text:
Cluj-Napoca Hotels
Hotels & Accommodation in Cluj-Napoca
Search for accommodation in Cluj-Napoca
See Cluj-Napoca hotels on a map
Book hotel rooms & other accommodation in Cluj-Napoca
What's Cluj-Napoca like?
If you're looking for a place to get away, look no further than Cluj-Napoca. Whether you're planning to stay for a night or for the week, the area around Cluj-Napoca has accommodations to fit every need. Search for hotels in Cluj-Napoca with Hotels.com by checking our online map. Our map displays the areas and neighborhoods around all Cluj-Napoca hotels so you can see how close you are from landmarks and attractions, and then refine your search within the larger area. The best Cluj-Napoca hotel deals are here with our lowest price guarantee.
Where are the best places to stay in Cluj-Napoca?
Here are our travelers' top 5 places to stay in Cluj-Napoca:
Hotel Platinia
Luxury resort with bar, near Matthias Corvinus House
• Free breakfast • Free valet parking • Free WiFi • Restaurant • Close to shopping
Luxury hotel with outdoor pool, bar
• Free breakfast • Free parking • Free WiFi • Restaurant • Spacious rooms
DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Cluj - City Plaza
Luxury hotel with indoor pool, near St. Michael's Church
• Free WiFi • Restaurant • Sauna • Fitness center • Comfy beds
Golden Tulip Ana Dome
4-star hotel with bar, conference center
Hotel Beyfin
4-star hotel with conference center, near Avram Iancu Square
• Free WiFi • Bar • Terrace • 24-hour front desk • Central location
What types of hotels are available in Cluj-Napoca?
We have 119 Cluj-Napoca accommodations with prices starting at ZAR 423. Choose one of our 200 deals and get discounts of up to 25%.
Below are the number of accommodations by star rating in Cluj-Napoca and the surrounding area:
How to Get to Cluj-Napoca
What is the closest airport to Cluj-Napoca?
• Cluj-Napoca (CLJ), 3.5 mi (5.7 km) from central Cluj-Napoca
Things to See and Do in Cluj-Napoca
What is there to see in Cluj-Napoca?
• Babes-Bolyai University
• University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca
• Botanical Garden
• Cluj Arena
• Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral
What is there to do in Cluj-Napoca?
• National History Museum of Transylvania
• Iulius Mall Cluj
• National Theatre
• Gheorgheni Sports Center
• Pharmacy Museum
Other Popular Cluj-Napoca Attractions
• St. Michael's Church
• Unirii Square
• Dr. Constantin Radulescu Stadium
• Polyvalent Hall
• Avram Iancu Square
When is the best time to visit Cluj-Napoca?
Cluj-Napoca hotel deals
Lastminute accommodation in Cluj-Napoca


text:
Riksväg 87 går mellan Östersund och Sollefteå.

Den används, förutom för resor mellan orterna längs vägen, ofta även för resor från Jämtland till Umeå. För att komma från Sollefteå till Umeå används Länsväg 335 och E4. Riksväg 87 och Riksväg 86 används också som alternativ till E14 mellan Östersund och Sundsvall.

Standard och planer
Det finns för närvarande (2010) inga fler planer på ombyggnad.

Historia
Före 1962 hette vägen länsväg 335, hela vägen mellan Östersund till Örnsköldsvik. År 1962 bytte sträckan Östersund–Sollefteå namn till Riksväg 87, medan Sollefteå–Örnsköldsvik behöll numret 335.

Vägen från Östersund till Stugun är nybyggd kring 1960. Innan dess gick vägen i en liknande sträckning, mestadels något längre norrut. Kring år 1900 fanns här ingen väg alls, utan man fick åka via Pilgrimstad. Bitvis fanns dock några privata hjulspår till gårdar i skogen.

Vägen Stugun–Döda fallet är troligen från kring 1970, fast till ganska stor del ombyggd i gammal sträckning. Den vägen fanns redan år 1900. Stadsbergstunneln vid Gesunden väster om Krångede är byggd 1968, och innan dess var det en mycket besvärlig kurva runt berget.. Före vägbygget användes väg 731 söder om sjön för genomfartstrafiken.

Den 7 kilometer långa nya vägsträckan mellan Döda fallet och Bispgården invigdes den 20 september 2005 av Jämtlands landshövding Maggi Mikaelsson. Den nya vägsträckningen beräknas ha kostat omkring 170 miljoner kronor.

Vägen Bispgården–Långsele är troligen om- och delvis nybyggd på 1950-talet, medan vägen Långsele–Sollefteå är från tidigt 1970-tal.

Trafikplatser, korsningar och anslutningar

|}

Referenser
Vägkameror och trafikinformation. Det finns en kamera nära Stadsbergstunneln.

Externa länkar

87

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As winter gloom begins to set in, I dream of next summer in Tuscany. The Villa di Geggiano has been in the Bandinelli family since 1527. The winery, gardens and superb interiors make it a must see for Tuscan travelers. Recently they've converted a garden pavillion into lodging of the most exquisite kind. The temperature may be plunging, but if I picture myself waking up to the warm Tuscan sun, sipping espresso as I gaze at gently rolling vineyard covered hills, my spirits rise.


text:
package io;

import com.google.inject.Inject;
import io.filesystem.FileSystemInterface;
import io.filesystem.annotations.Real;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.DirectoryNotEmptyException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException;
import java.nio.file.Path;

/**
 * Created by David Maignan <davidmaignan@gmail.com> on 2016-05-12.
 */
public class Delete implements WriterInterface{
    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Delete.class);

    private FileSystemInterface fileSystem;

    @Inject
    public Delete(@Real FileSystemInterface fileSystem){
        this.fileSystem = fileSystem;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean write(String pathString) {
        boolean result;
        Path path;
        try{
            path = fileSystem.getRootPath().resolve(pathString);

            if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {
                deleteDirectory(path);
            }

            Files.delete(path);

            result = true;

        } catch (NoSuchFileException exception) {
            result = true;
        } catch (DirectoryNotEmptyException exception){
            result = true;
        } catch (Exception exception){
            result = false;
            logger.error(exception.getMessage());
        }

        if( ! result){
            logger.error("Error while deleting node for file deleted: " + pathString);
        }

        return result;
    }

    private static void deleteDirectory(Path path) throws IOException {
        //Delete files
        Files.list(path).filter( s -> {
            if (Files.isDirectory(s)) return false;
            else return true;
        }).forEach( s -> {
            try {
                Files.deleteIfExists(s);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                logger.error("Error when deleting %s", path);
            }
        });

        //If directory - delete recursively
        Files.list(path).filter( s -> {
            if (Files.isDirectory(s)) return true;
            else return false;
        }).forEach( s -> {
            try {
                deleteDirectory(s);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                logger.error("Error when deleting %s", path);
            }
        });

        Files.deleteIfExists(path);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean write(String oldPath, String newPath) {
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public void setFileId(String fileId) {

    }

    @Override
    public FileSystemInterface getFileSystem() {
        return fileSystem;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


KUTX welcomed The Watters into the studio to celebrate the release of their forthcoming album Great Unknown!
KCRW is featuring The Lonesome Heroes' "Steel" as Today's Top Tune!
Songwriter Justin Fallen sees The Rock and Roll Kids as a "twenty minute snapshot" of nearly two years' worth of dedication, endless work, and emotional roller-coaster trips on the new EP. "This is, for me, the finale of a hell of a lot of joy, sweat and tears"…The Rock and Roll Kids shows what Fallen is so passionate about: The timeless tradition of great storytelling in Texas songwriting. He proudly carries that torch with big doses of rock, country and soul coursing through his veins.


From left to right: Former Stanford swimmer Brock Turner and Judge Aaron Persky.
SANTA CLARA, CA -- The judge in the Stanford sexual assault case is leaving early on a planned vacation. The efforts to get Judge Aaron Persky recalled continue, while the victim's letter was read aloud in Congress late last night.
Judge Persky was supposed to be working Thursday, but instead, he's taking an early vacation. That probably doesn't come as a surprise given how much attention the judge has received lately. A spokesman for the court told the Bay Area News Group Judge Persky started his vacation three days ahead of schedule, but wouldn't say why.
Last week, demonstrators delivered an internet petition with nearly 1.3 million signatures to the California Commission on Judicial Performance, demanding Persky's removal, because of the Brock Turner sentencing. That has no legal clout, but definitely increases the political pressure.
Santa Clara County District Attorney Jeff Rosen supported Persky after the sentencing, but is now changing course, saying "we lack confidence that judge Persky can fairly participate in this upcoming hearing in which a male nurse sexually assaulted an anesthetized female patient."
ABC News' senior legal correspondent Sunny Hostin says this type of request rarely happens.
"And the reason it doesn't happen is because prosecutors are repeat customers. They're in front of them day in day out. So the message from this district attorney is very clear. He wants this judge off the bench. He wants to be done with this judge. This judge is in a lot of trouble. His position is just really compromised," said Hostin.
Judge Persky is up for re-election this November, but right now he's running unopposed. A recall election would require more than 58,000 signatures to force it to the ballot.


text:
Audit finds central, northern NY schools among those not meeting safety requirements
WRVO | By Payne Horning
Ryan Delaney
WRVO News File Photo
The Syracuse City School District was included in a recent audit from the New York State Comptroller's office that found many school districts are not meeting the minimum requirements under state law.
Schools in central and northern New York are among those included in a recent audit from the New York State Comptroller's office that reviewed how prepared school districts are for emergency situations. It found none of the schools met the minimum planning or training requirements of the state education department.
Nineteen schools of various sizes across the state were assessed using the requirements under New York state law. School districts have to appoint a chief emergency officer and school safety team, develop and adopt an emergency response plan for events like school shootings, and implement training for staff. No specifics are being released for how each school district performed, but state Comptroller Tom DiNapoli says some didn't even have a safety plan.
"It's an area where clearly there are gaps," DiNapoli said. "In some cases they were woefully inadequate in meeting any of the requirements. It just really is a reminder that this is a real situation, it needs to be incorporated fully in emergency preparedness, so I'm hoping our audit will remind everyone to check with their local school district and make sure in fact they are complying with the requirements."
Tom Ristoff is the director of safety and security at the Syracuse City School District.
The Syracuse City School District and Fayetteville-Manlius Central School District in Onondaga County were included in the study, as was the Indian River Central School District in Jefferson County. Tom Ristoff, director of safety and security at the Syracuse City School District, would not say how the district scored. But Ristoff says the only shortcomings were in documenting their compliance with state law.
"Real time there was never any lapse in safety, there was never any staff or student endangered by any omissions or anything that should have been done that we were supposed to be doing," Ristoff said. "We were always doing what we were supposed to be doing."
The audit period lasted from 2017 to 2018. Ristoff notes that in the last school year the Syracuse City School District contracted with SUNY Oswego to implement and provide training for a standard response protocol. That was funded with a grant.
Ristoff says more schools would be in compliance if New York state leaders invested more resources into security training and personnel.
Education Thomas DiNapoliFayetteville ManliusRegional Newssyracuse city school districtIndian River Central School DistrictNew York State Comptroller's Office
Payne Horning
Payne Horning is a reporter and producer, primarily focusing on the city of Oswego and Oswego County. He has a passion for covering local politics and how it impacts the lives of everyday citizens. Originally from Iowa, Horning moved to Muncie, Indiana to study journalism, telecommunications and political science at Ball State University. While there, he worked as a reporter and substitute host at Indiana Public Radio. He also covered the 2015 session of the Indiana General Assembly for the statewide Indiana Public Broadcasting network.
See stories by Payne Horning
Diverse teachers, better water fountains in schools, top priorities of Syracuse youth council
Syracuse school district, Onondaga County libraries, recovering from cyberattack

