text:
Report human rights violations
Jaswant Singh Khalra
Sukhwinder Singh Bhatti
Satwant Singh Manak
Kuljit Singh Dhatt
Testimonies of Truth (beta)
Mission & Theory of Change
Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India
A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis
This report analyzes reported fatal violence across Punjab during a period of conflict from 1984 to 1995. This preliminary, descriptive statistical analysis by Ensaaf and the Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG) at Benetech uses systematic and verifiable quantitative research to interrogate the Indian government's portrayal of the Punjab counterinsurgency as a successful campaign with isolated human rights violations. Our empirical findings indicate that the intensification of coordinated counterinsurgency operations in the early 1990s was accompanied by a shift in state violence from targeted enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions to large-scale lethal human rights violations, accompanied by mass "illegal cremations."
"With the methodological reliability of the compilation and analysis of events data, it becomes easier for all involved... to see how they become socially responsible when the rule of law is suspended ....For being a step in this direction, this study is seminal."
Ram Narayan Kumar, South Asia Forum for Human Rights
As part of government counterinsurgency operations from 1984 to 1995, Indian security forces disappeared and extrajudicially executed Sikh militants as well as individuals who had no known connection to the militancy. Special counterinsurgency laws facilitated human rights violations and shielded perpetrators from accountability. The government of India dismisses claims that enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions were widespread and systematic, asserting instead that human rights violations were unavoidable "aberrations" in the war on terrorism. A former Director General of Punjab Police has repeatedly claimed that he led the "most humane counterinsurgency operation in the annals of history."
To date, this report is the most comprehensive quantitative analysis of available data on human rights violations during the Punjab counterinsurgency. This analysis brings together six data sets comprising more than 21,000 records. The report draws on documentation from the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) and its subcommissions, the People's Commission on Human Rights Violations in Punjab (PCHR), and the Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab (CCDP). The authors further examined reports from the Tribune newspaper in Punjab from 1988 to 1995, and recovered logbooks from six municipal cremation grounds. This documentation collectively identifies and documents 2,059 "illegal cremations" acknowledged by the NHRC, approximately 2,196 victims of reported enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions documented by CCDP and PCHR, 17,582 victims of lethal violence reported by the Tribune, and 1,484 records from municipal cremation grounds.
Human rights groups have collected extensive qualitative evidence that provide detailed descriptions and analyses of the type and range of abuses committed by Indian security forces and the corresponding impunity that persists in Punjab. Until now, however, human rights groups have lacked the capacity to conduct quantitative research to record the level of human casualties and enforced disappearances from the Punjab counterinsurgency period.
By using quantitative methods, this report demonstrates the implausibility of lethal human rights violations being "random" or "minor aberrations" as claimed by Indian officials. Specifically, the report notes that:
♦ The available data sources, each collected through substantially different social, political, and legal processes, are generally consistent in noting that enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions in Punjab were overwhelmingly concentrated in the early 1990s when the government intensified its counterinsurgency operations against alleged Sikh militants. The strong correlation between reported lethal human rights violations and overall reported lethal violence across time is inconsistent with official claims that human rights violations were random or minor aberrations.
♦ The data collected by the local Tribune newspaper and the CCDP show that reported enforced disappearances, extrajudicial executions, and encounter killings shifted from being almost exclusively concentrated in Amritsar district to being dispersed throughout almost all districts of the state of Punjab after 1992. This dispersal suggests that human rights violations were not random acts of violence but rather part of a specific plan or set of widespread practices used by security forces during the counterinsurgency.
♦ The information reported by the Tribune shows that few security officials were reported to have been killed during "encounters" and that instead these incidents, on average, involved a lone killing of an alleged "militant" or a "civilian," consistent with qualitative findings that reported encounters were often faked. The observed correlation between reported lethal human rights violations and reported militant encounter deaths is also consistent with the phenomena of "fake encounters."
♦ As state violence increased substantially after the beginning of Operation Rakshak II in November 1991, notably fewer bodies of the disappeared and extrajudicially executed were recovered by the next of kin compared with the period prior to 1991. In the period after 1991, the NHRC data also acknowledges a notable increase in mass "illegal cremations." This correlation suggests that these two phenomena are driven by a shift in state violence towards large-scale lethal human rights violations coupled with mass cremations.
♦ The strong, positive correlation between the reported acts of lethal violence and "illegal cremations" acknowledged by the NHRC is inconsistent with official claims that that these reported disappeared persons are not dead but instead immigrated abroad.
♦ Age-sex data on reported victims of enforced disappearances, collected by the PCHR, CCDP, and NHRC, are consistent with the hypothesis that these violations were overwhelmingly targeted against young Sikh males between the ages of 18 and 45 whom security forces alleged were members of the militant movement.
Future analyses, which draw on multiple data sources and inferential statistical methods, will allow for clarification of the total magnitude and patterns of violence throughout Punjab.
Future analyses, which draw on multiple data sources and inferential statistical methods, will allow for clarification of the total magnitude and patterns of violence throughout Punjab, broadening the discussion about the impact of counterinsurgency strategies on human rights. Scientifically defensible analysis of political violence can help enable honest dialogue to improve public understanding of the counterinsurgency in Punjab. By triangulating independent data sources and employing reproducible scientific methods, questions about the magnitude, pattern, and responsibility associated with lethal violations connected to the Punjab counterinsurgency can be engaged transparently. The answers to these questions will ultimately strengthen truth, justice, and institutional reform processes.
View photo essay
Download complete report (2.8 MB PDF)
Download report without cover (808 kB PDF)
FAQ regarding analysis
Punjabi translation of press release (104 kB PDF)
Punjab Mass Cremations Case
Ensaaf/HRW Report: Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India
Appear for the Disappeared
Join Ensaaf for our Walkathon and Fundraiser. Take 5,269 steps (4 km) in one day in honor of each victim profiled on our Mapping Crimes Against Humanity site.
Multiply your impact.
Fight for truth and justice now, and double your donation.
Mapping the Killings
View our interactive data visualization site, mapping and profiling 5300+ victims.
Rajvinder S. Bains:
This procedure has failed completely.
Rajvinder S. Bains, a human rights attorney in the Punjab & Haryana High Court for over 20 years, discusses his experiences with the High Court in cases filed on behalf of victims of disappearances or extrajudicial executions. (Oct. 2007)
Mohinder Singh:
What justice can we get from here?
Mohinder Singh discusses the abduction and murder of his son by the Punjab police and his pursuit of numerous avenues of justice. (Oct. 2007)
Tarlochan Singh:
A Mockery of Justice
Tarlochan Singh describes his son Kulwinder Singh's abduction by the Punjab police, and his 18-year continuing legal struggle for justice for Kulwinder Singh's extrajudicial execution. (Oct. 2007)
Stay up to date about Ensaaf's work to protect human rights in Punjab and beyond.
Gurcharan Singh and his Desire for Justice
In an SBS Dateline program on Punjab, Geoff Parish discusses the Punjab governments offer of compensation to 17 families, with no investigation or admission of liability by the state, in the Punjab mass cremations case. Gurcharan Singh rejected this offer. (Apr. 2002, Uploaded with permission from SBS.)
Jaswant Singh Khalra: Investigations into Illegal Cremations
An SBS Dateline program on Punjab describes human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalras discovery of the Punjab polices use of secret cremations to hide evidence of extrajudicial executions. The clip includes an interview with human rights activist Ram Narayan Kumar. (Apr. 2002, Uploaded with permission from SBS.)
A Witness Among the Bodies: Surviving Bluestar
On the 30th Anniversary of Operation Bluestar, Ensaaf presents an eyewitness account of the Indian Army attack on The Harmandir Sahib Complex in Amritsar, Punjab, from June 1 and June 6, 1984. This exclusive interview reveals how the Indian Army intentionally killed thousands of civilians and used excessive force during this assault.
Ensaaf Speaks with Manak about Court Decision,
On November 26, 2013, the Punjab & Haryana High Court allowed the appeal of the State of Punjab and reversed and nullified the decision of the Single Judge directing investigation by the CBI. Not only did it refuse to order an inquiry into Satwant Singh Manak's allegations that he witnessed the Punjab Police torture and unlawfully kill ten people, it also fined Manak, ordering him to pay 2,000 rupees to each of the accused police officers.
A Labor Of Love: Contesting Impunity
On July 23, 1989, Punjab Police officers abducted, tortured, and unlawfully killed 35-year old Sikh community leader Kuljit Singh Dhatt. For 25 years, his family has relentlessly pursued justice, attending over a hundred hearings, petitioning various courts and commissions, and enduring police harassment and intimidation of witnesses. On May 9, 2014, a judge convicted three police officers of abduction in order to murder Kuljit Singh Dhatt, sentencing them to a mere five years. The legal battle continues, now in the higher courts.
Navkiran Kaur Khalra:
"We are proud of what our father did."
Navkiran Kaur Khalra, daughter of murdered human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalra, recounts her family's struggle for justice and her father's discovery of thousands of killings and secret cremations by the Punjab police to hide evidence of wrongdoing. (Oct. 2007)
Jaswant Singh Khalra: Last International Speech – The Struggle for Truth
In his last speech made to a Canadian audience, Jaswant Singh Khalra discusses his investigations into the thousands of illegal killings and secret cremations by the Punjab police and his readiness to die to expose the truth about these crimes. Jaswant Singh Khalra begins his speech with a moving fable about the struggle of truth and light against expanding darkness. He recounts how he traced the fate of many disappeared Sikhs to Amritsar's municipal cremation grounds. Through government records obtained from these municipalities, Khalra exposed a detailed history of systematic human rights violations in which security forces abducted, murdered, and secretly cremated an estimated 6,017 Sikhs in Amritsar district alone–then one of 13 districts in Punjab–from 1984 to 1995. (Apr. 1995)
Paramjit Kaur Khalra on Impunity in Punjab
In this video, Paramjit Kaur Khalra describes the need for a truth commission to redress the thousands of disappearances and killings in Punjab, India perpetrated during the counterinsurgency of 1984 to 1995. In September and October 1995, Indian security forces illegally detained, tortured, and killed her husband, human rights activist Jaswant Singh Khalra, for his work uncovering over 2,000 cases of extrajudicial executions and secret cremations in Amritsar district alone. On November 4, 2011, India's Supreme Court upheld life imprisonment for five officers involved in Khalra's unlawful abduction, torture, and killing. Mrs. Khalra continues to seek justice for the all victims of illegal killings and disappearances.
Seeking Ensaaf
On Human Rights Day, we share this documentary to show you how your support helps us document abuses on the ground. Seeking Ensaaf, filmed by Andrew Heskett, Ryan Westra, and David Thompson, recipients of the Sikh Scholarship Program at Chapman University, in August 2013, follows Ensaaf field workers as they document a case of extrajudicial killing in Punjab. Thank you for joining us on this journey to end impunity and achieve justice for the disappearances and unlawful killings of the Decade of Disappearances in Punjab.
A Light of Justice: Commemorating Jaswant Singh Khalra
On the 20th anniversary of the police abduction of human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalra, Ensaaf released A Light of Justice: Commemorating Jaswant Singh Khalra. This 30-minute film contains interviews with Khalra's family, as well as archival footage of Khalra when he was investigating secret cremations and disappearances in Punjab.
Twenty years after Khalra's martyrdom, the architects of the widespread and systematic human rights abuses in Punjab remain free. The Indian government is no closer to bringing Gill and the other perpetrators to justice for organizing Khalra's – and thousands of other innocent Sikhs' – death.
Please watch and share this film via Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.
The Last Killing
Satwant Singh Manak joined the Punjab Police to provide his family with a stable income. But in the late 1980s and early 1990s, in response to an insurgency, Indian security forces committed systematic and widespread torture, disappearances, and unlawful killings in Punjab. Manak silently witnessed the torture and executions of 15 unarmed individuals at the hands of his fellow police officers. The killing of Kulwant Singh, a teenager who had passed 10th grade, deeply affected Manak. No longer able to suppress his conscience and the horror of what he witnessed, he resigned from his job and filed a case against his fellow police officers. That case covers ten of the victims.
Ensaaf is a nonprofit organization working to end impunity and achieve justice for crimes against humanity in India, with a special focus on Punjab, by documenting abuses, bringing perpetrators to justice, and organizing survivors.
Copyright © 2021 Ensaaf, all rights reserved.
This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Privacy Policy. Accept


