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Tag: Sri Lanka Army
Tsunami Today
This article appeared in Ceylon Today on Tuesday December 30 2014.
I wonder what little Liam Cutler in Melksham, Wiltshire, would think of the current politicking for the presidency in Sri Lanka. Well, Liam is not so little any more. Ten years have passed since Liam's heart was broken by the tsunami. He must be around seventeen years old by now. Have things improved in Sri Lanka since Liam decided to do something positive at the age of ten?
I wrote in these pages recently about the art of giving and the nature of the gift relationship. Reactions to the tsunami ten years ago highlighted many aspects of the gift of giving and the relationship between people and politicians. It is particularly instructive to examine the actions ten years ago of two politicians who are still in conflict today – Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga and Mahinda Rajapaksa.
International Compassion
The feel-bad effect of the disaster triggered a feel-good factor internationally as people rushed to make donations for the relief effort. Tessa Doe is a friend I met on a tour of South India in 1994. Tessa and Frank live in rural Wiltshire in the UK. In 2005, Tessa sent me some cuttings from her local newspapers showing what the residents of Seend Cleeve and Melksham were doing in response to the disaster.
Melksham resident Pete King took it upon himself to travel to Sri Lanka to deliver and distribute 700 kilos worth of supplies from Wiltshire hospitals and pharmacies which Krishan Perera of Sri Lankan Airlines agreed to carry free of charge (the same man was very helpful to us when we transported our three cats from Ireland to Sri Lanka). Pete King reported: "Over the last two weeks I have seen many individuals in Sri Lanka doing their bit … every little effort helps".
Seend Cleeve village primary school organized bring-and-buy sales. One pupil, Hannah, was in Thailand when the tsunami struck but was safely inland. Many of the pupils expressed empathy with those who were suffering. Jenny said: "It's amazing how the whole world is sticking together and sending money to the places worst affected. Even if people didn't get killed themselves, they probably have lost family and have nothing".
Seven-year-old Liam Cutler was so upset by his Aunt Sara Mapp's experience in Thailand that, according to his mother, he "stayed very quiet. He always keeps his worries inside him." He asked to speak to a teacher in private and came up with the idea of setting up a cake stall for the benefit of tsunami victims. "He has organized the whole thing himself. He got most of the parents making cakes and the rest of his class making posters to advertise the event."
A group called Mums of Melksham held an auction of men in the Assembly Rooms. Sheila Ward said: "I decided to get involved after seeing mothers and children separated because of the tsunami. It must be horrendous and I can't bear to think what it would be like to rebuild your life without your children".
I was particularly touched to read about the children at St Michael's school who raised money for the appeal by decorating and selling heart-shaped biscuits. The interesting thing about this was that the children were encouraged to undertake this task quietly with soothing music and to meditate upon the suffering of those whose lives were devastated by the tsunami. Headteacher Beverley Martin said: "We wanted the children to think about what it would be like to have no clean water, no food, nowhere to live, no clothes and, most importantly, no family left."
Feelgood even in Sri Lanka.
Amid all the suffering, there was a hint of a feel-good factor even in war-battered Sri Lanka itself. Unlikely partners were working together, including combatants on both sides of the conflict. There was initially hope that there might be harmony with the Tamil Tigers as everyone pulled together to cope with the tragedy. Alas, this was not to last long. There was a fragile cease-fire in operation at the time but the Tigers were using this to re-arm, re-group and to impose even more securely their grip on the territories they held.
Susantha Goonathilake wrote in his book, Recolonization, about the influence of foreign NGOs on Sri Lanka: "Those affected by the tsunami rushed into temples where they were received with warmth. These temples along the coast became havens of shelter, not only for Buddhists, but also for Hindus, Muslims and Christians. There are innumerable stories of the incredible generosity of these temples. Monks gave up their robes to bandage victims, looked after their children and babies, fed them from whatever little provisions they had, and comforted them. Illustrative of the genuineness of this response was the remote Eastern province temple of Arantalawa. Here LTTE death squads had once hacked to death young Buddhist monks. Now Arantalawa opened itself to nearly 1,000 refugees, most of whom were from the Tamil community and may well have included the very assassins who had hacked the young Buddhist monks".
Even within the government itself, harmony was short-lived. The immediate state response was weak and the government took some time took some time to set up a co-ordinating committee. Despite government failings, an effective, spontaneous immediate response was organized locally, followed by the government and international agencies. Temporary shelter for the displaced was provided in schools, other public and religious buildings, and tents. Communities and groups cooperated across barriers that had divided them for decades. Sinhalese and Muslims wanted to go to the North and East with supplies but the LTTE refused to allow them into areas under its control. Up-Country Tamils went to the South to help Sinhalese victims.
Role of the Army
Today there are concerns about the role of the army in various aspects of life after the victory over the LTTE. After the tsunami, twenty thousand soldiers were deployed in government-controlled areas to assist in relief operations and maintain law and order after sporadic looting. It is probably inaccurate to call this looting. As in the immediate aftermath of Katrina people had to get supplies from somewhere and normal conditions did not pertain.
Some security personnel lost their lives trying to save civilians during the tsunami. Tamils in refugee camps flocked around soldiers without any fear. Members of the armed forces even helped Tiger cadres. The LTTE too helped save affected security personnel. On our first visit to Hambantota in January 2005, Major Gamage, of the Sri Lanka Army, made introductions for us at a temple next to the Grama Niladhari at Samodarama. All the soldiers we met were compassionate and the Major helped us to target our help for the next visit. Cynics had warned us that soldiers would pilfer relief supplies. Our experience was that soldiers refused to take supplies from us saying that people would appreciate receiving gifts from our hands while looking us in the eyes.
On our visit three months after the tsunami, there was no sign of the army.
P-TOMS
CBK set up the Post Tsunami Operation Management Structure (P-TOMS), the joint mechanism, after a Sri Lanka donor conference in mid-May indicated that much of the promised $S3 billion in aid depended on a resumption of peace talks. Many critics saw this as in irreversible step towards conceding Eelam. Wimal Weerawansa said the JVP would "defeat this betrayal with the sacred intention of safeguarding our motherland". He accused Kumaratunga of taking the decision without informing her coalition partners.
Part of the reason for the muddled initial state response was the rivalry, which continues to this day, between CBK and MR. As prime minister, MR set action in progress from Colombo in the absence of CBK who was on holiday in Britain. According to DBS Jeyaraj, as soon as she returned, she set about unpicking his plans and placing all reconstruction and relief under presidential control. Mangala Samaraweera has his own view of MR's contribution.
Worldwide sympathy for the victims meant that funds were flowing into the country. However, CBK decided to go for over-ambitious plans, which excluded not only input from victims but also input from the rest of the government or the opposition parties or politicians from affected areas. Government spokesman, Tilak Ranaviraja, admitted to the media that after five weeks 70% of the tsunami victims in government-controlled areas had not received government aid.
Speaking recently at an event at Crow Island in Colombo to mark the tenth anniversary of the tsunami, CBK recalled that soon after the tsunami, political parties had united for one cause and this ensured the country recovered from the disaster within a short period of time. She said that the unity among the several political parties backing Maithripala Sirisena for President guaranteed they could win.
Mangala Samaraweera, who once served as MR's foreign minister, previously served as CBK's media advisor, and previously planned Sarath Fonseka's unsuccessful presidential campaign, also brought up the tsunami in the current election campaign. In a speech on December 26 2014, he gave CBK credit for the public's generosity. "Ordinary citizens across the world stood in solidarity with us, and on then President Chandrika Kumaratunga's request gave generously of their resources and time." He contrasted this with "a man who is contesting to be President of this country does not care for people's suffering. He has consistently put his own private gain above the people's pain."
Ten years ago, the tsunami generated harmony and compassion. Today it is exploited for political advantage. I wonder what Liam Cutler, Pete King, Sheila Ward and Beverley Martin in Wiltshire, would think.
Channel 4 – Once Again!
A version of this article appeared in Ceylon Today on Wednesday October 29 2014.
Last week, I wrote an article commenting on the news that Channel 4 had been nominated for an Emmy award for its documentary about alleged war crimes in Sri Lanka. Callum Macrae, who directed the programme, read the article and made contact.
My Position
Before I address Mr Macrae's specific points, let me summarise my general position. I am a foreigner who has lived permanently in Sri Lanka for twelve years. I have tried, in a small way, to contribute to the welfare of the country by becoming involved in my local community in Uva province. In spite of what the rabid trolls on Colombo Telegraph might say, I do not have any connections with the government. Because I am a foreigner, I have no emotional attachment to SLFP or UNP (or Fianna Fail or Fine Gael or Sin Fein).
When I first came to Sri Lanka, there was a cease-fire and people had a taste of peace. I thought it was safe to live here. I was dismayed when Mahinda Rajapakse was elected president because he had a reputation as a hardliner. I was further dismayed when the government decided to go for the military option against the LTTE. Dismayed because I knew that it meant civilians would be killed; dismayed because I did not think the SLA could win. My compatriots Martin McGuinness and John Hume advised against the military option and I bought the received wisdom that such conflicts could only be ended by negotiation.
I now know that I was wrong. The LTTE was firmly against negotiation and used cease-fires to regroup. They had to be defeated. They were defeated and Sri Lanka is a far better place today than it was when I first arrived.
Mr Macrae's Objections
The Emmy nomination is for a programme made in 2013 not for the first Killing Fields programme broadcast in 2011.
"He [Padraig Colman] also seems to have taken a fair amount of his information from the book Corrupted Journalism – the anonymously funded and written book which was so carelessly written and which has been so completely discredited."
"Mr Colman claims over and over again that we failed to criticise the LTTE ".
"Why doesn't Padriac (sic) Colman actually address the evidence around the death of the child Balachandran Prabhakaran? "
"He is also silent on the fact that even since then further photographic evidence has emerged again showing prisoners (including Isaipriya) alive in the custody of identifiable SLA soldiers."
"Because Mr Colman appears to be defending a government which claimed throughout the last few months of the war, not just that they had a policy of Zero Civilian Casualties – but that in practice not a single casualty had died as a result of government action! Now Mr Colman is arguing about whether the fact that the UN said during the war that at least 7000 had died (which they did) and that in the light of more information they revised that figure upward considerably. But how does he explain the government's claim of zero civilian casualties. There is not a word on that".
My Response
Let me now deal with Mr Macrae's points:
I thank him for the clarification. Channel 4 are still using the title The Killing Fields, thereby making a ludicrous link with what happened in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. There have been previous awards and nominations for these Channel 4 programmes, including one for the Nobel Peace Prize (previous winners of that include Kissinger, the EU and Obama; previous nominees include Hitler, Stalin and Theodore Roosevelt). My critique was aimed at the Channel 4 project as a whole. I do not think it is contributing to peace in Sri Lanka.
I published criticisms of Channel 4 before Corrupted Journalism was published. The authors cite me several times in their endnotes but I also detected my influence in the sections on churnalism and factoids. In Channel 4's immediate response, Ben de Pear flippantly called the book a heavy tome even though it is merely a 222-page paperback. Mr Macrae has pointed me in the direction of a more serious response to the book. This also refers to the book as "hefty".
"Mr Colman claims over and over again that we failed to criticise the LTTE". I have read and reread various drafts and versions of my article. I do not say even once that Channel 4 failed to criticise the LTTE. That said, I think that viewers who do not know the historical background will come away from these programmes with the impression that it was SLA committing all the atrocities. Mr Macrae needs to make a programme with vivid visual images of children massacred by the LTTE. Perhaps he could make a programme calling for Adele Balasingham to be tried for war crimes. She gave cyanide to 13 year old girls and is, I understand, now living comfortably in New Malden.
Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent." Wittgenstein. The idea of a 12 year old boy being executed is indeed distressing. I was silent on the subject because I had nothing useful to say, no special knowledge to add. I would certainly not defend it. People who have not remained silent on the topic have reminded us of the young Buddhist monks executed by the LTTE at Anuradhapura or the 147 Muslim boys and men slaughtered while at prayer at Katankudy mosque. Perhaps Mr Macrae could make a film about those incidents. Did the government not provide Prabhakaran's parents with pensions and medical care? Did the government not airlift Daya Master to hospital for heart surgery and then give him transport back to the war? The widow of Colonel Soosai, leader of the Sea Tigers, was captured along with her children, by the Sri Lankan Navy in May 2009. She said: "The Sri Lanka armed forces have treated us very well and afforded us all the facilities we never had before that. Today we are living happily with my children who are continuing their education well. My parents are also living with me. The story about certain LTTE leaders coming to surrender raising white flags is a fairy tale."
I am silent also about the circumstances surrounding the death of Isaipriya because I have no special knowledge on the subject. I do know that she was not a civilian non-combatant.
Mr Macrae seems a little muddled about what I have written about civilian casualties. I have not been silent about the numbers of civilian casualties. I have written many articles on this, some of them lengthy with extensive footnotes. In these articles, I have said quite clearly that I think the idea of zero civilian casualties is ridiculous. Mr Macrae misleads himself by mistaking me for a defender of the government.
Panel of Experts –Completely Discredited
