The apostle Paul ended a glorious section of his inspired writing in Romans 8:31, "What shall we say to these things?" Isaiah comes a similar conclusion at the end of this great theme of how God will send a new David, who will not rule like the kings before him, will bring reconciliation for the people to God, and call for the nations to come and inquire of the Lord. Isaiah speaks about what will happen "in the day." In particular, Isaiah is prophesying what people will do once the Davidic ruler arrives to lead Israel and the nations to Zion and establish his kingdom of justice and peace. We noted in our last lesson from Isaiah that Isaiah is speaking about the coming of Jesus the Messiah and King. We also noticed that the apostle Paul quotes Isaiah 11:10 in Romans 15:12 and makes the point that this prophecy had been fulfilled in the first century because Jesus had come, conquered death, and was ruling in his kingdom. Therefore Gentiles and Jews alike are called into this kingdom as one new body. In particular, "in that day" would have its nearest connection to Isaiah 11:16 where we see Isaiah declaring that there will be a highway for remnant to come to God, like when God led Israel out of the land of Egypt. There is going to be a new exodus as God will lead his people out of slavery from sin and hostility to God and bring them into his glorious resting place (11:10). Knowing that God is going to do all these things for the world and that only a remnant will belong to the Lord, Isaiah now presents for us those who belong to the remnant will do.
Before we move into this song, there is another note of parallelism. When Israel was led by God out of Egyptian slavery in the glorious exodus, Exodus 15 records the song of the people, also called the song of Moses. Isaiah has predicted the new exodus of God's people from sin's slavery, and Isaiah 12 records the song of the people, the song of Isaiah. So what shall we say then since God has sent his new David to rule the world?
The first picture he gives of what his remnant people will do is they will offer thanksgiving. The "you" in verse 1 is singular. He is speaking to one individual of the saved remnant and declares to that person what he will do. You as an individual believer, this is what you will do. You will offer thanksgiving to God because his anger has turned away. We saw this pictured for us in the sixth chapter of Isaiah. Isaiah is taken into the throne room of the Lord in a vision where he is able to see the glory of God. The reaction of Isaiah was that he was completely ruined because he was a man of unclean lips and lived among an unclean people. We cannot be in fellowship with God because of our sins. We are ruined and utterly lost. We are deserving of the anger of God for our disobedience. But now the Lord's anger is turned away. Recall the repeated refrain in Isaiah 10-11: "his anger is not turned away; his arm is still outreached." This pictured a continuing judgment against the people for their sinfulness. But verse 1 of Isaiah 12 gives us precious words of comfort: "your anger turned away that you might comfort me." We learn something very valuable from Isaiah: reconciliation is not about our willingness to have God but God's willingness to have us. Deserving wrath is turned to undeserved comfort. There is no reason for God to make this change. What had Israel done in Egypt so that God would save the people and deliver them from the Egyptians? Absolutely nothing. They had done nothing but God acted in their favor. This is the idea of propitiation that we read about in the New Testament (Romans 3:25; Hebrews 2:17; 1 John 2:2; 4:10). Jesus is the means by which God is able to show us undeserved comfort. Jesus is our propitiation so that we do not receive the wrath we deserve but receive the comfort we do not deserve. Each person that belongs to the Lord will say words of thanks for receiving comfort rather than anger.
The second thing the individual who belongs to the Lord will do is trust the Lord and not be afraid. The believer in the Lord has nothing to fear and has every reason to trust. But is this true of us? Isaiah is going to tell us how we can have this. He begins with the declaration: "God is my salvation." This is why the individual will trust in the Lord. God has saved me so I will trust in him. I didn't deserve that the Lord would do anything for me! Since the Lord has acted on my behalf, I will trust in the Lord. Listen to how Isaiah describes what trusting in the Lord looks like.
"I will trust, and will not be afraid; for the Lord God is my strength and my song, and he has become my salvation." This is the same words that Moses and the people sang after the exodus. Listen to the similarity of their words of praise to God.
Notice the same three words: strength, song, and salvation. These are the three things we will have so that we will trust in the Lord and not be afraid. To sum these things up, Isaiah is saying that the Lord will be everything to us. To every individual in this relationship with God, the Lord will be everything to him or her. God is my salvation. He is enough. He is all I need. Listen to these three characteristics.
The people of God find their strength in the Lord. Listen to what the apostles taught for Christians to be.
God's people are not people who are strong in themselves. They are not people who rely on themselves. They are not people to trust in themselves. We are able to live, breathe, teach, serve, act, and move through the strength that God supplies. Our strength is found in God's grace to give us comfort rather than wrath. Now I am free from fear to love and serve. My strength is found in God's goodness towards me.
The Lord is my song.
Do you feel that this is out of place in the list? I can understand the Lord as my strength and salvation. But the Lord is my song? The scriptures frequently speak of his people bursting into song. Exodus 15, which we have been looking at as a parallel, was a song. In Revelation 14 we see the sealed of God, the redeemed of the earth, singing a song around the throne of God. In Revelation 15 they are singing the song of Moses and the song of the Lamb. We even have a song in our songbook proclaiming how we will sing the song of Moses and the Lamb. The spiritual beings in heaven sing a new song in Revelation 5 when the Lamb takes the scroll to open it. The prophets repeatedly describe God's people singing songs of praise and thanksgiving. In fact, there is a whole book in the inspired scriptures that are exclusively songs, 150 of them. What is going on with all of this singing?
Singing comes from joy welling up within us. It is not that God wants music to make a differentiation in our worship. It is not that words are insufficient so God wanted our words put to music. Singing is the outward flow from an inner joy. Is this not why when God speaks of singing he says that it is to be "making melody in our hearts to the Lord" (Ephesians 5:19)? God's people will see his salvation and be moved with an inner joy to express to the Lord. Singing is tied to the heart of the people rejoicing. I think it is important to consider the words of the songs that we sing, that we are not bound to singing songs only about us. We want to sing about God and about what he has done for us. Ephesians 5:19 and Colossians 3:16 tell us that we are teaching one another when we sing. So what are we teaching each other? I hope we are teaching each other about God and how awesome he is and how I need him. When we sing, God is not asking for you to be musically inclined. Many people are not musically inclined nor are moved by music. But what God wants is those words, in whatever tune you carry, to pour out of the heart. Take your eyes of the songbook. Don't worry about the notes. You know the words to most of the songs we sing. Let your heart pour out your words.
The Lord has become my salvation.
The third way we trust in the Lord is recognizing that he has become my salvation. The Lord has rescued us from death. He has rescued us from wrath. The Lord without any obligation or necessity besides his own love and goodness has rescued. I will give my everything to him because he has rescued me from disaster.
These are the reasons that we will not be afraid in this life. My family does some pretty extensive road trips. Last year we drove all the way to California and back. April and I take turns driving and napping on these kinds of trips. Why is it that neither of us panic when we hear thumps while driving? You know that when you change lanes you hit those bumps that sound like you are going into the shoulder. Or why is there not panic when the cars suddenly slows down? The reason is because I trust the driver and she trust me to drive. There is no fear because we know who is driving and have put our trust in that person. How is it possible to not fear what tomorrow holds or how the problems of today will be resolved? The answer is because we know who is in charge and are totally relying upon him for what we need. We have had a disaster with Grace and her medicine that she needs for Prader-Willi syndrome that last four months or more. Why are we not panicking about the insurance problems and doctor issues? I do not fear and do not grow anxious and I will not worry because I know who is in control and I will rely on him.
O God, you are my God; earnestly I seek you; my soul thirsts for you; my flesh faints for you, as in a dry and weary land where there is no water. (Psalm 63:1 ESV) This will be the heart of the new community that God will create.
God's people will embrace their mission to make known the ways of the Lord to the world. This is a quote from Psalm 105:1. We will tell each other and the world to give thanks. We will tell each other and the world to call on the Lord. We will proclaim the glory of the Lord, celebrating with joy like Israel and Miriam did after the exodus. The apostles reflected this very message. As they preach, they identify Jesus as Lord and then connect the need to call upon the name of the Lord for salvation (Acts 2:21,33; 3:13-16; 22:16). The whole world must know what God has done and his name must be glorified throughout the earth. Therefore the apostles and the first century Christians are recorded as proclaiming the name of the Lord Jesus throughout the earth. Verse 5 amplifies this truth. "Let this be made known in all the earth." What should be made known throughout the earth? The Lord has done glorious things. That is why we are singing praises to the Lord and why the Lord must be known throughout the earth. The Lord has done wonderful, glorious things.
Listen to the greatest thing the Lord has done: For the Holy One of Israel is among you in His greatness. (Isaiah 12:6 HCSB) The Lord has come to his people. The Holy One of Israel is in your midst. The pardoning grace of God brings so many blessings. But the greatest blessing is his presence with his people. God will be with his people, no longer separated and no longer hostile toward his sinful creation. The Gospel of Matthew declares that Jesus is Immanuel, which means "God is with us" (Matthew 1:23). The Gospel of John declares that God became flesh and tabernacled among us (John 1:14). Give thanks, shout for joy, sing praises, and put your trust and hope in God because God is with us and has come to comfort his people.