Without cultural curiosity we are closed to learning about others who are different from ourselves. In global business, this results in misperceptions, misunderstandings, and mistrust leading to missed opportunities.
Am I willing and able to develop greater cultural self-awareness?
Am I open to continuous learning about cultures?
Am I an active listener and observer in cross-cultural situations?
Do I reach out to others who are more experienced in working across cultures?
Do I seek to network with colleagues outside of my own country or region?
Do I enjoy trying to understand how my colleagues are similar or different to me?
Do I stay calm and seek understanding when I make a cultural faux pa?
Do I actively seek out opportunities to collaborate with colleagues from other cultures?
Do I invest time in researching differences I have with my colleagues?
Am I comfortable asking questions that could reveal my lack of cultural knowledge?
There is really only one way to develop your cultural curiosity: Be Adventurous.
What countries are important to the success of your business strategy?
What cultures do your key customers represent?
What cultures are represented among your colleagues?
What opportunities already exist for interacting with those countries/cultures?
What opportunities can you create for broadening and deepening your exposure to cultural differences?
You can usually start close to home: visit ethnic restaurants and markets, watch foreign films, find and develop relationships with work colleagues who have had more experience working across cultures.


text:
Starved people throng Libang
By Khem Bahadur Budha
Published: 12:00 am Aug 27, 2008
Rolpa, August 27:
Stung by an acute shortage of food, people from different parts of Rolpa district have begun arriving in Libang, the district headquarters, in search of food.
The starved people have gathered outside the office of the Nepal Food Corporation to buy rice.
The shortage of food grains has gripped the villagers after crop yield decreased this year.
"We came here on hearing that rice was being sold cheap," Banamali Thapa of Thapadera of Korchabang
4, said. Along with 15
neighbours, Thapa came to Libang walking all day long.
The Food Corporation has been distributing rice on Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. It has been distributing 10 kg of rice to each resident of Liwang VDC and 30 kg to each person who hails from other parts of the district.
As per the existing provision, people can buy rice based on recommendation from VDC secretaries.
Taking into account the looming starvation, NFC has managed to bring in more rice from Nepalgunj.
The food shortage has affected people of Rangsi, Bhawang, Ghartigaon, Oat, Mirul, Kotgaon and Dhabang VDCs of Rolpa the most. With VDC secretaries living in the district headquarters, miseries of these people have only increased.
Some villagers have entered India to eke out a living, while many of them have sold utensils and cattle to meet expenses required to visit the district headquarters in search of food.
Fifty families of Korchabang have been facing starvation, according to a teacher Maniraj Budha. "Due to the shortage of food grains, some are working as domestic aides to eke out a living," a local politician Prem Gahrti said, adding that Dalits and Magars had been hit the hardest.
According to the District Agriculture Development Office, 1.68 lakh people of the district buy food grains every year. The district has a population of 2.1 lakh.
According to a report, Rolpa imports 22,000 metric tonnes of food grains from neighbouring districts every year.
Only 20 per cent farmers in the district can do without purchasing food grains.
As most of the males left home during the decade-long conflict, women, children and senior citizens have been forced to bear the brunt of starvation.
Most of the youths have gone to India's Kalapahad to eke out a living for themselves and family members.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Implements the re-initialization equation proposed by Olsson et.
Definition at line 18 of file LevelSetOlssonReinitialization.h.
Definition at line 25 of file LevelSetOlssonReinitialization.C.
Gradient of the level set variable at time, = 0.
Definition at line 35 of file LevelSetOlssonReinitialization.C.
Definition at line 38 of file LevelSetOlssonReinitialization.h.
Definition at line 35 of file LevelSetOlssonReinitialization.h.
Definition at line 40 of file LevelSetOlssonReinitialization.h.


text:
Kopparbärs rock  är ett musikalbum med klassiska svenska dansbands- och rocklåtar som släpptes av Mariann Grammofon Music AB 1997.

Låtar
De' e' sommar - Ronny & Ragge (P. Frisk/P. Settman/F. Granberg, 1993)
Raggar'n - Eddie Meduza (E. Meduza, 1997)
Folköl och dunkadunka - Svenne Rubins (S. Rubin, 1992)
Let's dance - Ola & The Janglers (J. Lee, 1968)
Blända av till halvljus (Living next door to Alice) - Stefan & Krister (Chinn/Chapman, K. Claesson, 1994)
Leader of the gang - Highway Stars (G. Glitter/M. Leander, 1993)
Who's gonna follow you home - Jerry Williams (Norell/Oson/Bard, 1990)
En stor stark - Kjell Höglund (K. Höglund, 1989)
Ooa hela natten - Attack (Eriksson/Uhr, 1991)
Blue Hawaii - Black Ingvars (Rose-Marie Stråhle, 1995)
Evert - Eddie Meduza (E. Meduza, 1995)
Hey baberiba (Hey ba ba re bop) - Rockfolket (L. Hampton/C. Hamner, 1972)
Diggety Doggety - Little Gert (B. Erman, 1978)
En gammal Amazon - Svenne Rubins (S. Rubin, 1993)
Rara, söta Anna - Ronny & Ragge (C. Sandelin/T. Ekman/P. Settman/F. Granberg, 1993)
Under the Boardwalk - The Boppers (Resnick/Young, 1992)
Ge mig en öl - Kenneth & the Knutters (B. Boom-Boom/K. Kenneth/P. Pilsner, 1993)
Bonnie Bee - Janne Lucas (C. Underwood, 1997)
Sommarnatt - Snowstorm (Diedricsson/Ferm, 1980)
Did I Tell You - Jerry Williams (G. Povey, 1989)
Rollin' down - Eddie Meduza (E. Meduza, 1995)
Säg inte nej, säg kanske - Flintstens med Stanley (I. Hellberg, 1995)

Svenska musikalbum
Engelskspråkiga musikalbum
Svenskspråkiga musikalbum
Samlingsalbum 1997
Samlingsalbum utgivna på Mariann Grammofon
Svenska samlingsalbum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
День О́хі (, Epéteios tou Óchi ; «Річниця НІ») — офіційне та загальнонаціональне свято Греції, Республіки Кіпр і грецьких громад у світі, що відзначається 28 жовтня. Свято засновано на честь подій 1940 року, коли грецький уряд на чолі з Іоаннісом Метаксасом категорично відкинув ультиматум італійського диктатора Беніто Муссоліні, що призвело до початку італо-грецької війни.

Історія
О четвертій годині ранку 28 жовтня 1940 р. італійський посол особисто доставив телеграму грецькому прем'єр-міністру Іоаннісу Метаксасу в Кіфісію від італійського диктатора Муссоліні з ультимативною вимогою надати військам Осі плацдарм на території Греції для гарантії її нейтралітету у Другій світовій війні. Відповідь Метаксаса була категоричним «Ні!» () (хоча багато вчених вважають політичне підґрунтя «Охі» спотворенням інформації, вказуючи на те, що реальною відповіддю була французька фраза «Alors, c'est la guerre» («Отже, це війна»)). Вранці 28 жовтня 1940 року мешканці Афін незалежно від влади вийшли на вулиці, скандуючи «Ні!».

Відмова означала для Греції початок війни. Вже о 5:30 28 жовтня фашистська Італія з окупованої Албанії атакувала грецький кордон. Тисячі добровольців стікалися до лінії фронту, і 14 листопада грецька армія перейшла від оборони до контрнаступу.

Ще через 5 місяців Муссоліні був змушений звернутися по допомогу до Німеччини. 6 квітня 1941 року через болгарсько-грецький кордон вторгнулася гітлерівська армія. Спільними зусиллями союзників грецька армія була розбита до 23 квітня. 27 квітня були зайняті Афіни. 20 травня 1941 року було здано острів Крит.

Греція була повністю окупована, проте окремі військові частини продовжували боротьбу на півночі країни. З листопада 1942 р. по всій країні було розгорнуто Рух Опору.

Хоча німецькі війська були виведені з країни лише в 1944 році, з 1942 року Греція святкує 28 жовтня як День Охі.

Примітки

Посилання
 День Охі в Греції
 calend.ru
 podrobnosti.ua

Свята Греції
Греція в Другій світовій війні


text:
Saleemul Huq (né en 1952 au Pakistan) est un chercheur bangladais spécialiste des questions climatiques. Il travaille au groupe sur le changement climatique de l' Institut international pour l'environnement et le développement (IIED) et dirige le Centre international pour le changement climatique et le développement . Il a reçu le Prix national de l'environnement 2020 du gouvernement du Bangladesh pour ses travaux sur les dégradations de  l'environnement.

Biographie

Formation
Huq commence ses études en Allemagne, en Indonésie et au Kenya. Il obtient ensuite un Master en botanique de l' Imperial College de l'Université de Londres en 1975, ainsi qu'un doctorat en botanique de la même université en 1978.

