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Battle of Flodden
The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton (Brainston Moor[4]) was a military combat in the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resulting in an English victory. The battle was fought in Branxton in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey.[5] In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle fought between the two kingdoms.[6] James IV was killed in the battle, becoming the last monarch from the British Isles to die in battle.
Part of the War of the League of Cambrai
Flodden Memorial at the site of the battle
Near Branxton, Northumberland, England
English victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland
Commanders and leaders
Catherine of Aragon
Earl of Surrey
Lord Thomas Howard
Lord Edmund Howard
Baron Dacre
Sir Edward Stanley
Marmaduke Constable James IV †
Lord Home
Earl of Montrose †
Earl of Bothwell †
Earl of Lennox †
Earl of Argyll †
26,000 30,000–40,000
Casualties and losses
1,500[1] 5,000–17,000[2][3]
Location within Northern England
This conflict began when James IV, King of Scots declared war on England to honour the Auld Alliance with France by diverting Henry VIII's English troops from their campaign against the French king Louis XII. Henry VIII had also opened old wounds by claiming to be the overlord of Scotland, which angered the Scots and their King. At this time, England was involved as a member of the "Catholic League" in the War of the League of Cambrai—defending Italy and the Pope from the French (see Italian Wars).
Pope Leo X, already a signatory to the anti-French Treaty of Mechlin, sent a letter to James threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking his peace treaties with England on 28 June 1513, and subsequently James was excommunicated by Cardinal Christopher Bainbridge. James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the Great Michael, to join the ships of Louis XII of France.[7]
Henry was in France with the Emperor Maximilian at the siege of Thérouanne. The Scottish Lyon King of Arms brought James IV's letter of 26 July[8] to him. James asked him to desist from attacking France in breach of their treaty. Henry's exchange with Islay Herald or the Lyon King on 11 August at his tent at the siege was recorded. The Herald declared that Henry should abandon his efforts against the town and go home. Angered, Henry said that James had no right to summon him, and ought to be England's ally, as James was married to his (Henry's) sister, Margaret. He declared:
And now, for a conclusion, recommend me to your master and tell him if he be so hardy to invade my realm or cause to enter one foot of my ground I shall make him as weary of his part as ever was man that began any such business. And one thing I ensure him by the faith that I have to the Crown of England and by the word of a King, there shall never King nor Prince make peace with me that ever his part shall be in it. Moreover, fellow, I care for nothing but for misentreating of my sister, that would God she were in England on a condition she cost the Schottes King not a penny.[9]
Henry also replied by letter on 12 August, writing that James was mistaken and that any of his attempts on England would be resisted.[10] Using the pretext of revenge for the murder of Robert Kerr, a Warden of the Scottish East March who had been killed by John "The Bastard" Heron in 1508, James invaded England with an army of about 30,000 men.[6] However, both sides had been making lengthy preparations for this conflict. Henry VIII had already organised an army and artillery in the north of England to counter the expected invasion. Some of the guns had been returned to use against the Scots by Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. A year earlier, Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, had been appointed Lieutenant-General of the army of the north and was issued with banners of the Cross of St George and the Red Dragon of Wales.[11] Only a small number of the light horsemen of the Scottish border had been sent to France. A northern army was maintained with artillery and its expense account starts on 21 July 1513. The first captains were recruited in Lambeth. Many of these soldiers wore green and white Tudor colours. Surrey marched to Doncaster in July and then Pontefract, where he assembled more troops from northern England.[12]
InvasionEdit
Sketch of Edinburgh in 1544 looking south, detail showing the Netherbow Port
On 18 August, five cannon brought down from Edinburgh Castle to the Netherbow Port at St Mary's Wynd for the invasion set off towards England dragged by borrowed oxen. On 19 August two 'gross culverins', four 'culverins pickmoyance' and six (mid-sized) 'culverins moyane' followed with the gunner Robert Borthwick and master carpenter John Drummond. The King himself set off that night with two hastily prepared standards of St Margaret and St Andrew.[13]
Catherine of Aragon was Regent in England. On 27 August, she issued warrants for the property of all Scotsmen in England to be seized.[14] On hearing of the invasion on 3 September, she ordered Thomas Lovell to raise an army in the Midland counties.[15]
James IV captured Ford Castle from Lady Heron.
In keeping with his understanding of the medieval code of chivalry, King James sent notice to the English, one month in advance, of his intent to invade. This gave the English time to gather an army and to retrieve the banner of Saint Cuthbert from Durham Cathedral, a banner which had been carried by the English in victories against the Scots in 1138 and 1346.[16][17] After a muster on the Burgh Muir of Edinburgh, the Scottish host moved to Ellemford, to the north of Duns, and camped to wait for Angus and Home. The Scottish army then crossed the River Tweed near Coldstream. On 24 August, James IV held a council or parliament at Twiselhaugh and made a proclamation for the benefit of the heirs of anyone killed during this invasion.[18] By 29 August Norham Castle was taken and partly demolished. The Scots moved south, capturing the castles of Etal and Ford.[19]
A later Scottish chronicle writer, Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, tells the story that James wasted valuable time at Ford enjoying the company of Elizabeth, Lady Heron and her daughter.[20] Edward Hall says that Lady Heron was a prisoner (in Scotland), and negotiated with James IV and the Earl of Surrey her own release and that Ford Castle would not be demolished for an exchange of prisoners. The English herald, Rouge Croix, came to Ford to appoint a place for battle on 4 September, with extra instructions that any Scottish heralds who were sent to Surrey were to be met where they could not view the English forces.[21] Raphael Holinshed's story is that a part of the Scottish army returned to Scotland, and the rest stayed at Ford waiting for Norham to surrender and debating their next move. James IV wanted to fight and considered moving to assault Berwick-upon-Tweed, but the Earl of Angus spoke against this and said that Scotland had done enough for France. James sent Angus home, and according to Holinshed, the Earl burst into tears and left, leaving his two sons, the Master of Angus and Glenbervie, with most of the Douglas kindred to fight.[22]
BattleEdit
External image
Events of 9 September 1513 – Map
The battle actually took place near the village of Branxton, in the county of Northumberland, rather than at Flodden—hence the alternative name is Battle of Branxton. The Scots had previously been stationed at Flodden Edge, to the south of Branxton. The Earl of Surrey, writing at Wooler Haugh on Wednesday 7 September, compared this position to a fortress in his challenge sent to James IV by Thomas Hawley, the Rouge Croix Pursuivant. He complained that James had sent his Islay Herald, agreeing that they would join in battle on Friday between 12.00 and 3.00 pm, and asked that James would face him on the plain at Milfield as appointed.[23]
Next, Surrey moved to block off the Scots' route north, and so James was forced to move his army and artillery two miles to Branxton Hill.[24] The Scottish artillery, as described by an English source, included five great curtals, two great culverins, four sakers, and six great serpentines.[25] The King's secretary, Patrick Paniter, was in charge of these cannon.[26] When the armies were within three miles of each other, Surrey sent the Rouge Croix pursuivant to James, who answered that he would wait till noon. At 11 o'clock, Thomas, Lord Howard's vanguard and artillery crossed the Twizel Bridge.[27] (Pitscottie says the King would not allow the Scots artillery to fire on the vulnerable English during this manoeuvre.)[28] The Scots army was in good order in five formations, after the Almain (German) manner. On Friday afternoon the Scots host descended without speaking any word to meet the English.[29]
Western side of the battlefield, looking south-south-east from the monument erected in 1910. The Scottish army advanced down the ploughed field, the English down the grassy field in the foreground, and they met, presumably at the valley boundary between the two fields.
The English army had formed two "battles" each with two wings. Lord Howard combined his "vanguard" with the soldiers of his father's "rearward" to meet the Scots.[30] According to English report, the groups commanded by the Earls of Huntly and Crawford and Erroll, totalling 6,000 men, engaged Lord Howard and were repulsed and mostly slain.