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Blended by GRUPO DE MAESTROS. Made by the PLASENCIA FAMILY. Espada by Montecristo is the first of the Montecristo family to be constructed with 100% vintage Nicaraguan tobaccos. Nicaragua is renowned for its specific mellow and robust tobaccos. The Espada tobaccos are specially aged by the Plasencia family and expertly blended by the world famous Grupo de Maestros. The collaboration of these two great names creates a bold, spicy and deeply satisfying smoke. The Espada by Montecristo is crafted with a lifetime of passion for an unrivaled cigar.
Montecristo Platinum Rothchilde Tubo 50x5"


text:
Check Point expands VPN connection options
Check Point Software Technologies announced three feature upgrades to its software yesterday that would give users a greater...
Published: 31 Jul 2002 12:57
Check Point Software Technologies announced three feature upgrades to its software yesterday that would give users a greater range of devices to connect to virtual private networks (VPNs).
The company unveiled what it called "Universal VPN", an upgrade to the software that runs its VPN gateways - the devices that connect remote users to networks - that would allow anyone using a standard Web browser to access Web-enabled applications over a VPN, said Leslie Stern, senior product marketing manager at Check Point.
Users will now be able to access Web-enabled applications and services that support secure HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) using any browser that supports SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). To enable this feature, administrators need only change some settings on the gateway.
Some other companies, including Neoteris and Aventail, offer products that also give access to programs and files using Web browsers. Stern claimed, however, that Check Point's offering is a bit different in that it also brings the full infrastructure of Check Point services with it.
Universal VPN "is more about broadening the choice of the way clients can connect," she said. "Our goal is to provide the broadest range of choices that we can."
The upgrade also features support for the VPN client that ships with Windows, she said.
Check Point has also added VPN routing, which would allow businesses to deploy new and more complicated VPNs, she said. The upgrade will speed "hub-and-spoke" networks - those in which a series of branch offices are connected to a single central location connected to other hubs - and allow such networks to be moved from frame relay systems to the Internet.
The company has upgraded its VPN-1 Secure Client with a client security assurance component. Client security assurance will allow the VPN client to perform security checks on the PC it is installed on to ensure that the system has a basic security configuration, she said. The standard checks will cover Windows and Web browsers, though third parties can create their own custom checks, she added.
All three upgrades are immediately available at no charge to customers already under support contracts.
Read more on Antivirus, firewall and IDS products
SSL VPN (Secure Sockets Layer virtual private network)
By: Linda Rosencrance
How to use two VPN connections at the same time
By: Paul Kirvan
Pulse Connect Secure offers a variety of authentication options
By: Karen Scarfone
SonicWALL SSL VPN provides security for organizations of any size
Check Point focuses on SMEs – ComputerWeekly.com
The best SSL VPN products in the market – SearchSecurity
Comparing the top SSL VPN products – SearchSecurity


text:
Сантяго де Куба е град в Република Куба, столица на провинция Сантяго де Куба, в югоизточната част на остров Куба.

История
Сантяго де Куба е основан през ХVI век от испанския конкистадор Диего Веласкес де Куеяр. Година по-късно същият човек полага и основите на бъдещата столица. Там е и най-голямото пристанище на Карибско море.

На 1 януари 1959 г.Фидел Кастро обявява победата на Кубинската революция от тераса на градската управа в Сантяго.

Крепостта Сан Педро де ла Рока е включена в Списъка на световното културно и природно наследство на ЮНЕСКО. Градът е известен и с традиционните си танци сон кубано, от които произлиза салсата.

В града, смятан за културната столица на Куба, са родени прочутите музиканти Компай Сегундо и Ибраим Ферер.

Население
Сантяго де Куба има население от 433 498 жители (по приблизителна оценка от 2017 г.), което го прави втория град в страната след столицата Хавана. Площта на града е 1024 km², а гъстотата на населението – 482,8 д./km².

Спорт
Градът е дом на футболния отбор играещ в първата дивизия на Куба, настоящ шампион на страната (2017 г.) – "ФК Сантяго де Куба".

Известни личности
 Родени в Сантяго де Куба
 Деси Арнас (1917 – 1986), музикант
 Жозе-Мария дьо Ередия (1842 – 1905), поет
 Вилма Еспин (1930 – 2007), политик
 Пол Лафарг (1842 – 1911), политик
 Гилермо Ривера (1943 – 2017), писател
 Марсия дел Рио (р. 1934), писателка
 Владимир Сабоурин (р. 1967), български литературен критик
 Османи Хуанторена (р. 1985), волейболист

 Починали в Сантяго де Куба
 Родриго де Бастидас (1465 – 1527), конкистадор

Източници


Dolci di Cucchiaio, meaning spoon desserts, is a collective term for puddings, gelatins, custards, flans, and other desserts eaten with a spoon. Frozen desserts are not in this category.
Bianco Mangiare is an eggless milk pudding dessert that is made with all white ingredients; thus the name biancomangiare, literally white food. Made with milk and cream and flavored with vanilla and almond, biancomangiare is very similar to panna cotta.
Bread pudding is a baked dessert that combines bite-size cubes of bread with a rich custard mixture of cream, eggs, and sugar with fruit and/or spices added.
When you add the Italian liqueur, Limoncello, to bread pudding you have a moist and delicious, lemon-flavored gourmet dessert.
The classic coeur a la creme is made in a special mold. Our recipe substitutes ricotta and mascarpone for the standard cream cheese.
Panna Cotta is a soft, creamy, eggless custard whose name literally means 'cooked cream.' It is easy to prepare and is a blank slate for many added flavors.
A parfait is a cold dessert which can be made with ice cream, sorbet, gelato, granita, fruit, syrup, liqueurs, whipped cream, flavored gelatin, yogurt, with cruched cookies or nuts arranged in layers and served in a tall, clear glass.
This recipe for pistachio soufflé is served with crème anglaise. Crème anglaise is a light custard often used as a sauce.
Tiramisu is a wonderful Italian dessert made with mascarpone cheese, delicate ladyfingers (Savoiardi), and laced with strong espresso coffee and Marsala wine.
This Sicilian watermelon recipe brings out the full flavor of the melon in a light pudding-style dessert.
Zabaglione (pronounced tsah-bah-YOH-neh) (and also written sabayon, zabajone, and zabaione) is an Italian dessert made from whipped egg yolks, Marsala wine, and sugar.
These little chocolate cups can be filled with fruit, mousse, custard, or even peanut butter.
Melt bittersweet chocolate and use a small pastry brush to paint the chocolate inside silicone baking cups. Refrigerate until set, about 10 minutes. Repeat brushing on additional layers and chilling until they are the thickness you desire. When firm, peel off the cup and fill. Use a pastry bag fitted with a star tip to pipe in the filling.
Smooth, rich and satisfying, each of these delectable dessert sauces deliver all new levels of deliciousness for exciting dessert possibilities.Drizzle a spoonful over ice cream, pound cake, cream puffs or sliced bananas. Add a dollop to a cup of coffee or pour some over French toast and waffles to wake up a traditional breakfast.
Serve Limoncello Granita in a hollowed out lemon garnished with a sprig of mint.
Combine the sugar and water in a saucepan. Bring to a boil. Cook the mixture until the sugar dissolves. Remove from the heat. Stir in the Limoncello and lemon juice. Cool to room temperature.
Follow instructions for freezing granita.
Classic Italian Rainbow Cakes are made in Long Island, NY. They combine Almond Flavored Cake with Rich Dark Chocolate Coating, Chocolate Sprinkles, Raspberry Coating, and Raspberry Jelly.
In this bread pudding recipe, the bread is a traditional Italian holiday bread, panettone, that is baked with a creamy pumpkin and spice-flavored custard.
Rice pudding is true comfort food ... sweet and creamy, this is a simple recipe to make with just a few ingredients.
This delicious and easy plum crisp recipe is made with slices of ripe plums and a crisp and crunchy topping made with flour, oatmeal, almonds, brown sugar, butter, and cinnamon.