Carrière
Avant de rejoindre l'IIED, Huq fonde en 1984 le Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies et en devient directeur. Il a fondé puis dirigé également le Centre international pour le Changement Climatique et le Développement à l' Université indépendante du Bangladesh. Il a participé aux travaux du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat, dont il a été l'auteur principal et coordonnateur du Groupe de travail II, qui se concentre sur les impacts du changement climatique, la vulnérabilité des territoires et leur adaptation.

Huq a publié des rapports et des articles sur le changement climatique, en particulier sur l'adaptation des territoires à ces changements, la résilience des populations et des territoires. Il est l'auteur principal du chapitre sur l'adaptation et le développement durable dans le troisième rapport d'évaluation du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC).Il représente les intérêts des pays les moins avancés aux négociations internationales sur le climat. À ce titre, il négocie des compensations pour les pays pauvres déjà impactés, arguant que sans cela le changement climatique risque de devenir un moteur essentiel du terrorisme international et de flux migratoires incontrôlables.

Prix
 Prix Burtoni (2007)
 Prix national de l'environnement (2020)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1952
Naissance au Pakistan
Scientifique bangladais


text:
Home /Golf
Ben Hogan Was Told He Might Never Walk Again Following a Near-Fatal Car Accident and Won the U.S. Open 16 Months Later
by Luke Norris twitter facebook linkedin | More Articles: Golf
There are few things in sports better than a good comeback story. But not the ones that are blown out of proportion or just made to sound a bit more dramatic than they actually are. We're talking about the real comeback stories that have truly inspired people, stories such as that of 64-time PGA Tour winner Ben Hogan, who may just have the greatest comeback story in sports history.
Coming into the 1949 PGA Tour season, Hogan had 51 wins and three major championships to his credit. He quickly added two victories in January and nearly won a third. But driving home from that third event, Hogan and his wife nearly lost their lives in a car accident, an accident that also nearly cost him the ability to walk.
But Ben Hogan fought through all of it and made his return to the PGA Tour in less than a year and then went on to win the U.S. Open in 1950. And that crazily is only part of this legendary comeback story.
Ben Hogan and his wife were involved in a near-fatal accident in February 1949
Ben Hogan picked up two PGA Tour victories in 1949, first the Bing Crosby Pro-Am at Pebble Beach and then the Long Beach Open at Lakewood Country Club. He nearly picked up a third consecutive win at the Phoenix Open, a tournament he'd won twice before, but lost in a Monday playoff to then-two-time Masters champion Jimmy Demaret (he added a third win at Augusta in 1950).
Two days later, on February 2, 1949, Hogan and his wife were near Van Horn, Texas, on their way home to Fort Worth from Phoenix. They were driving east on Highway 80 in extremely foggy conditions when their vehicle was hit head-on by an oncoming Greyhound bus that was attempting to pass a truck.
In an extremely heroic and romantic move, Ben threw himself across the passenger seat to protect his wife and saved her from major injury while also actually saving his own life as the steering column of the Cadillac sedan was thrust into the back of the driver's seat.
Some outlets initially reported that Ben Hogan was dead, which obviously wasn't true but essentially the entire left side of his body was crushed in the wreck as he suffered a fractured clavicle, a double-fractured pelvis, a fractured left ankle, a broken rib, and near-fatal blood clots, also suffering damage to his left eye. He spent 59 days in an El Paso hospital, during which his weight dropped to 95 pounds, and was told at one point that not only might he never play golf again, but he also might actually never walk again.
But as it was on the golf course back in those days, you just don't bet against Ben Hogan.
Ben Hogan returned to the PGA Tour 11 months after his accident and then won the 1950 U.S. Open
Ben Hogan obviously did walk again and that became one of the biggest parts of his rehab process. He slowly began resuming golf activities in the ensuing months and made his glorious return to the PGA Tour in January 1950 at the Los Angeles Open at famed Riviera Country Club. And, magically, he nearly won the tournament but lost to fellow legend Sam Snead in a playoff. But there was certainly more magic to come.
Five months later, just 16 months after the accident that nearly killed him, Ben Hogan won the U.S. Open at Merion Golf Club in suburban Philadelphia and hit one of the most famous shots in golf history en route to victory. Tied for the lead on the 72nd hole, Hogan hit a 1-iron into the green at the difficult 18th, which produced one of the most iconic photographs in sports history, and two-putted his way into an 18-hole playoff with Lloyd Mangrum and George Fazio.
Hogan was the only player to shoot under par in the playoff, firing a 1-under 69 to win by four over Mangrum and six over Fazio to secure his second U.S. Open and fourth major championship.
And there was still even more magic to come.
He went on to win 10 more times on the PGA Tour, including five additional major championships
Ben Hogan at the 1950 U.S. Open | Getty Images
The famous U.S. Open win at Merion was Ben Hogan's only victory of the 1950 PGA Tour season but it certainly wasn't the final victory of his career.
In 1951, he won The Masters for the first time and won a second consecutive U.S. Open, also winning the World Championship of Golf. The following year, he earned his third win at Colonial Country Club in Fort Worth, the same course that honors him to this day with a statue just outside the clubhouse.
Then, of course, there was that magical 1953 season in which he became the first (and still the only) player to win The Masters, the U.S. Open, and The Open Championship in the same calendar year. His victory at The Open, which was actually the only time he played the tournament in his entire career, made him just the second player in history — Gene Sarazen was the first — to win the career Grand Slam.
Since then, only Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, and Tiger Woods have joined the highly-exclusive club. Hogan won two other PGA Tour events in 1953 and one last one in 1959, naturally at Colonial. His 64 wins are good for fourth on the PGA Tour's all-time victory list and his nine major championships also rank fourth (tied with Player).
After nearly losing his life at age 36, Ben Hogan lived to be 84 years old before passing away on July 25, 1997. Valerie passed two years later.
Tags:Golfers PGA


Available in a 2 lens or 3 lens package.
With the Smith V2 Tactical, maximum optics and maximum protection are the basics of this eyewear. Utilizing the new FreeFloat lens technology, the PivLock Tactical can absorb a serious impact. This is a super lightweight, frameless protective euyeshield that increases up vision and keeps you on target. If that wasn't enough, the PivLock C2 Tactical features a 3-position adjustable nosepiece and performance-proven interchangeable lenses.


According to The Hollywood Reporter, CBS Films will release Winchester, starring Helen Mirren, on Feb. 23, 2018. The period supernatural thriller is inspired by the real-life tale of Sarah Winchester, the eccentric heiress to the Winchester Repeating Arms Company fortune who spent her life constructing an enormous mansion in San Jose, California, complete with secret passages and trap doors, in order to keep at bay what she thought were the angry spirits of the people killed by her family's firearms. In the film, Sarah Winchester is visited by a skeptical San Francisco psychiatrist (Jason Clarke) who discovers that her obsession may not be so insane after all. Today, the Winchester Mystery House is a well-known tourist attraction. Construction on the mansion commenced in 1884. Sarah Snook and Angus Sampson also star in the movie, which is directed by Michael Spierig and Peter Spierig. Tim McGahan and Brett Tomberlin produced.


text:
Chick-fil-A announces details on how to win a free meal a week for a year
Construction proceeds on the Chick-fil-A restaurant in Cicero on Jan. 12, 2018. (Rick Moriarty | rmoriarty@syracuse.com)(Rick Moriarty)
By Elizabeth Doran | edoran@syracuse.com
CICERO, NY -
Get ready to get in line and do some community service if you want a chance to win a free meal a week for a year from the new Chick-fil-A restaurant in Cicero.
At 6 a.m. Feb. 21, the first 100 people in line at the restaurant at 7916 Brewerton Road who live in zip codes from around Central New York will be chosen for the free meals, the restaurant announced Monday. Those chosen also are required to participate in a day of community service to qualify for the free meals, the restaurant announced.
The restaurant is scheduled to open for business at 6:30 a.m. Feb. 22. It's the first Chick-fil-A in Upstate New York.
If there are more than 100 people in line at 6 a.m., a drawing will be held to pick the 100 people who will participate, Chick-fil-A officials said.
If there are fewer than 100 people, registration will continue until 8 a.m. or until 100 people are picked, whichever comes first, officials said.
The free meal promotion is open to people 18 years old and older with IDs showing that they live in the Central New York area. (Zip codes below)
hose chosen will travel by bus the same day - Feb. 21 - to perform community service in the Cicero area and at Francis House in Syracuse. The Cicero franchise owner and operator Jimmer Szatkowski will also participate in the community service.
More details on the contest are available here.
The popular restaurant's chicken dinners sell for about $8, so that's a prize worth about $416.
Here are the eligible zip codes:


text:
870 F. 2d 1222 - United States v. Perez
870 F2d 1222 United States v. Perez
27 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 948
Luis Anthony PEREZ and Faustino Calderon-Abeja, Defendants-Appellants.
Argued Jan. 20, 1989.
Decided March 9, 1989.
Leland Shalgos, Nathan Diamond-Falk, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellants.
Helene B. Greenwald, Asst. U.S. Atty., Anton Valukas, U.S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before BAUER, Chief Judge, KANNE, Circuit Judge, and ESCHBACH, Senior Circuit Judge.
BAUER, Chief Judge.
On May 8, 1987, defendants Luis Anthony Perez (Perez) and Faustino Calderon-Abeja (Calderon) were arrested after attempting to sell a kilogram of cocaine to undercover Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Special Agent Anthony Greco. The grand jury returned a nine-count indictment against Perez, Calderon, Elsa Rego, and her daughter, Angela Rego. Count one charged Perez and Calderon with conspiring with each other, with Elsa and Angela Rego, and with others unknown, to knowingly and intentionally distribute and possess with intent to distribute, cocaine and heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846. Perez also was charged with distributing, possessing and possessing with intent to distribute, cocaine and heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1). Calderon was similarly charged with respect to cocaine only. Both defendants were charged in count seven with using and carrying firearms during and in relation to their commission of drug trafficking crimes charged elsewhere in the indictment, in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 924(c). In counts eight and nine, Calderon and Perez both were charged with being a felon knowingly in possession of firearms that previously had traveled in foreign commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 922(g)(1).
After a jury trial, the defendants were convicted of all counts with which they were charged. Alleging numerous trial errors, the defendants brought this appeal. We affirm the defendants' convictions.
In April of 1987, a DEA confidential informant asked the Regos, who were living at the Riverside Motel in Chicago, if they could obtain narcotics for him. The Regos in turn asked Perez if he could supply them with two ounces of heroin. On April 27, Perez supplied the Regos with heroin. The next day, the Regos sold one ounce of heroin to DEA Special Agent Patricia Collins, who was accompanied by the informant. Later that day the Regos gave Perez $700 and the unsold ounce of heroin.
After the heroin sale, the informant ordered two ounces of cocaine. On April 30, and again on May 4, DEA Special Agent Greco, accompanied by the informant, came to the Regos' hotel room to purchase the two ounces of cocaine. However, on both occasions, Perez failed to deliver the cocaine. On May 6, Perez delivered the cocaine and the next day Greco bought the cocaine with $3000 in marked government money. Greco also asked the Regos if they could supply him with a kilogram of cocaine. On May 7, Perez picked up $2,200 of the marked government money. At that time, the Regos asked Perez if he could supply a kilogram of cocaine and a half-kilogram of heroin. (On May 7, DEA Agent Collins had contacted the Regos about supplying the heroin.)
During the morning of May 8, Perez arrived at the Regos' motel room with a kilogram of cocaine wrapped in a green package and tucked between his pants and shirt. While he was there, Perez made a number of telephone calls. On three occasions he used the telephone to page the beeper number belonging to Calderon. There were also seven phone calls from a car telephone owned and subscribed to by Calderon to the motel. About 2:00 p.m. that afternoon DEA surveillance agents took up positions in the vicinity of the Riverside Motel. At 4:30 p.m., Collins arrived to purchase the heroin. In the alley behind the motel, Calderon sat in a green Buick Regal. Two calls were made between the motel and the car during this time. Collins found out that the heroin was not there and left. Perez then went to Calderon's car and they drove to the south of the motel.
At 4:50 p.m., Greco arrived at the motel. Perez and Calderon were still sitting in the green Buick. After Greco talked with Angela Rego, who then spoke to Perez, Perez walked over to Greco and told him it was "too open out here. Let's do it inside." He also said "I got your package here," lifting up his shirt to show Greco the green package. Shortly thereafter, Perez, Calderon, and the Regos were arrested.
Perez and Calderon both were searched. The green package which Perez carried in his waistband contained 1002.43 grams of cocaine. Perez also had 2.51 grams of heroin in his possession. At the time of his arrest, Calderon had a digital display telephone beeper attached to his belt. The car Calderon was driving was also searched. It was equipped with two secret compartments which contained a loaded semi-automatic pistol, a loaded Smith and Wesson .357 Magnum revolver, 5.63 grams of cocaine, two packages of procaine, and an electronic scale. Also recovered were $7,650, $1,600 of which were the marked dollars that Greco had used to pay the Regos on May 6.
The defendants were tried to a jury from November 30, 1987 to December 16, 1987. The jury found Perez and Calderon guilty of all counts in which they were charged. Perez was sentenced to thirteen years imprisonment, to be followed by twenty years of supervised release and five years probation. Calderon was sentenced to eighteen years imprisonment followed by life-time supervised release, five years probation and a $51,000 fine. Defendants then brought this appeal, alleging that numerous trial errors warrant reversal of their convictions.
Perez contends that the trial court erred by refusing to admit extrinsic evidence about Elsa Rego's 1985 narcotics arrest and conviction. In his defense, Perez claimed that Angela and Elsa Rego (who testified for the government) were either the actual sources of the cocaine and heroin sold to agents Greco and Collins or they were protecting the identity of the actual source. To prove his defense, Perez sought to introduce the testimony of Detective Brent Fowler, the narcotics detective who arrested Elsa Rego in 1985. Although the district court refused to admit the detective's testimony, the court did admit a certified copy of Rego's 1985 conviction under Federal Rule of Evidence 609 to impeach Rego's testimony. (At trial, Rego testified that she had never sold drugs in the past.)
The district court's decision to admit or exclude evidence under Rule 404(b) is reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. See United States v. Brown, 688 F.2d 1112, 1115 (7th Cir.1982). In our view, the district court properly refused to admit the detective's testimony. First, Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b) bars the admission of such testimony for impeachment purposes. That rule provides that "specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness's credibility, other than conviction of crime as provided in rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence." Fed.R.Evid. 608(b). See also, J. Yanan & Associates v. Integrity Insurance Co., 771 F.2d 1025, 1031 (7th Cir.1985). Second, the testimony did not meet the test of relevance under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). Although Perez argues that Rego's prior narcotics conviction shows that she ran the narcotics operation in this case and was the source of the narcotics, nothing in Detective Fowler's proposed testimony indicated that Elsa Rego was the source of the narcotics she sold in 1985 or that she was the "head" of that operation. In short, Fowler's testimony was not relevant to show that Rego, and not Perez, was the actual source of the narcotics sold to Collins and Greco.
Calderon's first argument on appeal is that the district court should have allowed him to admit as substantive evidence the transcript of an interview with Angela Rego. The transcript contained sworn statements by Rego that contradicted portions of her testimony at trial. Shortly before the trial started, Calderon's attorney contacted Angela Rego's attorney, Michael Logan, and requested an interview with Rego. Although a court reporter was present when Rego was interviewed, the requirements of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 15, which sets forth the circumstances in which depositions for criminal proceedings may be taken, were not met.1
Calderon sought to admit those portions of Rego's transcript which contradicted her testimony at trial, arguing that those statements were prior inconsistent statements under oath and thus admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1)(A). In order to be admissible as substantive evidence, the prior statement must be given at "a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition." Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(A). Because the pretrial interview with Rego did not fulfill the requirements of a deposition under Rule 15, the transcript does not meet the admissibility requirements of Rule 801(d)(1)(A). (The district court did allow Calderon to impeach Rego by calling Logan, who was present at the interview, to testify about what Rego said during the interview.)
Because this conclusion is so patently obvious, it is difficult to understand why this issue is before us on appeal. The fault for this lies with the government and not with the defendant. The government sought a copy of defense counsel's interview with Rego, apparently arguing that it was a deposition.2 The court ordered the defendant to provide the government with a copy of transcript, which the government used to prepare Rego for her trial testimony. Then, when Calderon wanted to introduce the document as substantive evidence, the government changed its mind and argued that the transcript was not a deposition and therefore inadmissible. Calderon now argues that the government cannot have its cake and eat it too. He contends that because the government used the transcript, he also should have been allowed to use the transcript. Two wrongs, however, do not make a right. The interview was not a deposition. Further, the interview could not have been given in deposition form consistent with the requirements of Rule 15. Because of this, we cannot grant Calderon the relief he seeks; however, we do not condone the government's posture in this situation.
Calderon's next set of arguments revolves around an in-court identification by a government witness that was suppressed by the district court. In order to prove several counts of the indictment, the government needed to prove Calderon's knowledge of the contents of the secret compartments in the green Buick. Part of the circumstantial evidence which the government sought to introduce was the testimony of Amador Sanchez Rios. At trial, Rios testified that he sold the green Buick (which belonged to, and was registered to, his co-worker Jose Elias Sanchez) to a "little short man, fat, about 35 or more." Rios also stated that the purchaser "looks ... like that man" and pointed to Calderon.
After Calderon objected to the identification, Rios and Greco were questioned outside the presence of the jury and revealed the following. In either August or September of 1987, Greco had shown Rios a photo spread which included a photograph of Calderon, and asked him if any of the photographs were of the purchaser of the Buick. Rios was unable to identify the purchaser. Greco did not preserve the photo spread and defense counsel was not informed of Rios's inability to identify Calderon. A few weeks before trial, Rios met with the Assistant United States Attorney on the case and described the purchaser of the Buick as fat, around 170, 175 pounds, about 35 years old or older, and about 5'4" or 5'5" tall. Rios was shown a black and white photograph of Calderon, but again was unable to identify him as the purchaser of the car. Defense counsel was not notified.
On December 8, 1987, Rios arrived in court to testify. He volunteered to the Assistant United States attorney that if he saw anyone who "looked a lot" like the purchaser of the Buick, he would so indicate by pointing a finger towards the floor. Shortly thereafter, both defendants, who were in custody, were brought out of the lock-up. Rios then pointed his finger towards the floor.
After the voir dire, the district court granted Calderon's motion to suppress Rios's in-court identification. The court then instructed the jury to disregard Rios's identification, stating that as a matter of law, it must be "totally disregarded." The government then stipulated that Rios was "unable to identify Mr. Calderon as the person who bought the car," and the stipulation was read to the jury. However, the court did permit Rios to testify that the purchaser of the Buick was a "short" man, about 5'4" or 5'5", and about "170, 175" pounds.
Calderon alleges that three errors stemmed from this in-court identification. First, he contends that the district court should have granted his motion for a mistrial because the identification was so prejudicial that he could not have received a fair trial. Second, he contends that the court should have granted his motion to dismiss the indictment because the government failed to disclose to the defense that Rios could not identify Calderon from the photographs. Third, Calderon argues that after the identification was suppressed, Rios should not have been permitted to testify that the purchaser of the car was short and fat.
The district court's decision to deny Calderon's motion for a mistrial is reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. United States v. Fulk, 816 F.2d 1202, 1205 (7th Cir.1987); United States v. Phillips, 640 F.2d 87, 91 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 991, 101 S.Ct. 2331, 68 L.Ed.2d 851 (1981). We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion; the in-court identification simply was not as prejudicial as Calderon contends. First, Rios only testified that Calderon "looked like" the purchaser; he did not make a positive identification. Any weight the jury would give this identification is further discounted because the jury was informed of all the circumstances which culminated in the identification. Second, the jury was very clearly instructed to disregard Rios's resemblance testimony. We assume that a jury will perform its duty and follow clear instructions. Fulk, 816 F.2d at 1205; Phillips, 640 F.2d at 91. Given the weakness of the identification and the district court's unequivocal instruction,3 there is every reason to believe that the jury followed the court's instruction. In addition, the stipulation, which stated that Rios was unable to make an identification, was read to the jury immediately following the instruction. Third, as will be discussed later, there was overwhelming evidence connecting Calderon to the Buick; thus, to the extent that Rios's testimony tied Calderon to the car, it was cumulative and there was no need for the jury to rely upon that testimony to reach its verdict. United States v. Malsom, 779 F.2d 1228, 1239 (7th Cir.1985).
Next, Calderon contends that the district court should have dismissed the indictment because the government failed to inform Calderon that on two occasions prior to trial Rios was unable to identify Calderon as the owner of the car. He argues that under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), the government's delay in turning over this exculpatory information constituted a violation of his due process rights. Although the government is required to turn over exculpatory information, a delay in doing so violates due process only if the "delay prevent(ed) the defendant from receiving a fair trial." United States v. Allain, 671 F.2d 248, 255 (7th Cir.1982). A defendant receives a fair trial "(a)s long as disclosure is made before it is too late for the defendant to make use of any benefits of the evidence...." Id. (quoting United States v. Ziperstein, 601 F.2d 281, 291 (7th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1031, 100 S.Ct. 701, 62 L.Ed.2d 667 (1980)).
We find that the disclosure was made in sufficient time to enable Calderon to make use of the information. He was able to successfully strike the identification testimony of Rios. Further, he was also able to cross-examine Rios about his inability to identify the purchaser of the green Buick on two prior occasions. See United States v. Adams, 834 F.2d 632, 635 (7th Cir.1987), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. 783, 98 L.Ed.2d 869 (1988) (no due process violation where defense received impeaching information in sufficient time to make "good use" of it in cross-examination); Allain, 671 F.2d at 255 (same). Because the delay did not deprive Calderon of a fair trial, we find that the district court correctly denied Calderon's motion to dismiss the indictment.
Calderon contends that a third error, stemming from Rios's testimony, occurred when Rios was allowed to testify that the purchaser of the Buick was short and fat. As noted above, evidentiary rulings by the trial court are reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. Brown, 688 F.2d at 1115. The district court ruled that the evidence was admissible because Rios's description could not have been derived from the witness's pretrial viewing of the photographs because the photographs were only head and shoulder snapshots. The court also ruled that the description was admissible because Rios gave this description prior to coming to court; thus, the description was independent of the in-court confrontation. There is simply no basis for finding that the district court abused its discretion in this circumstance.
Although Calderon may have exhausted his arguments concerning the Rios testimony, we feel compelled to comment further. We find the government's conduct unnecessary and unprofessional. The evidence connecting Calderon to the car was in fact unassailable4; the charade of putting Rios on the stand to testify that the purchaser "looked like" Calderon was cumulative and needless. The only certain result of this tactic was to provide Calderon an issue upon which to appeal his conviction. Although it did not rise to the level of reversible error, the government's conduct calls into question the integrity of a judicial proceeding. In a closer case, this fact alone may be sufficient to reverse a conviction.
The last issue that we must address is one in which both defendants join. Calderon and Perez both contend that the government's closing and rebuttal arguments made improper reference to their failure to testify, thereby violating their Fifth Amendment rights and justifying a mistrial. Both direct and indirect references to a defendant's refusal to testify are prohibited by the Fifth Amendment. See Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965) (direct reference violates the Fifth Amendment); Williams v. Lane, 826 F.2d 654, 664 (7th Cir.1987) (same); United States ex rel. Burke v. Greer, 756 F.2d 1295, 1300 (7th Cir.1985) (indirect reference also violates Fifth Amendment). However, indirect references to a defendant's silence at trial violate the Fifth Amendment only if the " 'language used was manifestly intended to be or was of such a character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the defendant's failure to testify'." Greer, 756 F.2d at 1300 (quoting United States v. Lyon, 397 F.2d 505, 509 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 846, 89 S.Ct. 131, 21 L.Ed.2d 117 (1968)).
The defendants object to the following comments by the government in rebuttal:5 "The evidence both direct and circumstantial, we submit to you has proved this case beyond a reasonable doubt that there were four people involved in this narcotics conspiracy. You heard from two of them from the witness stand and they told you what they knew." After the court sustained the objection of defense counsel and told the government to rephrase the comment, the government then stated: "You heard from two of the people that were involved in this drug conspiracy from the witness stand. They told you what they knew, no more, no less." Defense counsel objected again and was sustained.
The government argues that, if taken in context, these statements were not impermissible remarks about the defendant's failure to testify. See United States v. Hernandez, 865 F.2d 925 (7th Cir.1989). Perhaps. In any case, we find that even if these comments were error, they were harmless. Comments about a defendant's failure to testify do not necessarily mandate reversal of the conviction; the issue is whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 510-11, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 1981, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983); Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967). Given the compelling evidence against both defendants, we find that any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Once again, however, we are compelled to comment further. Although in context the comments may have been proper, the government stretched the bounds of propriety to their limits. Because comment about the defendant's exercise of his Fifth Amendment right is obviously impermissible, there is no excuse for any comment, however subtle, which could implicate the defendant's failure to testify. Whatever the merits of the government's argument in this case, we suggest it choose its language more carefully in the future.
Despite the heavy-handed prosecution of this case, we find that none of the errors alleged by the defendants constitutes reversible error. The convictions of Luis Anthony Perez and Faustino Calderon-Abeja are
Rule 15 limits the taking and use of depositions by: (1) requiring the court's permission to take depositions; (2) authorizing depositions only of a party's own witnesses and only where there are exceptional circumstances present making it necessary to preserve the witness's testimony for use at trial; and (3) prohibiting the use of depositions as a method of pretrial discovery of adverse witnesses. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 15 advisory committee note (1974 Amendment)
The pretrial interview of Angela Rego did not meet these requirements. Defense counsel did not give notice of the deposition to the government nor did counsel receive the court's permission to take the deposition. Further, the district court would not have allowed defense counsel to take a discovery deposition of Angela Rego, who was an adverse witness.
To seek discovery of the transcript, the government in effect had to concede that the transcript could be introduced at trial. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(b)(1). Otherwise, the transcript would not be discoverable under Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(b)(2), which provides that the following is information not subject to disclosure: "discovery or inspection of ... internal defense documents made by ... the defendant's attorneys ... in connection with the investigation or defense of the case or of statements made ... by government ... witnesses or by prospective government ... witnesses, to the defendant, the defendant's agents or attorneys." In response to the government's request for discovery, Calderon argued that the transcript was not discoverable under Rule 16(b)(2). The district court originally ruled that the transcript was a deposition and then apparently changed its mind when Calderon wanted to introduce the transcript under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1)(A)
The court gave the following instruction:
[A]nd then I have a further instruction for you, ladies and gentlemen at this time. "When we left yesterday the witness Mr. Rios stood up and stated that the man he sold the car to looks like the man over there in brown [Calderon]. The Court has determined, as a matter of law, that the request for him to identify the man who bought the car from him and his answer to that request were objectionable and should be totally disregarded by you and should not be considered by you in any way. So what the Court is instructing you to do is to totally disregard the question, as well as the answer, because as a matter of law, I have determined that it is totally meaningless. So that reference to Mr. Calderon as the man he sold the car to is totally meaningless, as a matter of law." So that is my instruction.
At trial the following facts were established connecting Calderon to the car. Kenneth Woodham, owner of Woodham Radio Service, testified that around February or March 1987, his company installed a car telephone in the green Buick for Calderon, whom Woodham, unlike Rios, positively identified in open court. This was the same car telephone that Calderon used the day he and Perez were arrested. Woodham also testified that Calderon asked him to repair the mechanism which flipped open the doors to the secret compartments in the car. In addition, the Buick bore a license plate registered in Calderon's name, but for another car. Calderon was also the subscriber to the telephone number of the car telephone
The defendants also objected to a comment made by the government in closing argument. We find that the comment did not implicate the defendant's failure to testify and was not improper