It expresses the color of the white dress and the green light shining hair of Vivi! Refreshing cocktail of blue curacao and yogurt drink.
I'll see you again someday!!! Will you call me one more time!!!?
A rare cheesecake which expresses the cook coat when Sanji was called Chibi eggplant.
Because it is a special chibi eggplant, the expression of the eyebrow is still half servings!? I guarantee the taste!!
A dessert menu linked from Robin's specialty (MIL-Fleur) "Thousand Purple (mil) Filles"
Blueberry sauce, mix berry and entangled, it will be more delicious blooming!
Tomato-based risotto likened to Zuwaikani's claw claws (claws)!
Olive oil, tomato sauce, delicious dish with plenty of powdered cheese!
Do you stand under the "Flame ryuo" of Sabo too?
A assorted sausage that expresses Sanji's eyebrows and circles!
Three herb sausage in the sausage and round! Ritzy menu that seems Sanji!
This, this is a waraidakake that live in the Amazon Lily!?
You can't stop laughing when you eat too!?
Because it can choose from size and L size, it is possible to share it with everyone!
The Cobb salad which expresses the appearance that the vegetables became finely and asunder as having received Sanji's good technique "crushing"!
A lot of vegetables are colorful and the photograph shines excellent!
A healthy menu with sunny lettuce, yellow paprika, red paprika, cucumber, avocado, bacon and mixed beans.
Hearty dish with chicken rice seasoned with ketchup and demeglass sauce!
Two types of dessert (plain and caramel nuts) while the doughnut is stacked, the cream is added to the top, and the cream and berry sauce are also included.
A lot of meat is packed, and compatibility with Coke is excellent!
Wrapped in a bag studded with stars, super!! Meat Manda!!
A bite-sized American dog that loves both adults and children.
Popular children's menu is renewed! Straw omelet, hamburger, Wiener, kite, straw bread, pudding is a luxury pirate menu!
A new friend comes to the popular pizza menu baked with the pizza kiln of the Cafe Mugiwara!
I put a hot spring egg in tomato cream sauce and finish it in Carbonara style.
The combination of Neapolitan and bread of thick noodles is a new flavor and bread prepared with a sauce of soy sauce and sesame oil with a feeling of texture.
Let's toast to the third anniversary of Tokyo one-piece tower celebration!
A new sense drink with frozen fruit and ice cream in the Coke of Frankie's favorite!
※ As soon as it lasts.
The appetizer menu is a sanji with the motif of a scene in which Sanji met Violet in dress Rosa!
Fresh tomatoes and sticky mozzarella cheese are one of the items that you can't stop eating with olive oil and balsamic accents.
Marinated salad with plenty of shrimp, octopus and squid.
In addition to the dish that seems robin with flowers!
Because you can choose from size and l size, it is possible to share with everyone!
Luffy of colored pencil touch has been designed, birthday acrylic stand charm appeared!
Decorate the desk of your room as an acrylic stand, you can also be used as a charm!
This time Luffy birthday can badge touch colored pencil!
Check out Luffy's refreshing smile!
Mini towels of Straw Hat Crew, Law, and Thousand Sunny!
*On sale on April 2, 2019.
One of Sanji's handmade bread series on sale in April, "Fluffy Squeeze Bread ONE PIECE" has been pre-released only at ONE PIECE MUGIWARA STORE TOKYO ONE PIECE TOWER!
Just like freshly baked bread, it is so fluffy and you're get hooked!
You can't purchase this merchandise anywhere else!
Fluffy Squeeze Bread ONE PIECE (4 types) *This product is not food.
Brook's birthday acrylic key ring is here!
*On sale from April 3, 2019.
A birthday can badge of Brook holding a keyboard is here!
* On sale from April 3, 2019.
A birthday acrylic key ring of smiling Usopp is here!
* On sale from April 1, 2019.
A birthday can badge of smiling Usopp is here!
Chopper Vase "TonyTony.Chopper Flower Vase"
Chopper's body is a handmade vase. All the processes are done in Japan from molding to casting and painting. The box is made from natural paulownia wood from Japan and all the processes from removing harshness to aging are hand-made. A great product for ceremonial occasions and gifts.
New three pouches made of clear material are now on sale!
Straw Hat Crew, Law, Thousand Sunny!
Straw Hat Crew, Law, Thousand sunny's Scrunchies are now on sale!
The Japanese style designed T-shirt with Thousand Sunny and Tongari Island is now on sale limited only at TOKYO ONE PIECE TOWER!
Why don't you get them as a family!
The sticky touch feels good! Why don't you collect all seven (Luffy, Zoro, Sanji, Sabo, Law, Ace, Marco) Mochi-mochi hamsters?
New Era × One piece collaboration cap!
Stylish flip case in three designs (Luffy, Chopper, and Zoro! Both sides are printed with illustrations!
There are two card pockets inside!
A smartphone case in 6 designs with illustrations of adorable chibi(petit) characters!
All the Straw Hat Crew members! Luffy, Zoro, Chopper, Franky, and Brook!
A power bank with a design of adorable chibi Straw Hat Crew!
A smartphone ring finger holder in 10 designs with adorable chibi characters!
Straw Hat Crew members are all here.
Luffy, Zoro, Usopp, Sanji, Nami, Chopper, Robin, Franky, and Brook!
You can also use it as a stand.
Tokyo One Piece Tower limited "Deco Choco"
Original designed Tyrolean chocolate "Deco Choco" will be on sale in Tokyo One Piece Tower!
You can choose your favorite chocolate from 30 kinds! There are cases to put them in so that you may give some as a gift!
Mugitama Pirates 2nd edition is now on sale!!
The round and cute "Mugitama Pirates" series is now on its 2nd edition!!
The form and pastel colour are very adorable aren't they!!
The granular chocolate with pirates flags printed on is now on sale!
A Japanese-style money pouch on sale!
Let's put your favorite things inside and carry it around!
A TOKYO ONE PIECE TOWER original stamp book (Gosyuincho) is on sale!
The cover is the Japanese design of Straw Hat Crew's pirate flag!
A plush hat in the design of a straw hat is on sale! You can clip it onto your hair or clothes!
It comes with a pendant of a pirate flag!
New characters appeared in the stuffed toy type ticket holder!
Choppet and Bepo from the last series will also come back on sale!
The folding umbrella is now on sale!! Let's enjoy rainy days with this cool pirate flag pattern umbrella!
It's classy and easy to put them on!
An original ONE PIECE TOWER nail sticker will be on sale!
There are two desigsn: a pirate flag and Trafalgar Law!
*Released on September 15, 2018.
New colors of an original umbrella at ONE PIECE MUGIWARA STORE TOKYO ONE PIECE TOWER will be on sale!
A fashionable umbrella which gray pirate flags are printed on black transparent vinyl fabric.
A refreshing umbrella which white pirate flags are printed on a transparent vinyl fabric!
For the black umbrella, you can see the flags vaguely from the outside, but clearly from the inside!
Let's enjoy rainy days with umbrella sprinkled with pirate flags!
* Released on Tuesday, September 11, 2018.
A glass wearing a straw hat! If you flip over the straw hat, it will be a plate for snacks!!
It's full of dramatic and energetic solo visuals, performance shots, and questionnaires from the casts!
The cover of the passport came out by the design of the pirate flag!
When carrying a bag on top of the trunk, a convenient belt that will secure the bag is out!
The belt that the pirate flag of the gang was designed is matched with a trunk belt!
The trunk belt that the pirate flag of the gang was designed is out! While traveling, it's an adventure with the gang!
Luffy and [GReeeeN] ticket holder using the Colabobisial appeared!
The face towel that was drawn at the Tokyo one-piece tower open when [frontispiece] is designed appeared!
iphone case comes from the Old college series!
It is a chocolate crunch in the drawer of the moon that a kimono was written luffy, Roe, Ace, and Corazon in the box!
After you finish eating, you can use it as a treasure chest to put a can batch and important things!
The popular Supporter Set Vol. 2 (DrawString tote bag, muffler towel, phosphorescent silicon Band, cans batch (2 pieces)) appeared in nine characters!
I will teach you about Tongari Island!


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--
Base logback configuration provided for compatibility with Spring Boot 1.1
-->

<included>
    <include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/defaults.xml" />
    <property name="LOG_FILE" value="${LOG_FILE:-${LOG_PATH:-${LOG_TEMP:-${java.io.tmpdir:-/tmp}}/}spring.log}"/>
    <include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/console-appender.xml" />
    <!--<include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/file-appender.xml" />-->
    <root level="INFO">
        <appender-ref ref="CONSOLE" />
        <!--<appender-ref ref="FILE" />-->
    </root>

    <appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <encoder>
            <pattern>${CONSOLE_LOG_PATTERN}</pattern>
            <charset>utf8</charset>
        </encoder>
    </appender>
</included>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Trusted, Effective Treatment for Theaters Phobia.
If you're like most people who live with this fear, you probably wonder if you can ever be rid of it. After 10 years working with people with the most severe phobias, we have never met a case of theaters phobia that could not be overcome.
Bottom line? Your subconscious mind needs to be re-trained. Consciously, you know your theaters phobia doesn't make logical sense. If it did everyone would have it. Yet the fear perseveres only because your subconscious has 'linked' the thought of theaters to a bunch of strong negative feelings – which get brought up automatically every time.
Uncover the seriousness of the issue for you by using our 2 minute Test Online for Theaters Phobia …however it's pretty obvious: Now is the point in time to take control, if the fear is considerably taking over your life, in a negative way.
These are just a few examples of symptoms people can experience. Click to find out more about the symptoms of theaters phobia.
We feel drugs and medication for Theaters Phobia aren't the best approach, but make sure you always follow a doctor's advice when taking or stopping any prescription. Pills might help you cope with your Theaters Phobia but only in the short term – they will not, in reality, help you eliminate it forever.
There hasn't been a medication created specifically for treatment of Theaters Phobia, just general broad-application meds – When looking for an answer, maybe you should think about possible side effects before turning to prescription drugs.
The good news is using our methods, you'll overcome Theaters Phobia, without the use of any meds..
1: theaters phobia: a persistent, abnormal, and unwarranted fear of theaters, despite conscious understanding by the phobic individual and reassurance by others that there is no danger. 2: theaters phobia: an extreme unwarranted fear and/or physical aversion to theaters.


text:
Chàm Island connected to power on National Day
Update: September, 03/2016 - 20:05
QUẢNG NAM — The Chàm Islands, located 18km off the coast of Hội An City, was connected to the national power grid today following one year of construction of a 15.5km under-water cable system, at a cost of VNĐ485 billion (US$22.7 million).
Chairman of the Island's People's Committee, Nguyễn Văn An, told Việt Nam News that the project is a key that is crucial to the island's future development.
He said Electricity of Viet Nam (EVN)'s Central Power Corporation officially switched on the island's power from the national grid yesterday, providing 24-hour power for over 2,400 people living in four villages on the island.
"It's a great milestone for the island and people. We have been eager to have power for years, with the hope for a bright future. The island has been designated a biological tourism island, undertaking a variety of environmentally friendly projects since 2009, and we expect to develop it as a greener island," An said.
The under-water cable project, which is 85 per cent funded by the State budget and includes nearly 30km of lines throughout the island and six transmission stations, will help boost socio-economic development, as well as the country's security and defence of its islands and the sea.
Some 98 per cent of the province's 1.4 million residents have access to power, as Cham Island becomes the newest remote area in the province to be connected to the national grid network.
Chairman and General Director of the Central Power Corporation, Trần Đình Nhân, said the system will provide power to local islanders 24 hours a day, while limiting emissions from diesel-driven generators on the island.
He noted that islanders used power from diesel generators seven hours per day, while renewable energy sources are falling short of demand.
In 2010, a solar power station with a 28KW capacity was built on the island, but it only supplied power to 100 households in Bãi Hương Commune and received funding from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. However, it was unreliable due to a lack of sunlight.
Wind power is also an option, but turbines only provide power to single households, and then in limited amounts.
In 2013, the island was given access to fresh water for the first time, when an 80,000cu.m reservoir was built to service the island and its eight surrounding smaller islands.
The island chairman said that environmentally friendly technology solutions, such as wind power and solar energy, were the area's top priority.
Chàm Island was recognised as a world biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009. It welcomes some 100,000 tourists annually, 10 per cent of whom are foreigners. — VNS
Chàm Island, 18km off the coast of Hôi An city in the central Quang Nam Province, is connected to national power grid after one year construction. - VNS Photos Công Thành
national power grid
Cham islands
Government Inspectorate urged to settle public complaints (July, 19 2019)
Better access to information means better chances to thrive (July, 19 2019)
Bình Định experiences most serious drought in 15 years (July, 19 2019)
Digitalisation essential for good governance in social security institutions (July, 18 2019)
Blood donation drive marks Nelson Mandela International Day (July, 18 2019)
Former BIDV chairman dies in custody (July, 18 2019)
Two objects spotted, says Australian PM
Plane believed to have flown into southern Indian Ocean1
Search corridors narrowed, says Hisham

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Zoonoser er infektionssygdomme, der overføres mellem dyr og mennesker - dvs fra dyr til mennesker - og fra mennesker til dyr.