In The Uncorrupted Truth, Mr Macrae states: "But our findings have also been separately confirmed by the UN Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka appointed by Ban Ki Moon. The Panel found credible allegations associated with the final stages of the war. Between September 2008 and 19 May 2009, the Sri Lanka Army advanced its military campaign into the Vanni using large-scale and widespread shelling, causing large numbers of civilian deaths".
The Marga Institute described the report as "tendentious". Credible allegations are not the same as established facts. "On the basis of reasonable assumptions, the Panel could have built on the UN estimate of 7,721. They reject this estimate saying 'it is likely to be too low' and 'many casualties may not have been observed'. The Panel opts for a much higher estimate of 40,000 without indicating the basis for this estimate…There is a strong impression left that the Panel is not satisfied with a low estimate as that would call into question its interpretation of government strategy".
Corrupted Journalism
I have read Mr Macrae's detailed rebuttal of Corrupted Journalism. I do not intend to deal with it in detail myself, partly because I do not have the time, space or expertise, but mainly because, just as it is not my job to defend the government, it is not my job to defend Engage Sri Lanka. When I read about the book in the Sri Lankan press, I groaned at the naivety of setting such great store by the views of AA Gill. I read the book carefully and, like many others with whom I have discussed it, I found it fairly substantial. I understand why Mr Macrae does not agree.
I urge my readers to examine Mr Macrae's case at:
www.channel4.com/microsites/…/The%20Uncorrupted%20Truth_R7.pdf
Mr Macrae is highly offended that Engage Sri Lanka should accuse him of corruption. However, he dismisses any criticism of the Channel 4 programmes as sinister and portrays himself as the underdog, despite the fact that his work has received much publicity all over the world. Everyone but Callum Macrae has ulterior motives. He knows nothing about me (and misspells my name) but calls me a "defender of the government". He suggests I am being petty for questioning the number of civilian casualties bandied about. I have written many times about GOSL's PR ineptitude. Sometimes they just cannot win He asserts that Engage Sri Lanka are dubious because they are anonymous and mysteriously funded. He swats away other critics because they write for "pro-government" publications. Don't take points made in Lies Agreed Upon seriously because it is a Sri Lankan government propaganda film. SLA's attempts to clear its name can be discounted because, well, they would say that wouldn't they?
After such knowledge, what forgiveness?
TS Eliot Gerontion
Mr Macrae has fashioned a good career from covering the Sri Lankan tragedy. There is no mileage in him making a film about how things have improved here. I do not have Channel 4's resources and have no chance of making a good career from arguing with Mr Macrae. I urge my readers to watch all his Channel 4 programmes and to read The Uncorrupted Truth. I will now move on and devote my time to writing poetry and erudite articles about philosophy and nature and posting pictures of cute puppies and kittens on Facebook.
Before retiring from the fray, I would like to pose the question: what is the purpose of these Channel 4 programmes? Is this regular drip-feeding of horror stories likely to make the lot of any individual Sri Lankan, Sinhalese or Tamil, any better? What would satisfy Mr Macrae? If the government punished individual soldiers for specific crimes, would that suffice? I doubt it. Does he want Gotabhaya Rajapaksa or Sarath Fonseka to stand trial? Would he be satisfied only if President Rajapaksa were put in the dock? As this is not likely to happen, are we to look forward to programmes on The Killing Fields in perpetuity?
Channel 4 and Sri Lanka
A shorter version of this article appeared in Ceylon Today on Wednesday October 22 2014. It can be found on page 7 of the E-paper at:
http://www.ceylontoday.lk/e-paper.html
It was also reproduced by Sri Lanka Guardian:
http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2014/10/there-is-no-room-for-truth-in-world-of.html
There is no room for truth in the world of sound bites.
For some bizarre reason the article is credited by Sri Lanka Guardian to Upul Joseph Fernando rather than me.
No Fire Zone: the Killing Fields of Sri Lanka
I was most dismayed to read an article by my friend and colleague Sulochana Ramiah Mohan on the front page of Ceylon Today on Wednesday 15 October. Sulochana reported that Channel 4's No Fire Zone: the Killing Fields of Sri Lanka is one of four documentaries nominated for the International Emmy Awards 2014. This news comes at a time when I am considering making a submission to Sandra Beidas, at OIHCR. Her remit is "to coordinate work and activities and act as the main interlocutor with stakeholders and oversee report writing and documentation," in relation to a UN inquiry into alleged war crimes in the last seven years of Sri Lanka's war.
Channel 4 first screened The Killing Fields of Sri Lanka in 2011. Why is it being nominated for an Emmy in 2014? Is the nomination timed to coincide with Beidas's investigation?
The Allegations
The main charges covered in the programme are:
The Sri Lanka army and air force targeted hospitals and civilians in the NFZs (no-fire zones) leading to 40,000 civilian deaths
Withholding of food and medical supplies from the north
Summary execution of prisoners
Rape of female combatants and civilians
Imprisoning of Tamil civilians in concentration camps.
Jon Snow introduces the Channel 4 programme by citing the "Panel of Experts" report commissioned by UN General Secretary Ban Ki-Moon. Callum Macrae, director of Sri Lanka's Killing Fields said: "Channel 4 has been reporting on this throughout the past two years and the documentary Sri Lanka's Killing Fields represents the culmination of all that. Although the release comes not long after the Panel of Experts (Darusman), report was published, that was a coincidence and we were clearly researching at the same time. However, I think it's significant that we both reached virtually identical conclusions."
It would not be surprising that they reached similar conclusions if they were both using the same tainted evidence. The Channel 4 effort resembles the Darusman Report in the way it presents in a tendentious manner allegations posing as fact. The Marga Institute deconstructed the Darusman Report.[i]
When Gordon Weiss was UN representative in Sri Lanka he went on record as saying the number of civilian casualties was 7,000. This became the official figure quoted by The UN General Secretary's New York spokesperson, Michelle Monas, who told Inner City Press reporter Matthew Lee, "We have no way of knowing the exact count". When Weiss left the UN and returned to Australia, he increased the figure to 40,000.
In his book, The Cage, Weiss quotes a press release by Navi Pillay in which she says as many as 2,800 civilians "may have been killed". Weiss gives this spin: "Critically, the civilian death toll Pillay quoted finally established a baseline that had some kind of official imprimatur and weakened government efforts to confine solid numbers to the realm of speculation and confusion". Pillay's statement did not take us out of the realms of speculation because she said "as many as 2,800 may have been killed". That is speculation. What does establishing a "baseline" mean? Does it mean that because Pillay says "as many as 2,800 may have been killed" that gives Weiss licence to say 10,000 to 40,000 and Frances Harrison to say 147,000?
Sir John Holmes, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and UN Emergency Relief Coordinator challenged even Gordon Weiss's lower estimate of 7,000 civilian deaths, made in 2009, Holmes stated in New York on 24 March 2009 that this figure could not be verified. In spite of this, Weiss throughout The Cage routinely talks of "between 10,000 and 40,000", which is meaningless.
A detailed discussion of numbers of civilians killed can be found in The Numbers Game: Politics of Retributive Justice, by the Independent Diaspora Analysis Group – Sri Lanka.[ii] I summarised that report on the Transconflict website and attended a seminar on it at the Marga Institute.[iii] There was a strong theme at the seminar of the need to acknowledge the size of the catastrophe. Those who are citing inflated figures are making a demand for reckoning based on the assumption that Sri Lankans did not care. That exaggeration in turn prompted a bunker mentality among the victors who were reluctant to admit to a figure of civilian dead for fear of a litigious reaction. After careful consideration, the IDAG-S concluded that the civilian death toll was probably between 15,000 and 18,000. This itself has been challenged by Professor Rajiva Wijesinha, who points out that "only 6000 injured were taken off by the ICRC ships over four months, along with bystanders, suggesting that the figure of the dead would have been less." The 18,000 figure includes civilians killed by the LTTE, the IDAG-S says, although "it is probable that more were hit by government fire than by the LTTE, the latter's 'work' in this sphere was not small". The IDAG-S estimate is, despite the ire of some critics, somewhat higher than some other calculations, even by Tamils.
Rajasingham Narendran talked to IDPs who had fled the last No-Fire Zone in April 2009 and later with IDPs at Menik Farm and elsewhere. He said: "My estimate is that the deaths — cadres, forced labour and civilians — were very likely around 10,000 and did not exceed 15,000 at most". Muttukrishna Sarvananthan of the Point Pedro Institute said "[approximately] 12,000 [without counting armed Tiger personnel] ".Dr. Noel Nadesan: ""roughly 16,000 including LTTE, natural, and civilians". Note that Nadesan includes fighters and natural deaths. In any population, a number would die from natural causes of ill health or medical misadventure at child birth or operation. On 13 March 2009, UN Human Rights Commissioner Navi Pillay issued a press release saying that as many as 2,800 civilians "may have been killed". Data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism Portal, data "primarily based on figures released by the pro-LTTE Website Tamil Net", put the casualty figure for civilians inside Mullaithivu at 2,972 until 5 April 2009.
IADG-S considers that those who claim that 147,000 civilians were killed have moved "into the realms of statistical fantasy in ways that raise questions about their integrity / morality". "It would seem that such spokespersons are motivated by moral rage and retributive justice. They seek regime change in Sri Lanka – a form of 21st century evangelism that is imperialist in character and effect."
A more recent publication by the Marga Institute and the Consortium of Human Rights Agencies also deals with this issue. [iv]
Shelling Hospitals
Viewers would not realise that the LTTE possessed and used a wide range of artillery and mortars, including 152mm long-range guns, 130mm artillery pieces, 122mm artillery guns, 120mm mortars, 81mm mortars, 60mm mortars and multi-barrel rocket launchers. There is an odd statement in paragraph 94 of the Darusman report where it is acknowledged that the LTTE fired artillery from the vicinity of Puthukkudiyiruppu hospital (PTK) but that they did not use the hospital for military purposes. Channel 4 chose not to mention that LTTE fired from within the no-fire zones, often from the vicinity of hospitals and that the Sri Lankan army had fired back in response. They did not mention clear evidence that the LTTE shelled hospitals and shot their own people. Their own star witness Gordon Weiss says in his book that PTK hospital was hit by artillery fire on several occasions and that "a number of strikes appeared to be from Tamil Tiger positions". Channel 4 gave the false impression that any government shelling within the no-fire zone was unilateral and unprovoked.[v]
Channel 4 suggests that was SLA's policy to drive hundreds o thousands of civilians into harm's way when the reality is that soldiers risked and often lost their lives trying to get civilians out of danger. Channel 4 repeatedly ignored the fact that the hundreds of thousands of civilians caught up in the last weeks of fighting had been forced into the combat zone by the LTTE, who then brutally prevented them from leaving.
In Lakbima News June 26 2011, Namini Wijedasa interviewed Christof Heyns, UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions. She put it to him that the Channel 4 programme called on viewers to make many inferences from the footage used. "It suggests, for instance, that women were raped, although it is not possible to determine from the bodies whether sexual abuse had, in fact, occurred." The then US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had made an accusation that GOSL were employing rape as a policy. She later withdrew the allegation.
Heyns's response to Namini's question was : "I think the video has to be seen in the context of all the available evidence, which includes what has been investigated and published by NGOs and the panel of the Secretary General. The cumulative effect of the available evidence makes a coherent case that there is reason for serious concern about what both sides did during the war, and in particular what happened in the final stages, when the government gained the upper hand, and that there were no outside witnesses".
"In the context of all the available evidence" seems to mean that if enough dodgy allegations are gathered together, they gain some credibility purely from their critical mass. This is something akin to those urban myths that gather moss on the internet. If a rumour appears on a lot of websites or blogs, it is quoted repeatedly and the mere accumulation is seen as proof.
Withholding Supplies
Channel 4 alleges that GOSL deliberately withheld food and medical supplies from the north. It is a little-known (in the west) and perhaps surprising fact that throughout the conflict, the central government tried to maintain a government structure even in LTTE-held territories. It continued to send food and medicine even though it knew that much of this would be siphoned off by the enemy. The doctors working in the embattled hospitals in the north attested that they had ample supplies.
Authenticity of Tapes
Another UN Rapporteur, Philip Alston, said his experts (Peter Diaczuk, an "expert in firearms evidence", Daniel Spitz, a "forensic pathologist", and Jeff Spivack, an "expert in forensic video analysis") could prove the authenticity of the images used by Channel 4 showing abuses by SLA soldiers. Alston conceded that there were some "characteristics of the video which the experts were unable to explain" but asserted that "each of these characteristics can, however, be explained in a manner entirely consistent with the conclusion that the videotape appears to be authentic."
Alston's "experts" do not inspire confidence. Spitz's father, who had held the post before him, appointed him Medical Examiner for Macomb County. Spitz achieved notoriety by ruling that an execution-style death was suicide, not noticing a bullet hole in the neck and a bullet in the jaw. Fredericks had no training in photogrammetry and has no more expertise than a layperson. He lied in court about his company's ties to Taser, and supported a police cover-up. Spivack was a not very successful self-employed private investigator (he filed bankruptcy in 2003), with little verifiable work experience, and flaky credentials.
Unreliable Witnesses
An important witness in the Channel 4 programmes is referred to as "Vani Kumar". The Channel 4 commentary at no point mentions that her real name was Damilvany Gnanakumar and that she was a Tamil Tiger whom Castro ordered to work in Mullivaykkal hospital. In London, she was women's co-ordinator for the Tamil Youth Organisation, an LTTE front. In Kilinochchi, she was assigned to work with foreign media and was described by a former colleague called Prabakaran as a "news correspondent". He said she had been trained to use firearms and wore a cyanide capsule around her neck. As long ago as September 2009, Gnanakumar was discredited. Channel 4 must have known about her past.
I am not an investigative reporter or an expert on authenticating videos. I have communicated with Siri Hewavitharana, the expert who questioned the authenticity of the tapes. I have had a lengthy telephone conversation with the lead author of The Numbers Game, which gives a detailed rebuttal of the figures used by Channel 4. I have participated in Marga Institute seminars on the topic. I do have some knowledge of semiotics and linguistic analysis. When I first saw the Channel 4 programme, many things about it jarred.
