplay and Open World
By James Billcliffe December 1, 2014
New details about Batman: Arkham Knight have been released via Rocksteady's official Reddit AMA. Gaz Deaves, marketing manager of the London based developer gave fans a peak behind the curtain, teasing elements of what the game's story might have in store for the world's greatest detective, as well as new features in the series' much celebrated combat system.
The next paragraph will contain SPOILERS for Batman: Arkham City, don't look if you don't want to see!
Speaking about the end of Arkham City and what happens next, Deaves said:
"Sefton [Hill, Rocksteady founder and game director] has said that when they started work on Batman: Arkham City, they had the vision of the final scene, Joker's death, almost from the start, and looked at the story from the perspective of the events that would lead to that point.
"With Batman: Arkham Knight, that ending is the point that we jump off from, asking 'what happens when Joker is removed from Gotham and looking at the fallout from those events."
When asked about who would would be stepping up to fill the void left by Batman's most famous nemesis, Deaves replied:
"Scarecrow's probably my favourite Batman villain! He's not limited to DLC at all – he's the game's main villain, and the instigator of the events that kick off the narrative."
End of SPOILERS
Moving on to the combat, Deaves hinted that the enemy AI has been beefed up since the caped crusader's last outing, saying:
"They're fast, and they can dodge and counter you – in the most recent builds they'll dodge you without making you drop your combo, so it's easy to get caught out the first few times."
The series is often praised for making the player "feel like Batman", and this, according to Deaves, won't be any different in Arkham Knight:
"Zafer Coban and the rest of the animation team have been doing some amazing work on making combat look and feel awesome. For example, there's a scene toward the end of the Ace Chemicals Infiltration Part 1 Trailer where Batman faces off against two combat experts. Everything in that shot is taken straight from the game – we just shifted the camera to get a slightly more cinematic angle."
Deaves also digressed about the open world setting of the new game, hinting that will be as filled with references from Batman lore as its predecessors:
"It has to be the open city – now that we've got all of Gotham to explore it's a great experience. The City design team here has done an amazing job building an environment that's huge and intricately detailed. The detail in Arkham games was always my favourite thing about playing them before I joined Rocksteady, and it's awesome that the guys have managed to keep that level of care on something so much bigger."
Batman: Arkham Knight is expected to release on the 2nd of June 2015.
Rocksteady also released a new trailer for the game, today, which can be found here.
You can trawl through Rocksteady's AMA yourself here.
Follow OSP on Facebook and Twitter for the latest updates and opinions on all things single player.
arkham city
James Billcliffe
Lead Interview and Features editor. Eats, games, and leaves. Tweet at me! @Jiffe93
Batman: Arkham Knight – Ace Chemicals Infiltration Trailer Part 2
Telltale's Game of Thrones Episode 1 Launch Trailer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Electronic anticoincidence is a method (and its associated hardware) widely used to suppress unwanted, "background" events in high energy physics, experimental particle physics, gamma-ray spectroscopy, gamma-ray astronomy, experimental nuclear physics, and related fields.  In the typical case, a high-energy interaction, or event, that it is desired to study occurs and is detected by some kind of electronic detector, creating a fast electronic pulse in the associated nuclear electronics.  But the desired events are mixed up with a significant number of other events, produced by other particles or other processes, which create indistinguishable events in the detector.  Very often it is possible to arrange other physical photon or particle detectors to intercept the unwanted background events, producing essentially simultaneous pulses that can be used with fast electronics to reject, or veto, the unwanted background.

Gamma-ray astronomy
Early experimenters in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy found that their detectors, flown on balloons or sounding rockets, were corrupted by the large fluxes of high-energy photon and cosmic-ray charged-particle events.  Gamma-rays, in particular, could be collimated by surrounding the detectors with heavy shielding materials made of lead or other such elements, but it was quickly discovered that the high fluxes of very penetrating high-energy radiation present in the near-space environment created showers of secondary particles that could not be stopped by reasonable shielding masses.  To solve this problem, detectors operating above 10 or 100 keV were often surrounded by an active anticoincidence shield made of some other detector, which could be used to reject the unwanted background events.

 An early example of such a system, first proposed by Kenneth John Frost in 1962, is shown in the figure. It has an active CsI(Tl) scintillation shield around the X-ray/gamma-ray detector, also of CsI(Tl), with the two connected in electronic anticoincidence to reject unwanted charged particle events and to provide the required angular collimation.

Plastic scintillators are often used to reject charged particles, while thicker CsI, bismuth germanate ("BGO"), or other active shielding materials are used to detect and veto gamma-ray events of non-cosmic origin.  A typical configuration might have a NaI scintillator almost completely surrounded by a thick CsI anticoincidence shield, with a hole or holes to allow the desired gamma rays to enter from the cosmic source under study.   A plastic scintillator may be used across the front which is reasonably transparent to gamma rays, but  efficiently rejects the high fluxes of cosmic-ray protons present in space.

Compton suppression
In gamma-ray spectroscopy, Compton suppression is a technique that improves the signal by preventing data which has been corrupted by the incident gamma ray getting Compton scattered out of the target before depositing all of its energy. The effect is to minimize the Compton edge feature in the data.

The high resolution solid state germanium detectors used in gamma ray spectroscopy are very small, typically only a few centimeters in diameter and with thickness ranging from a few centimeters to a few millimeters. Since the detectors are so small, it is likely that the gamma ray will Compton scatter out of the detector before it deposits all of its energy. In this case, the energy reading by the data acquisition system will come up short: the detector records an energy which is only a fraction of the energy of the incident gamma ray.

In order to counteract this, the expensive and small high resolution detector is surrounded by larger and cheaper low resolution detectors, usually sodium iodide scintillators. The main detector and the suppression detector are run in anti-coincidence, which means that if they both detect a gamma ray then the gamma ray has scattered out of the main detector before depositing all of its energy and the data is ignored. The much larger suppression detector has much more stopping power than the main detector, and it is highly unlikely that the gamma ray will scatter so that it escapes both devices.

Nuclear and particle physics
Modern experiments in nuclear and high-energy particle physics almost invariably use fast anticoincidence circuits to veto unwanted events.  The desired events are typically accompanied by unwanted background processes that must be suppressed by enormous factors, ranging from thousands to many billions, to permit the desired signals to be detected and studied.  Extreme examples of these kinds of experiments may be found at the Large Hadron Collider, where the enormous Atlas and CMS detectors must reject huge numbers of background events at very high rates, to isolate the very rare events being sought.