Zoonoser er vidt udbredte. WHO estimerer at 61% af alle menneskets sygdomme er zoonotiske i deres oprindelse, og at 75% af alle nye sygdomme er zoonoser. Mange epidemier og pandemier starter som zoonoser.

Eksempler på overførte sygdomsfremkaldere

 Borrelia giver borrelliose, der overføres fra hjorte af flåter
 Brucella giver alvorlige sygdomme bl.a. nyresvigt og meningitis
 Burkholderia mallei gav sygdommen snive eller malleiose, der nu ikke forekommer i Danmark
 Campylobacter giver mave-/tarminfektion
 Chlamydia psittaci, en bakterie, der overføres fra fugle og giver papegøjesyge
 Chikungunya-virus overføres af stikmyg og giver feber og ledsmærter, se :en:Chikungunya
 Overførte coronavirus forårsager SARS, MERS og lungebetændelse
 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 overfører en dødelig lungebetændelse
 Fladorme, trematoder eller blod-ikter, giver Bilharziose, schistosomiasis, sneglefeber
 Ebolavirus giver ebola
 Flavivirus giver bl.a. gul feber, Denguefeber og japansk encephalitis, der overføres af myg
 Leishmania giver Kala Azar
 Leptospira giver alvorlige sygdomme, bl.a. nyresvigt og meningitis
 Lyssavirus giver rabies(hundegalskab), se :en:Lyssavirus
 MRSA, methicillin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus
 Plasmodium falciparum giver malaria
 Rabiesvirus fra hunde giver hundegalskab, den dødelige sygdom af centralnervesystemet
 Salmonella giver mave-/tarminfektion
 Verotoxin-producerende-, enteropatogene- og enterotoxigene E. coli giver mave-/tarminfektion
 Yersinia enterocolitica giver mave-/tarminfektion
 Yersinia pestis gav Den sorte død, pesten midt i 1300-tallet
 Zikavirus overføres af myg og giver zikasyge

Se også ICD-10 Kapitel I - Infektiøse inkl. parasitære sygdomme.

Historie
Zoonoserne opstår, når ulige arter har tæt samkvem, fx når mennesker i jægerstenalderen tog forladte dyreunger med hjem som kæledyr. Visse virus, som kun kan overføres ved nært samliv, blev overført fra aber til mennesker i Sydamerika allerede for mindst 15.000 år siden. Med husdyrhold opstod der nye sygdomme. Mæslinger har sit ophav i kvægpest og hvalpesyge, mens forkølelse og influenza stammer fra ænder, grise og heste. Menneskehedens svøbe, kopper, stammer fra kokopper. Tilfældet Amerika viser, hvor tæt epidemier kan knyttes til dyrehold. Før Christoffer Columbus rummede det amerikanske dobbeltkontinent verdens største befolkningskoncentrationer (området rundt Mexico by var verdens dengang største by med en halv million indbyggere, samt et omland med halvanden million bønder), men kendte ikke til epidemier. Indianernes eneste tamdyr var nemlig lama og kalkun, som vandrede ret frit omkring og derfor ikke gav ophav til zoonoser, og marsvin, som via lus kun overførte nogle protozo-sygdomme.

Zoonosen mæslinger har sit ophav i kvægpest og hvalpesyge. Forkølelse og influenza stammer fra ænder, grise og heste, mens kokopper blev til menneskehedens svøbe, kopper. Disse sygdomme opstod i bondestenalderens små, isolerede samfund, hvor måske 80-90% døde af dem i første omgang, mens resten blev immune. Forskerne mener, at tuberkulosen bevægede sig fra drøvtyggere til mennesker i egyptisk bondestenalder. Spor af tuberkulose er fundet i skeletter fra Nubien og Egypten fra ca 3000 f.Kr. Tuberkulose var kommet til Danmark ca 500 f.Kr. Zoonosen rabies blev beskrevet i Babylon ca 2000 f.Kr. I den urolige bronzealder, hvor lange tørkeperioder tvang kvægejerne ud på vandring med dyreflokkene på jagt efter nye græsgange, blev smitte fragtet til befolkningsgrupper, der ikke var immune. Ca 400 f.Kr beskrev Hippokrates virussygdomme som fåresyge og influenza, samt parasit-sygdommen malaria og bakterie-sygdommene difteri og tuberkulose. Befolkningsgrupperne var dog endnu for små til, at kopper og mæslinger var blevet menneskenes faste følgesvende. Det ser ud til, at zoonosernes smittestoffer udvikledes i bondestenalderen, mens bronzealderens vandringer blandede, spredte og videreudviklede dem.

De overlevende i byerne blev immune, og epidemierne dér blev til "børnesygdomme". Men på landet, hvor folk boede spredt, kunne der gå generationer mellem hver gang, en smitte viste sig. Helt ind på 1900-tallet kunne man i det militære se store, velnærede bondesønner dø af lavstammede by-rekrutters børnesygdomme.

Hvad kønssygdomme angår, har gonorré smittet fra kvæg til mennesker. Syfilis kom også fra kvæg eller får. Den nyligste og dødeligste kønssygdom, som har krydset fra dyr til menneske, er AIDS, som mennesker har fået fra virus hos chimpanser, HIV eller human immunodeficient virus.

Efterkrigstiden
Efter anden verdenskrig er husdyrholdet i stigende grad blevet ren masseproduktion. Dyrene er ikke mere husdyr, men produktionsdyr, der lever i monokulturer med flere tusinde individer af samme art samlet på ét sted. Derved er det frit frem for virus og bakterier at cirkulere i enorme populationer, mens de udvikler nye og farligere varianter. I Canada opstod fx en særlig aggressiv form for svineinfluenza i enorme grisefabrikker, efter at man havde vaccineret systematisk mod den almindelige variant gennem flere år. I den type omgivelser kan vaccine vise sig som et tveægget sværd. Coli-bakterier skyldes ændringer i køers tarmflora. Tidligere gik køerne ude og græssede; nu står de indendørs og spiser korn. Komøg, der var tryg gødning i 10.000 år, er blevet farlig.

Se også

 1889-1890-pandemien
 CoVid-19, Coronavirus, Minksagen
 Den justinianske pest
 Den Sorte Død
 Den Spanske Syge
 Flokimmunitet
 Human immundefektvirus
 Influenzapandemien 2009
 Immunsystemet
 Nipahvirus
 Pest
 Social distancering
 Svineinfluenza

Referencer

 H. Krauss, A. Weber, M. Appel, B. Enders, A. v. Graevenitz, H. D. Isenberg, H. G. Schiefer, W. Slenczka, H. Zahner: Zoonoses. Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans. 3rd Edition, 456 pages. ASM Press. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC., USA. 2003.
 http://www.medical-microbiology.de/Dateien/zoo_eng.html

Infektionssygdomme
COVID-19

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Women gathered in front of the Kongreya Star offices in Derik visited the YPJ and Asayish headquarters to celebrate March 8 with female fighters and Asayish-Jin members.
Kongreya Star members were received by Commander Tekosin Beritan in the YPJ headquarters in Ayn Diwar. The women celebrated March 8 for women resisting against gangs in the fronts and women of the world.
Kongreya Star administrator Zelfa Mihemed spoke during the visit to the Asayish headquarters and celebrated March 8 for women who fight to defend Northern and Eastern Syria.
Zelfa celebrated March 8 for Leyla Guven, who has been on a hunger strike for 117 days demanding an end to the isolation imposed upon Kurdish People's Leader Abdullah Ocalan, and said women organize and fight against societal impositions with Ocalan's philosophy.
The visit concluded with slogans.
Kongreya Star visited the YPJ and Asayish headquarters in Serekaniye, Heseke to celebrate March 8.
Kongreya Star Heseke Spokeswoman Jiyan Ibrahim spoke during the visit and said they celebrate March 8 World Women's Day for all women fighting for freedom.
YPJ Commander Helin Amed said they were pleased with the visit and celebrated March 8 for all women of Northern and Eastern Syria.
The visit concluded with slogans saluting women's struggle.


For many classic & sports car buyers, finance is an alternative to using their own funds, especially for those that own more than one.
At Classic & Sports Finance we have over 15 years of experience specialising in classic & sports car finance for collectors and enthusiasts.
Fosker Engineering LLP takes its website users' privacy very seriously and is fully aware of its obligations laid out under General Data Protection Regulation.
Fosker Engineering LLP takes all reasonable care to comply at all times with General Data Protection Regulation and all relevant UK and EU laws.
Fosker Engineering LLP collects both personally identifiable information and non-personally identifiable information through this website in order to help Fosker Engineering LLP learn more about how its website users use this website and to provide its website users with information about Fosker Engineering LLP, its business and services. Website users are not obliged to provide Fosker Engineering LLP with personal information to use the website however, Fosker Engineering LLP may obtain sensitive personal data about you, such as your name, email address, home address and telephone number when you volunteer it during the completion of the enquiry form. If you volunteer such information you will be consenting to our processing it for the purpose supplied. Fosker Engineering LLP may monitor your usage of this website and uses personal information to administer and expand its business activities, providing customer service and making available other products and services to Fosker Engineering LLP customer and prospective customers Fosker Engineering LLP may use the information to notify you about important changes to the website, new services and special updates which we think you will find valuable. Fosker Engineering LLP may collect aggregate information from all website users. The aggregate data is used to customise Fosker Engineering LLP's web content to deliver a better experience for its users and will in no way personally identify you.
Fosker Engineering LLP may keep track of the pages visited by you. An IP address is a number that is automatically assigned to your computer when connecting to the internet so your computer can be identified. Fosker Engineering LLP may collect IP addresses for the purposes of but not limited to system administration, aggregating information and auditing the use of the website. This information does not identify you personally.
Fosker Engineering LLP does not knowingly collect information from children or market its products or services to children. If you are under 13 please do not provide any personal information to us.
The information obtained by Fosker Engineering LLP through your use of this website will not be passed on to third parties without your consent. However, Fosker Engineering LLP reserves the right to disclose user information in special cases where Fosker Engineering LLP is required to by law or has a reason to believe that disclosing this information is necessary to identify, contact or bring legal action against anyone who may be causing injury, interference or disruption to this website, Fosker Engineering LLP's rights or property, or where anyone else may be harmed by such activities.
Fosker Engineering LLP's website is subject to Google Analytics Software. The Google Analytics Software ('the Software') is separate to Fosker Engineering LLP and operated by Google Limited. The Software produce a report which shows the number of people who have clicked on this website but does not contain any personal identifiable information. Fosker Engineering LLP does not pass on any information to third parties.
Fosker Engineering LLP is committed to ensuring that your personal information is secure. Fosker Engineering LLP will take reasonable precautions to ensure security of its systems. The security of data transmission over the internet cannot be 100% guaranteed and as a result, although Fosker Engineering LLP takes reasonable steps to ensure the security of its users' personal information and maintain their privacy, Fosker Engineering LLP cannot guarantee or warrant the security of any information you disclose or transmit to Fosker Engineering LLP online and cannot be responsible for the theft, destruction, or inadvertent disclosure of such personal information.
The data contained in this site is for information purposes only and is not represented to be error free. Access and use of this website and its contents is at your own risk. Fosker Engineering LLP makes no warranties express or implied, concerning the content of this site, the accuracy, completeness, reliability or suitability of this site. Visitor OptionsIf you have subscribed to one of our services, you may unsubscribe by following the instructions which are included in e-mail that you receive.