Then James IV himself, leading a great force, came on to Surrey and Lord Darcy's son who "bore all the brunt of the battle". Lennox and Argyll's commands were met by Sir Edward Stanley.[31]
After the artillery fire ended, according to the English chronicler Edward Hall, "the battle was cruel, none spared other, and the King himself fought valiantly".[32] James was killed within a spear length from Surrey, and his body taken to Berwick-upon-Tweed. Hall says the King was fatally wounded by an arrow and a bill.[33] Meanwhile, Lord Howard's brother, Edmund Howard, commanding men from Cheshire and Lancashire, fought the section of the Scottish army commanded by the Chamberlain of Scotland, Alexander, Lord Home, and Thomas, Lord Dacre's force, who had been fighting Huntley, came to assist him.[34]
The Earl of Surrey captured the Scottish guns, including a group of culverins made in Edinburgh by Robert Borthwick called the "seven sisters", which were dragged to Etal Castle. The Bishop of Durham thought them the finest ever seen.[35] The treasurer of the English army Sir Philip Tilney valued seventeen captured guns as "well worth 1700 marks", and that 'the value of the getyng of thaym from Scotland is to the Kingis grace of muche more valew'.[36]
Tactics and aftermathEdit
Soon after the battle, the council of Scotland decided to send for help from Christian II of Denmark. The Scottish ambassador, Andrew Brounhill, was given instructions to explain "how this cais is hapnit."[37] Brounhill's instructions blame James IV for moving down the hill to attack the English on marshy ground from a favourable position, and credits the victory to Scottish inexperience rather than English valour. The letter also mentions that the Scots placed their officers in the front line in medieval style, where they were vulnerable, contrasting this loss of the nobility with the English great men who took their stand with the reserves and at the rear.[38] The English generals stayed behind the lines in the Renaissance style. The loss of so many Scottish officers meant there was no one to co-ordinate a retreat.[39]
However, according to contemporary English reports, Thomas Howard marched on foot leading the English vanguard to the foot of the hill. Howard was moved to dismount and do this by taunts of cowardice sent by James IV's heralds, apparently based on his role at sea and the death two years earlier of the Scottish naval officer Sir Andrew Barton.[40] A version of Howard's declaration to James IV that he would lead the vanguard and take no prisoners was included in later English chronicle accounts of the battle. Howard claims his presence in "proper person" at the front is his trial by combat for Barton's death.[41]
WeaponryEdit
English bill, reputed to have been used at Flodden.
Flodden was essentially a victory of the bill used by the English over the pike used by the Scots. The pike was an effective weapon only in a battle of movement, especially to withstand a cavalry charge. The Scottish pikes were described by the author of the Trewe Encounter as "keen and sharp spears 5 yards long".[42] Although the pike had become a Swiss weapon of choice and represented modern warfare, the hilly terrain of Northumberland, the nature of the combat, and the slippery footing did not allow it to be employed to best effect.[43] Bishop Ruthall reported to Thomas Wolsey, 'the bills disappointed the Scots of their long spears, on which they relied.'[44] The infantrymen at Flodden, both Scots and English, had fought essentially like their ancestors, and Flodden has been described as the last great medieval battle in the British Isles. This was the last time that bill and pike would come together as equals in battle. Two years later Francis I of France defeated the Swiss pikemen at the Battle of Marignano, using a combination of heavy cavalry and artillery, ushering in a new era in the history of war. An official English diplomatic report issued by Brian Tuke noted the Scots' iron spears and their initial "very good order after the German fashion", but concluded that "the English halberdiers decided the whole affair, so that in the battle the bows and ordnance were of little use."[45]
Despite Tuke's comment (he was not present), this battle was one of the first major engagements in the British Isles where artillery was significantly deployed. John Lesley, writing sixty years later, noted that the Scottish bullets flew over the English heads while the English cannon was effective: the one army placed so high and the other so low.[46]
The Scots advance down the hill was resisted by a hail of arrows, an incident celebrated in later English ballads. Hall says that the armoured front line was mostly unaffected; this is confirmed by the ballads which note that some few Scots were wounded in the scalp and, wrote Hall, James IV sustained a significant arrow wound.[47] Many of the archers were recruited from Lancashire and Cheshire. Sir Richard Assheton raised one such company from Middleton, near Manchester. He rebuilt his parish church St. Leonard's, Middleton, which contains the unique "Flodden Window." It depicts and names the archers and their priest in stained glass. The window has been called the oldest known war memorial in the UK. The success of the Cheshire yeomanry, under the command of Richard Cholmeley, led to his later appointment as Lieutenant of the Tower of London.[48]
HonoursEdit
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk was given an augmentation of honour to commemorate the Battle of Flodden
As a reward for his victory, Thomas Howard was subsequently restored to the title of Duke of Norfolk, lost by his father's support for Richard III. The arms of the Dukes of Norfolk still carry an augmentation of honour awarded on account of their ancestor's victory at Flodden, a modified version of the Royal coat of arms of Scotland with the lower half of the lion removed and an arrow through the lion's mouth.
At Framlingham Castle the Duke kept two silver-gilt cups engraved with the arms of James IV, which he bequeathed to Cardinal Wolsey in 1524.[49] The Duke's descendants presented the College of Arms with a sword, a dagger and a turquoise ring in 1681. The family tradition was either that these items belonged to James IV or were arms carried by Thomas Howard at Flodden. The sword blade is signed by the maker Maestre Domingo of Toledo.[50] There is some doubt whether the weapons are of the correct period.[51] The Earl of Arundel was painted by Philip Fruytiers, following Anthony van Dyck's 1639 composition, with his ancestor's sword, gauntlet and helm from Flodden.[52] Thomas Lord Darcy retrieved a powder flask belonging to James IV and gave it to Henry VIII. A cross with rubies and sapphires with a gold chain worn by James and a hexagonal table-salt with the figure of St Andrews on the lid were given to Henry by James Stanley, Bishop of Ely.[53]
Legends of a lost kingEdit
Lord Dacre discovered the body of James IV on the battlefield. He later wrote that the Scots "love me worst of any Englishman living, by reason that I fande the body of the King of Scots."[54] The chronicle writer John Stow gave a location for the King's death; "Pipard's Hill," now unknown, which may have been the small hill on Branxton Ridge overlooking Branxton church.[55] Dacre took the body to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where according to Hall's Chronicle, it was viewed by the captured Scottish courtiers William Scott and John Forman who acknowledged it was the King's. (Forman, the King's sergeant-porter, had been captured by Richard Assheton of Middleton.[56]) The body was then embalmed and taken to Newcastle upon Tyne.[57] From York, a city that James had promised to capture before Michaelmas,[58] the body was brought to Sheen Priory near London.[59] A payment of £12-9s-10d was made for the "sertying ledying and sawdryng of the ded course of the King of Scottes" and carrying it York and to Windsor.[60]
James's banner, sword and his cuisses, thigh-armour, were taken to the shrine of Saint Cuthbert at Durham Cathedral.[61] Much of the armour of the Scottish casualties was sold on the field, and 350 suits of armour were taken to Nottingham Castle. A list of horses taken at the field runs to 24 pages.[62]
Thomas Hawley, the Rouge Croix pursuivant, was first with news of the victory. He brought the "rent surcoat of the King of Scots stained with blood" to Catherine of Aragon at Woburn Abbey. She sent news of the victory to Henry VIII at Tournai with Hawley, and then sent John Glyn on 16 September with James's coat (and iron gauntlets) and a detailed account of the battle written by Lord Howard. Brian Tuke mentioned in his letter to Cardinal Bainbridge that the coat was lacerated and chequered with blood.[63] Catherine suggested Henry should use the coat as his battle-banner, and wrote she had thought to send him the body too, as Henry had sent her the Duke of Longueville, his prisoner from Thérouanne, but "Englishmen's hearts would not suffer it."[64]
Soon after the battle there were legends that James IV had survived; a Scottish merchant at Tournai in October claimed to have spoken with him,[65] Lindsay of Pitscottie records two myths; "thair cam four great men upon hors, and every ane of thame had ane wisp upoun thair spear headis, quhairby they might know one another and brought the king furth of the feild, upoun ane dun hackney," and also that the king escaped from the field but was killed between Duns and Kelso.[66] Similarly, John Lesley adds that the body taken to England was "my lord Bonhard" and James was seen in Kelso after the battle and then went secretly on pilgrimage in far nations.[67]
A legend arose that James had been warned against invading England by supernatural powers. While he was praying in St Michael's Kirk at Linlithgow, a man strangely dressed in blue had approached his desk saying his mother had told him to say James should not to go to war or take the advice of women. Then before the King could reply, the man vanished. David Lindsay of the Mount and John Inglis could find no trace of him. The historian R. L. Mackie wondered if the incident really happened as a masquerade orchestrated by an anti-war party: Norman Macdougall doubts if there was a significant anti-war faction.[68] Three other portents of disaster were described by Paolo Giovio in 1549 and repeated in John Polemon's 1578 account of the battle. When James was in council at the camp at Flodden Edge, a hare ran out of his tent and escaped the weapons of his knights; it was found that mice had gnawed away the strings and buckle of the King's helmet; and in the morning his tent was spreckled with a bloody dew.[69]
Scotland after FloddenEdit
The wife of James IV, Margaret Tudor, is said to have awaited news of her husband at Linlithgow Palace, where a room at the top of a tower is called 'Queen's Margaret's bower'. Ten days after the Battle of Flodden, the Lords of Council met at Stirling on the 19 September, and set up a General Council of the Realm "to sit upon the daily council for all matters occurring in the realm" of thirty-five lords including clergyman, lords of parliament, and two of the minor barons, the lairds of The Bass and Inverrugy. This committee was intended to rule in the name of Margaret Tudor and her son James V of Scotland.