The title, Sri Lanka's Killing Fields, is a major distortion as there is no comparison between Pol Pot's ambition to send Cambodia to Year Zero and the efforts of a democratically elected government to deal with terrorism within its own sovereign borders. The director manipulates viewers'' emotions throughout the film by means of images and music, as well as voice-over commentary.
Jon Snow introduces the programme by saying that at the war's end "as many as 40,000, and possibly far more, civilians were killed". That is meaningless. How can one say "as many as" and "possibly far more" in the same sentence?
Alston employs strange language to defend the authenticity of the videos. The unexplainable characteristics can be explained in a manner consistent with the conclusion that the video appears to be authentic. Alston is not saying the "experts" have said the video is authentic. The unexplainable can be explained to fit a conclusion that the video appears to be authentic. Even if they came out and said directly that the video was genuine and had not been tampered with, this is not proof that it shows Sri Lankan soldiers killing Tamils.
IDP Camps
The Channel 4 programme includes a solemn sequence about the brutality of life in the IDP camps. The director manipulates our emotions with sinister soundtrack music. The Emmy nomination allows Channel 4 to continue to peddle untruths about the camps. Here in October 2014, we know that the predicted mass deaths from disease or a policy of genocidal extermination did not happen. Today the camps are empty.
Even in 2009, Channel 4 should have known that these were not concentration camps. The camps had banks with ATMs, shops and schools with children studying for and passing exams. B Lynn Pascoe, UN Under Secretary for Political Affairs, visited the IDP camps in September 2009 and said, "You have a better story than is getting out today." Mr. Pascoe stated that he was "impressed by the work done by the Army, the demining teams, the UN staff and the civil society" and that his team also witnessed the rehabilitation work that was underway.
Channel 4 used Gordon Weiss as one of its major "witnesses" but chose to ignore what he had written about the (generally) exemplary conduct towards Tamil civilians of the SLA. There is testimony from many surviving Tamil civilians about the risks that soldiers took to protect civilians. The Red Cross and Human Rights Watch also said this. Weiss, Tamil survivors, the Red Cross and HRW also made it clear that the LTTE were firing artillery from hospitals, using civilians as human shields and shooting those who tried to escape. Channel 4 mentions none of this. The first programme devoted only 49 seconds to LTTE abuses.
A book called Corrupted Journalism[vi] produced by a collective known as Engage Sri Lanka covers these issues in far more detail than I can do here. They have the good judgement to cite me on several occasions. Channel 4 spokesperson, News Editor Ben de Pear, attempted to rubbish the book but did not, in any way, address the detailed concerns raised in it. In fact, he makes it clear that he has not even read it. "I do not have this weighty tome in my hands, so I can't react to everything it says." This "weighty tome" is a paperback of 222 pages. It is also available online. Engage Sri Lanka's argument is supported by 625 detailed footnotes, an eight-page bibliography and 12 pages of appendices. De Pear's flippant response clearly indicates that he does not want to employ joined-up thinking and address detail.
De Pear hides behind a ruling by the UK regulator, which dismissed a complaint about the programme. "All three times Ofcom found in our favour, found our journalism to be balanced and objective and dismissed all Sri Lankan complaints. All other complaints made by the government were ignored by Ofcom."
No, they did not. This is what Ofcom said:"While all subjects in news programmes must be presented with due impartiality and reported with due accuracy, in other non-news programmes there is no requirement in the Code for issues to be treated with due accuracy." Ofcom, despite what de Pear claimed, did not find in Channel 4's favour in the sense that it decided that they had reported the truth. Ofcom decided not to require Channel 4 to respond to the "detailed and lengthy concerns" raised in the complaint simply because it would be too expensive for them and it might discourage broadcasters from making controversial programmes.
Engage Sri Lanka commented: "a company generating a billion pounds of revenue and employing 800 people couldn't afford the cost of responding to a legitimate complaint. Channel 4 then added that to have to respond to the complaint posed a 'serious threat to the future of…current affairs television' and had the potential to be 'highly chilling of free expression'". At the annual Hugh Cudlipp lecture a few weeks before the complaint, Jon Snow praised Ofcom.
At the Marga seminar I attended, Dr Godfrey Gunatilleke, opened the proceedings by answering the question: "Do numbers matter". He acknowledged that, while even a low number of casualties was cause for anguish, citing large and inaccurate figures raised issues of the proportionality of the military response and the ethical position of the line of command. Continual recycling of spurious figures can only inhibit the healing process.
Civilians die in war. In a "civil" war where one side deliberately holds its own people hostage there are, regrettably, bound to be civilian casualties. It is clear from the testimony of even those critical of GOSL, such as Gordon Weiss , that SLA soldiers behaved well towards Tamil civilians and there is no evidence that they were under orders to be brutal. It would have been surprising if there had not been some atavistic and brutal reaction from some soldiers who witnessed horrible things happening to their comrades and lived under traumatic fear themselves. The IDAG-S conclusion states clearly: "Nothing in this survey denies the probability and the evidence that some extra-judicial killings of high-ranking LTTE officers occurred during the last days of the war. These actions need to be impartially investigated by an independent body, and where possible criminal indictments pursued against the perpetrators."
There is a strong case for accountability and recognition of the loss of life. The current situation does not hold out much hope for genuine reconciliation. Naming and shaming on the basis of exaggerated numbers is not the way to persuade the Sinhalese community to recognise the loss of life amongst the Vanni Tamils. Bludgeoning them with inflated numbers could lead to a backlash.
Engage Sri Lanka make an excellent point in their conclusion. "Channel 4 seems oblivious to the fact that their dubious allegations about the conflict in Sri Lanka are artificially sustaining what remains of the LTTE, one of the world's most ruthless terrorist organisations, and elements of the Tamil diaspora that continues to support it in pursuing unrealistic expectations".
[i] www.margasrilanka.org/app/webroot/…/files/Truth-Accountability.pdf
[ii][ii] https://www.scribd.com/doc/132499266/The-Numbers-Game-Politics-of-Retributive-Justice
[iii] http://www.transconflict.com/2013/06/the-numbers-game-and-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka-136/
[iv] https://www.dropbox.com/s/tdxwntf7wu5andq/The%20Last%20Stages%20of%20the%20war%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf?n=66191473
[v][v] LTTE artillery can be seen on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=lFDm5KVibmE
[vi] http://www.corruptedjournalism.com/
Sri Lanka's PR Part1
This article appeared in Ceylon Today on Wednesday September 3 2014
One often reads horror stories about Sri Lanka in the foreign press. Despite the vast amounts of money paid to foreign public relations firms, these stories are never effectively countered. There was a recent example in the Calgary Herald.
Black July
Sri Lankans will not need to be reminded of the horrors of Black July 1983 but my foreign readers may not know the significance of the term. Many Tamils had felt that Sinhalese dominated governments had discriminated against the Tamil minority. Over many years, there had been incidents where ill-disciplined police or military had carried out savage reprisals, rather in the manner of the Black and Tans in Ireland, on innocent Tamils. July 1983 was a paradigm shift in terror. The LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) killed thirteen soldiers of the Sri Lanka Army. Anti-Tamil riots ensued and lasted for ten days with property destroyed and up to 3,000 people killed and 200,000 displaced.
From President Jayewardene's residence, shops could be seen going up in flames but no curfew was called and police disappeared from the streets. Marauding gangs armed with axes and cans of petrol went around Colombo with electoral rolls identifying Tamil homes and businesses. The occupants were doused in petrol and set alight.
A Norwegian woman tourist recalled seeing a mob setting fire to a bus with about 20 Tamils inside it. Those who climbed out the windows were pushed back in and the doors were sealed while they burned alive, screaming horribly. In another incident, a mob chopped two Tamil girls aged 18 and 11 with knives; the younger girl was beheaded with an axe, the older one raped by 20 men and then doused in petrol.
These horrific events left an indelible mark on the Tamil psyche. Atrocities were perpetrated on innocent Tamils all over the country and many fled to the north for refuge. Those who could afford it fled abroad, from where they provided ongoing financial support for the LTTE.
The Memory Lingers On
According to the Calgary Herald, one family in particular is still enduring horrific suffering because of those events of 31 years ago. In an article by Manisha Krishnan dated August 25 2014, Ryan de Hoedt claims that his family has been troubled since Black July because they gave shelter to Tamils from the murderous mobs. He has, reportedly, been trying to get his sister out of Sri Lanka and into Canada because he fears for her life.
He says that his grandmother used their house to shelter Tamils, hiding them in closets and under beds and this "fuelled suspicions of an association with the Tamil Tigers." He claims that his father lost his job because of this and police bullied his parents and brother.
Carmen Cheung, a lawyer with the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association told the Calgary Herald: "Here is a man who is trying to help his sister get out of what appears to be an incredibly dangerous situation".
Sheltering Tamils
De Hoedt's family are Burghers. Many Sinhalese and Burghers and Muslims took great personal risks to protect Tamils who were being victimized and brutally killed. The article does not give his sister's name or age. Ryan himself was eleven years old at the time of Black July. I suspect that his sister was even younger. I find it difficult to believe that a Burgher woman living in Sri Lanka in 2014 would be in "an incredibly dangerous situation" because of her tangential involvement when she was a small child in incidents that happened 31 years ago.
I personally know Sinhalese people who sheltered Tamils in 1983. They may have been in danger then from the bloodthirsty mob itself and their courageous action is to be commended. I doubt if they feel any sense of danger of recrimination 31 years on.
I canvassed opinion about the Calgary Herald article among my many Sri Lankan contacts, in Sri Lanka and abroad. One, who is a Sinhalese Christian, told me: "There were many people like my family who helped Tamils in Sri Lanka during and after the 1983 riots. There are people I know who represent Tamils in human rights cases. Some of them are my friends. No authority has ever attacked them. …. The writer of this article is delusional. Maybe she has got the country wrong or she is a downright liar."
Another respondent referred me to an article on Munchhausen's Syndrome: "a psychiatric factitious disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves".
Here is a selection of other responses: "sounds like a lot of de Bull to me". "Not really believing what I'm reading." "I saw it but am at something of a loss. Doesn't quite make sense". "Good grief. Why would she be in any danger?" "A sob story if ever there was one". "It all sounds very strange".
My list of contacts included many who have been strongly critical of the Sri Lankan government- in print as well as privately.
Some respondents wrote at more length:
"I met a Sinhalese guy back in around 2008 who was trying to get refugee status here in Australia on humanitarian grounds…His story was that his family owned a successful business that had some branches in the North-East, and during the ceasefire the LTTE extorted money from them. After the war started again in 2006, he alleged that the govt started harassing and threatening him and his family because the LTTE had forced them to 'donate' money … When I asked him if it was true, he seemed very reticent and mumbled 'Yes' after thinking about it. I met his lawyer as well … he was advising the guy to tell the Immigration Dept that he was tortured and he told him to be convincing about it in his body language. The fellow cut off all contact with me shortly afterwards and I haven't heard from him since."
Another Riot
Some of my respondents seized upon another aspect of Manisha Krishnan's article. "A few years ago, said de Hoedt, her tenants were implicated in a riot and she was charged with harbouring terrorists. She lost her job and was stalked by soldiers and villagers, who cut off her hair, beat her and repeatedly attempted to rape her." My contacts reacted thus: "Sounds more like they have some kind of land dispute or something like that." What riot? What terrorists? Sounds like a cooked up sob story."
Visa Applications
According to Manisha Krishnan's article, Ryan de Hoedt: "claims her seven attempts to obtain a visitor's visa to Canada and a permanent residency application made through her parents on humanitarian grounds were all rejected". Two things are being mixed up here. Was she refused a visitor's visa seven times? Application for permanent residency is a totally different thing and should not be included in the same sentence. The rejections were not the fault of the Sri Lanka government. The article does not tell us why the Canadian government rejected seven applications. The article does say: "She didn't apply for refugee status because she was afraid to leave the country, which is one of the requirements." Why was she afraid to leave Sri Lanka when her brother claims she is in mortal danger if she stays?
Ryan de Hoedt has lost his own Canadian passport. In April 2013, he was caught in Japan trying to help his sister to enter Canada using false documents. Although at one point de Hoedt says his sister was afraid to leave Sri Lanka, she did meet her brother in Malaysia and got involved with a human smuggling gang who took the sister's Sri Lankan passport. They ordered de Hoedt to meet them in Laos where they were to provide the sister with a fake Canadian passport. Ryan and his sister were stopped while boarding a flight in Tokyo's Narita Airport and the sister was sent back to Sri Lanka.
One of my respondents said: "Maybe if they had resorted to legal means more thoroughly they could have gotten the chance. But since they messed up they are cooking up vivid stories and putting the country's reputation at risk! But if there is such local problem of harassment it must be duly investigated by local authorities."
I hesitated to write this article in case it might put de Hoedt's sister in more danger. "The police warned her they would kill her the next time she did something," said de Hoedt. However, I have done no more than repeat what de Hoedt himself has placed in the public domain through the Calgary Herald.
I searched the BCCLA web site for Ryan de Hoedt but got this response: "Apologies, but no results were found for the requested archive."
The full article can be read here:
http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/calgary/Calgary+runs+afoul+trying+rescue+sister+Lanka/10145368/story.html
I wrote to Manisha Krishnan giving her an opportunity to comment on what I have written here. At the time of submitting my copy, she had not replied. I will take up this issue again next week and will report her response if she has made one. I would also be interested to see comments from the Sri Lanka police.