See also
Nuclear electronics
HEAO 1
HEAO 3
INTEGRAL
Uhuru (satellite)
Gamma-ray spectroscopy

References

External links
Compton Suppression

Nuclear physics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Springtree Restoration provides gutter replacements and repairs of all kinds in Allen, Frisco, Gainesville Prosper, Wylie, Plano and surrounding areas. Springtree Restoration has partnered with Senox Gutters and Norandex to provide its customers with only the best rainware products available on the market today.
You can contact someone from our office to determine if your location is within our service area. Gutter repairs and replacementsare of vital importance to every home and property, and we've compiled five reasons why your home needs gutters.
Homes built according to national home building codes are situated on a slight slope, guiding runoff away from the foundation. If water or rain shedding off of your roof is allowed (due to the absence of gutters), issues will arise—such as massive erosion. The water falling down to the ground around the home actually washes away the surrounding soil, each time it rains. When this happens, the carefully sloped landscape wears down and allows the water runoff to flow towards the home instead of away from it—which foreshadows a bad picture for the house.
Additionally, erosion causes the foundation of the house to settle, which will lead to uneven floors. If this goes unprevented, cracked walls will begin appearing throughout the house—including chimneys. Erosion damage not only decreases the value of the house, but the overall safety and wellbeing of the residents inside may be questioned.
Whether floral or garden, flower beds and shrubs are popular among North Texas homes. Not only do they present an aesthetically appealing house, but they assist in protecting it. Believe it or not, they act as a windbreaker in guarding against harsh weather, such as a blustery winter.
However, a house without gutters puts garden beds in danger. Soil erosion, over time, will completely destroy the brush and wash away the garden. Even if the erosion itself is considered minimal, the large puddles of water and intense showers of rainfall will drown the plants. Plants drown when the roots' surroundings consist of too much water, and not enough carbon dioxide to "breathe." If the plant is over-watered and doesn't have any room for air pockets, the roots will suffocate and the plant will drown. Additionally, if the water turns to snow or ice during exceptionally cold weather, it will form into solid sheets of ice around your plants that will kill them—even evergreen shrubs.
Rainwater shedding off your roof carries leaves, dirt, particles, and tiny asphalt granules down the siding. When this happens, unsightly staining occurs. This results in—and we all recognize it—that dreary, unkempt look. This not only impacts curb appeal, but ultimately reduces the value of the house and property. However, the negative effects don't only include value decrease and aesthetics.
In fact, over time, the streams of rainwater will start rotting the siding—especially if it's made of wood. Not only are these effects unsightly, but they create holes throughout the house; inviting pests and rodents. Over time, the structural integrity of the house is impacted and will require repairs. These repairs are not only difficult, but extremely expensive.
Gutters aren't often thought of as a pretty aspect of a house. In fact, they're often neglected and forgotten, due to their monotone nature. However, you don't need to mindlessly order and install new gutters just for the sake of it—you can find beautiful gutters that compliment the house. Gutters that can either match the house, camouflage, or be something entirely different. Ultimately, the decision is yours. Springtree Restoration shows clients the range of options for installing gutters, which can add to the aesthetic appeal of the house.
This is true especially with today's housing developments. There are a plethora of gutter materials available to choose from, which include vinyl gutters that come in various colors. Not only do the styles come in many options, but they're affordable. Copper gutters, on the other hand, are expensive—but extremely beautiful. This shiny, classy metal does not erode or receive weather damage.
In order to increase value, property appeal, and keep healthy gutters, you must invest in their maintenance. Gutter guards keep leaves away, and contribute to a longer life span and healthier house. Without the gutter guards, maintenance is possibly by regularly cleaning the gutters to prevent buildup.
Believe it or not, having gutters preserves the life span of the roof. When gutters are decluttered and free, rainwater freely flows through. Without them, water can build up beneath the roof structure, which damages the roofing material. When this happens, leaks—and other, potentially worse issues—will arise.
For more information on gutters and Springtree Restoration's services, call us and someone from our office will be happy to assist you. We You can also view the warranty (PDF) here. We provide gutter repairs and replacements of all kinds for all properties, throughout the far North Dallas area.


Drafting and review of annual work plans.
Assessment of career development affairs.
Correspondence and coordination for career development affairs.
Reception of guests and participation in various councils.
Implementation of career development affairs.
Posting of job openings, giving referrals, consultation for employment and career development.
Organize keynote speech to teach students correct concepts about job and career.


Megamall's longest running Bridal Fair!
Before I Do Bridal Fair is the most popular intimate bridal show in SM Megamall!
Exhibition Hall open from 10:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m.
Attending Before I Do Bridal Fair will help eaze some of the pressure of planning your dream wedding by allowing you to compare, taste, touch and see what wedding specialists have to offer - all in one (ball)room. Before I Do Bridal Fair brings you the latest trends and gives you the opportunity of connectiing with the service providers you need to create your special day. Bring your girlfriends, mom, and even your fiancé and enjoy the day.
1) Pre-register ahead of time (http://bid11.doattend.com/) so that you do not have to fill out forms on the day of the show. Just remember to bring your tickets! Remember, no ticket, no free entry.
2) If you don't pre-register, make sure you register when you arrive at the show. Registering will enter you into the hourly raffle drawings.
3) Create a separate email address to be used while you are planning your wedding. This way you can delete it when you no longer are interested in receiving special offers from the vendors.
4) Bring adhesive address labels. This will save you a lot of time when you register at individual booths. Exhibitors will ask for your names, wedding date, contact number and email address so make sure to add these information to your label.
5) Ask lots of questions, that's what the exhibitors are there for!
6) Bring your cheque book in case you decide to book services or block dates with a deposit. Be sure to check on refund policies before giving any money, and read the contract carefully before signing.
7) Collect any information you are interested in - take it home to look over again when you have some quiet time. Don't forget to come back the next day and book your supplier! Booking between 10am to 1pm gives you a chance to double your tickets for the on site booking raffle. The lucky on site booker gets to win a 3 day 2 night stay at Hotel Vida!
8) If you cannot attend, send someone else (your fiancé, mom or maid of honor) to do the "window shopping" on services you need.
9) Wear comfortable shoes and have a great time!
Before I Do Bridal Fair is supported by Sound Level, Mr. Hardinero, Nice Print Photography, Business World, Wedding Planner Magazine, Wedding Flavours Magazine, 88DB.com, Bridalbook.ph, Kasal.com, Herword.com, GodSpeed Exhibits and Simply Beautiful Events.