The full Parliament of Scotland met at Stirling Castle on 21 October, where the 17-month-old King was crowned in the Chapel Royal. The General Council of Lords made special provisions for the heirs of those killed at Flodden, following a declaration made by James IV at Twiselhaugh, and protection for their widows and daughters.[70] Margaret Tudor remained guardian or 'tutrix' of the King, but was not made Regent of Scotland.
The French soldier Antoine d'Arces arrived at Dumbarton Castle in November with a shipload of armaments which were transported to Stirling. The English already knew the details of this planned shipment from a paper found in a bag at Flodden field.[71] Now that James IV was dead, Antoine d'Arces promoted the appointment of John Stewart, Duke of Albany, a grandson of James II of Scotland as Regent to rule Scotland instead of Margaret and her son. Albany, who lived in France, came to Scotland on 26 May 1515.[72] By that date Margaret had given birth to James's posthumous son Alexander and married the Earl of Angus.[73]
A later sixteenth-century Scottish attitude to the futility of the battle was given by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, in the words he attributed to Patrick Lord Lindsay at council before the engagement. Lord Lindsay advised the King withdraw, comparing their situation to an honest merchant playing dice with a trickster, and wagering a gold rose-noble against a bent halfpenny. Their King was the gold piece, England the trickster, and Thomas Howard the halfpenny.[74]
CasualtiesEdit
The Flodden memorial cross, erected in 1910, contemplated by David Starkey.
Surrey's army lost 1,500 men killed in battle.[1] There were various conflicting accounts of the Scottish loss. A contemporary account produced in French for the Royal Postmaster of England, in the immediate aftermath of the battle, states that about 10,000 Scots were killed,[3] a claim repeated by Henry VIII on 16 September while he was still uncertain of the death of James IV. William Knight sent the news from Lille to Rome on 20 September, claiming 12,000 Scots had died, with fewer than 500 English casualties.[75] Italian newsletters put the Scottish losses at 18,000 or 20,000 and the English at 5,000. Brian Tuke, the English Clerk of the Signet, sent a newsletter stating 10,000 Scots killed and 10,000 escaped the field. Tuke reckoned the total Scottish invasion force to have been 60,000 and the English army at 40,000.[76] George Buchanan wrote in his History of Scotland (published in 1582) that, according to the lists that were compiled throughout the counties of Scotland, there were about 5,000 killed.[2] A plaque on the monument to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk (as the Earl of Surrey became in 1514) at Thetford put the figure at 17,000.[2] Edward Hall, thirty years after, wrote in his Chronicle that "12,000 at the least of the best gentlemen and flower of Scotland" were slain.[77]
As the nineteenth-century antiquarian John Riddell supposed, nearly every noble family in Scotland would have lost a member at Flodden.[78] The dead are remembered by the song (and pipe tune) "Flowers of the Forest":
We'll hae nae mair lilting, at the yowe-milking,
Women and bairns are dowie and wae.
Sighing and moaning, on ilka green loaning,
The flowers of the forest are all wede away.
Contemporary English ballads also recalled the tragedy of the Scottish losses:
To tell you plaine, twelve thousand were slaine,
that to the fight did stand;
And many prisoners tooke that day,
the best in all Scotland.
That day made many a fatherlesse childe,
and many a widow poore;
And many a Scottish gay Lady,
sate weeping in her bowre.[79]
A legend grew that while the artillery was being prepared in Edinburgh before the battle, a demon called Plotcock had read out the names of those who would be killed at the Mercat Cross on the Royal Mile. According to Pitscottie, a former Provost of Edinburgh, Richard Lawson, who lived nearby, threw a coin at the Cross to appeal against this summons and survived the battle.[80]
Branxton Church was the site of some burials from the battle of Flodden.[81]
After Flodden many Scottish nobles are believed to have been brought to Yetholm for interment, as being the nearest consecrated ground in Scotland.[82]
Notable Scotsmen who diedEdit
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James IV, King of Scots (1488–1513)[4][83]:21–22[84]
Alexander Stewart, Archbishop of St. Andrews and Lord Chancellor of Scotland, natural son of James IV
George Hepburn, Bishop of the Isles and commendator of Arbroath and Iona
William Bunche, Abbot of Kilwinning
Laurence Oliphant, Abbot of Inchaffray
Sir William Knollys, Lord St. John, Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, prior of Torphichen Preceptory.