text:
Partiality: Morality with Humanity
At the core of morality as it is taught, there are two opposing ideas that are often in conflict and rarely in agreement. Those are whether decisions of ethics should be made partially or impartially. Partial moral thinking posits that once we have entered into a relationship, at least most, that relationship entails special duties. Special duties that we have to the person we are in a relationship with that we have to them because of that relationship, not because of an objective characteristic of the person. Impartial moral thinking posits that when making decisions of ethics, we are to treat everyone equally and count them, in an as of yet still absent calculator, as the same value. This is in an attempt to make ethics objective which I will share in this post has the result of making impartial approaches to morality and discussions of ethics cold and lacking of humanity.
I believe the rise of impartiality in morality was an attempt to make this school of thought appear objective through the use of logic as a foundation of reasoning. This however necessitated the abandonment of our emotional reasoning. We know however that a lot of good decisions, not all, but there are quite a few, that depend on our passions and emotional reasoning above cold logic. Indeed some of life biggest decisions lack logic and impartiality such as marriage, where to live, where to travel, and what your hobbies are through life. Not only do these decisions lack logic and impartiality, but if polled, it would be safe to assume many would not want logic or impartiality to play a role in these decisions. People's decisions about marriage, where to live, travel, spend free-time, are made in a way that is correct through valid reasoning that is, however, partial at its core.
Special duties are not compelling merely because they fit so well with our intuitive reasoning, they are also universalizable. Often a rule to treat your close family above strangers, or fellow country men and women above those living on the other side of the world, can easily be made. Are there limits though to how much support and assistance we give under our special duties before supporting and coming to the aid of those who we do not share special duties towards? Professor Peter Singer via his Comparable Moral Significance Principle, chalks down the answer to the point where we are not sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance, i.e. if nothing of importance is lost. Partialists can see immediately, again, what is of comparable moral significance i.e. scales of importance, is arguable and therefore not factual in some objective sense, and set on stone. From this line of thinking there seems to be at least some wedge in the idea that full radical equality when making decisions about moral correctness must be central.
Along with the value of passions and emotions in ethical decision making, we additionally should recognize finally, that the calculations entrenched in moral thought are subjective. These are not objective in the sense of a science despite this desire from philosophers. The cold calculating logic that was used in an attempt to offer credibility in the past centuries does not hold today as objective in a true sense. A sense akin to a science. It was the push to turn moral reasoning into a science that led to calculations that first questioned whether we should treat strangers equal to family, and those in far off lands, the same as a fellow citizen of Canada, for example.
Impartiality eliminates reasons for decisions that are very valid using an assumption that the value of equality is objectively a basic good. But is equality always the best thing? It does not always hold true that equality is a universal base good that is prima facia true. Let us take an example of four brothers.
There is a family raising four brothers, Dan, Ryan, James, and Matt. Each brother is only a year or two apart and are being raised in as identical a fashion as could reasonable be achieved. The same schools are attended, the same courses taught, and the same teachers used. After graduating from their undergraduate degrees Dan decides to go into finance, Ryan decides to purse a law degree, James becomes a photographer, and Matt becomes a teacher. Their salaries when they start their careers vary greatly. While Dan and Ryan, after graduating from law school, earn over $100,000 annually, James who has been following his passion earns no more than $45,000 from various contracts with clients and a project he is pursuing individually. Matt's income is about $65,000 annually. Each of them are happy although some colleagues of theirs are not.
From the example just shared, we can expect for many different options in life being presented to each of the four boys. Some of them will have possibilities that money can provide them, that the others do not. Should there be government intervention to equal these options that are available to only some of the brothers and not all? For instance, James cannot afford a house and has to rent. Matt despite earning a good income and enjoying his chosen profession, struggles to pay for child care. Dan's high pressure job causes him to have a mental breakdown at 45 at which time he will have to go on disability and start a new career. There are many possibilities here from the most equal of "playing fields". The act of making a choice that necessitates a deviation of equality cannot be prevented. This is true of all decisions. Furthermore, even in a state of full equality, the freedom to decide and be unique implies unequal states of living overtime. Should there be a constant readjustment? Few I think would suggest that. The act of making good choices, or at a minimum the freedom to make choices and enjoy the outcomes, must absolutely be paramount. Those brothers who are "ahead" are so only in the present and not necessarily forever. They are in no way responsible for the others that are "behind". Why can we not treat people differently based on the decisions they have made in life? Do we not already? Attempts to achieve a utopia of continual equality cannot exist without the components that enable it. Those components are seen by many today as that which would led a hypothetical utopia to be in fact a nightmarish dystopia.
The above thinking, is merely to show that equality is not a base good in some objective prima facia truth. Nothing of what was said implies that we should not eliminate systemic discrimination, barriers to employment, and equality of freedoms and rights. It is to support the idea, that under morality, impartial calculations that treat everyone as equal widgets in some calculation is not as sturdy a foundation of ethics as one might think This is despite many having rested in arguing for it as a base position of morality. What impartialists do not seem to understand is that impartial calculations as a base position for moral thinking, does not include our human nature and our humanity. When used in moral deliberation it can at times be fundamentally seen as boarding on psychopathy and a cold calculating logic that involves human lives in a way that lacks emotion.
Category: Ethics
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
I 20 Table of Contents 22 90
Be Our Guest 2019
Calling all culture fans! Here are 4 attractions to enjoy during your visit to the UNESCO City of Literature, Dublin. If there's one thing you'll notice about Dublin pubs, it has to be the conversation. Oftentimes, there's no background music, no slot machines, nothing to distract from the pressing task of putting the world to rights. It's why pubs have had both a historic and a current association with writers. As well as appearing in famous literary works, such as James Joyce's Ulysses, Dublin's pubs were frequented by some of the world's most famous writers. James Joyce liked to hang out in Davy Byrne's; Neary's was a favourite of Brendan Behan and Flann O'Brien; and Toner's was the only Dublin pub visited by poet WB Yeats. You can find out all about the literary associations of Dublin pubs with the Dublin Literary Pub Crawl, which meets at the Duke, just off Grafton Street. The guides are actors, offering quotes, jokes and literary history during the tour, which lasts a little over two hours There are few cities in the world that care so deeply about the written word as this historic capital. Walk down canals, stroll through Georgian squares, cross the river and you'll find heritage plaques dedicated to famous writers, bridges named after them, and literary place names aplenty. You may even notice a few of our writers lurking on street corners or hidden in parks, so keep your eye out for George Bernard Shaw at the National Gallery; Oscar Wilde in a louche recline at Merrion Square; and Brendan Behan watching over the Royal Canal. 3 LITERARY PUBS 1 LITERARY LEGENDS Picking out one theatre above all others in Dublin is tricky – the Gaiety, the Gate and the Olympia have hugely enriched the city and have been around for longer – but the Abbey is home to the national theatre and helped create modern Ireland. Founded by poet WB Yeats and dramatist Augusta, Lady Gregory, in 1904, the theatre has been at the heart of Dublin's cultural life over the last century and continues its aim of supporting and promoting new Irish writers and artists. The theatre has served to entertain, provoke and support in roughly equal measure. Other theatres to look out for – Smock Alley, The Peacock, The Project, The New Theatre and Bewley's Café Theatre. Dublin's creative outpourings are well documented in excellent museums and galleries around the city. Bygone Georgian grandeur sets the scene at the Dublin Writers Museum, which details the city's illustrious literary traditions up to the 1970s. There's a first edition of Bram Stoker's Dracula, Samuel Beckett's phone, as well as letters, portraits and books. Nearby, the James Joyce Centre, on one of Dublin's most beautiful Georgian streets, runs Joycean exhibitions, walking tours and lectures, as well as a permanent exhibition on Joyce's life and work. And to get an understanding of what was behind the actual production of Dublin's newspapers, books and magazines, head to the National Print Museum, housed in a former soldier's chapel. 4 LITERARY HIGHLIGHTS 2 LITERARY MUSEUMS
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MzM0MzY=


