Being rich doesn't necessarily guarantee success. In a special featured article, AGONAsport puts together an eleven-man squad made up of current Super League players who were picked up by their respective clubs for incredibly small sums of money.
Andreas Gianniotis (Atromitos Athens): The 25-year old is enjoying a record breaking campaign with Super League high flyers Atromitos, earning a number of clean sheets and firing the modest capital club to fourth position in the table. Gianniotis was picked up on a free transfer in 2017 after he cancelled his contract with Olympiacos, but taking into account his brilliant season, the Thrylos are poised to re-sign him in the coming summer.
Michalis Bakakis (AEK Athens): Back in 2014, AEK signed the dangerous right-back for 250 thousand euros from hometown club Panetolikos. Since then, Bakakis has gradually become a standout player in the Enosis ranks, impressing with his ability to burst forward and offer a threat on the right flank. Recently, he earned a deserved call-up to the Greek national team after catching the eye of Ethniki Omada head coach Michael Skibbe.
Ognjen Vranjes (AEK Athens): Another key player for AEK, the imposing Bosnian centre-back joined the Enosis in January 2017 as a free-agent from small Russian club Tom Tomsk. Vranjes has transformed himself into a cult hero for AEK's supporters, showing real commitment on the pitch and associating himself with the club's Original 21 fan base. When on the verge of signing for Anderlecht in the winter, Vranjes was told he's not for sale.
Pape Abou Cisse (Olympiacos): Olympiacos' defence has certainly been shaky in the 2017/2018 season, but Senegalese centre-half Cisse is one of the few Thrylos players to emerge from the campaign with any credit. He actually signed for Olympiacos in January 2017, but he stayed with former club AC Ajaccio until the summer as a part of the deal. Despite his market value stated to be 800 thousand euros, Olympiacos are hoping to sell him for six million.
Kyriakos Kivrakidis (Atromitos Athens): Already an Atromitos player for the past four years, Kivrakidis originally put pen to paper on a contract with the Peristeri outfit after signing for a reported 30 thousand euros from Aiginiakos. PAOK are supposedly lining up a move for the defender in the near future.
Madson (Atromitos Athens): Without doubt, the 26-year old Brazilian midfielder is a key member of Atromitos' effective team. Having earned the trust of head coach Damir Canadi, Madson keeps Atromitos ticking and has made 26 appearances in the Super League and Greek Cup combined. Picked up on a free after he was released from the financially troubled Craiova in Romania.
Walter Iglesias (Asteras Tripolis): Standing at 193 cm tall, the Spaniard defensive midfielder is a tough man for opponents to get past. Iglesias has spent a large chunk of his playing career in Greece, representing AEL and Atromitos before moving to Asteras Tripolis in 2015 from Chinese team Changchun Yatai. An influential figure for Asteras.
Dimitris Pelkas (PAOK): Emerging from the PAOK academy, Pelkas was sent out on loan to Apollon Kalamarias and Vitoria Setubal before finally receiving a chance with the Dikefalos tou Vorra in 2015. Pelkas is now an irreplaceable player for PAOK, adding real creativity and flair to the team. So far, the 24-year old boasts seven goals and six assists this season.
Amr Warda (Atromitos): Yes, Atromitos probably won't win the championship, but Egyptian playmaker Warda may be the Super League's MVP. On loan from PAOK, Warda has excelled with his wonderful array of skills, making himself Atromitos' answer to fellow countryman Mohamed Salah. Unfortunately for the club's fans, he will return to PAOK for next season.
Srdjan Spiridonovic (Panionios): Born in Austria to a Serbian family, 24-year old winger Spiridonovic transferred to Panionios on a free transfer in 2017. No one was familiar with him before he moved to Greece, but Spiridonovic has done well with the Nea Smyrni club, hitting the target on eight occasions for Panionios.
Pedro Conde (PAS Giannina): This season couldn't have gone any better for Conde. The Spanish forward has scored an outstanding 13 goals for mid-table club PAS Giannina, in turn earning the attention of Greece's leading clubs. It will be a minor miracle if PAS somehow manage to keep hold of their star man in the summer transfer window.