Earls
Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll
Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell Lord High Admiral of Scotland
David Kennedy, 1st Earl of Cassilis
William Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Caithness
John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford
William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of Scotland
Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox
John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton, grandson of James I of Scotland
William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose
William Leslie, 3rd Earl of Rothes
Lords of Parliament
Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale
William Borthwick, 3rd Lord Borthwick
Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone.[85]
Thomas Stewart, 2nd Lord Innermeath
John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell
John Ross, 2nd Lord Ross
George Seton, 5th Lord Seton
John Sempill, 1st Lord Sempill
Robert Erskine, 4th Lord Erskine
Other chieftains, nobles and knights
Robert Arnot of Woodmill. Comptroller of Scotland
Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy
Sir William Cockburn of Langton and his eldest son and heir Alexander
Sir Robert Crawford of Kilbirnie
William Cunningham, 1st Laird of Craigends
George Douglas, Master of Angus
Sir William Douglas of Drumlanrig
Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie
Archibald Graham, 3rd of Garvock – King James' cousin
George Graham, 1st of Calendar
James Henderson of Fordell, Fife; Lord Justice Clerk
Adam Hepburn of Craggis
Sir Alexander Lauder of Blyth, Provost of Edinburgh
Lachlan MacLean, 10th Chief of Clan Maclean
Colin Oliphant, Master of Oliphant
Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie
Sir John Ramsay of Trarinzeane
Sir William Seton, grandson of James I of Scotland
Sir John Somerville of Cambusnethan
John Hunter 14th Laird of Hunterston
William Hoppringill 1st laird of Torwoodlee
William Wallace 11th of Craigie, 16th of Riccarton
Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum, Laird Guthrie of Guthrie
David Guthrie of Kincaldrum, son of Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum
David, William, and George Lyon. All three brother-in-laws of Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum
Thomas Maule of Panmure, nephew of Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum, son of Alexander's sister: Elizabeth Guthrie and her husband, Alexander Maule. [86]
Robert Ellot, 13th Chief of Clan Elliot [87]
Names of Scottish casualties from property recordsEdit
A number of subsequent property transactions give names of the fallen. A register of royal charters was kept and published as the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland. The battle was mentioned because of the declaration James IV had made at Twiselhaugh respecting the heritage of the heirs of potential casualties, which waived feudal fees. Some of the lands noted were those held under Matthew, Earl of Lennox, who died in the battle of Flodden Field, "in campo bellico de Flodoun" (in the field of war at Flodden). Other great seal charters mentioned an altar dedicated for remembrance at St Giles', Edinburgh and the effect of the battle on Selkirk, a border town.[88][89]
The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, a record of royal income, also gives names of the fallen. These were feudal tenants who held their lands from the King, and would pay their dues directly to the exchequer. The names of landless men or those who held their lands from a landlord would not appear in this record. The preface to the published volume of the Exchequer Rolls gives this explanation and guide to the variety of Latin phrases used to describe deaths in the campaign;
The usual form of entry is "qui obiit in bello" (who died in the war), "in campo bellico" (in field of war), or "in campo" (in the field); but the forms also occur "qui obiit sub vixillo regis", (who died under the king's banner), which probably denotes that the fallen man was killed at Flodden, or "qui obiit in exercitu in Northumberland" (who died in the army in Northumberland), which perhaps indicates that the death occurred elsewhere than at Flodden, or that the place of death was unknown. In the Responde Books the earlier Sasines (property documents) are silent as to the campaign. The later Sasines refer to it as "bellum", or "campus bellicus," and it is not till 1518 that Flodden is named, and then only about half-a-dozen times. ..., It must be borne in mind that it is only the King's vassals or tenants who left heirs in lands in the comparatively small portion of Scotland then held by the King, whose names can be expected to appear in the present Accounts. Besides the names in the following list, there are many other instances of Sasines taken in favour of the heirs of persons whom we know from other sources to have died at Flodden. p.clxii [90]
English soldiers knighted at FloddenEdit
Around forty-five English soldiers were knighted by the Earl of Surrey after the battle.[91] Edward Hall mentions some of their positions in the army's advance from Newcastle.[92]
Lord Scrope of Upsall, forward in army
Edmund Howard, right wing, and Marshall of Host
George Darcy, (son of Thomas Darcy), rear ward or guard.
William Gascoigne, junior, rear ward
William Middleton
William Mauleverer, of Arncliffe
Thomas Berkeley, rear ward
Marmaduke Constable, junior, left hand wing
Christopher Dacre
John Howthom
Nicholas Appleyard, forward
Edward Gorge
Ralph Ellerker, junior
John Willoughby, rear ward
Edward Etchingham, forward
William Pennington
John Stanley, rear ward
Walter Stonor
Ninian Markenfield of Markington (d.1527), rear ward
Thomas Burgh
Ralph Bowes, (father of George Bowes)
William Roos
Bryan Stapleton of Wyghall, rear guard.
William Newton
Thomas Newton
Guy Dawnay, rear ward.
Roger Grey
Ralph Salvayne
Roger Collingwood
Richard Mauleverer
William Mauleverer
Roger Farewell
William Constable of Hatfield (in Holderness), right wing.
William Constable of Carthorpe
Thomas Stranguishe
John Bulmer, (uncle of Ralph Bulmer)
Christopher Danby, of Thorp Perrow, (father of Christopher Danby)
Edmund Walsingham
Thomas Conyers
Roger Fenwick, Constable of Newcastle
Edward Musgrave, of Hartley
William Percy
Christopher Pickering of Killington (d.1519)
Henry Thwaites
John Lumley, (Lord Lumley)
Roger Ogle, (Lord Ogle)
Battlefield todayEdit
The battlefield still looks much as it probably did at the time of the battle, but the burn and marsh which so badly hampered the Scots advance is now drained. A monument, erected in 1910, is easily reached from Branxton village by following the road past St Paul's Church. There is a small car park and a clearly marked and signposted battlefield trail with interpretive boards which make it easy to visualise the battle. Only the chancel arch remains of the medieval church where James IV's body was said to have rested after the battle—the rest is Victorian, dating from 1849 in the "Norman" style.
Each year, the neighbouring Scottish town of Coldstream marks the Battle of Flodden by a traditional horse-ride to the battlefield and then having a service to mark all those who perished during the fight during the town's "Civic Week"—held in the first week of August.
CommemorationEdit
On the 500th anniversary of the battle a minute's silence for the town's dead was observed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh
The stained-glass Flodden Window in Middleton Parish Church, reputedly the oldest war memorial in Great Britain, was constructed by Sir Richard Assheton in memory of the Battle of Flodden and the archers from Middleton who fought in it.[93]
The Quincentennial of the battle in 2013 was commemorated by a programme of projects and events bringing together communities from both sides of the border.[94] A number were funded by an £887,300 Heritage Lottery Fund grant[95] including the expansion of the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum and archaeology, documentary research and education projects, exhibitions and a solemn commemoration.
In fictionEdit
"Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field" (1808), an epic poem in six cantos by Sir Walter Scott[96]
The Battle of Flodden Field, told from several different perspectives, is the subject of the novel, Flodden Field, by Elisabeth McNeill, published 2007.
Flodden from the perspective of a Yorkshire archer is the subject of the novel Tom Fleck, by Harry Nicholson, published 2011.
The Flowers of the Forest, a historical novel by Elizabeth Byrd, chronicles the life of Queen Margaret Tudor of Scotland and culminates in the Battle of Flodden.
Arthur Sullivan wrote an overture, his Overture Marmion (1867), inspired by the Scott poem.
"Sunset at Noon" by Jane Oliver (1955) a fictional account of the life of James IV.
There is no historical record of anyone from the Clan Munro taking part in the Battle of Flodden Field; however, there is an old tradition that the Munros of Argyll are descended from a Flodden survivor. One of these descendants was Neil Munro.[97]
Percy Folio
Selkirk Common Riding
Teribus ye teri odin
^ a b Paterson, p. 147
^ a b c Elliot, p. 117
^ a b Elliot, p. 118
^ a b Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Vol.1: 1509–1514
^ "Remembering Flodden | Map of the Battle". Flodden.net. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ a b "The Seventy Greatest Battles of All Time". Published by Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2005. Edited by Jeremy Black. Pages 95 to 97.ISBN 978-0-500-25125-6.
^ Hannay, Robert Kerr, ed., Letters of James IV, SHS (1953), 307–8, 315–6, 318–9.
^ 'Henry VIII: July 1513, 16–31', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, vol. 1: 1509–1514 (1920), pp. 952–967. Date accessed: 26 July 2012
^ Brewer, J. S., ed., Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, vol. 1, (1920), pp. 972 no. 2157, (Henry VIII refers to the issue of money possibly owed as a legacy to Margaret Tudor, see Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), p. 623 no. 1342)
^ Foedera, vol.6 part 1 (1741), p.52: Foedera, vol.13, London (1712), p.382
^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), p. 609 no. 1317, p. 623 no. 1342, wardrobe warrant for banners for Earl of Surrey, 1 Aug. 1512.
^ J. D. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden' in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, vol.8 (Edinburgh 1951), pp. 35–83, at 53–57
^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol.4, (1902), pp.515–522
^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1 (1920), no. 2222, item 16.
^ Rymer, Thomas, ed., Foedera, vol.6 part 1, Hague (1741), pp.49–50: Foedera, vol.13 (1712), pp. 375–6
^ Schwarz, Arthur L., VIVAT REX! An Exhibition Commemorating the 500th Anniversary of the Accession of Henry VIII (The Grolier Club, 2009), p.76 "Flodden Field".
^ Archaeologia Aeliana, Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Series 2: Vol. 2 (1858), "The Banner and Cross of Saint Cuthbert", page 61; accessed 4 SEP 2010.
^ Tytler, Patrick Fraser, History of Scotland, vol.5 (1841), p.57: Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol.2 (1814), p.278
^ Macdougal, Norman, James IV, 272-3.
^ Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert, History and Chronicle of Scotland, various editions.