Unfortunately we do not tattoo anyone under the age of 18 at Best Tattoo LLC. You must provide a valid ID before getting tattooed.
Yes, as long as you take proper care of the tattoo and have no serious health conditions tattoos are absolutely safe. If you are concerned and not sure if you are in proper condition to get a tattoo, please consult with a doctor first.
Yes, there is slight discomfort. Everyone's pain tolerance is different, it all depends on tattoo area and how long you sit. If the tattoo becomes intolerable let your tattoo artist know and they will stop immediately and make adjustments to lower anymore discomfort.
Should I use numbing cream?
Of course you can always use numbing cream, although it lengthens the tattoo process and complicates tattoo healing, it should be used as a last resort. We currently do not carry any numbing solutions or creams.
what is the cost of a tattoo?
Every tattoo price is different. It depends on many things. It depends on the size, detail, style, location, and difficulty of the tattoo. We currently charge per hour. Although we charge for time, the length of the tattoo depends on these factors. So please make sure when you consult for your tattoo that you are as detailed as possible to get the most accurate estimate.
It is not required to tip a tattoo artist, but it is greatly appreciated.
How do I care of my tattoo?
What if my tattoo artist cancels, and is unable to do my tattoo?
In case of that situation, you will be rescheduled at your earliest convenience, if we are unable to reschedule we will refund you your deposit in full.
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if you have any other questions or concerns please contact us anytime.