text:
How to improve your football skills
Computer courses are becoming more popular in Europe as teams try to develop a more flexible approach to their players.
The trend is gaining traction with the Premier League's top clubs, with a host of clubs including Arsenal, Manchester United and Liverpool looking to learn how to improve their skills.
"We're going to look at what we're learning from the computer game of football," said Manchester City's David Silva.
"That will help us be more organised in training, and give us more confidence in the way we train and in how we play."
The Premier League has seen a rise in computer courses since the last season, which saw more than 70 courses offered in 2016-17, and a rise of more than 200% from 2015-16.
While a handful of clubs are currently offering a course in a particular skill, it is not mandatory.
Manchester United, for example, offer a computer course in its youth academy, which is an apprenticeship programme.
This means the club does not need to offer an apprenticeships programme to its academy players, meaning they are free to choose the course that is most appropriate for them.
In 2016-2017, the Premier Leagues clubs' computer courses ranged from 20 to 80 minutes, with the average of the courses being between 10 and 30 minutes long.
However, this has dropped to around 15 minutes over the last two seasons, and is expected to rise to 20 minutes in 2019-20.
The majority of clubs have adopted the new system, which has seen clubs offer a single course in any skill.
One of the most successful computer courses is the Maidstone Computer Skills Academy, which offers courses on a wide variety of subjects, including programming, photography, engineering, engineering design, design thinking, engineering strategy and more.
There is no limit on how long a course can last, as long as the individual wants to continue the course.
Meadowfield's academy, in addition to its computer courses, has also developed its own online courseware.
Players can register for a single course online and then add as many as they like, which can be accessed through the academy's online course portal.
To make the most of the academy, the club is also offering free training for players in the youth academy to help them gain valuable skills and improve their confidence.
The Manchester Red Devils have also seen an increase in computer classes over the past few seasons, as they aim to build a strong academy system.
As part of this, the Manchester Academy is offering a computer course as part of their academy programmes.
During the first half of the season, Manchester City's youth academy players got to take a computer course for the first time, and have since gone on to take two more courses in the coming months.
Although the academy has seen an average of about two computer courses per player over the course of the past two seasons , the number of courses has increased from six in 2016 to more than 30 this season.
At the same time, Manchester's club team has been experimenting with the new computer courseware.
Earlier this season, Chelsea were able to take a computer class from Borussia Dortmund's computer training academy, while Arsenal's Bolton Academy took the club's players to a new online course that they were able to complete during the opening weekend of the league campaign.
Both of these computer learning courses are open to all players, but are only offered by the academy to players who have registered for the academy.
For the club to continue to grow and offer its academy teams the most advanced training, it will be necessary to continue offering computer courses as well.
By: Ben SmithThe Manchester City Academy is offering a computer-based training program to its youngest academy players.
If you are interested in taking the course and are in a position to be a part of the team, please contact Maurizio Cicero at [email protected]
More football: Chelsea: How to prepare for a Premier League match Manchester: Watching your club's play Arsenal: Can Arsene Wenger make a change Liverpool: Liverpool v Arsenal Manchester City: Arsenal v Liverpool Bournemouth: Bury v Arsenal Liverpool: Man City v West Brom Bristol City: West Brom v West Ham Chelsea Manchester Utd: Stoke City v Arsenal West Bromwich Albion: Manchester Manchester City v Hull City Southampton: Southampton v Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur: Watford West Ham Manchester Forest: Leeds United Arsenal Brentford: Burnley
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"The writers need to be congratulated for they have really worked on the script. Each and every character has unravelled very well, with all their layering and complexities," she added.
Talking about her career, Hunar who was first noticed with Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat, says, "I have always attempted to be different in all my outings, for example in Ek Boond Ishq and Dehleez. Patiala Babes is no different." Her last show was Thapki Pyaar Ki, where she had replaced an ill Jigyasa Singh.
But is getting into an affair with a married man the done thing?


text:
Lynch Vetoes Partial-Birth Abortion Ban; Override to Be Attempted 6/27
Late Friday afternoon, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch announced his veto of a bill to ban partial-birth abortion. The House and Senate will consider overrides to this and other vetoes on June 27.
After becoming the longest-serving New Hampshire governor in nearly two centuries, and after building a reputation as a moderate politician, he has chosen to end his tenure by defending the indefensible. John Lynch is pleasant, intelligent, cheerful, savvy, and friendly. But moderate? No politician who keeps the way clear for this kind of carnage is "moderate."
The New Hampshire bill, HB 1679, was originally introduced by Rep. Ross Terrio (R-Manchester) as a ban on the partial-birth procedure and a ban on all late-term abortions. Soon after introduction, Terrio agreed to amend the bill so that it addressed only partial-birth. This put the bill in line with similar legislation in force in other states. The bill was drafted to complement federal law and to withstand court challenges. In a spirit of compromise and cooperation, supporters of the bill agreed to amendments that helped to build strong majorities for passage in House and Senate.
None of this figured into Governor Lynch's veto. While beginning his statement with the assurance "I am not a proponent of so-called partial birth abortion", he went on to reject the bill because he found it unnecessary and dangerous, in that order.
The federal ban means none is needed at the state level, according to the governor. He overlooked or ignored the fact that the federal law is only triggered if the partial-birth procedure is committed by a federal employee, or by someone on federal property, or by someone engaged in interstate commerce. He also made no mention of the fact that federal officials may choose not to enforce the federal law, leaving states without their own partial-birth bans helpless to stop the procedure.
Governor Lynch expressed fear that HB 1679 would jeopardize the life of a woman in emergency circumstances. He was critical of the bill's requirement that two physicians agree that life-threatening conditions exist before a partial-birth procedure can be done. Getting that second opinion could cost a woman her life, he fears.
But how? The partial-birth ban would apply only to a particular procedure, not to all abortion methods. Any physician declaring an emergency could terminate a pregnancy without a second opinion, presumably with the pregnant woman's consent, using any method other than the one that pulls the live child/fetus partway out of the woman's body before "termination." The governor's objection sounds as though he means that women are at risk if that procedure is ruled out. (If the governor had true concern for women's health and safety, he would direct the state department of public health to collect statistics on abortion in New Hampshire, so that he would have hard data to buttress any assertion that abortion is safe for women.)
Roe v. Wade established a woman's right to choose abortion. According to the U.S. Supreme Court in the Gonzales case, Roe did not establish a provider's right to kill a child after assisting a woman in a vaginal delivery of a portion of the child's body. Or should I say fetus's? Tough call, when the child/fetus is half-in and half-out of the mother. In any case, the Supreme Court upheld a federal ban on the partial-birth procedure. The Court decided that while the ban prevented the performance of one particularly gruesome and inhumane procedure, it did not amount to a denial of a woman's choice since alternative abortion methods are available. Note that the federal law and New Hampshire bill apply to abortion providers, not to women seeking termination of pregnancy.
Having issued the veto, John Lynch is beyond persuasion. Representatives and state senators are not.
The governor's full statement on HB 1679 is at http://1.usa.gov/MdosTR
Author Ellen KolbPosted on June 16, 2012 May 10, 2016 Categories New Hampshire politicsTags John Lynch, New Hampshire, partial birth abortion, veto
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Yes, that viral video of KLM's "lost and found" dog reuniting passengers with their lost phones is adorable. But sadly, it's just an ad campaign. The dog is not a permanent member of KLM's actual lost and found team.
A real dog, such as seen in the promofilm that KLM launched on Twitter today is not a part of the Lost & Found team.
"The dog is purely used to symbolize the active way in which the team will search for owners and unite them with their lost possessions," a KLM spokesperson Joost Ruempol is quoted as saying in an English translation.
The first tip off to Factually was the way that the creative team behind the video was describing its creation on advertising blogs.
The advertising agency DDB & Tribal reportedly came up with the idea for the dog video after hearing that KLM's real lost and found team successfully tracked down passengers using seat numbers, phone numbers and even social media. The adorable dog element was the advertising agency's creation.
"So to illustrate that KLM goes above and beyond for their passengers, we decided to involve a search dog," the advertising men behind the viral video explained to MediaBistro.
I reached out to KLM for comment, as well as the creative duo (Alex Herwig and Jeroen Thissen) at DDB & Tribal who produced the video. Herwig replied with a statement that Sherlock was a mascot — a polite way of saying that he's there to just tug at your heart strings.
Sherlock is the mascotte of KLM's brand new Lost & Found team. A dedicated team with a mission to return items, found by cabin crew on board or by KLM airport staff, to their legitimate owners - as soon as possible. Very often the Lost & Found team is able to surprise passengers by returning their personal belongings before they have even missed them - like true detectives. Despite the challenge of locating the owner, first results show that over 80% of the found items can now be reunited with their owners.
To launch the team, we decided to give them a helpful mascotte, Sherlock the search dog. With the video we wanted to show that KLM goes above and beyond to return lost items to their owners.
It's a lovely ad, but it's just that — an ad.


text:
Дерево ухвалення рішень (також можуть називатися деревами класифікацій або регресійними деревами) — використовується в галузі статистики та аналізу даних для прогнозних моделей. Структура дерева містить такі елементи: «листя» і «гілки». На ребрах («гілках») дерева ухвалення рішення записані атрибути, від яких залежить цільова функція, в «листі» записані значення цільової функції, а в інших вузлах — атрибути, за якими розрізняються випадки. Щоб класифікувати новий випадок, треба спуститися по дереву до листа і видати відповідне значення. Подібні дерева рішень широко використовуються в інтелектуальному аналізі даних. Мета полягає в тому, щоб створити модель, яка прогнозує значення цільової змінної на основі декількох змінних на вході.

Кожен лист являє собою значення цільової змінної, зміненої в ході руху від кореня по листа. Кожен внутрішній вузол відповідає одній з вхідних змінних. Дерево може бути також «вивчено» поділом вихідних наборів змінних на підмножини, що засновані на тестуванні значень атрибутів. Це процес, який повторюється на кожному з отриманих підмножин. Рекурсія завершується тоді, коли підмножина в вузлі має ті ж значення цільової змінної, таким чином, воно не додає цінності для пророкувань. Процес, що йде «згори донизу», індукція дерев рішень (TDIDT), є прикладом поглинаючого «жадібного» алгоритму, і на сьогодні є найбільш поширеною стратегією дерев рішень для даних, але це не єдина можлива стратегія. В інтелектуальному аналізі даних, дерева рішень можуть бути використані як математичні та обчислювальні методи, щоб допомогти описати, класифікувати і узагальнити набір даних, які можуть бути записані таким чином:

Залежна змінна Y є цільовою змінною, яку необхідно проаналізувати, класифікувати й узагальнити. Вектор х складається з вхідних змінних , ,  тощо, які використовуються для виконання цього завдання.

Основні визначення
В аналізі рішень «дерево рішень» використовуються як візуальний і аналітичний інструмент підтримки ухвалення рішень, де розраховуються очікувані значення (або очікувана корисність) конкуруючих альтернатив.

Дерево рішень складається з трьох типів вузлів:
 Вузли рішення — зазвичай представлені квадратами
 Імовірнісні вузли — представляються у вигляді кола
 Замикаючі вузли — представляються у вигляді трикутника

На малюнку, представленому вище, дерево рішень слід читати зліва направо. Дерево рішень не може містити в собі циклічних елементів, тобто кожен новий лист згодом може лише розщеплюватися, відсутні сходження шляхів. Таким чином, при конструюванні дерева вручну, ми можемо зіткнутися з проблемою його розмірності, тому, як правило, дерево рішення ми можемо отримати за допомогою спеціалізованих комп'ютерних програм.
Зазвичай дерево рішень представляється у вигляді символічної схеми, завдяки якій його простіше сприймати і аналізувати.