In the first part of her lecture, Dr. Prather explains that synthetic biology involves applying engineering principles to biological systems to build "biological machines". The key material in building these machines is synthetic DNA. Synthetic DNA can be added in different combinations to biological hosts, such as bacteria, turning them into chemical factories that can produce small molecules of choice.
In Part 2, Prather describes how her lab used design principles to engineer E. coli that produce glucaric acid from glucose. Glucaric acid is not naturally produced in bacteria, so Prather and her colleagues "bioprospected" enzymes from other organisms and expressed them in E. coli to build the needed enzymatic pathway. Prather walks us through the many steps of optimizing the timing, localization and levels of enzyme expression to produce the greatest yield.
00:00:17.08	two fields in which I work and which have a very, very strong influence from biology.
00:00:25.28	if you look around at nature, you'll see a lot of beauty and a lot of diversity.
00:00:30.17	You might see feathers on a peacock.
00:00:36.06	and see the structures, the symmetry, all of the details that are there.
00:00:46.24	or even as you look at the leaf of a tree, you'll see lots of wonderful details and structures.
00:01:08.02	or in scale, you'll see details that you couldn't see before.
00:01:29.10	what we really realize is that it's really all about the DNA.
00:01:44.08	really come back down to the DNA.
00:01:46.18	And it's really this focus on the DNA which is a hallmark of synthetic biology.
00:01:56.15	and it's actually interesting to think about some of the older definitions.
00:02:02.20	in a publication called Chemical and Engineering News.
00:02:05.21	And in that publication, synthetic biology was defined in the way that you can see on the screen now.
00:02:10.06	In particular, there's a focus on the use of non-natural, synthetic molecules.
00:02:19.05	and being able to use those molecules in order to give you function.
00:02:25.08	and the function that you would get in biological systems.
00:02:31.26	really synthetic biology has changed and the work that's going on in synthetic biology has become much broader.
00:02:47.15	of new biological parts, devices and systems.
00:02:52.01	And those parts, devices and systems are words that actually come from engineering.
00:03:06.06	which is really what engineering is all about.
00:03:12.26	and that is, for specific applications.
00:03:45.17	we have what I describe as a practical definition of synthetic biology.
00:03:49.00	And that is synthetic biology is the effort to make biology easier to engineer.
00:03:58.01	that really gives synthetic biology its heart and its purpose.
00:04:02.04	And here are some of the engineering principles that we think about as engineers.
00:04:14.16	and I know how to draw out or sketch out a way in which I get there.
00:04:18.17	If I think about modeling in an engineering sense, modeling is really about mathematics.
00:04:32.24	that allow me to have that design.
00:04:49.16	as well as the individual parts.
00:05:06.18	I could encode that in a simpler way.
00:05:20.07	but taking a step where you really remove biology from that process.
00:05:44.20	are strung together, actually gives us the function that we're interested in.
00:06:34.28	and they can be strung together without biology.
00:06:41.26	and that gives me then the function, as far as biology is concerned, that I'm interested in.
00:07:34.20	as we would call it, that would give us this feature that we're interested in.
00:07:48.14	or feature, that has the function that I'm interested in.
00:08:07.14	and you can see that they're actually blinking.
00:08:09.20	They're sometimes having light turned on and sometimes having light turned off.
00:08:44.26	and sometimes the light being off.
00:09:01.10	these circles here are plasmid DNA, and the output, finally, is GFP.
00:09:08.22	that is the blinking pattern.
00:09:18.24	and in this case, the goal was to have effectively a bacterial photography system.
00:09:26.15	there was something called phytochromes, or light sensors, from an organism called Synechocystis.
00:09:46.06	which allows you to either have color or not have color.
00:09:58.27	that gives you an output which in this case is going to be black.
00:10:02.11	If there's no light that's present, then you'll have an output that's going to be light.
00:10:16.07	and the result is a light color.
00:10:17.15	The second condition now would be a condition that's dark.
00:10:20.08	In that case, the LacZ output is going to be high, and that's actually going to give us a dark color.
00:10:25.00	How does this actually work?
00:10:41.29	and you can see next to that then the result of what happens.
00:11:00.05	much like a camera would.
00:11:07.01	with images that are even more complex.
00:11:23.21	when it's not, you have a lighter color.
00:11:29.02	who is the professor in whose lab this was developed.
00:11:43.26	whether they be problems in healthcare, in energy or the environment.
00:11:57.17	to address some of these global problems.
00:12:05.16	and he's been looking at the issue of diabetes.
00:12:08.19	There are two types of diabetes: type I and type II.
00:12:18.17	to control your glucose levels in the blood.
00:12:36.01	decide to dose themselves with insulin or not.
00:12:55.00	and then actually dosing yourself with insulin.
00:13:17.18	that can spontaneously produce new insulin producing cells whenever your body needs them.
00:13:22.19	That's an application in health.
00:13:35.09	to plants in order to get them to grow.
00:13:42.03	because it can be difficult to actually extract it in a way that's usable.
00:13:56.00	and convert it into the kind of nitrogen which is useful for plants.
00:14:20.10	so that you actually have a need for much less fertilizer in the environment.
00:14:30.23	were looking at using synthetic biology to be able to really address a critical problem in both health and the environment.
00:15:00.29	to see if they can address those problems.
00:15:07.15	decided to try to tackle the problem of groundwater contaminated by arsenic in Bangladesh.
00:15:24.14	was safe to drink or not.
00:15:31.07	and to build a sensor that would tell them whether or not there was arsenic in the water or not.
00:15:38.29	which is just a sensor that tells you, for example, the chlorine level and the pH level in a pool.
00:15:48.19	E. coli in this case, that could detect the arsenic.
00:15:55.13	and you would know that that water was not safe to drink.
00:16:06.10	but we're increasingly seeing a merger between principles of metabolic engineering and those of synthetic biology.
00:16:23.10	that have useful functions. And I've shown two of them here.
00:16:26.02	The first one is called caspofungin, and then there's another one that's shown here that's called lovastatin.
00:16:37.00	and lovastatin is one of the first cholesterol lowering drugs.
00:16:43.14	but lovastatin was one of the first that was discovered.
00:16:59.06	it's usually for molecules like this.
00:17:13.16	which are shown now by the bold, or the arrows that go back and forth.
00:17:32.19	that can make these molecules very easily.
00:17:35.01	And so it's molecules like this that traditionally have been made by biology.
00:17:45.12	and the other being an organic acid, malic acid.
00:17:52.09	using biological means as opposed to chemistry.
00:17:55.14	And what I mean by that is they can be produced commercially through fermentation.
00:18:05.12	and now you have a product that you can bring to market.
00:18:20.28	to do what they do better.
00:18:28.13	and to make it more efficiently and the efficiency part, it's typically considered as yield.
00:18:37.06	ends up in the product that you're interested in.
00:18:44.09	to describe how metabolic engineering actually works in terms of improving these natural producers.
00:18:53.28	that's lost its pet rabbit Petal, and Wemberly has to figure out how to get to Petal.
00:19:02.12	that the mouse could use in order to get to the end point.
00:19:05.00	However, we know not all of those are going to be productive.
00:19:12.05	that are going to be non-productive.
00:19:13.11	That means to actually knock out, or delete, competing pathways.
00:19:21.29	a place that you don't want it to go.
00:19:31.17	for the enzymes to be overexpressed.
00:19:40.01	in order to get more of that through the system.
00:19:47.10	and to get through the maze quicker than it otherwise would.
00:19:57.06	both from a metabolic engineering and a synthetic biology standpoint.
00:20:04.03	and you can see on the slide the uses for them.
00:20:12.09	and artemesinic acid is a precursor to an anti-malarial drug.
00:20:22.07	that is growing up a large number of microorganims to produce the compound that we're interested in.
00:20:27.14	They're also natural products, meaning that they're naturally produced by organisms.
00:20:41.17	but it's actually a different host that's been able to be used to have them produced economically.
00:20:57.19	or in hosts that don't normally contain that pathway.
00:21:01.10	Here's actually an example of doing just this thing.
00:21:31.13	or a beer manufacturing unit.
00:21:33.00	And you can't take plants and actually scale them up in that same way.
00:21:39.13	and wait for the proper amount of sunlight and nutrition in order for them to grow.
00:22:18.22	and I can actually grow it up now in a large factory.
00:22:21.20	And this is work that's been done by Professor Jay Keasling, in chemical engineering at UC-Berkeley.
00:22:52.27	but also quite a large bit of petrol chemicals.
00:22:59.24	that are used for polymers, for resins, for adhesives, et cetera.
00:23:11.14	and not for their energetic properties, which is what we use them for for fuels.
00:23:42.23	we want to be able to access those from biomass as well.
00:24:00.25	but also are very firmly rooted within metabolic engineering as well.
00:24:36.23	or a greatly miniaturized scale, I should say, in terms of having now small microbes give us this same capacity.
00:25:08.21	in order to get important functions of interest to solve the problems that we have to solve in the world.
00:25:24.21	and are also taking diversity of approaches towards solving those problems.
00:25:35.02	so that we really can bring solutions to some of our most pressing global problems.
00:25:43.10	but this is my overview for metabolic engineering and for synthetic biology.
What are some key differences between science and engineering? How does synthetic biology bridge these fields?
What principles of engineering are used in synthetic biology?
Map these onto another engineering process.
How are these principles applied in other areas of biology research?
What are some real world applications of synthetic biology, particularly using hosts other than yeast and bacteria?
What are additional challenges to implementing synthetic biology outside of the lab?
00:00:06.07	My name is Kristala Prather and I'm an associate professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
00:00:25.22	teaching an old bacterium new tricks.
00:00:42.16	of how the mouse might get to the rabbit it's looking for.
00:01:00.15	so that we get to the product that we're interested in more quickly.
00:01:07.15	that also looks at this maze analogy.
00:01:21.20	we have a more direct way to get from point A to point B.
00:01:25.00	And that's actually the focus of much of the work that goes on in my lab.
00:01:35.19	the question was, well, what kind of targets could we look at?
00:01:38.09	What are good molecules to look at that might be produced by biology?
00:01:46.02	called "Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass"
00:01:48.21	where they actually sought to answer that very question.
00:01:55.01	as the input for chemicals, what are the right molecules that you'd want to produce.
00:02:04.21	of building block molecules.
00:02:14.09	but nevertheless, it's called the top ten list because that sounds a lot better than the top 14 or 15 list.
00:02:40.07	if we use that analogy, in order to get to the compound that we're interested in.
00:02:43.27	So, when we looked at this list, we eliminated compounds like that.
00:02:53.16	but wasn't when this report was first produced.
00:03:14.06	to be able to produce this compound in a microbe, namely, E. coli.
00:03:32.24	as being compounds that are naturally produced by nature.
00:03:49.13	there are no microbes like that where we know that glucaric acid is produced.
00:04:04.04	for different kinds of materials, or as detergents.
00:04:20.21	and so it's both not economical and not environmentally friendly.
00:04:24.22	So, we set out to come up with a way to make glucaric acid using biology.
00:04:40.09	you've got to get this whole thing to work in E. coli.
00:04:46.10	the compound we're interested in, glucaric acid, is in this box at the top.
00:04:55.20	and glucose is on this figure.
00:05:02.17	but if you look very closely along the left-hand side, then you can see glucose right here.
00:05:16.13	and you actually have an additional output, which is ascorbic acid.
00:05:20.27	and this is not something that we would really want to think about putting into E. coli.
00:05:33.25	that would have much, much less of this maze-like effect.
00:05:42.25	is that we could go to the databases and say, is glucaric acid there?
00:05:52.04	to be associated with biology.
00:06:03.03	that's actually found in a bacterium called Pseudomonas syringae.
00:06:06.15	But that was sort of the end of the story as far as Pseudomonas was concerned.
00:06:22.00	from a compound called myo-inositol with an enzyme called myo-inositol oxygenase.
00:06:35.04	because it was one that had been shown to work well when it was expressed in E. coli.
00:07:12.06	in order to give the myo-inositol compound that we're interested in.
00:07:25.24	in order to get the compound that we're interested in.
00:07:31.17	directly PCR-amplified because we knew that would work in E. coli from John Frost's work.
00:07:57.05	or the gene, encoding from the uronate dehydrogenase in bacteria.
00:08:05.18	to put into E. coli to see whether or not it could make glucaric acid.
00:08:13.28	what we found was exactly what we hoped to find.
00:08:15.28	And that is that we got glucaric acid being produced.
00:08:24.05	of glucaric acid that we can measure in the culture medium.
00:08:27.13	So, this is actually spit out by the cell into the surrounding medium.
00:08:36.10	and one that has 0.05 millimolar IPTG.
00:08:39.04	I want to take just a second and explain what that really means.
00:08:48.26	you should start making the proteins, or the enzymes, that we're interested in.
00:09:04.27	than if we have a lower concentration of our inducer.
00:09:14.23	that we don't always understand.
00:09:24.24	what really are the best conditions to make the compound that we're interested in.
00:09:36.13	which is accumulating, meaning we can measure that in the culture medium.
00:09:44.06	which is converting myo-inositol to glucaronic acid is a limitation in the system.
00:09:53.24	is converted to glucaronic acid, and then onto to glucaric acid.
00:09:57.20	I always think at this point, there must be a joke in here somewhere.
00:10:08.27	but we know that glucaric acid comes out somewhere.
00:10:16.12	in trying to actually get the cells to make a lot more of this product that we're interested in.
00:10:28.11	as I pointed out in the first graph, that showed glucaric acid being produced.
00:10:35.00	all we're focused on is this one reaction.
00:10:45.19	and the product that's produced now is glucaronic acid.
00:11:12.05	and converts it to glucaric acid.
00:11:24.06	and one where it's missing.
00:11:46.18	to the same concentration of the substrate.
00:11:59.03	than the cells that only saw substrate for the first time after the protein had actually been produced.
00:12:04.20	Well, so this actually raised an interesting question for us.
00:12:20.02	and make the product that we're interested in.
00:12:32.04	even if we don't exactly understand the underlying reasons for the phenomenon that we see.
00:12:47.06	because that's what we need for the second enzyme to be effective.
00:12:53.06	but as we've worked on that, that turned out to be a lot easier said than done.
00:12:59.12	we actually came up with another idea.
00:13:22.15	and to cause a way for those enzymes to be physically located next to each other.
00:13:40.28	that can then be recognized by a different piece of a protein.
00:13:56.04	that actually causes two enzymes to become located close to each other within the cell.
00:14:22.13	and that would actually give us higher yields and productivities.
00:14:40.29	in the amount of glucaric acid that we were producing.
00:14:46.27	is this working the way that we want it work?
00:15:02.27	that would give us more of the product that we're interested in.
00:15:12.00	whether or not it actually had higher activity, as we supposed that it might.
00:15:26.15	without scaffold, and then on the right hand side, with scaffold.
00:15:34.14	to induce the expression of the proteins.
00:15:48.17	there's also no significant difference between the protein activity here and the protein activity in this case as well.
00:16:07.15	in the activity of this protein relative to when the scaffolds aren't present.
00:16:11.15	And the p-value is here just to show you that that difference is actually significant.
00:16:31.16	is to explore different stoichiometries.
00:16:53.29	four binding domains for another protein and a single binding domain for the last protein.
00:17:06.05	two copies of the second enzyme, and only one copy of that third enzyme.
00:17:20.03	to look at the effect of that on the productivity.
00:17:41.10	meaning different numbers of binding domains for these enzymes that we're interested in.
00:18:15.21	that we see in the activity of the protein.
00:18:28.02	and having a number of different places that it could go.
00:18:30.17	And I showed a very simple diagram before of the maze having four different entry points.
00:18:48.02	that can convert that chemical into something else.
00:18:55.16	not these very simplified ones that I showed you.
00:19:05.28	we can often have by-products that are being produced.
00:19:17.05	what if your byproduct is actually growth?
00:19:30.21	down to your final product, glucaric acid.
00:19:44.23	or a different approach to dealing with the byproduct that we have.
00:19:54.05	which are based on design, to think about a control system.
00:19:57.17	In particular what we want is dynamic control of these activities.
00:20:13.02	that we need to make the product that we're interested in.
00:20:21.15	use all of that glucose to make the molecule that we want you to make.
00:20:36.03	that causes the competing activity to be low.
00:20:52.21	to actually start to go up. This is actually something called a genetic inverter.
00:20:57.10	It's an inverter because when the input is low, the output is high.
00:21:01.17	When the input is high, the output is low.
00:21:04.05	And there is actually a precedent for this in nature, namely in secondary metabolite production.
00:21:17.12	such that you then will have the metabolites being produced later.
00:21:36.06	at some point after which we apply our trigger.
00:21:44.11	and that PTS system brings in glucose as glucose-6-phosphate.
00:21:54.02	and that's actually how that glucose is used by the cells for growth.
00:21:58.06	That's how the glucose is eaten, if we want to think about it that way.
00:22:01.16	And that's the process that we want to compete against.
00:22:21.27	that's required to deal with glucose-6-phosphate specifically.
00:22:25.11	That can be addressed by the fact that there is actually another way that glucose can come into the cell.
00:22:33.29	and in this case, it comes in as free glucose.
00:22:39.21	with an enzyme called glucokinase that uses ATP.
00:22:56.09	versus what goes into the product that we're interested in.
00:23:14.21	versus how much is available for productivity.
00:23:26.03	is controlling how much of the DNA, or how that DNA is being expressed.
00:23:34.21	which comes back to how we think about synthetic biology.
00:23:46.18	is to look at what we would call static control of the system.
00:24:15.25	is the kind of promoter that we use.
00:24:30.08	we could actually produce.
00:24:31.27	Here's now a little bit of characterization of this library.
00:24:43.10	changed the transcription, and then if that corresponded to increases in the protein being produced.
00:25:04.00	and what's shown on the right hand side is the mRNA levels.
00:25:19.01	after which we see it start to decline.
00:25:25.20	and it only will go up to a certain point and then it starts to decline as well.
00:25:40.29	just to see if the library is working.
00:25:52.03	but you can see the protein levels are pretty low.
00:25:54.10	And these cells would not grow on glucose.
00:26:03.29	this stipple region, where we saw the cells could grow, but only very, very poorly.
00:26:23.16	how much of the substrate is available for endogenous growth.
00:26:37.29	and then what's shown on the x-axis is the growth rate of the cells.
00:26:49.13	of the this cell. We can also decrease the growth rate of the cell by changing the glucokinase activity.
00:27:09.02	if you can control the growth of the cells, does that actually result in more product being produced.
00:27:24.29	which is actually going to be produced from glucokinase.
00:27:43.17	versus this side of our pathway.
00:28:10.11	or into cellular growth.
00:28:40.17	and less of it going into the product that we're interested in.
00:28:56.27	although they had the highest yield, did not have the highest concentration.
00:29:04.27	as far as yield was concerned, and they also didn't grow very well.
00:29:15.29	would probably work better in terms of giving us the maximum yield possible.
00:29:34.02	or the lacI operator. When lacI is not present, GFP is turned on.
00:29:51.10	the expression of lacI and that would turn off our GFP.
00:30:03.03	which means that the whole system is on.
00:30:15.10	and at the point where we've added 100 ng/ml of aTc, we have very little GPF being produced.
00:30:38.07	that show that GFP can go back up.
00:30:47.12	into our cell, that is to change now Glk activity so that it responds in this same way.
00:30:54.06	And what's shown now in this slide is the result of having done exactly that.
00:31:19.03	and does that correspondingly result in differences in the Glk activity?
00:31:31.05	and then those levels of mRNA eventually come down.
00:31:37.02	where it also starts very high, and then it also will come down to a very, very low level.
00:31:51.18	when it doesn't really need Glk and that actually tells us, is the system really working.
00:31:55.21	Now, we also want to know that it's actually dynamic.
00:32:05.13	that were encoding for Glk and then to ask, does that actually give us differences?
00:32:09.13	We now want to know if we have a switch.
00:32:16.07	that is, we invert the response, do we actually get what we're interested in.
00:32:31.12	and we see that the cells are continuing to grow.
00:32:43.10	by activating our inverter, are growing to a lower point.
00:32:51.14	if we add inducer from the very beginning.
00:32:59.22	and pretty much close to zero the whole time.
00:33:12.00	this is now relative OD between those two.
00:33:17.10	and the mRNA levels are going down as well.
00:33:27.13	from the design perspective of growth.
00:33:29.06	The question now is, does it actually give us the productivity enhancements that we were looking for.
00:33:47.04	and is a representation of how much glucose flux is actually going down into endogenous metabolism.
00:34:03.05	is how much glucose is consumed.
00:34:07.20	the gray bar is how much product is being produced.
00:34:18.29	give us an indication of some of the minor byproducts.
00:34:32.18	sorry, in this case the gluconate, or the gluconic acid product that we're interested in.
00:34:54.08	so we have about a twenty percent increase in the yield.
00:34:59.28	and you can see an even larger reduction in the waste going to acetate.
00:35:12.12	that is this acetate waste.
00:35:33.05	because it's going to stop being very active.
00:35:56.22	or, again, a measure of waste that we have here.
00:36:10.20	about a 70% reduction in waste and a 20% increase in product being produced.
00:36:15.29	Let me summarize the story that I've given you about glucaric acid.
00:36:28.16	but whose natural pathway was too cumbersome from being, to be produced in E. coli.
00:36:45.07	we can synthesize that DNA, and easily move it around between organisms.
00:36:56.26	which gave us increases in productivity.
00:37:13.26	to make the products that we're interested in.
00:37:33.23	going into more of the product that we're interested in.
00:37:35.29	I'd actually like to end this whole iBio seminar by acknowledging the folks that did the work.
00:37:48.26	as well as former students and postdocs in the groups.
00:38:10.18	and thank you very much.
What was the impetus for synthesizing glucaric acid?
What is the bioprospecting process? What techniques are needed to do this?
What is a synthetic biology device? Can you imagine different types of devices?
In this example, what is the inducer? What is the genetic inverter?
In summary, what are the three facets of synthetic biology that are optimized in the synthesis of glucaric acid?
What are the knowledge gaps that limit current solutions?
What is the specific insight/technology used that will overcome this?
How do they solve the problem using this technology?
What is the next problem?
Many aspects of this artificial process need to be checked and optimized. Pick one of these processes (listed below) and explain the experiments involved.


