Maybe Israel's PM Netanyahu is right: The allegedly formalized practice of Taqiyya is a bit unnerving: It's hard to tell when someone is confessing a truth rather than fabricating a reality. And owing to quite a few years of experience, both as a liar and in dealing with liars, he has deduced that Iran is blowing smoke up our collective Wazoo regarding nuclear arms development. Is there a chance that he's right?
If I were to lead a fundamentalist group of Islamists I certainly wouldn't keep grabbing the bull by the horns having seen the consequences of such blatant confrontation in Iraq, Afghanistan, Mali and Nigeria, and (potentially) in Syria. Particularly so if I were trying to peacefully go about clandestinely developing a nuclear arsenal.
Not many of our domestic radical groups hang a sign out in front of the compound that says, "Making Bombs Here. Please Do Not Disturb." That wouldn't be considered very keen of thought.
So while Muslims supposedly have a formalized practice - Taqiyya - by which they manipulate how they may be viewed, through prevarication, we - our government and our citizens - have the age-old art of lying. We tell big and small lies all the time. Same thing. It's just that the word, "Lying" is so fundamentally over-used and the act so pervasive that it's lost its sting. Also, even in the gerund it's too monosyllabic lacking poetic resonance.
Still, it's tough to build a better world if we refuse to accept people at their word, notwithstanding how frequently we - all of us - may practice Mentirine. There are few powers in the World today, especially including Israel whose further expansion into Palestinian territory has resulted in the displacement, incarceration, starvation, and near-genocidal extermination of an entire people, who may hold themselves up as pure examples of truth and righteousness.
So I suppose, notwithstanding Netanyahu's preoccupation with Iran, we ought to embrace Iran's call to reconciliation and move forward as though all is right with the World. Should it prove otherwise, we can take some solace in knowing that we'll all end up in the same place if they are not: Dead.


With our many years in the industry, Tree Service Atascocita Company Chop Doc LLC has encountered every bit of crisis there is related to tree service in Atascocita, TX. However, they do have a life expectancy and when that happens they pose a danger to you, your kids and neighbors. Without a doubt, trees provide plenty of benefits, especially to the environment.They clean the air we breathe, cool the streets, help prevent soil erosion and even help fight climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide while releasing oxygen.
Be assured that if the tree can be saved without compromising your safety, we will go that route. Tree services are done by amateurs or inexperienced people could lead to all sorts of problems that could even endanger people's lives and properties. There are many complications involved in the tree removal process, and only professionals like us can effectively handle them. Contact ChopDoc.com for all tree services, including tree removal, trimming and pruning.
If a tree near your home shows these danger signs, you may call us at +1 (281) 918 4202 for our tree trimming or tree removal services. As long as we see that it can be saved or it doesn't really pose any danger to people and property, we generally recommend leaving the tree alone.
The task may seem as simple as chopping down a large block of wood. But that's not the case. When you call us, we send over ChopDoc.com arborists to anywhere in Atascocita, TX, who will then inspect the property, examine the condition and shape the tree is in, and how it relates to its environment. Our licensed and certified arborists or tree experts here at ChopDoc.com will have to study first the conditions of the tree and the area where it is standing before proceeding with tree removal or trimming. Our resident arborists or tree experts will be there to give advice on the best course of action to take.
There may be other tree service companies in Atascocita, TX, but we assure you that no other tree service providers out there can match our professionalism, competence, and the quality of tree removal and tree trimming services we provide. If the branches sit closely to the power lines, or if a colony of bees attached itself to the tree, or the thick branches hang precariously on top of the roof—these take specialized techniques and modern equipment to make it safe for everyone, our personnel included. We will give the best recommendations when a tree is a very tall one, or over 20 feet in height.
With all the difficulties and dangers our professional workers face in their jobs, people might think that we at ChopDoc.com charge excessive fees for our tree services in Atascocita, TX. That's not true. No tree is too tall and no tree poses too much problems for our expert workers. Our track record will speak for ourselves. We don't even factor in the computation in the risks that our workers face when cutting and pruning branches because we think that's par for the course. We do not charge a flat rate since each service brings its own set of expertise and equipment, which has different price tags.
Before we cut even a small branch, we make sure that the tree service in Atascocita, TX, that we're about to do would not cause harm to you and the community. If you see vertical cracks, seams, dead branch stubs and large cavities, these are signs of internal decay.


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Shareably
Boyan Slat's Ocean Cleaning Device Sets Sail This Summer
By D.G. Sciortino
Contributor at Shareably
Boyan Slat was 16-years-old when he saw more plastic than fish while driving through waters in Greece.
So, he decided to dedicate his high school project to learn more about ocean pollution and how he could solve this problem.
By the time he was 18-years-old, he told a TEDx talk audience that he was going to develop a passive system to clean up oceans using ocean currents. In 2013 he started The Ocean Cleanup.
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YouTube Screenshot Source: YouTube Screenshot
And now at age 23, thanks to millions in crowdfunding, his organization will launch devices to help clean up the Great Pacific Ocean Patch.
Slat is proof that all it takes is one person with a dream to change the world.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a swath of ocean between California and Hawaii where about 600,000 miles are covered in plastic and garbage. It kills about 100,000 animals across 700 species annually, My Modern Met reports.
Wikipedia Source: Wikipedia
"Once plastic enters the marine food web, there is a possibility that it will contaminate the human food chain as well. Efforts to clean and eradicate ocean plastic have also caused significant financial burdens," "The Ocean Cleanup website explains.
That's why Slat's plan is so appealing because it is so simple.
The Ocean Cleanup system contains a U-shaped screen and floaters made from high-density polyethylene. It can trap garbage as small as 1 centimeter.
boyanslat Source: boyanslat
The floaters allow the screen to stay buoyant as it drifts with the natural currents of the ocean.
The trash will later be collected by ships and brought to land to be properly disposed of or recycled.
"The speed the plastic arrives at our moving systems is substantially lower than at a fixed structure having a positive impact on our systems' capture efficiency," the website says.
theoceancleanup Source: theoceancleanup
The Ocean Cleanup's efforts will start in the San Francisco Bay in July and they claim it will be the "largest [ocean] cleanup in history."
They will start on a 120-meter section of the Northern Pacific Ocean before moving on to a 500-meter section.
They hope to launch 60 devices between Hawaii and the north-west coast of the U.S. by 2020. He says the devices will be able to clean up 50 percent of the patch in just five years, according to ABC.net.au.
Critics, however, say that the device will trap marine life and that powerful swells in the North Pacific will destroy the structures and will be added to the floating garbage dump.
The Ocean Cleanup remain undeterred.
"The assembly is going on really well. The first segment, which is 120meterss [long] has been put together and will be towed out for a tow-test in the [San Francisco] Bay area next week," Spokesperson Erika Traskvik said.
Future systems will be made larger to increase the amount that can be captured.
"The second system might be deployed early next year, but then after that, it could go fast," Traskvik said. "So we think that we could get up to 60 systems by 2020."
They are even looking for corporate sponsors.
As the tow test of the 120-meter unit approaches, @boyanslat summarizes what is left to accomplish before we launch the first cleanup system into the Great Pacific Garbage Patch later this summer. – Follow the Road to the Cleanup on our website (link in bio)
A post shared by The Ocean Cleanup (@theoceancleanup) on May 9, 2018 at 9:00am PDT
"They then get their logo on it and they can follow it through an app and through our website," Traskvik explains. "We plan on having a map of where all the systems are, how much plastic they've collected and what the wave and wind conditions are."
Slat hopes that his device can eradicate all ocean debris and that oceans will be plastic free by 2050.
Please SHARE this with your friends and family.
Source: My Modern Met
D.G. Sciortino
hi@shareably.net
Dina is a contributing writer in Shareably. She's based in Connecticut and can be reached at hi@shareably.net.
How boyfriends respond to texts saying "I want a baby"- 49 Hilarious reactions
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Leo I
Aurelian
Home Politics, Law & Government World Leaders Emperors & Empresses
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-I-Roman-emperor
UNRV History - Biography of Leo I
Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors - Biography of Leo I
LookLex Encyclopaedia - Biography of Leo 1
Alternate titles: Leo Thrax Magnus
February 3, 474 (Anniversary in 6 days)
Title / Office:
emperor (457-474), Roman Empire
Leo I, in full Leo Thrax Magnus, (died Feb. 3, 474), Eastern Roman emperor from ad 457 to 474.
Leo was a Thracian who, beginning his career in the army, became a protégé of General Aspar. In proclaiming Leo Eastern emperor at Constantinople (Feb. 7, 457), Aspar expected to use him as a puppet ruler. Leo, who had recognized Majorian as emperor of the West in 457, withheld recognition from Majorian's successor, Libius Severus, in 461. Six years later he installed Anthemius as the Western emperor.
History: Fact or Fiction?
In 468 Leo opened a disastrous joint campaign with Anthemius against the Vandals under King Gaiseric in North Africa. Leo is said to have assembled a fleet of 1,113 ships and to have embarked an army of 100,000 men, but he made the mistake of entrusting the command to Basiliscus, his wife's brother. Gaiseric outwitted Basiliscus and destroyed the Roman fleet. As a result of this defeat the Roman treasury was left nearly bankrupt for a generation.
In matters of the church, Leo was firmly orthodox. Aspar's influence on internal policies persisted for the first few years of Leo's reign. To free himself from the general's control, Leo began to rely on a force of Isaurians from the mountains of southern Anatolia to counterbalance Aspar's German troops. With Aspar's overthrow and murder in 471, Leo's power was unchallenged. In October 473, the year before his death, Leo appointed his grandson, Leo II, as colleague and successor.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Charly Rimsa.


