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Dress for Success: Physician Attire May Influence Patients' Perception of Care
Batya Swift Yasgur MA, LSW
First impressions are an important part of the patient-physician relationship, because they can affect the quality of the relationship well beyond the initial encounter.
"A good first impression can work wonders," author JK Rowling writes in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.1 Conversely, a negative first impression can have long-lasting adverse repercussions.2 "First impressions" are based not only on the verbal content of the interaction, but also on appearance and demeanor and other nonverbal components.3 This is true in most social and professional settings, and healthcare is no exception. Doctors' attire is a "vital part of the first impression the patient will develop of the doctor."3 During the first clinical encounter, "the patient and the doctor not only exchange medical information about the treatment, but also build up trust and confidence for future therapeutic relationship,"3 and the relationship between patients and physicians is "key to high-quality healthcare."4
Communication is central to the physician-patient relationship, and attire is "an influential source of nonverbal communication, especially in the absence of other information."3 What a doctor wears can also be "an important factor in the degree of trust and confidence" among patients.5
To shed further light on the role of physician attire in the medical setting, MPR interviewed Nathan Houchens, MD, Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Dr Houchens is also Associate Chief of Medicine at the Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System as well as the Director of the University of Michigan Internal Medicine Residency Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Learning Program.
What interested you in this area of focus?
One of my areas of interest and career emphasis involves relationship-focused domains of medicine—communication skills, empathy, resilience, and patient safety.
The background for this line of research is that relationships and interpersonal communication are paramount for effective health outcomes, and the relationship between patients and physicians are key to high quality healthcare. Multiple studies have shown the association between patient satisfaction with care and outcomes—the rates of engaging in preventive screenings, adherence, and even mortality. The concept is quite ancient, in fact, it goes all the way back to Hippocrates, who said that the physician "must be clean in person, well dressed, and anointed with sweet-smelling unguents."6 And today, in the era of patient-centered care, it is especially important to build rapport and foster relationships with patients.
First impressions are an important part of the patient-physician relationship, because they can affect the quality of the relationship well beyond the initial encounter. Estimates vary, but previous research suggests that an impression can be formed in as little as 50 milliseconds.7 Another study2 found that judgments made after a 100-ms exposure were correlated with similar judgments that were made after longer exposure. The authors implied that the short exposure time was sufficient for participants to form an impression. Light travels very quickly and the first cues we get about another person are visual. So my colleagues and I wanted to take that seriously and see what patients do or do not appreciate about the dress of clinicians.
What is the background of this particular study?
This study began with one of my colleagues, Christopher Petrilli, MD, here at the University of Michigan. In 2015, Dr Petrilli and colleagues conducted the Targeting Attire to Improve Likelihood of Rapport (TAILOR) study8; a systematic review regarding the role of physician attire in patient perceptions. The researchers analyzed 30 studies involving over 11,500 patients in 14 countries. The reviewed studies encompassed an array of different specialties, including general medicine, surgery, obstetrics, emergency departments, and hospital settings. They found a wide variety of perceptions among patients regarding physician attire, based on culture, tradition, patient expectations, geographic location, patient age, and context of care. For example, preference for formal attire and white coats was more prevalent among older patients and studies conducted in Europe and Asia. Level of education also made a difference. US respondents with a college degree were more likely to prefer formal attire with a white coat for a primary care physician, compared to those without a college degree.
What was the focus of your study4 and what were the findings?
We used a rigorous methodology from a previous study9 and surveyed 834 patients in 3 different specialties – dermatology, infectious disease, and neurology – using photographs of male or female physicians wearing various forms of attire. We then asked participants to rate how the physician's attire affected perceptions in 5 domains: knowledge, trustworthiness, caring, being approachable, and feeling comfortable with the physician. Using these domains, we created a composite preference score, which was calculated as part of the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included variation in preferences based on characteristics of the respondents and the context in which the care was delivered. The study was performed at 3 ambulatory clinics in a Swiss hospital.
We found that patients generally preferred physicians to be dressed in white scrubs with a white coat, while a business suit ranked lowest. But there was substantial variation among the respondents based on demographics and clinical setting. For example, respondents 65 years of age or older tended to report that physician dress was important to them and influenced their satisfaction with care. More respondents under age 65 preferred casual dress with a white coat, compared to those 65 years and older. On the other hand, in the emergency department setting, more respondents under age 65 preferred scrubs.
In the domains rated, formal attire with a white coat was rated highest for how knowledgeable a physician appeared, while white coats with white scrubs was rated highest for how trustworthy, caring, and approachable the physician appeared, and how comfortable the participant felt. The respondents in Switzerland seemed to reflect what is expected in their country, where the dress code of physicians is already relatively established and includes even the color of the scrubs under the white coat.
Racial, Ethnic Minorities Want to See Doctor Who Shares Their Culture
Is Burnout Among Healthcare Providers Associated With Poor Patient Care?
Similar research has been conducted in Japan. What we have seen from the results is that older patients generally prefer more formal attire with a white coat, especially in primary care and hospital settings, and that physician attire had a greater impact on older respondents. But even there, geographic differences are apparent, with formal attire and a white coat preferred in Western Japan, while in Eastern Japan, people prefer more casual attire with a white coat.
What do you think influences patients' reactions and preferences regarding physician attire?
This is difficult to quantify. My guess, at least as it affects the US, is that storybooks and popular media – magazines, television shows, or movies – that portray physicians suggest what a doctor should look like to a substantial portion of the population. Hospital-based physicians are often wearing white coats with formal attire and a stethoscope, and surgeons and emergency room physicians tend to be portrayed in scrubs. This then becomes an expectation. But we did not research specifically where our respondents' preferences came from or their rationale in how they came to their expectations.
What take-home messages does your research have?
The patient-physician relationship is critical to good health outcomes. Since physician attire is important to patient satisfaction, it is a modifiable way to potentially improve that relationship and improve patient safety and clinical outcomes.
A variety of factors, such as geography, care setting, patient age, and other variables play a role in patient preference of physician attire. As such, physicians and healthcare systems cannot take a "one size fits all" approach and must really tailor their dress code to those factors whenever possible.
Rowling JK. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York, NY: Scholastic Books, 2005.
Willis J, Todorov A. First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(7):592-598.
Chung H, Lee H, Chang DS, Kim HS, Lee H, Park HJ, Chae Y. Doctor's attire influences perceived empathy in the patient-doctor relationship. Patient Educ Couns. 2012 Dec;89(3):387-91.
Zollinger M, Houchens N, Chopra V, et al. Understanding patient preference for physician attire in ambulatory clinics: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e026009. Published 2019 May 9.
Rehman SU, Nietert PJ, Cope DW, Kilpatrick AO. What to wear today? Effect of doctor's attire on the trust and confidence of patients. Am J Med. 2005 Nov;118(11):1279-86.
Hippocrates, Volume II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press:1923, 311-312.
Lindgaard G, Fernandes G, Dudek C, Brown J. Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression! Behaviour & Information Technology. 2006;25(2):115-126.
Petrilli CM, Mack M, Petrilli JJ, Hickner A, Saint S, Chopra V. Understanding the role of physician attire on patient perceptions: a systematic review of the literature–targeting attire to improve likelihood of rapport (TAILOR) investigators. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006578. Published 2015 Jan 19. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006578.
etrilli CM, Saint S, Jennings JJ, et al. Understanding patient preference for physician attire: a cross-sectional observational study of 10 academic medical centres in the USA. BMJ Open. 2018;8(5):e021239
This article originally appeared on MPR
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Sometimes, bad things happen to good people. And sometimes, to cope, people need to lash out at something – anything – just to help make sense of it. That's more or less the premise behind Gargamel, a new tragicomedy by Trent Wilkie and the folks over at Mostly Water Theatre.


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Q: Read a Value from an Input after Change I have a range slider that will allow the user to easily change the input. I need to read the value after they change the slider.
I originally tried:
var buzzReview = $( "#Cat_Custom_1" ).val();

But that just gives me the value before the slider is moved (which is blank).
I then considered doing something like this:
$("#Cat_Custom_1").on("change",function(){
  var buzzReview = $( "#Cat_Custom_1" ).val();
});

The problem with this is the variable isn't available outside of that function.
How do I obtain the value of the slider and store it in a variable that is accessible to my entire script regardless of when it is changed? IE: User changes slider and I have the value, then the user changes the slider later and again I have the new value.
I am using jQuery 2.1. Here is a fiddle with working code.