From Athens & Tokyo to Hong Kong, London and beyond, our iconic products are available across the globe. To find a Folli Follie store near you, use the store locator below.
Ιf you have any questions or need further assistance, please Contact Us to assist you.


calculates a hashCode for this context.
Checks to see if there is a partial match with the given context.
Checks to see if there is a partial match with the given context. For a simple context such as this we always match.


text:
Home > Dining > Toughest Restaurants In The World To Get A Reservation At
By Manas Sen Gupta
07 Jul 2021 07:00 AM
There are some restaurants around the world that are very tough to get into. It can take months to score a reservation. These restaurants are like hallowed temples of gastronomy where only the most persisting devotee may gain an entry. The reward is a pleasant memory constructed by food, ambience and service that will stay with you for life. By Manas Sen Gupta
If you are okay waiting and trying your luck for a memorable dining experience, here are some of the toughest restaurants in the world to get a reservation at.
Sukiyabashi Jiro, Tokyo, Japan
President Barack Obama and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe talk with Jiro Ono during a dinner at Sukiyabashi Jiro in Tokyo on April 23, 2014. (Image: Official White House Photo by Pete Souza via Wikimedia Commons)
The renowned sushi restaurant is owned and operated by 95-year-old sushi master Jiro Ono, considered the world's greatest living sushi craftsman. The restaurant is located in a basement connected to Ginza Metro station. It maintains an Edo-period feel, as a mark of respect to the era during which sushi originated. Jiro, his craft and his restaurant were subjects of the acclaimed 2011 documentary, Jiro Dreams Of Sushi.
Eating sushi at this restaurant is an unparalleled experience because of the omakase tasting menu, which consists of around 20 sushi pieces. The rice, which is served at body temperature, is of a special grade available only to Jiro. The seafood comes from the Tsukiji fish market, from where the freshest ones are bought daily. A layer of Nikiri, or soy sauce, is brushed on the sushi, which is to be consumed immediately after it is served. The omakase tasting menu costs JPY 44,000 plus tax (around USD 399.92 plus tax, or INR 29,449 plus taxes).
There are only 10 seats for customers but to even score one, you have to have some influential connections. This exclusivity is understandable when you have an endorsement from the likes of former US president Barack Obama, who, after dining here with then Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe in 2014, remarked, "That's some good sushi right there."
So how do you reserve a seat at Sukiyabashi Jiro? Don't call and certainly don't walk in. To get a seat, which is usually booked at least a month ahead, you have to first stay in a few of the most reputed and luxurious hotels in Tokyo. Reservation at Jiro is done via the concierge of these hotels, but you also need to be somewhat of a regular at the hotel to avail of this facility. Even then you may not get a seat on your chosen date. Due to the ongoing pandemic situation, Sukiyabashi Jiro is currently accepting reservations by phone only from locals but overseas patrons will have to take the concierge route.
Rao's, New York City, USA
Image: Rao's Restaurant/Facebook
Rao's (pronounced "RAY-ohs") is considered the most exclusive Italian restaurant in the Big Apple. It is so tough to get a seat in the intimate interiors hidden behind the red door of the establishment that many just give up trying. And, of course, it doesn't matter who you are; the restaurant can turn anyone away like it once famously did to Madonna. But if you get that rare golden chance of getting an invite, you will be tasting some of the most delicious Italian recipes of all time that are as secretive as they are innovative.
The restaurant was founded in 1896, is family-run and still running at its original location in East Harlem. It was just like any other normal restaurant till a 1977 review in The New York Times turned it into a magnet for Italian food lovers, which resulted in Rao's introducing its extremely tough reservation system.
So, if you want to dine here at one of its 10 tables, you have to practically either be a decades-long regular or know someone who is a regular. The "regulars" include the likes of some of the most famous politicians, business personalities, sports legends and celebrities such as Billy Crystal, Nicholas Pileggi and Rob Reiner. Regulars have "table rights" based on which they can invite their guests to the restaurant. And even then, it could take a year to fix a date.
Now about what awaits inside the restaurant. All of the dishes served here are family recipes brought from Italy and introduced by the grandmother, uncle and aunt of the co-owner Frank Pellegrino Jr., who currently runs the business. Among the famous dishes are family-style lemon chicken and seafood salad. Its meatballs, which are the size of your fist, are legendary; even Jimmy Fallon tried making them at Rao's. There is also a jarred sauce that Rao's sells in stores. Its recipe was created by Frank's great-grandmother and passed on from generation to generation. The restaurant is conscious of the change in tastes of society and thus the recipes have evolved with time.
For those who still want to get a taste of its dishes but are unable to book a seat in their New York temple, Rao's has outlets in Las Vegas and Hollywood, both of which are normally accessible.
Noma, Copenhagen, Denmark
An inside view of the restaurant. (Image: Noma/Facebook)
One of the toughest restaurants in Denmark to get a reservation in, Noma offers two types of booking systems for its two distinct dining experiences. If you opt for the private dining room, which can seat up to 20, you can attempt a reservation via email. For the normal dining room, where anywhere from two to eight people can be seated, bookings have to be made online via Tock. Seats can be booked by date, time and number of persons. Due to pandemic-related guidelines, the restaurant has also carved a dining space in its lounge.
At the time of writing nearly every type of seating for any time slot on almost any date has been booked through September 11, 2021. But you can try your luck, which would include clicking through every possible time slot under each date. In case you fail to find a seat on your preferred date, make sure to register on their waiting list. The restaurant will contact you if in case seats become available on your chosen date.
Norwegian scallop with raw shrimp dish from the summer menu. (Image: Noma/Facebook)
Reservations open in seasons. The Summer Season 2021 started on June 1 will continue through September 11. For this season, the restaurant's menu is loaded with vegetables and bits of seafood. The menu has undergone a lot of creativity during the pandemic, something that Noma is eager to unveil for those who dine here. It includes a delightful dessert of raspberry, rhubarb, and cream tarts topped with fresh summer raspberries. There is also a chilled soup of beets with geranium which has to be consumed from a cup of flowers. And there is also the Norwegian scallop with raw shrimp, seasoned with blue mussel juice and horseradish.
Payment has to be made in full at the time of booking — DKK 2,800 (USD 456.60 or INR 33,350) per person. The payment does not include drinks, which are made available on the day. According to the restaurant's official site, wine pairing would cost DKK 1,800 (USD 293.53 or INR 21,439) and juice pairings DKK 1,000 (USD 163.07 or INR 11,912).
El Celler de Can Roca, Girona, Spain
The dining area has an open glass enclosure with trees in it. (Image: El Celler de Can Roca/Facebook)
El Celler de Can Roca was named the best restaurant in the prestigious The World's 50 Best Restaurants list in 2013 and 2015.
It is run by the brothers Roca — Joan, Josep and Jordi. Joan, the eldest, is the head chef. Josep is the sommelier and Jordi, the youngest, is the pastry chef. All three are masters of their craft. For instance, Joan's expertise has led him to be recognised as Honoris Causa Doctor by the University of Girona and has collaborated on the Science & Cooking course at Harvard.
The pumpkin consommé with green tea dish at the restaurant. (Image: El Celler de Can Roca/Facebook)