The leader of a security team in the central city of Hue found a satchel packed with nearly US$1780 in cash on Wednesday and immediately mobilized his entire squad to help find the owner.
Vo Le Nhat, director of the Hue Monuments Conservation Center, confirmed the story the same day.
Huynh Ngoc Anh, leader of a security team stationed at the Hue Citadel historical relics, came across a shoulder bag left on the path to the site's main gate while patrolling the area on Wednesday morning and immediately reported it to police officers so that its contents could be searched.
Upon finding VND41 million (US$1780) in cash, some credit cards, a South Korean passport, and other valuables inside, Anh mobilized his whole squad to find the owner before he left Hue.
Using the name on the passport, the team was able to locate South Korean man Kim Seong Ki and return the lost assets to their owner.
Kim expressed his gratitude to the security personnel of the Hue Monuments Conservation Center, sharing that he panicked the moment he realized he had lost his bag and the important items inside.
"This is a beautiful action that carries a lot of meaning," he said with delight.


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IPBES: An Unbearable Burden
By S.Faizi
Surplus income of some countries and under-employed experts when combined together can create global havocs. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is one such havoc. It is an unnecessary duplication of existing organisations and can do more harm than good in furthering the triple objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Perhaps that is what it is meant to be.
There is no serious reason for emulating the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model, as when IPCC was established the climate change issue was a fairly recent realization, where as there are indeed several more than half a century old international organisations working on biodiversity issues. There is no dearth of international organisations and initiatives, including multilateral ones, working on species issues, protected areas, ecosystem management, strategy issues, policy matters and so on, and there is no genuine need for a new forum like this and hence CBD's cooperation with IPBES is totally unwarranted. It is also important to note that IPBES comes at a time when funds for implementation of CBD are hard to come through, with the last meeting of the CBD's Conference of Parties (CoP) witnessing the European Union seeking to block CoP decision that have a financial implication.
The French has been itching for IPBES for quite some time now. The International Mechanism of Scientific Expertise on Biodiversity (IMoSEB), a well funded French government initiative has metamorphosed into IPBES in an illegitimate way at a rapid speed. I had a lengthy debate on IMoSEB with its co-chairs, with the CBD Alliance membership in the loop, in 2007; they were not able to give any convincing reason for IMoSEB or its anticipated metamorphosis into IPBES. My primary concern is about its implicit assumption that biodiversity management is hamstrung by the lack of scientific knowledge, which is patently wrong. To take the case of CBD, we have a well formulated treaty on hand but its implementation is impeded by the lack of political will and by lack of adequate resources. We have huge volumes of data already available on biodiversity as well as its piracy, but that is not leading to the logical solutions to the issues. The IPBES can only add to the chaos and confusion, and divert attention from the need to remain focused on the enforcement of CBD. This also gives added burden to the fund starved developing countries to attend another endless series of meetings, or to extend dependence on western charity.
IPBES also makes a joke of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific Technical and Technological Affairs (SBSTTA) established to provide scientific, policy and technological issues to the CoP, and is under the direct oversight of the CoP. IPBES is apparently an attempt to subvert the SBSTTA; indeed what we need is the strengthening of the SBSTTA, not undermining it. However, that is not the intention of the IPBES lobby; in fact they would like to contribute to undermine the hard negotiated CBD itself. In their IMoSEB incarnation they have explicitly argued against the founding principle of CBD, namely, the recognition of national sovereign rights over biodiversity, in an information document distributed at the 2006 CBD CoP. In fact it was inappropriate on the part of the CBD Secretariat to have had such a document that challenged the founding principle of the very convention circulated in any official manner.
The Convention had established SBSTTAexactly for the purpose that IPBES seeks to serve, and it does not need a competing duplicate that has no accountability to the CoP. There is no need for CBD to engage with IPBES when no need for such a forum was ever been raised within the CBD deliberations. That was why countries like China and Brazil expressed serious concern about this idea of unjustified engagement at CoP11. My own statement in Working Group II, as observer, elicited a lot of support from civil society and Parties, though I must admit that the civil society has not yet fully woken up to the threat that IPBES bears.
Vigilance is needed to thwart attempts to digress CBD from its implementation focus, using extra-Convention means.
S.Faizi. is member of the CBD Expert Group on Biodiversity and Development, the Board of the CBD Alliance, and had been a negotiator in the CBD formulation meetings. biodiversity@rediffmail.com


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History of saffron flower | From A to Z
Posted on August 19, 2020 March 7, 2022 by Admin
Saffron flower was known in the past as Zarparan, meaning a flower whose petal look like gold. It dates back to 3500 years ago. Saffron flower has long been the most expensive spice in the world, although some doubts remain about its origin, but it is believed that saffron flower originated in Iran, yet Greece and Mesopotamia are possible areas of origin of this plant.
There is also a wild species of this plant that has its roots in Central Asia. But about 90% of saffron production is related to Iran. The aroma and flavor of saffron flower is related to the chemicals produced in this plant, and this plant has pigments inside that transfer its golden yellow color to the dishes. The origin of this plant dates back to the seventh century BC.
Saffron plays an important role in different areas and countries. In Greece, this plant has a long history and dates back to the pre-Bronze Age. In the past, saffron flowers were picked and used as an herbal medicine. The ancient inhabitants of the Mediterranean region collected saffron around the coastal city and because of its high quality, saffron was used in the production of perfumes and medicines. It was also used to treat gastrointestinal and kidney diseases of Assyrian and Babylonian saffron.
Saffron-based pigments are found in our prehistoric paintings, which are used to depict animals in a 50,000-year-old cave in present-day Iraq. Later, the Sumerians used saffron as a substance in their medicines and magic potions. However, the Sumerians did not actively cultivate saffron flower. Instead, they decided to collect only the flowers of this plant. Because they felt that only divine intervention could activate the medicinal properties of saffron. Such a thing in fact shows evidence that saffron is the prelude to long-distance trade before reaching the culture of the Minoan palace of Crete, which peaked in the second millennium BC. Saffron was also celebrated as a sweet spice more than three thousand years ago in Tanakh worship.
Applications of saffron flower
Saffron flower was used by doctors and physicians in the treatment of gastric bleeding and urinary tract infections. Saffron was also used as a dye for royal clothes, in public places such as courts and halls, etc. Saffron was used as a perfume. In ancient Iran, especially in the city of Isfahan, for the treatment of soda, they drank saffron and tea. Also in this vast country, saffron has been found in the fabric of royal carpets and funeral shrouds.
Many studies show that saffron was popularized by the Iranian rulers in India. During the Achaemenid period, Cyrus the Great believed that saffron heals wounds. The plant was also used in Asian forests by Alexander the Great and his soldiers. Alexander himself bathed in hot water by mixing saffron. This plant was also imported to China by the Mongols and saffron is mentioned in Chinese medical books.
Also, with the arrival of saffron in Afghanistan, Afghans have started cultivating saffron instead of opium. In Europe, the source of cultivation was probably in Spain. This product was and is so valuable that pirates in the past refused to carry gold and carried saffron with them.
In France, saffron flower production was high in the 17th and 18th centuries, but over time due to cold and fungal problems, the production of this plant decreased and only a few royal families used it.
With the entry of industry into some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the production of saffron decreased and these countries turned to the production of other products such as chocolate, vanilla, etc. But in some countries, because this product has a long history, such as France and Spain, its production remained. Almost all saffron grows in a belt from Spain in the west to Kashmir in the east. Except for Antarctica, other continents produce smaller quantities. In 2014, 250 tons of this valuable plant were produced worldwide.
Saffron cultivation in Afghanistan increased dramatically in the 21st century. Azerbaijan and Morocco are reducing production, respectively. In Italy, saffron is produced primarily in southern Italy, especially in the Abruzzo region, but also grows in significant numbers in Basilicata. Sardinia, Tuscany (especially in San Gimingano) is also cultivated. High labor costs and abundant Iranian imports have somewhat limited the production of this product in these areas.
This means that only the selected location is the harvest. In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, including the Swedish village of Mund, this plant is cultivated so that its annual production reaches several kilograms. Saffron can be grown in Australia (mainly Tasmania), Canada, Central Africa, China, Egypt, parts of England, France, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Sweden (Gotland), Turkey (mostly around Safranblo), the United States ( California and Pennsylvania). Greece is a saffron producer with a history of 3 centuries of saffron cultivation named Crocus Kouzanis, which has been exporting to the United States since 2017.
Planting saffron in Iran
Today, saffron is planted in Khorasan Razavi, Neishabour, Torbat Heydariyeh, Qayen etc., and recently in other provinces.
Like Tabriz, Lorestan and Isfahan, saffron flower is planted and harvested. Also it grows better in cold climates than in the tropics. The colder the region, the higher the quality of its saffron.
We offer the best Iranian saffron (Super Negin) with high quality. To purchase our product you may visit this page. It is worth mentioning that our saffron has passed SAI CHIMIE standard tests.
Recipe of saffron cupcakes | For beginners
Recipe of saffron paella | Using Iranian saffron


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WebMD explains what medications are available to treat dementia. When someone you care about has dementia, their memory loss is affecting What it does: Memantine could help improve memory, attention, reasoning. Certain vitamins and fatty acids may help prevent memory loss. Learn A study in JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association found that high . These drugs should always be tapered, under medical supervision. I've noticed lately some memory loss and I've lost 50 pound since February, which my .
