Wagering game machine with area sound panning - WMS Gaming Inc.
A computerized wagering game table system includes a wagering game module that is operable to present a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered, and an audio system. The audio system is operable to pan sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on the game object's coordinate position on a community display.
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This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/477,494, filed Jun. 3, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,363 which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/058,359, filed Jun. 3, 2008 and entitled "WAGERING GAME MACHINE WITH AREA SOUND PANNING", the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
1. A networked gaming system, comprising: a community display for presenting a community game having a community game element; a plurality of wagering game machines in communication with the community display, each of the wagering game machines including one or more local speakers; at least one processor; at least one memory device having a plurality of instructions stored therein, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: providing community game sounds for the community game, and panning the community game sounds across the local speakers of multiple of the wagering game machines based on a movement of the community game element on the community display.
2. The networked gaming system of claim 1, wherein panning the community game sounds across the local speakers includes panning a sound based on a location of each of the wagering game machines relative to the community display.
3. The networked gaming system of claim 1, wherein the community game includes a second community game element and a second set of community game sounds, and wherein the second set of community game sounds is reproduced at the local speakers of at least one of the wagering gaming machines.
4. The networked gaming system of claim 1, wherein each of the wagering game machines includes a respective local display, the local display separate from the community display.
5. The networked gaming system of claim 1, further comprising a controller, wherein at least one of the processors and at least one of the memory devices are located within the controller which provides the community game sounds for the community game, and which pans the community game sounds across the local speakers, and wherein the panning of the community game sounds comprises providing a plurality of sounds having specific volumes to each of the wagering game machines.
6. The networked gaming system of claim 5, further comprising: a plurality of community speakers; and wherein the controller is configured to further pan sounds among the plurality of community speakers.
7. The networked gaming system of claim 1, wherein the community game is initiated as a result of game play occurring on the wagering game machines.
8. The networked gaming system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise applying one or more sound effects to the community game sounds.
9. A gaming system having one or more wagering gaming machines, comprising: a community display providing a community game viewable by players of the wagering game machines; one or more community speakers proximate the community display; one or more local speakers proximate to each of the wagering game machines; and a controller configured to coordinate playback of panned sounds by the local speakers in connection with the community game, wherein panning of the sounds is in reference to locations of game objects rendered on the community display during the community game.
10. The gaming system of claim 9, wherein the community speakers include a left speaker and a right speaker, and wherein panning of the sounds includes panning of the sounds between the left speaker and the right speaker.
11. The gaming system of claim 9, further comprising: one or more peripheral speakers remote to the community display.
12. The gaming system of claim 11, wherein the peripheral speakers are located at a third dimension relative to the community speakers and the local speakers, and wherein the controller is further configured to use the peripheral speakers to provide audio panning in a third dimension at various depths among the wagering game machines.
13. A computer-implemented method in a gaming system, comprising: presenting a community game displayed on a community display device, the community game including at least one moving image displayed on the community display device; receiving interactions with the community game input through a plurality of wagering game machines; and playing sounds having localized sound effects on selected speakers in a set of local speakers located proximate the wagering game machines, the sound effects played on the local speakers in connection with movement of an image on the community display device relative to locations of the local speakers.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein each local speaker is associated with a respective wagering game machine, and wherein the playing of sounds having localized sound effects includes changing the volume of the sounds based upon both the position of the image on the community display device and a position of the wagering game machine relative to the community display.
15. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein the playing of sounds having localized sound effects results in multiple volume levels of the sounds across sets of local speakers in the gaming system.
16. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein the community game provides simultaneous gaming interaction for a plurality of users at the plurality of wagering game machines.
17. A controller configured for use in a networked gaming system having a plurality of wagering game machines and a plurality of local speakers associated with the wagering game machines, comprising: at least one processor; and one or more machine-readable storage media including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: controlling the playing of sounds associated with a community game by the plurality of local speakers, wherein at least one sound is panned across the local speakers, based on movement of a game element within the community game.
The invention relates generally to wagering game audio, and more specifically in some embodiments to wagering game machines featuring area sound panning.
The elements of computerized wagering game systems are in many ways the same as the elements in the mechanical and table game counterparts in that they must be fair, they must provide sufficient feedback to the game player to make the game fun to play, and they must meet a variety of gaming regulations to ensure that both the machine owner and gamer are honest and fairly treated in implementing the game. Further, they must provide a gaming experience that is at least as attractive as the older mechanical gaming machine experience to the gamer, to ensure success in a competitive gaming market.
Computerized wagering games often do not rely on the dealer or other game players to facilitate game play and to provide an entertaining game playing environment, but rely upon the presentation of the game and environment generated by the wagering game machine itself. Incorporation of audio, video, and mechanical features into wagering game systems enhance the environment presented are therefore important elements in the attractiveness and commercial success of a computerized wagering game system. Further, a variety of network configurations and capabilities are becoming increasingly common, including local and wide area progressive games, downloadable games, and remotely managed wagering game systems.
Although traditional wagering game machines took the form of upright slot machines that were stand-alone devices that had no interaction with other wagering games, integration of computer and network technology has led to more complex games in which players interact, such as by taking part in progressive games or by playing group bonus games that feature actions taken by different game players at different wagering game machines. The challenges of interacting with players who are playing both individual wagering games and group games such as community bonus games face wagering game system designers and architects, and are important to providing an easy-to-follow and entertaining gaming experience.
Various example embodiments of the invention comprise a computerized wagering game table system, including a wagering game module that is operable to present a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered, and an audio system. The audio system is operable to pan sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on the game object's coordinate position on a community display. Various embodiments include local, global, or a combination of machine-specific panning.
FIG. 1 shows a typical computerized wagering game machine, as may be used to practice some example embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a wagering game system, consistent with some example embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 3 shows a community wagering game system comprising a community display and four attached wagering game machines, consistent with an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows an alternate physical layout of a group of wagering games that are part of a community bonus game wagering game system, consistent with an example embodiment of the invention.
Some embodiments of the invention enhance presentation of game objects on a community display in a wagering game system environment by panning sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on the game object's coordinate position on a community display. Various embodiments include local, global, or a combination of machine-specific panning.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical single player computerized wagering game machine, as may be used in some embodiments of the present invention. The computerized gaming system shown generally at 100 is a video wagering game system, which displays information for at least one wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered on video display 101. In a further example, a second video display 102 is provided as a part of a top-box assembly, such as to display a bonus game or other information. Video displays 101 and 102 are in various embodiments a CRT display, a plasma display, an LCD display, a surface conducting electron emitter display, or any other type of display suitable for displaying electronically provided display information. Alternate embodiments of the invention will have other game indicators, such as mechanical reels instead of the video graphics reels shown at 103 that comprise a part of a video slot machine wagering game.
A wagering game is presented using software within the wagering game machine, such as through instructions stored on a machine-readable medium such as a hard disk drive or nonvolatile memory. In some further example embodiments, some or all of the software stored in the wagering game machine is encrypted or is verified using a hash algorithm or encryption algorithm to ensure its authenticity and to verify that it has not been altered. For example, in one embodiment the wagering game software is loaded from nonvolatile memory in a compact flash card, and a hash value is calculated or a digital signature is derived to confirm that the data stored on the compact flash card has not been altered. The game of chance implemented via the loaded software takes various forms in different wagering game machines, including such well-known wagering games as reel slots, video poker, blackjack, craps, roulette, or hold'em games. The wagering game is played and controlled with inputs such as various buttons 104 or via touchscreen overlay buttons 105 on video screen 101. In some alternate examples, other devices such as pull arm are used to initiate reel spin in this reel slot machine example are employed to provide other input interfaces to the game player.
Monetary value is typically wagered on the outcome of the games, such as with tokens, coins, bills, or cards that hold monetary value. The wagered value is conveyed to the machine through a changer 106 or a secure user identification module interface 107, and winnings are returned via the returned value card or through the coin tray 108. Sound is also provided through speakers 109, typically including audio indicators of game play, such as reel spins, credit bang-ups, and environmental or other sound effects or music to provide entertainment consistent with a theme of the computerized wagering game.
In some further embodiments, the wagering game machine is coupled to a network, and is operable to use its network connection to receive wagering game data, track players and monetary value associated with a player, and to perform other such functions. In other embodiments, the wagering game system is a portable wagering game system, or has another format different from that illustrated in FIG. 1. In one such example, the wagering game system is a game table, having one or more display surfaces and one or more speakers to interact with multiple wagering game players positioned around the table.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an example embodiment of a wagering game system. The wagering game system includes a processor 201, which is sometimes called a microprocessor, controller, or central processing unit (CPU). In some embodiments, more than one processor is present, or different types of processors are present in the wagering game system, such as using multiple processors to run gaming code, or using dedicated processors for audio, graphics, security, or other functions. The processor is coupled via a bus 202 to various other components, including memory 203 and nonvolatile storage 204. The nonvolatile storage is able to retain the data stored therein when power is removed, and in various embodiments takes the form of a hard disk drive, nonvolatile random access memory such as a compact flash card, or network-coupled storage. Further embodiments include additional data storage technologies, such as compact disc, DVD, or Blu-Ray storage in the wagering game system.
The bus 202 also couples the processor and components to various other components, such as a value acceptor 205, which is in some embodiments a token acceptor, a card reader, or a biometric or wireless player identification reader. A touchscreen display 206 and speakers 207 serve to provide an interface between the wagering game system and a wagering game player, as do various other components such as buttons 208, pullarms, and joysticks. A network connection 209 couples the wagering game system to other wagering game machines and to a wagering gape server, such as to provide downloadable games or to provide accounting, player tracking, or other functions. These components are located in a wagering game machine cabinet such as that of FIG. 1 in some embodiments, but can be located in multiple enclosures comprising a wagering game system or outside a wagering game machine cabinet in other embodiments, or in alternate forms such as a wireless or mobile device.
In operation, the wagering game system loads program code from nonvolatile storage 204 into memory 203, and the processor 201 executes the program code to cause the wagering game system to perform desired functions such as to present a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered. This and other functions are provided by various modules in the computerized system such as an audio module, a game presentation module, or a touchscreen display module, where such modules comprise in some embodiments hardware, software, mechanical elements, manual intervention, and various combinations thereof. The wagering game machine is coupled to other wagering game machines, and to various other elements such as game servers, accounting servers, or community or progressive game servers via the network connection 209, and exchanges data with these machines via the network connection.
FIG. 3 shows a community wagering game system comprising a community display and four attached wagering game machines, consistent with an example embodiment of the invention. Here, four wagering game machines numbered 301-304 are positioned in an arc around a community display 305, and form part of a community networked wagering game system. During normal game play, players are able to play individual wagering games at each of the wagering game machines 301-304. Game play is independent of game play at other wagering games, and there is no player interaction during normal game play.
A community bonus game is triggered from time to time, such as based on a clock, the amount of game play, a random event, or other factors, and the individual game players at wagering game machines 301-304 are now playing a community bonus game. In this example, each of the wagering game players eligible for the bonus game picks one of the four fisherman or fishing boats illustrated on the community game screen 305. The fisherman accumulate different bonus points or value associated with fish that they catch during the bonus game, and the points or value are awarded to the players based on their selected fishing boat and the boat's accumulated fish at the end of the bonus game. The bonus game is therefore a cooperative game in which players may interact, such as by participating in the same fishing contest or choosing the same fishing boat as another player, but is competitive in the sense that players are independently accumulating bonus points during the bonus game. Fish caught by one player's boat are also not available to be caught by another's boat, enhancing the sense of player interaction and competition in this example.
Each of the wagering game systems 301-304 has speakers 306 located in the individual wagering game cabinet, that are used during regular game play to provide sound to the game player. Sounds include music, sound effects, instructions, sounds associated with game elements, and other sounds that may be used to enhance the game playing experience. Because each individual game player at a wagering game machine 301-304 is playing a wagering game that is independent of the games being played on other machines, the sounds played at each wagering game are unique to the game being played on each machine.
When the bonus game starts in this example, the players at the individual game machines begin to participate in a common community game. Now, the sound presented to the game players is not necessarily unique to each game player's game, but includes community bonus game sounds common to all players. For example, if a boat at the far left side of the screen 305 fires up a boat motor and moves to the far right side of the screen, sound effects played at a single individual wagering game machine may not convey the sense of movement of the boat as well as being able to provide sound that pans from the left side of the group of wagering game machines to the right side of the wagering game machines. In another example, sound panning representing movement of the boat from left to right presented on wagering game machine 301 may need to be different than the panning presented on wagering game machine 304 to provide realistic sound effects properly coordinated with the apparent location of the moving boat.
For example, if a boat on the far left of the screen starts up its boat motor, the sound as presented to the wagering game player at wagering game machine 301 may be centered or balanced between two speakers 306A and 306B on the wagering game machine, as the boat appears to be nearly in front of a player at that wagering game machine rather than far off to the left. A game player hearing the same sound effect presented through wagering game system 304 will desirably hear the sound panned significantly to the left speaker 306G as opposed to right speaker 306H, as the boat on the far left side of community gaming screen 305 appears to be far to the left of the game player's position. This difference in apparent panning or sound position for different game players is termed local mapping for purposes of this example, as sound effect panning relating to community game objects is mapped differently to various local wagering game machines depending on the location of each wagering game machine relative to the community game display 305 and the displayed game object.
In another example, global panning is used to provide panning of a sound across multiple game machines, such as by panning a sound not only from speaker to speaker but also from game machine to game machine as a boat travels from the far left of the screen to the far right. In a global panning example, the boat at the far left starts its motor, and accompanying sounds are played through the speakers 306A and 306B at wagering game machine 301, which is physically nearest the displayed boat graphic image. As the game object moves from left to right, the associated motorboat sound moves from left to right as well, panning across the speakers 306C-306F of wagering game machines 302 and 303 as the boat moves further to the right. When the boat reaches the right side of the screen, the boat motor sounds will be panned to be loudest at the speakers 306G and 306H of wagering game machine 304, which will then be physically nearest the displayed image of the fishing boat game object.
In the global panning example, it is desirable that the physical location of the wagering game systems is known so that the globally panned sound can be provided through the speakers physically closest to the displayed image of the associated game object. This can be configured in various embodiments by placing the wagering game machines in a pre-determined location relative to the community game display, by providing a game technician a map or other tool to configure the location of various game machines relative to the community game display, or by other suitable means. A community game controller provides sounds having specific volumes or panning information determined by the community game controller to the game machines in some embodiments, while in other embodiments the individual wagering game machines use their own audio features to apply appropriate panning or other sound effects to the played audio.
In various further embodiments, elements of local panning and global panning in a community wagering game environment are combined or altered. In one such example, the fishing boat is displayed moving from right to left while sounds such as a boat motor are panned from right to left on individual wagering game machines in coordination with the movement of the boat, but the overall sound level played on a wagering game machine becomes significantly louder as the displayed boat nears the physical location of the wagering game machine. This change in apparent overall volume of the sound being panned results in a global panning effect, which complements the local panning effect both to the individual game player as well as to other game players or to spectators watching the community game.
In the community bonus game example presented above, the community game system is further operable in some embodiments to play certain sounds applicable only to certain community game players either only to those applicable game players, or at a higher volume to the applicable game players. For example, if two of the four community game players using the system of FIG. 3 have picked a specific boat, sounds related to that boat's actions, such as fishing rods casting line, water splashing, fish chomping sounds, etc., may be played only to those players who have selected the specific boat associated with those sounds. In an alternate embodiment, the sounds may be played at each of the wagering game machines 301-304, but will be played at a louder volume level or using other distinguishing audio effects to those game players who have selected the associated boat.
Other sound spatial effects are used in some embodiments of the game, including use of echo, frequency response shaping, phase alteration, and other such audio effects to change the way that played sounds are perceived. For example, echo and frequency response can be changed to alter audio so that it sounds as though it is coming from a distance over water. Other effects can change the apparent position or environment of sounds in other ways that will complement various wagering game themes and presentations.
Sound panning is determined in one example embodiment by assigning a coordinate position to one or more relevant game objects that have associated sounds that are to be panned with a change in game object position, such as by assigning an x-coordinate to the boat location on the community game screen 305. The coordinate position of the boat is used by the audio module to determine where the graphical representation of the boat will be physically located on the community game screen, so that appropriate sound panning can be applied to boat sounds associated with that boat.
In a further example, the community display also has one or more speakers, such as left speaker 307A and right speaker 307B. These speakers are used in some embodiments to provide or enhance a global panning effect, such as by panning between speakers 307A and 307B to provide global panning while local wagering game machines provide local panning effects, or to provide global panning in conjunction with a global panning effect presented through speakers 306A-H of the individual wagering game machines. Use of display speakers such as 307A-B provides a global panning effect to viewers not in the immediate vicinity of wagering game machines in some such embodiments, such as to spectators who are not actively playing the wagering game.
The speakers 307 are in another example multiple speakers arranged around the perimeter of the community display 305, such as individually addressable speakers positioned up and down both sides of the display as shown in FIG. 3, or further including speakers along the top and bottom of the community display. This enables the community display to more effectively pan sounds related to game objects displayed on the community display in multiple dimensions, such as up and down, and from side to side. Other effects such as frequency response tailoring and volume attenuation are used in a further example to add a sense of distance to sounds associated with game objects that are displayed in a three-dimensional space, such as fish that are further away from the foreground dimension in the example of FIG. 3.
FIG. 4 shows an alternate physical layout of a group of wagering games that are part of a community bonus game wagering game system, consistent with an example embodiment of the invention. A first row of wagering game machines 401-404 face a community display 409, while a second row of wagering game machines 405-408 faces a community display 410. In this example, community displays 409 and 410 show exactly the same community game image and game elements, so that all players who are members of the community bonus game see the same bonus game information. Wagering games 401-404 and community display 409 operate using local, global, or other panning or audio effects as described above, while wagering game machines 404-408 and community game display 410 function in the same way but with panning only between game machines 405-408 in conjunction with display 410. Although the physical layout of game machines 401-404 and display 409 is symmetric with wagering game machines 405-408 and display 410 in this example such that some similar panning effects may be used for wagering game groups 401-404 and 405-408, the physical layout and panning effects will vary in other examples.
In a further embodiment, other wagering game machines such as the group of game machines shown at 411 are a part of the bonus game event, and will include local or global panning, or various combinations of panning and other sound effects. Supplemental speakers, such as speakers mounted near the community game display 409, mounted near a group of wagering game machines such as 411, or mounted elsewhere are used in a further embodiment to provide or enhance various panning or other sound effects.
The speakers 412 associated with community display 409 and the peripheral speakers 413 are used in another example embodiment to provide audio panning in a third, or "z" dimension, such that panning occurs not only between the sides of display 409 in conjunction with a displayed game object, but occurs at various depths or positions between the display 409's speakers 412 and the peripheral speakers 413. The depth of three-dimensional panning can further be extended past the area bounded by the speakers 412 and 413, such as into or past the display 409, by altering audio characteristics such as high frequency attenuation, reduction in volume, pitch or Doppler frequency, and other such acoustic characteristics.
The speakers associated with the various wagering game machines 401-404 and 411 can also be used to provide a three-dimensional panning effect, moving a sound within the area bounded by the speakers by changing volume of sounds presented at various wagering game systems based on their physical location in a wagering game establishment, and by using audio effect such as the frequency, volume, and other effects described above.
The examples presented here have shown how some embodiments of the invention use machine-specific global and local panning of audio to enhance the presentation of wagering game objects on a community display. Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement which is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the example embodiments of the invention described herein. It is intended that this invention be limited only by the claims, and the full scope of equivalents thereof.
For example, one embodiment includes a computerized wagering game system comprising: a wagering game module operable to present a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered; and an audio module operable to pan sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on a coordinate position of the game object on a community display. In a further embodiment, the panning comprises local panning between two or more local speakers in each of two or more wagering game machines, such that the panned sound position on each wagering game machine is dependent on the apparent position of the wagering game object on the community display relative to each specific wagering game machine's physical location. In another further embodiment, the panning comprises panning globally across speakers associated with two or more wagering game machines having known physical locations, such that only the wagering game machines in nearest relative position to the wagering game object's coordinates on the community display present sounds associated with the wagering game object. In another further embodiment, the group of wagering game machines comprises a community game group of gaming machines that are operable to facilitate individual game player participation in one or more community games. In another further embodiment, the panning comprises using a subset of wagering game machines near each player to present player-specific panned sounds. In another further embodiment, the audio module is further operable to use spatial audio cues to present sounds associated with the displayed wagering game object such that the spatial audio cues provide sound location information associated with the coordinate position of the wagering game object on the community display. In another further embodiment, the group of wagering game systems are operable to provide both local and global panning that are machine-specific, and the local panning may comprise amplified sounds associated with a wagering game object specific to a local wagering game player.
As another example, one embodiment includes a method of operating a wagering game system, comprising: presenting a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered; and panning sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on a coordinate position of the game object on a community display. In a further embodiment, the panning comprises local panning between two or more local speakers in each of two or more wagering game machines, such that the panned sound position on each wagering game machine is dependent on the apparent position of the wagering game object on the community display relative to each specific wagering game machine's physical location. In another further embodiment, the panning comprises panning globally across speakers associated with two or more wagering game machines having known physical locations, such that only the wagering game machines in nearest relative position to the wagering game object's coordinates on the community display present sounds associated with the wagering game object. In another further embodiment, the method includes using spatial audio cues to present sounds associated with the displayed wagering game object such that the spatial audio cues provide sound location information associated with the coordinate position of the wagering game object on the community display. In another further embodiment, the group of wagering game systems are operable to provide both local and global panning that are machine-specific, and the local panning may comprise amplified sounds associated with a wagering game object specific to a local wagering game player.
As another example, one embodiment includes a machine-readable medium with instructions stored thereon, the instructions when executed operable to cause a computerized wagering game system to: present a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered; and pan sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on a coordinate position of the game object on a community display. In a further embodiment, the panning comprises local panning between two or more local speakers in each of two or more wagering game machines, such that the panned sound position on each wagering game machine is dependent on the apparent position of the wagering game object on the community display relative to each specific wagering game machine's physical location. In another further embodiment, the panning comprises panning globally across speakers associated with two or more wagering game machines having known physical locations, such that only the wagering game machines in nearest relative position to the wagering game object's coordinates on the community display present sounds associated with the wagering game object. In another further embodiment, the instructions when executed further operable to cause the computerized wagering game system to use spatial audio cues to present sounds associated with the displayed wagering game object such that the spatial audio cues provide sound location information associated with the coordinate position of the wagering game object on the community display. In another further embodiment, the group of wagering game systems are operable to provide both local and global panning that are machine-specific, and the local panning may comprise amplified sounds associated with a wagering game object specific to a local wagering game player.
As another example, one embodiment includes a wagering game system, comprising: means for presenting a wagering game upon which monetary value can be wagered; and means for panning sounds associated with a wagering game object on multiple wagering game machines in a group of wagering game machines, wherein each of the multiple wagering game machines has one or more local speakers, and wherein the panning across multiple wagering game machines' local speakers is based on the game object's coordinate position on a community display.


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One way the body keeps itself in balance is by using chemical messengers called hormones to regulate various functions. Just above each of your kidneys is a small adrenal gland. These glands make hormones essential to a healthy life. When they don't make enough of these hormones, Addison's disease is the result.
Addison's disease is a rare condition. Only one in 100,000 people has it. It can happen at any age to either men or women. People with Addison's disease can lead normal lives as long as they take their medication. President John F. Kennedy had the condition. My husband (Tom Truschke) has this condition. He was diagnosed at the age of 15. March is Addison's Awareness Month. Together let's help raise money to spread the awareness of this disease.
In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands don't make enough of a hormone called cortisol, or less often, a related hormone called aldosterone. That's why doctors sometimes call the illness ''chronic adrenal insufficiency,'' or hypocortisolism.
3. To Promote the study of Adrenal Disease to improve treatment and find cures.


text:
Johann Deutsch (* 24. September 1932 in Deutsch Bieling, Gemeinde Heiligenbrunn; † 12. November 1990 in Güssing) war ein österreichischer Politiker (ÖVP) und Landwirt. Deutsch war von 1968 bis 1972 Mitglied des Bundesrates und von 1972 bis 1977 Abgeordneter zum Burgenländischen Landtag.

Leben
Deutsch wurde als Sohn des Landwirts Josef Deutsch geboren und besuchte nach der Volksschule Deutsch Bieling die Hauptschule in Güssing. Danach absolvierte er die landwirtschaftliche Fachschule Güssing und war beruflich als Landwirt tätig.

Politik
Deutsch übernahm 1967 die Funktion des Bezirksbauernbundobmanns im Bezirk Güssing und wirkte zwischen 1967 und 1970 als Vizebürgermeister sowie Bürgermeister von Deutsch Bieling. Nach der Vereinigung mehrerer Gemeinden wurde Deutsch 1971 Bürgermeister der neu entstandenen Großgemeinde Heiligenbrunn, wobei er diese Funktion bis 1982 ausübte. Danach war er bis 1987 als Gemeinderat aktiv. Deutsch war zudem vom 24. April 1968 bis zum 17. Februar 1972 Mitglied des Bundesrates und rückte am 21. Februar 1972 für Josef Wiesler in den Burgenländischen Landtag nach, dem er bis zum 27. Oktober 1977 angehörte.

Literatur
 Johann Kriegler: Politisches Handbuch des Burgenlandes. Band 2: (1945–1995) (= Burgenländische Forschungen. 76). Burgenländisches Landesarchiv, Eisenstadt 1996, ISBN 3-901517-07-3.

Weblinks

Mitglied des österreichischen Bundesrates aus dem Burgenland
Landtagsabgeordneter (Burgenland)
Bürgermeister (Heiligenbrunn)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Landwirt (Burgenland)
ÖVP-Mitglied
Österreicher
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 1990
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Numerous people feel curious as to creating their personal paper. This craft will lead to the development of exceptional items of paper that can be used as decorations, cards or even notepads. These kinds of add-ons will be really productive for parties – just think about doing your personal baby shower cards and invitations.
While dating in Louisiana you go to begin to see the wildlife as state. May get go into the Global Wildlife Center. Many . the largest and free roaming wildlife preserve in La. It has more than 3,000 endangered animals from all of over earth. You will be able to start animals exploring freely within their natural habitats. You can also check out the Louisiana Purchase Garden and Zoo that involves lot of educational curriculum. This is where you'll then get to see the peacock showing off its beauty and hear the guinea fowl holes. It is a beautiful place to partake in to begin to see the animals and the birds. This zoo is about on an eighty acre piece of land.
Throughout history, Alaska always has been a frontier. Way in the 1800s, Alaska was the destination that are of a lot of gold miners and those that came to "mine the miners". On 20th century, there was an oil boom. Right now, Alaska is enjoying what might be called a discovery bonanza as a lot of people are realizing that this may be a great vacation destination.
The purpose they give them a call promotional products is income and long term organizations is able to afford to provide them. No, just fooling. But it holds true that some companies cannot contest with businesses when it appears to holiday expenses. They basically haven't got the cash to get cruise visits or passes to the www.ecotraining.co.za. Which usually is why they often negotiate for simply, people provides, like fruit stands.
Located just outside of Wolf Lake Indiana, Merry Lea Environmental Learning Center is a northeastern Indiana gem. At Merry Lea Environmental Learning Center, visitors can hike 5 miles of natural trails and observe nature at its finest. Merry Lea Environmental Learning Center is belonging to Goshen College and is an integrated refuge for educational programs. This Indiana state nature preservation can be a fantastic starting point birdwatch and take footage. The park is found on the west side of High Lake, and the address is 2388 South 500 Gulf. Admission to the park is free, but donations are greatly thought of. Call (260) 799-5869 for additional information.
Reminders. You will get multiple lists with dates for each event, along with categorize reminders by location. An example of that would be setting up an event to remind you to do something when you depart a location, such as work.
The only problem we experienced with both the D90 and D7000 is usually that the program dial cannot lock it does not seem often would inadvertently bump or rub against and also and the dial would turn originating from a (Aperture) mode to S (shutter), P (program) or M (manual) and I'd end on top of some ugly photos! A person don't choose either of these camera bodies please bear this in mind and look at the position for the dial when considering any pictures.
It is definitely not easy to inculcate all the upcoming cars 2012 without trouble of writing. The price mentioned in the above post is indicative all of which will differ from showroom to showroom.


text:
Week Six - Flying
Save 555 kilograms CO2e per person per year
· Weekly experiments
- What was the best thing about our trip to Fiji?
My preschooler
- The airplane snack.
Flying is the fastest way to fry the planet
My preschooler has terrible judgment. She loves aeroplane food.
I have bad judgment, too. I took an overseas holiday while trying to cut my carbon footprint.
It doesn't matter how far you go, you can never get away from yourself
Or from another Australian. We're everywhere. Whether we're propping up the bar, serving behind it or slumped in the gutter outside, we love to travel. Last year we took almost 11 million overseas trips, collectively flying over 150 billion kilometres. All that flying made for a lot of carbon dioxide and equivalent emissions (CO2e).
How much CO2e?
By international agreement, flights aren't included in national carbon inventories. I'm not sure why, given their massive impact. I assume it's because airlines hire good lobbyists.
While they don't officially track it in their inventory, the Department of the Environment and Energy told me that fuel emissions from international aviation accounted for around 12.5 million tonnes of CO2e for Australia in 2016. That's about half a tonne per person. I ran the numbers and came up with double that figure. I've asked about this discrepancy and will report back when I hear.
Whether it's half a tonne or a tonne, flying adds a hefty chunk to our average annual 22 tonne footprint. And that only counts international flights. I didn't begin to calculate all our Sydney to Melbourne hops.
Flying isn't fair
Flying is not spread evenly across the population.
Some people fly business or first class. These trips emit three or four times more than an economy trip, because the seats use more space, meaning that fewer people can fit on the plane. The same argument would apply to flying in a plane that's only half full.
Those chunky business class seats take up more space, so they're responsible for more of the plane's emissions.
Some people fly dozens of times per year, or take long trips to the other side of the planet. My return flight to Fiji generated a fairly modest 930 kilograms of CO2e. A return flight to Washington would generate six times that amount. If you did it first class, it jumps to a whopping 17 tonnes. How you fly and where you fly matters.
At the other end of the scale, some people can't afford to fly. Others have decided to cut back for environmental reasons or quit flying entirely.
Why does flying cause so much CO2e?
Aviation uses fossil fuel. Unlike other forms of transport, there is as yet no practical alternative. If aviation remains excluded from carbon inventories and trading schemes, it's unlikely anyone will develop one.
Flying is also efficient. It lets you cover much more distance than you otherwise would. I've heard arguments that it's not high-carbon per kilometre, but it lets us cover a lot of kilometres. We don't drive, ride or scoot to America, but over a million of us fly there every year.
New York or bust?
Why do we fly?
Cheap flights have only been available for the last generation or two, but they're entrenched in our lifestyle.
The overseas gap year is a rite of passage. Conferences get more attendance in Bali than Brisbane. Holiday bragging rights don't apply until you cross an international border.
Like a lot of consumerist behaviour, I believe flying is more about social prestige than actual pleasure or need. Australia has great beaches and mountains, fascinating cultures, amazing cities and delicious fusion food, but it's not a real trip unless you use a passport. We love visiting the world. More than that, we love telling each other we did. Unless this changes, there may not be a world left to visit.
Changing this behavior may be hard. It affects all sides of politics. Those who are worried about the climate might ride to work, eat vegan and join a green lobby group, but they still love to travel. I'm a prime example. Of Australia's 23 most-visited countries, I've been to 15. I was delighted at the time. I'll be less proud when I have to explain climate change to my daughter.
How much CO2e did I spend?
Most weeks, I get a warm fuzzy calculating how much CO2e I saved from the experiment. This week, I get a penalty.
My economy flight to Fiji cost 930 kilograms of CO2e. The entire holiday would have cost more, given our other carbon-hungry pursuits like eating out, staying in hotels and buying souvenirs. I bought offsets for my trip, but I haven't counted these. Whether offsets help is a complex discussion for another day.
Can a sustainable lifestyle afford the indulgence of flying? I'll let you know at the end of my yearlong experiment.
How can I cut back?
- Don't fly except in an emergency. This is one of the most powerful climate statements you can make. It slashes your footprint and undermines the cultural prestige of flying.
- Fly less. If it's for work, could you teleconference instead? If it's a holiday, could you visit somewhere closer, or fly less often? I'm yet to quit, but I've happily switched from an annual overseas trip to one every three years. I have more fun surfing and diving at my local beach than I ever had in an airport.
- Fly economy. It's great when the cattle class troop past in envy, but is it worth four times the climate pollution?
- Don't brag. Next time you talk about your overseas trip or admire someone else's, spare a few words about the carbon impact. Social hierarchies respond to individual comments. Let's bring in a world where we get prestige from solar panels instead.
Spreadsheet calculations, data sources and references in 'Notes' section, Week Six.
Week Five - Reduce My Carbon Pawprint
Week Seven - Winter Heating

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I went to Monasterio de Sta. Clara or St. Clare's church the other day. I try to go there every other month to give thanks for the blessings I have received, to ask for personal favors and to pray in general. This beautiful church is situated in the middle of the hustle and bustle of the city. It's nice to find a quiet place amidst the noisy Katipunan area.
Monasterio de Sta. Clara is known to people as the church to go to when you need to ask for good weather during auspicious dates. People offer a dozen eggs to St. Clare. Clare means clear so praying to her has been synonymous to asking for clear skies and weather. Eggs are also associated with fertility so a lot of people also go there to ask for a baby. Before the entrance to the church, you will see vendors under the bridge who sell eggs wrapped in different cellophane colors. They have attached a meaning per color such as health, weather, etc. but if you interview the church staff they will tell you that there is really no meaning attached per egg color. Just ask what is in your heart and believe that it will be granted in God's time.
It's the wishing fountain. You will see here lots of people trying to toss coins into the top most tier hoping that their wish will be granted.
After the coin-tossing-fountain-wishing ritual, people move on to this area where they pray to St. Clare for intercession. People offer sampaguitas here which you can also buy from the egg vendors outside. There is an area inside where you will see many people writing letters to St. Clare praying for blessings. I have done this process a lot of times and I find it actually quite therapeutic to write about your feelings and the desires of your heart. Writing things down also gives you perspective to the things you need and want in life. After writing the letters, you can give it inside together with your donation.
Ask and you shall receive! I have experienced the power of St. Clare so many times already. I had a lot of answered prayers and have witnessed receiving things that I have written in my letter. Being the sigurista that I am, I even ask for signs to prove that what I am wishing for is truly being given to me by God. The signs can be as simple as seeing a violet flower that means it's a YES or as obvious as being given or granted whatever it is that I requested.
I have also had my share of unanswered prayers. Sometimes I do feel bad about it but I just have to remember to be patient and wait for God to reveal his reasons later on for not answering my prayers at that time. We just have to put our trust in the Lord that He has a specific plan for us and He will always be there for us.
I love that there is a church in the middle of a busy highway. It is a venue for us to take a pause in our busy lives to stop and reflect – to thank God for all the blessings we have received. It is also a symbol of hope when we are feeling down with life's troubles and it is a great reminder of the Almighty God, our purpose in life and our passion for living the faith.
Chanced upon this video uploaded by The Logical Indian. This video is timely for me now as I evaluate which big school I should send my daughter to. For her preschool, I also thought long and hard about the merits of traditional vs. progressive. Long story short, I tried Progressive and I liked it! This is a big thing considering I'm a trad girl by heart.
She goes to a Montessori school now and this video exemplifies what Maria Montessori espouses that children learn via imitation and example. Let them do it on their own, give them their own AHA moment so that they can discover for themselves what a joy it is to explore. Let us raise independent thinkers! This also hits home that we should always set good examples for our kids. How they live life will largely be based on how they see us live ours.
Here's the insightful video. Have a great week ahead!


text:
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text:
La pharmacodynamique, ou pharmacodynamie, décrit les effets qu'un principe actif produit sur l'organisme : c'est l'étude détaillée de l'interaction entre la substance active et sa cible (récepteur, protéine libre, canal ionique, etc.) . Cette réponse est une composante de l'effet thérapeutique recherché.

Lors de cette étape, la substance active quitte le système sanguin pour diffuser jusqu'au site d'action dans l'organe cible et se combine avec un récepteur, une enzyme ou une structure cellulaire quelconque pour provoquer la réponse.

Effets sur le corps
La majorité des composés ont un effet sur soit :

(a) Mimer ou inhiber des processus physiologiques/biochimiques ou d'inhiber des processus pathologiques

(b) Inhiber les activités vitales chez des endo- ou ectoparasites ainsi que chez les organismes unicellulaires (bactéries). Il y a 7 cibles principales.
Stimulation de l'effet par agonisme direct et d'effets sur la signalisation
Diminution de l'effet par agonisme inverse  et d'effets en découlant
Blocage/antagonisme (comme par Antagonisme du récepteur), le composé se lie au récepteur mais ne provoque pas son activation
Stabilisation de l'action, le médicament ne semble agir comme un stimulant ni un dépresseur du système en cause (par exemple.: certaines drogues possèdent une activité sur le récepteur qui leur permet de stabiliser l'activation du récepteur, comme la buprénorphine chez les sujets opioïde dépendants ou avec l'aripiprazole chez les sujets atteints de schizophrénie, tous dépendants de la dose et de l'excipient)
Échange/remplacement de substances ou accumulation de celles-ci pour former une réserve toxique (par exemple: entreposage du glycogène)
Protection de l'équilibre oxydatif par son action d'antioxydant
Dommages chimiques directs  pouvant résulter en une destruction cellulaire, par toxicité induite ou dommages létaux (cytotoxicité ou irritation)

Effets thérapeutiques
Les effets thérapeutiques d'un composé sont principalement dû à l'interaction spécifique à une des cibles suivantes :
Effets sur la membrane cellulaire
Réaction chimique avec effets en découlant
Interaction avec des enzymes
Interaction avec des protéines structurelles
Interaction avec des protéines de transport (albumine)
Liaison du ligand au récepteur:
Récepteur de type GPCR
Récepteur de type canal ionique
Récepteur intracellulaire

Selon la littérature, il était établi que les anesthésiants généraux apportaient un désordre dans la membrane des neurone, provoquant une altération de l'influx de Na+. Les antiacides ainsi que les agents chélateurs se combinent dans le corps. La liaison enzyme-substrat est une voie classique pour altérer la production ou le métabolisme d'agents endogènes, par exemple, l'aspirine inhibe de façon irréversible l'enzyme prostaglandine synthétase (Cyclo-oxygénase) ayant pour effet de réduire la réponse inflammatoire. La Colchicine, extraite des plantes, interfère avec la fonction de la tubuline, une protéine structurale, la Digitale blanche, une drogue toujours employée dans le traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque, inhibe l'activité du transporteur, NA-K-ATPase. La plus grande classe de composés est celle des ligands qui ont la fonction de se lier aux récepteurs ce qui dicte les effets cellulaires obtenus. Mis à part la liaison Ligand-Récepteur, le récepteur peut permettre l'obtention de sa fonction normale (via l'agoniste), d'avoir une action bloquée (par l'antagoniste), ou même une réponse inverse à celle obtenue par stimulation avec un agoniste (via l'agoniste inverse).

Effets indésirables
Un effet indésirable d'un médicament ou d'un soin est un effet adverse induit ou potentiellement induit par le traitement (gêne, allergie, complications graves, y compris le décès). Ces effets indésirables sont associés à la toxicité du médicament et peuvent provoquer l'apparition de certains symptômes tels que:
Augmentation du stress oxydatif et son effet sur la mutation cellulaire (activité carcinogène)
La combinaison de plusieurs actions peuvent mener à un effet délétère
Interaction antagoniste
Interaction synergique (Additive et potentialisation)
Induction de dommages physiologiques, ou aggravation d'une condition chronique

Fenêtre thérapeutique
La fenêtre thérapeutique d'un médicament est située entre la concentration nécessaire pour obtenir un effet désirable permettant le traitement du patient (dose effective) et la concentration apportant plus d'effets indésirables que d'effets thérapeutiques. Par exemple, les antiépileptiques (comme les barbituriques) ont une fenêtre thérapeutique très étroite. Ce type de médication doit être administré avec prudence puisque même une faible augmentation de la concentration plasmatique, par rapport à la concentration de la dose effective, provoque l'apparition d'effets délétères. L'usage des barbituriques en application clinique relève cette problématique. En effet, les barbituriques agissent sur le récepteur GABA A au niveau central, et renforcent ainsi l'activité inhibitrice du GABA.

Durée de l'action
La durée de l'action d'une drogue administrée dépend de divers facteurs :
Quantité administrée du médicament
Forme galénique
Réversibilité de l'action
Demi-vie active du médicament
Pente de la courbe dose-réponse
Activité des métabolites
Modulation de l'élimination par certaines pathologies
The duration of action of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective.  Duration of action is a function of several parameters including plasma half-life, the time to equilibrate between plasma and target compartments, and the off rate of the drug from its biological target.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Pharmacodynamique


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There are various excellent resources one can purchase online, and one of them is Belly Dance Lessons Online. So whether you live near to a studio, or are too far to travel in, the internet makes dancing available for everyone.
Although I am no expert in Belly Dancing, and still believe that you need to have some proper instruction from a professional dance teacher at least to get the basics, from what I have seen of this course, it is a full and comprehensive guide on how to learn to belly dance, and it is run by an expert coach.
What I like about this course is that the instructor Mariella Monroe is available as a one on one coach for up to a year after this course is purchased.
Are Belly Dance Lessons Online A Good Thing?
The Mariella Monroe Belly Dance Program is a great way to learn to belly dance in the comfort of your own home. The movements are not dangerous like gymnastics or ballet, so it is safer to learn these types of movements at home than any other dance style.
The best thing about courses like these is that you can learn to dance at your own speed in the privacy of your own home. A lot of women would love to learn how to belly dance but are simply too shy to attend classes, or classes are simply out of their reach.
This course has 50 videos with an approximate running time of 8 hours. The videos are designed to systematically teach you all the major belly dancing steps in a way that leaves nothing to the imagination.
Step-by-step belly dance instruction program is presented in an easy-to-follow format.
3 different teachers covering 5 major styles of belly dancing.
Suitable for BOTH beginners and seasoned dancers.
Learn over 40 isolated body movements, each visually demonstrated and verbally described, with on-screen visual aids.
All basic moves are covered in the first 2 hours so you will be up and running quickly.
Clearly see all movements from multiple viewing angles, including full-body & up-close views. Then perform fluid combinations of the moves you've learned!
You'll learn the basic belly dance moves and then integrate them into combinations, safely and joyfully discovering your own dance!
Mariella will guide you through sequences of steps building from simple isolated movements to layered moves.
Footwork, arm/hand patterns, and head angles are gradually combined for the effect of total coordination and effortless control.
This masterclass is guaranteed to shorten the learning curve and get you going quickly.
If you would like to find out more about how you can get your hands on these belly dance lessons online, simply click here to find out more.
And best of all free one year one on one coaching with Mariella, which of course is great since you always will need guidance with an online course such as this.
To get your hands on a copy right now, Click Here!
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The latest data from the TomTom HD Traffic Centre has revealed that five out of 10 worst traffic jams last month occurred on the M25.
With July being an especially busy month for traffic with schools breaking up for the summer holidays, the worst jam was 49 miles long, stretching from junction 19 near Watford to junction 5 at Sevenoaks on July 29 at 5.45pm.
With the vehicles stretching on a 30 mile queue on July 3 at 8.21pm, the A64 near York came second in the worst traffic jam list.
Meanwhile, the A1 from Eyemouth to South Charlton, and the A49 from Ludlow to Shrewsbury are also listed in the top ten.
The section between junction 8 and junction 16 of the M25 featured twice on the list for delays of 27.5 miles and 26 miles on Friday July 8 and July 22.
According to the survey, 3.58pm on Friday July 8 was the worst traffic peak of the month with tailbacks stretching to 1,027 miles across the UK.


text:
Das Aurignacien (IPA: [], ) ist die älteste archäologische Kultur des europäischen Jungpaläolithikums, und zeitgleich mit der Ausbreitung des anatomisch modernen Menschen (Homo sapiens) in weiten Teilen West-, Mittel- und Osteuropas. Als "Aurignac-Kulturstufe" wurde der Begriff 1867 von Gabriel de Mortillet eingeführt, zunächst bei der Gliederung der Dauerausstellung des Musée des Antiquités Nationales in Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Publikation 1869). Die Typlokalität ist der Abri von Aurignac (Département Haute-Garonne), wo Édouard Lartet im Jahr 1860 erstmals Steinwerkzeuge in Verbindung mit eindeutig pleistozänen Tierknochen nachgewiesen hat.

Nach Thomas Higham u. a. (2012) beginnt das Aurignacien in der Schwäbischen Alb  ca. 40.000 BP und reicht bis etwa 31.000 BP, siehe auch Jungpleistozän.

Die nachfolgende archäologische Kultur war das Gravettien.

Menschenreste aus Aurignacien-Schichten
Dem Aurignacien voraus gingen Kulturstufen des Neandertalers, wie das Moustérien und das Szeletien (auch Blattspitzen-Gruppen genannt). Während der Kultur des Aurignacien, die mit dem anatomisch modernen Menschen (Homo sapiens, auch Cro-Magnon-Mensch) assoziiert ist, lebten noch Neandertaler in Europa. Neandertalern wird die Kultur des Châtelperronien (früher Périgordien I) zugeschrieben. Schmuckgegenstände dieser Kultur sprechen für eine kulturelle Beeinflussung durch Homo sapiens. Szenarien der Ablösung des Neandertalers durch Homo sapiens werden häufig durch 14C-datierte erste Belege moderner Menschen erstellt, die auf Europakarten den letzten Nachweisen von Neandertalern entgegengestellt werden. Der belgische Prähistoriker Marcel Otte favorisiert die Migration anatomisch moderner Menschen als Träger der Aurignacien-Kultur aus Zentralasien. Aufgrund der wenigen Menschenreste und der fehlerbedingten Streubreite von 14C-Daten in diesem Zeitbereich, die weit über der Spanne eines Menschenlebens liegen, bleibt die Interpretation der räumlichen Mobilität jedoch unbeweisbar.

Nach der 14C-Datierung von Begleitfunden der Menschenreste von Cro-Magnon ins Gravettien, der Direktdatierung der Schädel aus der Vogelherdhöhle ins Neolithikum sowie einer Revision falscher Datierungen an deutschen Fossilfunden wurde von einigen Experten die Urheberschaft des Aurignaciens als offene Frage dargestellt oder sogar ausdrücklich dem Neandertaler zugeschrieben. Die gesicherte Verbindung von Aurignacien und Homo sapiens. begründet sich – auch durch erst in den letzten Jahren datierte bzw. naturwissenschaftlich untersuchte Menschenreste – auf eine Reihe alter und neuer Funde:

 Einige isolierte Zähne von Brassempouy (Département Landes) aus den zwischen 1981 und 1996 durchgeführten Grabungen von H. Delporte stammen aus unteren Aurignacien-Schichten. In einer 2005 publizierten Untersuchung konnten ihre Merkmale eindeutig dem Homo sapiens zugeordnet werden, was zugleich ein stichhaltiges Argument für die Trägerschaft des anatomisch modernen Menschen auch für das ältere Aurignacien ist.
 Direktdatierungen an den Homo sapiens-Schädeln aus der Boček-Höhle bei Mladeč (Mähren) sind mit einem Alter von ca. 31.000 BP ein Beweis für die Verbindung mit Artefakten des jüngeren Aurignacien (Aurignacien typique).
 Homo sapiens-Reste aus Aurignacien-Schichten gibt es in der Höhle von Isturitz (Département Pyrénées-Atlantiques).
 Zähne von Homo sapiens in der Höhle Les Rois (bei Mouthiers-sur-Boëme) sind direkt mit Aurignacien-Artefakten einsedimentiert worden.
 Von drei isolierten Zähnen aus der Aurignacien-Schicht E von La Ferrassie, die zuvor dem Neandertaler zugerechnet wurden, konnte zumindest einer als Homo sapiens identifiziert werden. Bei einem anderen gibt es intermediäre Merkmale.

Ein Argument für die im Prinzip eindeutige Zuordnung von Homo sapiens zum Aurignacien und Neandertaler zum späten Mittelpaläolithikum (hier vor allem Châtelperronien) bietet eine 2009 publizierte Studie, in der 95 Neandertalerzähne und 63 Homo sapiens-Zähne aus gesichertem Befundkontext (das heißt mit archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften) untersucht wurden. Dabei konnte zu 89 % die erwartete kulturelle Zuordnung bestätigt werden: von 34 Individuen, die mit Aurignacien oder anderen frühjungpaläolithischen Industrien ("Nicht-Châtelperronien") assoziiert waren, sind 29 anatomisch moderne Menschen (Homo sapiens).

Menschenreste aus dem Zeithorizont des Aurignacien
Neben den aufgelisteten Belegen des anatomisch modernen Menschen, die direkt in Aurignacien-Fundschichten gefunden wurden, gibt es weitere Menschenreste in Europa, die in denselben Zeithorizont zu stellen sind, jedoch ohne charakteristisches archäologisches Inventar bzw. mit anderen als Aurignacien-Artefakten:

 Die ältesten Überreste des modernen Menschen in Europa aus der Grotta del Cavallo (Apulien) sind mit Steinartefakten des Uluzzien assoziiert, das als italienisches Pendant zum Châtelperronien gilt. Die beiden 1964 gefundenen Milchzähne konnten in einer Neuanalyse aufgrund anatomischer Merkmale der Zahnkronen und -wurzeln eindeutig Homo sapiens zugeordnet werden. 14C-datierte Muschelschalen derselben Schicht weisen ein Alter von 42.000–40.000 BP auf. Von den Autoren werden die Zähne anhand eines Bayes-Modells mit einem Kalenderalter von 45.000–43.000 calBP angegeben. Damit wären diese Zähne mindestens 3000 Jahre älter als das früheste Aurignacien.
 Ein 1927 gefundener Teil eines menschlichen Oberkiefers (Fossilbezeichnung KC 4) aus der englischen Kents Cavern wurde in der Erstpublikation als anatomisch moderner Mensch bezeichnet, später dann jedoch lange Zeit in seinem Aussagewert in Frage gestellt. Eine AMS-Direktdatierung im Jahre 1989 erbrachte ein unkalibriertes Datum von 30.900 ± 900 BP, das zum damaligen Stand auf 36.400–34.700 calBP kalibriert wurde. Im Jahre 2011 mit Ultrafiltration gewonnene AMS-Daten aus der gesamten Schichtenfolge der Höhle schlossen auch Tierknochen aus der Fundschicht des Oberkiefers ein. Aufgrund eines Bayes-Modells der Datenserie zeigt sich, dass die Fundschicht mit der überlieferten Lage der Maxilla stattdessen auf 44.200–41.500 calBC zu datieren ist. Infolge der frühen Ausgrabung ist die Verortung innerhalb der Schichtenfolge jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei belegt. Anpassbare Fragmente von Tierknochen zeigen hingegen eine vertikale Umlagerung von Funden an, wie das für Höhlensedimente typisch ist.
 Die Schädel Oase 1 und 2 aus der rumänischen Peștera cu Oase wurden auf etwa 36.000 BP datiert, das entspricht nach Kalibrierung etwa 40.000 Kalenderjahren. Sie wurden ohne archäologisches Inventar gefunden.
 In Kostenki am Don (Oblast Woronesch, Russland) gibt es isolierte Homo sapiens-Zähne aus frühjungpaläolithischen Schichten, die mit etwa 35.000 BP zu datieren sind. Das 1954 gefundene und der jungpaläolithischen Gorodsovien-Schicht III zugeordnete Grab der Fundstelle Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora) wurde im Zuge einer Untersuchung der mtDNA als authentisch bestätigt, die 14C-Daten des Schichtzusammenhangs weisen es dem Zeitfenster zwischen 33 und 30.000 BP zu. Demnach ist die Bestattung zeitgleich mit dem jüngeren Aurignacien in Westeuropa. Ein menschlicher Knochen vom Fundplatz Kostenki 1 wurde direkt datiert und erbrachte ein Alter von 32.600±1100 BP (OxA-7073).
 Im Jahre 2011 wurde eine Datierung eines Menschenknochens aus Buran-Kaya III (Krim) bekannt, die mit 31.900+240/-220 BP den ältesten Nachweis in Südosteuropa darstellt, sofern Rumänien zu Mitteleuropa gezählt wird. Die Schichtzuordnung ins Gravettien ist dabei problematisch, da die Datierung älter ist als der Zeitrahmen dieser Kultur.
 Die so genannte Red Lady of Paviland (Gower-Halbinsel), ein mit Ocker bestreutes männliches Grab (das Geschlecht wurde erst später korrekt bestimmt), ist anhand neuer AMS-Daten von Beifunden auf bis zu etwa 31.000 BP datiert worden. Die Fundvergesellschaftung ist jedoch unsicher, eine jüngere Einstufung in den Zeithorizont des Gravettien ebenfalls möglich. Dafür würde auch die gravettien-typische Ockerbestreuung sprechen. Vier direkt an den Menschenknochen erhobene AMS-Daten ergaben im Mittel ein Alter von 29.000–28.000 BP.
 Ohne gesicherte archäologische Beifunde wurden zwei Schädel in den rumänischen Höhlen Peştera Muierii (etwa 30.000 BP) und Cioclovina-Höhle (etwa 29.000–28.000 BP, uncalibriert) gefunden, die mittels direkter Radiokohlenstoffdatierung in den Zeithorizont des jüngeren Aurignacien datiert wurden.

Das lange Zeit dem Aurignacien ancient (Châtelperronien) zugeschriebene Grab von Combe Capelle wurde im Jahre 2011 direkt mittels AMS datiert, wonach die Bestattung ins Mesolithikum und damit wesentlich jünger einzustufen ist.

Stufengliederung
Mortillet hatte kurz nach der Etablierung der Kulturstufe des Aurignacien im Jahre 1867 diese wieder verworfen. Der Grund war, dass er wegen der Ähnlichkeit älterer Blattspitzen der Blattspitzen-Gruppen mit denen des Solutréens eine genetische Beziehung zwischen beiden Kulturen sah. Dem stand im damaligen evolutionistischen Verständnis prähistorischer Werkzeugtypen das Aurignacien wegen des Fehlens von Blattspitzen im Wege. Erst ab 1906 setzte sich Henri Breuil mit der Wiedereinführung des Aurignacien als Kulturstufe durch. 1912 schlug Breuil folgende Dreigliederung vor:

 Aurignacien ancien (auch Aurignacien inférieur; mit Châtelperron-Spitzen, vgl. heute Châtelperronien)
 Aurignacien typique (oder mittleres Aurignacien)
 Aurignacien supérieur (mit mehreren Unterstufen, die durch Gravettespitzen u. Font-Robert-Spitzen gekennzeichnet sind; entspricht heute dem Gravettien).

Denis Peyrony unterteilte 1933 das Aurignacien anhand der Stratigraphie von La Ferrassie und Laugerie-Haute in fünf Stufen, die heute ebenfalls nur noch forschungsgeschichtlich relevant sind. Die Aurignacien-Gliederung korrelierte er mit sieben Stufen des Périgordien, die das gesamte Jungpaläolithikum vor dem voll entwickelten Magdalénien beschreiben. Peyronys Périgordien I und Aurignacien 0-I entspricht in etwa Breuils Aurignacien ancien, Aurignacien II-IV dem Aurignacien typique. Das heutige Gravettien bezeichnete Peyrony als Périgordien-Stufen IV-V. Leitcharakter hatten für Peyrony vor allem Geschossspitzen aus Knochen:

 Périgordien I (später Châtelperronien)
 Aurignacien 0 (Périgordien II): Aurignacienkratzer, Dufourlamellen
 Aurignacien I: Geschossspitzen mit gespaltener Basis (Aurignac-Spitzen), eingeschnürte Klingen, Kielkratzer
 Aurignacien II: Rautenförmige Geschossspitzen mit flachovalem Querschnitt, Nasenkratzer, Bogenstichel
 Aurignacien III: Geschossspitzen mit ovalem Querschnitt, Nasenkratzer, Bogenstichel
 Aurignacien IV: Doppelkonische Geschossspitzen mit dickovalem Querschnitt, Bogenstichel

Die moderne Gliederung teilt das Aurignacien in drei Stufen und verschiedene regionale Ausprägungen. Da das Protoaurignacien, das 1966 von Georges Laplace (1918–2004) eingeführt wurde, nicht mit dem Châtelperronien identisch ist, entspricht diese Terminologie nur teilweise dem Verständnis von H. Breuil:

 Protoaurignacien (ca. 40.000/37.000–34.000 BP): Auftreten vor allem in Südeuropa, aber auch zum Beispiel in der Altfundstelle von Krems-Hundssteig
 Aurignacien ancien (34.000–31.000 BP) in Mitteleuropa, Südwestfrankreich, Asturien und Mittelitalien
 Aurignacien récent (31.000–28.000 BP) im gesamten Mitteleuropa

Hinzu kommt ein Epi-Aurignacien mit 14C-Daten um 22.000 bis 18.000 BP, wofür es heute vor allem Belege in der Ukraine zu geben scheint. Merkmale seien atypische Kielkratzer und schwach retuschierte Mikrolithen. Inwieweit das osteuropäische Epi-Aurignacien Beziehungen zu Peyronys Aurignacien V der Dordogne (hier auf das Périgordien VII. folgend) aufweist, ist in Anbetracht der großen Gebiete ohne entsprechende Nachweise unklar. Bei der hohen Mobilität nomadisierender Jäger und Sammler waren Kontakte zwischen Südwestfrankreich und Osteuropa aber sehr gut möglich. Im dazwischen liegenden Mitteleuropa gibt es nur vereinzelte Inventare, die plausible Merkmale eines Epi-Aurignacien aufweisen: Langmannersdorf und Horn-Raabserstrasse in Niederösterreich sowie Dolní Věstonice II-A in Mähren.

Werkzeugformen
Typisch für das Aurignacien sind Projektilspitzen aus Knochen und Elfenbein, die wahrscheinlich als Spitzenbewehrung von Speeren gedient haben. Daneben gibt es eine Reihe typischer Werkzeuge ("Leitformen") aus Feuerstein, wie Kielkratzer, Stichel und lange, schmale Klingen. Diese Klingen sind häufig an den Längsseiten durch Kantenretuschen konkav geformt bzw. "tailliert" (vgl. zweite Abbildung von links). Leitform des Aurignacien ancien und Aurignacien typique sind sogenannte Dufour-Lamellen, die eine dorsal und eine ventral retuschierte Längskante aufweisen. Lamellen und Spitzen vom Typ Font-Yves sind hingegen beidseitig dorsal kantenretuschiert. Solche Lamellen wurden von regelhaften Kernen abgetrennt und beweisen eine gezielte Strategie der Herstellung.

Kunstwerke

Figürliche Kleinkunst

Im Aurignacien entstanden die ältesten bisher bekannten figürlichen Kleinkunstwerke. Von herausragender Bedeutung sind Fundobjekte aus Mammut-Elfenbein von der Schwäbischen Alb, die zwischen 42.000 und 38.000 BP datieren. Die berühmtesten Fundstellen dieser Region sind zum einen die Vogelherdhöhle und der Hohlenstein-Stadel mit dem Löwenmensch, beide im Lonetal. Die zweite wichtige Fundregion ist das Achtal zwischen Blaubeuren und Schelklingen
mit dem Hohlen Fels und dem Geißenklösterle.

Diese Höhlen sind mit ihren Funden Teil des UNESCO-Welterbes "Höhlen und Eiszeitkunst im Schwäbischen Jura". 16 Artefakte vom Vogelherd aus der Ausgrabung von 1931 und aus den Nachgrabungen im Abraum werden im Museum Alte Kulturen im Schloss Hohentübingen ausgestellt. Zu einzelnen altgegrabenen (1931) Objekten konnten sogar neugegrabene (seit 2005) Mammutelfenbeinfragmente angefügt werden, wie beispielsweise bei der Skulptur eines Löwen/Bären, dessen Kopf erst bei den Abraumgrabungen zu Tage kam.

Aus dem Aurignacien stammen die ältesten sogenannten jungpaläolithischen "Venusfigurinen" (heute wird meist der neutrale Begriff "Frauenstatuetten" verwendet): Die Venus vom Galgenberg sowie die 2008 gefundene Venus vom Hohlen Fels.

Flöten aus Knochen und Elfenbein

Aus dem Aurignacien stammen die ersten Knochenflöten, die zweifelsfrei als solche anerkannt werden. Als Flöten interpretierte, mehr oder weniger regelhaft durchlochte Knochen aus dem Mittelpaläolithikum (z. B. Flöte von Divje babe, Slowenien) sind dagegen umstritten.
 Im Geißenklösterle wurde eine 12,6 cm lange Flöte (Flöte 1) aus der Speiche eines Singschwans im Jahre 1990 gefunden (Schwanenknochenflöte). Außerdem  wurde eine zweite, fragmentarisch erhaltene Knochenflöte (Flöte 2) mit zwei Lochresten geborgen, die ebenfalls aus einem Röhrenknochen ("vermutlich Vogel") hergestellt wurde. Beide Exemplare zeigen sorgfältig angelegte Kerben und flach geschnittene Grifflöcher, die eine eindeutige Interpretation als Flöten ermöglichen. Später wurde eine weitere Flöte (Flöte 3) aus dem Geißenklösterle identifiziert, die erstaunlicherweise aus zwei ausgehöhlten Mammutelfenbeinspänen hergestellt und dann zusammengeklebt wurde. Wie beide Vogelknochenflöten wurde auch Flöte 3 aus dem oberen Aurignacien-Schichtkomplex (Archäologischer Horizont II) geborgen, der nach neuesten Erkenntnissen (2012) auf etwa 42–43 000 BP datiert wird. (Ein Teil der Flöte 3 war von Hahn bereits 1988 als mit einer Kerbreihe verziertes Elfenbeinstabfragment veröffentlicht worden, konnte aber wegen fehlender Teile noch nicht als Flöte identifiziert werden.)
 2008 wurde im benachbarten Hohlefels die fast vollständige Gänsegeierflöte vom Hohlefels gefunden, die aus der Speiche eines Gänsegeiers (Gyps fulvus) hergestellt wurde (HF Flöte 1). Diese Flöte ist auf einer Länge von 21,8 cm erhalten und hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 8 mm. Sie stammt wie die Venusfigur aus der untersten Schicht Va des Aurignacien und ist auf mindestens 35.000 v. Chr. zu datieren. Zwei weitere Flötenbruchstücke (Flöte 2 und 3) sind aus Mammutelfenbein hergestellt worden, wahrscheinlich in derselben Technik wie Flöte 3 vom Geißenklösterle.
 Fragmente von drei weiteren Flöten stammen aus der Vogelherdhöhle. Flöte 1 wurde aus Vogelknochen hergestellt. Flöte 2 vom Vogelherd ist aus Mammutelfenbein und in drei nicht zusammenhängenden Bruchstücken erhalten. Erst kürzlich wurde im Abraum der Vogelherdhöhle eine dritte Flöte entdeckt. Sie besteht aus einem Fragment mit zwei angeschnittenen Grifflöchern und ist aus Gänsegeierknochen gefertigt. Die Flöte ist Teil des UNESCO-Welterbes "Höhlen und Eiszeitkunst im Schwäbischen Jura". Sie ist – wie 15 weitere Kunst- und Musikartefakte – im Museum Alte Kulturen im Schloss Hohentübingen ausgestellt.
 Außerdem kann eine der insgesamt 22 Vogelknochenflöten aus der Grotte d'Isturitz (Département Pyrénées-Atlantiques) aus dem Aurignacien stammen, wobei der Schichtzusammenhang der Grabungen in den 1920er Jahren als nicht ganz gesichert gilt.

Höhlenmalerei und Petroglyphen
Aus dem jüngeren Aurignacien stammen die ältesten Höhlenmalereien Europas in der El-Castillo-Höhle (40.000 BP), sowie dem Abri Castanet (37.000 BP) und der Chauvet-Höhle im Département Ardèche. Hier konnten mittels 14C-Methode mit Holzkohle gezeichnete Abbildungen an der Wand (zwei Wollnashörner der sogenannten schwarzen Serie) auf 33.000 bis 32.000 BP datiert werden, ebenso wie Feuerstellen am Höhlenboden. Petroglyphen aus der Höhle Pair-non-Pair (Département Gironde) werden entgegen früheren Annahmen heute dem Gravettien zugeordnet. Malerei mit Rötel auf Kalksteinblöcken gibt es aus den Aurignacien-Horizonten der Grotta di Fumane (Fumane, Norditalien). Als Kunstwerke des Aurignacien sind verschiedene Petroglyphen auf größeren Felsblöcken anerkannt, da sie im Schichtzusammenhang gesichert sind, wie im Abri La Ferrassie und Abri Blanchard.

Problem der Radiokohlenstoffdaten im Aurignacien

Radiokohlenstoffdaten aus Aurignacien-Fundplätzen sind in ihrem Aussagewert umstritten. Zum ersten schwankte der atmosphärische 14C-Gehalt zwischen etwa 32.500 und 35.000 BP beträchtlich (verursacht durch Schwankungen des Erdmagnetfeldes). Dies führt zu Plateaus und Inversionen der 14C-Daten, was in den Aurignacien-Horizonten II bis IV des Geißenklösterle anhand von Daten mittels Thermolumineszenzdatierung und ESR veranschaulicht werden konnte. Zum zweiten ist die Methode empfindlich gegenüber Verunreinigungen: Eine 40.000 BP datierte Probe, die nur zu einem Prozent mit heutigem Kohlenstoff verunreinigt ist, wird über 6.000 Jahre jünger. Die Verschiedenheit des Probenmaterials (vor allem Holzkohle vs. Knochen oder Knochenkohle) hat bis in die 90er Jahre zum Teil für sehr heterogene 14C-Daten in ein und demselben Fundhorizont gesorgt.

Stark voneinander abweichende Altersangaben zum Aurignacien sind heute aber vor allem darin begründet, dass die 14C-Daten zum Teil als kalibrierte Alter (calBP) angegeben werden, zum Teil aber noch als unkalibrierte Rohdaten (BP). Die von der IntCal Working Group (IWG) im Jahre 2004 autorisierte Kalibrierung von 14C-Daten (INTCAL04) reichte nur bis 26.000 BP zurück und schloss den Zeithorizont des Aurignacien damit aus. Seit 2009 liegt nun eine von der IWG autorisierte Kalibrationskurve bis 50.000 BP vor, die sich auf unabhängige marine Archive stützt. Zugrunde gelegt werden hier die Uran-Thorium-datierten Speläotheme (Hulu-Höhle, China; der Bahamas), datierte Korallenriffe sowie die Sauerstoff-Isotopenuntersuchung von benthischen Foraminiferen. Das Kölner Labor CALPAL sowie das Quaternary Isotope Lab der University of Washington bieten eine Kalibrierungssoftware für die Zeitspanne älter als 26.000 und damit den Zeitbereich des Aurignacien an. Die Kalibrierung archäologischer Einzeldaten >26.000 BP ist jedoch nach wie vor umstritten, da Kalibrationskurven nur einen gemittelten Wert der Abweichung von Sonnenjahren geben, der in Einzelfällen weit höher ausfallen kann.

Literatur
 Gerhard Bosinski: Die große Zeit der Eiszeitjäger. Europa zwischen 40.000 und 10.000 v. Chr. In: Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz. 34, 1987, S. 13–139.
 Joachim Hahn: Aurignacien. Das ältere Jungpaläolithikum in Mittel- und Osteuropa. In: Fundamenta A/9. Köln/ Wien 1977.
 João Zilhão, Francesco d'Errico: The chronology and taphonomy of the Earliest Aurignacian and its implications for the understanding of Neandertal extinction. In: Journal of World Prehistory. 13, 1999, S. 1–68.
 João Zilhão, Francesco d'Errico (Hrsg.): The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. 14. UISPP-Kongress Lüttich 2001. Lissabon 2003.

Weblinks

 Neudatierung der Schädel von Mladeč
 Nicolas Teyssandier: Neue Perspektiven zu den Anfängen des Aurignacien (2005) (PDF, 2,6 MB)
 UNESCO-Welterbe im Museum der Universität Tübingen MUT: Presseinformationen, Fotos und 3D-Animationen der Objekte; In: www.unimuseum.de, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Museum der Universität Tübingen MUT

Einzelnachweise

Archäologische Kultur (Europa)
Aurignac
Archäologische Kultur (Jungpaläolithikum)
Altsteinzeitliche Kultur in Europa


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Plodine d.d. je hrvatska maloprodajna trgovina. U Hrvatskoj posjeduje 108 trgovina.

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Rebecca Ford
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Wahlberg's passionate speech ended with him saying he didn't want to answer any more questions, but that he would get a second wind to enjoy the party.
The rest of the Q&A portion focused heavily on Luttrell's own reaction to the film. While he pointed out some differences that he noticed (and he said other military people would notice), like the lack of face paint on the SEALS, he said overall the film was true to his harrowing story.
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