The dining area is itself an architectural masterpiece, with a triangular glass enclosure sheltering a small interior forest where trees rise to touch the open sky. With so much talent, a family history of producing delectable dishes, a restaurant that looks like a piece of art, and food and drinks that are prepared by three of the best in the world, El Celler de Can Rosa is understandably among the most sought after restaurants in the Catalan region of Spain.
The restaurant accepts reservations 11 months in advance. Only two to 12 diners can be accommodated. El Celler de Can Roca is currently booked till May 31, 2022. You can try on the first day of every month at exactly midnight local time. Booking is online so you have to be quick to snag a table. In case you fail to get a seat, you can put your name on the waiting list.
Talula's Table, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
The nook table at the restaurant. (Image: Talula's Table/Facebook)
The farm-to-table restaurant announces the dates when it is ready to serve patrons and also has its number listed on the official site where you can call to make a booking. Sound's easy? Here's the thing: You have to call exactly one year to the dates made available by them at 7 am, and there will be hundreds trying to get through. So it's like a phone-line battle you have to win. You will again have to confirm your reservation two months in advance and notify the restaurant of the exact number of guests you are bringing. It reserves eight to 12 people for its farm table and four to eight diners for its nook table. An entire table is booked at one go so you have to bring the minimum number of guests depending on which of the two tables you have booked.
A plate of Nutella banana crepes, maple glazed bacon, and tomato goat cheese quiche. (Image: Talula's Table/Facebook)
Talula's Table is actually a gourmet market and café of the small borough in Chester County and turns into a restaurant at night. The restaurant is open from 7 pm to 11 pm on the dates it is serving. There are usually four menus: Early Autumn, Late Autumn, Spring and Winter. The Winter 2021 menu has delicacies such as beef tartare, crispy lamb spare rib, Berkshire pork, and Moody Blue — a dish made of smoked blue cheese, Meyer lemon, marmalade, walnuts and crisps. The dishes are made from organically grown sustainable seasonal produce sourced locally. Remember that the menu cannot be modified, so you have to inform beforehand of any food allergies you may have.
All menus are eight courses. As of now, it costs USD 115 (INR 8,530) per person, excluding taxes and other charges.
Quintessence, Tokyo, Japan
The menu at Quintessence is carte blanche and changes daily. The dishes, which are selected by the chef, are made from seasonal produce. Ingredients are sourced from all over the world.
A highlight of the restaurant is its cooking process, which is called cuisson — an art that chef-owner Shuzo Kishida acquired during his days at Paris' L'Astrance. Cuisson involves a process where food such as meat is roasted at low temperature for a long time. This helps in bringing out the finest taste of the meat. Chef Kishida follows the three processes for which L'Astrance is known but has moulded them into a more Japanese traditional cooking style. For instance, through the assaisonné, or seasoning process, Kishida takes note of the finer differences between French and Japanese seasoning styles.
The one-course dinner menu has 12 dishes, including four desserts, costing JPY 29,500 (USD 267.90 or INR 19,740) per person. In a normal world, reservations could be done over a call or online two months ahead of the desired date. But due to the pandemic, the restaurant now requires guests to book three months in advance. The restaurant must be notified of any ingredient or food you cannot consume, based on which it may or may not grant your booking request.
The Fat Duck, Bray, England
The team of The Fat Duck poses for a picture. (Image: thehestonblumenthalteam/Instagram)
There are two things worth noticing immediately about The Fat Duck. The first is that the fine dining restaurant is run by the legendary British celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal. The second is the heritage building that houses the restaurant sits like a gem in the middle of the very Instagrammable suburban village on the banks of River Thames in Berkshire.
The Fat Duck was named the world's best restaurant in 2005 by 50 Best and was later added to the elite Best of Best hall of fame list. It is in this restaurant that Blumenthal created culinary magic with molecular gastronomy, producing world-famous dishes like bacon and egg ice cream and triple-cooked chips. The menu is renowned for its multi-sensory contents and unusual combinations of flavours. The entire tasting takes around four hours.
The Flaming Pudding at The Fat Duck. (Image: Heston Blumenthal Team/Facebook)
On the occasion of the restaurant's 25th anniversary in 2020, Blumenthal introduced a four-volume anthology menu that will be available for a year through 2021. It leads guests through some of the best dishes that the restaurant has created over the years besides other iconic fares. Among them is pommery mustard ice cream known as red cabbage gazpacho, aerated beetroot, the mock turtle soup, the outstanding snail porridge and, of course, the triple-cooked chips. A different menu is presented for each quarter. Besides these, The Fable Tree menu is dedicated entirely to Christmas and then there is a 58-page guide to The Fat Duck's phenomenal wine collection.
Reservations are done online by date, time and number of guests, of which between two to six are booked at a time. At the time of writing, almost all seats across time slots have been booked all the way up to September 30, 2021. But keep checking the dates; you might find a vacancy just in case someone cancels. Otherwise, you may join the waitlist. Prices range from GBP 250 to GBP 325 (USD 352 to USD 457, or INR 26,106 to INR 33,893).
Mirazur, Menton, France
The restaurant offers breathtaking views of the sea and the surroundings. (Image: Restaurant Mirazur/Facebook)
Mirazur is certainly one of the toughest restaurants to book a seat in, but all efforts are worth it. The restaurant is located in one of the most scenic regions on earth — the French Riviera. It is housed in a rotunda-shaped building from the 1930s, which overlooks the glittering blue waters of the Ligurian Sea that forms a coastline with the commune of Menton. Towering behind is a vertical mountain and a few metres from the restaurant is the Italian border.
Mirazur was named the World's Best Restaurant in 2019 by 50 Best. Its menu is in a league of its own. The restaurant serves dishes inspired by its surroundings—garden, mountain and sea. The entire menu was overhauled in 2020 and is now divided into four variations named flowers, roots, fruits and leaves. The dishes are placed according to variation. For instance, a delicious plate of squid, apricot and snowflakes is part of 'flowers' while the crab emietty with veil of oxalys is part of 'leaves'. Foie gras with cocoa and cherries is an example of a 'fruits' dish.
A dish of squid, apricot and snowflakes — part of the 'flowers' variation. (Image: Restaurant Mirazur/Facebook)
The restaurant has a garden which is the source of some of its ingredients. Seafood is sourced from local fisherfolk while other essentials such as dairy products and fruits come from hinterland farmers.
Now, how do you book a seat here? Check the official website. Mirazur serves only one variation on any given day and this is clearly marked on its calendar, which is available on the booking page. So you can select your date based on what type of dish you want to enjoy. As of now, most dates up to September 30, 2021, have been booked. But there are some time slots still available. You will have to shell out EUR 320 (USD 388 or INR 28,339) per person for the nine courses.
Editor's Note: Keeping the current situation of the pandemic in mind, T+L India recommends every reader to stay safe, and take all government-regulated precautions in case travel at this time is absolutely necessary. Please follow our stories on COVID-19 for all the latest travel guidelines.
Related: The Most Amazing Remote Restaurants In The World
Content Hub denmark England france Japan restaurants spain travel tokyo travel USA