text:
Q: How @Bean is used in a class without @Configuration when configuring Spring Security in a Spring Boot app? I'm learning about Spring Security in a Spring Boot app. I know that you need to use @Bean only in a @Configuration class. But I see this example for configuration Spring Security and the @Bean is used in a class without @Configuration. How is this possible? Thank you!
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfigurer extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

    @Autowired
    private MyUserDetailsService myUserDetailsService;

    @Override
    protected void configure(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
        auth.userDetailsService(myUserDetailsService);
    }

    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
                .csrf().disable()
                .authorizeRequests().antMatchers("/authenticate").permitAll()
                .anyRequest().authenticated();
    }

    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }

    @Override
    @Bean
    public AuthenticationManager authenticationManagerBean() throws Exception {
        return super.authenticationManagerBean();
    }
}

A: When you are in a such case, take a look at the documentation, here @Bean documentation you can see that it is not mandatory to use @Bean in a @Configuration class:

@Bean methods may also be declared within classes that are not annotated with @Configuration. For example, bean methods may be declared in a @Component class or even in a plain old class.

If you also take a look at @EnableWebSecurity doc you can see that it includes @Configuration.
EDIT: Hints
For a Spring Boot application, when we use @EnableWebSecurity we disable security auto-configuration, so it's preferable to simply doing something like this:
@Configuration
// @Order(...)   we can set the order of the filter chain
public class SecurityConfigurer extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
      // configuration here
}

In this case we keep the configuration provided by Spring Boot + our own configurations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You use paper and packaging products every day, but do you know the people who bring them to you? Meet the Faces of the Forest from the makers of Paper and Packaging.
As a multi-generational, vertically integrated company, Green Bay Packaging maintains more than 240,00 acres of company-owned forest lands. Company forest lands are certified to SFI® Standard Principles of Sustainable Forest Management and implement forestry best management practices. Green Bay Packaging's SFI Sustainable Forestry Policy demonstrates a continuous commitment to the SFI program throughout the company.
In 1980, Green Bay Packaging Inc. initiated the Landowners Resource Program to protect and enhance the natural life cycle of forest lands. The landowners resource program is active with private landowners to sustainably manage forest lands, working with the American Tree Farm System, and promoting and encouraging membership with the Arkansas Forestry Association. In addition to reforestation on GBP forest land, GBP has assisted private landowners in planting more than six (6) million trees annually, for a total of more than 160 million trees planted since 1980.
In addition to implementing sustainable forestry and sourcing practices, GBP has worked to ensure a sustainable future for the industry supporting Trees for Tomorrow. For more than 25 years, Green Bay Packaging Inc. has supported Trees for Tomorrow, donating funds for teachers and students to attend natural resource specialty classes on conservation values, forests, and contemporary resource management practices of the paper industry.


text:
MySpace to launch tailored ad system
MySpace has developed technology to tailor advertisements to its members based on information on their personal profile pages, owner Fox Interactive Media said on Tuesday.
Sept. 18, 2007, 3:04 PM UTC / Source: Reuters
The popular social networking site, which has an estimated 110 million users, found that the new system improved the likelihood that members will click on an ad by 80 percent on average, said a spokeswoman for Fox, confirming a report in The New York Times.
MySpace has been experimenting with the in-house system over the past six months and it will be available broadly this fall, she said.
Peter Levinsohn, the president of News Corp's Fox Interactive Media, will speak about the technology at a Merrill Lynch conference later on Tuesday.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We should bear in mind, of course, that both gospel accounts attribute their lineages to Joseph (Matt 1:16; Luke 3:23).
In the tradition of Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea, Ambrosiaster appeals to the custom of Levirate marriage to account for the discrepancy.
Its rank depends on which "minuses" we regard as "omissions." While strictly a "substitution," the net result is loss of the replaced material.
Augustine refers to Faustus as a bishop in Confessions 5.2.3.
Ambrosiaster, Commentaries on Galatians-Philemon (trans. Gerald Lewis Bray; Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 2009).
Posted on October 12, 2016 by Peter Lorenz.	This entry was posted in Latin Writers, Syriac Writers, Textual History and tagged Aphraates, Augustine, Codex Bezae, Faustus the Manichaean, Genealogy of Jesus, Gospel of Luke, Manichaeism. Bookmark the permalink.
The setting of the historical context is being recognized by many as vital to understanding much about Christianity and its manuscripts, particularly, variants within them. The dating of Bezae being tied to its historical context, at least for me, seems more and more likely. Thanks for the long, hard work.
I try hard to leave the door open to an early date for Bezae's text, but it becomes more difficult when late fourth-century evidence often fits Bezae's characteristics so well. Thanks for recognizing the work that goes into this!