^ Hall, Edward, Chronicle: Union of the two noble and illustrious Houses, 1548, London (1809), pp. 558–9
^ Holinshed, Raphael, The Scottish chronicle or, a complete history and description of Scotland, vol.1, Arbroath (1805), pp. 142–144.
^ Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1825), 85–87.
^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell, (1997), 274.
^ Petrie, George, "An account of Floddon", Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland, (1866–7), 146.
^ Mackie & Spilman ed., Letters of James IV, Scottish History Society, (1953), p.xxxi
^ "Twizel Bridge History". Flodden1513.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert, History of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1814), 276–7.
^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. iv part iv (1836), 1: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol 1 (1920), no. 2246 modern spelling.
^ English Heritage (1995), p.3, quoting PRO Articles of the Battail.
^ State Papers Henry, vol. iv part iv, (1836), 1–2: Letters Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2246.
^ Hall, Chronicle, (1809), 562.
^ State Papers Henry, vol. iv part iv, (1836), 2: Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), 164, has regem occisum fuisse non longius latitudine lanceae ab illo: Hall (1809), 564.
^ Letters and Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2913 Dacre to Council 17 May 1514.
^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2283, 2284: Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1814), 266: Lord Herbert also calls the guns the seven sisters.
^ J. Mackie, 'English Army at Flodden', in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, VIII, (Edinburgh 1951), p. 85
^ Hannay, R.K., editor, Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554, Edinburgh (1932) pp.3.
^ Hay, Denys, Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), 4–5, instruction for Sir Andrew Brownhill, 16 January 1514: Ruddiman, Thomas, Epistolae Regum Scotorum, vol. 1 (1722), 186–187: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1864), no. 2578
^ Jeffrey Regan, Military Blunders
^ Calendar of State Papers Milan, vol.1 (1912), p.406 no.660, Brian Tuke to Richard Pace, 22 September 1513
^ Grafton, Richard, A Chronicle at Large, 1569, vol.2 (1809), p.271: Holinshed, Raphael, Cronicles of England, Scotland and Wales, vol.3, London (1808) p.593
^ Laing, David, PSAS, vol.7, 151.
^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell (1997), pp.274–5
^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell (1997), 274–5.
^ Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), 407, (translated from Latin).
^ Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., Historie of Scotland 1578, vol. 2, Scottish Text Society (1895), 145.
^ Benson, Joseph, ed., The Battle of Flodden Field, (1805), pp. 102–103: Hall, Chronicle, (1809), p.562 & p.564
^ Chamley, Benson (June 2003). "Sir Richard Cholmondeley, Cheshire's most famous unknown". The Family History Society of Cheshire Magazine.
^ Ridgard, John, ed., Medieval Framlingham, Suffolk Record Society 27 (1985), p.6, 153, inventory of 1524; plate gilt;, "ii grett pottis with the scottishe kingis armys on the hed of theym, 300 ounces.": Green, R., History, Topography, and Antiquities of Framlingham and Saxsted, London (1834), p.68, will.
^ Archaeologia, vol.33 (1849), pp.335–341
^ College of Arms website Archived 15 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine: see linked report by Ralph Moffat
^ White, Christopher, Anthony van Dyck, and the Earl of Arundel (1995), pp.3–4, 64: Fruytier's picture is at Arundel Castle, Van Dyck's work does not survive; 18th-century print, National Portrait Gallery
^ A. Jefferies Collins, Jewels and Plate of Elizabeth I (London, 1955), 101–2, see Inventory of Elizabeth I of England
^ Mackie, R. L., King James IV. Oliver & Boyd (1958), p.269: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1 (1920), no. 2193
^ Mackie, R. L., King James IV. Oliver & Boyd (1958), p.258-9, with map, the suggested hill is location of the 1910 monument: Stow, John, Chronicles, (1580), p. 901
^ Remains Historical and Literary connected with Lancaster and Chester: Visitation of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1533, vol.98, Chetham Society (1876), p.59
^ Hall, (1809), 564.
^ See L&P, vol.1 no.2313 & CSP Venice, vol.2, no.341, 29 Sept. 1513: "Cadaver Scotorum Regis adductum est Eboratum, ideo quod venit ante festum divi Michaelis civitatem Eboracensem (York), quam dixerat se capturum."
^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1 (1920), no. 2313: Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st series, vol. 1, London (1824), 88: Aikman, James, Buchanan's History of Scotland, vol. 2 (1827), 259 note, quoting Stow's Survey of London on St Michael, Cripplegate ward.
^ J. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden', in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society vol. 8 (Edinburgh 1951), p. 80
^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2283, no. 2287.
^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1 (1920), no. 2325, no. 2460.
^ Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912) p.408 no. 660 and CSP Venice, vol. 2, (1867) no. 316, Brian Tuke to Richard Pace, Bainbridge's secretary, 22 September 1513, lacerata paludamenta Regis Scotorum hue missa fuerunt, tincta sanguine et variegatijs (sic) more nostro. (the lacerated cloak of the Scottish King was sent here (Tournai), chequered in our (English) manner and dyed with blood): Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), 164, has majesta regia accepit paludamentum eius, the queen was sent his coat.
^ Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1825), 82–84, 88–89: Calendar State Papers, Venice, vol. 2 (1867), no. 316 (news sent to Duke of Ferrara): Letters & Papers, vol. (1920), no. 2261, (written before news of the battle)
^ Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), 419.
^ Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert, History of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh, (1814), 279.
^ Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., Historie of Scotland 1578, vol. 2, Scottish Text Society, (1895), 146.
^ Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, vol.1, Edinburgh (1814), 264–265: MacDougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell (1997), 265–6, 303: Mackie, R.L., James IV, (1958) 243-4.
^ Polemon, John, All the Famous Battels, London (1578), p.69: Giovio, Paolo, Pauli Jovii historiarum sui temporis, (1549), p.517 (Latin)
^ Hannay, R.K., editor, Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554, Edinburgh (1932) pp.1–3.
^ Calendar State Papers Milan, vol.1 (1912), p.407: Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554, Edinburgh (1932) p.4
^ Start, Marie W., The Scot who was a Frenchman, the Duke of Albany, (1940), pp.30–33
^ Bingham, Caroline, James V, King of Scots, Collins, (1971), 27–31.
^ Pitscottie, Robert, History of Scotland, Edinburgh (1778), p.180 "gleed half-penny", "common hazarder."
^ Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), p.164.
^ Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), 397, 404, 406.
^ Hall (1809), p. 563, with 1,500 English killed.
^ A number of names collected from the manuscript Acts of the Lords of Council and other sources are printed in The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries, vol. 13 no. 51 (January 1899), pp. 101–111, quotes Riddell, and, vol. 13, no. 52 (April 1899), pp. 168–172.
^ Published in Thomas Deloney, The Pleasant Historie of Jack of Newbery London (1626), chapter 2, as a song made by the commons of England and "to this day not forgotten of many."
^ Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, vol.1, Edinburgh (1814), 266–7: MacDougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell (1997), 265
^ "Branxton Introduction". Flodden1513.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ "Influence of the pre-reformation church on Scottish place-names". Archive.org. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ White's List[permanent dead link] in Archaeologia Aeliana or Miscellaneous Tracts Vol.6. pub.1862
^ Scots Peerage, Vol.I, ed. Sir James Balfour Paul
^ A general & heraldic dictionary of the Peerage & Baronetage of the British Empire Vol.I, 4th edit.
^ Source: A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland by Bernard Burke, pg. 643-644
^ Source: Way, George and Squire, Romily. Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). Published in 1994. Pages 128-129.
^ Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, AD 1513–1546, vol.3 (1883), see index p.986
^ no deaths in vol.4 Great Seal of Scotland
^ The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum, (AD1513–1522), vol. XIV
^ Metcalfe, Walter Charles, ed., Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath et., IV Henry VI to 1660, London (1885), pp.56–7: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1 (1920), no.2246
^ Hall, Edward, Union Lancaster and York, (1809), 557–8, 564: additional details from C. H. Browning, Americans of Royal Descent, (1911)
^ "World's oldest war memorial nears milestone". Manchester Evening News. 7 September 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^ "Flodden 1513 Website Home Page". Flodden1513.com. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
^ Heritage Lottery Fund http://www.hlf.org.uk/news/Pages/TheFlodden500Project.aspx#.Ufg2k6zL58E[permanent dead link]
^ "Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field". FullTextArchive.com. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ Charles Ian Fraser of Reeling. The Clan Munro (Clan an Rothaich): A Beacon Ablaze. page 21. ISBN 9780717945351.