Whoever said the "dead tell no tales" was clearly unfamiliar with forensic claims. In cases of sudden or unexpected mortality, the humble death certificate can provide essential reading for the claims examiner often in conjunction with a police report or medical examiner's report.
From observations of the body, to evidence of alcohol use, drug abuse or foul play, these reports reveal twists and turns as surprising as any detective story – but the examiner first must know where to search.
A young man dies in his home and the cause of death is initially listed as a drug overdose. An autopsy reveals opioids in his bloodstream, but was this the actual cause of death? The opioids were later determined to be natural components of the poppyseed tea he had legally purchased and was drinking at the time of death. However, the true cause of death was his concurrent and unprescribed use of marijuana.
When a medical internist died of an insulin overdose, it was deemed purely accidental until examiners learned that the man was not a diabetic, which made his injection of insulin a suicidal act.
When a state police helicopter fell from the sky in a fiery crash, the pilot's autopsy revealed a toxic blood alcohol level. Was the pilot flying drunk? Examiners determined the high alcohol content was a consequence of a natural chemical reaction tied to combustion.
1. Recognize that "Undetermined" is a question – not an answer to the cause and manner of death.
In most U.S. states there are only five acceptable options for manner of death: natural, accident, suicide, homicide and "undetermined". But "undetermined" is really a question, not an answer: it is an admission of continued uncertainty. It is also rare: it's present in only about 3% of all U.S. death certificates. In some states, the term is used in place of a "pending" status.
When confronted with "undetermined," clarify whether the death certificate is final. If the cause of death is a drug overdose, and the manner of death is labeled "undetermined", there could be a question amongst the authorities about the cause: suicide, an accidental overdose or homicide.
2. Know that an "accident" is not always accidental.
Recreational drugs are growing in popularity, variety and chemical complexity. If a death is the result of the toxic effects of drugs or poisoning and there is no documented suicide note or instruction, the medical examiner or coroner will often call the cause of death an "accident" because there are only five choices available in the death certificate. This in no way precludes another entity from more narrowly defining the cause. In the case of an accidental drowning for example, a forensic toxicologist or pathologist would be able to determine from bodily organs if an opiate has been ingested. This could reveal that impairment from substance abuse was a contributing cause, as this central nervous system depressant slows breathing.
3. Check the marital status of the deceased.
If the claim is for a dependent spouse and the death certificate shows that the employee was not married at the time of death, it is entirely possible that the spouse is not eligible to be carried under an employer-based plan.
4. Consider where the death occurred.
For instance, if an insured is a victim of a homicide, could he or she also have been committing a crime at the time of death and would the location of the death provide a clue?
5. Determine the age and residence of any dependent child.
Many employer plans allow longer coverage for adult children. However some employers did not adapt to the newer norms and do not allow coverage for children older than 19 years unless they are fully dependent on the insured employee and also full-time students. A dependent adult child living outside the home and working a regular job is a red flag.
6. Clarify who is listed as the claimant.
The death certificate can provide information for surviving family members, especially when there are difficulties locating appropriate beneficiaries.
7. Identify who certified the death.
Often, fraudulent death certificates will be certified by a justice of the peace, a doctor in private practice, or individuals in occupations other than the typical medical examiner. Question the certification of any individual who does not appear to have the usual authority.
In Canada, each province has a unique death certificate, and the death certificate itself does not state a cause of death. This is typically supplied by a "funeral" death certificate or a physician statement. Information contained within death certificates may vary markedly between and within nations.
9. Ensure policy language is current.
Increased mortality fueled by rising abuse of prescription drugs and legalized medical marijuana has only complicated the policy adjudication picture. Many insurers have not adjusted accidental death and dismemberment language accordingly. For example, a recent RGA survey revealed that nine out of 16 U.S. group insurance carriers had policy exclusions to address whether a death was due to abuse of prescribed drugs or illegal substances. However, only 12% of Canadian carriers and zero U.S. insurers distinguished between medical and recreational marijuana use. Similarly, only 12% of U.S. carriers and a quarter of Canadian insurers reported taking steps to modify claims processes to identify consideration where intoxication or marijuana use was identified in the coroner's report as a significant factor contributing to a death.
"When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth," the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes once said. He could have been a forensic claims examiner. With the sound application of science and a little deductive reasoning, we often find that the truth of a basic death certificate is stranger than fiction.
For more insights into the fascinating world of forensic claims, contact U.S. Group Re.
Same old claims? Not anymore. Today, life and AD&D claims reviews can resemble detective stories, and the humble death certificate can provide essential evidence for the case file. This article demystifies the fascinating world of forensic claims.