Типологія дерев
Дерева рішень, використовувані в Data Mining, бувають двох основних типів:
 Аналіз дерева класифікації, коли прогнозований результат є класом, до якого належать дані;
 Регресійний аналіз дерева, коли прогнозований результат можна розглядати як дійсне число (наприклад, ціна на будинок, або тривалість перебування пацієнта в лікарні).
Згадані вище терміни вперше були використані Брейманом та ін. Перераховані типи мають деякі подібності, а також деякі відмінності, такі, як процедура, що використовується для визначення місця, де розбивати.
Деякі методи дозволяють побудувати більше одного дерева рішень:
 Дерево рішень «мішок», найбільш раннє дерево рішень, будує кілька дерев рішень, неодноразово інтерполюючи дані із заміною, і дерева голосувань для прогнозу консенсусу;
 Випадковий класифікатор «лісовий» використовує ряд дерев рішень, з метою поліпшення ставки класифікації;
 «Підвищені» дерева можуть бути використані для регресійного типу та класифікації типу проблем.
 «Обертання лісу» — дерева, в яких кожне дерево рішень аналізується першим застосуванням методу головних компонент (PCA) на випадкові підмножини вхідних функцій.

Алгоритми побудови дерева
Загальна схема побудови дерева ухвалення рішень за тестовими прикладам виглядає таким чином:
 Вибираємо черговий атрибут , поміщаємо його в корінь.
 Для всіх його значень :
 Залишаємо з тестових прикладів тільки ті, у яких значення атрибута  дорівнює
 Рекурсивно будуємо дерево в цьому нащадку

Основне питання'': як вибирати черговий атрибут?

Є різні способи вибирати черговий атрибут:
 Алгоритм ID3, де вибір атрибута відбувається на підставі приросту інформації (), або на підставі Коефіцієнту Джині.
 Алгоритм C4.5 (поліпшена версія ID3), де вибір атрибута відбувається на підставі нормалізованого приросту інформації ().
 Алгоритм  і його модифікації — IndCART, DB-CART.
 Автоматичний детектор взаємодії Хі-квадрат (CHAID). Виконує багаторівневий поділ при розрахунку класифікації дерев;
 MARS: розширює дерева рішень для поліпшення обробки цифрових даних.

На практиці в результаті роботи цих алгоритмів часто виходять занадто деталізовані дерева, які при їх подальшому застосуванні дають багато помилок. Це пов'язано з явищем перенавчання. Для скорочення дерев використовується відсікання гілок ().

Регулювання глибини дерева
Регулювання глибини дерева — це техніка, яка дозволяє зменшувати розмір дерева рішень, видаляючи ділянки дерева, які мають маленьку вагу.

Одне з питань, яке виникає в алгоритмі дерева рішень — це оптимальний розмір кінцевого дерева. Так, невелике дерево може не охопити ту чи іншу важливу інформацію щодо вибіркового простору. Тим не менше, важко сказати, коли алгоритм повинен зупинитися, тому що неможливо спрогнозувати, додавання якого вузла дозволить значно зменшити помилку. Ця проблема відома як «ефект горизонту». Тим не менш, загальна стратегія обмеження дерева зберігається, тобто видалення вузлів реалізується в разі, якщо вони не дають додаткової інформації.

Необхідно зазначити, що регулювання глибини дерева повинно зменшити розмір навчальної моделі дерева без зменшення точності її прогнозу або за допомогою перехресної перевірки. Є багато методів регулювання глибини дерева, які відрізняються вимірюванням оптимізації продуктивності.

Методи регулювання
Скорочення дерева може здійснюватися зверху вниз або знизу вгору. Зверху вниз — обрізка починається з кореня, знизу вгору — скорочується число листя дерева.
Один з найпростіших методів регулювання — зменшення помилки обмеження дерева. Починаючи з листя, кожен вузол замінюється на найпопулярніший клас. Якщо на точність передбачення це не впливає, то зміна зберігається.

Приклад завдання
Припустімо, що нас цікавить, чи виграє наша улюблена футбольна команда наступний матч.
Ми знаємо, що це залежить від ряду параметрів; перераховувати їх всі — завдання безнадійне, тому обмежимося основними:
 Чи вище перебуває суперник по турнірній таблиці;
 Чи вдома проходить матч;
 Чи пропускає матч хтось із лідерів команди;
 Чи йде дощ.
У нас є деяка статистика на цей рахунок:

Хочеться зрозуміти, чи виграє наша команда в черговій грі.

Див. також
 Random forest — класифікатор, заснований на застосуванні комітетів з вирішальних дерев
 Перенавчання
 Машинне навчання

Примітки

Посилання
 Конспект лекції по деревах ухвалення рішень
 Алгоритми побудови дерев рішень  (BaseGroup Labs)
 Decision trees applet provides several sample data sets of examples to learn and classify

Література

 *
Аналіз даних


text:
Адміністративний устрій Ямпільського району (Вінницька область)
 Адміністративний устрій Ямпільського району (Сумська область)


On holidays, special occasions and any other notable days of celebration, web users from Alberta to Asia are greeted with a graphical gift from Google: a festive company logo, remixed to match the holiday. These holiday logos will be familiar to anybody with Google among their main bookmarks, where logos celebrating events from the World Cup to the Lunar New Year can be seen during each occasion.
What most web users are likely not acquainted with is the origin of these logos. It turns out that each of these designs, whether celebrating Louis Braille's birthday or World Water Day, are all created by a man named Dennis Hwang.
Mr. Hwang hails from a city in South Korea called Gwacheon. Currently in charge of all of Google's webmasters, he spends 20% of his job at Google sketching and producing the infamous holiday logos. Most recently, you might have seen his work this past Canada Day, which saw the L in Google replaced with the Peace Tower, the central feature of Canada's parliament buildings in Ottawa.
Also on this past Canada Day, a team of official representatives from Dennis Hwang's hometown of Gwacheon visited a park very near to Elbowroom Design's headquarters in Airdrie, Alberta — just a short 20 minute sprint up the Deerfoot from downtown Calgary. Hwang's town of Gwacheon is actually sister cities with Airdrie, part of a twinning project that has been in place since 1997.
On this particular visit, Gwacheon donated three sets of traditional Korean totems called Jangseung, three man-and-woman pairs to keep the village safe. The six totem poles now congregate in Airdrie's Nose Creek Park, where Gwacheon's simple, beautiful flag flies alongside Airdrie's city crest.
Across the ocean, Dennis Hwang continues to doodle for Google in Gwacheon, while in his sister city of Airdrie, Elbowroom Design does its duties under the shadow of the Gwacheon flag, proudly part of a worldwide graphic design coincidence — the Gwacheon connection.


text:
منتدى مصر التقني :: القسم التقني العام :: الشبكات
من طرف pattern الإثنين يناير 02, 2023 7:39 pm
Self-control, an aspect of inhibitory control, is the ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses.[1][2] As an executive function, it is a cognitive process that is necessary for regulating one's behavior in order to achieve specific goals.[2][3]
A related concept in psychology is emotional self-regulation.[4] Self-control is thought to be like a muscle. According to studies, self-regulation, whether emotional or behavioral, was proven to be a limited resource which functions like energy.[5] In the short term, overuse of self-control will lead to depletion.[6] However, in the long term, the use of self-control can strengthen and improve over time.[2][6]
gold trading strategy
Self-control is also a key concept in the general theory of crime, a major theory in criminology. The theory was developed by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in their book titled A General Theory of Crime, published in 1990. Gottfredson and Hirschi define self-control as the differential tendency of individuals to avoid criminal acts independent of the situations in which they find themselves.[7] Individuals with low self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive towards others, risk takers, short-sighted, and nonverbal. About 70% of the variance in questionnaire data operationalizing one construct of self-control had been found to be genetic.
Counteractive
Desire is an affectively charged motivation toward a certain object, person, or activity, but not limited to, that associated with pleasure or relief from displeasure.[9] Desires vary in strength and duration. A desire becomes a temptation when it impacts or enters the individual's area of self-control, if the behavior resulting from the desire conflicts with an individual's values or other self-regulatory goals.[10][11] A limitation to research on desire is the issue of individuals desiring different things. New research looked at what people desire in real world settings. Over one week, 7,827 self-reports of desires were collected and indicated significant differences in desire frequency and strength, degree of conflict between desires and other goals, and the likelihood of resisting desire and success of the resistance. The most common and strongly experienced desires are those related to bodily needs like eating, drinking, and sleeping.[11][12]
[rtl]توصيات الاسهم الامريكية[/rtl]
Desires that conflict with overarching goals or values are known as temptations.[11][10] Self-control dilemmas occur when long-term goals and values clash with short-term temptations. Counteractive Self-Control Theory states that when presented with such a dilemma, we lessen the significance of the instant rewards while momentarily increasing the importance of our overall values. When asked to rate the perceived appeal of different snacks before making a decision, people valued health bars over chocolate bars. However, when asked to do the rankings after having chosen a snack, there was no significant difference of appeal. Further, when college students completed a questionnaire prior to their course registration deadline, they ranked leisure activities as less important and enjoyable than when they filled out the survey after the deadline passed. The stronger and more available the temptation is, the harsher the devaluation will be.[13][14]
One of the most common self-control dilemmas involves the desire for unhealthy or unneeded food consumption versus the desire to maintain long-term health. An indication of unneeded food could also be over expenditure on certain types of consumption such as eating away from home. Not knowing how much to spend, or overspending one's budget on eating out can be a symptom of a lack of self control.[15]
[rtl]توصيات الذهب[/rtl]
Experiment participants rated a new snack as significantly less healthy when it was described as very tasty compared to when they heard it was just slightly tasty. Without knowing anything else about a food, the mere suggestion of good taste triggers counteractive self-control and prompted them to devalue the temptation in the name of health. Further, when presented with the strong temptation of one large bowl of chips, participants both perceived the chips to be higher in calories and ate less of them than did participants who faced the weak temptation of three smaller chip bowls, even though both conditions represented the same amount of chips overall.
Weak temptations are falsely perceived to be less unhealthy, so self-control is not triggered and desirable actions are more often engaged in, supporting the counteractive self-control theory.[16] Weak temptations present more of a challenge to overcome than strong temptations, because they appear less likely to compromise long-term values.[13][14]
https://www.gold-pattern.com/en
The decrease in an individual's liking of and desire for a substance following repeated consumption of that substance is known as satiation. Satiation rates when eating depend on interactions of trait self-control and healthiness of the food.
النقاط : 59
رد: Self-control
من طرف alialghaf2 الثلاثاء يناير 24, 2023 7:05 am
خطوات تسجيل شركة في دبي
تأسيس شركة بجبل علي
تأسيس الشركات في المناطق الحرة في دبي
كيفية تأسيس شركة في دبي
خطوات تأسيس شركة في دبي
تكاليف تأسيس شركة في دبي
ـــــــــــــــــــ التوقيع ــــــــــــــــــــ
تأسيس شركة في دبي للخليجيين
فتح سجل تجاري في دبي
alialghaf2
المساهمات : 6
النقاط : 8