The scary side effect of memory loss is a possibility for many commonly prescribed medications. A healthy diet might be as good for your brain as it is for your heart. Eat fruits, vegetables Treatment will depend on what's contributing to your memory loss. Your doctor will review your medical history and symptoms and conduct a . Learn as much as you can about memory loss, dementia and. If you're experiencing memory loss, Learn how these 10 drugs can cause more informed about medication usage and interactions, and be better health care.
This entry was posted in Capital on 07.10.2018 by Marr.


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Arsenal Charged By English FA With Misconduct
James Agberebi January 7, 2023 2 min read
Premier League leaders Arsenal have been charged with misconduct by the Football Association following Tuesday's feisty draw against Newcastle.
Arsenal surrendered their 100% home record after a 0-0 draw against Newcastle which boiled over in the closing stages after the Gunners were denied a 95th minute penalty.
Both referee Andy Madley and the VAR adjudged Jacob Murphy to have accidentally handballed Granit Xhaka's cross which prompted a furious response from Arsenal manager Mikel Arteta.
The Spaniard had already been riled by Madley's decision to add on just five additional minutes despite a series of stoppages for substitutions and alleged timewasting from Newcastle goalkeeper Nick Pope.
Madley was confronted by several Arsenal players after he opted against pointing to the spot and the protests continued after the final whistle which has led to an FA chrage.
Also Read: Iwobi To Have Scan On Ankle Injury
"Arsenal FC have been charged with a breach of FA rule E20.1 following their Premier League match against Newcastle United FC on Tuesday, January 3 2023," the statement read.
"It is alleged that Arsenal FC failed to ensure their players conducted themselves in an orderly fashion in the 95th minute, and the club have until Tuesday, January 10 2023 to respond."
Arteta has been heavily criticised for his touchline antics and was branded a clown by former Chelsea striker Chris Sutton.
Newcastle boss Eddie Howe, meanwhile, has hit back at accusations that his side were guilty of time wasting.
The former Bournemouth gaffer insisted his team are not in the business of winning any popularity contests as they continue their unlikely top four charge.
"We are not here to be popular and to get other teams to like us. We are here to compete and to compete, we have to give everything to try and get a positive result.
"I've got no issue saying that. That is our job and that's what we're going to try and continue to do."
Leicester Pip Gillingham In FA Cup Third Round
Akpom' s Goal Not Enough As Brighton Thrash Middlesbrough


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Including ... Tom Givens on Armed Defense Skill Priorities • President's Message • Letter to the Editor • In George Zimmerman's Own Words • Attorney Question of the Month • DVD Review • Networking Column • Editorial • About this Journal
Armed Defense Skill Priorities
An Interview with Tom Givens
Network Advisory Board member Tom Givens is rightfully among the top firearms trainers in the nation and his classes in Memphis, TN could not be needed more by the residents of one of America's most violent metropolitan areas. Givens spent 25 years in law enforcement and specialized security work, with duties ranging from investigations to street patrol to training, then in 1996, became owner/operator of Rangemaster in Memphis (http://www.rangemaster.com/).
As an instructor, Givens may well hold the record for most private citizen students involved in self-defense incidents. It is testament to the efficacy of his training that a very high percentage prevailed, many telling Givens their story afterwards, from which he has fine-tuned his training to give others the benefit of hard experience.
Givens periodically teaches instructor development programs and at the end of one such event, we had the opportunity to interview him. We'll switch now to Q&A format, in hopes of preserving some of the tone and humor of this outstanding instructor.
eJournal: What do you think are the top three skill deficits or shooter errors you see in practitioners of defensive pistol craft? What are the cures or solutions?
Givens: I would say there is one major error in three different areas. Most people commit one of these basic errors in the area of mindset or mental preparation, in equipment and in skills. Not everybody does all three, some people do one, some people do the other, and some people do the third.
The first one is mindset. Even people who carry a gun spend a great deal of time trying to convince themselves that violent crime will never happen to them. I think that is the biggest mistake that people make. It's not just an assumption, but almost a religious fervor when they say, "I don't work in bad neighborhoods, I don't do drugs, I don't go out late at night, and I don't do this and I don't do that, and so this will never happen to me!"
"It will never happen to me" is probably the most dangerous phrase you could ever utter!
Above: Givens is an engaging public speaker, mixing large quantities of information with a seasoning of humor.
It sets your mind up for frozen-up inaction when it does actually come, because you spent so much time, so much mental energy, trying to convince yourself that it won't happen. When it does then you are stuck in a denial loop where you can do absolutely nothing about it in the time frame that is allotted.
Now, violent crime happens very quickly and there is not a lot of time to stand around and try to get past "I can't believe this is actually happening to me" and then actually get moving. In the time it takes to say "I can't believe this is happening to me" you've just wasted a second and a half of your response time and then you do not have a whole lot of time left. These things do not go on for minutes; they are over in seconds for the most part, so you have got to start moving.
When you watch surveillance camera video of assaults, they happen very quickly. The person is there, and BOOM! They do what they want to do. Their goal is to get to you, get what they want from you, and get away from you, without getting caught or injured.
For a long time, my job involved talking to crime victims, interviewing them, trying to figure out what happened, so we could find who did it.
Above: Givens shown conducting an instructor development course at The Firearms Academy of Seattle, Inc. recently.
I'd go to the hospital and talk to people who had been seriously injured by bad guys and I would always ask them all the standard questions: what did the guy look like, and did they see a weapon, did they see a partner, did they see a vehicle and in what direction did they leave? I would always make a point to ask them what was the last thing that went through your mind before the lights went out, and it was typically, "I couldn't believe this was actually happening to me," or "Why would somebody want to hurt me?" I would submit to you that those are not very useful things to dwell on while somebody is trying to kill you or cripple you.
Let's look at them separately: "I can't believe this is happening to me." Well, why the hell not? It happens to somebody every few minutes in the U.S. Go to the F.B.I.'s website and from it link to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&;tid=3). They believe that there are about 5½ million violent crimes a year in the United States. 5½ million is one for every 55 people.
So instead of "I can't believe this is happening to me," your mental response has to be, "Well, now it is my turn." That is a completely different response!
We can't get back the time we waste thinking, "I can't believe this is happening to me." In a fight, time is your most precious commodity. When people lose fights, it is not because they run out of ammo; it is because they run out of time. You run out of time doing what John Farnam calls "dithering," standing there in that denial loop of "I can't believe this is happening to me."
The first step is almost like a revival meeting, you have got to open up and internalize and accept that yes, this can happen to me. It happens to somebody every few minutes; it happens to one out of every 55 people in the country every stinkin' year, so why wouldn't it happen to me? Of course, it could happen to me, so I need to be mentally prepared as well as physically prepared to deal with it.
I've been chosen twice to be an armed robbery victim myself. It didn't work out for them either time, because instead of saying, "I can't believe this is happening to me," I said, "I need to do something about this!" That's a completely different mindset.
The other half of that is asking, "Why would someone want to hurt me?" Well, who cares? What difference does that make? We can dissect motivation later at our leisure. Right now, the only salient point is that this dude's trying to hurt you and you've got to stop him. Instead of, "Why would this guy want to hurt me," the simple declarative statement is, "This guy is trying to hurt me. I have got to make him stop."
So those are the mental issues. The biggest, most often committed mistake I see is that lack of understanding and that lack of acceptance that you may well have to use that firearm in self defense.
eJournal: Let's talk about solutions. How can training help people resolve the mental errors?
Givens: I think instructors have to point out the actual realities rather than just say, "You know, there are bad guys out there."
All you have to do is go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics or the Uniform Crime Reporting system and look to see what actually happens. Look at the crime tallies for your own area, break it down by population and see what the actual threat level is.
In my city, you have about a one in eighty chance of being the victim of an aggravated assault this year alone. There are 7,500 of those, a couple thousand rapes, and five or six thousand armed robberies, so when you break it all down, you have a one in twenty chance of being involved in a violent crime this year in my city; about one in fifty in the country as a whole.
Instead of it being some arcane, theoretical issue, it is real. This is going to happen to you tonight; this is going to happen to you tomorrow and you don't have any way of knowing that in advance. Most people are blissfully unaware of that. Most people are what I call willfully ignorant. They not only don't know, they don't want to know and so they make no attempt to find out. One of our jobs as instructors is to make them understand.
eJournal: On the range do you teach drills designed to prevent the paralysis of disbelief?
Givens: We start fairly early on with graphic targets that are actual, photographic representations of human beings pointing a deadly weapon at you. I think that's important. You carry a gun to defend yourself against human beings, so you need to shoot some targets that look like actual human beings and I don't mean a black silhouette like a B-27, I mean a photographic representation that looks like a person with evil intent, with opposing will, pointing a weapon at you.
I think if we shoot those enough it helps internalize that we carry a gun to shoot people with, which is a big step for a lot of people. A lot of people who carry a gun, frankly have not considered that they may have to shoot someone with it. The time to sort that out is not while the dude tries to kill you.
eJournal: You mentioned three areas of concern. What is the next one?
Givens: Equipment. People are just absolutely convinced that they have to have some microscopic pistol to carry it concealed. We both know that is baloney.
Right now, you and I are driving along in your car on our way to conduct business in town. You've got a Commander-sized 1911 on; I've got a Glock 35 on. I'll give you a $100 bill if anyone in the business even looks at either one of us. 99% of the people in today's society don't even notice that you are on the same planet with them, much less look you over carefully for bumps and bulges! And what's everybody got on their waistlines now? PDAs, phones, Blackberries, iPads. I see people all the time with multiple devices hung on their belt.
eJournal: Have we become too paranoid about being "made" while carrying concealed handguns?