The earliest accounts of the battle are English. These contemporary sources include; the Articles of the Bataill bitwix the Kinge of Scottes and therle of Surrey in Brankstone Field said to be a field despatch; Brian Tuke's news-letter to Cardinal Bainbridge; an Italian poem, La Rotta de Scosesi in part based on Tuke's letters; a news-sheet printed in London, The Trewe Encountre; another lost news-sheet printed by Richard Pynson which was the source used in Edward Hall's Chronicle. These sources are compared in the 1995 English Heritage report.
Grafton, Richard, Grafton's Chronicle, or History of England: The Chronicle at Large, 1569, vol.2, London (1809) pp. 268–277
Hall, Edward, Chronicle of England, (1809) pp. 561–565
Giovio, Paolo, Pauli Jovii historiarum sui temporis, (1549), pp. 505–528 (Latin)
Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, vol.1, Edinburgh (1814) pp. 264–282.
The Trewe Encountre or Batayle Lately Don Between England and Scotland etc., Flaque (1513) in Petrie, George, 'Account of Floddon in the 'Trewe Encountre' manuscript', Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scotland, vol. 7, Edinburgh (1866–7), 141–152
Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1, (1920) for the Articles of Batail and Tuke's letter, Calendar State Papers Venice, vol.2 (1867) and see Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912)
La Rotta de Scosesi, in, Mackay Mackenzie, W., The Secret of Flodden, (1931)
Barr, N., Flodden 1513, 2001.
Barret, C. B., Battles and Battlefields in England, 1896.
Bingham, C., "Flodden and its Aftermath", in The Scottish Nation, ed. G. Menzies, 1972.
Burke's Landed Gentry of Scotland under Henderson of Fordell
Caldwell, D. H., Scotland's Wars and Warriors, Edinburgh TSO (1998) ISBN 0-11-495786-X
Elliot, Fitzwilliam (1911). The Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513. Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot.
Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1825) pp. 82–99, Catherine of Aragon's letters.
Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 3rd Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1846) pp. 163–164, Dr. William Knight to Cardinal Bainbridge, 20 September 1513, Lille (Latin)
English Heritage Battlefield Report: Flodden, (1995), 13pp
Goodwin, George (2013). Fatal Rivalry: Flodden 1513. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd). ISBN 978-1780221366.
Graham, Frank (1988). Famous Northern Battles. Butler Publishing. ISBN 0-946928-21-5.
Hallam-Baker, Clive (2012). The Battle of Flodden: How and Why. The Remembering Floden Project. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-9573313-0-3.
Hodgkin, T., "The Battle of Flodden", in Arcaeologia Aeliania, vol. 16, 1894.
Kightly, Charles (1975). Flodden: The Anglo-Scottish War of 1513. Almark Publishing. ISBN 978-0855242190.
Leather, G. F. T., "The Battle of Flodden", in History of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club, vol. 25, 1933.
Macdougall, N., James IV, 1989.
Mackie, J. D., "The English Army at Flodden", in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, vol 8 1951.
Mackie, J.D., "The Auld Alliance and the Battle of Flodden", in Transactions of the Franco-Scottish Society, 1835.
Paterson, Raymond Campbell (1997). My Wound is Deep: A History of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-85976-465-6.
Story of Inverkeithing & Rosyth by Rev. W.M.Stephen, 1921 Brit.Lib. No.0190370.f.78
Sadler, John, Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat, Osprey Publishing (May 2006), Campaign Series 168; 96 pages; ISBN 978-1-84176-959-2.
Tucker, M. J., The Life of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1443–1524, 1964.
White, R. H. , "The Battle of Flodden", in Archaeologia Aeliania, vol. 3, 1859 and White's List[permanent dead link] in Archaeologia Aeliana or Miscellaneous Tracts. Vol.6. pub.1862.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Edinburgh after Flodden
Battle of Flodden image resource
National Archives of Scotland
An account of the battle, from Our Past History
John Skelton's Flodden poem, A Ballade of the Scottyshe Kynge
Coldstream civic week. Annual event with commemorative rideout to the Flodden Memorial
A monument of the Battle of Flodden, Pastscape
Flodden 500 year anniversary projectsEdit
http://www.flodden1513.com/
Flodden 1513 communities Ecomuseum project
Flodden 1513, the remembering Flodden project
Flodden 500 years anniversary (2013): Follow the community archaeological project excavating in and around Flodden battlefield
The Flooers O' The Forest Greentrax Recordings compilation CD of songs and music of Flodden.
www.iFlodden.info
Coordinates: 55°37′37″N 2°10′31″W / 55.62693°N 2.1753°W / 55.62693; -2.1753
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&oldid=905917437"


text:
US launches effort to recruit, retain top cybersecurity talent to fight escalating threat
By Kelly Hayes
Ransomware attacks, explained
Ransomware is an ever-evolving form of malware that scrambles a victim organization's data with encryption, then criminals demand a ransom in exchange for software decryption keys.
WASHINGTON - The U.S. Department of Homeland Security on Monday announced a new program to help attract and retain top cybersecurity professionals, as the Biden administration escalates its response to ransomware and other cybercrime.
The department launched the Cyber Talent Management System (CTMS), which will help better screen potential talent and streamline the application process. Employees hired through this system will join the new DHS Cybersecurity Service, a federal team that will work to protect critical U.S. infrastructure from cybersecurity threats.
The White House in recent weeks has escalated its response to such crimes, which it regards as an urgent economic and national security threat. The U.S. has endured a "steady drumbeat" of attacks since at least last summer, according to Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco, who recently announced arrests and other actions.
Attorney general, other top officials discuss charges against 2 suspected hackers in ransomware attacks
Attorney General Merrick Garland and other top officials on Nov. 8, 2021, announced charges against Ukrainian Yaroslav Vasinskyi and Russian Yevgeniy Polyanin, alleging them to be part of the REvil ransomware gang.
Specifically, ransomware attacks — in which hackers lock up and encrypt data and demand often-exorbitant sums to release it to victims — have exploded in the last year with breaches affecting vital infrastructure and global corporations.
Colonial Pipeline, which supplies roughly half the fuel consumed on the East Coast, paid more than $4 million after a May attack that led it to halt operations, though the Justice Department clawed the majority of it back after identifying the virtual currency wallet of the culprits, known as DarkSide.
RELATED: Colonial Pipeline attack: White House launches 'all of government' response
JBS, the world's largest meat processor, said in June that it had paid $11 million following a hack by a Russian group known as REvil, which weeks later carried out a massive ransomware attack that snarled businesses around the world.
The attacks elevated ransomware as an urgent national security priority — but holding foreign hackers accountable in the U.S. is also notoriously difficult, and ransomware gangs are abundant.
RELATED: REvil ransomware attacks: US charges Ukrainian, Russian hackers, seizes $6.1M
"As our Nation continues to face an evolving threat landscape, we cannot rely only on traditional hiring tools to fill mission-critical vacancies," Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas said in a statement. "This new system will enable our Department to better compete for cybersecurity professionals and remain agile enough to meet the demands of our critical cybersecurity mission."
FILE - Alejandro Mayorkas, secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, speaks during a news conference in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room at the White House in Washington, D.C., on Sept. 24, 2021. Photographer: Al Drago/Bloomberg vi
While the new hiring system will initially be used to fill high-priority jobs at the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the DHS Office of the Chief Information Officer, it will also be used across several other DHS agencies with a similar mission starting in 2022.
Mayorkas added that the new DHS hiring system "fundamentally re-imagines how the Department hires, develops, and retains top-tier and diverse cybersecurity talent."