text:
The Second Maquette for the Burghers of Calais
Andrieu d'Andres, attack, army, Auguste Rodin (1840-1917), bronze, burghers, Calais, cast, commemoration, conflict, Eustache de Saint-Pierre, Hundred Years' War, Jacques de Weissant, Jean d'Aire, Jean de Fiennes, King Edward III of England (1312-1377), King Philip VI of France (1293-1350), maquette, medieval war, model, New South Wales, NSW, Pierre de Weissant, plaster, sculpture, siege, Siege of Calais (1347), surrender, war, warfare
This piece from the Art Gallery of New South Wales collection is one of 12 bronze sculptures cast from a plaster sculpture created by Rodin in 1885. The original 'Second Maquette for the Burghers of Calais' from which it was cast is currently housed in the Musée Rodin in Paris. The sculpture features six separate figures ranging in size from 60.5cm to 70 cm. Rodin was commissioned in 1884 to produce a monument commemorating the bravery of six Calais burghers who were prepared to sacrifice themselves to save the city's other citizens when Calais fell to the English King, Edward III, during the Hundred Years' War in 1347. The figures are Pierre de Weissant, Jean d'Aire, Eustache de Saint-Pierre, Jacques de Weissant, Andrieu d'Andres and Jean de Fiennes. His first maquette features all of the figures on a shared base, whereas the second consists of six separate figures. For more information, see the accompanying notes on the Gallery of New South Wales website: http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/work/349.2001.a-f/
Art Gallery of New South Wales: accession number 349.2001.a-f.
Modelled 1885; Cast 1972
Bronze Sculpture. 6 separate pieces, each measuring between 60.5 and 70 cm.;
Hyperlink Item Type Metadata
http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/work/349.2001.a-f/
Andrieu d'Andres, army, attack, Auguste Rodin (1840-1917), bronze, burghers, Calais, cast, commemoration, conflict, Eustache de Saint-Pierre, Hundred Years' War, Jacques de Weissant, Jean d'Aire, Jean de Fiennes, King Edward III of England (1312-1377), King Philip VI of France (1293-1350), maquette, medieval war, model, New South Wales, NSW, Pierre de Weissant, plaster, sculpture, siege, Siege of Calais (1347), surrender, war, warfare
"The Second Maquette for the Burghers of Calais," Medievalism in Australian Cultural Memory, accessed July 17, 2019, http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/732.


Classes in the base module are only accessible from Python applications.
This is the main application object in the server. There can only be once instance of this object. The default constructor returns the instance of this object.
Register a semi regular scheduled task to run at a predefined interval. All calls will be made by the main thread.
The interval in seconds. Optional.
The interval in minutes. Optional.
The interval in hours. Optional.
The interval in days. Optional.
If the function should be called right away or wait one interval?
Set this to True if the interval should be strict. That means if the interval is set to 60 seconds and it was run ater 65 seconds the next run will be in 55 seconds.
Any args to be supplied to the function. Supplied as *args.
Any keyworded args to be supplied to the function. Supplied as **kwargs.
The interval in which this task is run is not exact and can be delayed one minute depending on the server load.
Register shutdown method. The method fn will be called the the server shuts down. Use this to clean up resources on shutdown.
This decorator forces a method to be run in the main thread regardless of which thread calls the method.


eighth grade comparing scientific notation worksheet one page comparison reading worksheets algebra imag.
excel compare worksheets access and contrast two passages worksheet.
sign compare and contrast characters worksheet teaching resource two texts worksheets 1.
enter image description here comparing two excel worksheet and display new data in a passages.
comparing texts on the same topic worksheet activity sheet informational text compare and contrast two passages e c.
compare two excel worksheets comparing texts gcse.
comparing reading comprehension worksheet and contrasting two texts worksheets second grade.
add the compare and merge workbooks feature to quick access toolbar how two excel files or sheets for differences comparison reading exercises.
compare contrast worksheet 2 and comparison reading exercises.
new compare contrast worksheets examples graphic organizer for pare and comparing passages format hours operation sign template l.
compare and contrast passages worksheets for comparing contrasting two texts original 1.
two text comparison essay writing for any stories or poems reading exercises original 1.
compare and contrast graphic organizer worksheets comparing passages text structure.
excel string comparison operators succeeding match compare full comparing texts worksheets gcse com.
compare and contrast worksheets lesson plan text structure 5.
comparing and contrasting worksheet 1 have fun learning fourth grade compare contrast two texts worksheets learn.
writing comparing fiction and nonfiction vs worksheets grade two passages worksheet.
compare and contrast passages for reading comprehension lessons two texts worksheets.
worksheet for comparing adoption agency costs creating a family two passages 1 low.
reading comprehension strategies and activities worksheets for making connections worksheet activity sheet literacy middle school compare.
compare and contrast worksheets comparing contrasting two texts.
excel differences to download the free day trial of compare worksheets tool comparing recommended tools for exported comparison reading wo.
conditional formatting for excel i want to compare two lists in different worksheets comparison reading exercises.
temperature worksheet preview comparing and compare contrast text structure worksheets w comparison.
compare and contrast lesson plan using stories grades 3 two passages worksheet.
grade reading worksheets second comprehension phonics compare math money word problems free printable contrast text structure.
ordering numbers worksheet comparing and 6 digit worksheets comparison reading exercises.
comparing and contrasting worksheet 2 have fun learning graphic organizers comparison reading exercises compare contrast learn.
kindergarten worksheets book more less comparing fraction description math first grade one for classroom and compare contrast two texts worksh.
compare and contrast comprehension task resource collection teach starter comparing texts worksheets ks1 2.
about this worksheet comparative or superlative reading worksheets spelling grammar comparing passages.
ordering money amounts worksheet comparing two texts worksheets.


Ice Ride is a very interesting driving game of Santa's adventure!
Hold the left mouse button and move over the same colored gems. After releasing the button, gems will be destroyed. You have 70 seconds to score as many points as possible. Good luck!


text:
This demo uses the [Flex.io Javascript SDK](https://www.flex.io/docs/javascript-sdk/) to request a CSV from GitHub, convert it to a table, select a subset of columns, filter it based on a search string from an HTML input and output the result in JSON.

## Overview

[Flex.io](http://Flex.io) is an API for moving, processing and integrating data in the cloud that helps developers build and deploy scalable data feeds with just a few lines of code.

## Demo

https://flexiodata.github.io/examples/demo-saastr-podcast-search/

## Installation

### Node.js

The preferred way of installing the Flex.io SDK for Node.js is to use [NPM](https://www.npmjs.com/), the Node.js package manager. Simply go to your project's directory and enter the following command at the command prompt:

```
npm install flexio-sdk-js
```

## Setup

You will need an API key in order to use the Flex.io Javascript SDK. You can sign up for a [Free Flex.io API Key here](https://www.flex.io/app/signup).

```javascript
Flexio.setup('YOUR_API_KEY')
```

## Code

All of the code that we'll build up in this example can be found in the [pipe.js](./pipe.js) file in this repository.

All Flex.io pipes start with `Flexio.pipe()`. Tasks in a pipe are chained together using periods similar to how jQuery and other APIs chain calls together.

```javascript
Flexio.pipe()
```

### Request

The `request` task allows you to request the contents of a specific URL. Doing the following will issue a web request to get the contents of the `saastr-podcast-20170205` file on GitHub.

```javascript
  .request('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/flexiodata/examples/master/demo-saastr-podcast-search/source-data/saastr-podcast-20170205.csv')
```

### Convert

The `convert` task allows you to convert the input from one format to another. In this particular step, we'll convert the CSV file from the previous step into a tabular format.

```javascript
  .convert('csv', 'table')
```

### Select

The `select` task allows us to choose certain columns from the input table and only output those columns to the next step.

```javascript
  .select("url","title","description","date","guest","position","company","category","biggest challenge","saas resources","notes")
```

### Filter

The `filter` task allows us to output a reduced set of data from the input by applying a `where` condition. The value we'll filter on is `${form.filter}` which comes from the `filter` POST parameter.

```javascript
  .filter("contains(lower(concat(title,description,notes,[saas resources])),lower('${form.filter}'))")
```

### Convert

Finally, we'll use the `convert` task again to convert the output back to JSON.

```javascript
  .convert('table', 'json')
```

### Running the pipe in your Javascript code

Flex.io pipes can be run in your Javascript code right away without needing to be saved externally.

```javascript
  .run()
```

### Saving the pipe for later use

Once your pipe is doing exactly what you'd like, you may save it for later use. Saving a pipe is very useful as it will allow it to be called via the REST API or a cURL call with the specified pipe alias. We recommend adding your Flex.io username as a prefix to all of your aliases.