A: I had fork your fiddle, and it work great, the problem is that jquery is case sensitive, thats why you get undefined value
http://jsfiddle.net/zXV4s/8/
if you want to make it into variable, this is the fiddle
http://jsfiddle.net/zXV4s/11/
$(".button").on("click",function(ev){
    alert($( "#CAT_Custom_1").val());
});

A: Perhaps you should try :
 $(function() {

   //your slider setUp was here

     function getSliderValue(){
        return $("#CAT_Custom_1").val();
     }

     $("button").click(function(){
       alert(getSliderValue());
     });

  });

I just simply made a function that returns the current value of that input type. Now you just tweak it a little, to avoid the empty value instead of 0. :) From somewhere outside, call the function and store the returned value where you need it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Az ókori Kelet – pontosabban az ókori Közel-Kelet – egyszerre idő- és térbeli elhatárolása a történelem egyik szakaszának, a legkorábbi történeti népek által lakott térségek összefoglaló neve. Az ókor az írásbeliséggel kezdődik, amikor a régészet kizárólagos tárgyköréből az emberiség bekerül a történelemtudomány hatáskörébe. Az írás az újkőkorszak végének terméke, amelyet az eszközkultúra változása és más fontos jellemzők, mint az élelemtermelés, letelepedés terjedése miatt a kőrézkor (chalcolithikum) névvel is említenek, illetve a két periódus összefonódik. Az ókori Közel-Kelet a kőrézkortól a klasszikus ókorig fogja át a kora ókort, kiterjedése a termékeny félholdra és környezetére koncentrálódik, szorosan véve Mezopotámia, Egyiptom és a levantei térség alkotja. Ma már Anatólia is mindenképp ide sorolandó. Peremterületei, mint Szudán, Elám, Urartu is rendkívül fontos szerepet játszottak. A leghosszabb periódusát alkotja az emberiség történetének. Kezdete az i. e. 4. évezred második felére tehető, a mezopotámiai uruki archaikus szövegek megjelenésével. Az írásbeliség terjedésével a hamarosan más térségek is csatlakoztak hozzá. Az i. e. 2. évezred során a keleti kulturális vívmányok elterjedtek, végül a Földközi-tenger medencéjében kialakult a görög nép, amelynek fénykorától, az i. e. 6. századtól számítjuk a klasszikus ókort. Az ókori keleti kultúrát végül a hellenisztikus civilizáció váltotta fel, amely nem más, mint a keleti és görög kultúra különböző arányú összeolvadása, a keleti kultúra új fejleményeinek nyugati terjedése és hellén változatok integrálása.

Kronológiája, periodizálása

Az alábbi táblázatban szereplő dátumok hozzávetőlegesek és földrajzi helyenként eltérőek lehetnek. Maga a periodizálás is szerzőnként más és más, attól függően, hogy mely területeket és milyen kritériumokat vesz alapul hozzá.

Az ókori Kelet periodizációja alapvetően relatív időrendeken alapul. Csak a korszak legvégén, i. e. 585. május 28-ika óta lehetséges abszolút dátumozás. Ezen a napon ugyanis napfogyatkozás volt, amely megakadályozta médek és lüdök közti csatát. Emellett csak néhány abszolút dátum állapítható meg, amelyek az adatok töredékessége és összefüggéseik bizonytalan volta miatt nem alkalmasak széles körű datálásra.

Mezopotámia

Korai kultúrák

Az ismert írásbeliség Mezopotámiában kezdődik, ezért az ókor legkorábbi kultúrái itt találhatók. Az Uruk V. periódusban, i. e. 3500 körül egyszerre több helyen, főleg Kisben és Urukban feltűntek az írásjelekkel ellátott agyagtáblácskák. Az uruki archaikus szövegekkel már kész írásrendszer ismert.

Ez a kor már a nagyvárosok kora. Általában 40–50 hektáros területűek a nagyobb városok, de Uruk elérte a 100 hektárt is. Az élelemtermelés ugyan létezett már az újkőkorszak végén is, de Mezopotámiában a földművelést és az állattenyésztést is akadályozta a kiterjedt mocsárvilág. Ezért a települések nem az élelemtermelés miatt jöttek létre, ahogy azt a klasszikus letelepedési modell feltételezte, hanem egyéb – bár általában vitatott – okokból. Csak az i. e. 4. évezred második enyhén szárazabb éghajlata tette lehetővé az élelemtermelést, addig a városlakók a kereskedelemből éltek leginkább.

E klasszikus kereskedővárosok anyagi kultúrája hullámokban terjedt. A korszak periodizálása az egyes fontos lelőhelyeken feltárt leggyakoribb, tipikus árucikkek származási helyére utal. Az alábbi táblázat ezekről nyújt áttekintő képet. Az egyes árutípusok vagy arról a településről kapták a nevüket, ahol készítették, vagy első/jelentős lelőhelyükről. Így például a Hadzsi Mohamed-áru Hadzsi Mohamedben később jelent meg, mint Ubaidban.

1 = Eridu1-áru
2 = Susiana1-áru (~Eridu–Ubaid1)
3 = Hadzsi Mohamed-áru
4 = Susiana2-áru (~Eridu–Ubaid2)
5 = Eridu3-áru
6 = Dzsemdet Naszr
7 = Eridu4–áru
8 = Susa A
9 = Uruk-áru
10 = Susa B
11 = Susa C
12 = Susa D
13 = Dzsemdet Naszr-áru

Sumer

A sumerek kora valamikor az i. e. 4. évezred és az i. e. 3. évezred fordulóján kezdődött. A nép eredete vitatott, egyesek szerint endemikus, a korábbi kultúrák szerves folytatásaként létrejövő, egységesedő népességről van szó, mások szerint ekkor a presumer népességet váltotta fel az ekkoriban Mezopotámiába települő sumer etnikum. Ez utóbbi feltevésre jelenleg csak nyelvészeti adatok vannak, melyek szerint a sumer nyelvben egy még korábbi, a sumert megelőző nyelv nyomai lelhetők fel. A sumer nyelv hangtana azonban ma még kevéssé ismert, így ezek a következtetések is bizonytalanok. Az ékírásban ekkortól kezdődött a logogramok helyett és mellett olyan fonetikai elemek alkalmazása, amikből már következtetni lehet a nyelv bizonyos jellemzőire, így ez az első időpont, amikor már bizonyíthatóan sumer nyelvű lakosság élt Mezopotámiában.

Sumer területén városállami rendszer alakult ki. Egy-egy nagyobb város igyekezett befolyása alá vonni a környező területeket is, így hegemóni rendszer jött létre. A későbbiekben e városkirályok némelyike egyesítette egész Sumert, de jellemzően politikailag széttagolt terület maradt.

Az egységesítést az öntözőrendszerek és árvízvédelmi töltések építésének kényszere követelte. Az ókori Egyiptommal ellentétben itt nem a kiáradó víz földeken tartását segítő töltéseket kellett építeni, hanem az árvizek ellen kellett védekezni és a töltéseken kívüli öntözőárkokat ásni. Ekkortól a folyók mentén felfűződő településhálózat jött létre, ami korábban nem volt jellemző. Ez időre tehető az öntözéses földművelés kezdete.

A szervezett tevékenység igazgatási rendszereket hozott létre, elsősorban a templomok körzeteiben. E templomok váltak a gazdasági élet központjává és a politikai centralizáció kiindulópontjává. A városokat általában a vének tanácsa és a harcosok tanácsa együttesen vezette, a korai sumer városkirályok alig voltak többek a tanács legtekintélyesebb tagjánál. Ez a Gilgames és Agga című irodalmi műből egyértelműen kitűnik.

Akkád

Az akkádok valamikor az i. e. 4. évezred végén, vagy az i. e. 3. évezred első felében jelentek meg Mezopotámiában. Az állattenyésztő népesség lassan megtelepedett Közép-Mezopotámiában, majd legjelentősebb városkirályságuk, Agade királya létrehozta a térség első nagyobb kiterjedésű államát. Mintegy két évszázad után a meghódított népek lázadásai szétverték a birodalmat. Végül az akkád népesség összeolvadt az amoritákkal, és ők alapították meg az Óbabiloni Birodalmat.

Az akkád nyelv az alapját képezte a térségben mintegy két és fél évezreden át beszélt nyelveknek. A betelepedő népek nyelvei hatottak rá, alakították, de az óakkád a sumerrel együtt irodalmi nyelvként fennmaradt. Az akkád diplomáciai nyelvként szolgált az ókori Keleten egészen az Újbabiloni Birodalom bukásáig, vagyis az Óperzsa Birodalom létrejöttéig.

Babilon

Babilon városát az akkádok után betelepülő amoriták, azaz a nyugati sémik alapították valamikor az i. e. 20. vagy i. e. 19. század környékén, bár már az akkád korban, Narám-szín alatt ismert a kā-draKI név, amely Babilonnal azonosítható. Alapítóként és első városkirályukként Szumuabumot említették, aki valószínűleg az amorita betelepedést vezette. Egészen Hammurapi koráig csak egyike volt a sok másodrendű fejedelemségnek, amelyek az aktuálisan legerősebb sumer–akkád városállam fősége alatt álltak. Ezek e korban általában Íszín, Kis, Larsza és Lagas voltak.