A senior DHS official told reporters ahead of the announcement that the department currently has around 1,500 cybersecurity-related vacancies, of which around 1,000 would likely fit into CTMS, according to The Hill. The official added that there is a range of roles from entry-level to expert level.
RELATED: Hackers breached organizations in defense, energy, other sectors, cybersecurity firm says
Fourth suspect arrested in NYC subway attack of Fox News meteorologist
3 young teens arrested for Brooklyn stabbing death

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On October 16, 2016 CARP Costa Rica held its 5th HEROES workshop at the Family Federation Headquarters with 30 participants. 'HEROES' is a group consisting of university students who are committed to caring and helping middle and high school students to develop with principled values. It also seeks to reach out to other university students and encourage them to join various projects such as mentoring.
The HEROES workshop has been held regularly over the past few months. It is a one day seminar focused on educating students about leadership especially regarding environmental and social issues. The workshop aims to raise up current mentors into capable leaders that can contribute to society and secondly, to raise up current mentees into mentors.
This workshop began with ice breakers and fun games to get participants to socialize and get to know each other better. The focus of the workshop was the application of Unification Principles in solving environmental issues affecting the society at large.
Lecturers on environmental issues were presented by volunteers of the Japan International Cooperation Agency.
Other topics also covered during the workshop were: human value, love, peace and taking action. The most important objective is to inspire students to serve the community and practice principled values.
Students were challenged to think in the other person's shoes; to think about the other person who is in a worse situation. For example, there was an exercise that allowed students to experience how it feels to be blind or illiterate.
There were also discussions on pressing environmental matters such as climate change. Students engaged in brainstorming sessions to figure out what action they can do and what principles they can use to help solve the problems of society and the world at large.
All the participants had a positive experience and are eager to participate in the next workshop. The workshop helped students to broaden their perspectives and create new mindsets around issues affecting their society.


text:
June 18, 2004 | David F. Coppedge
Stickleback Fish Achieve Stardom in Evolutionary Labs
According to Elizabeth Pennisi in Science June 18,1 the three-spine stickleback is being studied in 100 labs as a model of evolution. Over the last century, the little fish has been the subject of some 2000 papers, seven textbooks, and a Nobel prize-winning thesis. Evolutionists have been attracted to this fish because it appears to evolve quickly; outward changes have been observed in short time scales, especially as populations migrated from marine to freshwater environments. Some studies have suggested "a provocative idea that a little DNA—perhaps just a single gene—can control many traits that affect an organism's ability to thrive." Maybe this fish, easy to cultivate in the lab and found in a variety of natural environments, can provide evolutionists a genetic basis for rapid speciation:
Since the 1930s, the prevailing view has been that evolution moves in a slow shuffle, advancing in small increments, propelled by numerous, minor genetic changes. But some have challenged this dogma, notably H. Allen Orr, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Rochester in New York. In 1992, he and his colleagues argued that just a few genes, perhaps even one, could power long-term change. Such change could rev up speciation. Lately, the Orr camp seems to be gaining ground, in part because of studies of sticklebacks, says R. Craig Albertson, an evolutionary biologist at the Forsyth Institute in Boston. He and others are finding that "simple genetic changes can have profound effects."
On closer inspection, however, the effects do not appear all that profound, and the genetic bases for them appear to be of questionable value for evolutionary theory. The marine species and the freshwater species supposedly branched apart 22,000 years ago as retreating glaciers trapped some populations in freshwater lakes. Yet the primary differences involve lower numbers of body plates and shorter spines on the more recently-evolved freshwater populations, as well as changes in the shape of the jaw and some other bones. From Pennisi's review, here are the observations that are drawing evolutionists to the study of sticklebacks:
Convergence: "Although they evolved to look very different from their ancestors, they often came to resemble their counterparts who were evolving in a similar way in lakes that are geographically distant…."
Interfertile Variety: "'These remarkably divergent populations have created a unique resource,' in part because freshwater and saltwater populations can interbreed."
War and Peace: The differences appear to be adaptive:
Oceangoing sticklebacks are built for battle. Prominent spines stick out behind their lower fins, and their bodies are covered with as many as 35 plates—presumably to fend off predators. But spines and plates are reduced or missing in most of their freshwater cousins, probably an adaptation to the new habitat. It pays to lose the bulky armor, says Michael Bell, an evolutionary biologist at the State University of New York, Stony Brook: Lakes may favor lightness because they typically have places to hide, if fish can dart into them fast enough. Because fresh water lacks the rich calcium reserves of salt water, bony armor could also be too costly to make. Whatever the cause, "selection against [these traits] must be incredibly strong" to cause such rapid evolution, says Foster.
Loss of Information:
This selective pressure seems to be targeting the same part of the genome in fish at various geographic locations. In every population researchers have examined, from Japan to California to Iceland, they are finding the same thing: A gene or set of nearby genes is causing the loss of certain parts of the fish's armor. "It's remarkable," says Postlethwait, that a single gene could exert such a large effect in so many different groups of sticklebacks. Along with armor, "a whole suite of bony characters is changing," he says, including jaw shape and bones associated with protecting the gills. This is not what researchers had expected to find. But when they tried a breeding experiment, the same pattern emerged: Small DNA segments affected vast areas of bone and armor.
Dominance: "In one experiment, they crossed marine and freshwater fish and found that the resulting offspring all had a complete set of armor and a fully formed pelvis— suggesting that the DNA, or allele, belonging to the marine fish overrode the effects of the allele of the freshwater cousins."
One for All "Next, the Oregon researchers tested to see if the altered pelvis and lateral plates of the lake fish were controlled by the same genes in each population. They expected the opposite: that the gene involved in armor loss would be different in the three groups because each had evolved that trait independently. But their surprising finding was that the alterations were always in the same gene."
Speed: "Bell has found that, from an evolutionary perspective, this gene may change at lightning speeds. In the most recent issue of Evolution, he and his colleagues report on a case in Alaska where plates disappeared in most fish within a decade." The results, Pennisi comments, " suggested that natural selection had taken its toll on the armored fish in just a few years."
Spinelessness: A similar one-gene effect has been found with the pelvic spines. Genes in freshwater populations lacking spines were missing a protein known to be active in the formation of limbs in mice.
Expression: The spineless fish still had the gene for spines. " The solution … is that a change in the gene's regulation—and not in the gene itself—caused the lake sticklebacks to lose their spines. Simply changing the way a gene is regulated in one part of the anatomy or at one point in development 'is one of the ways to make a [change in a] very powerful development control gene without having detrimental effects,' says Kingsley."
Ignorance:
Researchers have found that other organisms such as birds seem to exhibit the same or similar new traits because of changes in the activity of the same genes, even when the species are unrelated (Science, 19 March, p. 1870). No one knows exactly why. It could be that certain genes or bits of regulatory DNA are particularly prone to mutation. Or perhaps rapid evolutionary responses are channeled into genes that don't affect development on a broad scale, so as not to short-circuit an organism's ability to survive. As a result, "you find the same gene involved more often than you would initially expect," says Schluter. He and other stickleback experts are trying to solve this puzzle.
More research is needed, she concludes:
Bell hopes that these studies will lure even more developmental, evolutionary, and genetic biologists to the study of these fish. Evolution occurs at many levels, involving modifications of DNA sequence, alterations in development, shifts in behavior, changes in community structure, and, ultimately, survival. It's important to see how these various levels interact during natural selection. Adding molecular genetics studies to stickleback science, he predicts, "will allow us to tie up everything in one neat package."
1Elizabeth Pennisi, "Evolutionary Biology: Changing a Fish's Bony Armor in the Wink of a Gene," Science, Vol 304, Issue 5678, 1736, 18 June 2004 [DOI: 10.1126/science.304.5678.1736].