Penn State Hazleton has a variety of positions available to second-year students participating in the Pathway to Success: Summer Start (PaSSS) program this summer. Community and on-campus partners will hire PaSSS students to fulfill the work component of the program. Assigned duties are based on the location in which the student is placed. Students must enroll in a minimum of six (6) credits for the summer in order to participate in the work component. The PaSSS program is by invitation only.


I d Furnishings we choose for our home based on the numerous and fundamental roles: cherish, show, sort, but also beautify the environment with elegance and exclusivity. The Furnishing customize our home and make it comfortable: to be chosen, and they should be carefully, because everything is harmonious in style and colors. Our complements tell us: for this reason must be selected calmly, based on needs and personal tastes. The Complements furniture are beautiful and functional in domestic life: clothes hangers, mirrors, lamps, furniture cushions, bedding, ottomans, carpets, cabinets, shoe racks. In our home, in addition to furniture, to define the mood of each extension are Furnishing, which must be chosen according to personal needs and style of the house.
Refined, the glass mirrors model Calligaris becomes a symbol of a modern style, offers all the excellence of the Calligaris brand. Refined, the glass mirrors model Calligaris becomes a symbol of a modern style, offers all the excellence of the Calligaris brand.
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Elegant, this model between the glass mirrors, assures quality throughout the company La Seggiola. Elegant, this model between the glass mirrors, assures quality throughout the company La Seggiola.
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If you intend to characterize the environment with wood hangers, this model the right choice for your home. A current choice and exclusive among hanger The Seggiola, a tailor-made project designed to shape freely the furnishing of their environments.
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To organize your home, choose our store and the rugs that we sell, we are a reference point for the brand Stones compositions. Elegant, this model among the fabric carpets, ensures all the quality of the brand Stones.
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Libert and various solutions in the same stylistic dimension: the wooden model Calligaris proposes shapes, colors and creative ideas to compose in freedom their own spaces. The proposed container in Calligaris wood finish offers valuable tips for customizing your home.


text:
Gold Hill Nursery, El Dorado County, California, United States
Mindat.org Region:
El Dorado Co., California, USA
El Dorado County, California, United States
38° 45' 52" N
120° 51' 58" W
Lat/Long (dec):
38.76462,-120.86633
Csa : Hot-summer Mediterranean climate
Search for other features
Mindat.org localities near to this feature
Indian Creek Hill placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 47" N 120° 52' 4" W 0.2km (0.1 miles)
Comet Hill placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 41" N 120° 52' 3" W 0.4km (0.2 miles)
Cement Hill and Jordan placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 54" N 120° 52' 47" W 1.2km (0.7 miles)
Graner placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 17" N 120° 52' 50" W 1.5km (0.9 miles)
Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 39" N 120° 53' 4" W 1.6km (1.0 miles)
Barbara Mine, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 24" N 120° 52' 56" W 1.7km (1.0 miles)
Michael Sweeney placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 29" N 120° 52' 50" W 1.7km (1.1 miles)
Gold Hill placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 37" N 120° 52' 50" W 1.9km (1.2 miles)
Sylvester Mine (Sylvester and Schlecher; Silvester & Schleicher [?]), Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 20" N 120° 53' 21" W 2.2km (1.4 miles)
Webb Mine, Cold Springs, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 48" N 120° 52' 47" W 2.3km (1.4 miles)
Cold Springs, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 30" N 120° 52' 13" W 2.5km (1.6 miles)
Falls placer, Cold Springs, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 26" N 120° 52' 15" W 2.7km (1.7 miles)
Hugh B. Newell placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 29" N 120° 53' 49" W 2.8km (1.7 miles)
Funny Bug Mine (Pendelco Mine), Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 53" N 120° 53' 30" W 2.9km (1.8 miles)
Bobby Burns Mine, Cold Springs, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 45" N 120° 53' 22" W 2.9km (1.8 miles)
Chaparral Mine (Golden Queen), Kelsey, Kelsey Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 31" N 120° 50' 4" W 3.0km (1.9 miles)
Sporting Boy prospect (Seven Bells; Seven Bills), Cold Springs, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 11" N 120° 51' 43" W 3.2km (2.0 miles)
Ori placer, Gold Hill, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 38" N 120° 54' 11" W 3.2km (2.0 miles)
Defiance occurrence, Cold Springs, Shingle Springs Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 44' 8" N 120° 52' 9" W 3.2km (2.0 miles)
San Francisco Slate Company quarries, Kelsey, Kelsey Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 26" N 120° 49' 32" W 3.7km (2.3 miles)
Pleasant Flat placer, Coloma, Coloma Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 47' 47" N 120° 52' 40" W 3.7km (2.3 miles)
Bona Forsa Mine, Coloma, Coloma Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 47' 54" N 120° 51' 33" W 3.8km (2.4 miles)
Chili Bar area, Placerville Gold Mining Company properties, Placerville (Hangtown), Placerville Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 55" N 120° 49' 18" W 3.9km (2.4 miles)
Chili Bar, Placerville Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 55" N 120° 49' 18" W 3.9km (2.4 miles)
Chili Bar Mine, Chili Bar, Placerville Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 56" N 120° 49' 10" W 4.0km (2.5 miles)
Levitt Consolidated Mine (Levitt Cons.), Four Corners, Deer Valley Mining District, West Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 31" N 120° 54' 41" W 4.1km (2.5 miles)
Alta Slate Mine, Chili Bar, Placerville Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 45' 57" N 120° 49' 8" W 4.1km (2.6 miles)
Coleman and Berryman Consolidated Mine (Coleman and Berryman Cons.), Kelsey, Kelsey Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 46' 31" N 120° 49' 14" W 4.1km (2.6 miles)
Strahle Mine (Strahle claim; Doty claim), Kelsey, Kelsey Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 47' 16" N 120° 49' 45" W 4.1km (2.6 miles)
Fairplay Consolidated Mine (Fairplay Cons), Kelsey, Kelsey Mining District, Mother Lode Belt, El Dorado Co., California, USA 38° 47' 26" N 120° 49' 56" W 4.1km (2.6 miles)
Minerals recorded nearby (within 4.1 km)
ⓘ Arsenopyrite
ⓘ Bornite
ⓘ Chromite
ⓘ Gold
ⓘ Hematite
ⓘ var: Specularite
ⓘ Magnetite
ⓘ Malachite
ⓘ Molybdenite
ⓘ Pyrite
ⓘ Stibnite
Nearby features from geonames.org
Search moreFeature
Gastaldi 1466 Dam Dam 38° 45' 35" N 120° 52' 33" W 1.0km (0.6 miles)
KTLL-AM (Placerville) Tower 38° 45' 17" N 120° 51' 54" W 1.1km (0.7 miles)
Gold Hill School School 38° 45' 15" N 120° 52' 23" W 1.3km (0.8 miles)
El Dorado County Fire Protection District Station 27 Gold Hill Building(s) 38° 45' 45" N 120° 52' 54" W 1.4km (0.8 miles)
Gold Trail Elementary School School 38° 45' 11" N 120° 52' 18" W 1.4km (0.8 miles)
Gold Hill Populated place 38° 45' 39" N 120° 53' 4" W 1.6km (1.0 miles)
Gold Trail Park Populated place 38° 45' 9" N 120° 50' 59" W 1.9km (1.2 miles)
Veerkamp 1465 Dam Dam 38° 45' 29" N 120° 53' 15" W 2.0km (1.2 miles)
Certified Farmer's Market Market 38° 45' 30" N 120° 50' 30" W 2.2km (1.4 miles)
Cloud Chardonnay Vineyard 38° 44' 53" N 120° 50' 57" W 2.3km (1.4 miles)
Regions in mindat.org that contain this locality
North America Plate Tectonic Plate
USA Country
California, USA State
El Dorado Co., California, USA County
Sierra Nevada, USA Mountain Range
Contains data courtesy of geonames.org - Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Quick NavTopMineral ListFeaturesMindat Regions


text:
About DivorceCare
For Church Staff
How to Fund Your Ministry
MyDivorceCare
LeaderZone
× DivorceCare groups are now meeting online and in person. Find a group today!
Capital City Christian Church group
Register for this group
Wednesday, January 20, 2021 • 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm View meeting schedule
Group location
Capital City Christian Church
15 Locust Lane, Frankfort, KY 40601 • Directions
The DivorceCare experience
Watch this video to learn what it's like to join a DivorceCare group.
Jon Sutphin, Executive Minister
502-695-1188 Send message
$15.00 (Includes workbook)
Scholarships available
Church sponsor
Divorce is never easy no matter who made the decision for it to take place but you do not have to go thru the process alone. Capital City Christian invites you to join us for a new season of DivorceCare that will begin January 20th at 6:00pm. For more information about our DivorceCare group please contact Jon at the church via phone (502-695-1188) or email (jon@capitalcitychristian.org).
Participant workbooks can be purchased at the church for $15.00. Please do not let the fee keep you from being a part of our group.
Message the group contact
You are encouraged to join us on any week. Sessions are self-contained.
Session 1 Wed, Jan 20, 2021 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm
Session 3 Wed, Feb 03, 2021 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm
Session 7 Wed, Mar 03, 2021 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm
Session 10 Wed, Mar 24, 2021 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm
Session 12 Wed, Apr 07, 2021 6:00 pm – 7:30 pm
Healing from Divorce
Family healing
DivorceCare Daily Emails
Email: Phone: 800-489-7778 International: 919-562-2112
DivorceCare is a ministry of Church Initiative. © Church Initiative.