**NOTE: The alias `examples-demo-saastr-podcast-search` below needs to be replaced with your own in order to save this pipe to your account. Best practices for aliases are to use your username as a prefix (e.g. `demo-saastr-podcast-search`).**

```javascript
  .save({
    name: 'Saastr Podcast Search',
    alias: 'examples-demo-saastr-podcast-search'
  })
```

## Deploying the pipe

This is how you can run the saved pipe via an HTTP or cURL request:

##### HTTP

```javascript
$.ajax({
  type: 'POST',
  url: 'https://api.flex.io/v1/me/pipes/demo-saastr-podcast-search/run?flexio_api_key=YOUR_API_KEY',
  data: {
    filter: 'ipo'
  },
  dataType: 'json'
})
```

##### cURL

```
curl -X POST 'https://api.flex.io/v1/me/pipes/demo-saastr-podcast-search/run' \
  -H 'Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY' \
  -d "filter=ipo"
```

To use the pipe you've saved with this example, edit [line 148 of the index.html](./index.html#L148) file and insert your pipe alias and API key.

```
  url: 'https://api.flex.io/v1/me/pipes/demo-saastr-podcast-search/run?flexio_api_key=YOUR_API_KEY',
```

## Get Help

If you have question or would like more information, please feel free to email the [Flex.io developer support team](support@flex.io) or the chat button at the bottom of the [Flex.io website](https://www.flex.io).