category" – we just get blank stares.
everyone can be more successful.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on March 10, 2008 by aeidson.
One possible reason NOT to disclose failed plans/research – who wants their competition to see what didn't work without them having to spend the same amount of time and money to find out!


text:
  do {                                                                         \
    NSLog(__VA_ARGS__);                                                        \
    err = 1;                                                                   \
  } while (0);

static int err = 0;

void testHello(NSString *input) {
  NSString *got = GoTestpkgHello(input);
  NSString *want = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Hello, %@!", input];
  if (!got) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgHello(%@)= NULL, want %@", input, want);
    return;
  }
  if (![got isEqualToString:want]) {
    ERROR(@"want %@\nGoTestpkgHello(%@)= %@", want, input, got);
  }
}

void testBytesAppend(NSString *a, NSString *b) {
  NSData *data_a = [a dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
  NSData *data_b = [b dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
  NSData *gotData = GoTestpkgBytesAppend(data_a, data_b);
  NSString *got =
      [[NSString alloc] initWithData:gotData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
  NSString *want = [a stringByAppendingString:b];
  if (![got isEqualToString:want]) {
    ERROR(@"want %@\nGoTestpkgBytesAppend(%@, %@) = %@", want, a, b, got);
  }
}

void testReturnsError() {
  NSString *value;
  NSError *error;
  GoTestpkgReturnsError(TRUE, &value, &error);
  NSString *got = [error.userInfo valueForKey:NSLocalizedDescriptionKey];
  NSString *want = @"Error";
  if (![got isEqualToString:want]) {
    ERROR(@"want %@\nGoTestpkgReturnsError(TRUE) = (%@, %@)", want, value, got);
  }
}

void testStruct() {
  GoTestpkgS *s = GoTestpkgNewS(10.0, 100.0);
  if (!s) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgNewS returned NULL");
  }

  double x = [s X];
  double y = [s Y];
  double sum = [s Sum];
  if (x != 10.0 || y != 100.0 || sum != 110.0) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgS(10.0, 100.0).X=%f Y=%f SUM=%f; want 10, 100, 110", x, y,
          sum);
  }

  double sum2 = GoTestpkgCallSSum(s);
  if (sum != sum2) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgCallSSum(s)=%f; want %f as returned by s.Sum", sum2, sum);
  }

  [s setX:7];
  [s setY:70];
  x = [s X];
  y = [s Y];
  sum = [s Sum];
  if (x != 7 || y != 70 || sum != 77) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgS(7, 70).X=%f Y=%f SUM=%f; want 7, 70, 77", x, y, sum);
  }

  NSString *first = @"trytwotested";
  NSString *second = @"test";
  NSString *got = [s TryTwoStrings:first second:second];
  NSString *want = [first stringByAppendingString:second];
  if (![got isEqualToString:want]) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgS_TryTwoStrings(%@, %@)= %@; want %@", first, second, got,
          want);
  }

  GoTestpkgGC();
}

// Objective-C implementation of testpkg.I.
@interface Number : NSObject <GoTestpkgI> {
}
@property int32_t value;

- (int64_t)Times:(int32_t)v;
@end

// numI is incremented when the first numI objective-C implementation is
// deallocated.
static int numI = 0;

@implementation Number {
}
@synthesize value;

- (int64_t)Times:(int32_t)v {
  return v * value;
}
- (void)dealloc {
  if (self.value == 0) {
    numI++;
  }
}
@end

void testInterface() {
  // Test Go object implementing testpkg.I is handled correctly.
  id<GoTestpkgI> goObj = GoTestpkgNewI();
  int64_t got = [goObj Times:10];
  if (got != 100) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgNewI().Times(10) = %lld; want %d", got, 100);
  }
  int32_t key = -1;
  GoTestpkgRegisterI(key, goObj);
  int64_t got2 = GoTestpkgMultiply(key, 10);
  if (got != got2) {
    ERROR(@"GoTestpkgMultiply(10 * 10) = %lld; want %lld", got2, got);
  }
  GoTestpkgUnregisterI(key);

  // Test Objective-C objects implementing testpkg.I is handled correctly.
  @autoreleasepool {
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
      Number *num = [[Number alloc] init];
      num.value = i;
      GoTestpkgRegisterI(i, num);
    }
    GoTestpkgGC();
  }

  // Registered Objective-C objects are pinned on Go side which must
  // prevent deallocation from Objective-C.
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    int64_t got = GoTestpkgMultiply(i, 2);
    if (got != i * 2) {
      ERROR(@"GoTestpkgMultiply(%d, 2) = %lld; want %d", i, got, i * 2);
      return;
    }
    GoTestpkgUnregisterI(i);
    GoTestpkgGC();
  }
  // Unregistered all Objective-C objects.
}

// Invokes functions and object methods defined in Testpkg.h.
//
// TODO(hyangah): apply testing framework (e.g. XCTestCase)
// and test through xcodebuild.
int main(void) {
  @autoreleasepool {
    GoTestpkgHi();

    GoTestpkgInt(42);

    int64_t sum = GoTestpkgSum(31, 21);
    if (sum != 52) {
      ERROR(@"GoTestpkgSum(31, 21) = %lld, want 52\n", sum);
    }

    testHello(@"세계"); // korean, utf-8, world.

    unichar t[] = {
        0xD83D, 0xDCA9,
    }; // utf-16, pile of poo.
    testHello([NSString stringWithCharacters:t length:2]);

    testBytesAppend(@"Foo", @"Bar");

    testStruct();
    int numS = GoTestpkgCollectS(
        1, 10); // within 10 seconds, collect the S used in testStruct.
    if (numS != 1) {
      ERROR(@"%d S objects were collected; S used in testStruct is supposed to "
            @"be collected.",
            numS);
    }

    @autoreleasepool {
      testInterface();
    }
    if (numI != 1) {
      ERROR(@"%d I objects were collected; I used in testInterface is supposed "
            @"to be collected.",
            numI);
    }
  }

  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", err ? "FAIL" : "PASS");
  return err;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The ActivBoard Touch combines multi-touch functionality, a dry-erase surface and award-winning software to foster a truly interactive learning experience. It provides teachers with a wide range of tools to support their daily instruction while respecting tight budgets.
The ActivBoard Touch combines multi-touch functionality, dry-erase writing, and award-winning software to foster a truly interactive learning experience.
MULTI-USER COLLABORATIVE DISPLAY ActivBoard Touch provides teachers with a wide range of tools to support their daily instruction at an affordable cost. Teachers and students can easily interact with content using swipe, pinch, and zoom gestures to share ideas, work on projects, or master concepts.
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This document was developed to assist NSW hospital pharmacy departments with their understanding of activity based funding (ABF) processes as well as clarify issues related to pharmacy costs and funding for outpatient supply of medicines and associated services and products.
Contrast Induced Nephropathy (CIN) prevention and management are areas of emerging evidence and changing clinical practice. The purpose of this guidance is to assist clinicians, guideline developers and policymakers in NSW public hospitals regarding medication-specific considerations in the prevention and management of CIN. It is designed to be read in conjunction with and to complement information released in 2016 by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) and in 2017 by the Agency for Clinical Innovation (ACI). The recommendations have been informed by recent published evidence and best practice guidelines from expert bodies.
This practical guidance on the rational use of opioids is intended to assist clinicians to manage the complex medical, ethical and regulatory issues that arise when using opioids for chronic pain in adults in primary care. It is based on the best available evidence or expert consensus where research evidence is lacking. The following members of the Expert Advisory Group provided expertise in pain medicine, addiction medicine, paediatric, adult and geriatric clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, regulatory management of drugs of addiction, general practice, health technology assessment and medicines evaluation and clinical pharmacy: Prof Milton Cohen (Chair), Mr Phillip Bannon, Dr Sasha Bennett, Ms Anna Drew, Dr Chris Hayes, Ms Aine Heaney, Prof Sarah Hilmer, Dr Simon Holliday, Dr Greg Kelly, Ms Judith Mackson, Dr Bridin Murnion and Dr Hester Wilson.
An updated NSW TAG advisory has been developed for health care professionals regarding the safe and effective use of opioid skin patches. This replaces an alert that was published in July 2006 by NSW TAG's SAFER Medicines Group. These patches contain high risk medicines which have led to deaths and serious adverse effects, particularly in patients using fentanyl skin patches.
In 2002, NSW TAG published prescribing guidelines intended to assist general practitioners and other primary care clinicians managing patients with pain. They focus on the rational use of opioids in migraine and low back pain. Patient Information Brochures for chronic pain, migraine and low back pain were also published.