text:
import unittest
import pytest
aiohttp = pytest.importorskip("aiohttp")

from aiohttp.wsgi import WSGIServerHttpProtocol

import asyncio
from gunicorn.workers import gaiohttp
from gunicorn.config import Config
from unittest import mock

class WorkerTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
        asyncio.set_event_loop(None)
        self.worker = gaiohttp.AiohttpWorker('age',
                                             'ppid',
                                             'sockets',
                                             'app',
                                             'timeout',
                                             Config(),
                                             'log')

    def tearDown(self):
        self.loop.close()

    @mock.patch('gunicorn.workers.gaiohttp.asyncio')
    def test_init_process(self, m_asyncio):
        try:
            self.worker.init_process()
        except TypeError:
            # to mask incomplete initialization of AiohttWorker instance:
            # we pass invalid values for ctor args
            pass

        self.assertTrue(m_asyncio.get_event_loop.return_value.close.called)
        self.assertTrue(m_asyncio.new_event_loop.called)
        self.assertTrue(m_asyncio.set_event_loop.called)

    @mock.patch('gunicorn.workers.gaiohttp.asyncio')
    def test_run(self, m_asyncio):
        self.worker.loop = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.run()

        self.assertTrue(m_asyncio.async.called)
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.loop.run_until_complete.called)
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.loop.close.called)

    def test_factory(self):
        self.worker.wsgi = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.loop = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.log = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.cfg = mock.Mock()

        f = self.worker.factory(
            self.worker.wsgi, ('localhost', 8080))
        self.assertIsInstance(f, WSGIServerHttpProtocol)

    @mock.patch('gunicorn.workers.gaiohttp.asyncio')
    def test__run(self, m_asyncio):
        self.worker.ppid = 1
        self.worker.alive = True
        self.worker.servers = []
        sock = mock.Mock()
        sock.cfg_addr = ('localhost', 8080)
        self.worker.sockets = [sock]
        self.worker.wsgi = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.log = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.notify = mock.Mock()
        loop = self.worker.loop = mock.Mock()
        loop.create_server.return_value = asyncio.Future(loop=self.loop)
        loop.create_server.return_value.set_result(sock)

        self.loop.run_until_complete(self.worker._run())

        self.assertTrue(self.worker.log.info.called)
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.notify.called)

    @mock.patch('gunicorn.workers.gaiohttp.asyncio')
    def test__run_unix_socket(self, m_asyncio):
        self.worker.ppid = 1
        self.worker.alive = True
        self.worker.servers = []
        sock = mock.Mock()
        sock.cfg_addr = '/tmp/gunicorn.sock'
        self.worker.sockets = [sock]
        self.worker.wsgi = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.log = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.notify = mock.Mock()
        loop = self.worker.loop = mock.Mock()
        loop.create_server.return_value = asyncio.Future(loop=self.loop)
        loop.create_server.return_value.set_result(sock)

        self.loop.run_until_complete(self.worker._run())

        self.assertTrue(self.worker.log.info.called)
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.notify.called)

    def test__run_connections(self):
        conn = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.ppid = 1
        self.worker.alive = False
        self.worker.servers = [mock.Mock()]
        self.worker.connections = {1: conn}
        self.worker.sockets = []
        self.worker.wsgi = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.log = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.loop = self.loop
        self.worker.loop.create_server = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.notify = mock.Mock()

        def _close_conns():
            self.worker.connections = {}

        self.loop.call_later(0.1, _close_conns)
        self.loop.run_until_complete(self.worker._run())

        self.assertTrue(self.worker.log.info.called)
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.notify.called)
        self.assertFalse(self.worker.servers)
        self.assertTrue(conn.closing.called)

    @mock.patch('gunicorn.workers.gaiohttp.os')
    @mock.patch('gunicorn.workers.gaiohttp.asyncio.sleep')
    def test__run_exc(self, m_sleep, m_os):
        m_os.getpid.return_value = 1
        m_os.getppid.return_value = 1

        self.worker.servers = [mock.Mock()]
        self.worker.ppid = 1
        self.worker.alive = True
        self.worker.sockets = []
        self.worker.log = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.loop = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.notify = mock.Mock()

        slp = asyncio.Future(loop=self.loop)
        slp.set_exception(KeyboardInterrupt)
        m_sleep.return_value = slp

        self.loop.run_until_complete(self.worker._run())
        self.assertTrue(m_sleep.called)
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.servers[0].close.called)

    def test_close_wsgi_app(self):
        self.worker.ppid = 1
        self.worker.alive = False
        self.worker.servers = [mock.Mock()]
        self.worker.connections = {}
        self.worker.sockets = []
        self.worker.log = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.loop = self.loop
        self.worker.loop.create_server = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.notify = mock.Mock()

        self.worker.wsgi = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.wsgi.close.return_value = asyncio.Future(loop=self.loop)
        self.worker.wsgi.close.return_value.set_result(1)

        self.loop.run_until_complete(self.worker._run())
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.wsgi.close.called)

        self.worker.wsgi = mock.Mock()
        self.worker.wsgi.close.return_value = asyncio.Future(loop=self.loop)
        self.worker.wsgi.close.return_value.set_exception(ValueError())

        self.loop.run_until_complete(self.worker._run())
        self.assertTrue(self.worker.wsgi.close.called)

    def test_wrp(self):
        conn = object()
        tracking = {}
        meth = mock.Mock()
        wrp = gaiohttp._wrp(conn, meth, tracking)
        wrp()

        self.assertIn(id(conn), tracking)
        self.assertTrue(meth.called)

        meth = mock.Mock()
        wrp = gaiohttp._wrp(conn, meth, tracking, False)
        wrp()

        self.assertNotIn(1, tracking)
        self.assertTrue(meth.called)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


After cleansing, gently pat Hydrating Eye Cream onto undereye area, then smooth Hydrating Gel Cream onto skin. Layer with Extra Illuminating Moisture Balm (used here in Pink Glow).
Apply Corrector (used here in Light Bisque) to undereye area, focusing on areas of discoloration, then blend with the Concealer Blending Brush. Follow with concealer from the Creamy Concealer Kit (used here in Warm Ivory) and apply to the entire undereye area up to the lashline, tapping to blend. Set with a dusting of pressed powder from the kit.
Using the Foundation Brush, apply Intensive Skin Serum Foundation (used here in Warm Ivory) onto skin.
Using the Sheer Powder Brush, apply Retouching Loose Powder in Pink to the cheekbones, then dust Highlighting Powder (used here in Sunset Glow) onto the high points of the face with the Face Blender Brush.
Using the Perfectly Defined Long-Wear Brow Pencil, brush through the hairs with the spoolie end, then fill in sparse areas with the pencil end (used here in Blonde) comb through with the Waterproof Brow Shaper to set.
Using the Angle Eye Shadow Brush, sweep Metallic Eye Shadow in Champagne Quartz onto lids, then blend Eye Shadow in Antique Rose into creases. Brush on a few coats of Smokey Eye Mascara.