Givens: Entirely so! I travel all over the country as you know–I'm 2,400 miles from home right now–I've been wearing one or two guns every stinking day for the past 42 years and I've NEVER been challenged. Not one time. I've never been stopped, I've never been hassled, I've never been questioned about it, because I keep it concealed, it's my own business. I get on with life! During that whole time frame, it has been a full-sized 1911 or a 4-inch K-frame revolver or a Glock 35, and it just simply isn't a problem.
When people first start carrying a gun, they feel like they have a neon sign hanging around their neck, "Hey, look at me! I've got a gun!"
That's because you know its there, not because anybody else knows it is there.
Let me give you a perfect example of this: Very few children are born wearing shoes; they typically don't have any. When they reach toddlerhood, their parents go to the store and try to find something they think the child will be comfortable in. Then they go home and they stick them on the child, and what does the child immediately do? Screams! Throws a fit, has a tantrum, and kicks them off. The responsible adult puts them back on and repeats the process a number of times. Gradually the tantrums become less intense and eventually after a couple of weeks the child leaves them on. Now, as an adult, you go through your daily routine and you don't stop now and then, look down and say, "Holy Crap! I've got shoes on!" You just wear them all day; you don't think about them.
Well, when you first put that pistol on, it's a novel stimulus, just like the shoes on that baby. It is a novel stimulus, which is the one thing human beings hate worse than anything else, so you think it is uncomfortable, it's big, it's bulky, and it's in the way! Waaah! Get it off! And then some responsible adult has to make you put it back on and then you wear it for a few weeks, and then it is just like your shoes. You don't stop in the middle of the day and say, "Geez! I've got a gun on," you just wear it all day like your shoes. I think for most people, they don't actually make enough of an effort to carry a decent gun on a routine basis to get past the novel stimulus. Concealment is really not so much an issue of gun size as it is of proper holster selection.
I think the place where most people who carry a micro gun screw up is that they think the primary purpose of my pistol is to be comfortable and concealed. No, the primary purpose of your pistol is to fight for your life in a sudden, unforeseen crisis. So, when that crisis presents itself, that little, bitty gun is hard to grab in a hurry, it is hard to handle correctly, it's hard to hit anything with, it doesn't hold many bullets, and when you hit somebody with it, it doesn't hurt much. It's not the optimum thing to fight with. If a fight starts, I want the biggest gun I can get with the most bullets I can get in it and the biggest bullets I can stuff in it.
I've been to a lot of shootings over the years and seen a lot of people hit with small caliber guns who are standing there talking to me while we wait for the paramedics. Not a good idea, really.
An acquaintance of mine shot a guy twice in the chest with a .380 whereupon the guy gutted him with a Buck knife, drove himself to the hospital and the doctor told me he said, "I think I've been shot." Well, if your assailant THINKS he's been shot, you didn't do it right.
I think carrying a small, inadequate pistol may be better than nothing, but I'm not really sure about that. You might be better to just take off running instead of shooting somebody with a thoroughly inadequate gun.
eJournal: If we consider ourselves armed, but the gun is seriously inadequate, we may act with unfounded confidence.
Givens: I think unfounded confidence is a good way to put it. That's not something I'd like to bet my life on. What do I need a gun for? Have that introspective conversation that few people ever have: "Why am I putting this gun on today? Because I might have to shoot somebody today."
That's why you're putting it on. If you don't recognize the possibility of having to shoot somebody today, then why on earth are you carrying a gun?
eJournal: That acknowledgement will bring many people up short, because we are so passive, or some might say peace loving.
Givens: No, the problem is in trying to be politically correct. If I get a bunch of newbies in for a permit class, I'll ask them, "Why do you want to carry a gun?" I'll get a bunch of euphemistic answers. One will say self defense, one will say personal security, and another will say family safety. Those are all euphemisms. You carry a gun because you might have to shoot somebody. You really need to think about that and internalize it.
We don't say that flippantly. We don't go around arbitrarily shooting people. You shoot people under very narrow, specific circumstances in which they pose an immediate, and otherwise unavoidable deadly threat to you or somebody for whom you are responsible.
But think about that, if you reach for a pistol only because there is a deadly threat to you or somebody you love, you better have a pistol you can fix it with. I've interviewed an awful lot of people after gun fights and I've never had anybody say to me, "You know, when the bullets started coming back this way, I wished I had a smaller, less powerful pistol with less ammo in it."
One of the things we do in training is reintroduce the reality of why we carry a gun, and to put a sense of urgency into it. Maybe you'll never need it, but if you do need it, you are going to need it horribly and maybe it is going to be your life at stake.
I saw a tagline the other day on an Internet forum that I thought was just incredibly bright. It said, "It's not the odds. It's the stakes." And boy, there's a lot of wisdom in that statement.
We don't carry the gun because of the odds we're going to need it today. We carry it because the stakes are our own life or the life of a loved one. That is what we are literally betting. So if you go out unarmed or you go out inadequately armed, you are betting your life, you are betting your children's lives, you are betting your spouse's life. I am not willing to bet the lives of the people I love on some tiny, little pocket rocket.
eJournal: And that is the bottom line. Now, you mentioned a third failing. Shall we move on to that?
Givens: The third one is, "I don't need professional training." Not too long ago, I was out to dinner with a bunch of other instructors. We had two instructors in from Gunsite who were visiting, two instructors from a military organization that does pretty good shooting, two from a local law enforcement agency and my wife and myself. We were all sitting around talking and the topic came up, "What sound just really terrifies you? What sound makes shivers go down your body and makes you just wish you could run away?" Unanimously, our decision about what was really frightening to us was the phrase, "Hell, I grew up around guns."
For us professional instructors, the one thing that strikes terror into our hearts is to hear Bubba say, "Well, hell, I grew up around guns. I don't need no training."
Above: At a recent instructor development class, Givens gives the fire command with his whistle.
Unfortunately, that is awfully damned common. People think, "Daddy taught me to shoot a pistol when I was eleven. What on earth could you teach me?"
eJournal: Well, let's answer their question. I'll play Bubba. "What on earth could you teach me?"
Givens: Well, I could teach you the rules of engagement so that you don't go to prison over stupid things. That might be a good start.
I could teach you how to correctly manipulate your pistol. I could teach you how to reload it if it runs out and fix it if it malfunctions. That would be useful.
I could teach you how to direct bullets from point A to point B and hit what you intend to hit instead of a family member. That could be somewhat useful.
I could teach you to quickly and reliably hit smaller or partially obscured targets, rather than a huge B-27 silhouette standing still in the open. That would be useful. I could go on and think of other things that I bet Daddy didn't teach you to do when you were eleven.
eJournal: Still, there are an awful lot of Americans who have guns but haven't pursued formal training.
Givens: The person that thinks he knows everything there is to know about this is going to be in for some real shocks if he gets into the wrong fight.
Another mistake people make is looking at the "average" fight. Average doesn't really mean squat, because to have an average you have to have numbers above and numbers below, and usually the average doesn't give you any kind of an adequate representation. To give you an example, look at a DVD that I made that goes over ten shootings that our students have been involved in. We've had 60 students involved in armed confrontations with criminals, so a few years ago we pulled out ten of those cases which are just a broad, representative cross-section and made a professionally-produced DVD. It is a detailed debrief on ten private citizens' self-defense shootings that are a representative cross sampling of what actually happens to people.
In one shooting, which was kind of unusual circumstances, one of our students actually had to shoot a man 22 yards away who was firing at the student and some children around our student. He had to shoot from the middle of his own yard to the sidewalk on the far side of the street and hit this guy. He fired one shot hitting and stopping the threat at a measured 22 yards. That's kind of an exceptional shooting, but they do happen.
Below [L-R]: Network President Marty Hayes with Lynn and Tom Givens. Hayes participated in Givens' instructor development class and provided the rest of the photographs used in this article.
In another instance, our student fired eleven rounds into a suspect less than the length of his car away. The suspect was standing at the door of the car and our student was standing at the back bumper. He fired eleven rounds, all eleven of which hit the suspect and fixed that particular problem.
If you average those two fights out, it was six shots at eleven yards–nowhere near the reality of either fight–which is exactly the problem with averages. Averages don't represent what actually happened at all, so one of the things we try to get people to do is not train to a mythical average.
Train to the typical fight, which is a completely different thing. A typical fight is that which happens most often. That is an assailant at somewhere around three, four or five steps where you have a real time pressure, because any one-eyed, three-fingered jackass can hit you at three, four or five steps if you let them get off enough shots. The idea is to be able to produce your weapon quickly, and get immediate, first-round hits reliably, and that is something most people can't do without training.
eJournal: Of course, defensive firearm training is a lot more than quick draw!
Givens: Actually, training falls into two categories. You need initial training in order to learn how to correctly present the gun from the holster, safely, efficiently and quickly. Safely means without shooting yourself or somebody else in the process of getting the gun out. Quickly, of course, means in a small amount of time and efficiently means into a firing platform where you can actually get hits with those first, few shots.
Since these fights happen typically at close range in a very small amount of time, we really need to get hits with those first rounds, and the next couple of rounds after that and that is a skill that has to be acquired and has to be taught to you.
Rapid, accurate shooting, the ability to reload the gun if it runs out, the ability to fix malfunctions if it malfunctions–the gun is more likely to malfunction in a fight than in a plinking environment 'cause you may not be standing straight upright on a nice clean range with a nice, clean pistol, so you need to know how to fix those things–those are some of the things we address in initial training.
But you also need to have sustainment training. Shooting is a perishable skill and if you don't practice, you're not going to be able to maintain any skill level, and if you practice, errors creep in over time and you get sloppy with techniques, so refresher training is important from that perspective.