To admit that I'm scared that this will be a colossal fail and that no one will want to come would be true.
I hope that this will be everything that our community needs and wants and that this will be the beginning of something amazing.
I articulated this wish at the Medtronic Diabetes Advocacy Summit in January during a brainstorming session about what each of us wanted to accomplish for the diabetes community.
There were nods in that room (and one or two exclamations of "Hell, yes!"). I left that meeting with a head full of ideas about this… but I couldn't do it by myself.
That's what a community does. It helps, supports, and celebrates. With some gentle prodding from some advocates and the amazing emotional backing of my husband, I quietly created The Diabetes Collective, Inc., a Florida non-profit corporation (currently waiting for the IRS to bestow that 501 (c)(3) designation) and signed a contract with Caesar's.
Please read below – and share the excitement with me for The Diabetes UnConference.
If you are an adult with diabetes, come join me (and others just like me and you) in… Las Vegas from March 12 to 15, 2015.
I would love to meet you and learn from you and others about living well with diabetes.
The Diabetes Collective, Inc. is pleased to announce The Diabetes UnConference, the first peer-to-peer support conference for all adults with diabetes.
The first of its kind, The Diabetes UnConference follows the "unconference" concept of peer-to-peer idea exchange made popular by the tech community. The actual agenda is set the first morning of the conference, drawing from the needs and desires of the attendees and discussions will focus on the psychosocial aspects of living with diabetes.
Founded by Christel Marchand Aprigliano, The Diabetes UnConference is facilitated by volunteers well known to the diabetes community: Bennet Dunlap, Heather Gabel, Manny Hernandez, Scott K. Johnson, George Simmons, and Kerri Sparling. These diabetes community leaders are familiar with the topics that will be covered; each live with diabetes.
Topics may include dealing with depression and diabetes, countering burnout, diabetes "life hacks", dating, parenting with diabetes, revealing your diabetes to others, and much more.


text:
New Tales from the Emerald City
FREE READS/EXCERPTS
CONTACT / REVIEW COPIES
BUY THE ANTHOLOGY
BUY THE KINDLE SINGLES
LIMITED TIME SALE: Oz Reimagined Discounted to $7.99 in Paperback and 99¢ on Kindle Until May 31 @ Amazon.com
NEWS: OZ REIMAGINED is one of Amazon's "Kindle Summer Reading Deals" and is on Sale for $2 Thru 8/9/14!
NEWS: The Boy Detective of Oz for $.99
REVIEW: "Solidly Entertaining"
INTERVIEW: Douglas Cohen Interviewed by the Odyssey Writing Workshop
NEWS: "The Great Zeppelin Heist of Oz" Now Available on PodCastle
EVENT: Douglas Cohen Attending LunaCon
NEWS: Oz Reimagined Covered in USA Today
REVIEW: Tor.com
EVENT: New York Review of Science Fiction Reading Tonight
INTERVIEW: Theodora Goss, Author of "Lost Girls of Oz"
Theodora Goss's publications include the short story collection In the Forest of Forgetting; Interfictions, a short story anthology coedited with Delia Sherman; Voices from Fairyland, a poetry anthology with critical essays and a selection of her own poems; and The Thorn and the Blossom, a novella in a two-sided accordion format. She has been a finalist for the Nebula Award, Crawford Award, Locus Award, and Mythopoeic Award, and on the Tiptree Award Honor List. She has won the World Fantasy and Rhysling Awards. Her website can be found at www.theodoragoss.com.
My story is about Eleanor Dale, an intrepid girl reporter, who finds a way to Oz. On her journey, she meets the Wizard, fights Nomes, and discovers that Oz is a lot more complicated than she imagined . . .
What was the genesis of the story-what was the inspiration for it, or what prompted you to write it?
My story is called "Lost Girls of Oz," and it really does focus on girls. I read the Oz books–all of the Baum ones–when I was young, and they influenced me deeply. It was important to me that they were specifically about girls–in Oz, girls ruled. There was Ozma, and Glinda, and even Dorothy eventually moved to Oz. They were joined by Betsy Bobbin and Trot. Although there were some male protagonists, Oz was a sort of girl's paradise, where you could go off and find adventures, have wonderful friends such as talking lions, eat from the dinner pail trees . . . So that's the inspiration. It begins with the idea that the Oz books are about girls–what it means to be a girl, what girls want.
It was less of a challenge than I expected, I think because the story is actually written by Eleanor (who goes by Nell), and Nell sort of took over. Once I got her writing, she just wrote. (She's a reporter, so she's pretty good.) The hardest part was finding her voice, and making sure I had my facts correct. I kept clicking back and forth between my story and the map of Oz . . .
Oh yes! In two ways. First, I had wanted to write an Oz story for a long time. As I said, the Oz stories were absolutely formative for me. And second, it's about girls and freedom and power. I've been thinking about that a lot because I have an eight-year-old daughter who likes reading books about boys. Female heroines are too passive for her. She was recently upset by a video game because she was having difficulty creating a male avatar. She could have chosen a female avatar, but all of them were wearing dresses. Not so useful for adventuring in . . . I think it's important to have stories in which girls are strong, active heroines. This is not that story–it's for adults, and it's about what Oz means, what Oz is. It's supposed to make you question your assumptions. But that's part of the reason the story is personal–I'm very interested in stories for girls.
I re-read a couple of the Oz books, the ones I knew had characters I wanted to use. I had to look up the origin of H. M. Woggle-Bug, for instance. But there's a great deal of information online. The online character lists and maps helped a lot. And I still remember a lot of the details. So much of Oz is in my head . . .
What is the appeal of Oz? Why do you think readers/viewers love it so much?
I think it's the combination of danger and friendship that it offers. There's danger: even though almost no one dies in Oz, characters are constantly having their straw scattered, losing their pumpkin heads, being turned to stone by a Liquid of Petrification . . . all dangers appropriate to who they are. But in Oz, you can always find friends. And Oz is incredibly diverse and accepting: you can be an animated sawhorse or a chicken from Kansas, and you'll be accepted. There is also a great deal of humor in the books. I still love to read them, and I think that's the mark of a great children's book–when you still love to read it as an adult.
What are some of your favorite Oz memories (whether from the books or the various movies, or other "reimaginings"), and what makes them your favorites?
I love it when Dorothy finally gets to stay in Oz. I always hated that she had to go back to Kansas. But when she and Uncle Henry and Aunt Em finally get to stay–that's the ultimate wish-fulfillment. Baum contradicts the original lesson of the series, which is that you always have to go home: the magic doesn't last. In the end, he tells us, it can. The magical country can become home. The strangest moment of the series is when Tip turns into Ozma–how disconcerting, to be a freely wandering boy and then suddenly turn into a girl with responsibilities, the supreme ruler of Oz. Part of what makes the books so effective is that they contain some of the same ingredients as fairy tales: they show us psychological processes externalized. A young girl may well feel and behave like a boy, until she gets to a certain age. And then she has to behave like a girl, at least in the era when the books were written. But at least she can still be the ruler of a fairyland. Baum called the Oz story an American fairy tale, and you really can see those fairy tale elements in the books. They show us children grappling with the same issues as we find in the classic fairy tales by Perrault and the Grimms. Also, for some reason I've always liked the Glass Cat. Go figure . . .
What do you think about the new Oz movie coming out in March, Oz: The Great and Powerful? Excited? Dubious? Some combination of both?
What worries me about the movie is that it centers on the Wizard, who seems to be the hero of the story. In the Oz books, the Wizard was never a central character: he was ultimately a friend of Ozma's and Dorothy's. The action always centered on the girls. I think certain stories, like those about Oz, can be rewritten many times without harm to the original. But I'll have to see the movie to judge how it deals with the original material. In the stories, the Wizard does eventually learn magic, but it's from Glinda–in a sense, he is her student and servant. I think the way the Oz books deal with gender is very important, and I hope the movie recognizes that . . .
January 10, 2013 | Filed Under Author Interviews
© 2020 John Joseph Adams and Douglas Cohen. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: Where can i find Contacts Module in Odoo 11 Im trying to do a module like Contacts, but not exactly... what i want is localize the Contacts module in the Odoo 11 path and see how they do some of the thinks the show up in the module. So please can anybody tell where can i find the module in the Odoo 11 path.