Az amorita Babilon létrejötte után mintegy egy évszázaddal Hammurapi ügyes szövetségi politikával Mezopotámia főhatalmává lépett elő, bár egyelőre csak rövid időre. Nem sokkal Hammurapi után a birodalom fogyatkozásnak indult, végül lerombolták a hettiták, meghódították a tengerföldiek, később a kassziták. Jelentőségét azonban már nem vesztette el teljesen, fontos politikai és kulturális centrum maradt.

A középbabiloni korban innen irányították a kassziták az országukat, majd fél évezredes pauza után, i. e. 626-ban itt alakult meg az Újbabiloni Birodalom, amely majdnem egy évszázadig volt a térség vezető nagyhatalma.

Asszíria

Asszírok
Az asszírok egy Kr.e a II. Évezredben Mezopotámia északi részében lakó szemita csoportról beszélhetünk.

Mitanni

Peremterületei

Elám

Irán

Kaukázus

Egyiptom

Predinasztikus korok

Dinasztikus Egyiptom

Ó Perzsa Birodalom
Az Óperzsa Birodalom (perzsául: هخامنشیان, óperzsául: Hakhámanesijan) volt az első perzsa birodalom, amely i. e. 550-től i. e. 330-ig állt fenn a Méd Birodalom utódaként. A birodalomnak virágkorában 8 millió km² volt a területe, amivel az antik világ legnagyobb állama volt, és az akkori világ népességének 46%-a élt itt.

A birodalmat II. Kurus perzsa király (II. Kürosz) alapította a Közel-Keleten, amelyet utódai, Kambúdzsija (Kambüszész) és I. Dárajavaus perzsa király (I. Dareiosz) terjesztettek ki Afrikába és Európába, így ez lett az első olyan birodalom, amely három kontinensen terült el. Területe Indiától Kis-Ázsián keresztül a mai Görögországig húzódott, míg Afrikában a mai Egyiptom, Szudán, Líbia és Etiópia egyes részeit is uralta.

A birodalom, melynek közigazgatását Kurus és Dárajavaus központosította, gazdag művészettel rendelkezett. Felszabadították a zsidókat a babiloni igából és toleráns módon viszonyultak a vallási kisebbségekhez. Az emberi jogokat a Kurus által kialakított törvények biztosították. A birodalmat III. Alexandrosz makedón király (Nagy Sándor) hódította meg i. e. 330-ban. Ezzel ért véget az Óperzsa Birodalom történelme.

A perzsák a hódításaik során a leigázott népek kultúráját ötvözték saját és a környező társadalmak kultúrájával. Birodalmuk diplomáciai nyelve az akkád, az óperzsa és az elámi nyelv mellett az arámi volt.

Vallásuk középpontjában Ahura Mazdá kultusza állt. Emellett sok, az indiai hitvilág mitológiájából ismert istent (például Mithrász, Indra) tiszteltek. A klasszikus perzsa vallást Zarathustra, egy legendás életű pap alakította ki az Akhaimenida–dinasztia uralmának kezdetén, az i. e. 7. század végén. E vallás alapja a jó és a rossz örök ellentéte.

Anatólia

Prehettita kor

Hettiták és társaik

Hettitákról csak az óasszír kereskedelem kora után beszélünk. A korábbi népesség etnikuma és beszélt nyelve ismeretlen, mivel saját írásbeliségük nem volt. A hettiták Anatólia központi vidékén éltek, a felföldön. Körülöttük vélhetően etnikailag is rokon, rokonnyelveket beszélők laktak, ők alkotják az anatóliai nyelvcsaládot.

A Hettita Birodalom hosszas vajúdás után Hattuszasz központtal jött létre, amely város egészen a Birodalom bukásáig a legfontosabb település maradt és kisebb-nagyobb megszakításokkal királyi székhely is. A soknyelvű és sokféle etnikumú állam több virágzó és hanyatló periódus után az i. e. 12. században szűnt meg, átadva helyét az újhettita királyságoknak.

Pregörög királyságok

I. e. 1. évezred

Források

 Internet

Az ókor kronológiája

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text:
Georg "Schurli" Herrnstadt (* 1948 in Wien) ist ein österreichischer Musiker, Komponist und Autor sowie ORF-Redakteur im Club 2; ferner ist er als Organisationsberater tätig und schult Staatsanwälte und Richter zu Vernehmungstechniken.

Leben
Georg Herrnstadt studierte von 1968 bis 1975 Physik und Philosophie an der Universität Wien. Im Jahr 1971 war er Gründungsmitglied der Band Schmetterlinge. Später trat er sowohl als Solist als auch im Duo mit Willi Resetarits auf, mit dem er zusammen nicht nur beinahe alle Songs des eigenen Albums MorgenGrauen komponierte, sondern auch einen Song für das Album  Kieberei zwo drei der Gruppe Kottan's Kapelle. Herrnstadt arbeitet seit 1986 an Theater- und Hörspielmusiken und führt auch Hörspiel- und Kindertheaterregie. Seit 1988 ist er auch am Wiener Volkstheater tätig. Zusammen mit Max Edelbacher schrieb er das Buch Sie haben das Recht zu schweigen: Wie Lügner überführt werden.

Diskografie

Schmetterlinge (Alben)
 1975: Lieder Fürs Leben
 1977: Beschwichtigungs Show
 1977: Proletenpassion
 1979: Herbstreise – Lieder Zur Lage
 1981: Verdrängte Jahre (Liedtexte v. Jura Soyfer)
 1982: Die Letzte Welt

Als Solist
 1984: MorgenGrauen (Album mit Willi Resetarits; von 15 Liedern sind 14 Kompositionen Herrnstadt/Resetarits)

Theater
 1999–2001: Der böse Geist Lumpazivagabundus. Volkstheater Wien, Musik und Arrangement.
 2000: Die Nebochantenpartie. Volkstheater München/ Orpheum Wien, Regie.

Werke
 mit Max Edelbacher: Sie haben das Recht zu schweigen: Wie Lügner überführt werden. Goldegg 2011, ISBN 978-3-902729-26-2.

Weblinks

 Georg Herrnstadt bei discogs
 novotny-herrnstadt.at: chronologischer akademisch-kultureller Werdegang von Georg Herrnstadt, abgerufen am 3. Januar 2013

Einzelnachweise

Autor eines österreichischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Komponist (Österreich)
Österreicher
Geboren 1948
Mann


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"Our success is due to the simple formula of placing students in a small class with experienced instructors." ~ Paulette Genthon
Paulette Genthon, M.A.E.d., LMT Full-Time
Paulette Genthon serves as President and Executive Director of the Universal College of Healing Arts (UCHA). Founded in 1995, the College is located in Omaha's historic Florence District. Paulette has been in the field of massage therapy for 40 years and in health education for over 45 years. After designing massage therapy programs for other schools, she saw an explicit need to form an organization to serve the educational needs of the community. She has a Masters in Adult Education from National-Louis University and a Bachelor of Science Teaching Degree in Health Education from the University of Nebraska. Paulette has taught at the university, secondary, and massage therapy vocational settings. She has experience in both Vocational and Personal Effectiveness Counseling. For over the past decade, she has pioneered at UCHA in the design and implementation of the blended online components. She has a distinguished Online Teaching and Learning Certificate from California State University. Paulette specializes in massage for persons with special needs. Her position at UCHA includes managing all aspects of the school and mentoring the staff and students as they grow in their confidence and skills. Paulette shares that, "Learning, thought, creativity, and intelligence are not processes of the brain alone, but of the whole body. There is a combination of intellect, emotion, spirit, and body in the learning process. Students focus on their hearts and listen to their intuitive qualities. They learn from touch. They change. They become healthier, more self-aware. They start taking charge of their lives."
Karen Griger, AAS, CAR, LMT, Student Clinic Supervisor, Instructor, Part-Time
Karen is both a graduate of the Rolf Institute in Boulder, Colorado, and the Universal College of Healing Arts. Karen is one of the only two Certified Advanced Rolfer® with a license to practice in Nebraska. She is well sought out by those with special needs. Karen practices Swedish massage, Myofascial Release, and Rolfing structural integration at UCHA. She has worked with the Omaha Nighthawks football team, with swimmers in 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Swim Trials in Omaha, with soccer players from Creighton University, with regional marathoners, and various other athletes. Karen has assisted Eli Thompson, Certified Teacher of Kinesiology, with the "Anatomy Trains Myofascial Meridians" and Jon Martine, Advanced Certified Rolfer®, with" Fascial Manipulation workshops."
Julie Lesser, BS, LMT, Director of Student Services, Instructor Part-Time
Julie has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice from Wayne State College and worked with youth at Uta Halee Girls Village for 19 years. Julie received her Diploma in Massage Therapy from UCHA in 1999. She pursued special training in Sports Massage and found helping athletes to be her true calling. In line with her specialty, she has been the Massage Therapist for the Nebraska Bears football team and Omaha Nighthawks football team. Julie worked with the College World Series players the past several years and also created a Massage Clinic for the teams coming to Omaha. She provides treatment during professional golf tournaments, numerous track and field events, and for a professional ballet dance troupe. Julie helped organize and worked in the Olympic Swim Trial Massage clinic the past three times the event was in Omaha. Combining her strengths of sports massage and education, she helped create a massage clinic at Creighton University, spearheading an avenue for students from UCHA to give treatments to their athletes. Julie maintains a full-time practice as an LMT.
John Mayo, AAGS, MT, Director of Educational Technologies & Operations, Instructor Part-Time
John has had extensive years in the business world. John is an alumnus of UCHA. John has been a chief motivator to the UCHA students in building their self-confidence on how to bring their unique vision and qualities to the growing entrepreneurial opportunities in massage therapy. John promotes the discovery and implementation of proven business principles, skills, and ethics.
Corey Nevels, MS, Educational Consultant Part-Time
For the past twenty years, Corey Nevels has provided a variety of services (e.g., crisis intervention, counseling, case management, etc.) to children and adolescents. He has worked in the fields of mental health, education, and juvenile justice. He holds a Master's Degree in School Psychology from Howard University. He currently works as an Educational Consultant. Both his interest and focus as a consultant revolve around the relationship between pedagogy, ethos, and, worldview.
Patty Eden, MT, Certified Reflexologist, Director of Financial Aid
Patty has pursued studies in Business Management and has been a successful business entrepreneur for many years. She assisted in the early development of UCHA. She is a certified massage therapist, reflexologist, and cosmetologist. She is respected for her healing energy work. She is committed to bringing wellness and massage therapy to all populations. Patty received her massage therapy diploma at Universal College of Healing Arts in 1995.
Dan Bienenfeld, CHP, Instructor, Part-Time
Dan began his Hellerwork Training in 1978 in the very first class with Joseph Heller. Prior to his Certification in 1980 Dan graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he studied Anatomy and Psychology.
He then co-created The Los Angeles Healing Arts Center, which was one of the largest integrated medicine centers in the United States. His passion for healing and Alternative Medicine made him a pioneer in his field and he continues to live and practice in Los Angeles, California. With numerous training and teachers, Dan took his expertise into Corporate America by creating wellness programs as an ergonomic consultant and safety consultant. Dan joined the faculty of Hellerwork International in 1986 and has been a trainer, training director, and dean of faculty for many years. Author of Align for Life, Journey to Structural Integration, and several other books, dan continues to be a leader in his field in both Hellerwork International and International Association of Structural Integrators.
Jake Schultz, CHP, Instructor, Part-Time
Jake has been a Certified Hellerwork Practitioner since 1988 and is a Hellerwork Faculty member and Board Certified Structural Integrator. He received his training from Joseph Haller and members of the Hellerwork Faculty. He has completed training in CranioSacral Therapy from Pledger, Anna Somatics 1, Sports medicine, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/RSI Workshop structural Movement, and other various workshops given by Hellerwork International. He attended Hellerwork Advanced Course in 1994 and became a member of the Hellerwork Faculty and Hellerwork International Board of Directors in 1999. He is currently a member of the Hellerwork Foundation of Board of Education. Jake has been in private practice in Eureka, CA since 1988 and has been associated with Dr. David Salter's office since 1993.
Joseph Hunton, BA, CHP, LMP, Instructor, Part-Time
Joseph Graduated from Frostburg State University with a BA in Psychology in 1978, after careers as a Counselor at a Boys Group Home and as a General Contractor, Joseph switched from remodeling houses to remodeling bodies. He graduated from The Northwest School Of Hellerwork in 1998. Along with his private practice, Joseph has worked in some of the preeminent Physical and Occupational Therapy clinics in the Seattle area. He is a former President of the American Hellerwork Assoc. and a member of the BOD for Hellerwork International. Joseph has continued his studies in many areas of Bodywork with a focus on Visceral Manipulation and Cranial Sacral Therapy for Infants. He has been on faculty with UCHA and Hellerwork International since 2013.
Keri Yamamto, BS, OT, Instructor, Part-Time
Since graduating from the Hellerwork Training in 1996, Hellerwork Structural Integration has been Keri Yamamoto's foundational core framework of which has integrated with her Bachelor of Science Degree in Occupational Therapy from the University of Puget Sound. Keri's skill and knowledge as an Occupational Therapist, a Certified Hellerwork Structural Integration Practitioner, Certified Laban/Bartenieff Movement Analyst and Franklin Method Educator Level 1 allow her to create a powerful, integrative, and exciting approach to assist people with what they need to improve in function, health, and wellness. Keri also has hospital skilled nursing, and outpatient clinical experience in adult rehabilitation specializing in neurological and orthopedic/skeletal-musculature problems for 30 years. Her home is in the State of Hawaii and currently has a thriving part-time practice and works for Physical Therapy Services, LLC contracting at a local geriatric adult skilled nursing facility.
Anne-Marie Duchéne, BA, CHP, Instructor, Part-Time
Anne-Marie holds a Bachelor of Arts in Cultural Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley, and an Associate degree in Communication from Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. Also, Anne-Marie is a faculty member for the Hellerwork International Education and Training Board, a member of IASI (International Association of Structural Integration), IAHP (International Association of Healthcare Practitioners), at the present she is enrolled in the Client Attraction Business School and serve as a VIP CEO Circle Member and Mentor for Womensphere, an organization committed to the unleashing of women's power and leadership in the world.
Anita Boser, LMP, CHP, CBSI, RYT, Instructor, Part-Time
Anita became a Certified Hellerwork Practitioner in February 2002 and has maintained a full-time practice devoted to structural integration in a suburb of Seattle ever since. In addition to my practice and being a wife and mom (of grown twins), She loves being in nature--especially the mountains--dancing, and gardening. Anita has volunteered with several of our professional organizations including being on the board of the American Hellerwork Structural Integration Association (she joined the board just after graduation), editor of the International Association of Structural Integrators Yearbook, Chairperson of the Certification Board of Structural Integration, and planning the Fascia Research Congress.
Melissa Brown, CHP, Instructor, Part-Time
Melissa has been on the healing path since she was seventeen and knew that by healing herself and gaining awareness of her body and health could help other people find their way too. She had studied various forms of healing, Meditation, Mindfulness Practices, Nutrition, and Yoga. Melissa has been a practitioner for 20 years! With a degree in Medical Anthropology, there is a passion for culture and various forms of healing practices and beliefs. She is open to going on journeys with clients and helping to guide others to feel themselves, connecting mind and body. As a mother of two boys, she focuses on compassion and understanding, patience, and wisdom. Melissa trained at Twin Lakes College of the Healing Arts in Santa Cruz Ca with studies in various forms of healing, including Deep Tissue, Craniosacral, Acupressure, Shiatsu, Reflexology, Hot and Cold Stone Healing Massage, Swedish Massage and Chair Massage.
Cole Cottin, BA, CHP, Instructor, Part-Time
Cole was a student of the first-ever UCHA Hellerwork Practitioner Training Program, which began in 2015. She has additional training and professional experience in Group Facilitation, Community Mobilization, Five Elements Medical QiGong, and CranioSacral Therapy. In 2007, Cole was awarded a bachelor's degree with honors in Anthropology, from the University of California, Santa Cruz. She hails originally from the Heartland and calls Kansas home; there she and her husband collaborate in homesteading and homeschooling with their two inspirational and beloved daughters. Cole's approach to Hellerwork emphasizes nourishing uplifted alignment in relation to the Earth, through gravity and embodied awareness. She considers herself a "facilitator," and her clients and students "self practitioners." Together, they work towards the collective goal of sustainably cultivating a more dynamic balance in the body and being. Cole enjoys working with individuals from all backgrounds and phases of life and specializes in work with pregnancy, laboring, postpartum women, and infants.
PJ Meyers, RN, LMT, CNS, Instructor, Part-Time
PJ Meyers has triple licensure as a massage therapist of 15 years, as a Registered Nurse of 27 years and Clinical Nurse Specialist in Oncology. PJ received the following credentials: Diploma in Massage Therapy" UCHA, Omaha, NE, Diploma in Nursing" Immanuel Hospital School of Nursing, Omaha, NE, Bachelor of Arts in Biology" Barat College, Lake Forest Illinois, Bachelor of Science in Nursing" University of Nebraska College of Nursing, Omaha, NE, & Master of Science in Nursing, University of Colorado, Denver, CO. PJ is also Aromatherapist and a 3rd level Reiki practitioner. She has learned how to incorporate complementary therapies with her oncology practice. Her professional life is truly using massage in her practice with an adult oncology population. She uses this approach during diagnosis and during and after treatment.
Frank Fong, MBA, Part-Time
Frank has long been a prominent Tai Chi Instructor in the Omaha community. He has an MBA from the University of Nebraska. He has taught Eastern Philosophy at the University of Nebraska; stress management and wellness workshops for Children's Square USA and the YMCA; and staff development workshops at Bellevue College, Metropolitan Community College, and Methodist Hospital. Frank's approach to teaching Tai Chi is to engage students in becoming highly aware of their own bodies and "space". He teaches by example and by asking students penetrating questions, which help them learn simple and profound lessons.
Cornell Garrett, PH, HPP, Part-Time
Cornell is the Director of One Principle, a full-service Traditional Chinese Herbology Clinic & Qi Gong Association. He is also the owner and chief instructor at Dragon Arts, a martial arts center. Cornell has taught workshops at the Omaha Kung Fu Institute, the University of Nebraska at Omaha, and Introspect Center. His teaching style is clear, enlightened, and foundational. He is focused on the study of Psychology and Japanese Linguistics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We're always thinking about what's next and how we can make our lives even better. This vision of our future is where our goals and aspirations come from.
Yet we all know one thing to be true: simply having a goal doesn't get us any closer to achieving it. In order to create the life you've always dreamed of, you'll want to practice goal setting, a process where you form goals, create a plan to complete them, and take action.
Sometimes inspiration and motivation can be hard to come by. It's easy to say that you want "X," but unless it's something that matters to who you are at your core, you'll find it difficult to achieve this goal.
Even if you have a goal that really matters to you, it's often hard to come by the motivation to dig in and get it done.
For example, so many set health goals for the new year but quit within a few weeks.
After years of struggling to come up with a vision that inspired me and lit me up, I found a surprising partner: cannabis. Cannabis can be a useful tool in this goal setting process.
In this article, I'm going to share with you how I use cannabis to create a vision that fuels me and a plan that makes the journey towards my future enjoyable and compelling. You'll learn what steps to take to make your dreams a reality, and how cannabis can help you along the journey.
By understanding each of these steps and how best you can accomplish them, you'll have the tools you need to create whatever future you desire.
Remember when you were a kid and you daydreamed about how wonderful everything would be when you grew older? Maybe you thought about being a ballerina, owning a spectacular house with horses everywhere, or having a partner in crime that brought excitement and joy into your life.
What about now? What do you think about when you envision your future?
It's easy to fall victim to limiting mindsets, where you think you can't achieve your goals. You might feel destined to live a mediocre life, always settling for less than what you truly want.
That limiting mindset holds you back from reaching your goals.
When you create goals, it's important that they excite you. Rather than wanting to get into shape by summer, a better goal might be to run a marathon or climb one of the tallest peaks in the US. These goals are both specific and inspiring, as an ideal goal ought to be.
And when it comes to work, remember that there are dream jobs out there. There are travel bloggers, food critics, and even cannabis health coaches. There's no reason that you, too, cannot live the life that you desire.
The trick is this: you MUST allow yourself to let go of your limiting beliefs and DREAM BIG.
I know releasing these beliefs can be scary. It can be helpful to use cannabis to lower your guard and allow more creative and far-reaching ideas. The psychoactive effect can be extremely beneficial for allowing you to let go of your limiting beliefs.
Sit down in a safe place, listen to beautiful music, take out a pencil and paper or your laptop, and have an edible or vape pen. Think about a future that electrifies you. Something that makes you smile just thinking about it.
Once you have a list of goals that move you and a vision of your ideal future, you can get to the next step in the process: creating a plan.
When you've completed your list of goals, the next thing you want to do is create a plan on how you'll get there. This plan should be detailed with step-by-step actions that you'll take.
As you go through your list, you'll find that some of your goals may be achievable right away while some will take months or even years. Honestly, it's great to have both long-term and short-term goals.
The process is the same: create steps that will get you there.
When it comes to creating steps, you want them to be both realistic and fun.
With this in mind, try to make your steps enjoyable. Cannabis can be used to help you relax and center yourself. It can even help you connect with nature or others around you.
For example, if one of your goals is to climb a 14er in Colorado (a peak over 14,000 feet), you can get a group of friends together to go hiking every weekend. When you get to the trail, you can share edibles or other forms of weed to make the hike that much more fun.
By including cannabis throughout your steps, some goals will be more achievable. Plus, the process will be much more enjoyable!
Now you have your goals, step-by-step plan, and the motivation to make these dreams a reality.
Don't let the fire extinguish…take action now and move towards the future of your dreams. By checking in with yourself every morning and evening, you can track your progress and keep your goals at the front of your mind.
I hope that you find a vision for your future that feels in line with your deepest desires and truest self. Using cannabis can help you open your mind to the possibilities that stretch out in every direction.
May you enjoy your journey and use the power of cannabis to succeed in those things that mean the most.


This design won the 2015 International Green Interior Award for Residential-Renovation. It converts a cold, poorly lit and damp terrace house into a comfortable, functional and beautiful home. Connections with garden spaces are much improved, and excellent passive solar design enhances the feel of the house immeasurably.
North facing living areas, natural light and ventilation, thermal mass, retrofit insulation, double glazing and an excellent connection with the garden transform spaces to respond to modern lifestyles and understandings of the local climate.
Despite an existing north wall along the boundary, sunlight is brought deep into the house via clerestory windows that soar above the kitchen, doubling to encourage the 'stack effect' for ventilation, and to bring more interesting internal volumes to further distinguish the extension from the original Victorian home.
A courtyard allows light, ventilation and garden views to all rooms of the house, while the setback of the living room from the north boundary allows for a series of north facing casement windows to naturally heat the living space in winter, and efficiently ventilate it in summer.
Jill's house is comfortable, beautiful, low maintenance and accessible - allowing for her changing lifestyle and producing a long-term, sustainable home.
The colours throughout the house were inspired by Jill's favourite Derwent pencils from her childhood.


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Muslims concerned about rise of Islamophobia in Germany
Germany's Turkish-Muslim community is alarmed by the increase in Islamophobic hate crimes, senior figures told Anadolu Agency Monday.
Kemal Ergun, president of the Turkish-Muslim association IGMG, said more and more mosques have become the targets of threats, vandalism or arson in recent months.
"At least 122 mosques were targeted in such attacks last year," he said, adding that dozens of mosques received multiple bomb threats by neo-Nazis or other extremist groups, sparking worry among the members of the community.
"We call on the police authorities to conduct more effective investigations and arrest the perpetrators of these attacks," he said.
Ergun, who leads one of the largest Turkish-Muslim organizations in the country, said Muslims were experiencing more hostility and discrimination in their daily lives due to the rise of anti-Muslim prejudice.
He said Muslim women in particular who wear headscarves have frequently been verbally harassed on the streets, and that incidents of physical assault have reportedly also been on the rise.
According to official figures, police recorded 632 Islamophobic crimes in Germany from January to November 2020.
These included insults, threatening letters, disruption of religious practice, physical assaults and damage to property.
The real figures are believed to be higher, as many victims do not file criminal complaints with the police, largely due to their distrust of law enforcement.
Durmus Yildirim, chairman of ATIB, one of the largest Turkish-Muslim cultural organizations in Germany, criticized right-wing populist politicians for inciting hatred and discrimination against immigrants and Muslims.
"We want an end to this racist and populist rhetoric, efforts should be made for peaceful coexistence," he told Anadolu Agency, calling for a stronger stance against anti-Muslim and anti-Turkish hatred.
Yildirim said the country's 3-million-strong Turkish community would not give in to threats by far-right groups and parties.
"We are part of Europe, we're living together here. Our third, fourth generations were born and raised in Germany, it has also become our homeland," he said.
A country of over 80 million people, Germany has the second-largest Muslim population in Western Europe after France. Among the country's nearly 4.7 million Muslims, 3 million are of Turkish origin.
The country has witnessed growing racism and Islamophobia in recent years, fueled by the propaganda of neo-Nazi groups and the far-right opposition AfD party, which has attempted to stoke fear of Muslims and immigrants to win more votes.


text:
Oncocnemis potanini är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Alphéraky 1892. Oncocnemis potanini ingår i släktet Oncocnemis och familjen nattflyn. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nattflyn
potanini


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Rainbow Fertility / About Us / About Us / Acknowledgement of Country
At Rainbow Fertility we acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which our hospital operates, and their Elders past, present and future. We acknowledge and respect their continuing culture and the contribution they make to the life of these regions.
We recognise that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have the right to feel confident and safe in accessing the Australian healthcare system. At GatewayRainbow Fertility we place this imperative at the forefront of our training, education, and policy development, and acknowledge the importance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities' history and culture.
We are committed to working with their local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to identify their specific cultural requirements and healthcare needs.
Acknowledging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is an important aspect of ending exclusion. Awareness of the importance of different cultures and acceptance of this diversity as a part of modern Australia is central to our Company culture. This increased acceptance across all aspects of our society is a critical aspect in helping to create a more united Australia.


text:
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New 2018 School Uniform Fashion Trends for Boys and Girls
Cookie's Kids Looks at Events Such as the 2018 Pratt Fashion Show When Analyzing School Uniform Trends This year's student-driven fashion event exudes sense of "urgency and responsibility" to do something transformative about global climate change crisis.
Cookie's Kids, the world's largest kids department store chain featuring everything from premium school uniforms and fashion brands to infant items and toys for all ages, has been once again busy analyzing school uniform trends by way of events like the 2018 Pratt Fashion Show, the Pratt Institute's annual student fashion event wherein young talent gets to present collections to some of the industry's most prominent figures. While this year's show did much of the same, according to Cookie's representatives, there was one notable difference that may in fact alter the course of modern school uniform trends – a sense of "urgency and responsibility" for the young designers, as well as spectators of the show, to come up with a responsible solution to the global climate change crisis.
In addition to a plethora of premium girls and boys clothing and school uniforms, Cookie's also offers baby clothing, infant clothes, shoes and accessories. You can find more information here: https://www.cookieskids.com/school_uniforms.aspx
The Pratt Institute's 119th show, dubbed "Fashion Diversiform," highlighted work from 20 students due to graduate from the country's oldest fashion program, and also honored designer Gabriela Hearst. Editor-in-chief of Harper's Bazaar Glenda Bailey presented Hearst with the 2018 Pratt Fashion Visionary Award, an honor last year bestowed upon none other than the creative duo behind Oscar de la Renta.
With regard to the students' work in this year's show, Cookie's reps noted that each collection's theme touched upon various social statements including immigration, political polarization and female empowerment. Some of the most memorable moments were demonstrated through the use of unconventional materials – or, at least, say Cookie's reps, unconventional for fashion; these included duct tape, trash bags and burlap sacks.
"Fashion reflects what's going on in our society, and when we looked to the runway of this year's Pratt Fashion Show, we saw such distinct trends – a need for simplicity, conversation, sustainability and wanting things that feel personal and special, unlike anything else," concludes a Cookie's spokesperson.
Name: Al Falack
Organization: Cookie's Kids
Address: 510 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, NY, New York 11201, United States
For more information, please visit http://www.cookieskids.com
More News From chillhype.com
Close call in majors can lead to some major recovery time
KAPALUA, Hawaii — J.B. Holmes played only two rounds in four months leading into the new year. He expected some rust at Kapalua, and it showed when he managed only two birdies in his opening round of 78. He can recover from that, especially in a 34-man field with no cut in the Sentry Tournament of Champions. Far more difficult was getting over his shot to win a major. For two days at Royal Portrush, Holmes played some of his best golf and shared the 36-hole lead. Even after Shane Lowry began to pull away with a 63 in the...
No. 7 Oregon beats No. 11 Wisconsin 28-27 in Rose Bowl
PASADENA, Calif. — Justin Herbert scored his third rushing touchdown of the 106th Rose Bowl on a thrilling 30-yard run with 7:41 to play Wednesday night, and No. 7 Oregon held off No. 11 Wisconsin 28-27 to win its third straight trip to the Granddaddy of Them All. Brady Breeze returned a fumble 31 yards for an early touchdown for the Ducks (12-2). Herbert then made his go-ahead rambling run on the next snap after Breeze forced another fumble in yet another frenetic edition of this venerated bowl game. Oregon held on to cap its Pac-12 championship season with its...
Arizona St, Florida St meet in Sun Bowl without top RBs
EL PASO, Texas — The top running backs for Arizona State and Florida State won't be around for the Sun Bowl. Sun Devils coach Herm Edwards and interim Seminoles coach Odell Haggins can live with those decisions regardless of their effect on Tuesday's game. "Don't forget that these players that are sitting out actually helped these teams get to bowl games," Edwards said. "Some people get all sideways. 'Why isn't he playing?' It's the way of the world. You don't disrespect them. You don't get mad at them. "I'm hoping they'll show up for the game, stand on the sidelines....
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Kurn's Attunement Ramblings
Kurn / July 13, 2012 / achievements, apotheosis, general, ramblings
Scattered throughout this blog are countless mentions of old attunement quests. Jailbreak. Attunement to the Core. The BWL attunement. The Black Temple attunement. They're all over the place. I even wrote about keys last year.
Apparently, attunements are currently being discussed in the blogosphere. I've been wanting to jump in since day one, but I feel as though I don't have a ton to contribute to the discussion, because I've already talked about attunements. A lot. (Seriously.) Then again, why should I let that stop me? ;)
The latest round of attunement discussion arose due to a few blue posts by a European Community Manager, Draztal. In essence, some people are clamouring for the return of attunements because it'll "give people something to do", to which Draztal responds with challenge modes, scenarios and pet battles, amongst other things. Others claim that attunements were great for explaining why we're fighting these bosses and that lore is missing, to which Draztal responds that some people didn't care about the lore and found that attunements were just "getting in their way" because they would be declined entry into raids that required attunements.
One of the more interesting parts of his posts was this, his second-to-last post:
I doubt it was very fun for the players that were being told "no, sorry, you need to get these attunements to join our guild" and was being rejected when he said "but noone is running these right now because it's not current content anymore".
Was it fun when it was current content? For some. For some others it was just another unnecesary wall preventing them from getting to the content they really wanted to do (raiding).
I'm not kidding when I say this: I could write a thesis about attunements.
But because I like you, I won't inflict that upon you. ;) Instead, let's talk a little bit about what I think is important about attunements and why I think they should exist, along with what changes I would make to them.
But first, let's look at…
ATTUNEMENT HISTORY
Level 60 was the first level cap. As a brand-new level 60 character, you could not enter into Molten Core, Blackwing Lair, The Temple of Ahn'Qiraj (*) or Naxxramas (the 40-man version) without first doing various attunements. (* Technically, once someone on your server had done the excruciatingly long and difficult Scepter chain, you never had to do an attunement to get into what was called AQ40, but neither AQ20 nor AQ40 were available until someone had done that quest chain and banged the gong.) There were no heroic dungeons at 60, so there were no other kinds of attunements. (There were several key quests, mind you, but only one person in your group needed the key. They were pretty optional, although I had ALL the keys and loved them dearly.)
You could enter Zul'Gurub (20m raid instance) and The Ruins of Ahn'Qiraj (also known as AQ20) without any attunements (so long as someone had done the Scepter chain) once you hit level 58, but hitting max level did not magically imbue you with the ability to do, well, anything. No one was going to pug AQ40, so that forced a player to either continue to do 5-10 man content (by which I mean dungeons, including UBRS) or start getting into ZG/AQ20 runs (either pugs or guild runs) or work on their attunements to get into more challenging content.
In Burning Crusade, where the level cap was 70, there were reputation requirements to earn the heroic key of the various dungeons available. You had to hit Revered (initially, then later, this was brought down to Honored) with the associated faction in order to get the heroic key to literally unlock the heroic version of the instance. So for the heroic versions of Hellfire Ramparts, The Blood Furnace and Shattered Halls, you needed to be Revered with Thrallmar or Honor Hold, for example. (Shattered Halls also had its own key quest!) In addition to this, the first entry-level raid, Karazhan (a 10-man raid instance) had an extensive attunement process that everyone had to go through on every single toon they wanted to bring into the raid. (14 months after BC's launch, they lifted the requirement that everyone have a key.)
While Gruul's Lair and Magtheridon's Lair did not require attunements, one typically had to start gearing up through Karazhan before they could hope to get Gruul or Magtheridon down.
Serpentshrine Cavern and Tempest Keep were the Tier 5 instances. This is where, perhaps, attunement nay-sayers who lived through this time may have a point. The Serpentshrine Cavern attunement was relatively straightforward: You had to go to Heroic Slave Pens (thereby being Revered with Cenarion Expedition), kill the first boss, find the captive Skar'this and get his quest.
His quest asks for the Earthen Signet (a drop from Gruul) and the Blazing Signet (a drop from Nightbane in Karazhan, a boss that required at least one person in the raid have done a series of quests for — in essence, its own attunement). Maybe I lied about it being straightforward…
Still, that's "all" that was required for Serpentshrine Cavern access. It wasn't too complicated; if you were killing Gruul and Nightbane regularly, it wasn't a big deal to get these drops and get attuned. This attunement was lifted in June of 2007, just five months after Burning Crusade's launch. (As such, I never did this to completion, although Kurn had the Blazing Signet at some point.)
The tricky part is Tempest Keep. Hands down, this sucked. And I never actually did this attunement either, because it was lifted in June of 2007 as well.
– Excessively long quest chain, then:
– Trial of the Naaru: Mercy: Heroic Shattered Halls
– Trial of the Naaru: Strength: Kalithresh in Heroic Steamvault, then Murmur in Heroic Shadow Labyrinth
– Trial of the Naaru: Tenacity: Heroic Arcatraz, rescue Millhouse Manastorm
– Trial of the Naaru: Magtheridon: Kill Magtheridon
Now let's be clear, here. This was pre-LFG. This was back when even finishing a single Heroic Shattered Halls run was a crapshoot unless you were with a competent group, which usually consisted of a prot pally tanking. Heroic Mumur was painful. And doing Heroic Arcatraz was an exercise in masochism. Even I think Tempest Keep attunement was rough. People who did this got the Champion of the Naaru title. Champions indeed; I have a great deal of respect for people who did it, even at the end of the expansion.
Two of the Tier 6 instances, The Battle of Mount Hyjal and the Black Temple, had their own attunements, as well. (Sunwell Plateau did not.)
Hyjal required you to kill Lady Vashj in Serpentshrine Cavern and Kael'thas Sunstrider in Tempest Keep, commonly known as the Vials of Eternity quest. This was pretty straightforward, although no easy task. Black Temple attunement was considerably more annoying. It consisted of a LOT of quests, an Arcatraz run, a 5-man quest, a trip to Fathom-Lord Karathress in Serpentshrine Cavern, killing Al'ar in an Ashtongue Cowl in Tempest Keep, killing Rage Winterchill in Hyjal and basically that's the worst of it, followed by some more questy stuff in and around Black Temple.
For being attuned to both Hyjal and BT, you got the Hand of A'dal title, since both of these attunements were no longer needed as of March 25, 2008. (This is why I tend to default to wearing my Hand of A'dal title, and I do it proudly.)
(Looking back, how in the hell did we manage to get everyone attuned to stuff? We did the BT/Hyjal attunements for most of the guild, but good gravy, in retrospect, I'm suddenly really impressed with the BC-era Apotheosis!)
Wrath of the Lich King arrived and, as is typical of Blizzard, pretty much all attunements were thrown out the window. What do I mean by that? I mean that Blizzard will find something they enjoy (in this case, attunements) and will introduce it all over the place and then when the community complains enough, they'll swing way over to the other side of things and have very little of that thing. Another example would be the reliance on interrupt mechanics in Tier 11 content: Omnotron, Maloriak, Nefarian, Halfus, Ascendent Council, Cho'gall, which is half of the normal encounters in T11. All of these fights required people to interrupt basic boss abilities. Interrupting played an important part of precisely one encounter in Firelands (Alysrazor), or 1/7th of the encounters in Firelands. I don't think any actual interrupting goes on in Dragon Soul boss encounters… Anyhow, I digress. My point is that Blizzard will really overuse something they particularly like and then will throw it out the window entirely in newer content. I think moderation is the key, but what do I know?
So attunements in Wrath got thrown out the window, basically, after the attunement craziness in Burning Crusade. You dinged 80? Great, you can now enter every single raid instance and are automatically able to do heroic dungeons. The one exception is that you had to get the Key to the Focusing Iris from Sapphiron in Naxx in order to be able to do Malygos in Eye of Eternity.
Later, the raid leader had to have cleared all of Trial of the Crusader (defeat Anub'arak on normal) in order to attempt the heroic version of that raid, which was also known as Trial of the Grand Crusader. You also had to have the raid leader have killed Lich King on normal to activate heroic modes in Icecrown Citadel. There were also specific things you had to do in order to be able to face Algalon in Ulduar, but by and large, attunements didn't exist and those that did certainly weren't anywhere near the level they were at in Burning Crusade.
In Cataclysm, the only form of "attunement" is in terms of accessing certain bosses. You can't do Sinestra (heroic only) if you don't do Heroic Cho'gall. You can't do Heroic Ragnaros without doing the previous six bosses on heroic in that particular reset. You can't do Heroic Spine (or Madness) without doing the previous six bosses on heroic in that particular reset, either. And you can't swap things to heroic without the raid leader having cleared things on normal.
Geez, that got long. But it was important background information to show how much attunements have changed over the last several years!
WHAT KURN THINKS IS IMPORTANT ABOUT ATTUNEMENTS
I feel that attunements have two major facets to them that are often overlooked, particularly by the more "entitled" crowd, which (I am generalizing here) is, in my observations, more likely to consist of "newer" players to the game than people who played in Vanilla or Burning Crusade. (Some of the players who dislike attunements certainly lived through the attunements of Vanilla and BC, though. Let's not forget that not all attunements were "fun", even for someone like me who is generally in favour of attunements.)
The first facet is that attunements act as a barrier to entry and I'll talk a bit about why I think this is desirable. The second facet is what I will call the "Fire-Forged Friends" or "Band of Brothers" element.
BARRIER TO ENTRY
One part of an attunement process is the barrier to entry, which means that you can't ding max level and zone in. There's something to be done first. I like this for four reasons.
1) A sense of anticipation. Nowadays, you ding max level and can, more or less, walk into any raid instance. (LFR currently requires a 372 ilvl, but using the same-server raid finder tool has no such requirements and pugs don't always check people's gear, etc.)
Where is the fun in that?
For me, and for a number of people with whom I've played over the years, attunements for opening up raid content was often a solid step on the way to becoming a raider. It's really hard to remember a time when I didn't raid, but I assure you, there was such a time. It was spring of 2006 when I was wanting to start raiding, after my brother had guild-hopped (from the guild I had just joined!) to a guild that was working on Molten Core.
I was all of level 53 or 54 when he left the guild. I wasn't attuned to the core, I couldn't even pick up the quest (which I snatched up quickly at level 55!).
So I was not yet a raider. But I wanted to raid, so I did my homework, read up on the quests at Thottbot, then started in on various quest lines, such as Dragonkin Menace (the starter quest for the Onyxia attunement) and started making progress on various attunements.
Getting attuned to Molten Core was a huge rush. I was going to be able to go in there and kill these huge, epic bosses! … I just needed 39 other people to go with me.
My guild at the time started out small in Zul'Gurub (no attunement needed) and then started in on Molten Core in the summer and recruited and recruited and while we only ever fielded one single 40-man Molten Core raid, we did a lot with around 30-35 people. We did spawn Majordomo Executus twice and attempted Onyxia a few times. Possibly the greatest accomplishment was actually attuning everyone to Onyxia and Molten Core, to be honest… but the sense of accomplishment for completing the attunements was huge. It was a big step towards becoming a raider, because, well, not everyone COULD be a raider. If you were attuned to various raids, it was a huge boost for you and your guild. I remember this group of three guys who applied to our guild — holy paladin, rogue and a DPS warrior. They had three-manned the Onyxia chain together. Including Jailbreak. This was hugely impressive and based primarily on that, we invited them to the guild. They were excellent players and how they tackled their attunements proved that to us.
I don't think there's anything wrong with delaying the start of raiding by adding an attunement. It adds to the sense of anticipation. It adds to the idea that you're working towards a goal rather than just walking in and hitting a loot pinata.
2) A chance to actually gear up for the content. Okay, this is one of my pet peeves. Drives me up the effing wall. Using PVP (or other, inappropriate gear) to fool the item level checker drives me nuts. I think that the one time this is actually okay is if you have heirlooms that work from 80-85, which are counted as level 1 by the item level checker, but by and large, when someone buys a couple of PVP items to fool the item level checker, I get pissed. (I swear, this game has had a negative effect on my blood pressure.) By putting attunements in, you give people the opportunity to run dungeons that are appropriate to their level before they group up with others in LFR or heroic/etc dungeons. I am ALWAYS careful not to be a drag on my group. Always. Kurn is always hit-capped (as is my mage), for example, while I do my absolute best as a healer to help out with the mechanics of a fight (interrupting, if I can, not standing in bad, explaining things if people don't get it). I'm that person who loves to CC to make life easier for people. I would CC regularly in Zul'Aman's 5-man dungeon version on my paladin, by using Turn Evil on (essentially fearing) the demon guy in the temple. I love dropping traps on Kurn. I even used to kite General Drakkisath in UBRS (until the ever-awesome Toga decided to do that for us, more often than not). In short, I am basically a team player as soon as you throw me into group content.