Let's take driving a car. Even though they drive a car every day, most people don't drive a car terribly well, because they weren't trained correctly and they don't get sustainment training on it, but they get by with it because they drive a car on a daily basis. Very few people shoot on a daily basis.
To use that car analogy, let's say that you don't know how to drive a car. Somebody spends eight hours–and that's all, eight hours–teaching you how to drive a car, and then you never drive that car again for months or years, but you've got the keys hanging there on the wall by the door. The theory is that if there is a sudden, life-threatening crisis that only you can fix, grab those keys, jump in the car and drive off at 100 miles an hour. Somebody who didn't know how to drive, only had eight hours of driving training, and hasn't driven in the last two or three years, is going to have a really hard time doing that.
It is the same with a gun. You take eight hours of training with a pistol, you learn the basic manipulations, and then you don't handle the gun, you don't shoot, you don't practice, you don't get your sustainment training, and two or three years down the pike you need that gun RIGHT NOW!
In the next couple of seconds, you are either going to live or die. If you really expect to pull that off, I'd suggest that you might be a little optimistic.
So that's exactly where we are at with the handgun. We've got to get initial training so we can do things correctly, and then have sustainment training so we continue to do things correctly and we know how to do things without having to stop, review and refresh during a fight. There is not going to be time to do that. You have to be able to pick up the gun and go now, so initial training and sustainment training are critically important.
I suggest people that are serious take a basic-level class from somebody about once a year. As a professional instructor who has been doing this literally for decades, I try to take at least one class a year from somebody else so I can see how they do things and refresh my own skills.
Basic skills are what win fights. People always want to take advanced classes. As my friend John Farnam says, people always show up asking when do we get to jump out of the flaming helicopters? Typically, these people can't perform the most simple, elementary manipulations with their guns but they want to play.
I would much rather that you get the basics down. Basics executed well and on demand is what its all about. The typical gunfight doesn't require a lot of advanced skill. It requires the skill of getting the gun out right now and getting reliable hits right now under a great deal of pressure. Those are basic skills, but they are really what it's all about.
People who just buy a gun and put it in the sock drawer and think, "Well, now I'm safe because I've got a gun," really have not thought the problem through. Jeff Cooper once said you are no more a musician because you bought a piano, than you are a gunman because you bought a gun. There is a great deal of truth to that. You can't buy personal safety. You have to earn it. You have to put in the time, put in the effort and learn how to actually take back control of your life.
That is essentially what we are talking about. We are talking about taking control of your own life. I can decide what people do and don't do to me. That is something that I insist on being able to do. It baffles me that some people are willing to live at the whim of other people. I don't carry a gun so I can enforce my will on others; I carry a gun so other people can't impose their will on me. There is a huge difference.
eJournal: We've covered a lot of ground in this conversation but have run out of time. Do you have any closing thoughts for Network members?
Givens: Take training seriously. Remember, it can happen to you. If you accept and internalize that one thing, you'll probably be OK.
eJournal: Well, that gives us an awful lot to think about and get to work on. Thank you for taking the time to share your knowledge and experience with us. I really appreciate it.
CLE instructor panel seen at front of classroom at MN CLE seminar [L-R] Marty Hayes, Massad Ayoob and James Fleming.
by Network President Marty Hayes
It is a short message this month, primarily because I have so much work to get done. Besides, I have written extensively on legal matters elsewhere in this edition of the eJournal. However, I did want to give an update on the first Network Continuing Legal Education seminar for attorneys, which we presented June 19 and 20, 2012.
Held near Minneapolis, MN in the little town of Eden Prairie, and hosted by Network Advisory Board Member Jim Fleming, the two-day CLE course came off without a hitch. We had 23 participants, all of whom gave us compliments on the critiques of our first attempt. What I've been eager to share with you, our members, is the information that we had more ACLDN members than attorneys present! There was even a group of instructors from the State of Nebraska who drove about six hours to make it to class on the first day.
I want to personally thank the attorneys who set aside two days of their busy work schedules to attend, as well as thanking those Network members who recognized the value of this type of training for armed citizens. For these instructors and Network members, we hope the information we shared opened their eyes to the legal system. They were able to interact with attorneys who regularly practice the legal trade in court. The atmosphere in the classroom was very welcoming and warm, and the attorneys did not seem wigged out at all about sitting with a group of ACLDN members.
It was, all in all, a successful event and we hope that Network members on the West Coast and especially those in the Pacific Northwest will consider attending the CLE seminar we have scheduled on July 24 and 25, 2012 in Seattle, WA.
As a Network member, I enjoy and value the comments and evaluations you do of defensive shooting cases. I don't know if you have heard of the case in Houston where Raul Rodriguez, a CHL holder, has been convicted of murder (but not yet sentenced) in a case where he relied on Texas' Stand Your Ground law and claimed self defense. For details see http://www.chron.com/default/article/Video-taken-night-of-fatal-shooting-shown-to-3611376.php, http://www.chron.com/default/article/Houston-trial-focusing-on-stand-your-ground-law-3621862.php, http://www.chron.com/default/article/Concealed-handgun-license-at-heart-of-Rodriguez-3632270.php and http://www.chron.com/default/article/Neighbors-testify-about-harassment-by-Rodriguez-3635847.php
I think an evaluation of this case could be very educational to members of the Network.
1. It brings up that preparing yourself for the legal fallout of a defensive shooting will be spun as evidence that you were "looking to shoot someone." If a Network member does go to trial, it's entirely possible that the prosecution will try to spin that Network membership as planning to shoot someone.
2. Mr. Rodriguez took a cell phone, a video camera and his handgun when he went out to tell his neighbors to turn down the music at a late night birthday party. I'm sure he thought he was covering his bases and documenting that he WAS justified in using deadly force, but the video footage was the main thing that sank him. Video shows that he stood there filming when he could have retreated. His voice remains calm throughout the whole thing, including when he's saying, "I'm in fear for my life." I think he is very definitely hitting key code words from CHL training for the benefit of the camera.
3. Just because you have a legal right to stand your ground does not mean you SHOULD. Mr. Rodriguez was cast as the aggressor who initiated the event (as is being done in the Zimmerman case), which would invalidate his Stand Your Ground defense. It is always preferable to retreat if you can safely do so. Even if Mr. Rodriguez had been acquitted, he'd still lose two years of his life and spend a fortune in legal fees when he could have simply walked away: a Pyrrhic victory at best.
4. What you do will affect other people who act in self defense, just as previous people's actions affect you. Mr. Rodriguez's trial came right when the nation was worked up over the Trayvon Martin shooting. Likewise, Mr. Rodriguez's case gives anti-gun advocates more ammo in calling for repeal of Stand Your Ground laws. Acquittal may be harder for the next defensive shooter because of the Rodriguez case, or a good person may decide not to be prepared to defend himself because of this trial. As a concealed handgun licensee, you are a de facto ambassador for the entire pro-gun, pro-defense community; act like it.
Network President Marty Hayes responds–
Please understand that all I know about this case comes from reading the referenced news articles (which we all know can be entirely misleading) and watching the referenced video. Having said that, I believe the outcome of the trial is probably the correct one because that jury, many of them likely gun owners themselves, heard and saw all the evidence. What I would like to know is did the defendant get a self-defense jury instruction or was that instruction disallowed by the trial judge because of Mr. Rodriguez's initial actions in provoking the altercation?
Now, a bit more about your observations on the Rodriguez case, numbered to make it easier to follow.
1. To answer your question, "Is Network membership likely to be evidence that you were looking to shoot someone?" I think the proper response to this line of questioning, would be, "Counselor, I joined the Network because I foresaw the likelihood of being wrongfully prosecuted for a legitimate act of self defense." Of course, if the prosecutor wants to make Network membership an issue at trial, then he or she has opened the door for the defense to introduce a whole bunch of Network affiliated materials and perhaps even testimony from myself as Network president about the nature and purpose of the Network. It would be interesting to see how that would play out in court! In fact, that line of thought is so interesting that we will address this very question in an upcoming Network Affiliated Attorney question of the month.
2. Rodriguez' words betrayed him. He did not appear to be in fear for his life, elsewise he would not have stuck around. Any reasonable person would simply have gone back home, but he, feeling he had a right to be where he was, stood to argue. As I was watching and listening, I was thinking "what a putz."
3. Absolutely correct, Chris. The use of deadly force in self defense should be reserved for when you have to shoot, not when you think you can legally shoot. If you go to trial, merely relying upon the wording of the statutory law is not enough. At trial 12 people will decide if your actions were that of a reasonable person. If you cannot convince the jury that under the same circumstances, they would have likely done the same thing, then you will probably lose in court.
4. Agreed. And even more importantly, any court decision has the ability to be taken to the next level, the appellate level, where judge-made law trumps statutory law. It would not surprise me in the least if this conviction, when appealed, results in a narrowing of rights for armed citizens in Texas.
Thanks for the questions and observations, Chris.
Marty Hayes
In George Zimmerman's Own Words
On June 19, after a court decision to publicly release Zimmerman's statements to investigating officers, George Zimmerman's attorneys released the written, audio and video recorded statements at gzlegalcase.com. All the raw statements can be viewed at that website, but for those who do not wish to take the time to review them all, I will summarize them here.
The Written Statement
Immediately following the incident, Zimmerman wrote a witness statement for law enforcement investigators. In this statement, he told the story that we have heard before–that he was going to the store and while driving through the neighborhood, he "saw a male approximately 5' 11" to 6' 2" casually walking in the rain, looking into homes." These are Zimmerman's words. He writes that he pulled over, contacted Sanford Police dispatch and told them of the suspicious person. By then Martin had disappeared, came back out of a dark area and circled the Zimmerman truck.