A: You can find Contacts Directory module in your Odoo addons directory in subdirectory named contacts. The exact path in your file system depends on where you have installed Odoo. You can also explore the source in Odoo github repository at path odoo/addons/contacts, https://github.com/odoo/odoo/tree/11.0/addons/contacts.
There is no much content in this module. It is mainly just view definition that exposes base module views and forms.
I hope you can find what you are looking for from the hints from this module.


text:
In a hidden lake far below the Antarctic ice, scientists found the bodies of tiny creatures. Photos reveal how they accomplished the deep dive.
Aylin WoodwardFeb 7, 2019, 21:17 IST
Billy Collins/SALSA Science Team
An aerial view of SALSA scientists retrieving the corer on January 7, 2019.
Scientists recently drilled 3,500 feet deep into the Antarctic ice to the subglacial Lake Mercer -a lake that had been untouched for thousands of years.
They pulled up samples of water, ice, and lake mud from the depths for further study.
When analyzing the mud, researchers found the carcasses of tiny crustaceans and a tardigrade.
The research team has shared additional images and video from their foray into the icy depths. Take a look.
Scientists know more about the surface of Mars than they do about the environment under Antarctica's ice sheet.
But in December, a group of scientists drilled an extremely deep hole that is revealing secrets from that frozen world.
Using a hot-water drill, a roughly 40-person team from the Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA) project bored a hole more than a kilometer (3,556 feet) into the ice. The goal: to explore an isolated subglacial lake below, called Lake Mercer.
The team succeeded in reaching the lake, and extracted a 5.5-foot-long ice core (the longest ever from a subglacial lake), sediment cores, and water samples. The SALSA scientists expected to find microbes in those samples - similar microbial lifeforms had been dredged up from nearby subglacial Lake Whillans five years earlier.
But the samples also turned out to contain the carcasses of higher lifeforms.
The mud contained dead crustaceans no bigger than a poppy seed along with a dead tardigrade. (Also known as water bears, tardigrades are eight-legged critters that can withstand extreme temperatures and live without water for decades.)
The discovery suggests that these creatures were transported to Lake Mercer from nearby mountains (where such creatures have been found before) by moving water or an advancing glacier, Nature reported.
"We're going to change the way we look at Antarctica because of this research," John Priscu, chief scientist of the SALSA project, told Business Insider.
The SALSA team has since released images and video footage showing how they were able to bore a hole 3,556 feet deep in the ice. Take a look.
View As: One Page Slides
Priscu said he's been studying Antarctic lakes for 35 years.
His team's collected data about the salinity, temperature, and depth of the previously unexplored subglacial Lake Mercer.
Priscu and the SALSA team were deployed out of McMurdo Station, a US Antarctic research center, for this project.
But in order to reach the actual borehole site, the team had to travel hundreds of miles northward towards the center of the continent using specialized tractors and aircraft with skis under the wheels.
After the deep hole was drilled into the ice, the team used a gravity corer — essentially a tube that gets screwed into the ice — from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute to pull samples of ice and mud back to the surface.
Even though the hole in the ice was no more than 60 centimeters wide, the researchers were able to slide the corer down the nearly 1-kilometer-long chute. After it hit the sediment below, the corer, and the mud it grabbed, were pulled back to the surface.
One of the tools used by the SALSA team is called the multicorer, because it can bring up three sediment cores at a time.
In the case of Lake Mercer, the team sent down two multicorers back to back, which each retrieved three perfect sediment cores of lake mud.
To capture never-before-seen footage of the lake, the SALSA team used a torpedo-shaped robot called SCINI (Submersible Capable of Under Ice Navigation and Imaging).
Most of the images and video of Lake Mercer would not have been possible without the SCINI robot, a remote-operated vehicle (ROV) designed for this mission.
Bob Zook, chief engineer and SCINI Operator for the SALSA team, spoke affectionately of the contraption he designed and built. He calls it "Skinny."
SCINI is operated with a specially programmed PlayStation controller.
SCINI is 7 feet long and 10 inches in diameter to allow it to fit down the hole. It has three cameras and three bright lights — "kind of important when you're traveling to a place that hasn't had light in 50,000 years," Zook said.
Deep SCINI Chief Engineer Bob Zook shows Outreach PI Kathy Kasic how to fly the Deep SCINI ROV during a tank test in McMurdo Station. If you look closely, you can see that they operate SCINI using a specially programmed Playstation controller! #nsfsalsa pic.twitter.com/xqaBWXdT37
— Salsa Antarctica (@SalsaAntarctica) January 24, 2019
"It felt a little bit like we were launching a spacecraft," Zook said.
Zook said SCINI's success in capturing the first-ever footage of the subglacial lake was three years in the making.
"Our elation is palpable," he said on the SALSA project website. "It was a hell of a year."
The following images are blow-by-blows of the journey down, taken from SCINI's footage. Looking down the hole from the icy surface, the first 300 feet or so is all air.
"What you're actually looking down is a black hole of air about half a meter in diameter," Priscu said. "You don't hit water until 100 meters down."
That 300-foot gap of air is called the freeboard — the term for the distance from the surface of the ice shelf to the water level. In this case, the freeboard is about as tall as the Statue of Liberty.
"You don't want to fall in that hole," Priscu said.
The borehole was about 18 inches in diameter, Zook said.
The hole's small diameter meant that all of the tools, and all of the samples they brought up to the surface, had to fit through an opening just a bit bigger than a steering wheel.
Before anything went down the borehole, it had to be sterilized to ensure no foreign contaminants would sully the hole or the subglacial lake below.
Everything that went down, from scientific equipment to the boiling-hot water used to bore the hole, had to be sterilized.
The SALSA team used a combination of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light to ensure everything was clean and sterilized. A collar at the top of the borehole bathed tools, ropes, and the SCINI robot in UV light.
"It really does nail everything," Priscu said. "It fries 'em."
The collar's UV light was so powerful, in fact, that all the SALSA team members had to wear protective goggles.
"Whenever it was on, a red light would flash on deck," Priscu said.
After a 100-meter (328-foot) journey downward, SCINI finally hit water.
Think of the journey down to Lake Mercer like a layer cake. The cake frosting is the unpacked snow that sits on top of the ice sheet. The top layer is the 100-meter-long freeboard of air, followed by almost a kilometer of water, which is separated from the 15-meter-deep subglacial lake by a layer of ice.
More than 900 meters (2,700 feet) of water separate Lake Mercer from the 100-meter-long stretch of air above.
The pressure as you go down the borehole increases, Zook said. "By the time you reach the bottom of the hole, you're looking at 1,500 pounds per square inch."
That's 100 times the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
This is the last layer the camera passed through on its journey to the subglacial lake. "We call this the star field," Priscu said. "It's about 5 meters thick of very, very clear ice with sediment particles frozen in."
Though basal ice can look like water with particles floating in it, the little pieces are actually sediment that's been stirred up from the lake below and tiny pockets of air that sit suspended in the ice.
This is the boundary between the basal ice and the subglacial lake. "On the right is the bottom of that dirty basal ice layer, and to the left is the liquid water of the lake," Priscu said.
"Lakes are reservoirs of history," he added. "The sediments of Lake Mercer are going to tell us the history of the entire subglacial system."
Finally, the camera hit rock bottom — literally.
What's interesting about the freshwater subglacial lake, Priscu said, is that the temperature was measured at minus 65 degrees Celsius (minus 85 degrees Fahrenheit), but the water is still liquid.
He said this is possible because the water in Lake Mercer is under enormous pressure. If you put water or ice under enough pressure, that lowers its freezing point.
Samples of the lake mud revealed some astonishing finds. There were not only live microbes, but also the bodies of dead crustaceans and a tardigrade. "It's the first time anything like that's been seen," Priscu said.
"The first things we did see were bacteria, a full living ecosystem," Priscu said. "Then we saw parts of crustaceans and I was like 'Whoa'."
The team won't yet release any images of the dead critters. "We need to do more work before we release things that we're not 100% about," Priscu said.
Priscu said he doesn't want to circulate images of the carcasses yet because it could compromise the team's eventual publications on their finding.
"I'm the bad guy who won't release them," Priscu laughed. "But we did a full poll and everyone's behind it."
Priscu is hoping to eventually find more carcasses to solidify the team's findings.
"If we brought only one organism back from Mars, I don't think I'd believe it," he said.
But that work will have to wait until next year.
"We're not going in the field again this year," Priscu said. "We have a ton of data already."
He added that the SALSA team's funding runs out this summer, but he plans to request additional funding to keep the team together so they can process samples and document their findings.
You can watch the full video of SCINI's journey down the the 3,556-foot borehole below.
Next StoryTHE DIGITAL HEALTH ECOSYSTEM: An in-depth examination of the players and tech trends reshaping the future of healthcare
Walmart's new mattress brand built a $100,000 tiny home that you can buy. Take a look inside.
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez introduces legislation for a 10-year Green New Deal plan to turn the US carbon neutral