Life lesson: what doesn't kill me will make me stronger. Zimbabwe is my home and although I am yet to understand the hustling lifestyle that everyone seems to know so much about; I did not die in the first weeks of being back home. Zesa does its own thing and I have learnt to live with it. People wonder who moves back from Europe to Zimbabwe, well I just did and I am still here. It's really not as bad as everyone makes it sound. Having my family close to me is a bonus.
Life lesson: Not everyone who smiles at you or spends time with you when all is well is going to be around when the storm comes. I have reduced my friend count and some don't even know what hit them. One of my "friends" when I lamented about feeling as if no one had my back said they never knew me to be the kind of person who depends on other people. Well, guess I'm human after all!!! I just realised having people who always take from me (energy, time, anything really) and never give anything back is quite draining. I have no time for excess baggage in my life and those who no longer served a purpose or who weren't building or enriching me, simply had to go. This also goes for ex-lovers who hang around but serve absolutely no purpose. NO MORE!!!
This is right at the top of my crazy experiences and I sincerely hope I will laugh about it one day. Just not now. As I blog I am in Tanzania and my business here was put on hold because of unforeseen circumstances and the fact that the country is busy with general elections. Seriously this is not the time to be in a foreign country and trying to distract them from the business of voting. I thought of abandoning the mission but maybe there is is something to be learnt here so I am still holding on.
Life lesson: quitting is for losers.