text:
Asharq Al-awsat English https://aawsat.com/english Middle-east and International News and Opinion from Asharq Al-awsat Newspaper http://feedly.com/icon.svg
International and Arab News
Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed: We Strongly Support Saudi Arabia
Abu Dhabi - Asharq Al-Awsat
"Gulf"
Sun, 02 Dec 2018 11:05:08 +0000
https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1487671/sheikh-khalifa-bin-zayed-we-strongly-support-saudi-arabia
Sunday, 2 December, 2018 - 10:30
UAE President Sheikh Khalifa receives Mohammed bin Zayed at al-Bateen Palace. (WAM)
UAE has moved from the phase of establishment to the phase of empowerment and is preparing for the future, said its President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed in his speech on the occasion of the country's 47th National Day.
Sheikh Khalifa said that his country is moving ahead as planned in the "UAE Strategy for the Future" and the "UAE Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution," which outlined the UAE Vision 2071, a road map for the next five decades to complement the country's centennial anniversary.
The first signs of the future were reflected in the qualification of the first Emirati astronauts and launch of Khalifa Sat, the first Arab satellite, Sheikh Khalifa added, pointing out that these "achievements increase our confidence in the future of a homeland that is developed by our children and sons."
He explained that the second of December is a historic and glorious occasion on which "we learn lessons, draw strength and recall the insightful lives of Founding Father late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan."
"On this great anniversary, we affirm that maintaining the spirit of unity will always remain our top strategic goal, which we strive to achieve through a coherent vision, specific objectives and comprehensive developmental and progressive policies."
Sheikh Khalifa stressed that his country strongly supports Saudi Arabia against any threat to its unity, sovereignty, status or abuse of its leadership and people.
He pointed out that under the leadership of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the Kingdom represents the pillar of peace and stability in the Arab and Islamic worlds, noting that any harm to the Kingdom represents harm to the UAE.
He also confirmed his country's support for Yemen and its legitimate government to restore hope to its citizens by working to end the Houthi coup, provide humanitarian and relief aid and reconstruct the liberated areas in an attempt to achieve security and stability in all Yemeni governorates.
He expressed UAE's full solidarity with the Kingdom of Bahrain, Libya, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, explaining that is is the foundations on which the UAE's foreign policy was founded, affirming the absolute support for efforts to counter their security and undermine their unity.
"We are keen to diversify and expand our foreign relations in order to build a strong network of understandings and partnerships with major and developing countries to achieve our national interests and support our policies, initiatives and efforts in all fields," he added.
Arab Coalition Downs 2 Houthi Drones
Bahrain: Qatar's Conspiracies Affirm its Serious Threat to GCC
Qatar Puts Obstacles to Citizens by Politicizing Hajj Season
Saudi Arabia Stresses Need to Keep Lebanon in Arab Fold
More Pilgrims Arrive in Saudi Arabia for Hajj
Kuwait's 'Muslim Brotherhood' Mobilizes in Defense of Egyptian Cell
Saudi Arabia, UAE to Send 50,000 Tons of Agricultural Aid to Sudan
EU Opens New Mission in Kuwait
King Salman Receives King of Malaysia
KSrelief Organizes Workshop on Children Recruited by Houthis in Armed Conflict
Riyadh Calls on Doha to Facilitate Arrival of Qataris Wishing to Perform Hajj, Umrah
Saudi King Directs to Host 1,300 Pilgrims from 72 Countries
Click here to subscribe to our free newsletter
Asharq AL-awsat will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and to provide updates and marketing.
Bahrain's Ambassador Returns to Baghdad
Meeting Between Arab League, Libyan Delegation Fails
Washington Concerned over Houthi Execution Verdicts
Sources: Lebanese Politicians Seek to Form Council that Protects Taef Accord
Israel, Hamas Make Strides in Easing Tensions
Exclusive - Germany Mulls Banning Muslim Brotherhood over its Growing Influence
Exclusive – Iraq PM Caught between Internal Pressure, American-Iranian Conflict
Exclusive - Houthis Restore Slavery in Yemen
Iraq Gun Shops Thrive amid Call for Arms Control
Houthis Abusing Education for Sectarian Indoctrination
Griffiths to Asharq Al-Awsat: Gulf Tours Were Fruitful
Grief-struck Families Pay High Price for Sudan's Revolution
Sudan's Sadeq al-Mahdi Proposes Code of Conduct
Mubarak al-Mahdi: Sudan Should Distance Itself from Iran, Hamas
Project around Baghdad Airport Raises Demographic Fears among Sunnis
Lucrative Drug Trade Finances Houthi War Effort
Exclusive - UNAOC: Saudi Arabia Successful Model of Protection of Religious Sites
Austria's Vasiliki Alexandri competes in the solo free artistic swimming event during the 2019 World Championships at Yeomju Gymnasium in Gwangju on July 15, 2019. (AFP)
A boy drinks coconut water at a market in Beijing on July 15, 2019. (AFP)
Algeria supporters celebrate after Algeria won the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations (CAN) semi-final football match against Nigeria, on the Grande Poste place in Algiers on July 14, 2019. (AFP)
Chinese male panda bear Jiao Qing smells a birthday cake, made of frozen vegetables, marking his 9th birthday in a compound at Berlin Zoo, Germany July 15, 2019. (Reuters)
Copyright: 1978 - 2019 © H H Saudi Research and Marketing LTD, All Rights Reserved And subject to Terms of Use Agreement