Zimmerman said: "As the dispatcher was asking me for an exact location, the suspect emerged from the darkness and circled my vehicle. I could not hear if he said anything. The suspect then disappeared again between the back of some of the houses. The dispatcher again asked me for my exact location. I could not remember the name of the street, so I got out of the car to look for a street sign. The dispatcher asked me for a description and direction the suspect went. I told the dispatcher I did not know, but I was out of my vehicle looking for a street sign and the direction the suspect went. The dispatcher told me not to follow the suspect and that an officer was en route. As I headed back to my vehicle the suspect emerged from the darkness and said 'you got a problem' and I said 'no.' "
In analyzing the above statement, we need to take into consideration the media reports that Zimmerman was following Martin and tracking him down. But Zimmerman's own words in a statement to police the day after the incident contest that claim. These statements correspond with the audio dispatch records I reported on in the last journal, both indicating that he broke off the attempt to locate Martin and was going back to his vehicle when attacked. Next, Zimmerman wrote that he was trying to find his cell phone when: "…the suspect punched me in the face. I fell backwards onto my back. The suspect got on top of me. I yelled 'help' several times. The suspect told me 'shut the fuck up.' As I tried to sit upright, the suspect grabbed my head and slammed it into the concrete sidewalk several times. I continued to yell 'help' and each time I attempted to sit up, the suspect slammed my head into the sidewalk. My head felt like it was going to explode. I tried to slide out from underneath the suspect and continued to yell 'help.' As I slid, the suspect covered my mouth and nose and stopped my breathing. At this point, I felt the suspect reach for my now exposed firearm and say 'you're gonna die tonight, mother fucker.' I unholstered my firearm in fear for my life as he assured he was going to kill me, and fired one shot into his torso."
Interviews with Detectives
An hour or two later on the evening of the incident, Zimmerman sat down with Sanford Police Detective Doris Singleton and made a recorded statement. In this statement, he gives essentially the same report as found in his written statement, with the addition of further details. For instance, Zimmerman clarified that when Martin confronted him, what Martin said was, "What the fuck's your problem, homey?"
Zimmerman then told the detective he said, "Hey man, I don't have a problem," after which Martin said, "Now you have a problem" and punched him.
Not long thereafter, Detective Singleton again interviewed Zimmerman, apparently in an attempt to clarify certain points. She had him draw a map of the area and explain where he was at during his first contact with Martin and what actions both took after that. He makes no contradictory statements in this second interview.
A third interview, this time conducted by Detective Chris Serino, followed at 12:05 a.m., five hours after the incident. I am not sure the exact purpose of the third interview, but Zimmerman's report remains pretty much spot-on in its consistency. During this interview Serino told Zimmerman that later that day, after Zimmerman got some sleep and in the evening after Zimmerman's work day, he wanted to conduct a walk-through of the incident at the scene and on video with Zimmerman. It appears that at that time, a decision to release Zimmerman from custody and allow him to return home had been made.
The following day, Zimmerman accompanied investigators to the scene and did a "walk-through" of the incident. As I watched the video, I saw nothing that contradicted the previous accounts he gave of the incident.
The Lie Detector Test
The next piece of evidence made public is a video of a lie detector test given to Zimmerman, starting at 6:19 p.m. on Feb. 27. For those keeping score, it is still less than 24 hours after the incident. The lie detector test used was a Certified Voice Stress Analyzer, which (according to the operator) is a computer-aided truth verification system.
In fact, a CVSA is simply a computer software program that analyzes voice patterns and attempts to differentiate between voice patterns occurring when a person is telling the truth and voice patterns when a person is lying.
People in the know believe that either a regular polygraph examination or CVSA is nothing more than an investigative tool and cannot really tell if a person is telling the truth or lying. Instead, the onus is on the examiner to give his or her best opinion, based on not only the readings of the machine, but also the conduct of the individual during the examination.
Apparently Zimmerman volunteered to take a CVSA, possibly in an attempt to convince the investigators that what he had told them the truth. The interview is approximately 45 minutes long. Late in the interview, the CVSA operator tells Zimmerman that there are two main areas of concern: 1) Did you confront the guy you shot? 2) Were you in fear for your life when you shot the guy?
After the examination, Zimmerman was released to go home and was not told of the results of the CVSA, though it was later released that the CVSA operator indicated that Zimmerman was being truthful when answering these two questions.
Another Interview
Two days later, Zimmerman, again acting without counsel present, sat for a recorded interview with Detective Serino. During this interview, which was over an hour in length, Zimmerman told Serino about a burglary that occurred two to three weeks earlier involving the same house into which Martin was looking, saying that is what had caught his attention that night with Martin. Serino introduced the idea that Zimmerman was profiling Martin because he was black, but Zimmerman denied it. Serino also told Zimmerman that there was a good chance that Martin had recorded the incident on his cell phone. He also confirmed that Zimmerman had passed the earlier lie detector test.
It is my opinion based on the gist of this interview that it was conducted to see if Detective Serino could trip Zimmerman up on any statements he had previously made.
Serino was also very interested in what type of holster and gun Zimmerman used, even though both were in evidence, and Serino would have had access to them.
After about 50 minutes of asking questions that Zimmerman had answered several times before, Serino took him to the dispatch center. There he played recordings of both Zimmerman's statements to dispatch, the recording of Zimmerman screaming, "help me" over and over, and then the gunshot. Zimmerman had previously stated that Martin was trying to smother him with his hands, but in listening to the screaming on the recordings, Serino said he could not recognize where Zimmerman was being smothered. This ended the February 29 interview between Zimmerman and Serino.
All members of the Network have received our educational DVDs and I hope they have watched them. DVD #2 explains the manner in which we, the Network, recommend that the member should interact with the police after a shooting. Be polite, be respectful, and tell the police only what they need to understand that you were the victim of a crime and what evidence there is to back up your statements. Tell police that you are willing to cooperate fully, but only after seeking the advice of counsel.
In listening to the many interviews Zimmerman gave police, it is clear that he was attempting to be helpful, but it is also clear that he was clueless that the police were attempting to trap him into making contradictory statements that they could use against him. Network members need watch the entire Zimmerman reenactment, listen to the recorded interrogations and read George Zimmerman's own statements. It will give you an insight into the criminal justice system that you would never otherwise see.
Readers will also recognize the news media's failure to dispassionately report new evidence coming out when Zimmerman's statements, interviews and examinations were released. Instead, reports heavily slanted their opinions about the evidence towards the prosecution. This is what one must expect from our current news media.
Other Zimmerman News
Several developments have occurred during the last month that call for brief commentary. First, Zimmerman's bond was revoked and he is back in jail. This is because when his wife was questioned at the bond hearing, she said they were indigent, despite the fact that they had collected over $100,000 for George's legal defense. Upon learning about this, prosecutors brought a motion to vacate bail and bring Zimmerman back to jail. The judge agreed and so Zimmerman is in jail at this time. Additionally, police arrested Mrs. Zimmerman for perjury, claiming that she intentionally misled the court and lied to the judge. It seems clear to me that Florida prosecutors are going after Zimmerman in any way possible. I don't defend what Mrs. Zimmerman did. She should have simply explained that they had collected the money to pay for his legal defense and did not consider it their own money to spend on bail.
Lastly, as I write this, there has been another bond hearing to see if the judge would again grant bail for Zimmerman. The prosecution argued strenuously that they believed Zimmerman was the initial aggressor in the incident, and that at trial, Zimmerman would not have the right to claim self defense as a defense to the crime of second degree murder. In making this statement, the prosecution pretty much agreed that Zimmerman had the right to use deadly force because he was being assaulted, but they claim that because he started the altercation, he doesn't have the right to claim self defense.
As this case makes its way through Florida's criminal justice system, I will continue to offer analysis and identify learning points from which armed citizens can learn.
In June's edition, we asked our affiliated attorneys:
"During the investigation phase following an incident of a homeowner shooting a burglar, it is common for police to ask to take custody of ALL the firearms in the residence. Is this common in your jurisdiction, and what do you recommend your clients do or say when confronted with this request? For the purposes of this question, assume all guns other than the one the client used in self defense are locked in a gun safe."
We got so many great answers that this month's column is a continuation of our affiliated attorneys' answers.
Jason Lewallen
2239 S. Caraway Rd, Ste M, Jonesboro, AR 72401
I feel blessed to live in a state that has a history of respect for gun ownership and Second Amendment rights. I could not imagine a situation where, as in the scenario described, there was a defensive shooting at the citizen's home where the police force would even consider confiscating all of the firearms in the citizen's home without clearly articulated probable cause and direct connection to the shooting or some other crime. The situation seemed so foreign I shared it with the Chief of Police for the city of Jonesboro, Chief Michael Yates. He found it to be an odd practice and definitely not the standard practice for his officers.
Could there be a situation where seizing the other firearms in the home would make sense?
Possibly if there was an indication that the firearm used was an illegal firearm or if the citizen involved in the shooting was a convicted felon or barred from possession of firearms for some other reason under state law. Without some other basis for this action, it is my opinion that it would be a violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable seizures without probable cause. In addition, the Arkansas Constitution Article 2 §15 provides that: "The right of the people of this State to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrant shall issue, except upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or thing to be seized."
Such an action by a police force, in the absence of probable cause, would be a dangerous practice and not looked favorably upon by the citizenry of this state.