text:
tolde by the weye
Archives for posts with tag: Christianity
The Pearl on the Bus Goes Round and Round
It happened again. The Tuesday before last was a cold winter day and as the bus started moving I heard a familiar rolling sound. It stopped between my feet: the pearl.
It's become a little running joke with myself that whenever I see a lost fake pearl earring I think of the poem Pearl. It's like it's telling me it's time to read Pearl again – one part serendipity, one part superstition.
Pearl is a medieval narrative poem thought to be written by the same unknown poet who wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, and Cleanness. For this reason scholars often call this poet the "Pearl poet" or the "Gawain poet." All four of the poems attributed to the Pearl poet are written in the same Northern dialect of Middle English, so you get some interesting Old Norse-sounding words like burne and tulk[1] which may at first seem foreign to Chaucer readers.
It's a dream vision poem – a popular genre, particularly in 13th and 14th century England and France. Other examples of the dream vision poem are Roman de la Rose (a sort of medieval version of A Christmas Carol except with sex), Chaucer's Book of the Duchess, and, of course, Piers Plowman.
Pearl deals with the grief we suffer from personal loss. The troubled narrator (described as a joyless jeweler) doesn't say specifically what kind of loss he's suffered – but it seems to point to the loss of a child. In any case, he's very distraught. He compares his loss to a pearl, one that – literally, figuratively, or both – slipped from his hand[2] and rolled into a garden. The narrator has no hope of ever recovering his precious pearl in the physical world.
A "Pearl maiden" character appears and guides the narrator through the dream vision and "treats" him in a way very similar to that of Lady Philosophy from Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy, however, the "treatment" administered by the Pearl maiden is that of Christian doctrine.
Aside from the rhyme scheme, the frequent use of alliterative verse, and stanza linking, an aspect of the poem I most appreciate is how the Pearl poet contrasts material objects and worldly desires with higher thoughts and places and uses imagery of cleanness, perfection, and roundness in every stanza in a natural way that never seems tedious or forced.
You'd think that after the 25th "spotless" or "round" we'd want to pull our hair out, but he – and I'm really sorry to do this to you – keeps the ball rolling – especially by using alliteration. Check out most especially 945-948 (just read it, even if you're not used to Middle English – there's a verse translation in Modern English below to help you get the gist of it):
"The Lompe ther wythouten spottes blake / Has feryed thyder Hys fayre flote / And as Hys flok is wythouten flake / So is Hys mote wythouten moote." It's a beautiful poem and even if it doesn't touch you spiritually in any way, its masterful constructed and flows like water. I leave you with a passage[3] from Pearl and a detail of the passage on its manuscript.
Here's where the dreamer "sees" Jerusalem:
"Thys moteles meyny thou cones of mele,
Of thousandes thryght, so gret a route –
A gret ceté, for ye arn fele,
Yow byhod have wythouten doute.
So cumly a pakke of joly juele
Wer evel don schulde lyy theroute;
And by thyse bonkes ther I con gele
I se no bygyng nawhere aboute.
I trowe alone ye lenge and loute
To loke on the glory of thys gracious gote.
If thou has other bygynges stoute,
Now tech me to that myry mote.""That mote thou menes in Judy londe,"
That specyal spyce then to me spakk.
"That is the cyté that the Lombe con fonde
To soffer inne sor for manes sake.
The olde Jerusalem, to understonde,
For there the olde gulte was don to slake.
Bot the nwe that lyght, of Godes sonde,
The apostel in Apocalyppce in theme con take.
The Lompe ther wythouten spottes blake
Has feryed thyder Hys fayre flote,
And as Hys flok is wythouten flake,
So is Hys mote wythouten moote." (ll. 925-48)[4] "These holy virgins in radiant guise,
By thousands thronged in processional –
That city must be of uncommon size
That keeps you together, one and all.
It were not fit such jewels of price
Should lie unsheltered by roof or wall,
Yet where these river-banks arise
I see no building large or small.
Beside this stream celestial
You linger alone, none else in sight;
If you have another house or hall,
Show me that dwelling wholly bright"That wholly blissful, that spice heaven-sent,
Declared, "In Judea's fair demesne
The city lies, where the Lamb once went
To suffer for man death's anguish keen.
The old Jerusalem by that is meant,
For there the old guilt was canceled clean,
But the new, in vision prescient,
John saw sent down from God pristine.
The spotless Lamb of gracious mien
Has carried us all to that fair site,
And as in his flock no fleck is seen,
His hallowed halls are wholly bright." (ll.925-48)[5]
Here's how the passage appears in the Manuscript Cotton Nero A.x. (art.3)[6]:
Lines 925-936 of Pearl from British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x. (art. 3) folio 051 verso (image source)
Lines 937-948 of Pearl from British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x. (art. 3) folio 052 recto (image source)
[1] Burne and tulk (man/knight) appear in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ed. James Winny (Ontario, 1992).
[2] Reminds me of that last verse from the Cure song "A Letter to Elise" where the narrator says, "And every time I try to pick it up like falling sand / As fast as I pick it up it runs away through my clutching hands / But there's nothing else I can really do / There's nothing else I can really do at all." The character in this song may need consolation from the Pearl poet after he posts his letter – unless, of course, he and Elise do this all the time.
[3] The Middle English version presented here has modernized spelling so you won't find any thorns and yoghs. I'm looking forward to the forthcoming "diplomatic" transcription of Pearl edited by Murray McGillivray and Jenna Stook from The Cotton Nero A.x. Project (currently under scholarly review for publication). They are also working on a version of Cleanness (edited by Kenna L. Olsen) as well as Patience and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Murray McGillivray). For more information, check out: http://people.ucalgary.ca/~scriptor/cotton/publications.html
[4] Pearl in Middle English from Pearl, ed. Sarah Stanbury (Kalamazoo, 2001) available online
[5] Pearl in Modern English translation from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, and Pearl: verse translations, trans. Marie Borroff (New York, 2001).
[6] British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x. (art. 3) is the only known manuscript of Pearl – it also contains Cleanness, Patience (or Job), and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. All four poems are thought to have been written by the same unknown poet.
Tags 14th century, Boethius, Christianity, dream vision, medieval poetry, Middle English, Pearl Poet, winter
Categories My Secret Pearl Without a Spot Sightings, Pearl Poet
Become a Better You with Boethius (and Alfred the Great)
I love reading medieval self-help books (or "mirrors for princes" – as scholars call them) like Secreta Secratorum and The Consolation of Philosophy. Both are great, but the one I spend the most time with is Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy. My interest in Chaucer led me to Boethius since Consolation is one of Chaucer's favorite touchstones. Once you read Boethius (or Boece, as he is called in Middle English texts) you'll forever see flashes of his guiding philosophy in Chaucer's poetry. In any case, Boethius quickly became a friend in my own spiritual journey. My wife Jessica and I even used a passage from The Consolation of Philosophy in our wedding ceremony. And no, it wasn't a "medieval-themed" wedding THANK YOU VERY MUCH!
Reading Boethius in modern English translation alone, however, does not satisfy the medievalist. We look to "the versions they used" and while we might not always find them, there are other versions that give us ideas of how Boethius was appreciated in the medieval world. Chaucer translated a version himself into English but he was not the first to do so. An Old English version[1] is attributed to Alfred the Great, the 9th century Saxon king of England. How involved Alfred actually was in its composition will likely never be known, but we know that he placed great value on the text and at least commissioned its production.
Reading Alfred the Great's version, you're instantly struck by its heroic language. The quick prologue Alfred provides smacks of the opening lines of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and Green Knight. In Alfred's version Boethius is a Christian man who fights for justice to save his people from the evil tyrant Theodoric.
After the spirited prologue, however, the narrative becomes – more or less – the one we recognize from Consolation.
Something interesting about the Saxon version of Boethius attributed to Alfred the Great, though, is that the character Lady Philosophy is called Wisdom (and sometimes Reason). Her character is also masculine rather than feminine, but aside from that we are not given any other physical characteristics.
Boethius isn't "visited" by Lady Philosophy in reality or dream vision in the Saxon version. It is as if the "Wisdom" and "Reason" dialogue with the "mind" occurs in the character's head whereas in Consolation Lady Philosophy (also referred to as a physician) appears and "treats" Boethius.
Also, the "muses" Lady Philosophy chases away are simply referred to as "worldly pursuits" in the Saxon version as opposed to a greater pursuit: striving to know – but not being arrogant enough to think one can "possess entirely" – wisdom.
Consolation presents a philosophy that is somewhat universal, but the Saxon version manages to be even more universal in a way. It isn't watered down to the extent of a message from Joel Olsteen, for example, but the concepts are presented in a disarming way that complements Christian thought and could help a medieval reader in much the same way a Joel Olsteen book would help someone today.
Comparing Boethius to Joel Olsteen may seem inappropriate to some medievalists, but I'll bet Boethius was more accessible than Aquinas (or even Dante) among contemporary medieval readers. The method is also surprisingly similar to modern psychoanalysis and behavior change through self-awareness.
In addition to the text's teaching and guiding philosophy that is meant to complement Christian thought, something makes the king who promoted the text seem revolutionary for his time. In Alfred's version, the hero Boethius is a senator who feels his leader is not morally fit to govern his people so he seeks to remove him from power. A king who promotes this kind of hero is telling his subjects that rulers are to be held at the highest moral standard and are obligated to share wisdom and book-learning with their people. And if they don't – any one of their subjects should remove them from positions of power. That sounds a lot more like democracy than feudalism!
[1] King Alfred's Anglo Saxon Version of Boethius De Consolatione Philosophiae, trans. Samuel Fox (London, 1864) available online
Tags 9th century, Alfred the Great, Anglo-Saxon, Boethius, Chaucer, Christianity, medieval poetry, religion, Secreta Secretorum
Categories Boethius
Pharoah's Crown Was in Danger of Being Trampled by a Jewish Baby
14th century illustration from Golden Haggadah of Moses being found (image source)
In Exodus, the narrator uses only three verses[1] to take the baby Moses from being handed to a Hebrew wet nurse to becoming a young adult. The story moves very quickly. After Moses is saved from the river by Pharoah's daughter, we fast-forward to him as a young adult just in time for the scene where he kills the Egyptian. This period of baby Moses' life is given much more attention in a 14th century version from The Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament than it is in Exodus.
First there's this whole scene about how Moses refused to drink milk from any woman but his own mother and then there's this interesting scene where Moses as a small child is brought into the royal chamber to see Pharoah. Moses' foster-grandfather is delighted to see the bouncing boy and like every proud relative wanting to put on a show of the little guy's brightness and good manners, he puts his crown on the young lad's head for a Kodak moment. But little Moses, instead of sitting on Pharoah's lap adorably modeling the big crown on his tiny head, puts the crown beneath his feet and tramples it:
"Betwyx hys schankes he sett hym right
and lappyd hym to hym for grett lufe.
And for he was so worthy a wyght,
Hys pertenes he toght forto prove.
His crown of gold, full fayr and bryght,
that barne hed sett he above.
And sone was schewyd in ther syght
a wonder case forto controve:
That child full lyghtlt lete,
the crown kast he downe,
And fylyd yt with his fete
forto breke yt full bowne."
(ll. 1549-1560)[2]
Pharaoh's advisors are appalled by this blatant scene of Jewish insubordination. They warn Pharaoh of the danger of allowing the Hebrew boy to grow to a man and they scoff at Pharaoh's allowing him to live so close to the royal family. Pharoah hears nothing of their nonsense though – Moses is a clever little boy but he cannot possibly understand the implication of his action in light of current Egyptian-Jewish political tensions much less the prophecy that a Hebrew man will end Pharoah's rule. It's just a cute scene and besides – kids do the darndest things! Another advisor – who the text describes as "a wys man of ther law" – chimes in to defend the little child suggesting they conduct an experiment to test his cleverness. Some hot coals are brought in and presented to the little boy and sure enough Moses tries to put them in his mouth. So there you have it, he's only a cute little boy who doesn't yet know to be careful around burning objects.
At this moment Pharoah's daughter (called Tremouth in The Paraphrase) rushes into the scene and takes the poor child in her arms back to her chamber to comfort him. The narrator reminds us that God always comes to those in need for he who saves shall be saved:
"Loe how sone God hath socur sent;
That He wyll save, be savyd thei sall."
Why this scene? Was it for comedic purpose? Was it an original embellishment?
Turns out, it's adapted from a 1st century text by Josephus called Antiquities of the Jews. Here's the scene as it appears in Antiquities:
Thermuthis therefore perceiving him to be so remarkable a child, adopted him for her son, having no child of her own. And when one time had carried Moses to her father, she showed him to him, and said she thought to make him her successor, if it should please God she should have no legitimate child of her own; and to him, "I have brought up a child who is of a divine form, and of a generous mind; and as I have received him from the bounty of the river, in , I thought proper to adopt him my son, and the heir of thy kingdom." And she had said this, she put the infant into her father's hands: so he took him, and hugged him to his breast; and on his daughter's account, in a pleasant way, put his diadem upon his head; but Moses threw it down to the ground, and, in a puerile mood, he wreathed it round, and trod upon his feet, which seemed to bring along with evil presage concerning the kingdom of Egypt. But when the sacred scribe saw this, (he was the person who foretold that his nativity would the dominion of that kingdom low,) he made a violent attempt to kill him; and crying out in a frightful manner, he said, "This, O king! this child is he of whom God foretold, that if we kill him we shall be in no danger; he himself affords an attestation to the prediction of the same thing, by his trampling upon thy government, and treading upon thy diadem. Take him, therefore, out of the way, and deliver the Egyptians from the fear they are in about him; and deprive the Hebrews of the hope they have of being encouraged by him." But Thermuthis prevented him, and snatched the child away. And the king was not hasty to slay him, God himself, whose providence protected Moses, inclining the king to spare him.[3]
Besides adding the bit about the hot coal test, the scene was not an embellishment at all by the Paraphrase poet. In fact, it's a surprisingly accurate translation given his version was put into Middle English verse with a slightly comedic mood. Makes me wonder what other texts the Paraphrase poet used to prepare his version of the Old Testament.
[1] Exodus 2:8-10: Douay-Rheims: http://www.drbo.org/chapter/02002.htm ; KJV: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?version=KJV&search=Exodus%202
[2] References to Exodus from the Metrical Paraphrase are taken from The Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament, ed. Michael Livingston (Kalamazoo, 2011).
[3] Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston. Available online: http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/flavius-josephus/antiquities-jews/book-2/chapter-9.html
Tags 14th century, 1st century, Christianity, court poetry, Josephus, medieval poetry, medieval storytelling, Middle English, Moses, Pharoah, Thermuthis, Tremouth
Categories Medieval Poetry
Marco Polo and a couple of early Christian relics involving fire and breast milk
So you know Marco Polo the Venetian? The story goes Marco Polo told this French guy all about his travels while he was in prison in Genoa. The first manuscript of The Travels of Marco Polo is 13th century and was written in Old French. Anyway, one of the little stories[1] he heard was from his brothers Nicolas and Maffeo when they were in Jordan. They heard about these Christians who had a flame in their temple that was so popular people came from miles around to light their lamps with it because it was Holy light, etc. – sort of like a relic. When the Magi (or, the Three Kings) went to visit baby Jesus, they brought gold, frankincense, and myrrh. These gifts were to test the prophet. If the prophet chose the gold he was only an earthly king and if he chose the myrrh he was a physician – but if he chose the frankincense he was truly a prophet. Well, it turns out the baby Jesus accepted all three gifts and gave them a little box in return.
On their way home the Magi opened the little box to see what was inside. It was a little stone – meant to symbolize their faith in Christ – steadfast, like a rock, etc. Well, that symbolic meaning went straight over their heads and they thought it was a stupid gift so they threw the stone in a well. At that moment, a huge blast of fire came from the heavens, hitting the stone, and setting it alight. It has been burning ever since. So that's why people come to visit the temple.
Now, I can't tell whether this temple was a major pilgrimage spot in 13th century Jordan or if some rural village was just enjoying its fifteen minutes of fame while Nicolas and Maffeo Polo were passing through. It is interesting though, that in the Medieval World stories were written to embellish Biblical sources. A couple of interesting ones are the Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament and The Three Kings of Cologne. The latter is kind of like a "Further Adventures and exploits of the Three Kings." It's a text with a strong Christian message told in the style of a medieval travel narrative. The Three Kings' characters are fleshed out in this text. We know their names, where they're from, and what they do after visiting the baby Jesus besides not returning to King Herod and going home by another route – but more importantly, the text gives you an idea of how the author thought various Temples and newly formed sects responded to the news of the Christ's birth.
Though the little box and fiery stone gift from baby Jesus is not mentioned in the The Three Kings of Cologne, the text mentions that their gifts were meant to test the baby Jesus.[2] The text does mention, however, another "relic" collected from the nativity, adding that cringe-worthy touch of anti-Jewish sentiment found in most Medieval Christian texts written for a popular audience.