text:
2021 Review of New Spectroscopic Instrumentation
Howard Mark, Michael S. Bradley
Spectroscopy, May 2021, Volume 36, Issue 5
Our annual review of products introduced during the past 12 months, along with an assessment of the overarching trends.
We are pleased to present our annual review of new products. As has been the case for many years now, this annual review includes products launched not only at the annual Pittsburgh conference ("Pittcon"), but also throughout the preceding year.
Nevertheless, Pittcon remains an important source of new product announcements. This year's Pittcon, however, was held online—a first for the event—because of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the online format, you could attend technical presentations, keynote talks, short courses, workshops, and networking sessions, as well as see exhibitor demonstrations, attend the employment bureau, and—related to our interests and purposes here—you could visit exhibits and talk to exhibitor representatives. The main difference this year was that we couldn't unexpectedly run into old friends while traversing the halls or aisles. We also could not participate in a "hands-on" demonstration of equipment.
Presumably because of the online format, there was a decrease in the size of the exposition this year (only 179 exhibitors, compared to 787 last year) and the absence of several large vendors. This year, again presumably because of the online format, no product awards were given out.
There was a significant change in attendance at the conference compared to previous years, but we have to acknowledge that we are comparing the "apples" of a live conference with the "oranges" of an online one. The overall attendance in 2020 was 12,841 registered participants. Although it was clear from the live attendance numbers visible in the online platform for this year's event that the numbers were comparatively quite small this year, generally around 1000 at any given time, official attendance figures for 2021 were not available by our deadline. Because most features of the conference are available on demand through June 12, the conference organization will not have final numbers until then.
The review that follows is categorized by wavelength region or type of spectroscopy. This arrangement is designed to allow readers to compare instruments from different manufacturers, although this process sometimes compares handhelds and other portable instruments with high-end benchtop research tools. Our included categories fluctuate from year to year, depending on trends in new product launches. The categories appearing in this year's review are:
Mid-infrared (Mid-IR) and terahertz (THz) spectroscopy
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy
As we have reported in previous reviews, manufacturers have recently been producing instruments that incorporate two or more different, and sometimes disparate, technologies. Given that the number of such instruments has been increasing every year, we considered whether a new approach to this question was warranted. Ultimately, we decided to assign a primary category for each product, but also list potential alternate categories that the product might plausibly be listed under. For an ICP-MS instrument, for example, which could plausibly fit under either the "Atomic Spectroscopy" (for the ICP) or the "Mass Spectrometry" category, we have assigned it to the Atomic Spectroscopy category, but in that table, we show the secondary category in parentheses, in the left-hand column, below the company name, like this:
(Mass spectrometry).
We also employed a similar label for accessories, indicating the primary technology that the accessory is intended for in parentheses.
As in the past, accessories are tools used in conjunction with an instrument, such as sample preparation or attenuated total reflectance (ATR) devices, whereas components, such as lasers or detectors, are used within an instrument. Yet no matter how we present them, there are always marginal cases, such as where a product is so large and integral to the operation of the analytical system that it is unclear where the concept of an "accessory" ends and an "instrument" begins.
For all of these reasons, even the manufacturer is sometimes unsure about what category a given device belongs to. Sometimes, the distinction depends on the perspective of the observer. An example of this is gas chromatography–infrared spectroscopy (GC–IR). From the point of view of the spectroscopist, the GC is "simply" a very sophisticated sample preparation accessory, although from the point of view of the chromatographer, the spectrometer is "merely" a very complicated detector!
The software category includes programs for instrument control, data collection, and data processing, as well as products for storage and transmission of data. The category also includes collections of data, such as databases (libraries) of spectra, as well as collections of calibration models used in conjunction with the still developing field of chemometric algorithms that analyze the data.
As is our custom, Table I lists the categories that the various companies offer instruments in.
Overview: Broad Trends
Typically, our vendor surveys answer our question about trends in many different ways. The 2021 surveys, however, show a consistent observation about the importance of speed and efficiency. Although similar to comments given over many years, this theme was more noticeable in 2021. Many laboratories downsized or worked with limited staffing in the last year, requiring those who remained to be more productive. Further, as older subject matter experts (SMEs) retired, they were either not replaced or were replaced with less-experienced workers who had little time to gain the benefit of the SMEs' experience. In addition, those on-site workers were often present in shorter shifts or limited days, as well as performing a lot of remote work, meaning they had to plan and execute their analyses carefully.
These variables resulted in instrument specifications growing more aggressive, with requirements like more automation, intense sources, higher signal-to-noise (S/N), and more-sensitive detectors, resulting in faster data collection. Also, software (particularly the offline analytical type) became even more prominent in instrument sales. Finally, virtual training (both general webinars and instrument-specific training on operations) became very important. Even vendors who did not specifically mention the "faster, more efficient" theme implied this through their product descriptions.
We do not expect this trend will change, even if more people return to the physical workplace for longer hours. The "need" to work at home experienced during the pandemic has transitioned to the "ability" to work at home (as a viable work option, irrespective of need), through various other sharing platforms. Many instruments can now be operated remotely, with autosamplers enabling unattended throughput. Laboratory staff need to be physically present only long enough to set up a batch and start the process; they can then monitor and tweak the process remotely. Even academic teaching laboratories are reaping the benefits of remote instrumentation, because students can now check the progress of a measurement from the library or their dorm rooms.
Another outgrowth of the loss of SMEs has been the emphasis placed on digital science and, more specifically, machine learning. Broadly, this tool enables a system (instrument plus computer plus software) to derive relationships between data and answers that can be reproduced in the absence of human intervention, enabling the system to make "intelligent" decisions about specific characteristics of a sample, such as its usability in a specific application, or an identification based on large datasets. We feel strongly this will be a key driver in the future workspace as the machine learning algorithms improve and become more broadly applicable (consider how online shopping proposes new things based on your past choices; the same logic can be applied to a production process).
We see fewer application-specific analyzers appearing this year, although some fields, like cannabis and microplastics, are attracting attention. In many cases, existing tools are being combined with new software to address these fields, such as the innovations from multiple vendors implementing microplastics analysis onto Raman, FT-IR, and quantum cascade laser (QCL)–based microscopy systems.
Handhelds and portables continue to appear, but not with the same ubiquity as a few years back when we noted every aisle at Pittcon seemed to have a handheld Raman or NIR tool on display. Many articles have appeared in the literature, and in this journal specifically, about the benefits of the handhelds and portables. There has been less discussion about the performance differential between handheld and laboratory instruments; however, this difference is largely driven by the different purposes and applications of the two types of instruments ("What is this pile of white powder? Is it dangerous?" versus "I need to analyze a tiny defect in a sheet of polymer or discolored flecks in an otherwise homogeneous product").
Review of New Products for 2021
Below, we highlight new introductions in each product category. Individual tables provide more detail for the products mentioned. Table I contains the index of companies and the categories where their products appear.
Agilent Technologies featured a helium mode collision cell and half mass correction to control polyatomic and doubly charged ion interferences.
Exum Instruments, Inc. introduced Massbox, the first commercial instrument combining laser ablation and laser ionization under vacuum.
Lightigo exhibited FireFly, an instrument specializing on chemical imaging of solid samples and featuring a motorized objective turret, laser microfocus, and long depth of field. Lightigo's FireFly could have also been placed in the "Imaging" category.
PerkinElmer, Inc. presented two instruments. The first is the Avio 560, an inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) instrument. The second is the NexION 5000 Multi-Quadrupole ICP-MS, the first ICP-MS instrument in its category to boast four quadrupoles, and engineered to meet and exceed the demanding requirements of ultratrace elemental analysis.
Thermo Fisher Scientific launched the Neoma Multicollector ICP-MS, featuring a new detector array that covers the broadest range of isotopic applications with Qtegra Intelligent Scientific Data Solution (ISDS) software.
See Table II for more information about atomic spectroscopy instruments.
Cubert GmbH demonstrated the Ultris X20, a UV–vis-NIR imaging spectrometer and hyperspectral snapshot camera capable of capturing a hyperspectral image (x, y, lambda) at very high resolution within a millisecond. Cubert GmbH's product could also fit into the "UV-vis" and "NIR" categories.
Greateyes had two products on display: Alex, a low-noise charged-coupled device (CCD) camera series of highly sensitive, cooled cameras with vacuum flange equipped with ultralow noise 18-bit readout electronics for imaging applications in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and X-ray range up to 20 keV; and ELSE, a low noise CCD camera that integrates cutting-edge low-noise electronics and ultra-deep cooling technology. The Greateyes products could also apply to the "X-Ray" category.
Monstr Sense Technologies, LLC showed Bigfoot, with ultrafast optics and radio-frequency electronics to extract weak ultrafast signals from strong excitation background light. Bigfoot could also be included in the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Nanobase, Inc. introduced the XperRF, a hybrid Raman spectroscopy microscope instrument and a transmission spectrometer for >90% spectrum peak efficiency. This product could also fall into the "UV-vis" and "Raman spectroscopy" categories.
Pembroke Instruments, LLC introduced the SWIR-200, a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) microscope featuring a flexible design supporting a wide range in the field of view, magnification, and working distance to the sample. This product could fall into the "NIR" category.
Princeton Infrared Technologies, Inc. showed a 2nd-generation 1280 SciCam, an InGaAs SWIR camera that is the only International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)-free 1.3 MegaPixel-cooled SWIR camera that exhibits high photo response uniformity and low dark current.
Surface Optics Corporation showed its SOC760 Hyperspectral Imaging System uniquely suited for laboratory and ground-based applications requiring high-resolution spectral data collection for the full visible near infrared (vis-NIR). Their product could also apply to the "UV-vis" and "NIR" categories.
See Table III for further details about Imaging instruments.
The Hiden Analytical SIMS-ToF Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer has the high sensitivity, speed, and data density depth profiling capability of a quadrupole secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) instrument and the surface specificity, mass resolution, and large-molecule detection of a time-of-flight (ToF) SIMS system.
The Thermo Fisher Scientific Orbitrap Exploris 240 Mass Spectrometer features a fast-scanning high-field Thermo Scientific Orbitrap mass analyzer, positive–negative mode switching for comprehensive sample coverage, and one-click calibration and method templates for fast instrument setup and ease of use.
Agilent Technologies, Inc., Exum Instruments, Inc., and PerkinElmer, Inc. also have instruments that could apply to this category; they were all placed in the "Atomic spectroscopy" category.
See Table IV for further details about Mass spectrometry instruments.
Mid-IR and Terahertz (THz)
Ocean Insight's NanoQuest spectral sensor Fourier-transform IR (FT-IR) spectrometer features a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS)–based FT-IR spectrometer that is smaller and more accessible than traditional laboratory-based instrumentation. The MEMS technology allows for a continuous-wave Michaelson interferometer to be created monolithically on a MEMS chip, which enables detection of all wavelengths simultaneously across the 1350–2500 nm range, using a single-photodetector design. This product could fit into the "NIR" category.
PerkinElmer, Inc. presents three FT-IR instruments. The Spectrum Two+ is a compact, powerful, and portable FT-IR spectrometer for routine compositional and quality analyses, providing fast and accurate results. The Spectrum 3 FT-IR Spectrometer, is a tri-range instrument with full integration. The EGA 4000 is the world's first fully integrated thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) system for evolved gas analysis (EGA). The Spectrum 3 could also apply to the "NIR" category.
See Table V for further details about Mid-IR instruments.
Near-Infrared (NIR)
Avantes B.V. introduced the AvaSpec-Mini-NIR Compact NIR spectrometer, which is the size of a deck of cards and is USB-powered, making it easy to integrate into other devices and handheld applications.
Galaxy Scientific Inc. introduced the QuasIR 2000 with a large area diffuse reflectance probe fiber optic FT-NIR spectrometer; this probe is designed to enable more accurate and repeatable NIR measurements of inhomogeneous samples.
Metrohm USA's DS2500 Liquid Analyzer features smart accessory technology, integrated temperature control to 80 °C, and automatic background correction.
Sensors Unlimited has a high-speed, extended InGaAs photodiode linear array that offers extended wavelength range of 1.1–2.6 μm. This product could also apply to the "Components" category.
Surface Optics Corporation's 410-Solar-i Portable Vis-NIR Reflectometer features a battery-operated handheld reflectometer for portable solar reflectance and absorbance measurements. This product could also apply to the "UV-vis" category.
Viavi Solutions Inc. presented three NIR instruments. The MicroNIR PAT-L is specifically designed for liquid applications as an immersion NIR spectrometer that features multiple configurations and various mounting options for diverse applications. The MicroNIR PAT-Ux features good manufacturing practice (GMP)–compliant software with an optional open platform communications (OPC) add-in and a rapid acquisition time. The MicroNIR PAT-Wx is rated for hazardous locations and certified as being compliant with ATmospheres EXplosible (ATEX), International Electrotechnical Commission System (IECEx), and National Electrical Code (NEC) requirements.
See Table VI for further details about NIR instruments.