Emanuel Kapelsohn
The Peregrine Corporation
8002 N. Neill Rd., Bloomfield, IN 47424
www.peregrinecorporation.com
I have experience with several jurisdictions, prosecutor's offices, and law enforcement agencies, and they have widely differing policies and practices regarding "other guns" in the home. Accordingly, I will answer this question from a more general ("generic") point of view.
The police have the right, and the responsibility, to gather all of the relevant evidence in an event such as the one described. If several guns were present at the scene in such condition as to make them readily available for use (for instance, if the homeowner was carrying more than one gun, or the homeowner and his spouse were both armed during the incident), the police would justifiably take possession of all such "readily available" guns during their initial investigation.
They would do the same if four officers were involved in a shooting, even if only one of them was said to have fired. The other three police guns are typically seized and tested to confirm that they were not fired, and that the bullet(s) in the suspect were not fired from those guns.
The homeowner, in my opinion, should not resist (except perhaps very mildly) the police taking custody of all the guns that were "readily available" at the scene of the shooting, and which might therefore have been used in the shooting. On the other hand, guns locked in a gun safe were not readily available, and I believe the homeowner should object to opening the safe or providing the key or combination to the police unless they first obtain a court order or search warrant for the guns in the safe.
The homeowner's attorney can attempt to prevent the granting of a court order, and may possibly succeed in convincing the police not to seek a search warrant for the guns in the safe. The best argument for the lawyer to use is that, given that the safe was locked at the time of the shooting and that the gun used in the shooting has already voluntarily been surrendered to the police, there is no "probable cause" – the constitutional requirement for the granting of a search warrant – for the police to obtain a search warrant for the contents of the safe.
The delay in seizure of one's guns provided by a gun safe is, in my opinion, one of many good reasons for investing in a safe, as the delay may permit a defense attorney to be brought on board.
Left: Get in the habit of securing your household's firearms inside a heavy-duty gunsafe, and keep the door closed and locked, securing guns that are not under your immediate control for defensive purposes.
At the very least it prevents the first-responding officers from seizing one's guns (and throwing them in the trunk of a police car, along with the jack, tire iron, jumper cables, fire extinguisher, etc.) as a matter of course.
Nevertheless, if the warrant is granted or the court order is issued, the homeowner or his attorney may, under written protest, want to provide the safe key or combination, simply to prevent the safe from being cut or broken into with drill, jaws of life, cutting torch or the like, with consequent damage to the safe and possibly to its contents as well.
The fact that the police may possibly obtain the rest of the guns in the house, and that those guns may stay in police custody for a long, long time (like until a possible trial and appeal are over – which could take years), should make it clear why it's a good idea to have a gun or two in some other secure off-premises storage, such as in a bank safe deposit box, a safe or lock-box at one's place of business, the home of a relative (if this can be done legally in one's jurisdiction), etc.
Thomas Cena, Jr.
2115 N. 30th St., Ste. 201, Tacoma, WA 98403
The police in the described incident really have a limited constitutional authority to search and seize evidence. They, without a warrant, can seize any evidence that is probably that of a crime and which is in plain sight. This would usually include the gun used to shoot the burglar. Unless there is some reasonable factual connection between the possible crime (I assume the police still need to sort out if the homeowner is in some way at fault), and the stored guns, they really have no legal reason to seize them.
My experience is that police agencies in my area sometimes seize all the guns and sometimes not. Of course the homeowner may be asked for consent to seize the remaining guns. This "request" might be registered by the homeowner as having negative consequences for the refusal of her consent. A judgment call is necessary. The homeowner could say "no" to any request for consent. Also, if the police propose to seize the guns without consent, the homeowner could politely and firmly object to this action. This might slow down or stop the process. If the police are serious about needing to pick up the guns, they could restrict access to the safe while a warrant is sought from a judge.
If the guns are seized, the homeowner should include in her discussion with the lawyer (who should be contacted immediately in any event), the seizure and the most effective and efficient method of getting the guns returned. I once represented a person in a matter in which one gun was involved but numerous other firearms were seized by the law enforcement agency. I was able to get this collection, which had considerable value, returned before the resolution of the criminal matter. This was accomplished by a written order of the deputy prosecutor authorizing the release of the guns.
Eric Hannum
Board Recognized Criminal Trial Specialist
1025 1/2 Lomas Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87102
www.hannumlaw.com
The terms "homeowner," and especially "burglar," are very loaded (no pun intended). Your fact pattern posits a situation where cops are called out and find a dead guy on the floor, and a non-dead guy holding a gun.
The NON-dead guy, i.e., the only one who can tell them anything, says the dead guy was breaking in. OKAY. Let's investigate a bit and see if this checks out. (That's one of the things we hire cops to do). They will not (or SHOULD not) take the word of one witness as gospel. They should check to see if ANY of the weapons available in the house could have been the "murder" weapon. This is absolutely normal. [When cops do not bother to check the reasonableness or plausibility of a claim of "self defense," however unlikely or preposterous, we get a Trayvon Martin situation, which is not good for public justice or for the rights of gun owners].
So, to answer your question – is it common for police to ask to take custody of ALL the firearms in the residence? Um, no. They don't usually ASK. They just do it, 'cuz there's a dead guy on the floor. As for what I recommend my clients say or do? Well, you have a right to remain silent. USE IT!! Not only will anything you say be used against you, it will be taken out of context, twisted around, remixed, and THEN used against you. So shut the *#$% up. If you absolutely HAVE to kill somebody, do not expect a dozen roses and a plaque. Expect to go to jail. And, if you were right, expect to prevail in the end, but not without a fair amount of trauma.
The Network deeply appreciates the assistance our Affiliated Attorneys give with their contributions to this informative column. Members can view the listing of Network Affiliated Attorneys in their state by clicking http://www.armedcitizensnetwork.org/affiliates/attorneys and logging in to access this member-only element of the Network website.
by Bill Kipp
Paladin Press
http://www.paladin-press.com/product/The_Missing_Link/Street_Survival
I first ran across The Missing Link on Marc MacYoung's website (http://www.nononsenseselfdefense.com) and was hooked by a description that the presentation, "teaches you the verbal and psychological skills needed to preempt violent attacks and end fights before they start." Did the DVD live up to its advertising? It certainly did, and taught a lot more, too.
The Missing Link is a combination of role-play demonstrations mixed with lecture and debriefings by Bill Kipp of FAST (Fear Adrenal Stress Training). Kipp's lecture style is engaging, and though the program is a lengthy 90 minutes, none of that time is wasted. The program begins with an explanation that many technique-based self-defense systems are light on awareness and verbal de-escalation. A comprehensive self-defense class will cover awareness skills, boundary skills including verbal defense, and combat techniques for when all else has failed, he continues. The video's primary focus is using awareness and verbal skills to keep a situation from devolving into a fight. These skills he calls the missing link in most self-defense instruction. In the program, role players demonstrate how body language, facial expressions, eye contact and tone of voice "communicate much more than the actual words that we say," he explains.
Surprise attacks and sucker punches constitute only a "very small percentage of attacks," Kipp believes. Instead, most predation starts with verbal intimidation to frighten the victim into compliance. "If we can learn not to get hooked by someone's words and use our own words and body communication to assertively back somebody down, it almost always keeps the situation from escalating to physical violence," he states.
Distance is addressed first, with Kipp noting that good friends typically interact at an arm's length apart. You have to determine whom you let closer than the one-arm's length, Kipp urges, because if you are this close or closer, you are near enough to be physically hurt.
Next he analyzes reactions to aggression, including passive under reaction and belligerent over reaction. Under stress, the rational mind surrenders to emotion as the limbic system takes over, Kipp explains, and a knee-jerk reaction is more likely than a thoughtful response. Scenarios demonstrate common outcomes. First, the role players illustrate how predator interest is stimulated by passivity. Without casting blame on the victim, he explains how people who suffer from bullying owe themselves a "responsibility…to come out and be more assertive so you can stop this behavior and live a much healthier and happier life."
Next, Kipp demonstrates the overreaction of being too aggressive. Life today involves a lot of pressure, he explains, noting that often it doesn't take much to trigger an aggressive response that cascades into violence. Aggression manifests in one of two ways, he continues. The first he calls the "peacock effect," in which the actor masks fear with cockiness. It's a bluff that sometimes works, but used against the wrong person is "like gas on a fire." He cites road rage as a common example of the other manifestation. These are "simple situations that start off at a low level and escalate very rapidly."
Identifying personal hot buttons helps protect against being manipulated into a confrontation. Later, he adds that the goal is to "stay conscious, not spin out in an emotional reaction."
Kipp demonstrates proper assertion, in which the role player is not passively victimized, but remains in control by offering the aggressor multiple ways to save face. "The trick in self defense…is making the appropriate response to the given situation, not under reacting and not over reacting, but meeting the level of intensity that you are experiencing and trying to find a range of choices where you can creatively deal with the situation and not let it escalate and to deter the attacker before it gets potentially violent," he teaches.
The scenarios demonstrate kindness without passivity and assertion that does not escalate into violence. Do not demean the aggressor, Kipp emphasizes, explaining how much the aggressor may have on the line if associates are watching. He stresses that verbal defenses are among the most important, because done correctly, nearly any aggressive approach can be "talked down." Most predators aren't looking for a fight, he explains. They are looking for an easy victim. When confident body language doesn't deter aggression, "verbal skills usually do the trick," he continues. However, applying verbal defense skills is one of the most difficult self-defense techniques to learn because the adrenaline rush creates an emotional reaction, making reasoning hard, he warns. Women may find verbal self defense difficult because unlike men who playfully talk trash, women are unaccustomed to it so are more easily intimidated or triggered by it, he opines. Good self-defense training exposes the student to verbal intimidation while they learn appropriate de-escalation strategies.