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EXPLAINER | Ivermectin is legal — now what?
07 April 2021 - 16:45 By Tania Broughton
This week ivermectin was essentially 'unbanned'. The drug, traditionally used to kill parasites in humans and animals, will now be allowed for its use in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19 as a compound drug. Stock photo.
Image: 123rf/Jarun Ontakrai
If you have a script from a doctor, you should be able to get ivermectin that same day, or the next day at the latest, from a compounding pharmacy or a pharmacy holding stock.
This follows this week's "unbanning" of the drug, traditionally used to kill parasites in humans and animals, allowing for its use in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19.
A compounding pharmacy is one where ingredients are combined or mixed on site to create a drug tailored to the needs of an individual patient, as opposed to a pharmacy which only sells retail and packaged medication.
Westville-based medical doctor Naseeba Kathrada who, along with about 50 other doctors under the banner "I Can Make a Difference", was one of four groupings which successfully challenged the anti-ivermectin stance of the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (Sahpra).
Earlier this year, Sahpra buckled slightly and agreed that individual applications for its use could be made on a patient-by-patient basis through its section 21 process (for the use of unregistered drugs) on "compassionate grounds".
Ivermectin for Covid-19: Compound may be made up on prescription from doctors
Pharmacists and doctors are permitted to make small batches of medicine containing ivermectin on prescription from a doctor.
But doctors complained that this process took too long, more than an hour to fill in the paperwork and then sometimes weeks for a response.
Pharmacists said they could not legally access the drug.
Then, with four similar applications set down to be heard at the same time in the Pretoria high court, an ivermectin-based cream, Soolantra, was registered by Sahpra.
Kathrada said this was a game changer. "What this meant was that the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was now registered for human use, primarily for eczema. The process can take up to eight years ... and can cost R1m to R2m.
"With the pandemic we didn't have the time, or the money, to go through that process. And that is why we went to court."
She said now that the cream is registered, the API was registered and compounding pharmacists could now use the same API in another formulation — be it a syrup, capsule, cream or tablet — which can be prescribed for Covid-19.
Kathrada said since the granting of the court order, she had spent time finding out which compounding pharmacists had stock and "we have lots".
Some pharmacists had kept stock for use in cases where there had been approval through the section 21 process — including for stubborn parasitic conditions before the pandemic.
It was as simple as sending through a script and, depending on where the patient lived, waiting for a delivery.
Regulator says no green light yet for ivermectin, while AfriForum claims victory in court case for drug's use
The SA Health Products Regulatory Authority (Sahpra) is emphatic that it has not approved ivermectin for the treatment and management of Covid-19 — ...
"From 25kg of powder, I believe it is possible to make four to five million tablets, depending on the dosage. Because it is weight-based, the milligrams per patient will differ.
"It's important to get the message out, not only to the public but to doctors, so they know where the stock is and how to access it."
Depending on the dosage, Kathrada said a pack of 10 tablets could cost anything between R70 and R90.
It was also possible for non-compounding pharmacies to carry stock and for doctors to carry "anticipatory stock" in the event of a huge rise in infections, she added.
Clinical trials on the use of ivermectin to combat the effects of the virus remain inconclusive about its efficacy.
According to the order, signed off by Pretoria high court judge Cassim Sardiwalla, Sahpra has to report back to the court every three months, detailing any developments in the use and availability of the drug.
Pharmacists add their voices to ivermectin campaign
A group of pharmacists have joined the legal chorus seeking to get blanket approval for the use of ivermectin, presently only registered in SA for ...
Study finds ivermectin tablets contain 'additional unregistered ingredients'
Four out of five ivermectin tablets tested in a study published this week had "at least one" additional pharmaceutical ingredient which had not been ...
'Lack of trust in SA's Covid response has pushed people into using ivermectin'
Frontline doctors say the government needs to adopt a less elitist approach to medicines in a time of pandemic
No, Julius, you're not the labour police News
Gauteng, Eastern Cape arrests blow lid on international kidnapping ring News
Jabs and jobs: local vaccine-making facility will 'employ hundreds' News
All aboard the cannabis? US study indicates hemp could combat Covid-19 News
Click to view today's Sunday Times Daily as an edition News


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Орбитальные векторы состояния — в астродинамике и небесной механике декартовы векторы положения  () и скорости   (), вместе  с моментом времени  (эпоха) () однозначно определяют траекторию обращающегося тела.

Система отсчёта
Векторы состояния определяются относительно некоторой системы отсчёта, обычно инерциальной. Одной из наиболее применяемых систем отсчёта для тел, движущихся вблизи Земли, является геоцентрическая экваториальная система отсчёта, определяемая следующим образом:

 начало отсчёта находится в центре масс Земли;
 ось Z совпадает с осью вращения Земли, положительные координаты соответствуют северному полушарию;
 плоскость X/Y совпадает с плоскостью земного экватора,  ось X направлена в точку весеннего равноденствия, ось Y образует с осями X и Z правую тройку векторов.

Данная система отсчёта на самом деле не является инерциальной вследствие медленной прецессии  оси вращения Земли, поэтому система отсчёта обычно определяется положением Земли на стандартную астрономическую эпоху, такую как B1950 или J2000.

Можно использовать другие системы отсчёта при различных задачах, например гелиоцентрические или планетоцентрические, системы отсчёта с началом в барицентре Солнечной системы, системы отсчёта с плоскостью орбиты космического аппарата в качестве опорной плоскости.

Вектор положения
Вектор положения   описывает положение тела в выбранной системе отсчёта, вектор скорости   показывает скорость в той же системе отсчёта в тот же момент времени. Данные векторы вместе с моментом времени, на который они указаны, описывают траекторию тела.

Тело не обязано находиться на орбите для того, чтобы векторы состояния описывали траекторию его движения: тело должно двигаться только под влиянием инерции и гравитации. Например, в качестве тела можно рассмотреть космический аппарат на суборбитальной траектории. Если значимыми являются другие силы, их можно векторно добавить к силе притяжения при интегрировании для определения положения и  скорости в будущем.

Для любого объекта, движущегося в космическом пространстве, вектор скорости будет касательным  к траектории. Если   является  единичным касательным к траектории вектором, то

Вывод
Вектор скорости   можно получить из вектора положения   при дифференцировании по времени:

Вектор положения объекта можно использовать для вычисления классических или кеплеровых элементов орбиты. Кеплеровы элементы показывают размер, форму и ориентацию орбиты и могут использоваться для быстрого вычисления состояния объекта в заданный момент времени в том случае, если движение объекта в точности моделируется задачей двух тел с очень малыми возмущениями.

С другой стороны, векторы состояния более полезны при численном интегрировании, учитывающем значительные меняющиеся со временем дополнительные виды сил и гравитационные возмущения от других тел.

Векторы состояния  ( и ) можно использовать при вычислении вектора углового момента в  виде .

Поскольку даже спутники на низкой околоземной орбите испытывают значительные возмущения (в особенности вследствие несферичности Земли), то кеплеровы элементы, вычисленные по вектору состояния в данный момент времени справедливы только для этого момента времени. Подобные элементы называются оскулирующими.