B&W Tek LLC, a Metrohm Group Company showcased three Raman spectrometers. The PTRam is a self-monitoring, self-calibrating high-performance 785-nm Raman spectrometer designed for 24/7 operation. The TacticID Mobile Handheld Raman spectrometer is a handheld 1064-nm Raman spectrometer, featuring a 5-in touch screen. The TacticID-1064 ST is a handheld spectrometer that can safely analyze samples through transparent, semitransparent, and opaque packaging to reduce response time (its 1064 nm excitation produces a fluorescence-free spectrum) and can be integrated with the MisaCal mobile app.
Metrohm USA presented two Raman spectrometers. The Mira P Raman spectrometer makes it possible to build custom analytical methods that capture variations of complex natural product starting materials for biopharmaceutical production. The Misa Raman spectrometer is a portable analyzer system used for rapid, trace-level detection and identification of food additives and contaminants, and features a small footprint and long battery life.
Nanobase, Inc. showed its XperRF hybrid Raman spectrometer, which is a Raman microscope with fluorescence lifetime imaging and TCSPC features. It has a transmission spectrometer for over 90% spectrum peak efficiency. This product could also fall in the "UV-vis" and "Imaging" categories.
Ocean Insight presented the QE Pro-Raman+, which is a modular spectrometer for 785 nm Raman excitation applications. The QE Pro-Raman+ is a high-sensitivity instrument with a spectral range from 150 to 3000 cm-1, plus low noise electronics and a TEC-cooled optical bench.
The Renishaw Virsa Raman Analyzer features fiber optic probes equipped with LiveTrack focus-tracking technology, enabling the analysis of microscopic areas of large objects with irregular surfaces, and enabling the measurement of large samples that will not fit under a conventional microscope.
Wasatch Photonics showed the WP 532 EXR, an extended-range Raman spectrometer that offers high signal, fast measurements, and low limits of detection. The design uses the company's VPH transmission gratings and an f/1.3 input for maximum signal collection. The WP 532 EXR could also apply to the "UV-vis" category."
See Table VII for further details about Raman instruments.
ACD/Labs introduced the Spectrus JS, which is cross-platform software that works on Windows, MacOS, and Linux. Spectrus JS (JavaScript) is the first commercially available browser-based 1D and 2D NMR data processing application. The Spectrus JS could have also formed an "NMR" category.
Eigenvector Research, Inc. has five new updated software packages: Solo version 8.9.1 Stand Alone Chemometrics Software; PLS_Toolbox version 8.9.1 Chemometrics Software for use with Matlab; MIA_Toolbox version 3.0.9 Advanced Hyperspectral Image Analysis for use with PLS_Toolbox and Solo; Solo_Predictor version 4.0.5, which is a standalone prediction engine for use with PLS_Toolbox and Solo models; and Model Exporter version 3.7, which is a standalone prediction engine for use with PLS_Toolbox and Solo models.
Microtrac MRB, part of Verder Scientific, provides Dimensions Software for the Camsizer series. The Dimensions program is a sleek and modern particle-characterization software for the Camsizer imaging instruments.
Operant LLC has Peak Spectroscopy Software for Optical Spectroscopy that reads and converts more than 60 spectroscopy file formats. It includes library search, spectral manipulations, and many more functions.
Thermo Fisher Scientific promoted its SolstiX X-ray diffractometer software that is a seamless integration with Windows authentication, protected folder for data storage, complete audit trail in time-stamped database, and tamper-proof e-signatures in all files.
Wiley introduced five new software products: A GC–MS library for biologically and environmentally important organic compounds; the Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data 12th edition; the Wiley Registry 12th Edition of the NIST 2020 Mass Spectral Library; the KnowItAll 2020, which contains spectroscopy software and spectral libraries; and AntiBase, a Natural Compound Identifier.
See Table VIII for further details about software.
Ibsen Photonics A/S showed the new Pebble Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. Pebble spectrometers combine a compact form factor of 20 x 15 x 8 mm with high sensitivity and environmental ruggedness, based on Ibsen's proven diffraction grating technology. This product could also have been included in the "NIR" category.
McPherson's 251MX is a compact spectrometer with a VUV detection range (50~200 nm) optimized around 120 nanometers. It has been updated to provide improved efficiency over a wider range.
Ocean Insight has a liquid transmission measurement system (LTMS) in-line transmission spectrometer. LTMS is an industrial-grade, IP67 transmission– absorption platform suitable for manufacturing environments.
See Table IX for further details about UV-vis instruments.
PNDetector GmbH introduced the XRP-A X-Ray spectrometer, featuring excellent energy resolution and extraordinary chip performance, even at room temperature.
Rigaku introduced the ZSX Primus IV Wavelength Dispersive XRF Spectrometer (WD-XRF). This tube-below high-performance spectrometer enables uncompromised analysis of samples such as liquids, alloys, and plated metals.
See Table X for further details about X-Ray instruments.
We remind our readers that for Accessories and Components, the parenthesized technology under the company name indicates the technology that the product is intended to be used in conjunction with.
Art Photonics GmbH presents a Mid-IR-Fluorescence combined Fiber Probe for in situ MIR ATR absorption and fluorescence measurements of soft samples, powders, or liquids. This product could also be included in the "Mid-IR and THz" and "UV- vis" categories.
Elemental Scientific, Inc. introduced five new accessories. The first is the imageGEO193/BIO266 laser ablation system for high-speed elemental mapping with ICP-OES or ICP–MS. This tool provides spatial mapping of elemental and iso- tope distribution at speeds of up to 1000 pixels/s when combined with an ICP-OES or ICP-MS instrument. LaserTRAX is a fully automated, robotic, high-throughput elemental analyzer for laser ablation ICP-MS or ICP-OES. The microFAST Single Cell is an automated sample introduction system for single cell and single particle analysis via ICP-MS; the prepFAST IC Clinical pro- vides automation, sample preparation, autosampling, and liquid chromatography for ultra-high throughput ICP-MS. The DXCi SampleSense FAST provides automation and autosampling for trace metal analysis by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Elemental Scientific's products could also fall in the "Atomic" and "Imaging" categories.
Glass Expansion has three new accessories: The low-volume laser ablation mixing chamber, which provides a tangential make-up gas input and connects directly to the ICP-MS torch; and a single-cell sample introduction system for ICP-MS that has a cell transport efficiency of up to 95%. The unique design consists of a high efficiency MicroMist nebulizer, low volume, on-axis spray chamber, and a MicroJet gas adapter that entrains and shapes the nebulizer aerosol plume. They also presented the Trident CT In-Line Reagent Additions Kit, at the heart of which is the mixing chamber, designed with zero dead-volume ConstantTorque (CT) fittings. With other mixing chambers, worn or improperly fitted connections leak, injecting a stream of air bubbles into the nebulizer flow, which degrades short-term analytical precision (%RSD). By using CT ratchet style fittings, the Trident CT eliminates air leaks, optimizing analytical performance. Glass Expansion's accessories could also fall in the "Atomic Spectroscopy" and "Mass Spectrometry" categories.
Harrick Scientific Products has a Low Volume High Pressure Reaction Chamber suited for studying heterogeneous catalysis, gas–solid interactions, photochemical reactions, and oxidation mechanisms under controlled temperatures and pressures. This accessory could also apply to the "Mid-IR and THz," "UV-vis," and "Raman spectroscopy" categories.
Innovative Photonic Solutions offers a bundle consisting of a Raman probe and laser that gives an increased S/N ratio in the H-stretch band versus traditional Raman spectroscopy and allows the customer to collect the entire spectrum on samples that require longer excitation wavelengths to avoid fluorescence. This bundle could be also considered in the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Inorganic Ventures has a new certified reference material (CRM): a Platinum Cobalt Color Standard that uses the precise starting materials required by the ASTM method.
Kaiser Optical Systems, an Endress+Hauser Company, has a fiberoptic bioprocessing probe optimized specifically to fit the Sartorius BioPAT Spectro platform. Benefits include more efficient model building, providing a more efficient transfer to Biostat STR for single-use manufacturing, delivering non-contact Raman collection, and allowing method transferability across scales to other bioreactors. This product could also fall into the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Lightigo has the SyncRay Digital Delay Generator that features four output channels and one switchable input–output channel in a small form factor while enabling triggering the ARM of the time base by the external signal. This product is usable for all suitable spectroscopies.
MarqMetrix, Inc. introduced two Raman probes: the Proximal BallProbe (8 mm), which contains a short working distance (8 mm) and small beam spot size (500 μm) for high-signal, noncontact measurement through vials and glass bottles or windows. The second Raman probe is the Proximal BallProbe HV (100 mm), which excels at taking non-contact measurements of in-motion samples on conveyor belts or rotating drums and features a long working distance (100 mm). These probes could also fall under the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Pike Technologies presented two mid-IR accessories: the Jackfish J2 and ReactorMAX. Jackfish J2 is a new electrochemical cell mode, with a sealed design with its reference electrode directly immersed into the solution. The ReactorMAX is a research-grade, variable angle ATR designed for demanding applications requiring high temperature and pressure. These accessories could also apply to the "Mid-IR and THz" category.
Raptor Photonics introduced the Ninox 640 SU SWIR Camera/Raman probe that features vacuum cooling to –80°C, offering a very low dark current for longer exposure times up to 5 min. Their products could also apply to the "Raman" "NIR," and "Imaging" categories.
Reflex Analytical Corporation offers accessories for several parts of the E-M spectrum. Their analytical lamps and light sources comprise a huge selection of hollow cathode lamps for atomic absorption spectroscopy that complement the available series of tungsten lamps. In the optics area, they offer ATR hemispheres-prisms-rods, lenses, filters, polarizers, and UHV Conflat Flange viewports representing a comprehensive selection of optical materials for use in the VUV through the Far-IR. They also offer optical manifolds for liquid and gas flow. In terms of sample cells, Reflex Analytical offers more than 150 cuvette and cell types for use in spectroscopy, fluorimetry, calorimetry, polarimetry, cytometry, DNA and protein analysis, blood analysis, and dynamic light scattering. Reflex Analytical Corp.'s accessories could also be applied to the "Atomic," "NIR," and "UV-vis" categories.
Spectra Solutions Inc. has a Dual Wavelength Raman Fiber Optic Probe that allows Raman measurements to be done at both 532 and 785 nm laser excitations simultaneously with the same probe head. This probe could also falls under the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Spectra Vista Corp. provides a Foreoptic Adapter with an actuator that enables quick field measurements using standard foreoptics mated with the fiber optic light guide. Spectra Vista Corp.'s Foreoptic Adapter can also fall under the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Timegate Instruments Ltd presented a Raman microprobe that features multipoint surface mapping, an USB camera for image and video capturing. Timegate's Raman microprobe also can be applied to the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Tornado Spectral Systems released its SpectroPort Raman Probe designed for upstream biopharmaceutical processing; it is enabled for high-throughput cell fermentation development and production monitoring. Tornado Spectral System's Raman probe also can fall under the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
WITec GmbH's ParticleScout for the alpha300 Raman microscope series finds, classifies, and identifies microparticles over large sample areas. WITec GmbH's ParticleScout can also be applied to the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
See Table XI for further details about Accessories.
Delta Optical Thin Film A/S provides order-sorting filters for compact spectrometers featuring a continuous coating, and the cut-on wavelength changes continuously along the filter. This product could also fit into the "UV-vis" and "Accessories" categories.
Eblana Photonics Ltd. makes 760 nm DM (DFB) lasers that exhibit higher spectral purity and reliability than any similar product on the market. Eblana Photonics Ltd.'s lasers can also fall under the "NIR" category.
Gamma Scientific introduced the RS-7-2 VIS SWIR SpectraLED Uniform Intensity Tunable Light Source, which provides a large 150 mm output port with 35-discrete LED wavelengths in the visible-to-NIR spectrum. This product can also apply to the "UV-vis" and "NIR" categories.
Hubner Photonics provides a 08-NLDM 488 nm laser with 30 mW average power and is a frequency-stabilized diode laser with narrow spectral bandwidth. This laser could also fit under the "Raman spectroscopy" category.
Innovative Photonic Solutions has a Beam Shaped and Homogenized STUB Laser that shapes the laser output beam to optimize system throughput or to match field of view on camera systems. This laser can also fall under the "Raman spectroscopy" and "Imaging" categories.
McPherson provides two X-ray sources. The Model 642 and Model 642-1, respectively, are single- and multi-anode soft X-ray light sources, are available in single anode and multiple anode forms. McPherson's X-ray sources also fits under the "X- Ray" category.
Micro X-Ray, Inc. has an MXR High Flux End Window tube with geometries matched to sample and detector. This product could also fit under the "X-ray" category.
Sensors Unlimited — a part of Collins Aerospace has a high speed, extended InGaAs Photodiode Linear Array with extended wavelength range. Their product can also fall under the "NIR" category.
Spectrolight Inc. introduced a Flexible Wavelength Selector for Hyperspectral Imaging (FWS-HSI) UV-vis-NIR tunable filter (358–900 nm). It combines the wavelength tuning and bandwidth adjustment capabilities of a monochromator with the imaging functionality of a thin-film filter. This product could also apply to the "UV-vis," "Near-IR," and "Imaging" categories.
Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corp. provides two types of high-voltage power supplies for X-ray tubes. The MPD series is a family of high voltage 10-watt modules that provide output voltages ranging from 2.5 to 20kV. The MXR series includes well-regulated high-performance DC-DC converters capable of providing 20 kV at 1 ma current. These power supplies could also apply to the "X-Ray" category.
UniKLasers has single frequency continuous-wave DPSS ultraviolet lasers that can replace and improve on existing sources, such as HeCd or third harmonic Nd:YAG lasers. These lasers can also be categorized under "UV-vis" and "Raman."
See Table XII for further details about Components.
*This file was updated on May 18, 2021, to add missing information about Wiley products in Table VIII, Software, and in the software section of the article.*
Howard Mark serves on the Editorial Advisory Board of Spectroscopy and is a coauthor of the "Chemometrics in Spectroscopy" column. He also runs a consulting service, Mark Electronics, in Suffern, New York. Michael S. Bradley also serves on Spectroscopy's Editorial Advisory Board and is a Product Manager at Thermo Fisher Scientific in Madison, Wisconsin. Direct correspondence to SpectroscopyEdit@mmhgroup.com ●
Download Issue : May 2021
Molecular SpectroscopyMay 2021
Raman Spectroscopy and Chemical Bonding of BaFCl, BaFBr, and BaFl
A Simple Introduction to Raman Spectral Identification of Organic Materials
Determining Nitrophenol Isomers Using Raman Spectroscopy