text:
Oscars Memorial Tribute Leaves Out Farrah Fawcett and Bea Arthur
Posted by: Annaka Turner | March 8, 2010
Charlie's Angels star Farrah Fawcett and Golden Girls diva Bea Arthur may have best been known for their work in television, but they both also starred in numerous films. So why exactly did the Academy Awards seemingly ignore both actresses in the Memoriam tribute Sunday night?
The Memoriam video is a traditional part of every Academy Awards and last night the Oscars paid tribute to fallen stars such as Patrick Swayze, Ron Silver, Natasha Richardson and David Carradine. Two very well known names in particular, however, were missing from the tribute – Farrah Fawcett and Bea Arthur.
Farrah Fawcett is best known, of course, for her role on Charlie's Angels and TV films like The Burning Bed. However, she also starred in movies like The Cannonball Run, The Apostle and Extremities, for which she was nominated for a best actress Golden Globe. Golden Girls star Bea Arthur also had a notable film career, including roles in the Oscar-nominated film Lovers and Other Strangers and Mame.
Fans of both actresses are upset the two were not included in the Oscars Memoriam tribute, especially since the Academy did include Michael Jackson. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences responded to the controversy by saying that there just is not enough time to include everyone in the film industry that passed away over the last year. "Every year it's an unfortunate reality that we can't include everybody, spokeswoman Leslie Unger said, according to the London Daily Telegraph.
We're sure it is difficult as hell to decide who will be included in the memorial montage every year, but leaving out people like Farrah Fawcett and Bea Arthur just seems totally off the rocker. Half the people in the montage had less recognition in the movie industry than these two amazing ladies. If Michael Jackson gets to be considered a "movie star" then not including Arthur and Fawcett is just plain rude.
>> Previously:Â Academy Awards 2010 Winners List
Tagged: 2010 academy award winners, 2010 academy awards, 2010 oscars, bea arthur, Farrah Fawcett, farrah fawcett oscars, oscar winners 2010 list, oscars farrah fawcett, oscars memorial tribute, oscars memoriam tribute
3 Responses to "Oscars Memorial Tribute Leaves Out Farrah Fawcett and Bea Arthur"
March 9th, 2010 at 12:29 pm
Michael has been in eight feature films, besides he's DEAD, how the hell is it his fault that Farrah wasnt included, people can be so ignorant its unbelieveable. He was an actor although he was not primarily known for that because he was the worlds biggest entertainer. But you cant say he doesnt belong their as much as Farrah, The academy should have made the segment a bit longer cut a few speeches short. Blame the academy not MJ , give the man a break ,hasnt he suffered enough because of the media bloodsuckers and public haters when he was alive?.Geez.
1978 The Wiz
1986 Captain EO
1988 Moonwalker
1997 Ghosts
2002 Men in Black II
2004 Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls
2009.Michael Jackson's This Is It
Michael Jackson's "This is it" film is the highest grossing documentary of all time making 260 million dollars surpassing michael moores farenheight 9/11 that made 222.6 million. so yes he does deserve to be there. RIP to them Both.


*** Help us go green and sign up to receive our newsletter by e-mail. Thank you!
Your privacy is important to us. By submitting your information, you are requesting that you be added to our mailing lists for newsletters and other important information. Your information will never be given, rented, or sold to any other parties.


The latest episode of Discovery's title, "New Eden", briefly recalled (for me, anyway) the crazy space-hippies in TOS' "The Way To Eden." But this latest episode wasn't about stealing shuttles and eating acidic apples. The space hippies were seeking a literal Eden, whereas the crew of the Discovery happen upon a planet frozen in time and technology from an era before the Federation existed…a period right before warp travel and 'first contact' with the Vulcans changed the galaxy forever.
After reviewing her brother Spock's personal logs, Michael Burnham (Sonequa Martin Green) meets with Captain Christopher Pike (Anson Mount) and learns the true whereabouts of Spock; he is in a Starfleet psychiatric facility. Apparently his obsession with the seven signals began well before Starfleet first learned of their existence. Spock's drawings of the seven signals are almost identical to Starfleet's own current maps of the signals' origins. Spock also made it clear that he didn't want his parents or his sister Michael to learn of his current whereabouts.
Pursuing one of the signals, Pike asks an understandably reluctant Commander Stamets (Anthony Rapp) to use his own unique interface with the ship's spore drive to take Discovery to a target in the Beta quadrant; a journey that would've taken hundreds of years, even at warp speeds. The spore-jumped ship arrives to find no trace of the signals, but instead picks up a radio distress beacon from the surface of a ringed, Earth-like planet. The distress beacon appears to be coming from an old church, built in human architecture conforming to pre-Federation Earth.
Somehow, an English-speaking human settlement exists on the planet; apparently whisked away from Earth approximately 200 years ago, during the height of World War III (approx 2053) by 'divine' forces, including references to the 'red angel' that Burnham saw in the previous episode (see: S2.1 "Brother"). Pike takes a landing party of himself, Burnham and underused bridge officer Lt. Joann Owosekun (Oyin Oladejo) to the surface of the planet ("Terra Elysium") to find answers that may help them figure out the signals and their meaning, which is Discovery's primary mission.
Pike notes that stain-glass windows in churches, temples and mosques were a means to teach religious messages to the illiterate masses of Old Earth.
Dressed incognito, the officers try their best to observe the Prime Directive (to never interfere in the normal social development of a pre-warp drive culture). Once inside the church, they discover an old bible with cut-and-pasted (as well as redacted) texts from Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and other religions of Earth, all mixed together. Similary mixed religious symbols are also in evidence on the stain-glass windows of the church.
Tilly undertakes a dangerous experiment…and begins to see dead people?
Back aboard Discovery, Ensign Tilly (Mary Wiseman) attempts to carve a piece from the giant gravitationally anomalous asteroid they secured from their previous mission. She tries to slice a chunk of it off with a laser beam and is nearly killed by a random energy discharge.
Have no fear, Saru is here!
On the bridge, Lt. Detmer (Emily Coutts) detects chunks of highly radioactive matter from the rings that are going to impact the planet in about an hour, causing an extinction level event. The radiation from the debris makes any kind of rescue involving transporters or shuttles non-viable. Acting captain Saru (Doug Jones) reasons that it is the ship's obligation not just to save the planet for the sake of the landing party, but also to find a way to save the natives of Terra Elysium as well. Saru deduces that it may even be the reason why they are there.
On the planet, Pike and the landing party find that the beacon is an automated signal running on battery power, and that a vintage WW3 helmet camera in the possession of Jacob might have the answers as to how the humans from Earth were transported to Terra Elysium over 200 years ago. Jacob incapacitates the landing party, steals their tech and goes to the village leader to prove that his suspicions about the newcomers were correct.
During her convalescence, Tilly and "May" come up with a way of using the captured asteroid fragment in the shuttle bay (with its anomalous gravimetric properties) to lure the radioactive fragments safely away from the planet. Against orders to rest, Tilly rushes to the bridge in her sickbay gown, babbling excitedly about her possible solution to the crisis. With Saru and Detmer's help, they initiate her plan and it works; the asteroid chunk is released carefully from the shuttle bay, and with some fancy flying from Lt. Detmer, it successfully lures the radioactive pieces away from the planet.
Owosekun, Joseph, Pike and Burnham make their cases to the rest of the villagers.
On the surface, Lt. Owosekun frees the landing party by picking the old slide lock to their basement dungeon. Once free, Pike tries to reiterate his cover story to Jacob and the others, when he sees a child carelessly playing with a phaser. Instinctively, Pike jumps on the weapon as it accidentally discharges into his chest (foreshadowing of his future fate in "The Menagerie," when Pike becomes a radiation-scarred invalid saving a shipload of Starfleet cadets). Pike is carried to the church, as the landing party locks the door to prevent the village inhabitants from seeing them beam back to the ship, but Jacob kicks in the door just in time to see them leave in glowing, enveloping halos of transporter beams (!).
A fully recovered Tilly tries to piece together the identity of the odd crewmember named "May", when she remembers and confirms that May was, in fact, a former classmate of hers… who is now deceased.
Pike recovers from his injuries sustained on Terra Elysium.
Back on the ship, a recovering Pike tells Burnham that he now realizes he has to tell Jacob the truth. Beaming in alone in Jacob's basement, Pike tells him about current Earth, the Federation of Planets, warp drive, the works. Pike also tells Jacob that their Prime Directive prevents he and his officers from altering their society. The two agree to a trade; Pike gives him a long lasting energy cell from Discovery in return for examination of the World War III helmet cam which was recording at the time of the colony's original instantaneous exodus from Earth.
On Discovery, Burnham and Pike review the old footage from the helmet cam and discover the last image it recorded before the relocation to Terra Elysium was an image of the same red, winged, angelic being that Burnham saw during their previous mission.
"You have the bridge, Number One": Jonathan Frakes is back in the Star Trek director's chair.
Jonathan Frakes ("Number One" himself, from Star Trek: The Next Generation) returns to the director's chair once again, directing a script by screenwriters Akiva Goldsman ("A Beautiful Mind"), Sean Cochran and Vaun Wilmott. Frakes also directed an episode of Discovery last season as well, not to mention multiple episodes and two feature films in the Star Trek franchise, including the post-World War III-themed "Star Trek: First Contact" (1996). Frakes' direction is confident, energetic, and well-paced.
Unfortunately, the story itself retreads some very familiar Trek territory, most obviously the displaced-Earthlings western episode "North Star," from Star Trek: Enterprise, as well as any number of episodes where the crews have had to save a planet's primitive inhabitants from a space-borne danger (including TOS' "The Paradise Syndrome").
Overall, this latest ride on the USS Discovery feels more like a standalone episode of "The Next Generation" or more like "The Orville" (especially given its collisions between faith and science, a recurring motif in that series). "New Eden" probes the issues of faith and religion but without the usual metaphorical filter; this time the religions seen are a hodgepodge current Earth religions, and while Pike is sympathetic to the right of the colonists to practice their hybridized faith, Burnham takes the side that her adopted home planet of Vulcan has traditionally taken; the side of scientific rationality.
Despite her own experience with 'the red angel', Burnham believes there is a logical reason as to how the colonists are there, and she is right to an extant; we find the colonists were transported to Terra Elysium over 200 years ago by an apparently advanced creature/race. What's missing is the why. Why were the colonists taken there? Why are the seven signals leading Discovery's crew to these seemingly random-yet-related missions? It's no coincidence that the Discovery's payload turned out to be exactly what was needed to save Terra Elysium.
While the planet's inhabitants are more or less well-meaning and generous, they are also shown to be somewhat backwards, save for the curious Jacob. Pike's sympathy towards them suggests that Star Trek's usual antagonism towards matters of blind (or misinformed) faith might be mellowing into a kind of live-and-let-live tolerance.
The Wrath of God, as depicted in the so-bad-it's-good "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier" (1989).
I would hate to see this promising second season devolve into a slicker retread of "Star Trek V: The Final Frontier" (1989). Searches for god in science fiction generally don't end well. In fact, I really don't think it's a healthy thing for one to get their answers to matters of faith from a television series. The primary goal of television (and Star Trek) is to entertain. It should never be the end all to one's search for the answers of the universe. Star Trek should ask the big questions, but it should leave the answers for its audience to figure out for themselves.
The late Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry once wrote an unproduced Star Trek story called "The God Thing" that dealt with the Enterprise crew learning that humanity's concept of 'god' was, in fact, a malfunctioning space probe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_God_Thing). Elements of this story eventually found their way into the story of the mutated "Voyager Six/V'ger" probe of "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (1979).
Roddenberry's views on religion in general were not entirely positive, to put it charitably. Many episodes of his classic series has cultures worshipping false idols who were usually debunked and revealed to be machines or alien interlopers of some kind (TOS' "The Apple," "Return of the Archons," or TNG's "Devil's Due").
Akuta and the Children of Vaal find they were worshiping a machine that was playing God.
Given Roddenberry's general dismissal of fundamentalist religions as relics best left in humanity's past, I wonder what he would have to say about the USS Discovery's quest for the 'seven signals' and the red angel? We'll see in the episodes to come if the answer to this seemingly 'divine' cosmic riddle will reconcile itself with Star Trek's longstanding tradition of humanism, and perhaps extend an olive branch to those of faith as well.
To my readers, I apologize; had to do a few quick edits; in my haste to publish quickly last night, I mistakenly referred to Spock as Michael's half-sister (not their correct relationship) and the native villager as Joseph, not Jacob. Oddly enough, IMDB also had the character listed as Joseph even though in dialogue he was clearly named as Jacob. Ugh….this is what I get for rushing myself.
I haven't been watching this season, but your reviews are making me tempted. This sounds a lot more like traditional Star Trek as opposed to last season's endless edginess for the sake of edginess.
I am mildly perplexed by your discomfort with the religious overtones considering you're such a big fan of DS9, which is a series that leaned so hard on spirituality and space magic I'd question whether it even counts as sci-fi anymore.
Also, cool seeing Andrew Moodie in another sci-fi show. He was great in Dark Matter.
The difference is that DS9's Starfleet characters, with the exception of Sisko, were primarily agnostic, even if the Bajorans weren't. And the world of Starfleet was the primary audience avatar for the fans, even in DS9. DSC's S2 isn't finished yet, granted, but I'm concerned by an increasing trend towards visions and 'red angels' and other signs that the series might be losing this secular objectivity.
These things could be 'reasonably' explained later on, and perhaps I'm just worried over nothing, but I'd hate for Trek to lose its primary humanist philosophy.