text:
7 Revolutionary Hardware Changes the US Navy Should Make in the Trump Era
Under the new administration the Navy could maximize a planned budget increase and tailor its force to 21st century demands.
By Tyler RogowayApril 13, 2017
Along with all branches of the military, the Navy is set for a series of changes over the next four years of the Trump administration. Although an arbitrary if not counterproductive goal of fielding a 350 ship Navy has been set by the administration, there are also seven key changes in hardware procurement related to the naval combat domain that the US Navy and the administration should make.
These recommended hardware initiatives range from large strategic ones to smaller tactical ones, but they would all result in a far more flexible and deadly sea faring force, and total force overall. And it's not just about making use of an increased Navy budget—it is more about spending money more wisely and creating a more adaptable fleet tailored to tackling the unique challenges of the 21st century.
The Alarming Case of the USAF's Mysteriously Missing Unmanned Combat Air VehiclesBy Tyler Rogoway Posted in The War Zone
The Navy's New Stealth Destroyer Has Watered Down Capabilities, Questionable FutureBy Tyler Rogoway Posted in The War Zone
Japan Goes Back To The Future With Lithium-Ion Battery Powered SubmarinesBy Tyler Rogoway Posted in The War Zone
Here's the USMC's Plan for 'Lightning Carriers' Brimming With F-35Bs By Tyler Rogoway Posted in The War Zone
Navy's Troubled New Carrier Undergoing Long Overdue ReviewBy Tyler Rogoway Posted in The War Zone
Our regular readers will recognize a few of these, as we have discussed some them in great detail before, but for the sake of brevity we will keep each recommendation largely conceptual in scope. Additional links will provide more detail and background on each recommendation. Also, this piece does not include procurement changes that are already emerging or underway, or recommended changes in tactics and operating procedures—such as more training to operate in GPS and space communications denied environments—that are also important but outside the scope of this report.
The War Zone's recommendations are:
Procure a diesel-electric submarine fleet with an advanced form of air independent propulsion that can be forward based abroad.
The Navy's mix of Los Angeles, Sea Wolf and Virginia class nuclear fast attack submarines are in extreme demand. With the Virginia class boats currently in production costing over $2.6 billion per unit, the service will be hard-pressed to provide the capacity the USN needs to meet emerging missions demands and threats.
These include keeping a resurgent Russian Navy in check, countering China in the Asia-Pacific theatre, keeping tabs on North Korea's submarine movements, protecting carrier and amphibious strike groups, countering Iran's naval forces in and around the Persian Gulf, as well as all their other tasks like special operations support and reconnaissance.
The Virginia class USS John Warner under construction
In all, the US Navy will maintain a force of roughly just 55 attack submarines for the foreseeable future under current plans. Considering a large portion of that fleet is pier-side, in training, or under heavy maintenance at any given time, and how many missions the fleet has to address, that number of boats seems far too small for today, let alone for tomorrow. Adding a few more Virginia class submarines to the inventory would help, but they are so expensive to build and operate that depending on an all nuclear force seems to be a unsustainable strategy.
Since the Navy retired its last diesel-electric submarine in 1990—the USS Blueback—many submarine manufacturers around the globe have perfected multiple types of advanced diesel-electric submarines that use a variety air independent propulsion (AIP) concepts. From Stirling Engine based, to fuel cell based to lithium-ion battery based, these technologies allow diesel-electric submarines to dive for long periods of time (multiple weeks in many instances) while remaining as quiet, if not quieter than their nuclear counterparts.
As many as five of these vessels could be built for the price of a single Virginia class SSN. With all this in mind, the USN should embrace this new paradigm in sub-surface warfare and procure an advanced diesel electric submarine design alongside serial production of the ever more capable Virginia class.
Japan's Soryu class would be an ideal candidate for the US Navy.
So that the Navy can get the best submarine for its dollar, license manufacturing a foreign design here in the US, such as Japan's cutting-edge lithium-ion battery powered Soryu class submarine or even an advanced version of Germany's proven Dolphin class AIP capable submarine, would be ideal. These vessels can be outfitted with US combat systems and sensors and forward-based in friendly countries abroad, something our nuclear submarines cannot do. They can even be teamed with Littoral Combat Ships that are being fielded under a similar concept.
Saab-Kockums
The Swedish A26 is a planned outgrowth of the highly successful and relatively affordable Gotland class AIP submarine.
By building say four AIP equipped diesel electric submarines instead of every third or fourth Virginia class boat ordered, the Navy will have a far more capacious attack submarine force. A majority of the regional missions can be executed by these far less expensive but still very deadly submarines, freeing up the big Virginia class boats for missions where their nuclear capabilities are far more of a necessity. In doing so the Navy will be able to meet the growing demands for attack submarine capabilities in the coming decades, and the service will be able to adjust its submarine building requirements more easily based on foreseeable demands.
Replace the Littoral Combat Ship with a frigate capable of area air defense as soon as possible.
The Littoral Combat Ship program has been a failure. The Navy needs to change course as soon as it possibly can and replace the design with a more capable and survivable frigate that features a potent area air defense capability.
This specific capability would come in the form of a vertical launch system (VLS) capable of firing RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles. This feature alone, paired with the proper radar and combat system upgrades needed for targeting, would allow these ships to operate independently of multi-billion dollar and already over taxed Aegis-equipped cruisers and destroyers in medium and even high-threat environments. This way the frigate could not only do anything the LCS can do, but it can also take the pressure off America's most capable and expensive surface combatants for many missions, like convoy escort duties and protecting key elements that support the sea basing concept.
Beyond being far more versatile and able to operate much more independently than the standard LCS, this ship will be able to confront the growing anti-ship missile threat, one that it is rapidly proliferating among non-state actors. It will also feature other improvements, like the ability to fire medium-range land-attack and anti-ship missiles. The current LCS configuration—a giant jet boat meant to supposedly fight in the littorals where the anti-ship missile threat is most unpredictable—simply will not do. And that is not to mention the baseline LCS's many other design and conceptual deficiencies and failures.
Joseph Trevithick
A model of the Freedom class LCS design adapted for carrying two eight-cell Mk 41 vertical launch systems, as well as other enhancements and added firepower.
Currently, the Ingalls Patrol Frigate concept—which is based on the Coast Guard's Legend class National Security Cutter—seems like the most attractive, low risk and logical fit for this mission set. Yet at this point, even acquiring a reworked Littoral Combat Ship design of either class would be acceptable if it would mean getting these capabilities fielded a better chance of actually happening.
Under the Obama administration, the LCS was already truncated to 32 examples (from 50), with just another eight "up-gunned" models that feature enhanced armor and some extra bolt-on weaponry coming to fruition from ship 33 to 40. After which the program is slated to be shuttered, and long before that point, the Navy would have to down-select a single LCS design—either Independence or Freedom class—to be built.
If the Trump administration cannot cancel the LCS entirely and work quickly to replace it with a proper frigate, maybe a compromise to rework the LCS deal altogether by putting a "frigate" version—one that includes ESSM capability—into production far sooner than before the 33rd vessel (at best) would be an acceptable way forward. Currently the Navy has contracts through the 26th LCS hull in place, so at the very least, it could switch over to an LCS "frigate" derivative at that time, but sooner would be better.
Austal
A rendering of what a "frigate" variant that includes ESSM capability of the Independence class would look like.
Even if ultimately less hulls can be bought for the same amount of money by quickly moving to a more complex frigate version of the LCS design or a new frigate design altogether, these ships will have far greater utility and will be able to operate independently in a much wider threat spectrum than their weaker progenitors.
Under such a plan a 350 ship Navy may remain elusive, but a 340 ship Navy, where a much higher number of those ships can operate without the need of a multi-billion dollar destroyer or cruiser nearby, and are much more survivable and deadly in actual combat, results in a far more effective and flexible overall force.
USS Freedom gets a new diesel engine. The LCSs have been plagued with mechanical and operational issues, which has led to a full reorganizing of the fleet. Now the first four ships will be training and test vessels, and massive manning and training restructuring continues.
Both manufacturers, Austal USA and Lockheed Martin in conjunction with Marinette Marine are now actively pitching their enhanced LCS "frigate" designs, and Saudi Arabia was very interested in buying the Freedom class version. If the US agreed to do so as well, some development costs could be shared, along with the realization of larger production numbers, and thus lower unit costs.
Build smaller aircraft carriers
The supercarrier still has its place in America's arsenal, but naval aviation and naval warfare have changed since its genesis during the early decades of the Cold War. Since then, the supercarrier has become grossly expensive to construct, with the first of the new Ford class supercarrier costing roughly $13 billion, without research and development included. The second carrier in the class, the USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79), is slated to cost roughly $11.5 billion.
At the same time, the carrier air wing has shrunk from nearly 90 aircraft during the 1980s down to around 65. In addition, precision guided munitions have allowed one strike fighter to reliably take out multiple targets on a single mission, instead of an entire air wing going after a single strategic target or small set of targets in a single alpha strike in single day. With all this in mind, the Navy's demand to build ever larger aircraft carriers is counter productive and may be unsustainable in the long term.
USS Gerald R. Ford sets sail for the first time.
Nuclear supercarriers are also extremely costly to operate, and their availability is based around a highly rigid and complex timetable. The recent carrier gap has proven just how little elasticity there is in America's all supercarrier force. A mix of supercarriers and smaller carriers in the 65,000 ton class would allow for a more flexible overall aircraft carrier force, with greater strike capacity being able to be deployed on short notice.
For instance, if the Navy were to replace every third Nimitz class super carrier with two smaller carriers, let's use a license-built CATOBAR version of the Royal Navy's Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers for instance, the fleet would eventually be made up of eight super carriers and eight smaller carriers, for 16 in total. Or replace every fourth supercarrier with two smaller carriers, which would result in a fleet of nine supercarriers and six smaller carriers, for 15 in total. That is based on modifying Donald Trump's current mandate for 12 supercarriers. You can play with the numbers as you like, but even cutting America's supercarrier force to ten ships, while adding four smaller carriers, would be a worthwhile endeavor.
With the retirement of USS Enterprise, the Navy is down to ten carriers, one less than mandated by congress. Delays in the USS Gerald R. Ford have only made the situation worse.
Under such a plan, supercarriers can also have their schedules better adjusted for concentrating on deployments and projecting power abroad, instead of executing more menial tasks like training new Naval Aviators or keeping up fleet aircrews' carrier qualifications. The smaller carriers could be made available for these tasks, and would expand America's ability to rapidly deploy naval power as need be along a far less rigid schedule.
As to whether conventional or nuclear propulsion would be used for these smaller vessels is up for debate, but there are benefits to both. Regardless, increasing the Navy's carrier fleet density should be more important than its magnitude. And even if these ships run on nuclear power, they will create more overall carrier availability at any given time.
Licensing a CATOBAR version of the QE class could save money, time and lead to certain synergies with the Royal Navy's planned carrier force.
Some may say that the Navy should just procure America class LHAs that are currently being produced to support the USMC's growing F-35B fleet. This is also a possibility, but their sortie rates cannot approach anywhere near those of a CATOBAR carrier, nor can the overall capabilities of their air wing. Even the F-35B lacks the 2,000lb class internal weapons carrying capabilities of their counterparts.
Still, this would be a very cost effective alternative to continuing with an all supercarrier strategy, and the USMC is already working on its plans to deploy the America class in "Lightning Carrier" configuration, where nearly two dozen F-35Bs would be deployed aboard at one time.
America class LHA in a "Lightning Carrier" configuration.
The America class could be further modified to support F-35 strike fighter operations as the Navy would have no need for the spaces set aside for the current design's embarked Marine contingent. As such, hangar space could be further expanded, as could magazine and fuel capacity. Although under such a plan, the US Navy would have to procure the F-35B with its short takeoff and vertical landing capabilities, but that may actually be a good thing when paired with the strategy below.
Prioritize the deployment of unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) aboard Navy aircraft carriers.
The technology exists, it is a game changer, and the aircraft carrier concept can be totally revitalized by it. The advanced semi-autonomous/autonomous UCAV, basically an operational version of the X-47B, would give the carrier air wing what it needs the most—far more reach and penetrating punch.
X-47B and Super Hornet high over the carrier.
With an unrefueled combat radius double or even triple that of their manned fighter counterparts, UCAVs can reach deep into the enemy's anti-access/area denial bubble and begin to break it down at its core. At their most basic, they can accomplish penetrating strike and surveillance missions, but their true potential becomes unlocked when they can work as an autonomous swarm to break the enemy's decision cycle and pick out its metaphorical eyes and ears cooperatively.
All this and so much more is detailed in my past special feature about this revolutionary technology, which is a must read in order to understand the UCAV's overwhelming potential to revolutionize air combat, and why they have disappeared from the public's view in recent years.
The X-47B operating from an aircraft carrier
The Navy was supposed to field an advanced UCAV for its carriers by the end of decade. Strangely that requirement has been dumbed down into a sensor and refueling platform once dubbed Carrier-Borne Aerial Refueling System, or C-BARS. Now the Navy calls it a MQ-25 Stingray, but what it isn't is a stealthy, hard hitting, penetrating UCAV that it could have been.
The terrible decision to go for a drone tanker and sensor platform over a UCAV—that could have done both roles as well as many others—was likely the result of a cultural override by the Navy that historically protects the fighter pilot as a concept, as well as a move to protect high priority (and highly lucrative) manned fighter programs like the F-35C, and even the Super Hornet to some extent. These aircraft could quickly become far less relevant once the UCAV genie is let out of its bottle. But tanking and orbiting around collecting information, that unglamorous role can be done by the drone without putting the fighter cadre at risk.
Sadly, by not procuring a carrier-borne UCAV, America loses, as the UCAV revolution will just be prolonged and our capabilities as a fighting force, not just to strike at the enemy but to survive while attempting to do so, will suffer for it. Not just that, but a very stealthy UCAV could have made procuring the F-35C irrelevant, and frankly it still can.
X-47B traps aboard the carrier
Pursuing UCAVs over the F-35C would be a valiant endeavor for NAVAIR. It would give the Navy the stealth strike capability it was promised way back in the late 1980s as part of the long defunct A-12 Avenger program. It would also do so likely at far lower cost than the F-35C and with greater range and low observability—all without putting a pilot at risk for the most dangerous of missions.
The Navy could still procure the F-35, but in the form of the B variant, alongside purchasing smaller America class derivative carriers as part of an overall revamp of the Navy's current carrier/carrier air wing force mixture. In fact, a supercarrier loaded with advanced UCAVs, Super Hornets, Growlers and Hawkeyes, paired with a modified America class "Lightning Carrier" loaded with F-35Bs, may represent the best of both worlds. Under such an arrangement, a full variant of the F-35 could be eliminated from production—and the most expensive one at that—the F-35C.
Lockheed Sea Ghost UCAV concept derived from the RQ-170 Sentinel
Maybe the ultimate modern rendition of the aircraft carrier concept will eventually feature a deck filled with only UCAVs, each easily adapted for a whole host of roles. And once there is no man in the loop directly, and no manned fighter aircraft to integrate with, the efficiency and lethality of automated air combat can be unleashed on a grand scale. Really, the aircraft carrier is more suitable for UCAVs than land bases, especially if the entire air wing is made up of advanced inter-networked drones. Above all else, such a capability would be a quantum leap over anything the enemy has to counter with.
Outfit the Navy's three Zumwalt class destroyers as they were originally intended.
The Navy loves to tout its out-of-this-world looking DDG-1000 Zumwalt class destroyers, but really, they are a sad shell of their originally intended selves. You can read all about this grim reality here, and that report doesn't include the fact that even the DDG-1000's big Advanced Gun Systems, which take up literally the forward third of the ship, have no ammunition because the Navy cancelled the program due to cost concerns.
DDG-1000
The "Zunwalts" lack their original radar suite and missile outfit among many other features, and are also having their stealth shaping that came at such a high cost bastardized with bolt on sensors, masts and communications gear to save money. Even their smaller guns have been downgraded to off-the-shelf 30mm Bushmaster cannons. In the end the class of just three ships will be lucky to serve for a handful of years before becoming test ships, and they will probably be cannibalized for parts in the process.
This sad fate can all be averted if the Navy just commits to letting the design prove itself, and not handicap it severely before it ever even goes on patrol. Fit these ships to reflect their original concept. If they are so good at what they do we can build more of them, and if that threatens the Navy's highly questionable decision to move on to building Flight III Arleigh Burke class destroyers instead of more DDG-1000s than so be it.
Currently the tiny class is setup to fail, but we have already invested tens of billions into the design. So making the best of those three ships should be an essential goal for the US Navy going forward. The worst that can happen is that we will have three incredible ships to use for decades to come, but I have a feeling these vessels will prove to be far more revolutionary and valuable than that if they are given the chance—and that includes outfitting them as they were originally designed.
Expand the Columbia class nuclear ballistic missile submarine program at the expense of America's land-based intercontinental ballistic missile force.
The Columbia class nuclear ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) will replace America's aging Ohio class SSBNs. Although the program is proceeding, the budget is very tight for these 12 new boats, and each one is slated to have an average cost of $8 billion—that figure includes research and development costs.
The fact is the Navy's SSBNs are the heart of America's nuclear deterrent, and represent the core of America's dedicated second strike capability. Along with constantly improving the Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile, keeping this specific portion of America's nuclear arsenal as capable as it possibly can be should be a top priority for the Pentagon. Doing so is not a cheap affair—it never has been. But as Russia pushes to rapidly improve their own nuclear arsenal, and is building new SSBNs of their own, the US is spreading itself to thin across its own nuclear triad.
Rendering of Columbia class SSBN.
What I propose is controversial, but I think it is wise. At the very least, the Pentagon needs to deeply review options for reorganizing America's nuclear triad into a nuclear dyad. America's tired land based intercontinental ballistic missile program could be retired, and those many tens of billions of dollars could refocused to build a larger, far better funded nuclear ballistic missile submarine force. The Air Force would also receive a large portion of those savings to buy the B-21 Raider stealth bomber force it says it desperately needs, as well as a new very stealthy and smart nuclear-tipped cruise missile to go along with it.
There is no doubt that some will oppose screwing with the nuclear triad at all, but the fact is hundreds of billions of dollars are required over the next decade to modernize the triad, and still capability sacrifices will have to be made. Yes, America's ICBMs would theoretically work as a strategic "sponge" to soak up hundreds of enemy warheads during a nuclear exchange, but that strategy can be viewed as flawed on multiple levels. The fact is, the land-based leg of our nuclear arsenal is disposable, and the money it sucks up and will continue to suck up can be used to bolster the other two legs of the triad to an extreme degree.
Also, by eliminating the land-based ICBM leg of the triad, not only can the other two legs be greatly improved, but advances in conventional war fighting capability can also be realized as a secondary result.
B-52 being loaded with AGM-86 ALCMs.
For instance, currently the Columbia class relies heavily on existing technologies, many of which are already found on the Virginia class fast attack boats. If more funds for the Columbia class submarine program were made available, new technologies can be developed that can be used to not only make the Columbia class better and more future-proof, but they can also be adapted for the fast attack submarine fleet as well. Also, significantly more money will allow for more of these boats to be built, and more new and improved Trident missiles to fill their launch tubes.
Although the Columbia class is roughly the same size as the Ohio class, the type will have eight less SLBM tubes than its predecessor—16 instead of 24. By adding say another eight Columbia class boats to the planned fleet of 12 would go a long way in realizing economies of scale in their construction and would help even-out the warheads that were lost when the land-based portion of the triad was retired.
America's Ohio class boomers are aging, and the Columbia class will be more maintainable and will feature a "lifetime reactor" that will not need refueling during the boat's nearly 50 year lifespan.
When it comes to the USAF, ensuring a larger B-21 buy also would mean a drastic increase in high-end conventional attack capabilities as well. Not just that, but the AGM-86 cruise missile could be retired and money saved could be invested in buying new Long Range Stand-Off (LRSO) stealthy cruise missiles. A conventional derivative of this new nuclear tipped air launched cruise missile could also be pursued with these extra funds.
It is a tough call, but really an extremely advanced nuclear dyad is better than a aging nuclear triad that is constantly under severe fiscal pressure. And let's face it, if doomsday came, the world as we know it could end at the hands of our submarine-launched ballistic missiles alone. But by also reinforcing the aerial leg of the triad, the US will retain the ability to deliver a flexible and credible "scaled response" without even having to resort to ballistic missile barrages.
Outfit LPD-17 San Antonio class of amphibious transport docks with Mark 41 vertical launch systems.
The San Antonio class (LPD-17) has proven to be an incredibly effective "micro military in a box." These ships can be deployed off the coasts of low-intensity conflicts where they can execute a wide spectrum of missions. These include everything from humanitarian relief to special operations to embassy evacuation to close air support to strike missions, and many others in between. The USS San Antonio's recent deployment to Libya proved this model to an unprecedented degree.
These are incredibly versatile ships, and they don't necessarily need to be locked within the standard "Gator Navy" concept of operations. The fact that a single ship has a voluminous flight deck and hangar space that can embark a "pocket air force" of AH-1Zs, UH-1Ys, MV-22s and unmanned vehicles, carries an embarked Marine contingent of roughly 700 grunts and their gear, retains a well deck that can accommodate a large variety of water craft ranging from RHIBs to LCACs, and has mission planning and command and control spaces and capabilities, makes the San Antonio class unique.
What they lack is the ability to defend themselves from a credible aerial threat and the ability to strike deep into contested territory. They have RIM-116 Rolling Airframe missile launchers fore and aft for point defense, but like the LCS, they lack the ability to provide area air defense for themselves or other ships nearby for that matter.
Two San Antonio class LPDs sail side-by-side
Luckily the San Antonio's designers weren't nearsighted when it came to the ship's potential, as they actually designed these ships with an area for two eight-cell Mark 41 vertical launch systems to be installed. These cells are capable of packing four Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSMs) each, for a total loadout of 64 highly capable anti-air missiles. Or a mix of ESSMs and other missiles could be carried. For instance, eight of those cells could house BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles, giving the ship an independent penetrating strike capability. Or, upgrade dependent, even the very capable SM-6 could be adapted for the ship's use.
SM-6 has the ability to hit air breathing and some types of ballistic missile targets, as well as possessing a secondary medium-range surface-to-surface/ground capability. In recent months, Lockheed has pushed to get the Navy to fund the installation of the Aegis combat system on LPD-17 class ships, which would allow them to employ the SM-6.
The San Antonio class's large well deck.
Even without Aegis or the SM-6, the ability to lug around 36 ESSMs and eight Tomahawks would usher in a whole new dynamic when it comes to the ship's mission capabilities. The Tomahawks could also be sidelined by bolt-on canisters of Norway's much touted medium-range Naval Strike Missile—which is likely to show up on many other Navy surface vessels in the not so distant future.
With these additions, a single San Antonio class ship alone could provide a hardened and capable presence in low and medium threat environments, and would be especially capable of supporting contingency operations in "hot spot" regions around the globe. If they were paired with an LCS or frigate for anti-submarine warfare, they could venture into the high-threat realm as well.
The LPD-17 class has am ample flight deck and hangar area that allows the ship to embark unique mixes of Marine rotary-wing air power.
The same concept can be ported over to the upcoming LX(R) ships that will replace the Harpers Ferry and Whidbey Island classes of dock landing ships. These vessels will very likely leverage the existing LPD-17 hull design, although their overall capabilities will be degraded compared to their San Antonio class cousins to save money and to better emulate the more basic ships they replace.
Huntington Ingalls
LX(R) concept based on the LPD-17 design
But providing room for a VLS on these vessels as well may be prudent, even to work just as a remote magazine for Aegis equipped cruisers and destroyers, and especially for their LPD-17 sister ships that will accompany them during most operations. But if not, an LPD-17 class could protect them with their own anti-air capabilities alone, all without the need for a nearby destroyer or cruiser. This would allow for new pairings of ships for various operations.
For instance, an single LPD-17 class ship could be accompanied by a single LX(R) for additional war fighting capacity. Basically, in doing so the LPD-17 could double its combat power, without the need of another costly LPD-17. All the high-end combat capability, including air defense capabilities, and the small flotilla's "brains" are deployed aboard the LPD-17 with the LX(R) working as something of a subordinate force.
A VLS equipped LPD-17 could also be useful for sea basing operations, by being able to provide air defense for the assets around it. Once again, this would free up destroyers and cruisers for other tasks.
Various sea basing and forward basing strategies the USMC wants to use during a major conflict will see assets spread thin over vast distances.
Basically, by giving the San Antonio class its VLS system, it will be able to operate more independently in many more scenarios than it can today. This gets back to the whole arbitrary 350 ship navy mandate. It is better to have a few less ships, but ones that are far less rigidly dependent on others for protection under most circumstances. It allows the US Navy as a whole to be in more places, with more capabilities, at one time than simply demanding "more ships."
Currently 12 LPD-17 ships are planned, a 13th could be ordered to bridge the gap between LPD-17 and LX(R) production if the LX(R)s end up being built based on the LPD-17 hull.
The Alarming Case of the USAF's Mysteriously Missing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles
The USAF has them but isn't telling us they do, or they don't. Either way we are in trouble. Here's why.
The Navy's New Stealth Destroyer Has Watered Down Capabilities, Questionable Future
The awesome-looking DDG-1000 Zumwalt class has been the victim of fluctuating Navy priorities and near-sighted cost-cutting—and even the tiny, three-ship fleet might be doomed.
Japan Goes Back To The Future With Lithium-Ion Battery Powered Submarines
Diesel electric submarines may be on the verge of returning to their simpler roots with the help of lithium-ion batteries.
Here's the USMC's Plan for 'Lightning Carriers' Brimming With F-35Bs
The concept is a modern and much more potent iteration of the "Harrier Carrier" concept used in the past.
Navy's Troubled New Carrier Undergoing Long Overdue Review
Better late than never, I guess.