4 Weeks in the Caribbean & Mexico – What did we spend ?
How did we spend those $6,250?
What about our daily expenses ?
Our daily average for accommodation was $110 which wasnt too bad considering the expense of the cruise week !
How much have we spent so far in 3 months and on what ?
Our total expenses over 3 months average out at $6, 650 per month. Still pretty high but Im hoping the second half of our trip in Asia will bring the costs down A LOT !


Let's look at a simple example. A soap service that returns a GUID.
Now run svcutil on the wsdl file.
The guidService.cs file contains the service and operations contracts decorations and the interface class for the service.Replace the service and Operations contracts in your Iservice.cs file with these definitions.
Incorporate the binding information from the output.config file to your web.config file.
And now you have your own implementation of the original web service.


text:
Student Spotlights
USD School of Law Alumnus Tony R. Skogen Jr. '04 (JD) Announced as New General Counsel for StoryCloud
Tony R. Skogen Jr. '04 (JD) Announced as New General Counsel for StoryCloud
Tuesday, July 31, 2018TOPICS: Alumni
SAN DIEGO (July 25, 2018) – StoryCloud recently expanded its team with the addition of University of San Diego (USD) School of Law alumnus Tony R. Skogen, Jr., '04 (JD), as the company's General Counsel.
"We are very excited that Tony Skogen has joined our team," said Ken Kalb, CEO of StoryCloud; "Tony's diverse array of business and legal knowledge and experience will guide his advice and counsel and lend itself well to our operations and business development. And, his work as a trial attorney for both the Plaintiff and Defense bar give him a unique perspective on the value of the video deposition."
A California licensed attorney, Skogen brings more than a dozen years of litigation practice and business advice to the table. He will focus on strategic and tactical business development in addition to providing legal counsel to the company.
Skogen is also currently a partner at Rowe Mullen, LLP, an "AV" rated, full-service, law firm in La Jolla, California, where he focuses on business and employment issues. He received his J.D. from USD School of Law in 2004, and his B.A. in Business Economics from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2000.
Skogen has attended the American Bar Association National Conference in Washington, D.C. as the USD School of Law Delegate and is a former instructor at USD School of Law's annual "Deposition Skills" MCLE program following the model developed by the National Institute for Trial Advocacy (NITA). Additionally, Skogen served as Justice on the USD School of Law's Honor Court.
Skogen and his law school sweetheart, Daphne, married and have two young daughters, Harper Rae and Sloane Emilie. Daphne works as a Deputy City Attorney for the City of San Diego. The Skogens enjoy concerts in the park, tennis, softball, and whatever captures the interest of the girls.
About the University of San Diego School of Law
Recognized for the excellence of its faculty, curriculum and clinical programs, the University of San Diego (USD) School of Law educates approximately 800 Juris Doctor and graduate law students from throughout the United States and around the world. The law school is best known for its offerings in the areas of business and corporate law, constitutional law, intellectual property, international and comparative law, public interest and taxation.
USD School of Law is one of the 84 law schools elected to the Order of the Coif, a national honor society for law school graduates. The law school's faculty is a strong group of outstanding scholars and teachers with national and international reputations and currently ranks 35th nationally and 6th on the West Coast among U.S. law faculties in scholarly impact and 20th nationally and 4th on the West Coast in past-year faculty downloads on the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN). The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools. Founded in 1954, the law school is part of the University of San Diego, a private, independent, Roman Catholic university chartered in 1949.
Law Alumni Relations
lawalum@sandiego.edu
USD School of Law Alumnus David S. Casey Jr. '74 (JD) Named Among Top 30 Plaintiff Lawyers in California
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SAN DIEGO (July 12, 2019) – University of San Diego (USD) School of Law Alumnus David S. …
Applications for 2019-20 Alumni Mentor Program Due July 12
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My kids didn't get cell phones until they were 14. Miss M is 4? Movin' up! If I were her, I'd want the purple one, too.
Oh no no no! Missy is NOT getting a real working phone until she's MUCH older. Right now she has one of our older cell phones to play with, there is no service attached to it. She uses it to call Zoe and Abby (Sesame Street characters).
I was SO tempted to get one of the new purple iPod Nanos. One of my Friday night knitter friends has the golden yellow one, and it is very much like the previous slender 2GB I had.