Примечания

Орбиты

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Trump's Legal Team Made a Smart Move in Distancing Itself From Sidney Powell
By Jeff Charles | Nov 23, 2020 1:34 PM ET
President Trump's legal team made a smart move recently when it distanced itself from attorney Sidney Powell, who recently made some rather outlandish claims regarding the integrity of the presidential election. While many on the right are holding on to hope that she will provide evidence to back her claims, the president's legal team made an understandable strategic decision.
On Sunday, former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who is also helping with the president's lawsuits, issued a statement announcing that Powell "is not a member of the Trump Legal Team." He added, "She is also not a lawyer for the President in his personal capacity."
On Monday, Powell responded to Giuliani's statement. "I agree with the campaign's statement that I am not part of the campaign's legal team. I never signed a retainer agreement or sent the President or the campaign a bill for my expenses or fees," she tweeted.
The lawyer went on to repeat her claims that Dominion Voting System's voting machines and software switched millions of votes from Trump to Biden. "The evidence I'm compiling is overwhelming that this software tool was used to shift millions of votes from President Trump and other Republican candidates to Biden and other Democrat candidates. We are proceeding to prepare our lawsuit and plan to file it this week. It will be epic," she wrote.
Powell previously appeared with Giuliani and other members of Trump's legal team during several press conferences over the past month. The president himself has referred to her as a member of his team of lawyers.
Powell's wild claims are not helping the president's efforts to get to the bottom of what happened with the 2020 election. Indeed, her insistence that she has incontrovertible proof to support her claims could easily derail the Trump team's efforts.
The attorney promised that she would lay out all of the evidence proving the existence of a vast conspiracy to switch millions of votes from Biden to Trump "within two weeks." In an appearance on Newsmax, she characterized the impending lawsuit as "biblical."
But if two weeks pass and Powell doesn't deliver the goods, then it could discredit the rest of the Trump team's allegations of voter fraud. It would make their allegations easily dismissable. This is why the president's legal squad made the decision to distance itself from Powell. If it turns out that she was misleading the public, she will crash and burn on her own. However, if she is telling the truth, the bombshell revelations will only help the president.
Moreover, it is important to note that Powell's statements are not only potentially harmful to Trump, they are also undermining the senate runoff election in Georgia. The attorney's allegation that Republican officials were in on the voting software conspiracy isn't doing the GOP any favors as it attempts to keep control of the Senate.
"The lawyer, who was cut loose by the Trump campaign on Sunday, claimed that the Republican Georgia Governor Brian Kemp and Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger were paid to be involved in an alleged conspiracy around the use of Dominion Voting Systems," according to Newsweek, which noted that "she also made the unfounded claim on Newsmax that Rep. Doug Collins would have beaten Republican Sen. Kelly Loeffler in the special election for her seat, were it not for the alleged conspiracy."
The reality is that there is no upside for the Trump team if they continued to align themselves with Sidney Powell. She has made some wild claims without providing much in the way of proof to show that voting machines stole the election for Biden.
In light of this, it makes sense that the Trump team would place distance between itself and Powell. The next two weeks will be critical for both. But the president can't run the risk of having his allegations completely discredited by an overly anxious lawyer.
Let me know what you think in the comments below!
Follow me on Twitter and Parler: @JeffOnTheRight
Jeff Charles is a freelance writer, political commentator, and contributor for RedState.com, LibertyNation.com, and co-hosts the Red + Black Show. He is also the founder of the Breaking Conservatarian podcast.
Jeff has appeared on "I'm Right" with Jesse Kelly, Russia Today, and Fox Soul. He resides in Austin, TX and enjoys binging TV shows, reading history, cool hats, and all things nerdy.
If you have any leads or just want to yell at me, hit me up by email: [email protected].
Read more by Jeff Charles
Tags: CULTURE DEMOCRATS ELECTION 2020 REPUBLICANS RUDY GIULIANI SIDNEY POWELL


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Nile Kinnick
JulyJul 9, 1918
Adel, IA
Jun 2, 1943 (age 24)
First Name Nile#3
Football Player Born in Iowa#4
Halfback who won the 1939 Heisman Trophy as a member of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes. He tragically died while training to become a U.S. Navy aviator in World War II and in his honor, the University of Iowa named its football stadium after him.
He starred in both basketball and football at Adel High School.
He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.
He was the son of Nile and Francis Kinnick and he was raised with two brothers, Ben and George.
He beat out Joe Louis and other greats for the 1939 Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year award.
Nile Kinnick Popularity
Nile Kinnick Is A Member Of
First Name Nile
Born in Iowa
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You are subscribed to What's New for Audit Scotland. This information has recently been updated, and is now available.
Argyll and Bute Council has made solid improvement but needs to build on this for the future, says the Accounts Commission. A report published today by the local government watchdog welcomes progress since 2013 in the council's decision making, scrutiny, governance, and improving relationships both between political groups, and members and officers.


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MACON – Mercer University today announced a partnership with NewTown Macon, Sierra Development and Southern Pine Plantations to bring back to life the historic Capricorn Studio as part of the largest market-rate residential development in the history of downtown Macon.
The studio, co-founded by the late Phil Walden, a Mercer alumnus, during its heyday recorded such acts as the Allman Brothers Band, Wet Willie, Elvin Bishop and the Marshall Tucker Band and was the epicenter of Southern Rock.
For more than a decade, the facility sat vacant and fell into disrepair until it was purchased and stabilized by NewTown Macon with a grant from the Peyton Anderson Foundation. In 2010, it was named one of Georgia's most endangered historic buildings.
Sierra Development and Southern Pines recently purchased the property from NewTown Macon and will donate it – along with a substantial cash contribution – to Mercer for the purpose of renovating it into a music incubator. Piedmont Construction, which will be the project contractor, will also make a financial contribution.
The University has committed to raising an additional $1 million to complete restoration of the historic structure, which will be known as Mercer Music at Capricorn. Gifts may be made online at www.savecapricorn.com.
Once completed, Mercer Music at Capricorn will be available for private rentals, including special events.
Sierra Development expects to break ground in the first quarter of 2016 on the lofts project, which will envelop the Capricorn Studio building and occupy most of the block bounded by Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Plum Street, Poplar Street and 5th Street.
Totaling more than 190,000 square feet, The Lofts at Capricorn will include 82 one-bedroom apartments and 55 two-bedrooms lofts. The units will feature faux wood flooring, designer kitchens with stainless steel appliances, solid surface countertops and full-size washer and dryers. The fourth-floor units will also have balconies with spectacular views of downtown. In addition, the complex will have a 4,000-square-foot leasing office and clubhouse, an outdoor pool, 189 parking spaces and 13 units with private attached garages. The project will follow best practices of mixed-use design to keep the streets and sidewalks alive, and will have more than 15,000 square feet of new office and retail space.
NewTown Macon is a non-profit organization dedicated to implementing the community's vision of a comprehensive, coordinated and continuous plan for revitalizing downtown Macon, Georgia. NewTown's work in downtown is focused on three areas: increasing residents, growing jobs and creating a sense of place. For more information, visit www.newtownmacon.com.


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I think it's a generally accepted rule that runners are very driven and motivated people with Type-A personalities. We tend to want to be the best at everything and aren't satisfied if we aren't going 110% of our best efforts 24/7. We fill our schedules from sun up to sun down, and if we're not moving, we're not happy. Sleep? We can sleep when we're dead.
Unfortunately, it often takes something drastic happening — like getting beset with an injury or an illness — before reality comes crashing down on us. Something catastrophic has to happen before we realize that we're human, that we're fallible, and that — perhaps most importantly — we're not machines.
It's often not until something bad happens to us that we realize that as runners — even the most driven and Type A among us — we have to slow down from time to time. If we want to get better at running, in particular, we can't simply give 110% of ourselves every.single.day. Some days, we need to take things easy. Other days, we need to take off completely from running and simply rest. And every day — every single night — we absolutely have to sleep.
We runners pride ourselves on our mileage volume, our splits per mile, our elevation gains, and all types of other running-related metrics, but one thing that we often don't talk about is our sleep. For most of us, running is a hobby, not a professional pursuit that's allowing us to pay the bills.
We squeeze in our runs when we can, which often means waking up early to squeeze in a run (sacrificing sleep in the process) or doing it at night after we put our kids to bed (again, sacrificing sleep in the process). For most of us, most of the time, if given the option between sleeping for an extra hour in the morning or losing an hour to go run, most of the time, we'll choose to run more and sleep less.
Sleeping — when your body is at rest — is actually when the "magic" of training happens. We know that sleeping is important for all humans, for all types of reasons, and sleeping is especially important for endurance athletes. It's when your body is at rest that it will reap the benefits you sow from all the grueling training you put your body through.
Perhaps an easy way to understand the importance of sleep during a training cycle is to envision a cup filled with water. Throughout the day, as you expend energy, you empty your "cup." When you are training hard for a race, you substantially empty your cup more than you would if you were, say, running leisurely or casually. At the end of each day, you've essentially emptied your cup.
In order to start the next day with renewed vigor and energy — and with sufficient enthusiasm to tackle your next run or workout — the best, most effective ways to refill your "cup" is by sleeping. True story. There's no magic potion, elixir, superfood, smoothie, supplement, or injury prevention gadget out there that is as effective or important as sleeping.
If you want to think of your body as a battery, it's when we're at rest, when we're asleep, that we get to "recharge." We dwindle down our energy levels all day long, and eventually, we get to a point where we're working with diminishing returns. Instead of "fighting" it, we're better off finally turning in and getting some ZZZs.
Unless you have a very flexible schedule (and perhaps an impressively understanding boss!), chances are unlikely that you can take a two-hour nap each afternoon as professional runners do. Because professional runners are doing this stuff as their full-time job, they stress the importance of adequate rest and recovery following each run much more than we amateurs do.
Read any interview with a professional runner, and it's very likely that he/she will admit to sleeping 7-10 hours each night and taking a daily nap each afternoon. Sleeping is as much a part of professionals' training program as their impressively high weekly mileage.
Even if you can't take long naps each day, you can still take a cue from the pros and try to get more sleep each night. Keep it simple initially and try to get in bed 15 minutes earlier than usual. Initially, this may be hard to do — and especially if you waste time on your phone or other electronic devices — but the experience will eventually show you that it's worth the effort. Your body will thank you.
Particularly in American culture, getting enough sleep can be interpreted as a sign of weakness. We tend to be most impressed with people who burn the candles at both ends, folks who stay up into the late hours fulfilling their many personal and familial obligations and who still wake up at 4 am every day to complete their runs before the sun rises.
It's rare that people acknowledge that this type of living is deleterious to our health. Sure, every once in a while, we may find that we have to stay up late or wake up early, but making it the rule — not the exception — will do us no favors, especially when it comes to our running.
It can be really difficult to change the narrative and culture related to sleeping, but it's crucially important for our health. We cannot continue to sacrifice our sleep health — especially if we want to improve as runners — and vow to "sleep when we're dead." In fact, if we are serious about our health and about our running, one of the most important elements we can prioritize is consistently getting enough restful sleep.
So, how important is sleep to runners?
The next time you begin a new training cycle when you're enthusiastic about chasing down and realizing some Big, Hairy, Audacious Goals (BHAGs), prioritize your sleep during your cycle just as you would your mileage volume and your nutrition. Lots of research suggests that sufficient sleep may allow you to recover from each day's hard work and will help ensure you remain injury– and illness-free, too.
Given everything we've talked about, how important is sleep to runners?
Is Extreme Weather Running A Good Fit For You?