After the Kings traveled around, relating their tale of having seen the Christ, Mary grew frightened that the Jews would come and get her, so she went underground (literally) into a dark cave and waited there until things calmed down a little:
"þer bygan to wex a grete fame of oure lady and of her childe and of þes .iij. kyngis alle aboute. wherfore oure lady for drede of þe Iwes fledde oute of þat litil hows þat crist was bore in, and went in to an oþir derke Cave vndir erþe: and þere sche abode with her childe til þe tyme of her Purificacioun."[3]
Madonna Suckling the Child, in Venetian vernacular known as the Madona de la late, panel, 13th-14th century. Venice, Museo di S. Marco. Image: Venice: Art & Architecture, Könemann.
While Mary was in that cave she sat on a stone and nursed the baby Jesus. Some of her breast milk sprayed on that stone. Sometime later, the cave was turned into a chapel and became a pilgrimage spot. It still had that stone and it still had milk too. If the stone was scraped with a knife, it would spray some of Mary's breast milk. Just imagine going to a pilgrimage spot and hearing the guide say, "And Behold the everlasting milk still flows! For a small donation you can take a few drops!" That's not the only mention of stones and the baby Jesus in Three Kings. More detail is given about the star they saw that signified the Christ was born. Its edges resembled that of a cornerstone.
So, according to The Three Kings of Cologne, after they described the star to people, it was pretty fashionable to put it on all the temples that had decided to follow Jesus. So I guess they did get the metaphor after all – you know, Jesus being like a stone at a strong building's foundation.
[1] My telling of this tale is loosely adapted from Yule-Cordier's edition of The Travels of Marco Polo.
[2] Makes me think of the Dalai Lama choosing his glasses!
[3] John of Hildeshesheim, The Three Kings of Cologne: an early English translation of the "Historia Trium Regum", ed. C. Horstmann. available online
Tags 13th century, 14th century, Christianity, Marco Polo, medieval, medieval poetry, medieval storytelling, medieval travel narratives, Middle English, Old French, religion, The Three Kings of Cologne, travel
Why medieval poets always point out what the eunuch lacks
September 15, 2013 //
Ok, I'm going to try to make it through this post about descriptions of eunuchs in medieval poetry without consulting Chaucer. He's dying to share his freshest double-entendres with us about these gentle natured folk, but we should let some other poets have their turn at first crack for this cliché.
In the 14th century dream vision poem Pearl, the poet has the dreamer use the words "meek and mild" to describe the Pearl maiden:
Moteles may, so meke and mylde[1] Moteless maiden so meek and mild[2]
Medieval poets often used the words "meek and mild" to describe the Virgin Mary and pious women in general in religious poems to the point of cliché. Here's an example from The Thrush and the Nightingale, a late 13th century debate poem where two birds argue over the reputation of women. The thrush attacks women while the nightingale defends them:
O fowel, thi mouth the haueth ishend
Thour wam wel at this world iwend,
Of a maide meke and milde
Of hire sprong that holi bern
That boren wes in Bedlehem[3] Your words have now confounded you!
Through whom was all this world made new?
A maiden meek and mild
Who bore in Bethlehem a Son.
I was amused the other day to see the words "meek and mild" used for comedic purpose to describe eunuchs in The Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament. The Metrical Paraphrase is an entertaining 14th century text that has all sorts of amusing asides that we associate with good medieval storytelling. I like imagining English court audiences feasting on encores of these lively versions of classic Bible Stories. Was it the only version of the Bible available in the vernacular? If it was, they sure were lucky!
We tend to think that the dark ages were darker than they actually were and that everyone – save those at the top of the church and select nobles – knew next to nothing about the Bible besides, say, bits of the nativity, Noah's Flood, and the crucifixion before the Wycliffe Bible went into circulation. Well, they did have The Metrical Paraphrase. Now, I wouldn't call The Metrical Paraphrase a scholarly translation of the Old Testament, but it is certainly a translation in the sense that most medieval "translations" are more akin to what we would call a retelling. The Metrical Paraphrase is just that – a retelling. The poet's retelling is surprisingly faithful to Scripture and embellished with amusing asides[4] and the occasional description of things in the story that would be foreign to his medieval audience.
One example of an amusing aside in the Metrical Paraphrase occurs in the poet's description of Queen Vashti's chamber in The Book of Esther. The poet makes sure to point out that the eunuchs – the only men allowed to be in the room with her – are "meek and mild":
and thei were ordand in ther yowth
that hei myght do no manly dede,
Bot ever more meke and myld of mouth
servandes als maydyns for ther mede[5]
Poor guys. They were "ordained" in their youth that they might "do no manly deed." Instead, they act as servants for the maidens, their voices "meek and mild" just like those of the angels in heaven or the Vienna Choir Boys.
After all, it's their spiritual example-setting and deep scriptural knowledge that puts these eunuchs in the unique position of being the only men besides King Ahasuerus[6] who are allowed inside the king's harem, right? The cliché of the eunuch being the only male permitted in the chamber with a lord's object of desire is one that is often used to describe villains in medieval poetry. In Marie de France's lai Guigemar, for example, the only person permitted to see the maiden who is kept as a prisoner by her jealous husband besides the husband is a eunuch.
Marie de France initially introduces the eunuch without pointing out what distinguishes him physically from other men:
Uns vielz prestre blans e floritz
Guardout la clef de cel postiz[7] An old priest with hoary-white hair
guarded the key to the gate…[8]
Lines 255-56 transcribed above as they appear in MS Abbeville Anc. 7989. fol.53 Image: gallica
But before moving on with the story, she can't help but add:
Les plus bas members out perduz:
Altrement ne fust pas creüz …he had lost his lowest members,
otherwise he would not have been trusted.
This is typical Marie de France embellishment. We can hear her delivering the line out of the side of her mouth. The line about how the old priest had lost his "lowest members" is presented so matter-of-factly that if she were called out for obscenity, I can just hear her indignant reply, "Well that's how he WAS."
In both The Middle English Metrical Esther and Guigemar, the eunuch is described in places where women live a life in confinement and in both stories these women become liberated. In the book of Esther, Vashti is powerless. She is confined to a room with her maids and the eunuchs and the moment she refuses one of the king's biddings, she loses her title as queen. This role is replaced by Esther, a woman who empowers herself. Not only do we see Esther enjoying the freedom of being able to talk in private with Mordecai, but she deposes a political enemy in the king's court and also manages to convince the king to change one of his decrees which, in turn, saves the lives of her people. In Guigemar, the maiden is released from her prison by Guigemar and the magic boat. In both stories the eunuch appears in scenes that describe a woman being ruled by her husband and in both of these situations there is the image of a castrated man – the very absence of sexuality! Are both of these poets trying to say that wherever we find an oppressed woman we will also find a castrated man?
[1] Pearl in Middle English from Pearl, ed. Sarah Stanbury (Kalamazoo, 2001) v.961. available online: http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/stanbury-pearl
[2] References to Pearl and The Thrush and the Nightingale in Modern English translation are taken from Medieval English Verse, trans. Brian Stone (Harmondsworth, 1964).
[3] The Thrush and the Nightingale in Middle English from Bodleian MS Digby 86 (Wessex Parallel Web Texts) l.169-73. available online: http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~wpwt/digby86/thrushtxt.htm
[4] So I couldn't resist. Here's something from Chaucer: Compare this to the Host Harry Bailey's winning criteria for the tale-telling competition in The Canterbury Tales – "Tales of best sentence and moost solaas / Shal have a soper at oure aller cost." Is Chaucer suggesting that secular tales could provide moral substance as well as entertainment value by presenting them in a way that was already popular in his day for religious works such as the Metrical Paraphrase, Patience (Story of Jonah told by the Pearl Poet in contemporary 14th century setting) and the Mystery Plays even if the moral substance piece isn't always from the Christian tradition?
[5] The Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament, ed. Michael Livingston (Kalamazoo, 2011), l.16529-32. Available online: http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/publication/livingston-middle-english-metrical-paraphrase-of-the-old-testament
[6] It's interesting to note that the religion of King Ahasuerus ("Assuere" in Middle English) is ambiguous in The Metrical Paraphrase's Esther ("Hester" in Middle English). He's a Persian king who – we assume – does not worship the Hebrew God, however, since the story takes place in what appears to be a contemporary English court setting complete with nobles and knights, the king is described more like a misguided Christian king than an infidel. Also, though the heroine Esther is Jewish, she is presented sympathetically as a character in the Christian tradition despite the prevalence of anti-Jewish sentiment in medieval England.
[7] References to Marie de France in Old French are taken from Lais de Marie de France, Ed. Karl Warnke (Paris, 1990).
[8] References to Marie de France in Modern English translation are taken from The Lais of Marie de France, trans. Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby (London, 1999).
Tags 12th century, 13th century, 14th century, Ahasuerus, Anglo-Norman, Canterbury Tales, Chaucer, Christianity, court poetry, dream vision, Esther, guigemar, John Wycliffe, language, Marie de France, medieval poetry, medieval storytelling, Metrical Paraphrase, Middle English, Mystery Play, Old French, Old Testament, Pearl Poet, religion, the thrush and the nightingale, Vashti
Categories Canterbury Tales, Chaucer, Marie de France, Medieval Poetry, Pearl Poet
(Osewold the Reve Can't Get No) SATISFACTION
Though all of the pilgrims from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales agreed that the Knight's Tale (the first tale told in the tale-telling game) was of good moral substance – "In al the route nas ther yong ne oold / That he ne seyde it was a noble storie" (MiP l. 3110)[1] and they thought it was worth the while hearing it, "And worthy for to drawen to memorie" (MiP l. 3112)– we have to admit that it was a quite a long tale for one sitting. It had three intermissions!
So, to spice things up a bit and get the blood flowing in everyone's limbs again, the Miller tells a dirty joke.
The party enjoyed his dirty little fabliau for the most part, "for the moore part they loughe and pleyde." (ReP l. 3858) While everyone deserves to have a bit of fun on vacation, the fun on this vacation really should be of a wholesome nature – they were on a religious pilgrimage, after all. So it's no surprise that a member of this party was offended.
There is plenty in the Miller's tale for a devout Christian on religious pilgrimage to find offensive between making fun of a carpenter who is too easily convinced by a poor scholar to prepare for the end the world by "Second Flooding", and, of course, the famously vulgar scene with a guy kissing a woman's "nether yë."
Surprisingly, Oswald the Reeve was the only member of the party offended by the Miller's Tale, "Ne at this tale I saugh no man hym greve / But it were oonly Osewold the Reve." (ReP ll. 3859-60) But, contrary to what we'd expect, it wasn't satire on "rapture-fever" or even the lewd act in the story that offended the Reeve – no, it was all because John, the character who was duped in the tale, was a carpenter. And since Oswald the Reeve was a carpenter by trade, he saw the insult directed at someone of his profession to be an insult directed at him.
In retaliation, the Reeve tells a tale about a shifty Miller who is beat by two young scholars at his own game –stealing grain. That's not all – the students cuckold the Miller and further humiliate him by deflowering his daughter.
This insult is just as revealing of Oswald the Reeve's own personality as it is indicative of guild (or union) rivalries in 14th century England.
The Reeve taking insult and impulsively choosing to use his first tale in the tale telling competition to settle a score, as petty and counterproductive as it is, provides us a window into behavior that contributed to economic and social problems in Chaucer's day.
It was also just some lighthearted competition between two tricksters for the amusement of everyone.
In the Miller's Tale, Nicholas the clerk convinces John the carpenter that a great flood of Biblical proportions is coming. John imagines himself Noah and prepares for the deluge.
Chaucer references the tale of Noah's Flood from the Biblical book of Exodus in his own comedy by way of its comedic Mystery Play. One of the most well-known Mystery (or Miracle) Plays is Noah's Flood from the Chester cycle.
The Mystery Plays, just like Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, were meant to entertain as well as morally instruct.
Chaucer introduces this method of storytelling when the host, Harry Bailey, announces the rules of the tale-telling game in The Canterbury Tales. In order to win a free supper paid at the expense of all of the other pilgrims, the pilgrim must tell the best tale that entertains as well as morally instructs:
"And which of yow that bereth hym best of alle,
That is to seyn, that telleth in this caas
Tales of the best sentence and moost solaas,
Shal have a soper at oure aller cost. " (GP ll. 795-99)
Though Noah's Flood carries a comedic tone throughout the entire play, the most familiar moments of comedy are the interactions between Noah and his wife.
Though Noah's wife is more than willing to help her husband with the massive project of building the ark, even gathering an impressive group of animals:
"And here are beares, wolves sett,
Apes, owles, maremussett,
Wesills, squerrells, and fyrrett…" (ll. 173-72)[2]
…when it comes time to actually board the vessel, she takes the opportunity to remind Noah that he's not the boss and that this is the last thing she wants to do:
"Yea, syr, sett up your seale
And rowe for the with eve!! hayle;
For withowten any fayle
I will not owt of this towne." (ll. 197-200)[3]
This isn't the first time the two have had a scuffle. Earlier in the play, we have a scene that could fit comfortably in The Honeymooners:
"In faith, Noe, I had as leeve thou slepte.
For all thy Frenyshe fare,
I will not doe after thy reade." (ll. 99-101)[4]
Noah (Noe) responds to his wife's disobedience by coolly asserting his authority:
"Good wiffe, do nowe as I thee bydd." (ll. 102)[5]
Noah's wife, isn't having that:
"By Christe, not or I see more neede,
Though thou stand all daye and stare." (ll. 103-4)
So Noah explodes into a rant about shrewish women:
"Lord, that weomen bine crabbed aye,
and non are meeke, I dare well saye.
That is well seene by mee todaye
in witness of you eychone.
Good wiffe, lett be all this beare
that thou makest in this place here,
for all the weene that thou arte mastere-
and soe thou arte, by sayncte John." (ll. 105-12)[6]
Back in Chaucer's day, guilds would produce and perform Mystery Plays for the amusement and spiritual enlightenment of the public during festivals. There was also an element of competition in the productions as well – each guild wanted to be recognized for putting on the best performance. It was a popular venue for competition between rival guilds.
So, by incorporating the Mystery Play, Chaucer is adding another layer to the rivalry between the Miller and Reeve pilgrims for the audience.
And, of course, since the Miller's Tale is a tale within The Canterbury Tales – putting the carpenter in the tale of Noah's Flood makes it a tale within a tale within a tale.
Beavis and Butt-head are amused to see poop coming from an ass of an ass in Beavis and Butt-head Do America. (image copyright 1996 MTV Productions/Paramount Pictures)
But let's return to the Reeve's comeback…
Symkyn, the main character in the Reeve's Tale is a Miller. But he's not just any miller – the Reeve adds a detail to his description of Symkyn to personalize his jab on the Miller pilgrim, Robyn.
The Reeve starts the description of the Miller character in his tale by pointing out that he can play the bagpipes, "Pipen he koude." (ReT l. 3927) The Reeve's "comeback" to the Miller pilgrim's insult on carpenters is not only pointed at the Miller's guild – but also directed personally at the Miller pilgrim because in the General Prologue, Chaucer mentions that the Miller pilgrim could blow and sound the bagpipes well, "A baggepipe wel koude he blowe and sowne." (GP. l. 565)
Though the Reeve crafts his tale to get back at the Miller by repaying his insult to someone of his profession by mocking someone of the Miller's profession – and points the jab at the Miller pilgrim himself, before he even starts telling the tale, he rambles on about what a drag it is getting old.
The Miller pilgrim is younger than the Reeve pilgrim because the Reeve pilgrim starts his comeback with something along the lines of, If I were a younger man, I'd teach you a real lesson:
"…ful wel koude I thee quite
with blerying of a proud milleres yë,
If that me liste speke of ribaudye.
But ik am oold, me list not pley for age…" (ReP ll. 3864-67)
But his rant isn't exactly about that – he's actually jealous of the Miller's youth. The Reeve wants to be young again. He says that his body is old and that his grass time is done. The fresh, green grass of his youth is now dried forage and that the white hair on the top of his head shows everyone how old he is:
Gras tyme is doon, my fodder is now forage;
This white top writeth myne olde yeris;
Myn herte is also mowled as myne heris (RevP. ll.3868-70)
But he's matured. He compares himself to "the medlar (tree), the fruit of which cannot be eaten until it has become mushy."[7]
But if I fare as dooth an open-ers:
That ilke fruyt is ever lenger the wers,
Til it be roten in mullok or in stree." (RevP. ll. 3868-73)
Now that he's properly rotten, what is he ready for now? Has his wisdom ripened?
No, he continues by telling us that the four vices of old age are, boasting, lying, anger, and covetousness: "Avauntyng, liyng, anger, coveitise." (RevP. l. 3884)
His talk isn't about old and wise old men, but cranky old men who are sexually frustrated by being stuck in old bodies yet still having the desires of young men, or, as the Reeve puts it, a colt's tooth, "yet ik have alwey a coltes tooth." (RevP l. 3888)
The Reeve can't get no satisfaction! It's a good thing the Host stopped our Reeve's rant on the sexual frustrations of old men and made him get on with telling his tale because it was getting creepy.
[1] References to Chaucer in Middle English are taken from Chaucer's Major Poetry, Ed. Albert C. Baugh (New York, 1963).
[2] NeCastro, Gerard,"The Chester Cycle PLAY III (3) – Noah's Flood," From Stage to Page – Medieval and Renaissance Drama. Available online: http://machias.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_03.html Accessed 01/20/2013.
[3] "Noah's Flood"
[5] "Noah's Flood."
[7] Editor's comment. Chaucer's Major Poetry, Ed. Albert C. Baugh (New York, 1963), 302.
Tags 14th century, Canterbury Tales, Chaucer, Chester Mystery Plays, Christianity, court poetry, fabliau, Genesis flood narrative, medieval guilds, medieval poetry, medieval storytelling, Middle English, Miracle Play, Mystery Play, Noah, Noah's Ark, Noah's Flood, religion, The Host, The Knight, The Miller, The Reeve
Categories Canterbury Tales, Chaucer
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Today's medieval bloodfest
tolde by the weye on holiday