Sometimes we have to provide enough detail to prove we are not making this stuff up. If we just summarized this story with an opinion like Evolutionists base their belief in macroevolution on oscillatory changes within one species, someone might question that conclusion. But here it is, mostly in their own words. You just read it yourself. We just highlighted their model organism for evolutionary studies, the one they are proud of and excited about. They are calling all evolutionists to jump on the bandwagon because of the fantastic evidence it provides that humans came from amoebas. And the evidence is? They have demonstrated that some fish lost a few spines and armor plates, and got them right back again when they interbred with their marine relatives. No speciation occurred. Most of the evolution was due not to a genetic change, but a change in the expression of a gene. The genes for loss always mutated the same way in widely-distributed populations. This is not what neo-Darwinism hoped for. Random mutation was supposed to provide the raw material for novelty and innovation, not the same mutation over and over in the same gene. Despite all the hoopla, no novel, innovative feature emerged from all this so-called evolution.
Surely if there were better evidence for evolution than this, it would be showcased by Science magazine. The hype in the opening paragraphs attracted our attention, because it seemed that now, finally, we were going to get some solid evidence for real evolutionary change. But look how trivial the results; all the populations are not only still fish, but three-spine stickleback fish. They are all still interfertile, indicating no speciation occurred. How is this story much different from what we already know about blind cave fish? They are adapted to the darkness, because eyes are not of much use in the dark. Similarly, the lake sticklebacks might be adapted to their habitat (if their just-so story holds up that armor and spines are less helpful when there are more places to hide). On the other hand, the difference might only be a non-adaptive effect of lower concentrations of calcium, as in nutrient deficiency diseases in humans. "Whatever the cause," pre-existing information was either lost or unexpressed in both cases. No new structure or function was gained. How can this possibly be of any good news to someone who wants to explain the whole of biology by evolution?
The article is enthusiastic about how "powerful" selection must have been, yet sprinkled with wiggle words expressing doubt: probably, maybe, might etc. As usual, the ignorance is profound and more funding is needed, so that the evolutionary storytelling fest can go on and on and on. But the actual evidence should make it clear that this evolutionary tale makes no more sense than claiming that a new human species is emerging from a population of scurvy sailors deprived of vitamin C. It doesn't take much to get an evolutionist excited. To a prisoner, even the breeze-blown dust dancing on the floor is entertainment. Maybe it will evolve into a tornado, and from there, a 747 can't be far behind.
Tags: Darwinism and Evolutionary Theory
Categories: Marine Biology


text:
3D model of human placenta developed
– Medicine & Science
(Vienna, 03 August 2018) The placenta is the organ connecting mother and embryo. Its main functions are the exchange of nutrients, gases and metabolic products and the production of hormones and other substances essential for embryonic development. Placental malfunctions are the main cause of pregnancy complications and can lead to miscarriage and other serious disorders that endanger both mother and child. So far, the mechanisms underlying these disorders remain largely unexplained, not least because, up until now, there has been no reliable human cell culture model system. MedUni Vienna researchers have now successfully developed a 3D model of the human placenta.
The 3D "in vitro" model of the early human placenta was produced in a collaborative project involving the research groups of Martin Knöfler from MedUni Vienna's Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology) and Paulina Latos from MedUni Vienna's Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology.
First organoid model of the placenta – based on other tissue culture models
"Over the last few years, 3D tissue culture models, called organoids, have rapidly been established for many different human organs. In most cases, these organoids consist of only a few cell types from the respective tissue and therefore have a simpler structure than the original organ," explain the researchers. Working on this basis, the team from the Medical University of Vienna managed to develop an organoid model of the placenta, consisting of the prevailing placental cell population, so-called trophoblasts.
Knöfler and Latos explain: "As a puretrophoblast organoid without blood vessels or connective tissue components, this model mirrors the trophoblast-specific placental structure in a Petri dish." This was done by optimising the culture conditions that had already been successfully applied in organoid models of other tissues.
A significant advantage of the placenta organoids is their capacity for self-organisation, self-renewal and constant growth, stress the MedUni Vienna scientists, since they contain both stem cells and progenitors. Moreover, these 3D structures also contain the three main cell types of the human trophoblast population.
The MedUni Vienna researchers were able to underpin the groundbreaking advantages of this organoid system with a study substantiating the role of the WNT signaling pathway (which is crucial for development and growth of many tissues) in self-renewal and differentiation of the trophoblast organoids. The organoid model system can also be pharmacologically and genetically manipulated. This opens up new possibilities for studying physiological and pathophysiological processes of the human placenta.
"The fact that there were no self-renewing cell culture model systems available for the human placenta made it difficult, if not impossible, to study the causes of malfunctions. Establishment of the placenta organoid system will improve this situation significantly and will help advancing drug development and consequently medical treatments for dangerous gestational disorders," emphasises Knöfler, one of the leading international experts in placental research and last author of the study.
Service: Stem Cell Reports
"Self-Renewing Trophoblast Organoids Recapitulate the Developmental Program of the Early Human Placenta", Sandra Haider, Gudrun Meinhardt, Leila Saleh, Viktoria Kunihs, Magdalena Gamperl, Ulrich Kaindl, Adolf Ellinger, Thomas R. Burkard, Christian Fiala, Jürgen Pollheimer, Sasha Mendjan, Paulina A. Latos and Martin Knöfler; Stem Cell Reports 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.07.004
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text:
Campbell Banks (born 23 November 1978) is a footballer. He has represented New Zealand at international level.

Club career
Banks played for Nelson Suburbs, Miramar Rangers and Central United in the National League before joining the Football Kingz in the Australian NSL. He was released by the Kingz and returned to the National League, but later rejoined their reincarnation, New Zealand Knights FC, making two appearances in 2006 He was released by New Zealand Knights FC in 2006 and joined Green Gully Cavaliers. He played for Sunshine George Cross in the Victorian Premier League in Australia during the 09–10 season before returning to New Zealand. There, he played for YoungHeart Manawatu in the ASB Premiership, along with Wairarapa United during the winter season.

International career
Banks scored on his full All Whites debut in a 2–1 win over Malaysia on 23 February 2006 making two further appearances in that series.

References

External links

 Butterfield, Banks have x-factor that could decide final

1978 births
Living people
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Football Kingz F.C. players
A-League Men players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Association football forwards
New Zealand expatriate association footballers
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Australia
New Zealand international footballers
New Zealand Knights FC players
New Zealand association footballers
Caroline Springs George Cross FC players
Nelson Suburbs players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The fourth industrial revolution is blossoming at a sharp rate and science is at the heart of advancing digital technologies. The African continent cannot afford to be left out.
The scientific agenda of ASP2018 includes a three-week intensive graduate student program, a one-week training for high school teachers, a one-week outreach for high school learners, and a one-week professional physics conference. Over 500 students from Africa and beyond applied for the graduate student program; 85 students were selected from 26 African countries. One student from Palestine and another from the USA will be joining their African counterparts. 70 High school teachers from Namibia will participate in the teachers workshop whose objective is to train teachers for improved teaching skills. 30 high schools in and around Windhoek will participate in the learners outreach program with 40-50 learners selected from each participating school. The objective of the learners outreach program is to motivate them to develop and maintain interesting fundamental physics and applications. The professional physics conference is designed to attract former ASP participants, post-doctoral students, university faculties and researchers across Africa and beyond to present and discuss progress in their research work, to network and exchange ideas and form future research collaborations.
The scientific program will include lectures, demonstrations, experimentation and hands-on tutorial in Astrophysics and Cosmology, Nuclear and Particle Physics, Physics Education and Communication, Material Physics, Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency, Accelerators, Medical and Radiation Physics, and High Performance Computing.
The scientific agenda of ASP2018 has been designed by 60 international lecturers, supported by a local organizing committee from the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology, the University of Namibia and the Namibia University of Science and Technology. Critical to the success of this program are policy makers in each host country, and we are proud to be working in conjunction with Namibian education officials who have given the program unconditional support. "The time has never been more auspicious for Namibia to host the ASP2018 since the youth of Namibia will drive the growth and prosperity of the country into the next generation - but only if we equip them to do so" says Ms Angelique Philander from the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology.
The African School of Fundamental Physics and Applications is a nonprofit organisation that is passionate about increasing capacity development in fundamental physics and related applications in Africa. It was founded in 2010 with the aim of fostering collaboration through education.