We went on a disappointing tour of Lambeth Palace, the London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the headquarters of the Anglican Church.
Despite our reservations about the value of the tour, we still managed to gather enough material from inadvertent comedy and our own research on the Palace and the neighbouring deconsecrated church, St. Mary at Lambeth, which is now home to The Garden Museum.
So, from Lollards to Lions with some significant burials as well, let us take you on OUR tour of Lambeth Palace.


text:
Under Pressure: Jake Allen
By Joey AlfieriAug 25, 2018, 1:06 PM EDT
Each day in the month of August we'll be examining a different NHL team — from looking back at last season to discussing a player under pressure to focusing on a player coming off a breakthrough year to asking questions about the future. Today we look at the St. Louis Blues.
There's times when Jake Allen looks like a solid number one goaltender capable of leading his team to the playoffs. But there's other times when he doesn't even look like an NHL goalie. That's the frustration that comes with having Allen on your team.
During the 2016-17 season, things got so bad that Ken Hitchcock, who was the head coach at the time, decided to leave Allen at home during a road trip. Things were falling apart. But a few weeks later, during the postseason, Allen was the biggest reason why the Blues were able to knock the Minnesota Wild out of the first round.
The Blues got off to a fantastic start last season, but things starting falling apart in early December and they were never able to get back on track. There was stretch where Carter Hutton took over the starting role from Allen. Even though Hutton played well at times, it still wasn't enough to get the team into the playoffs.
[2017-18 review| Breakthrough: Dunn | 3 Questions]
GM Doug Armstrong made plenty of upgrades to his roster this summer. He added Ryan O'Reilly via trade and he signed Tyler Bozak, David Perron and Patrick Maroon via free agency. The team also made a tweak in goal, as they replaced Hutton, who signed with Buffalo, with journeyman backup Chad Johnson.
All that means, is that Allen's margin for error is even smaller now. He won't be able to rely on solid backups like Brian Elliott or Hutton like he has in the past. Johnson is a capable number two netminder, but he's not the type of guy that will be able to take over for long stretches.
If Allen can't be consistent, there's a good chance the Blues will have to scratch and claw their way to a playoff spot. If the 28-year-old can find a way to provide his team with steady goaltending throughout the year, they'll probably have some more breathing room. Every goalie will go through a slump, but Allen's seem to come more frequently and they seem to last a little longer than most.
The Blues probably aren't good enough to compete with Winnipeg and Nashville but they're definitely solid enough (on paper) to fight for that third seed in the Central. They just need their goalie to play up to his capabilities for that to happen.
Joey Alfieri is a writer for Pro Hockey Talk on NBC Sports. Drop him a line at phtblog@nbcsports.com or follow him on Twitter @joeyalfieri.


text:
extern "C" {
#include <X11/X.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
}
#include <gflags/gflags.h>

#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"
#include "window_manager/util.h"
#include "window_manager/x11/x_connection.h"

using std::make_pair;
using std::map;
using std::pair;
using std::set;
using std::string;
using std::vector;
using window_manager::util::FindWithDefault;

namespace window_manager {

const uint32_t KeyBindings::kShiftMask    = ShiftMask;
const uint32_t KeyBindings::kCapsLockMask = LockMask;
const uint32_t KeyBindings::kControlMask  = ControlMask;
const uint32_t KeyBindings::kAltMask      = Mod1Mask;
const uint32_t KeyBindings::kNumLockMask  = Mod2Mask;

KeyBindings::KeyCombo::KeyCombo(KeySym key_param, uint32_t modifiers_param) {
  KeySym upper_keysym = None, lower_keysym = None;
  XConvertCase(key_param, &lower_keysym, &upper_keysym);
  keysym = lower_keysym;
  modifiers = (modifiers_param & (~kCapsLockMask & ~kNumLockMask));
}

bool KeyBindings::KeyCombo::operator<(const KeyCombo& o) const {
  return (keysym < o.keysym) ||
         ((keysym == o.keysym) && (modifiers < o.modifiers));
}

struct Action {
  Action(Closure* begin_closure_param,
         Closure* repeat_closure_param,
         Closure* end_closure_param)
      : running(false),
        begin_closure(begin_closure_param),
        repeat_closure(repeat_closure_param),
        end_closure(end_closure_param) {}
  ~Action() {
    CHECK(bindings.empty());
  }

  // Is this action currently "running"? For certain key combinations, the
  // X server will keep sending key presses while the key is held down. For
  // any such sequence, the action is "running" after the first combo press
  // until a combo release is seen.
  bool running;

  // Closure to run when the action begins (i.e. key combo press)
  scoped_ptr<Closure> begin_closure;

  // Closure to run on action repeat while running (i.e. key combo repeat)
  scoped_ptr<Closure> repeat_closure;

  // Closure to run when the action ends (i.e. key combo release)
  scoped_ptr<Closure> end_closure;

  // The set of key combinations currently bound to this action.
  set<KeyBindings::KeyCombo> bindings;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Action);
};

KeyBindings::KeyBindings(XConnection* xconn)
  : xconn_(xconn),
    current_event_time_(0),
    current_key_combo_(0, 0) {
  CHECK(xconn_);
  if (!xconn_->SetDetectableKeyboardAutoRepeat(true)) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to enable detectable keyboard autorepeat";
  }
}

KeyBindings::~KeyBindings() {
  while (!actions_.empty()) {
    RemoveAction(actions_.begin()->first);
  }