It is important to be able to identify the level of threat offered, so as to respond at the appropriate level. Kipp adapts Jeff Cooper's color code to tag threat levels by yellow, orange and red, as well as identifying appropriate verbal and nonverbal communication for various circumstances. These he applies to various scenarios that show body positioning, posture, use of hands, movement and speech to deflect the aggressor.
Demonstrations also show stages of interaction with a predator and safe withdrawal from the area. Physical positioning and using fixtures like desks or chairs help break up approaches and regain control of the situation.
Verbal defense, environmental set up, and using what is around you all are tools for defense that Kipp explains and the role players demonstrate.
Many of the scenarios show a man aggressing against a woman. While the principles demonstrated are effective across gender lines, it may be a little hard for male viewers to identify with the victim. About an hour into the presentation, Kipp speaks directly to male viewers, using lessons he has learned in his own life to identify behaviors that can cause problems. Included are passivity, aggression and generating appropriate responses with adrenaline running. These strategies are designed to give aggressors necessary respect. Male aggression is sometimes territorial, Kipp adds, demonstrating verbal responses and physical positioning with body language to let someone defending his turf back off with his dignity intact.
As the program concludes, Kipp points out that daily life gives lots of opportunities to practice de-escalation. Minor confrontations arise all the time. To start, identify your normal responses, becoming aware if you tend toward passivity or aggressiveness. Study noncritical incidents to learn to avoid either extreme. Practice defusing verbally and using body positioning and nonverbal communication to reach resolutions. By not getting emotionally engaged, you can use your mind to develop creative solutions, of which there are usually a number available, he adds.
Daily practice of these skills not only eases day-to-day life, but practice also makes the techniques more accessible if a really bad situation arises, Kipp asserts. Viewers are advised to use a mirror to watch facial expression, while practicing the verbal strategies taught in the DVD, including Kipp's examples of language, vocal tone and pacing that changes the message the aggressor receives and its applicability to different levels of aggression. Practice builds skills that can alert us when we make an error and ingrains corrective action so problems can be averted or derailed. "It works like magic," Kipp encourages.
The presentation is well organized and the mix of lecture and demonstration provides an enjoyable learning experience. If you've not studied de-escalation or could use a refresher, this DVD program is an excellent choice. You'll find more information about Kipp's business, FAST, at http://www.fastdefense.com/.
It's impossible that we are already more than halfway done with this year! I still have a ton of things to get done; reorganize the gun room, set up a reloading area that actually has room to work in, buy a few more of the guns on my wish list. You know: the really important stuff!
One thing we can count on, with such a rich crew of members and affiliates, is that the gun or accessory we may be looking for is always out there to be found, if you just ask around. Last month, I found that I had somehow acquired a lust for a new shotgun. You know how it is. The model I wanted (the new Kel-Tec KSG) has been hard to find so I made one call to our friend Bill Butler, at Idaho Gun Brokers. (www.idahogunbrokers.com) Bill not only had the gun on order and set one aside for me, but his price was so good I cannot post it here! Our affiliates are the best, and Bill is truly a black belt in customer service!
Just a few days ago, I spoke with Jay French, our affiliate at CCW Breakaways. He is doing such great business that he needed more booklets early. It gave me a good chance to tell him how much my wife is enjoying her new pair of CCW cargo shorts. She carries her M&P compact with no print and in perfect comfort, thanks to Jay. It's always good to keep the wife happy.
Steve Eichelberger, in Salem, Oregon, is also doing a great job with his classes there. You can see all of his offerings at http://www.firearmsinstructor.us/. I really like his proactive approach: "Firearms instructor on call, will come to you – Why wait?"
Jayson Gilbertson attended the recent Network Continuing Legal Education seminar in Minneapolis, and came away very impressed. So much so that he is looking forward to other sessions and we sent a case of booklets to his firm, Professional Firearms Training, LLC, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
I've been real impressed with the overall tone and involvement of our members on the Facebook page lately! https://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_221594457860509.
Among the more prolific posters there are C. Wolf Forrest, Phil Wong and Hero Vierhundert Hertz. We are up over 530 members on the page alone, now. I also learned about a gun forum called American Arms and Associates, from our member Beth Cawood. It looks like a good source for discussion and I'd be interested in any feedback, if some of you happen to check it out.
Congratulations go out to Mace Ward, in Lenior City, Tennessee. He's the brand new owner of Team KLR Defensive Concepts, a new firearms school, sales, and gunsmith business. He's planning to offer all of his students and customers membership information about the Network! You can check his business out at www.teamklrdefensiveconcepts.com or email him at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Glad to have you as part of the family, Mace!
The town of Deeth, Nevada is out near Elko and Wells, in the Starr Valley and there you will find Danielle Kohler, owner of Arms-R-Us. Danielle is a three-time Ladies Open Handgunner World ShootOff champion, is a NRA certified instructor for Handgun, Rifle, Shotgun, Personal Defense, and an approved Nevada CCW firearm instructor offering the required concealed carry classes on site. The class completion is also good for Florida non-resident applications. She encourages her students to continue their education and the Network booklet she hands to each one is another tool to assist them in that goal. You can call her at 775-753-8825 or email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
Another great product that I'm looking at for my own stock is one of the excellent Cleveland's Holsters. (www.clevelandsholsters.com) Bobby Cleveland does a great job on each one and his work is first rate. His business is so good lately that he had to increase his supply request for the Network booklets! Nice going, Bobby!
And finally, congratulations go out to Mark Steven Booth, one of our individual members. Mark is just now beginning to teach classes on his own and he is going to spread the word on the Network to each student. His headquarters is in scenic Humble, Texas, and we are proud to have another Instructor Affiliate in the Lone Star State!
Remember to call or email me at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. if you have news to share or know of a win we should celebrate. More to come next month from your Networking fool. Stay safe out there!
Editor's Note: We've all received the email about the United Nations treaty outlawing private gun ownership, and even authoritative sources like the National Rifle Association carries news about fighting a U.N. gun ban (see http://www.nraila.org/legislation/federal-legislation/2012/senator-moran-leads-efforts-against-un-gun-ban-treaty-restriction-on-funding-for-un-treaty-passes-us-house-committee.aspx). The Heritage Foundation website http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/08/the-uns-arms-trade-treaty-a-dangerous-multilateral-mistake-in-the-making has more. These warnings spawn millions of alarmed emails, in response to which, attorneyJames Fleming shared with me the following. In it, he offers a critical analysis of the U.N. treaty question, as well as spelling out how Americans could go about protecting their fundamental rights if such an over-reaching initiative is attempted. Instead of my usual editorial, I'd like to offer you the following viewpoint in Fleming's own words.
by James Fleming
Like most of the unfortunate stuff floating around on the Internet these days, this keeps popping up, gets folks all riled up, but it is inaccurate, at least to this extent. No treaty executed by the U.S. government can trump the protections of the U.S. Constitution, as a matter of law.
Treaties are treated by the law like any other Congressional enactment, with the exception of the fact that they need to be agreed to by other nations. Because they are on par with other laws passed by Congress, they cannot violate the Constitution or deprive citizens of rights protected under the Constitution.
The idea that treaties are superior in law to the Constitution is traced to Secretary of State John Foster Dulles (see http://constitution.org/cmt/law_of_nations.htm), and is sometimes referred to as the "Dulles doctrine." John Foster Dulles pronounced that treaties, executive agreements and votes in the United Nations, could effectively amend the U.S. Constitution and expand the powers of the federal government without limit. This, in the mid-1950s, was conceived with the idea of giving then President Eisenhower the ability to wage war without a declaration of war by Congress in support of any Middle Eastern country that requested help to defend against communist aggression. But Dulles never provided a legal basis for his argument; he simply stated that it ought to be that way.
However, the issue of whether treaties overwhelm the Constitution was specifically considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957) (see http://www.constitution.org/ussc/354-001a.htm). The case involved Mrs. Covert, who had been convicted by a military tribunal of murdering her husband. At the time of Mrs. Covert's alleged offense, an executive agreement was in effect between the U.S. and the United Kingdom, which permitted United States military courts to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over offenses committed in Great Britain by American servicemen or their dependents.
The Court ruled: ". . .no agreement with a foreign nation can confer on Congress or any other branch of the Government power which is free from the restraints of the Constitution. . . "
This Court has regularly and uniformly recognized the supremacy of the Constitution over a treaty. This Court has also repeatedly taken the position that an Act of Congress, which must comply with the Constitution, is on a full parity with a treaty, and that when a statute which is subsequent in time is inconsistent with a treaty, the statute to the extent of conflict renders the treaty null. It would be completely anomalous to say that a treaty need not comply with the Constitution when such an agreement can be overridden by a statute that must conform to that instrument.
Note that the Court held that acts of Congress are legally equal to treaties. Acts must comply with the Constitution, so treaties, being on "full parity" with acts, must also comply. The Court continued, "No agreement with a foreign nation can confer power on Congress or any other branch of government, which is free from the restraints of the Constitution."
So, while I would never put it past Obama and Hillary Clinton to try to use a U.N. Treaty as an end run around the Second Amendment, it would be an illegal end run at best. Even if Obama were to stack the court during a new four year term, I doubt whether the Sotomayors and Kagens would be crazy enough to rule that the Second Amendment has been rendered obsolete or invalid by a U.N. treaty. Legal scholars would roast them, and if Obama attempted to enforce such a ruling, it could very likely lead to impeachment proceedings against him in the Senate.
[End of July 2012 eJournal.
Please return next month for our August edition.]