Composer information source: Disc label; Laird.
Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Brunswick matrix 15123-15124. Requiem du coeur / Giuseppe Danise," accessed April 22, 2019, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000219348/15123-15124-Requiem_du_coeur.
Brunswick matrix 15123-15124. Requiem du coeur / Giuseppe Danise. (2019). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved April 22, 2019, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000219348/15123-15124-Requiem_du_coeur.
"Brunswick matrix 15123-15124. Requiem du coeur / Giuseppe Danise." Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2019. Web. 22 April 2019.


text:
Viktor Andriiovici Iușcenko (ucraineană: Віктор Андрійович Ющенко, rusă: Виктор Андреевич Ющенко, ) este un politician ucrainean, conducător al grupului de opoziție Ucraina Noastră (ucraineană: Наша Україна, Nașa Ukraina) și fost președinte al țării.

Biografie
Viktor Iușcenko s-a născut în 1954 într-o familie de învățători. În 1975 a terminat Institutul tehnico-financiar din Ternopîl după care a lucrat două luni în contabilitate într-un IAS din oblastul Ivano-Frankivsk. După terminarea serviciului militar, Iușcenko a lucrat într-o filială a Băncii Naționale a Ucrainei din Uljanivka, în oblastul său de origine, mai întâi ca economist de departament, iar din 1977 ca șef de departament. Între 1985 și 1987 a fost șef adjunct de departament la Banca Națională din Kiev pentru probleme de agricultură cum ar fi credite și finanțare pentru IAS-uri. La sfârșitul lui 1987 s-a transferat la centrala națională a Agroprombank a Uniunii Sovietice. Din 1990 a fost șef adjunct de departament la banca agricolă Ukraina din Kiev. Lui i se datorează introducerea monedei ucrainene ("grivna") și evitarea hiperinflației datorită crizei financiare din Rusia în 1998, cât timp el a condus Banca Națională Ucraineană.

În ianuarie 1993 a devenit mai întâi șef de departament, apoi (1997) director al Băncii Naționale. În 1998 a apărut dizertația sa la tema Dezvoltarea Ofertei și Cererii de Bani în Ucraina.

Din 22 decembrie 1999 până la 29 mai 2001, Viktor Iușcenko a fost prim-ministru al Ucrainei. Printr-un vot de neîncredere, el a pierdut această funcție; s-a speculat atunci în țară, că prin această campanie, popularul și vest-orientatul politician ar trebui să fie reținut de la o candidatură la președinție și o eventuală victorie. Succesorul lui Iușcenko în guvern a fost Anatoli Kinach din Mikolajev (Partidul Industriașilor și Antreprenorilor din Ucraina).

Din mai 2002, Iușcenko este deputat parlamentar și președinte al partidului de opoziție Ucraina Noastră; din iunie 2002 este membru al comitetului pentru chestiunile cetățenilor, probleme legate de minoritățile naționale și relații internaționale. În afară de acestea, el mai este activ în multe alte comitete și a primit mai multe premii (Medalia orașului Atena și distincția de cetățean al orașului (Ternopîl, Lemberg) precum și două grade de Doctor de Onoare.

Iușcenko întreține relații apropiate cu președintele Georgiei Mihail Saakașvili și partidul acestuia, Mișcarea Națională - Democrații.

Viktor Iușcenko este căsătorit cu americanca Katerina Iușcenko-Ciumatșenko (pentru a doua oară) și are din ambele căsătorii trei fiice și doi fii, precum și două fiice vitrege. Cel mai tânăr fiu s-a născut la 25 martie 2004.

Din septembrie 2004, Iușcenko suferă de o boală, care a afectat organele sale punându-i în pericol viața și fața care nu mai este de recunoscut. El a fost tratat într-o clinică din Viena și a lipsit patru săptămâni din campania electorală. Motivele apariției bolii nu sunt încă cunoscute, însă în special susținătorii săi susțin că a fost opera unei otrăviri puse la cale de contracandidații săi politici

Alegerile prezidențiale din 2004

Note

Legături externe

 Site oficial (ucraineană, rusă, engleză)
 Site oficial al partidului Ucraina Noastră  (ucraineană, rusă, engleză)

Interviuri
 Interviu cu președintele Ucrainei, 3 aprilie 2008, Laurențiu Mihu, Ana Bâtcă, Evenimentul zilei

Președinți ai Ucrainei
Prim-miniștri ai Ucrainei


Congratulations to our recently elected or appointed board members! When you take your oath of office at your first board meeting, you are entrusted with one of the most important jobs in your community.
As a school board member, you are responsible for educating all of the children in your district. This is no easy task; the hours are long and the thanks few. But the rewards are many.
OSBA's leadership staff developed these tips to help new board members.
Review the board operations section of your district's policy manual.
Know your board member code of conduct backwards and forwards. An example can be found here.
Review the board meeting minutes from the past half-dozen meetings to become familiar with issues being discussed by the board.
Meet with your superintendent to obtain a clear understanding of the district's budget. Ask lots of questions.
Assume your position with an open mind. Abandon preconceived notions and hidden agendas, including opinions about administrators, teachers, and other staff and board members.
Remember, you will be making decisions that affect the children of your district. Always keep their best interest in mind.
Realize that you don't know everything, and capitalize on every opportunity to learn.
Expect to be in the minority on board decisions once in a while and accept the majority decision graciously. The time to voice your opinions about issues is before the vote is taken.
Expect some board decisions to be unpopular with your constituents or even the community at large.
You have only one vote. Your issues can only be successful if you convince two, three or four (depending the size of your board) other board members to vote with you.
Do not surprise your superintendent, administrators or your fellow board members at a public meeting with unexpected comments or requests.
Be a good listener. Superintendents, administrators, teachers, students and community members can help you learn more about your job.
Stay connected with your schools, teachers and students.
Your role is to establish policy and set goals. It is up to the superintendent to manage the district and get it where the board says it needs to go.
Learn your district's chain of command. Refer all complaints to the proper person.
Understand and abide by Oregon's Public Meetings Law.
Have fun, and enjoy your role of helping kids!
Please contact the OSBA office with any questions you might have about school board service. We encourage you to become an active OSBA member.


text:
# axy\env

Abstracting access to the environment (PHP).