text:
Science, Tech, Math › Science
What Is the pH of Water, and Why Does It Matter?
Michael Heim / EyeEm / Getty Images
Chemical Laws
Projects & Experiments
Chemistry In Everyday Life
Famous Chemists
Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Chemistry Expert
Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College
Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels.
At 25 C, the pH of pure water is very close to 7. Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH higher than 7. Because it has a pH of 7, water is considered to be neutral. It is neither an acid nor a base but is the reference point for acids and bases.
Is Water Basic or Acidic?
The chemical formula for water usually is written as H2O, but another way to consider the formula is HOH, where a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+) is bonded to a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH -). This means water has properties of both an acid and a base, where the properties essentially cancel each other out.
H+ + (OH)- = HOH = H2O = water
The pH of Drinking Water
Although the pH of pure water is 7, drinking water and natural water exhibits a pH range because it contains dissolved minerals and gases. Surface waters typically range from pH 6.5 to 8.5, while groundwater ranges from pH 6 to 8.5.
Water with a pH less than 6.5 is considered acidic. This water typically is corrosive and soft. It may contain metal ions, such as copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc. The metal ions may be toxic, may produce a metallic taste, and can stain fixtures and fabrics. The low pH can damage metal pipes and fixtures.
Water with a pH higher than 8.5 is considered basic or alkaline. This water often is hard water, containing ions that can form scale deposits in pipes and contribute an alkali taste.
Learn the pH of Common Chemicals
Here's How to Calculate pH Values
10 Facts About Acids and Bases
What Is pH and What Does It Measure?
Acid-Base Chemical Reaction
Acids and Bases - Calculating pH
pH Definition and Equation in Chemistry
What Is the World's Strongest Superacid?
What Is the pH of Lemon Juice?
How to Calculate the pH of a Weak Acid
What Is the Acidity or pH of Milk?
pH, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb Explained
Definition and Examples of Acid-Base Indicator
Acids and Bases: Calculating pH of a Strong Acid
Base Definition in Chemistry
How to Make Red Cabbage pH Paper


I love the camel colour of this skirt. It's perfect to style with so many neutral colours and of course, my favourite, black. The skirt brings a nice pop of colour to this otherwise dark outfit. The material of the skirt itself is also very thick, perfect to wear in winter!
In hindsight I probably would have benefited from ordering a smaller size as the skirt does stick out a bit at the bottom. Despite this, it still fits around my waist perfectly and I'm in love with the actual design of the skirt.
Have you ever tried anything from Rosegal? They have a huge selection of items on their website, so go have a browse if you feel like it! You can also check out their Instagram page here. Stay tuned for my second Rosegal post coming soon!
Absolutely adore that skirt and how you've styled it - looks SO good on you lady!
Cute outfit! Love this skirt and I think that it looks fab on you. I've never heard of Rosegal before!
This skirt is lovely, you look so great in these pictures!!
You look amazing dear!! That skirt and it's colour is soooo pretty, I can't get over this mustard colour! You're killing it girl!
That skirt is gorgeous, I've been looking for something just like this!
i wanna hear this outfit. i l-o-v-e the skirt colour!