This is the second album from Dutch Melodic Thrash/Death Metal band Disquiet.
Disquiet play a heavy and aggressive brand of Thrash Metal with a nice Death Metal edge to it that means the band keep things dark and intense.
With plenty of jagged riffs and Metal leads, this is an album that it's easy to feel at home with.
The singer varies his delivery between growls, shouts and what I'll call almost-sung vocals – they're almost sung, but not quite. Yeah, yeah, it may not be a very fancy description, but it suffices, and the end result is an added emotive edge to the vocals when there needs to be one without going full-blown into Metalcore-style cleans, for the most part.
I really like the production on this album and the thickness of the guitars. Everything else sounds top-drawer too and overall The Condemnation sounds quite immense.
If this album gets some good exposure I can see it doing very well indeed. It has the right combination of underground brutality and integrity combined with a songwriting skill that should ideally see them reaching a larger audience than a lot of their peers.
This entry was posted in Metal and tagged Death Metal, Disquiet, Melodic Death Metal, Melodic Thrash Metal, Metal, Thrash metal, Thrash/Death Metal. Bookmark the permalink.


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Share this Story: 5 takeaways from Stampeders loss to Alouettes
5 takeaways from Stampeders loss to Alouettes
Calgary Stampeders running back Jerome Messam.
MONTREAL – The sky didn't fall on Friday night.
Yes, the Calgary Stampeders lost, and no, they don't want to start making that a habit, but the disappointment of falling 30-23 to the Montreal Alouettes didn't seem like it was going to cause the Red & White to lose any sleep.
5 takeaways from Stampeders loss to Alouettes Back to video
Instead, they all insisted it was simply time to get back to work and get better.
Athletes have to walk a fine line when they lose, making sure they don't appear broken by defeat but also showing that they don't accept losing. On Friday night, the Stamps insisted that losing one game wasn't the end of the world.
Here's five takeaways from Friday's game:
1. GET GREEN
The Stampeders generally found ways to move the ball downfield against the host Alouettes, but they often struggled mightily when they got deep in opposition territory.
This is out-of-character, even if it took the Stamps six tries to punch a ball into the endzone a week earlier in Winnipeg.
On the bright side, the issues seem like they can be fixed, as the mistakes the Stamps made often came down to communication between QB Bo Levi Mitchell and his receivers, and that should improve as the season goes on.
It also didn't help that running back Jerome Messam was disqualified in the second quarter, robbing the Stamps of a big body who could smash his way through the Alouettes defensive line.
It's still too early in the season to really expect any CFL team to be playing at the peak of their powers, but if the Stampeders are going to repeat as West Division champions, their green-zone play needs to get better.
2. MESSY
Messam's teammates and coaches all spoke highly of the running back after Friday's game, but nobody was trying to defend his actions.
After Messam fumbled the ball and the Als quickly recovered it and ran in for a touchdown, linebacker Chip Cox seemed to elbow Messam in the face as they ran next to each other in the endzone.
Clearly frustrated, Messam retaliated by grabbing Cox's facemask and dragging him into the ground. It didn't take long for the referees to give him the boot.
Messam took to Twitter on Saturday to address what happened.
"Chip knows what he did. That being said I should know better and not let my emotions get the best of me. I was wrong and let my team down," Messam wrote. "That's that on the subject. Now it's on to Saskatchewan."
Further disciplinary action seems unlikely, but there's no question Messam needs to make sure he avoids any similar incidents in the weeks ahead. Refs will be watching.
3. REINFORCEMENTS WOULD BE NICE
For the most part, the four men tasked with playing on the Stamps defensive line did as well as could be expected in a difficult situation.
Micah Johnson was the only Week 1 starter out on the field Friday after injuries have robbed the Stampeders of the likes of Cordarro Law, Ja'Gared Davis and Charleston Hughes.
The line did what it could but struggled badly in the fourth quarter when the Als began pounding the ball along the ground and Als running back Tyrell Sutton started picking up big yards.
The d-line looked exhausted and battled hard, but as impressive as they've been in surviving the injury crisis, the Stampeders need Hughes to recover from the leg injury that's kept him out of the lineup for two weeks.
4. STILL RISING
Another week, another big game from Kamar Jorden.
The breakout star of the Stamps 2017 season so far just keeps going bigger, and while he was kept out of the endzone on Friday, he did make nine catches for 140 yards.
Clearly, Mitchell is starting to look for Jorden when he needs a big play, and that has the 28-year-old currently with the third-most receiving yards of any player in the CFL.
The Stamps also got big performances from Davaris Daniels, who caught five balls for 79 yards, and Marquay McDaniel, who had seven receptions for 68 yards.
They weren't perfect in the green zone, but everywhere else? The Stampeders receivers were just as dangerous as always.
5. A BIT OF BAD LUCK
In general, the Stampeders defensive secondary was pretty good on Friday night . . . when they could stay on their feet.
You can study all the film you want and have the best gameplan in the world, but sometimes your players just sort of fall down.
It happened twice on Friday. On the Als very first offensive possession, when QB Darian Durant found receiver Ernest Jackson for an 80-yard gain after Stamps cornerback Tommie Campbell had slipped. And then later, Stamps defensive back Osagie Odiase fell, and Durant found receiver B.J. Cunningham for a 39-yard TD.
In both circumstances, it's possible that the receiver would have come down with the ball even had the DBs stayed on their feet, but both plays were still unfortunate for the Stamps and ended up hurting them when all was said and done.
daustin@postmedia.com
@DannyAustin_9