[![Latest Stable Version](https://img.shields.io/packagist/v/axy/env.svg?style=flat-square)](https://packagist.org/packages/axy/env)
[![Minimum PHP Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/php-%3E%3D%205.4-8892BF.svg?style=flat-square)](https://php.net/)
[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/axypro/env/master.svg?style=flat-square)](https://travis-ci.org/axypro/env)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/axypro/env/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/axypro/env?branch=master)
[![License](https://poser.pugx.org/axy/env/license)](LICENSE)

* The library does not require any dependencies (except composer packages).
* Tested on PHP 5.4+, PHP 7, HHVM (on Linux), PHP 5.5 (on Windows).
* Install: `composer require axy/env`.
* License: [MIT](LICENSE).

### Documentation

The library provides the abstract layer for access to the environment.
The environment is

 * The current time and timezone
 * PHP runtime settings
 * Input data (`$_GET`, `$_POST` ...)
 * Server data (`$_SERVER`, `$_ENV`)
 * HTTP headers and cookies
 * and etc... any parameter whose modification may affect other parts of the system

If some code has direct access to super-global arrays or calls functions like `time()` or `header()`
then it code becomes tied to the environment.
This code is difficult to test and configure.

The library provides the environment wrapper (an instance of `axy\env\Env` class).
The application code gets this wrapper from the outside and works with the environment via it.
By default the wrapper just delegates requests to standard functions.
But this behaviour can be redefined (for test or an other purpose).

#### Example

```php
use axy\env\Factory;

class Service
{
    public function __construct($env = null)
    {
        $this->env = Factory::create($env);
    }

    public function action()
    {
        $timeOfAction = $this->env->getCurrentTime();
        // ...
    }

    private $env;
}

// ...

$service = new Service();
$service->action();
```

By default will be used the standard environment and `$this->env->getCurrentTime()` returns the current time.
But this behaviour can be changed.

```php
$service = new Service(['time' => '2014-11-04 10:11:12']);
$service->action(); // the service will receive the specified time
```

#### Config

The environment wrapper with standard behaviour:

```php
use axy\env\Env;

$env = new Env();
```

The non-standard behavior is specified in the config:

```php
$config = [
    'time' => '2015-11-04 11:11:11',
    'get' => [
        'id' => 5,
    ],
];

$env = new Env($config);
```

The config specified via an array (as above) or via an instance of `axy\env\Config`:

```php
$config = new Config();
$config->time = '2015-11-04 11:11:11';
$config->get = ['id' => 5];

$env = new Env($config);
```

An array is simply, but the object supports autocomplete in IDE.

Specific parameters of the config are described in the relevant sections below.

##### Cloning

```php
$config = new Config();
$config->time = '2015-11-04 11:11:11';
$env = new Env($config);

$config->time = '2011-02-03 10:10:10';
echo date('j.m.Y', $env->getCurrentTime()); // 4.11.2015, config is cloned
```

#### Current Time

Check the current time (returns a timestamp):

```php
$env->getCurrentTime(void): int
```

Parameter `time` specified the current time.
It can be an int or a numeric string (timestamp) or a string for [strtotime](http://php.net/strtotime).

 * 1234567890 - a timestamp (2009-02-14 02:31:30)
 * "1234567890" - similarly
 * "2015-11-04 10:11:12" - a time in the current timezone
 * "2015-11-04" - "2015-11-04 00:00:00"
 * "+1 month" - relative time for `strtotime()`

```php

$config->time = '2015-11-04 00:01:02';
$env = new Env($config);

echo date('j.m.Y', $env->getCurrentTime()); // 4.11.2015
```

##### Changing time

`$env->getCurrentTime()` in the above example always returns the same time.
For long-lived scenarios, the time change can be important.

```php
/**
 * Cron daemon
 * Once an hour to kill, not to eat a lot of memory
 */

$startTime = time();

while (time() - $startTime() < 3500) {
    step();
    sleep(5);
}
```

If specified `timeChanging` then the time will be changing.

```php

$env = new Env([
    'time' => '1980-01-02 11:20:30',
    'timeChanging' => true,
]);

echo date('H:i:s', $env->getCurrentTime()).PHP_EOL; // 11:20:30
sleep(7);
echo date('H:i:s', $env->getCurrentTime()).PHP_EOL; // 11:20:37
```

##### Custom function instead `time()`

If `time` is not specified `getCurrentTime()` calls a wrapper of the global function `time()`
(see below section "Global Functions").
It can override.

```php
$config = [
    'functions' => [
        'time' => 'myOwnTimeImplementation',
    ],
];
```

#### Super-Globals

The super-globals arrays `$_SERVER`, `$_ENV`, `$_GET`, `$_POST`, `$_REQUEST`, `$_COOKIE`, `$_FILES` available via

 * `$env->server`
 * `$env->env`
 * `$env->get`
 * `$env->post`
 * `$env->request`
 * `$env->cookie`
 * `$env->files`

Their can override in the config:

```php
$config = [
    'get' => ['x' => 1],
];
$env = new Env($config);

$env->get['x']; // 1
$env->post['x']; // $_POST['x']
```

## Global Functions

Magic `__call` delegates to global functions.

```php
$env->strlen('string'); // 6
$env->header('Content-Type: text/plain'); // Send header
```

Overriding:

```php
$config = [
    'functions' => [
        'header' => function ($header) {
            // save header to a local storage
        },
    ],
];

$env = new Env();

$env->header('Content-Type: text/plain'); // The header will not be sent
```

Checking the existence of functions `$env->isFunctionExists(string $name):bool`.

`echo()` can also be overridden.

##### Example

Function `getallheaders()` not exist in all environments.

```php
if ($env->isFunctionExists('getallheaders')) {
    return $env->getallheaders();
}
```

Override:

```php
$config = [
    'functions' => [
        'getallheaders' => function () {
            if (function_exists('getallheaders')) {
                return getallheaders();
            } else {
                return parseServerVarsForHeaders();
            }
        },
    ],
];

// now $env->getallheaders() always available
```

Or

```php
$config = [
    'functions' => [
        'getallheaders' => null, // never
    ],
];
```

##### Functions list

It is intended for functions that access the environment.
In phpdoc for autocomplete lists the following:

 * [header](http://php.net/header)
 * [setcookie](http://php.net/setcookie)
 * [getallheaders](http://php.net/getallheaders)
 * [headers_list](http://php.net/headers_list)
 * [http_response_code](http://php.net/http_response_code)
 * [ini_set](http://php.net/ini_set)
 * [ini_get](http://php.net/ini_get)
 * [getenv](http://php.net/getenv)
 * [error_reporting](http://php.net/error_reporting)
 * [date_default_timezone_get](http://php.net/date_default_timezone_get)
 * [date_default_timezone_set](http://php.net/date_default_timezone_set)
 * [set_error_handler](http://php.net/set_error_handler)
 * [set_exception_handler](http://php.net/set_exception_handler)
 * `echo()`

But theoretically it can be used for any function.

#### Streams

Access to [php I/O streams](http://php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php.php).

```php
$env->streams->stdout->write('Output');
```

Container `$env->streams` contains following object:

* `stdin`
* `stdout`
* `stderr`
* `input`
* `output`

These objects implement interface [IStream](https://github.com/axypro/env/blob/master/IStream.php).

You can create object with the interface IStream and spoof a stream:

```php
$config = [
    'streams' => [
        'stdin' => new MyStream(),
    ],
];
$env = new Env($config);
```

You can use classes `Stream` and `StreamMock`:

`Stream` is wrapper on a stream resource.

```php
$config = [
    'streams' => [
        'stdin' => new \axy\env\Stream(fopen('/my/file.txt')),
    ],
];
$env = new Env($config);
```

##### `StreamMock`

StreamMock is a wrapper on a string.

```php
$mock = new \axy\env\StreamMock('content');
$mock->read(3); // "con"
$mock->read(); // "tent"
$mock->write('!');
$mock->setPosition(0);
$mock->read(); // "content!"
```

In addition to the methods of `IStream`, `StreamMock` supports following methods:

* `setContent(string $content [, int $position])`
* `setPosition(int $position)`
* `getContent(): string`
* `getPosition(): int`

#### Factory

```php
use axy\env\Factory;

$env = Factory::getStandard();
```

The method `getStandard()` returns an env wrapper for standard behaviour.

The method `create($config)` creates a wrapper with overriding behaviour.
It can taken:

an array

```php
$config = [
    'time' => 123456,
];

$env = Factory::create($config);
```

a `Config` instance

```php
$config = new Config();
$config->time = 123456,

$env = Factory::create($config);
```

or a `Env` instance itself

```php
$env1 = new Env([
    'time' => 123456,
]);

$env2 = Factory::create($env1); // $env1 === $env2
```

By default (`NULL`) specifies the standard wrapper.

The target service can take wrapper in different formats and not to deal with them.

```php
use axy\env\Factory;

class Service
{
    public function __construct($env = null)
    {
        $this->env = Factory::create($env);
    }

    // ...
}

$service = new Service(['time' => '2011-01-01']);
```

#### Exceptions

The library can throw the following exceptions:

* `axy\errors\InvalidConfig`
    * Unknown fields in a config (`['time' => 12345, 'unknown' => 67890]`)
    * Wrong type of fields (`['server' => 5]`, must be an array)
    * Wrong data in fields (`[time => 'wrong time string']`).
    * Function wrapper is not callable (detected during a call).
* `axy\errors\FieldNotFound`
    * Field not found (`echo $env->unknown;`).
    * Function not found (`echo $env->unknown(5);`).
* `axy\errors\Disabled`
    * Function disabled in the config
* `axy\errors\ContainerReadOnly`
    * `$env->server = []` or `unset($env->server)`.


pre-wedding consultation to the first dance.. I'm all yours!
* hi resolution, edited images supplied on USB.
* USB includes Approx. 150-250 images, licence free for your use.
* I still have limited availability for 2018 and am taking bookings for 2019 onward.
* Bookings are strictly on a first come / first served basis and dates are secured by completion of supplied booking forms.