  // Removing all actions should have also removed all bindings.
  CHECK(bindings_.size() == 0);
}

bool KeyBindings::AddAction(const string& action_name,
                            Closure* begin_closure,
                            Closure* repeat_closure,
                            Closure* end_closure) {
  CHECK(!action_name.empty());
  if (actions_.find(action_name) != actions_.end()) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Attempting to add action that already exists: "
                 << action_name;
    return false;
  }
  Action* const action = new Action(begin_closure, repeat_closure, end_closure);
  CHECK(actions_.insert(make_pair(action_name, action)).second);
  return true;
}

bool KeyBindings::RemoveAction(const string& action_name) {
  ActionMap::iterator iter = actions_.find(action_name);
  if (iter == actions_.end()) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Attempting to remove non-existant action: " << action_name;
    return false;
  }
  Action* const action = iter->second;
  while (!action->bindings.empty()) {
    CHECK(RemoveBinding(*(action->bindings.begin())));
  }
  delete action;
  actions_.erase(iter);

  return true;
}

bool KeyBindings::AddBinding(const KeyCombo& combo, const string& action_name) {
  if (bindings_.find(combo) != bindings_.end()) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to overwrite existing key binding for action: "
                 << action_name;
    return false;
  }
  ActionMap::iterator iter = actions_.find(action_name);
  if (iter == actions_.end()) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to add key binding for missing action: "
                 << action_name;
    return false;
  }

  Action* const action = iter->second;
  CHECK(action->bindings.insert(combo).second);
  CHECK(bindings_.insert(make_pair(combo, action_name)).second);
  action_names_by_keysym_[combo.keysym][action_name]++;

  KeyCode keycode = FindWithDefault(
      keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_, combo.keysym, static_cast<KeyCode>(0));
  if (keycode == 0) {
    keycode = xconn_->GetKeyCodeFromKeySym(combo.keysym);
    if (keycode != 0)
      keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_[combo.keysym] = keycode;
  }

  if (keycode == 0) {
    // We'll try again if the keymap changes.
    LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to look up keycode for keysym " << combo.keysym
                 << "; not grabbing key";
  } else {
    GrabKey(keycode, combo.modifiers);
  }
  return true;
}

bool KeyBindings::RemoveBinding(const KeyCombo& combo) {
  BindingsMap::iterator bindings_iter = bindings_.find(combo);
  if (bindings_iter == bindings_.end())
    return false;

  ActionMap::iterator action_iter = actions_.find(bindings_iter->second);
  CHECK(action_iter != actions_.end());
  Action* action = action_iter->second;
  CHECK(action->bindings.erase(combo) == 1);

  // Decrement the count of bindings for this action in the
  // keysym-to-action map, and remove the entry if it was the only one.
  KeySymMap::iterator keysym_iter = action_names_by_keysym_.find(combo.keysym);
  CHECK(keysym_iter != action_names_by_keysym_.end());
  map<string, int>::iterator count_iter =
      keysym_iter->second.find(bindings_iter->second);
  CHECK(count_iter != keysym_iter->second.end());
  count_iter->second--;
  DCHECK_GE(count_iter->second, 0);
  if (count_iter->second == 0) {
    keysym_iter->second.erase(count_iter);
    if (keysym_iter->second.empty())
      action_names_by_keysym_.erase(keysym_iter);
  }

  bindings_.erase(bindings_iter);

  // If this action triggered its own binding's removal we won't know what
  // to do with the corresponding release, so go ahead and mark the action
  // as not running here.
  action->running = false;

  KeyCode keycode = FindWithDefault(
      keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_, combo.keysym, static_cast<KeyCode>(0));
  if (keycode != 0)
    UngrabKey(keycode, combo.modifiers);
  return true;
}

void KeyBindings::RefreshKeyMappings() {
  map<KeySym, KeyCode> new_keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_;

  vector<pair<KeyCode, uint32_t> > grabs_to_remove;
  vector<pair<KeyCode, uint32_t> > grabs_to_add;

  // Go through all of our combos, looking up the old keycodes and the new
  // ones and keeping track of things that've changed.
  for (BindingsMap::const_iterator it = bindings_.begin();
       it != bindings_.end(); ++it) {
    const KeyCombo& combo = it->first;

    KeyCode old_keycode = FindWithDefault(
        keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_, combo.keysym, static_cast<KeyCode>(0));

    KeyCode new_keycode = FindWithDefault(new_keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_,
                                          combo.keysym,
                                          static_cast<KeyCode>(0));
    if (new_keycode == 0) {
      new_keycode = xconn_->GetKeyCodeFromKeySym(combo.keysym);
      if (new_keycode != 0)
        new_keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_[combo.keysym] = new_keycode;
    }

    if (new_keycode != old_keycode) {
      if (old_keycode != 0)
        grabs_to_remove.push_back(make_pair(old_keycode, combo.modifiers));
      if (new_keycode != 0) {
        grabs_to_add.push_back(make_pair(new_keycode, combo.modifiers));
      } else {
        LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to look up new keycode for keysym "
                     << combo.keysym << "; not grabbing key";
      }
    }
  }

  // Now actually ungrab and regrab things as needed (this is done in a
  // separate step in case there's overlap between the old and new mappings).
  for (vector<pair<KeyCode, uint32_t> >::const_iterator it =
         grabs_to_remove.begin(); it != grabs_to_remove.end(); ++it) {
    UngrabKey(it->first, it->second);
  }
  for (vector<pair<KeyCode, uint32_t> >::const_iterator it =
         grabs_to_add.begin(); it != grabs_to_add.end(); ++it) {
    GrabKey(it->first, it->second);
  }
  keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_.swap(new_keysyms_to_grabbed_keycodes_);
}

bool KeyBindings::HandleKeyPress(KeyCode keycode,
                                 uint32_t modifiers,
                                 XTime event_time) {
  const KeySym keysym = xconn_->GetKeySymFromKeyCode(keycode);
  AutoReset<XTime> time_reset(&current_event_time_, event_time);
  KeyCombo combo(keysym, modifiers);
  BindingsMap::const_iterator bindings_iter = bindings_.find(combo);
  if (bindings_iter == bindings_.end())
    return false;

  AutoReset<KeyCombo> combo_reset(&current_key_combo_, combo);
  ActionMap::iterator action_iter = actions_.find(bindings_iter->second);
  CHECK(action_iter != actions_.end());
  Action* const action = action_iter->second;
  if (action->running) {
    if (action->repeat_closure.get()) {
      action->repeat_closure->Run();
      return true;
    }
  } else {
    action->running = true;
    if (action->begin_closure.get()) {
      action->begin_closure->Run();
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

bool KeyBindings::HandleKeyRelease(KeyCode keycode,
                                   uint32_t modifiers,
                                   XTime event_time) {
  const KeySym keysym = xconn_->GetKeySymFromKeyCode(keycode);
  AutoReset<XTime> time_reset(&current_event_time_, event_time);
  KeyCombo combo(keysym, modifiers);

  // It's possible that a combo's modifier key(s) will get released before
  // its non-modifier key: for an Alt+Tab combo, imagine seeing Alt press,
  // Tab press, Alt release, and then Tab release.  In this case, kAltMask
  // won't be present in the Tab release event's modifier bitmap.  We still
  // want to run the end closure for the in-progress action when we receive
  // the Tab release, so we check all of the non-modifier key's actions
  // here to see if any of them are active.
  KeySymMap::const_iterator keysym_iter =
      action_names_by_keysym_.find(combo.keysym);
  if (keysym_iter == action_names_by_keysym_.end())
    return false;

  AutoReset<KeyCombo> combo_reset(&current_key_combo_, combo);
  bool ran_end_closure = false;
  for (map<string, int>::const_iterator action_name_iter =
         keysym_iter->second.begin();
       action_name_iter != keysym_iter->second.end(); ++action_name_iter) {
    ActionMap::iterator action_iter = actions_.find(action_name_iter->first);
    CHECK(action_iter != actions_.end());
    Action* const action = action_iter->second;
    if (action->running) {
      action->running = false;
      if (action->end_closure.get()) {
        action->end_closure->Run();
        ran_end_closure = true;
      }
    }
  }
  return ran_end_closure;
}

void KeyBindings::GrabKey(KeyCode keycode, uint32_t modifiers) {
  xconn_->GrabKey(keycode, modifiers);
  xconn_->GrabKey(keycode, modifiers | kCapsLockMask);
  xconn_->GrabKey(keycode, modifiers | kNumLockMask);
  xconn_->GrabKey(keycode, modifiers | kCapsLockMask | kNumLockMask);
}

void KeyBindings::UngrabKey(KeyCode keycode, uint32_t modifiers) {
  xconn_->UngrabKey(keycode, modifiers);
  xconn_->UngrabKey(keycode, modifiers | kCapsLockMask);
  xconn_->UngrabKey(keycode, modifiers | kNumLockMask);
  xconn_->UngrabKey(keycode, modifiers | kCapsLockMask | kNumLockMask);
}

KeyBindingsActionRegistrar::~KeyBindingsActionRegistrar() {
  for (set<string>::const_iterator it = action_names_.begin();
       it != action_names_.end(); ++it) {
    bindings_->RemoveAction(*it);
  }
}

bool KeyBindingsActionRegistrar::AddAction(const std::string& action_name,
                                           Closure* begin_closure,
                                           Closure* repeat_closure,
                                           Closure* end_closure) {
  bool result = bindings_->AddAction(action_name,
                                     begin_closure,
                                     repeat_closure,
                                     end_closure);
  if (result) {
    CHECK(action_names_.insert(action_name).second)
        << "Action " << action_name << " has already been registered";
  }
  return result;
}

KeyBindingsGroup::KeyBindingsGroup(KeyBindings* bindings)
    : bindings_(bindings),
      enabled_(true) {
  DCHECK(bindings);
}

KeyBindingsGroup::~KeyBindingsGroup() {
  Disable();
}

void KeyBindingsGroup::AddBinding(const KeyBindings::KeyCombo& combo,
                                  const string& action_name) {
  combos_to_action_names_.insert(make_pair(combo, action_name));
  if (enabled_)
    bindings_->AddBinding(combo, action_name);
}

void KeyBindingsGroup::Enable() {
  if (enabled_)
    return;

  for (map<KeyBindings::KeyCombo, string>::const_iterator it =
         combos_to_action_names_.begin();
       it != combos_to_action_names_.end(); ++it) {
    bindings_->AddBinding(it->first, it->second);
  }
  enabled_ = true;
}

void KeyBindingsGroup::Disable() {
  if (!enabled_)
    return;

  for (map<KeyBindings::KeyCombo, string>::const_iterator it =
         combos_to_action_names_.begin();
       it != combos_to_action_names_.end(); ++it) {
    bindings_->RemoveBinding(it->first);
  }
  enabled_ = false;
}

}  // namespace window_manager

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub