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William Keep, dean of the College of New Jersey's School of Business, and a pyramid scheme critic, told Bloomberg earlier this year that "in terms of sending clear signals to the industry, the F.T.C. has done worse than nothing since 1979. It sends confusing signals that have in no way helped us understand how to identify a multilevel marketing company that may be a pyramid scheme."
Once Amway has their claws in, they get their new recruit to switch everything over so they essentially become their own customer. By ordering household and beauty products through their own online store, they pay a premium for everyday items and get a small kickback which they try to sell as this amazing perk, but I don't see why you wouldn't just choose something else.
I was surprised at the breadth and depth of their product selections. I had always thought of Amway as just having cleaning products. However, that only scratches the surface. Their cleaning products, such as SA-8, are second to none. Very superior products. We also purchased jewelry. They have a very large collection of original, beautiful designs. I also found Amway's customer service to be extremely customer oriented. But Amway still has a stigma associated with them dating back to the 60s and 70s. That stigma was one of distributors being forced to purchase garages full of products in order to be able to qualify as a direct distributor. However the products themselves have always been thought to be superior. If I could change anything about Amway it would be to improve the perception of the distributing organization, not the manufacturer.
Yager made a name for himself as the father of the 'Yager System,' one of the first and most profitable motivational 'tools' businesses run by Amway distributors (also called 'tools scams' by detractors). Distributors produce motivational tapes and videos, or 'tools,' and sell them directly to their downlines for immediate profit. Tools promote Amway's free market philosophy but are not themselves Amway products – though the Yager Group is still today an Amway-approved training provider. The Charlotte Observer has said of Yager, 'He sells not only soap but an ideology and a way of life. Admirers speak of him with reverence, as if his next plateau of Amway achievement were sainthood itself.' The title of Yager's first book, Don't Let Anybody Steal Your Dream, was a Gerard household motto. We said it to one another with a near-religious zeal – like we were speaking in high-fives. I still feel nostalgic for my childhood when I hear it.
Maria you must be committed to the business and do what the business tells you to do. Many people leave Amway simply because their upline wasn't a great leader for them and eventually they lose confidence in themselves. The business requires you to buy their products monthly and recruit people into the business for PV. The amount of PV determines your level in the business. There is too much to explain. Speak to an IBO about the plan. All I can tell you is that the business is great, they offer you bonuses once you begin succeeding your way through, but it is up to you how far you go in the business. Just like any business, you must invest. One man made it to the Emerald level (around $10,000/per month +bonuses) in ONE YEAR. It all depends on how much you want to succeed. I am in Team Vision and I am glad I found this gem of a company. Good Luck to you if you apply!
In this Presidential election, companies that cut their labor costs by engaging in offshoring have come in for heavy criticism. Amway, one of the world's largest direct selling companies, is a U.S.-headquartered global company that would be hard to criticize on these grounds. Many of their products that are largely sold overseas, actually leverage "Made in America" as a key selling point.
In Amway's eyes, your friends and family are all potential cash cows you should be milking -- you're trained to go after the people closest to you first (to rack up those sweet pity sales). "I was thinking that every friend that didn't join my network didn't want success for himself or me, that he was somehow against me." This crazy train of thought led Kyritsis to harass his loved ones in an attempt to better their lives. Desperate to convince someone of the amazing untapped Amway potential, Kyritsis pushed the Amway rhetoric on anyone who would listen, especially his girlfriend. He would tell her that her studies were pointless when she could be making so much more money, dragging her to seminars and showing her the Amway tapes like a really boring version of The Ring.
On November 3, 2010, Amway announced that it had agreed to pay $56 million – $34 million in cash and $22 million in products – to settle a class action that had been filed in Federal District Court in California in 2007.[10] The class action, which had been brought against Quixtar and several of its top-level distributors, alleged fraud, racketeering, and that the defendants operated as an illegal pyramid scheme.
Today, the DeVoses' charitable giving and local boosterism mean that people in West Michigan have a different view of them than Michiganders elsewhere in the state. "The political narrative that has grown around [the family] is unfair," says Whitney, whose Hauenstein Center has received grant funding from the DeVos Family Foundation. "They have made life better for a lot of people, and I can't say that loudly enough."
Dream Night was not the first Amway event I had been to, but it was the most hallucinatory. It began with the triumphal entrance of the Amway Diamond couples, half-jogging through a gauntlet of high-fives to the theme from Rocky, as the audience whooped and hollered and twirled their napkins over their heads. When the standing ovation finally tapered off, the emcee offered a prayer thanking God for (a) the fact that we lived in a free enterprise system, where there were no government agents kicking down the doors of meetings like Dream Night and (b) His Blessed Son. As dinner wound down, the video screens displayed a picture of what the guy next to me was quick to identify as a $20,000 Rolex watch. (He went on to tell of a fellow he knew who had a $30,000 Rolex and who couldn't tell the time for the glare of the gold and diamonds.)
All of the products are healthy and contain natural ingredients. Amway offers way to start your own business and earn money. Some people may find the prices of the products a little high but they are worth this money. People who have tried their products say that they have quite reasonable prices for the quality. The representatives of the company are well-mannered and pleasant. If you want to try natural and effective products, create a business of your own and enjoy excellent customer service, Amway will be a great option for you.
if people are simply looking to become rich quickly by signing up as many people as they can, yeah, it can be a sh*t program to get into. but if people are actually looking to help each other out and create a supportive atmosphere, then its a good thing to be around. the things i've learned at the meetings and conferences have helped me immensely in all areas of my life because i'm way more confident now to pursue my own dreams outside of amway.
"We were warned never to use the name Amway on the phone; even while showing the business plan, the name would be one of the very last things mentioned. The explanation from our 'sponsors' was that people in the past have misused the name 'Amway,' and people should get a chance to know the 'new Amway' without being prejudiced from things they might have heard."
But The Dream's real concern is far from the key-party-and-polyester image conjured by the airplane game. Marie and her producer had, like many people, noticed her Facebook feed filling up with friends from high school selling leggings, or makeup, or handbags, asking their friends to buy them and sign up as salesmen themselves. They're all participating in multi-level marketing (MLM) schemes, which anyone involved will tell you are not a pyramid scheme, because pyramid schemes are illegal.
Qualifying for commissions requires more volume than most other companies, this keeps new distributors in the red for a longer period of time. In order to qualify for a paycheck a rep must do 100PV per month. This wouldn't be such a big deal if the average point wasn't somewhere around $3.00. This means new distributors have to move $300.00 a month in volume to get paid. Normally, most other companies come in somewhere around $1.10 to $1.50 per point, meaning the new rep would only need to move $110.00 to $150.00 or so per month to qualify.
As her world shrunk, she immersed herself in World Wide culture. For entertainment, she listened to the motivational tapes, laughing and crying at the tales of hardship and triumph. She read the WWDB recommended books, memorizing snippets of Norman Vincent Peale and Psychocybernetics. She urged me, likewise, to move to the "next level": to hook into Amvox voicemail (where I could listen to messages from my distant upline Greg Duncan courtside at Bulls-Magic games[15]); make plane and hotel reservations for the upcoming Family Reunion; and get on "standing order" to automatically receive six World Wide cassettes a month at six bucks a pop—which Josh claimed simply covered costs—presumably of meetings recorded onto very cheap tapes. ("I'd gladly pay more for them," Josh insisted, "because they're helping me to become financially liberated!") Sherri told me, in hushed tones, that "Greg Duncan judges you more on the number of standing orders in your downline than on your PV!" I didn't doubt it. The upper echelons of World-Wide and other groups rake in enormous profits from their speaking engagements and the sale of motivational materials. Dexter Yager, head of the Yager Group, is reputed to make more from his propaganda syndicate than from his actual Amway business.
Yes! MLM is not the same as "pyramid scheme" . In every business the people at the top make more. In an MLM anyone can work up to the top, unlike in a pyramid scheme. Some of what is described in the article is very cult-like if it's true, but I would imagine it is like with any business: it depends on who your upline is. If your upline is a creep, the whole team is going to be creepy. If you have a good upline, the whole team will reflect that. Any business, MLM or otherwise, can isolate people from friends and family. It's called being a workaholic.
While this marketing strategies are great, and yes that does work at times, but the conversion rates are very low. And lets face it…is it working for you? No. Do you like chasing around or harrasing your friends, family, and even strangers to join your business or buy you Amway's products? People who call your business an Amway Scam? No. Is it fun? HECK NO lol
Outside the Capitol, state police donned riot gear while officers on horseback pushed protesters away from the building. Loudspeakers blared Tom Petty's "I Won't Back Down," and as the wind picked up, four 20-foot-tall inflatable rat balloons skittered from side to side. Each rat represented one of the key players protesters blamed for right-to-work's hasty adoption: the governor, the House speaker, the Senate majority leader, and—the only unelected member of the rat pack—Dick DeVos.
Recently purchased hair care products from amway.com/rotondo. Very satisfied with the quality. The nice thing about Amway is that they use their own nutritionists, chemical engineers, etc. The stuff you get "off the shelf" is largely produced overseas using packaging from many different companies. Who knows what really goes into those products? Made in the USA in Grand Rapids, Michigan!
Scott Coon (the millionaire from Seattle), on the other hand, was the genuine article: His breezy small talk projected an illusion of sincere interest, his well-fed face reflected self-assurance. Scott worked the small crowd with consummate slickness. After a mumbled intro from Josh (followed by whoops from the audience), Scott stood beaming at us, rubbing his hands in anticipation.
I can see how one bad experience or one negative anecdote can turn you away from something–in this case, a business. But if you took the time to find out more information you'd see that this is really quite, quite far from the truth. Amway has been certified as a legal, non-pyramid scheme, and you'd know that if you just did a simple google search.
This collective approach is how the family runs their home lives, too. The DeVoses' myriad properties are managed through a single private company, RDV Corporation, which both manages the family's investments and operates as a home office, paying the family's employees, maintaining the DeVoses' residences and assuring them as frictionless a life as possible. (The duties outlined by one recent property-manager job with RDV Corporation include "ensur[ing] doors are well-oiled to avoid squeaking" and that "broken toys [are] repaired or disposed of.")
"Amway differed in several ways from pyramid schemes that the Commission had challenged. It did not charge an up-front "head hunting" or large investment fee from new recruits, nor did it promote "inventory loading" by requiring distributors to buy large volumes of nonreturnable inventory," said Debra A Valentine, a general counsel for the FTC, in a seminar organised by the International Monetary Fund in May 1998.
Amway's original product, Liquid Organic Cleaner (L.O.C.™), was one of the first concentrated, biodegradable and environmentally sensitive cleaning products on the market. Since then, with a similarly pioneering and purposeful spirit, Amway has gone from selling simply home products to become a global leader in health and beauty, too. For decades, the company has focused on environmentally sensitive and biodegradable products.
Is Amway A Scam? Amway is not a scam. Amway is a legit company and its business model is around referral based marketing (mlm/direct sales industry) instead of paying for advertising, billboards, tv commercials, etc. They pay their IBO's or distributors a small commissions for helping them get the word out and when someone buys product from that IBO.
The compensation plan is called a "stairstep breakaway," which calls for business rep to efficiently rebuild a leg once it has actually reached exactly what's called Platinum status (7500 factors). Generally, legs break short when they qualify as well as the payments develop into 4 % aristocracies instead of commissioned payments. I asked a former Amway emerald when just what it was like having his initial leg break-off and his reply was: "it's terrible, you truly recognize the best ways to ask unpleasant concerns do not you." He took place to clarify his compensations stopped by at least 80 % when they developed into "nobilities." It should be kept in mind that the royalties technically vanish if the quantity in the leg drops below 7500 factors, so it's not actually a "long-term" aristocracy unless you maintain your quantity.
When it came to designing the architecture required for its IoT platform, Amway used AWS Professional Services to help it create a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline to automate delivery of platform software updates. The pipeline picks up source code changes from a repository, builds and packages the application, and then pushes the new update through a series of stages, running integration tests to ensure all features are intact and backward-compatible in each stage.
As much as Josh ignored the contradictions of his faith, he could always be counted on to express them. A typical Joshism (uttered while describing the photos of new Directs that appear in the Amagram each month): "People are amazed that there are that many new Directs each month—at first, they think it's per year, but no!" The point apparently being the great odds of success. Then, in the very next breath: "I look through them every month to make sure there aren't too many from Illinois. I'm worried that Chicago will get saturated. Last month, though, there were only two." Now he was selling the poor odds.
'We here, man,' says a young black man in a blue T-shirt. 'See all the IBOs. It's good to be withpeople in your company, to feel the love. A lot of people back home be wondering how it is and how big of an organization it is. You see: just imagine the potential of having all these people in one group, man, even if you get ten dollars off a person' – he points to a random person in the audience – 'all these people. There's a whole lot of money floating around in here somewhere.'
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Dreambuilders' impact on Sherri's life was far less salutary. Its most tangible financial effect was the used car she had bought with Josh's advice, which came complete with a weird smell and a glove compartment that didn't close. But Sherri felt that she had undergone a profound psychic transformation. "Before Amway," she would say, "I just wasn't thinking!" Her new clarity made her scornful of mass pursuits: When the E2020 staff went to a Cubs game, she could hardly believe that people would waste their time that way. (Josh counseled her to just sit next to strangers and mingle.) Her "j-o-b," even with a promotion to Internet Expert, certainly didn't interest her anymore: She wanted to spend the whole day talking about The Business.[14] And she now regarded unambitious co-workers, family, and friends as, in Scott Coon's words, "slugs."
I'm sure that the success stories I heard were all true. The problem is that they build an unrealistic expectation of what is possible. People hear these rags to riches tales and think 'hey that could be me'. Unfortunately very few of them will ever make any money at all. Even fewer will achieve financial freedom from Amway Joining Amway is extremely easy, making a profit in Amway is extremely difficult.
Moving on, we exchanged info. I gave him my business card, he gave me his number. I thought cool, I just made a new friend who has the same mindset as I do, you know, work hard for the good life. He called me a couple of days later and we met at a small time franchise restaurant (his choice - part of the presentation). He brought his wife with him. They were both 22 years old. Not that it's weird, but I don't know. They both sounded like such nice people, I mean really nice. It's hard to take them or think that they are even out to commit anything that is considered bad. They gave me a book called "Business of the 21st Century" and I was to read it in four days, probably because in five days there was a meeting I was not yet aware of, and after reading the book we met again.
There is no one-size-fits-all way to make a living, and never has been. The result is a need and corresponding demand among today's workforce for diverse options. Direct selling organizations like Amway offer a low-cost, low-risk option for individuals to supplement their income. Amway Independent Business Owners use and sell high-quality nutrition, beauty and home products to consumers.
I order Artistry Supreme LX Limited-Edition Collection with Vanity Tray Gift (Item#272684). I receive my order and one of my creams was open. It spill in the box so I return my order the same day. I contacted customer service and they replace my order. As stated in the previous emails, I never received my order. Upon researching, tracking shows my package has been delivered on 04/30/2017 and left in my front door. I PAY MORE THAN $500 AND THEY JUST LEFT IT IN MY FRONT DOOR OF MY APARTMENT. A $500 ORDER!! THIS IS NOT ACCEPTABLE!!!
Hence, even in a legitimate MLM business like Amway, it is important to enter early. Those entering the business at the lower levels, find it difficult to get on new distributors and also end up with a lot of unsold inventory, thus leading to losses. Amway requires its distributors to buy back unsold inventory from the new distributors that they sponsor. But that is easier said than done.
We should also note that Kyritsis lives in Greece, a country just coming through the other side of an intense financial crisis (see: "targeting desperate people", above). Amway is based in Michigan, but they do about 90% of their business outside of the United States. It's not hard to see why: Amway is increasingly well known as a scam in the U.S., and American citizens have an easier time suing the company for unethical business practices. In 2010, Amway settled with disgruntled American customers for $155 million.
Their first product was called Frisk, a concentrated organic cleaner developed by a scientist in Ohio. DeVos and Van Andel bought the rights to manufacture and distribute Frisk, and later changed the name to LOC (Liquid Organic Cleaner).[19] They subsequently formed the Amway Sales Corporation to procure and inventory products and to handle sales and marketing plans, and the Amway Services Corporation to handle insurance and other benefits for distributors.[20] In 1960, they purchased a 50% share in Atco Manufacturing Company in Detroit, the original manufacturers of LOC, and changed its name to Amway Manufacturing Corporation.[21] In 1964, the Amway Sales Corporation, Amway Services Corporation, and Amway Manufacturing Corporation merged to form the Amway Corporation.[22]
Oh boy have i and everything to describe is 1000% accurate. The part were my higher intelligence kicked in is when they wanted access to my contacts. Why would i give you my contacts to market to. Thats called seo search engine optimization leads companys pay each other tons of money for leads but i'm suppose to give my contacts to my team leader for free and they profit from my sales. All it really takes is a little common sense to see through the con.
"Here we are three years into [the Herbalife battle] and it's no clearer than it was at the beginning," Keep told me when we spoke. If the government had rules about where the line was between an illegal pyramid scheme and a legal multilevel marketing company, there wouldn't be any such dispute. It's ridiculous that we have to guess what's illegal.
Amway is a good company and has helped a lot of people worldwide already which should be because they existed since 1959(?). There's just one thing I did not like and that was when some top distributors introduced their own training seminars and made it a part of Amway. Then some uplines made it compulsory to attend these meetings which are not free but on one hand you'll get trained. Some distributors just gets hyper-excited acting queer instead of thinking business-like. It's up to you how you'll behave. Their products are mostly good. Surely, you'll not earn if you don't work it out. Of course, prospecting is part of it just like any other business. Then the business presentation, then closing the deal or have the prospect sign up. It doesn't end there. You have to guide your distributors until they can made it on their own. Just like any distribution business, you have to check how your dealers are performing. Have a business mindset and hardworking attitude and you cannot avoid earning.
One night, after he had taken me out to dinner (we went Dutch), Josh told me that there was a price list in the back of his car—sealed in an Amway Starter Kit. I could have it right away; I just had to give him the $160 fee to officially join Amway. Uncertain about taking the plunge, I claimed my checking account couldn't cover $160 that week. That was all right, he insisted: I could write a post-dated check that he would hold until I gave the O.K. to deposit it. I still resisted, and he got out of the car with me, opening the hatch to show me the sealed white box within. Eventually, he settled for giving me a book called Being Happy, which he could later retrieve.
This year's report confirmed the desirability of starting a business falls with age. While the AESI is the same (58) for respondents under 35 years of age and those between the ages of 35 and 49, it is considerably lower (51) for respondents over 50 years old. The youngest age group surveyed demonstrated the strongest desire (68 percent) to start a business. This falls to 60 percent for the middle age group and 48 percent for the oldest group of respondents. Most interestingly, the feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur follows a different demographic pattern with respect to age. It is the lowest for the youngest respondents (58 percent) and highest for the middle-aged respondents (64 percent).
Amway today produces and distributes over 450 products produced in manufacturing facilities acros the U.S., China and India. It has a network of millions of "Independent Business Owners" (IBOs) in over 100 countries. For better or for worse, they have set the benchmark for all other MLMs, and are consistently one of the top MLM companies in the United States based on revenue.
Days after the 2012 election, Dick DeVos picked up the phone and rallied Republican lawmakers to pass right-to-work in lame duck while they still had the votes, reportedly promising financial support to those members who would find themselves facing tough reelections and suggesting he would back primary campaigns against those who didn't step in line. "There's one family who gets these people elected, and consequently, you can assume they can get them unelected, too," says Gretchen Whitmer, who was the state Senate's Democratic leader at the time.
The move unified the various Amway companies worldwide. "We're now reintroducing our brands in North America, moving away from Quixtar and going back to the Amway name", said Steve Lieberman, managing director of Amway Global. "We decided there were a number of roads we had to go down in order to recreate awareness for a brand that, quite frankly, a lot of people felt had gone away."[5]
Lengthy consumer lifetime as well as good retail profit. Amway actually has several of the best offline training out there. They've basically understood it because that's all they do. Because of this concentration, reps that stick around have the tendency to get excellent at constructing relationships with their consumers which prolongs the length of time a provided individual will certainly purchase the item. I directly know tons of people who are in their 60s and also 70s that have purchased Amway detergent for 30+ years and also advocate it.
I am an IBO for the second time in my life. I tried when I was 20 and in the Air Force. Gonna make it rich in a year. Pffft. Naw. Can you get rich in Amway? Absolutely? Will you? Probably not. Same as any business you really have to work hard and put in a lot of time and capital in the beginning with little to no return. But you stick with it, don't quit before the miracle happens. This time around, I just want to work the business, maybe grow it a little, and make enough money to maybe get my wife home to raise our daughter and home school her full time. So, hey, if I can get it to $3000 a month....great. If not.....great. I love the products anyway and if some people want to come with me and maybe make a few bucks or just enjoy some good products, great. I'm happy with it and other people's opinions of me or my Amway business are none of my business. No need to be defensive....Amway's reputation speaks for itself.
Totaling 875,000 square feet, the Amway Center replaces the previously existing Amway Arena, updating the venue in favor of a sustainable and environmentally conscious design. The new building comes with updated technology, more amenities, and bigger seats. There's even a hypnotizing graphics wall along one side of the building that brings the arena's modern elements together in a magical display.
Throughout his adult life, Betsy's father, Ed, donated handsomely to two religious colleges in Michigan, Hope and Calvin, the latter being his wife's beloved alma mater in Grand Rapids. But his most important contribution—one that has shaped much of the past three decades of conservative politics—came in 1988, when Prince donated millions in seed funding to launch the Family Research Council, the conservative Christian group that became one of the most potent political forces on the religious right. "Ed Prince was not an empire builder," Family Research Council President Gary Bauer wrote to supporters after Prince's sudden death in 1995. "He was a Kingdom builder."
Prior to Downtown Master Plan 3, the Orlando Magic's ownership, led by billionaire Amway founder Richard DeVos and son-in-law Bob Vander Weide, had been pressing the City of Orlando for a new arena for nearly ten years. Amway Arena was built in 1989, prior to the recent era of technologically advanced entertainment arenas. With the rush to build new venues in the NBA (and sports in general), it quickly became one of the oldest arenas in the league.
Limitation on ownership was not a concept I was familiar with as a middle-class child – everything could be mine. I had never experienced a feeling of lack. I never wanted for anything I needed. I was never told we couldn't afford something I asked for. While the thing I asked for might be denied me, money was never given as the reason. 'Spoiled' was a word I heard often from family and friends, and I was proud of it. I thought I deserved to be spoiled – I was fully ignorant of the negative connotations of the word. By the very fact of being me, I believed I deserved material things.
Such pandering to heartland values has (along with record-breaking donations from Rich DeVos) endeared Amway to the Republican Party. But the company has also had its share of critics. In the seventies a succession of defectors charged that The Business (as the faithful call it) was a pyramid scheme, a fraudulent enterprise that made money by recruiting new members and channeling their fees to higher-ups in the organization. A 1979 Federal Trade Commission investigation concluded that Amway was not in fact a pyramid scheme—only that some of its claims to prospective distributors were overly optimistic—because most of its revenue came from sales of actual products.[1] But that didn't end the company's troubles. During the Reagan years, Amway was the butt of jokes and the target of exposes. Senior distributors set up private "distributor groups," organizations dealing in motivational materials and notorious mass rallies.[2] Dexter Yager, founder of the Yager Group, was known to leap around stages brandishing a giant gold crucifix.
Of the Amway distributors who testified in the case, Rich says, 'I have nothing against someone who tries Amway and concludes the business is not for them. But I wish they would take responsibility for their own actions instead of trying to blame the business.' Likewise naysayers and disgruntled former Amway distributors simply do not understand how business works and are at fault for their own failures because they lack faith in their ability to succeed, and thus the necessary determination.
Plenty of work in season. Magic games, solar bear games, concerts. From september til may busy season. Tips for bartenders are ok. Its an easy but sometimes annoying job. You have to count all the cups and chargeable items as well as liquor levels before AND AFTER. Some mandatory events and serv safe/alcohol every three months. Sometimes you could run out of cups, liquor product, ice often with a full line of people wanting drinks with no way to get it yourself.you have to rely on others that only periodically stop by.
Amway business owners span the globe, from the Americas to Europe, India and Africa to Greater China and the Asia-Pacific region. The company's low-cost, low-risk business model sets IBOs up to reach their goals. It quickly and efficiently addresses the needs that may vary according to geography and culture. Details large and small, from navigating local selling regulations to product sizes and brand preferences, are coordinated in conjunction with local governments, business owners and consumers.
But it turns out to be so much more complicated. In 1979, the F.T.C., after investigating Amway, a multilevel marketing company with a vast product line, decided that the company's business model passed muster — even though recruitment was at the heart of it — because it claimed to take certain steps that (among other things) supposedly showed that its recruits were selling the company's products to real customers, not just to other recruits. Very quickly, other multilevel marketing companies adopted the "Amway rules" to stay on the right side of the F.T.C.
The Amway Board of Coaches is made up of 65 head coaches at Bowl Subdivision schools. All are members of the American Football Coaches Association. The board for the 2018 season: Blake Anderson, Arkansas State; Major Applewhite, Houston; Dino Babers, Syracuse; Mike Bloomgren, Rice; John Bonamego, Central Michigan; Terry Bowden, Akron; Jeff Brohm, Purdue; Neal Brown, Troy; Troy Calhoun, Air Force; Rod Carey, Northern Illinois; Bill Clark, Alabama-Birmingham; Dave Clawson, Wake Forest; Geoff Collins, Temple; David Cutcliffe, Duke; Mark Dantonio, Michigan State; Bob Davie, New Mexico; Butch Davis, Florida International; Dana Dimel, Texas-El Paso; DJ Durkin, Maryland; Herm Edwards, Arizona State; Luke Fickell, Cincinnati; Jimbo Fisher, Texas A&M; P.J. Fleck, Minnesota; James Franklin, Penn State; Willie Fritz, Tulane; Scott Frost, Nebraska; Justin Fuente, Virginia Tech; Turner Gill, Liberty; Mike Gundy, Oklahoma State; Bryan Harsin, Boise State; Clay Helton, Southern California; Tom Herman, Texas; Dana Holgorsen, West Virginia; Mike Jinks, Bowling Green; Kliff Kingsbury, Texas Tech; Brad Lambert, Charlotte; Mike Leach, Washington State; Lance Leipold, Buffalo; Tim Lester, Western Michigan; Seth Littrell, North Texas; Rocky Long, San Diego State; Chad Lunsford, Georgia Southern; Mike MacIntyre, Colorado; Gus Malzahn, Auburn; Doug Martin, New Mexico State; Urban Meyer, Ohio State; Jeff Monken, Army; Dan Mullen, Florida; Pat Narduzzi, Pittsburgh; Ken Niumatalolo, Navy; Jay Norvell, Nevada; Barry Odom, Missouri; Ed Orgeron, LSU; Gary Patterson, TCU; Chris Petersen, Washington; Bobby Petrino, Louisville; Nick Saban, Alabama; Scott Satterfield, Appalachian State; Kirby Smart, Georgia; Rick Stockstill, Middle Tennessee; Charlie Strong, South Florida; Dabo Swinney, Clemson; Jeff Tedford, Fresno State; Kyle Whittingham, Utah; Everett Withers, Texas State.
These five distributors now appoint five distributors each. So we now have 25 distributors at the second level. Each of these distributors now in turn appoints five distributors. So we now have 125 distributors at the third level. If the chain continues, at the 12th level we will have around 24.45 crore distributors. This is equal to around 20% of India's population. The total number of distributors will be around 30.51 crore.
'I was a salaried man working in a company for eight years,' says Kaoru Nakajima, Japan's first Amway Crown Ambassador. 'Now I am my own boss. Now I am free. Now I am selling products that make me proud. Now I am helping people in five different countries to build their own businesses. When I see so many people getting more abundant lives, I feel really excited.'


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Heinrich Coelestin von Sternbach, auch Heinrich oder Henricus Coelestinus, (getauft 3. Oktober 1613 in Berlin; † 16. April 1679 in Lübeck) war ein deutscher Rechtsgelehrter, Kanzler von Schwedisch-Pommern und Vizepräsident am Obertribunal Wismar.

Leben
Heinrich Coelestin war der zweite Sohn des Christoph Coelestinus († 1630), kurbrandenburgisch-neumärkischer Regierungsrat und Lehnssekretär, und dessen Frau Ursula Chemnitz. Er besuchte die Ratsschule in Lüneburg und begann 1633 ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Wittenberg. Als Magister soll er von dort an die Universität Frankfurt an der Oder gegangen sein, sein Name ist jedoch in den dortigen Matrikeln nicht aufgefunden worden. 1640 war er als Magister Henricus Coelestinus an der Universität Rostock immatrikuliert. Dort veröffentlichte er erstmals mehrere Schriften und erhielt das Recht Vorlesungen zu halten und Disputationen zu führen.

1642 wurde er als Professor der Rechte am Pädagogium Stettin angestellt. An der Universität Frankfurt an der Oder wurde er am 28. August 1643 zum Doktor beider Rechte promoviert. 1648 wurde er Richter am Stettiner Hofgericht. Am 15. September 1649 wurde er mit dem Namenszusatz von Sternbach in den erblichen schwedischen Adelsstand erhoben. 1652 wurde er Assessor am neugegründeten Obertribunal Wismar und 1655 dort zum Assistenzrat ernannt. Im selben Jahr nahm er am Feldzug des schwedischen Königs Karl X. Gustav nach Polen teil. Im Mai 1656 wurde er zusammen mit Gotthard Welling an den Hof des Fürsten Georg II. Rákóczi nach Siebenbürgen entsandt. Er ließ sich vom Hauslehrer seiner Kinder, Conrad Jacob Hildebrandt, begleiten, der später eine Reisebeschreibung veröffentlichte. Von Weißenburg aus ging er im Dezember 1656 ins Hoflager nach Polen, wo er sich wahrscheinlich längere Zeit aufhielt.

1658 wurde er zum schwedischen Kanzler von Pommern bestellt und übte dieses Amt zwölf Jahre aus. Er wurde 1670 zum Burggrafen von Malmö und 1671 als Nachfolger von David Mevius zum Vizepräsidenten des Obertribunals Wismar ernannt. Als die Dänen 1675 Wismar eroberten, übersiedelte er nach Lübeck, wo er 1679 starb. Er wurde in einer Grabkapelle der Maria-Magdalenenkirche (Burgkirche) beigesetzt.

Familie
Heinrich Coelestinus heiratete am 31. Oktober 1643 Sabine Schambach (* 1626), Tochter des Stettiner Ratsverwandten Johann Schambach (1581–1658). Der Ehe entstammten vier Söhne und vier Töchter. Mehrere Kinder starben vor dem Vater. Der Sohn Dieterich war zuletzt Obrist in schwedischen Diensten.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Dispitationum Fasciculus primus ad lib. I. Instit. Justin. Imperatoris De Jure personarum. Rhet, Stettin 1643.
 Disputatio juridica de libello famoso. Rhet, Stettin 1643 (Digitalisat).
 Progymnasma Fori. Rhet, Stettin 1645 (Digitalisat).
 De Arbitrio Armorum Dissertatio. Goetsch, Stettin 1647 ().

Literatur
 Franz Babinger (Hrsg.): Conrad Jacob Hiltebrandt's Dreifache Schwedische Gesandtschaftsreise nach Siebenbürgen, der Ukraine and Constantinopel (1656–1658). Brill, Leiden 1937, S. XXII ().

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Obertribunal Wismar)
Kanzler (Schwedisch-Pommern)
Richter (Pommersches Hofgericht)
Rechtswissenschaftler (17. Jahrhundert)
Schwedischer Diplomat
Nobilitierter (Schweden)
Geboren 1613
Gestorben 1679
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Little Men es una serie de televisión canadiense que se emitió por primera vez el 7 de noviembre de 1998 en la cadena de televisión PAX TV y se mostró en Canadá en CTV a partir del 1 de enero de 1999. El programa está ambientado como una continuación de la novela Little Men de Louisa May Alcott (1871), continuación de Mujercitas (1868). Debido a las bajas calificaciones, el programa fue cancelado después de 2 temporadas y el episodio final se emitió el 17 de diciembre de 1999.

Sinopsis
El espectáculo comienza en Concord, Massachusetts , un mes después de la muerte del esposo de Jo, Fritz Bhaer. Josephine Bhaer (Michelle Rene Thomas) debe hacerse cargo de la Escuela Plumfield, una escuela en el granero en la propiedad de Bhaer, una vez enseñada por su esposo. Mientras trata de adaptarse a las presiones para encontrar un nuevo maestro, un marinero mercante Nick Riley (Spencer Rochfort) entra en escena para actuar como cuidador de la escuela. Franz ( Robin Dunne ), el sobrino de Jo, debe hacerse cargo de la enseñanza de la clase de jóvenes adolescentes, en particular Dan ( Corey Sevier ), Nat ( Trevor Blumas ), Emil (Alex Cambell), Nan ( Brittney Irvin ) y Bess ( Rachel Skarsten ).). El programa sigue las aventuras de los niños en Plumfield, así como la floreciente relación entre Jo y Nick. Las apariciones de las otras hermanas March vivas, Meg (Jennifer Wigmore) y Amy (Amy Price-Francis) fundamentan la trama como otro capítulo en la saga continua de las niñas March de Mujercitas . El hijo pequeño de Jo, Rob Bhaer, es interpretado por Munro Chambers y su hermano Thomas.

Personajes

Residentes de Plumfield
 Josephine "Jo" Bhaer (Michelle Rene Thomas ): Una de las Mujercitas del mismo nombre , Jo es ahora una joven viuda tras la muerte de su marido Fritz. Ella promete mantener abierta la escuela de su esposo, aunque muchos sienten que debería cerrarla. Ella tiene un hijo, Rob. Jo a menudo recuerda su infancia con sus hermanas, Meg, Amy y la difunta Beth. Ella permanece cerca de sus parientes vivos que continúan apoyándola.
 Nicolas "Nick" Riley (Spencer Rochfort): un marino mercante que viene a trabajar a Plumfield. Después de que lo arrestan por agredir al tío de Emil, Jo hace arreglos para que cumpla su sentencia en Plumfield. Más tarde decide quedarse de forma permanente como cuidador de la escuela. Nick tuvo una infancia difícil después de que sus padres murieran en una epidemia de influenza cuando tenía doce años. Se quedó con su tío que abusaba de su esposa. A los quince años realizó su primer viaje por mar. En "Philanthropy", Nick revela que no sabe leer y Jo comienza a enseñarle.
 Dan Maddison (Corey Sevier): un estudiante apadrinado que una vez estuvo sin hogar viviendo en las calles de Boston. Sobrevivió asociándose con Jasper (Jason McSkimming) y luego con Nat. En "Tough Crimes", Jasper llega a Plumfield para llevar a Dan a California. Dan pronto se entera de que su amigo es un criminal irredimible y permanece en la escuela.
 Nathaniel "Nat" Blake ( Trevor Blumas ): el mejor amigo de Dan. Al igual que Dan, es un estudiante patrocinado. Estaban juntos sin hogar en Boston. Nat tiende a ser cauteloso y nervioso, aunque es capaz de grandes actos de valentía en momentos de necesidad.
 Anthea "Nan" Harding ( Britt Irvin ): la primera alumna de Jo. Después de la muerte de su madre, Nan no estaba contenta y, a menudo, se escapaba de casa, lo que llevó a su padre a enviarla a Plumfield. Una marimacho, al principio no se lleva bien con la remilgada y adecuada Bess. Eventualmente se hacen amigos.
 Elizabeth "Bess" Laurence ( Rachel Skarsten ): la única hija de Amy y Laurie. Su madre la ha convertido en una joven elegante y refinada, pero a su padre le preocupa que no tenga ánimo por pasar demasiado tiempo en el interior y no disfrutar de la vida.
 Emil Hoffman ( Alex Campbell ): un estudiante de Plumfield que espera ser marinero algún día. Su tío lo saca de Plumfield en contra de los deseos de Emil. Regresa después de que su tío lo golpea cuando se niega a ir a la escuela militar.
 Asia ( Sandra Caldwell ): El ama de llaves residente de Plumfield que se encarga de la mayor parte de la cocina. Es firme pero amable con los estudiantes. A cambio, respetan sus consejos y amonestaciones.
 Franz Bhaer ( Robin Dunne ): sobrino de Jo y Fritz. Comienza a enseñar en Plumfield después de la muerte de su tío. Franz es aceptado en Harvard, pero retrasa su inscripción hasta que Plumfield pueda conseguir otro maestro. En "Tough Crimes", decide seguir siendo el maestro permanente de la escuela.
 Thomas "Tommy" Bangs ( Matt Robinson ): estudiante de Plumfield. Tommy ocasionalmente se mete en problemas menores como en "Philanthropy".
 Rob Bhaer ( Munro Chambers /Thomas Chambers): el hijo pequeño de Jo con su difunto esposo.
Jack Ford ( Dov Tiefenbach)

Personajes secundarios
 Margaret "Meg" Brooke ( Jennifer Wigmore): la hermana de Jo que la apoya emocionalmente después de la muerte de Fritz. Ella lamenta la muerte de su propio esposo, John, quien murió algunos años antes. Meg también es madre de gemelos.
 Amy Laurence ( Amy Price-Francis : la hermana de Jo con quien a veces está en desacuerdo. En "Thanksgiving", Amy regresa a Estados Unidos con su esposo Laurie y su hija Bess. Ella envía a Bess a la escuela de Jo, aunque al principio se opone a ella. .
 Theodore "Laurie" Laurence ( Dan Chameroy ): esposo de Amy y padre de Bess. Le preocupa que Bess no tenga espíritu y la envía a la escuela de su cuñada en "Acción de Gracias". Laurie siempre está ahí para ayudar a Jo y su escuela, incluido el envío de una biblioteca en "Filantropía".
 Isaac (Michael Oliphant): un niño afroamericano que solía ser esclavo en Georgia con sus padres Ruth (Arlene Duncan) y Josiah (Desmond Campbell). Jo ayuda a la familia a establecerse en Concord y toma a Isaac como estudiante.

Producción
La serie fue filmada en Pickering, Ontario , en el Área de Conservación de Claremont. La serie fue una producción conjunta entre Alliance Atlantis Communications y Paxson Communications . El rodaje de la primera temporada tuvo lugar entre agosto de 1998 y enero de 1999. La segunda temporada se filmó entre abril y octubre de 1999.

Distribución Internacional
Si bien era una producción canadiense, Little Men se estrenó en los Estados Unidos en PAX TV en noviembre de 1998. El estreno nacional del programa fue el 1 de enero de 1999 en CTV. La serie también se mostró en Suiza, a partir del 31 de julio de 2000, donde se conoció como "L'école du bonheur", en Francia, a partir del 25 de diciembre de 2001, y en India, donde se emitió en Hallmark Channel.

Lanzamientos de videos caseros
La serie tiene un total de 26 episodios. DVD de la región 1 de la serie distribuidos por BFS Entertainment en cuotas de 4 episodios. BFS solo ha lanzado los primeros ocho episodios de la primera temporada. Los episodios 1-4 también fueron lanzados en VHS por BFS. También hay un lanzamiento en DVD de la Región 4 de Madmen Entertainment.

Referencias

Series de televisión


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Bacterial cell wall components and bacteria
Septic shock models
Cytokine measurements
FACScan analysis of immunofluorescence
Bacterial uptake, ingestion, and intracellular killing
Improved survival after lethal septic challenges in BLP-tolerized mice
Attenuated inflammatory cytokine production in both BLP- and LPS-tolerized mice
Enhanced PMN and macrophage activation in BLP-tolerized mice
Increased bacterial recognition and bactericidal activity in BLP-tolerized mice
Brief Report| January 01 2003
Cutting Edge: Bacterial Lipoprotein Induces Endotoxin-Independent Tolerance to Septic Shock
Jiang Huai Wang;
Jiang Huai Wang
Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
Majella Doyle;
Majella Doyle
Brian J. Manning;
Brian J. Manning
Siobhan Blankson;
Siobhan Blankson
Qiong Di Wu;
Qiong Di Wu
Colm Power;
Colm Power
Ronan Cahill;
Ronan Cahill
H. Paul Redmond
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jiang Huai Wang, Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. E-mail address: jh.wang@ucc.ie
J.H.W. and M.D. contributed equally to this work.
Accepted: November 07 2002
J Immunol (2003) 170 (1): 14–18.
https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.14
Jiang Huai Wang, Majella Doyle, Brian J. Manning, Siobhan Blankson, Qiong Di Wu, Colm Power, Ronan Cahill, H. Paul Redmond; Cutting Edge: Bacterial Lipoprotein Induces Endotoxin-Independent Tolerance to Septic Shock. J Immunol 1 January 2003; 170 (1): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.14
Tolerance to bacterial cell wall components is an adaptive host response. Endotoxin/LPS tolerance is characterized by a survival advantage against subsequent lethal LPS challenge. However, it is uncertain whether LPS tolerance can afford protection against other septic challenges. In this study, we show that tolerance induced by bacterial lipoprotein (BLP) protects mice against not only BLP-induced lethality, but also LPS-, live bacteria-, and polymicrobial sepsis-induced lethality. In contrast, LPS tolerance offers no survival benefit against the latter two challenges. Furthermore, induction of BLP tolerance results in overexpression of complement receptor type 3 and FcγIII/IIR on neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) and peritoneal macrophages, with increased bacterial recognition and bactericidal activity, whereas LPS-tolerized mice exhibit an impaired ability to ingest and to kill bacteria. These results indicate that BLP tolerance is a novel adaptive host response associated with a unique protective effect during septic shock.
Pre-exposure to LPS induces a transient state of cellular hyporesponsiveness to a secondary LPS challenge with diminished production of proinflammatory cytokines, and protection against a subsequent lethal LPS challenge resulting in a significant survival advantage (1, 2). This well-established phenomenon, first described in the 1960s (3), is termed LPS tolerance. It is an adaptive host response which may represent an essential regulatory mechanism during Gram-negative bacterial infection.
Bacterial lipoprotein (BLP),3 characterized by a unique NH2-terminal lipo-amino acid, N-acyl-S-diacylglyceryl cysteine, is the most abundant protein in the outer membrane of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Like LPS, BLP can be released from proliferating Escherichia coli, and treatment of bacteria with antibiotics significantly enhances BLP release (4). BLP is known to activate monocytes/macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines and to induce lethal shock in both LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice and LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice (5, 6, 7). Pre-exposure of murine macrophages (8) and human THP-1 monocytes (9) to BLP induces tolerance to the stimulatory effects of BLP but also a cross-tolerance to LPS, which leads us to investigate the protective effect of BLP tolerance in septic shock and to compare this with LPS tolerance.
LPS from E. coli O55:B5 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and BLP, a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide (Pam3Cys-Ser-Lys4-OH; Boehringer Mannheim Biochemica, Mannheim, Germany) that was endotoxin-free as confirmed by limulus amebocyte lysate assay (Charles River Endosafe, Charleston, SC), were dissolved in PBS (Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland, U.K.). Staphylococcus aureus 14458 and Salmonella typhimurium were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) and the National University of Ireland culture collection, respectively. Bacteria were cultured at 37°C in trypticase soy broth (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), harvested at the mid-logarithmic growth phase, washed twice, and resuspended in PBS for in vivo use. The concentration of resuspended bacteria was determined and adjusted spectrophotometrically at 550 nm.
Pyrogen-free male MF-1, C57BL/6, and CD-1 mice (8- to 10-wk old and 18–22 g) were purchased from Harlan (Oxon, U.K.). All animal procedures were conducted under a license from the Department of Health and Children (Republic of Ireland). Tolerance in mice was induced by i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg BLP (BLP tolerance), 10 mg/kg LPS (LPS tolerance), or an equal volume (200 μl) of PBS (no tolerance) 24 h before septic challenges. Nontolerized, BLP-tolerized, and LPS-tolerized male MF-1 mice were injected i.p. with BLP (45 mg/kg), LPS (45 mg/kg), or their combination (30 plus 30 mg/kg). Survival was monitored for at least 10 days. Male C57BL/6 mice were tolerized to BLP or LPS and received an i.p. injection of 200 μl PBS containing live S. aureus and S. typhimurium (2 × 107 plus 2 × 106 CFU/mouse). Survival was monitored for at least 14 days. Following induction of BLP or LPS tolerance, male CD-1 mice were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) (10). Briefly, the cecum was exposed through a 1.0–1.5 cm abdominal midline incision in anesthetized mice, ligated at its base with 3-0 silk suture, and punctured twice with an 18-gauge needle. The cecum was then returned to the peritoneal cavity and the abdominal incision was closed. Survival was monitored for at least 10 days.
We performed additional experiments in mice as described above. Blood samples from nontolerized, BLP-tolerized, and LPS-tolerized mice were collected at different time points after septic challenges. Serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 were determined by ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
Heparinized blood and peritoneal lavage were collected from nontolerized, BLP-tolerized, and LPS-tolerized mice and dual-stained with anti-Ly-6G (BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA), anti-F4/80 Ag (Serotec, Oxford, U.K.), anti-complement receptor type 3 (CR3; BD PharMingen), and anti-FcγIII/IIR (BD PharMingen) mAbs conjugated with PE or FITC. PE- or FITC-conjugated anti-mouse isotype-matched mAbs (BD PharMingen) were used as negative controls. Erythrocytes were lysed using lysis buffer (BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA). FACScan analysis was performed from at least 5000 events for detecting the expression of CR3 and FcγIII/IIR on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN; Ly-6G-positive cells) and macrophages (F4/80-positive cells) using CellQuest software (BD Biosciences).
S. aureus and S. typhimurium were heat-killed at 95°C for 20 min and labeled with 0.1% FITC (Sigma-Aldrich). Heparinized blood and peritoneal lavage collected from nontolerized, BLP-tolerized, and LPS-tolerized mice were incubated with 1 × 106 CFU/ml of heat-killed, FITC-labeled S. aureus or S. typhimurium at 37°C for 15 min. Bacterial uptake by PMN and peritoneal macrophages was assessed by FACScan analysis. Bacterial ingestion was further determined after the external fluorescence of the bound, but noningested, bacteria was quenched with 0.025% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich). Intracellular bacterial killing was determined as previously described (11). Briefly, peritoneal macrophages were incubated with live S. aureus or S. typhimurium (macrophage:bacteria = 1:20) at 37°C for 60 min, in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B (5 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich). After macrophages were lysed, total and extracellular bacterial killing were determined by incubation of serial 10-fold dilutions of the lysates on tryptone soya agar (Merck) plates at 37°C for 24 h. Intracellular bacterial killing was calculated according to the total and extracellular bacterial killing.
All data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using the log rank test for survival studies and the Mann-Whitney U test for all others. Differences were judged statistically significant when p < 0.05.
Induction of BLP tolerance completely protected mice against BLP-induced lethality with 100% survival as compared with 40% survival in nontolerized mice (p = 0.0000; Fig. 1,a). Furthermore, BLP tolerance significantly improved survival in endotoxic shock, from 20% in nontolerized mice to 60% (p = 0.0152; Fig. 1,b), indicating a cross-tolerance to LPS-induced lethality. Complete protection was also conferred by BLP tolerance in mice challenged with a combination of BLP and LPS (p = 0.0000 vs nontolerized mice; Fig. 1,c). LPS tolerance protected against its own lethality by reducing the mortality rate from 80% in nontolerized mice to 20% (p = 0.0002; Fig. 1,b). However, it failed to protect mice against lethal BLP challenge and a combined BLP plus LPS challenge (Fig. 1, a and c).
Induction of BLP tolerance protects mice against different septic challenge-induced lethality. Following induction of BLP tolerance (○), LPS tolerance (•), or no tolerance (□), male MF-1 mice (n = 20 per group) were challenged with BLP (45 mg/kg) (a), LPS (45 mg/kg) (b), or their combination (30 plus 30 mg/kg) (c), male C57BL/6 mice (n = 25 per group) were challenged with a combination of live S. aureus and S. typhimurium (2 × 107 plus 2 × 106 CFU/mouse) (d), and male CD-1 mice (n = 28 per group) were challenged with CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis (e). Survival was monitored for at least 14 days in animals challenged with live bacteria or at least 10 days in other groups.
To determine whether BLP tolerance could afford protection in clinically relevant states, we used two sepsis models, i.e., bacterial infection induced by live S. aureus and S. typhimurium, and polymicrobial sepsis induced by CLP. Forty percent of nontolerized mice died on day 3 after S. aureus and S. typhimurium challenge, and only 24% survived up to day 14, whereas BLP-tolerized mice were resistant to S. aureus and S. typhimurium infection with 100% survival on day 3 and 64% survival up to day 14 (p = 0.0008; Fig. 1,d). BLP tolerance-afforded protection was also observed in mice challenged with CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis in which survival was significantly improved from 3.6% in nontolerized mice to 43% in BLP-tolerized mice (p = 0.0013; Fig. 1,e). However, induction of LPS tolerance offered no protection against either lethal bacterial infection or polymicrobial sepsis (Fig. 1, d and e). Furthermore, tolerance induced by other forms of LPS derived from E. coli O111:B4 and S. typhimurium did not protect mice against lethal BLP challenge, or against microbial sepsis (data not shown).
We measured serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in BLP-tolerized mice following lethal BLP and LPS challenges and compared them to levels encountered in LPS-tolerized mice. As shown in Fig. 2,a, induction of BLP tolerance resulted in a near complete attenuation of TNF-α and IL-6 release in mice challenged with lethal BLP and also resulted in a significant reduction in peak serum levels of these two cytokines in mice challenged with lethal LPS. LPS tolerance significantly attenuated the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-challenged mice as well as IL-6 in BLP-challenged mice, but had no inhibitory effect on TNF-α production induced by lethal BLP challenge (Fig. 2 a).
Attenuated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in BLP- and LPS-tolerized mice. a, Serum cytokine levels after MF-1 mice were challenged with lethal BLP, LPS, or their combination. Data shown here are the results of peak serum levels of TNF-α at 90 min and IL-6 at 4 h, and expressed as the mean ± SD of five independent experiments. ∗, p < 0.05 vs nontolerized mice. b and c, Serum cytokine levels after C57BL/6 mice were challenged with live S. aureus plus S. typhimurium (b) or after CD-1 mice were subjected to CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis (c). Data shown here are the results of peak serum levels of TNF-α at 2 h, IL-10 and IL-12 at 4 h, and IL-6 at 6 h, and expressed as the mean ± SD of five independent experiments. ∗, p < 0.05 vs nontolerized mice; @, p < 0.05 vs BLP-tolerized mice.
Lethal S. aureus and S. typhimurium challenge in naive mice resulted in an increased release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These increases were significantly attenuated in both BLP-tolerized and LPS-tolerized mice (Fig. 2,b). Similar results were found in BLP-tolerized and LPS-tolerized mice subjected to CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis (Fig. 2,c). Notably, there was a more profound inhibition of TNF-α production observed in LPS-tolerized mice following challenges with lethal bacterial infection or polymicrobial sepsis (Fig. 2, b and c).
We determined CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression on PMN and peritoneal macrophages in whole blood and peritoneal lavage collected from nontolerized, BLP-tolerized, and LPS-tolerized mice. Induction of BLP tolerance resulted in an increase in the circulating PMN population and a recruitment of PMN into the peritoneal cavity, with an increased surface expression of CR3 and FcγIII/IIR (Fig. 3, a and b). In addition, BLP tolerance significantly up-regulated the expression of these two receptors on peritoneal macrophages (Fig. 3,c). In contrast, although LPS tolerance resulted in an increase in PMN numbers in the circulation and peritoneal cavity, there was a down-regulation of CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression on PMN and macrophages in LPS-tolerized mice (Fig. 3).
Induction of BLP tolerance up-regulates CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression on PMN and peritoneal macrophages. a and b, FACScan dot plot analysis of CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression on PMN in whole blood (a) and peritoneal lavage (b). Ly-6G+/CR3+ or Ly-6G+/FcγIII/IIR+ cells indicate PMN population in the circulation and peritoneal cavity. The inserted value (mean channel fluorescence (MCF)/cell) indicates PMN CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression. Data are from a single experiment representative of seven performed. c, CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression on peritoneal macrophages identified by dual-staining with FITC-F4/80 Ag plus either PE-CR3 or PE-FcγIII/IIR. Data are the mean ± SD of seven independent experiments. ∗, p < 0.05 vs nontolerized mice; @, p < 0.05 vs BLP-tolerized mice.
We next assessed the ability of PMN and peritoneal macrophages to recognize, phagocytose, and kill bacteria. PMN and macrophages from BLP-tolerized mice had significantly increased uptake and ingestion of both S. aureus and S. typhimurium, compared with cells from nontolerized mice (Fig. 4, a and b). Furthermore, intracellular killing of S. aureus and S. typhimurium by peritoneal macrophages was significantly enhanced in BLP-tolerized mice (Fig. 4,c). In contrast, although there was an increased uptake of S. aureus and S. typhimurium by PMN and macrophages in LPS-tolerized mice, LPS tolerance did not augment bacterial ingestion as seen with BLP tolerance (Fig. 4, a and b). Indeed, peritoneal macrophages from LPS-tolerized mice showed a significant reduction in intracellular killing of S. aureus when compared with nontolerized mice (Fig. 4 c).
Enhanced bacterial recognition, ingestion, and intracellular killing in BLP-tolerized mice. Bacterial uptake and ingestion by circulating PMN (a) and peritoneal macrophages (b) were determined by FACScan analysis as described. Data are the mean ± SD of seven independent experiments. ∗, p < 0.05 vs nontolerized mice; @, p < 0.05 vs BLP-tolerized mice. c, Intracellular bacterial killing was determined as described. Data are the mean ± SD of five independent experiments. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. ∗, p < 0.05 vs nontolerized mice; @, p < 0.05 vs BLP-tolerized mice.
In this study, we have demonstrated that induction of BLP tolerance, in addition to protection against a lethal BLP challenge, also protects against endotoxin shock through a cross-tolerance to LPS-induced lethality. This compares to LPS tolerance which affords protection only against the lethal effects of LPS. More importantly, unlike LPS tolerance, induction of BLP tolerance confers protection against microbial sepsis induced by either live S. aureus and S. typhimurium infection or CLP. These results indicate that BLP tolerance, in contrast to LPS tolerance, represents a potential novel adaptive host response that results in a unique protective effect during septic shock. The purity of commercial LPS preparations has recently been questioned because of the potential contamination with microbial protein such as BLP (12, 13). However, no cross-tolerance to BLP was found in LPS-tolerized mice, indicating that the contamination of commercial LPS preparations has no significant effect on in vivo tolerance induction.
In response to bacterial invasion, mononuclear phagocytes produce inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 (14). Although appropriate amounts of these cytokines are essential for cell-mediated microbicidal activity, excessive production can lead to an uncontrolled inflammatory response, multiple organ failure, and ultimately death (14, 15, 16). As the protective effect of LPS tolerance in endotoxin shock is associated with attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine production, in particular TNF-α (1, 2), we compared serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 following lethal BLP or LPS challenge in BLP-tolerized and LPS-tolerized mice. Induction of BLP tolerance not only blunted the release of TNF-α in mice challenged with lethal BLP, but also reduced peak serum level of TNF-α in mice challenged with lethal LPS. In contrast, LPS tolerance failed to inhibit TNF-α production in BLP-challenged mice, which may partly explain why LPS tolerance conferred no protection against a lethal BLP challenge. In mice challenged with microbial sepsis, both BLP and LPS tolerance significantly reduced the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. LPS tolerance resulted in a much greater inhibition of TNF-α production, an effect that may be deleterious to host defense against invading bacteria, as certain amounts of endogenous TNF-α are almost certainly required for effective eradication of bacterial infection (17, 18), and blocking TNF-α accelerates death of mice challenged with bacteria (19, 20). These results, in keeping with the survival data, suggest that induction of BLP tolerance inhibits inflammatory responses but, in contrast to LPS tolerance, may simultaneously prevent uncontrolled bacterial infection.
PMN are the first line of host defense against bacterial infection. Invading bacteria are ingested and killed by PMN through activation of CR3 and FcγIII/IIR which are also involved in macrophage-mediated bacterial phagocytosis (21, 22). Overexpression of these two phagocytic receptors is associated with enhanced bacterial clearance (23). To investigate possible mechanisms contributing to enhanced host defense against microbial sepsis observed in BLP-tolerized mice, we assessed CR3 and FcγIII/IIR expression on PMN and peritoneal macrophages. Induction of BLP tolerance resulted in an increased PMN population in the circulation and peritoneal cavity, with overexpression of CR3 and FcγIII/IIR on PMN as well as on peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, LPS tolerance led to a suppressed expression of these two phagocytic receptors. To determine whether this altered phenotype of PMN and peritoneal macrophages is associated with BLP tolerance-afforded protection against lethal bacterial infection, we further assessed the ability of these cells to recognize, ingest, and kill S. aureus and S. typhimurium. PMN and peritoneal macrophages from BLP-tolerized mice, in keeping with the activation of phagocytic receptors on these cells, exhibited increased bacterial recognition, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing. The enhanced bacterial recognition and microbicidal activity observed in BLP-tolerized mice may contribute to their improved survival over LPS-tolerized mice following lethal microbial sepsis.
Microbial sepsis can lead to an uncontrolled inflammatory response characterized by the excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, which is host self-destructive. Our findings provide evidence that the development of tolerance to the stimulatory effects of the bacterial cell wall component BLP is host self-controlled and self-protective, and represents a beneficial and not a harmful adaptive host response to bacterial infection. Secondly, we provide evidence that the mechanism by which BLP tolerance protects mice against clinically relevant microbial sepsis directly relates to enhanced bacterial recognition, ingestion, and intracellular killing, demonstrating how BLP-tolerized cells, though hyporesponsive in one sense are also primed for an increased bactericidal activity. Finally, our disparate findings in relation to BLP- and LPS-tolerized mice illustrate the markedly variable effects that different bacterial Ags have on cells of the innate immune system. Though sepsis research has focused for many years on the immune stimulatory actions of Gram-negative endotoxin, our work clearly points toward other bacterial Ags and in particular BLP, a more ubiquitously abundant component of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as a potential target for study in sepsis immunology and therapeutic development.
Abbreviations used in this paper: BLP, bacterial lipoprotein; CLP, cecal ligation and puncture; CR3, complement receptor type 3; PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil.
Zeisberger, E., J. Roth.
. Tolerance to pyrogens.
Ann. NY Acad. Sci.
Schade, F. U., R. Flash, S. Flohe, M. Majetschak, E. Kreuzfelder, E. Dominguez-Fernandez, J. Borgermann, M. Reuter, U. Obertacke.
. Endotoxin tolerance. H. Brade, and S. M. Opal, and S. N. Vogel, and D. C. Morrison, eds.
Endotoxin in Health and Disease
Marcel Dekker, New York.
Greisman, S. E., R. B. Hornick, F. A. Carozza, T. E. Woodward.
. Endotoxin tolerance.
Zhang, H., D. W. Niesel, J. W. Peterson, G. R. Klimpel.
. Lipoprotein release by bacteria: potential factor in bacterial pathogenesis.
Infect. Immun.
Aliprantis, A. O., R. B. Yang, M. R. Mark, S. Suggett, B. Devaux, J. D. Radolf, G. R. Klimpel, P. Godowski, A. Zychlinsky.
. Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through Toll-like receptor-2.
Brightbill, H. D., D. H. Libraty, S. R. Krutzik, R. B. Yang, J. T. Belisle, J. R. Bleharski, M. Maitland, M. V. Norgard, S. E. Plevy, S. T. Smale, et al
. Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through Toll-like receptors.
Zhang, H., J. W. Peterson, D. W. Niesel, G. R. Klimpel.
. Bacterial lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide act synergistically to induce lethal shock and proinflammatory cytokine production.
Sato, S., F. Nomura, T. Kawai, O. Takeuchi, P. F. Muhlradt, K. Takeda, S. Akira.
. Synergy and cross-tolerance between Toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways.
Wang, J. H., M. Doyle, B. J. Manning, Q. D. Wu, S. Blankson, H. P. Redmond.
. Induction of bacterial lipoprotein tolerance is associated with suppression of Toll-like receptor 2 expression.
Baker, C. C., I. H. Chaudry, H. O. Gaines, A. E. Baue.
. Evaluation of factors affecting mortality rate after sepsis in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model.
McCarthy, J. E., H. P. Redmond, S. M. Duggan, R. W. Watson, C. M. Condron, J. R. O'Donnell, D. J. Bouchier-Hayes.
. Characterization of the defects in murine peritoneal macrophage function in the early postsplenectomy period.
Hirschfeld, M., Y. Ma, J. H. Weis, S. N. Vogel, J. J. Weis.
. Cutting edge: repurification of lipopolysaccharide eliminates signalling through both human and murine Toll-like receptor 2.
Tapping, R. I., S. Akashi, K. Miyake, P. J. Godowski, P. S. Tobias.
. Toll-like receptor 4, but not Toll-like receptor 2, is a signalling receptor for Escherichia and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide.
van der Poll, T., S. J. van Deventer.
. Cytokines and anticytokines in the pathogenesis of sepsis.
Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am.
Tracey, K. J., Y. Fong, D. G. Hesse, K. R. Manogue, A. T. Lee, G. C. Kuo, S. F. Lowry, A. Cerami.
. Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia.
Alexander, H. R., G. M. Doherty, C. M. Buresh, D. J. Venzon, J. A. Norton.
. A recombinant human receptor antagonist to interleukin 1 improves survival after lethal endotoxemia in mice.
Echtenacher, B., W. Falk, D. N. Mannel, P. H. Krammer.
. Requirement of endogenous tumor necrosis factor/cachectin for recovery from experimental peritonitis.
Nakane, A., M. Okamoto, M. Asano, M. Kohanawa, T. Minagawa.
. Endogenous γ-interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 in Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice.
Eskandari, M. K., G. Bolgos, C. Miller, D. T. Nguyen, L. E. DeForge, D. G. Remick.
. Anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody therapy fails to prevent lethality after cecal ligation and puncture or endotoxemia.
Peschon, J. J., D. S. Torrance, K. L. Stocking, M. B. Glaccum, C. Otten, C. R. Willis, K. Charrier, P. J. Morrissey, C. B. Ware, K. M. Mohler.
. TNF receptor-deficient mice reveal divergent roles for p55 and p75 in severe models of inflammation.
Ehlers, M. R..
. CR3: a general purpose adhesion-recognition receptor essential for innate immunity.
Microbes Infect.
Aderem, A., D. M. Underhill.
. Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages.
Weighardt, H., C. Feterowski, M. Veit, M. Rump, H. Wagner, B. Holzmann.
. Increased resistance against acute polymicrobial sepsis in mice challenged with immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides is related to an enhanced innate effector cell response.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: PropertyManager2 iterates the tree for infinite depth for deleting/moving an IFile I have a scenario, where I have around 10K files inside a folder named '_out'. and '_out' in-turn contains other folders and inner files and sub folders.
I'm deleting around 6000 files , which are directly present under the _out folder.
I delete the files by using the following code snippets:
for(IFile iFile:files){
iFile.delete(true, new NullProgressMonitor());
}

During the delete of each file, Property of each resource is being deleted, internally in the API Resource.deleteResource(boolean, MultiStatus), using method call to IPropertyManager.deleteResource(IResource). This API in-turn calls PropertyManager2.deleteProperties(IResource, int depth) with INFINITE depth and hence, all the folder and sub-folders inside the location "\workspace.metadata.plugins\org.eclipse.core.resources.projects\projectName.indexes\8f" are visited and 'Properties.index' files are loaded in each folder and then, checked whether the given IFile has a property in them. Where '8f' folder represents the Bucket for the '_out' folder.
for all the 6000 files, this operation is being repeated and hence, it takes around 15 minutes to delete all the 6000 files.
Ideally, should we just visit the properties.index file under the '8f' and delete the property for the given file and return?
My assumption is that the Properties for any files present directly under the '_out' folder will be saved under the 'properties.index' file in the Bucket corresponding to '_out' folder. (in my scenario 8f folder).
Apologies, if I have misunderstood it. Kindly, clarify.
I have raised a bug for the same at link.
Thanks,
Palraj

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


By now you may know that Iui #4 did the trick. Here's how we found out that miracles are real.
Here's an idea - take a stressful time in your life and take away one of your coping mechanisms ANNNND...GO!
Hey there! It's been awhile! Let's chat fertility, stress and stuff, shall we?


text:
Angsana Laguna Phuket
Phuket, Phuket
The Benson, a Coast Hotel
Coeur d'Alene Golf & Spa Resort
Four Seasons Hotel Beijing
48 Liang Ma Qiao Road
Beijing, 1
Kings/Suites/Doubles 242	/ 66	/ 71
Sales Tax 15%
Largest Meeting Room 988m² 10,626ft²
Indoor/Outdoor Meeting Space 3,252m² 35,000ft²
Beijing International Airport
No restaurants have been listed.
The Four Seasons Hotel Beijing mixes Chinese imperial design motifs with a contemporary aesthetic, up-to-the-minute technologies, and five-star service in the Liangmahe area of Beijing's Chaoyang district, convenient to Chao Yang Park, the Solana Center, and the Third Embassy Precinct. Featured attractions begin with 313 guest rooms, including 67 suites, and go on to include a spa, health club, and sunlit pool; three lounges; restaurants for Cantonese and Italian cuisine; and 35,000 square feet of state-of-the-art meeting space.
The conference facilities span ten meeting rooms and two pillarless ballrooms, one large enough for 600 guests under a double-height ceiling lit by opulent chandeliers. Working travelers also appreciate the 24-hour business center with boardroom and the Executive Club Lounge serving complimentary meals and refreshments throughout the day as well as cocktails and a light buffet in the evening.
Beijing Ballroom I & II 255 15 x 17 3 2,746 49 x 56 N/A N/A 150 100 150 48 48 N/A 120
Beijing Ballroom Pre Function 153 9 x 17 3 1,680 30 x 56 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Beijing I 127 15 x 8.5 3 1,372 49 x 28 N/A N/A 70 50 60 24 24 N/A 50
Beijing II 127 15 x 8.5 3 1,372 49 x 28 N/A N/A 70 50 60 24 24 N/A 50
Song 42 7x6 3 460 23 x 20 N/A N/A 30 10 20 16 12 N/A 20
Tang I 92 11 x 8.4 3 1,008 36 x 28 N/A N/A 40 30 40 18 16 N/A 30
Tang I & II 185 11 x 16.8 3 2,016 36 x 56 N/A N/A 80 60 80 36 32 N/A 60
Tang I & II & III 275 11 x 25 3 3,024 36 x 84 N/A N/A 120 90 120 54 36 N/A 90
Tang I - IV Pre Function 165 5 x 33 3 165 5 x 33 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tang II 92 11 x 8.4 3 1,008 36 x 28 N/A N/A 40 30 40 18 16 N/A 30
Tang II & III 185 11 x 16.8 3 2,016 36 x 56 N/A N/A 80 60 80 36 32 N/A 60
Tang III 92 11 x 8.4 3 1,008 36 x 28 N/A N/A 40 30 40 18 16 N/A 30
Tang IV 59 8 x 7.4 3 598 26 x 23 N/A N/A 30 20 40 16 12 N/A 20
Add Four Seasons Hotel Beijing to:


you will be entitled to deals, discounts, news and sale announcements.
The new Elite TRX Turfs are gaining popularity amongst softball players. This has been our most aggressive turf design ever!
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Here's a little sample of what we've got cooking in the Elite Kitchen.
Notice the dark charcoal shoe towards the back…that's our latest creation, should be delicious!
Sizes and colors may vary. No warranty.
Have you recently been to Elite OC?
When you arrive at Elite OC, you'll be greeted by Fantastic Kim. Yes that is her real name.
Once you walk towards the "Elite Store" you'll see a large selection of turfs, apparel and other softball equipment.
Since this is Elite OC, we've dedicated a wall to our Orange themed products.
In our batting cage, you can test out various bats.
I bought a pair of the pants from Elite made of the new DNA material and wore them this past weekend. All I have to say is these are awesome for warm weather!! Carlos asked me for my honest opinion. After playing this past weekend in sweltering 95 degree extremely high humidity, I can't see going back to a pair of pants like I have worn in the past. This DNA material was light and thin but still tough. In 3 games I slid about 3 times (not as fast as I used to be) no rips or tears. We play on some rough fields too. Super comfortable stuff. If you only play in shorts since you don't like how hot pants are then try the DNA pants they are great!! I really did not think these would feel as good as they did. If your looking for team pants that can be worn even when hot these are the best I have found so far. I also bought a jersey made of the same DNA material and can't wait to try that this week. Supposed to be 90 degrees+ all this week here in the Chicago area. Los (Mr. Elite) is the man!!
This one is from RobMob43. He's talking about his new elite Turfs.
Played 2 games last night in my new Elite "The Patriot" Turf and can't believe what I've been doing playing in interchangeable cleats all my life. My feet were in heaven, I felt like I was 2 steps faster and I didn't have shin splints all night.
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Did you know that Chuck Norris prefers to kick the burger with his Elite Turfs?


Stress-induced synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in mycobacteria.
Title Stress-induced synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in mycobacteria.
Phosphoinositides play key roles in regulating membrane dynamics and intracellular signaling in eukaryotic cells. However, comparable lipid-based signaling pathways have not been identified in bacteria. Here we show that Mycobacterium smegmatis and other Actinomycetes bacteria can synthesize the phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). This lipid was transiently labeled with [(3)H]inositol. Sensitivity of the purified lipid to alkaline phosphatase, headgroup analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry demonstrated that it had the structure 1,2-[tuberculostearoyl, octadecenoyl]-sn-glycero 3-phosphoinositol 3-phosphate. Synthesis of PI3P was elevated by salt stress but not by exposure to high concentrations of non-ionic solutes. Synthesis of PI3P in a cell-free system was stimulated by the synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol, a lipid substrate for phosphatidylinositol (PI) biosynthesis, suggesting that efficient cell-free PI3P synthesis is dependent on de novo PI synthesis. In vitro experiments further indicated that the rapid turnover of this lipid was mediated, at least in part, by a vanadate-sensitive phosphatase. This is the first example of de novo synthesis of PI3P in bacteria, and the transient synthesis in response to environmental stimuli suggests that some bacteria may have evolved similar lipid-mediated signaling pathways to those observed in eukaryotic cells.


Today is the Environmental Friendly Day (miljövänliga dagen) in Sweden. The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation has decided to focus on their Anti-Scampi campaign.
Here is once again a link to my post on their campaign last year. Spread the word about the un-environmentally friendly Tiger shrimp.


If you are interested in attending Nate Bargatze, you can check out our inventory of tickets. There are multiple options given so you can choose and purchase the most suitable deal. Our website is certified secure and the transaction process is transparent. Hence you can make your purchase with complete peace of mind.
As of 22/04/2019 the average Nate Bargatze tickets will cost you between $50 and $420, if you are looking for the cheapest seats then catch the event being held at the Paramount Theatre - Austin, TX, Austin on 25/04/2019. The average ticket will cost you the highest on 06/09/2019 at the Kingsbury Hall, Salt Lake City.
Minimum get in price is for Nate Bargatze tickets is $44 for the event being held at the Paramount Theatre - Denver, Denver on 07/09/2019 , there are some venues that have a much higher get in price, for instance the cheapest seats at the The Neptune Theatre, Seattle on 18/05/2019 will set you back $85.


text:
L'élection du gouverneur en 2017 dans le New Jersey () s'est déroulée le  dans le New Jersey. Il s'agit d'élire le successeur de Chris Christie, républicain, qui ne peut pas se représenter pour un  mandat

Primaire républicaine

Primaire démocrate

Élection générale

Références

gouverneur
Gouverneur du New Jersey
Lieutenant-gouverneur du New Jersey
New Jersey
Élection aux États-Unis en 2017
Politique en novembre 2017


text:
Page last updated at 07:19 GMT, Thursday, 16 October 2008 08:19 UK
Families' shopping lists: October 08
We returned to our six families around the world to see if their shopping list and their eating habits have changed in the wake of the recent global financial turmoil.
Are you worried about rising food prices?
Watch two of the families on video
Prices really have gone up and in our household food is one of the priorities
The Mhatre family
| Mumbai, India| 40% of income on food
Prices at the vegetable market are always changing. On the whole it is going up
The Yang family
| Shanghai, China| 20% of income on food
Our habits have changed, we certainly eat out less than we did
The Mbiru family
| Nairobi, Kenya| 18% of income on food
It was hard during Ramadan. All our extra money went on special treats
The Abdulwahab family
| Cairo, Egypt| 80% of income on food
We have stopped buying non-essential products, like refreshments
The Rodas family
|Quetzaltenango, Guatemala| 60% of income on food
I'm still not buying pre-prepared foods, as these seem to be the most expensive
The Classick family
| Feltham, UK| 10 - 15% of income on food
THE MHATRE FAMILY, MUMBAI, INDIA
The Mhatre family: Poonam, Neil, Shaniya And Tyra
Poonam: Prices really have gone up quite a bit and in our household food is one of the priorities.
As we are financially comfortable, there has been little change in our spending patterns.
But what is true is that we do spend much more on food these days.
People have different mindsets. Some people would think ten times about what they buy and it would bother them even if they could afford it. But for our household as food is important, we would have to make cuts elsewhere.
A neighbour of mine, an extremely hard working lady, told me she had stopped buying mutton because it was so expensive. Occasionally she has chicken. Even fish prices have soared.
I think poorer people have been cutting down on food. In Indian food, the basic masala is made with onions, garlic, tomato and cumin. As onions and tomatoes are very expensive, people just put cumin in with their dish.
LOCAL FOOD PRICES
The Mhatre family spends almost 40% of its income on food compared to 30% in June.
1 kilo of rice: $0.57 (34p)
1 kilo of lentils: $1.2 (70p)
1 kilo of mutton: $2.8 (£1.60)
1 kilo of beans: $1.3 (76p)
In this new financial climate, I think people will think twice about going to the doctors. They would wait and see if they get better without a visit.
A lot of people invested money in the shares market. Even I have done so. There are some who planned to send their children abroad for education on the returns of that investment. Since market is down that money is now gone.
THE YANG FAMILY, SHANGHAI, CHINA
Yang Ning-ning and her mother
Yang Ning-ning: Inflation seemed to be a big problem earlier this year, but now it seems to me to be under control.
Most people are not really worried about inflation. But they are worried about the stock market. Many people in Shanghai have invested their money in the stock market and many are losing their money.
We have someone who we pay to help us do the cooking at home. Once a week she goes to the wet market to buy fish and vegetables. The prices at the vegetable market are always changing. And on the whole it is going upwards, especially fresh green vegetables which are getting more expensive.
In the old days they were extremely cheap but now only when the vegetable is in season, is it cheaper. Currently, cabbage, spinach and cucumber are in season.
The Yang still family spends 20% of its income on food.
1 kilo of rice: $0.50 (30.5p)
1 litre cooking oil:$1.80 (92p)
1 kilo of pork: $6.6 (£3.80)
1 kilo of greens: $0.73 (37p)
If there is bad weather, crops become more expensive. The farmers who grow the vegetables are also charging more for labour. Fuel prices are going up and they have to travel. Some people from the countryside have told me they have to spend more to grow things.
But according to the media the government is trying to develop agriculture and improve the situation of farmers encouraging them to grow more so we don't need to import. Then it will be easier to keep prices under control.
I think people are worrying about the situation abroad and how it will affect life here.
THE MBIRU FAMILY, NAIROBI, KENYA
Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play.
See Sheila shopping at the local supermarket
Sheila: The amount we spend has definitely gone up a bit. I'd say about 18% of our joint income now goes on feeding our family.
Our habits have also changed, we certainly eat out less than we did.
On Sunday after church we would go out for a meal with the three children, but that happens less now.
And in August when the children are on holiday, we would go out in the evenings, but that happened less this holiday, too. In fact, that's when the children started to notice and ask "How come we don't do this so often?"
The Mbiru family spends 18% of its income on food.
1 kilo of maize flour: $0.59 (34p)
1 litre of cooking oil: $2.23 (£1.27)
1 kilo of chicken: $5.15 (£2.94)
1 kilo of potatoes: $0.59 (34p)
If you have people round for a meal, or you visit them, it's more common now to take something. Someone will make the main dish, someone else will bring the salad.
Apart from the global financial problems, fuel prices recently went higher than they've ever been and I know that affects the cost of food.
We harvested maize, beans and potatoes from the vegetable patch my son started. We ate the maize and potatoes, but have kept the beans for the next planting season.
Sadly nothing is growing at the moment though, because there's been no rain and water is rationed. The little water we have, we use in the house, so we can't water the plants.
In a way it was a good thing because I could teach the children that this is what crop failure means. If you don't have a water source, that's a problem.
THE ABDULWAHAB FAMILY, CAIRO, EGYPT
The Abdulwahab extended family of five adults and three children
Azza: I'm now back on my feet after my road accident and feeling much better. It means that I can go shopping for the family in the market.
Still, it is not easy. The hours I work mean I have to leave home early and cannot join the long queues for bread which still form daily outside government bakeries.
Recently I have been buying unsubsidised loaves which are much more expensive.
My brother, Othman, has also returned to work after his back problems.
He and his wife and daughter have now moved out of my mother's place. But still he helps support her and so do I through my job as a cleaner.
Azza says the Abdulwahab family spends over 80% of its total income on food.
10 unsubsidised loaves of bread: $0.90 (50p)
10 subsidised loaves of bread: $0.09 (5p)
1 unsubsidised litre of cooking oil: $2.30 (£1.31)
1 subsidised litre of cooking oil: $1.50 (86p)
1 kilo of beef: $7.22 (£4.13)
1 kilo tomatoes: $0.37 (21p)
Almost all the money that comes into my mother's house goes on food. But we're spending about 80% of our income on food altogether.
Nowadays I don't buy chicken or meat because the prices have gone up so much.
It was hard during Ramadan.
All our extra money went on special treats that we only have once a year during the holy month - Arabic sweets for example. But there was still no meat.
We are eating a lot of foule [made of fava beans, the Egyptian national dish] at the moment because it's the cheapest and easiest snack. It has become an essential for us."
THE RODAS FAMILY, QUETZALTENANGO, GUATEMALA
Evelyn: The price of the dollar keeps coming down, but food prices are still rising. Vegetables have gone down as this is the time of the year of most production in Guatemala.
But the price of products like milk, eggs, bread and corn, which are vital for our breakfasts and dinners, have gone up.
Around 60% of my income goes to buying food. The price of the basic food basket for a family of five had gone up from US$227 in March to US$268.66 in May. Now that we are in October, this has increased to US$323.69.
I think the main worry for consumers in Guatemala is to preserve their income source and then redistribute their expenses by changing their shopping habits.
The Rodas family now spends 60% of its income on food, compared to 40% in March.
1 kilo of corn tortilla flour: $0.83 (48p)
1 kilo of potatoes: $0.80 (£0.46)
We have stopped buying non-essential products, like refreshments. We have also switched to cheaper brands.
But there are some foods that we cannot go without like milk, eggs, oil, bread, corn tortillas, meat, vegetables and grains. They have gone up. We are buying a lot less meat.
I think the rise is uncontrollable, because it is influenced by the behaviour of commodities like oil and the instability of the prices of products like black beans, corn and wheat.
The poorest people devote a higher percentage of their income to buy food. The problem is that, as they loose purchasing power, they cannot afford to spend more money.
THE CLASSICK FAMILY, FELTHAM, UK
See Joanne planning her shopping
Joanne: We seem to have been quite lucky, as much as our food shopping bills have stabilised.
I seem to be spending between £100 and £120 per week on our food shopping, and this hasn't gone up from my last update.
I'm still not buying a lot of pre prepared foods, as these seem to be the most expensive, and not all that good for you. I'm lucky though, because I am able to be at home to cook for the family every day.
The Classick family spends 10%-15% of its income on food.
Loaf of bread: $2.17 (£1.25)
1 kilo of carrots: $1.36 (78p)
1 kilo of lamb: $13.89(£7.99)
I am still using the farmers co-operative some weeks, and other weeks I just use the supermarkets. It really depends on what offers are about each week. I would say that is probably the biggest difference in my shopping habits, I now actively look for offers and discounts, whereas this time last year I just went to one place and bought everything I needed.
I think our food shopping is somewhere between 10% and 15% of our weekly income, but I think some weeks it could be more.
I have noticed that prices have gone down on certain things like bread and vegetables, but plenty of other stuff have gone up so we haven't noticed any of the savings.
THE COST OF FOOD
KEY STORIES
Food prices vary but crisis remains
Rich nations 'reneging' over aid
High food costs 'a global burden'
New E Africa food crisis warning
China to increase grain output
Pakistan's poor hit as prices soar
Long era of cheap food is over
Charting the impact of food price fluctuations around the world
Ethiopia's 'green' drought
World wakes up to food challenge
Price rises sow hope for farmers
In pictures: Ethiopia famine
World hunger's urban edge
Could GM crops help feed Africa?
Biofuel: Hero to zero?
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Challenges for the food summit
Taking the Pulse: Eastern Europe
Cost of food facts
Q&A: World food prices
Impact on six families
RADIO 4 SERIES
Our food, our future
Are you worried by rising prices?
TOP HAVE YOUR SAY STORIES
Should bullfighting be banned?
Should stars get involved with politics?
Can the Taliban be defeated?
Indonesia's female 'devil wheel' riders