What Blizzard did in Cataclsym is introduce the item level checker to sort of make sure that people weren't running into various dungeons while completely unprepared. Unfortunately, since PVP gear had a higher ilvl, people quickly realized that they could have an ilvl of, well, 0, so long as they had a full set of PVP gear in their bags.
If you have an attunement, you give people a chance to get gear that will legitimately help them before they move on to more challenging content. Want to make sure someone has a great weapon? Make it a reward for the last bit of the quest. Give them armor along the way, or a trinket, or something. There should be both an emotional gain (the satisfaction of doing the attunement) as well as a material gain (gear) in order to encourage people to actually do the attunements, especially on more than one character.
3) The possibility of gaining for experience on your character before hitting content. Let's face it, tons of people have zero idea how to play their characters efficiently for group content. If you want to quest on your own, that's fine. As soon as you enter group content, if you're not playing in a way that allows you to do appropriate DPS or healing for the content, you're screwing other people over. Tanks are not immune to this either, obviously. (I am talking to you, DK tank I once had in Vortex Pinnacle, who focused on one mob alone, not spreading any diseases or dropping D&D, which meant that even a holy shock on him meant that ALL THE OTHERS would turn, as one, and beat the crap out of me.)
By delaying entry into a raid setting, you give people the opportunity to spend a bit more time learning how to play their class by being asked to complete an attunement. Sure, these same people can grind out VP on a weekly basis to get gear to bypass ilvl requirements legitimately in Mists (since PVP gear will have a lower ilvl. Level 90 crafted PVP gear seems to be at 450, while heroic gear from a dungeon is 463. Epic PVP gear is 464. Raid Finder gear is 476/483. Normal raid gear is 489/496. Heroic raid gear is 502/509.), but with the crazy amount of things you can do at 90 for Valor Points, that doesn't necessarily mean that people will be engaging in relevant group content too much before trying to jump into LFR or pugs and making life miserable for those who DO know how to play their classes.
4) It can be used to artificially extend the content's life. Let's be serious. It's July 13th. On Tuesday, July 10th, Apotheosis cleared Heroic Dragon Soul in 2h24m. And that was with a few screwups on H Zon'ozz due to some miscommunication on my part. Dragon Soul launched on November 29th. That means we're approaching the 8-month anniversary of Dragon Soul. The nerf is about to go up to 30% next week. This is tired, stale, old content for many people. If Blizzard cannot provide us with new content, then why not try to extend the life of the content? I'm not talking about something ridiculous like having one new boss available per week, they way they did with Trial of the Crusader, but maybe various wings opening more slowly, the way they did in Icecrown Citadel (albeit without the limited number of wipes, which only forced the more hardcore people to level and raid with alts before getting the strat down and then downing the boss in their main group). Or, you know, a form of attunement. Maybe in order to get into Throne of the Four Winds, you would have had to clear Bastion on normal. Or in order to spawn Nefarian, maybe you would have had to do a questline that included Heroic Blackrock Caverns and a quick trip to an instanced Blackwing Lair, where you might have been able to see Nefarian retreat into Blackwing Descent? See Onyxia be reanimated? How much cooler would that have made Blackwing Descent?
I don't mind a long attunement quest chain, obviously, but what if you started doing one when you're two levels from max level?
What if there existed, in Mists of Pandaria, a long attunement quest chain that started at level 88 that you could work on 'till you got to level 90, then were asked to run, I don't know, three specific heroics in order to be attuned and then that's it for attunement? It would give XP as you were getting to 90, with some nice rewards now and again (especially at the end) and it wouldn't be dramatically difficult, but it might give people the opportunity to learn more about what they're about to do, or even, I suppose, what they're about to be able to do.
I'm thinking out loud and this blog is already almost 3500 words long, so I'll move on to my next section.
"FIRE FORGED FRIENDS" / "BAND OF BROTHERS" ELEMENT
Do you know what I remember most about killing Lady Vashj, apart from the 15k crit Lay on Hands that saved our tank's life at ~3% on the boss left? I remember the people. I remember one of the tanks dying, getting a battle rez and then dying in poison. I remember the "west side" of the platform, which got three of the tainted elementals, and I remember exactly who was on that side (WEST SIDE STRONG SIDE!). I remember the cries of joy and sheer triumph that came from my Vent, practically deafening us all.
These were people I had sweated with through the rest of SSC. These were people I worked hard with to defeat those other bosses. These were the people I was technically working with the complete the attunements to Hyjal and BT.
I remember the Onyxia attunement — running Jailbreak over and over again. I remember getting the Blood of the Black Dragon Champion from Drakkisath to finish off that attunement, and how they were limited drops that only a couple of people could get. I remember working with the same people over and over again, getting better at working together as a team, accomplishing these steps in attunements for people. I remember saying to apps "Not attuned to the core? No problem, we have a team that can take care of that for you," and they were like "REALLY?".
It was a bonding experience. We fought together, side by side, getting bosses down through sheer will and, occasionally, dumb luck. Every single step we took together, through attunements and into raid instances, felt important and everyone learned so much about not just their characters, but their fellow guildies.
Do you know that, to this day, I can basically tell which add Majik is going to sheep and I can trap another one? I've been playing alongside him for so long that I can anticipate just about everything he's going to do. Part of that is because we've played together a LOT, including attunements.
These memories of attuning yourself to a raid, they're not worthless, especially if you're doing it with your friends or your guildies. They're part of the journey you're taking together.
Maybe I have a different perspective on things because I wasn't always a raider and I've always viewed the steps to becoming a raider as being particularly important. Maybe I put too much emphasis on that epic six-hour BRD run when I got attuned to the core. Maybe I should forget about those last-minute, 30-minute pre-raid attunement runs for MC, even though we got GOOD at them and had a blast.
I don't think I will, though. We're coming to the end of my WoW career and what I will remember is not dinging 80 or 85 and running heroics. I'll remember Majik dying on his Jailbreak run and having to do it over again. I'll remember being in awe at the sheer size of Blackrock Depths as this hunter and paladin dragged me (on Kurn), my guildie (a paladin) and a pug mage through everything, including an Emp run. I'll remember getting Hand of A'dal after killing Kael'thas Sunstrider. I'll remember the journeys I've taken with so many people over the years, and attunement is a huge part of some of those journeys.
I think that attunements would be nice. I think that you could even have guild-level attunements or, my preferred option, account-wide attunements. No one liked doing Jailbreak a second time or running through BRD to get attuned a second time or doing the crazy BT attunement for a second character. (Am I weird if I liked doing Karazhan attunement a lot? I thought so.)
More than that, though, I think attunements served a purpose. I think they could still serve a purpose.
I just don't think Blizzard and I will ever agree on the subject and that's just one more reason why I'm calling it quits after Cataclysm.
12 Comments on Kurn's Attunement Ramblings/
How to Prepare a Raiding Guild for Mists of Pandaria: Steps 3 & 4
Kurn / July 5, 2012 / apotheosis, guild, mists of pandaria
Yup, it's that time again, time to help you figure out how to prepare your raiding guild for the upcoming Mists of Pandaria expansion! If you haven't done so already, please do read Steps 1 & 2, as I will be referring to that post quite a bit.
It's taken a bit of time for me to get things going here, because I had my own decision to make and so I've been working behind the scenes with the officers (and without them, too) with transitional stuff. That's a whole OTHER step, though. ;)
So what did I do after asking for people to send me a private message on our forums?
STEP 3: Response Compilation and Preliminary Analysis
I collected their responses in a spreadsheet. Here's a version specifically for readers of my blog that maintains some privacy for my guildies while still sharing how to use the Google Docs comments. (I added some notes as comments in my original document that I've removed from this version, but some are still in use.)
My initial results included three people not returning: myself (I raid as Madrana, so that's how I'm listed in this), Majikmarine and Cinderhaze. It included two people who were unsure about returning: Ashfrost and Hitoku. There was also one person who did not respond at all. I also didn't ask our Initiates for their responses (that will happen at the time of their promotion, if they pass their trials). I did ask other Apotheosis members if they would be interested in raiding with us in Mists. Two said yes, Mabriam and Sturm (both are actually former raiders and Mabriam has actually re-applied and is now an Initiate with us).
So I looked at the list and saw:
Tanks: 4 (2 bears, 1 monk, 1 prot pally)
Healers: 8-9 (2 druids, 1 pally, 2 priests, 2 monks, 1-2 resto shaman)
DPS: 10 (worst case) to 16 (best case, with all MAYBEs turning into a YES, interested non-raiders working out and the DPS Initiates remaining in their roles after passing trials)
So compiling all the information is Step 3. Go browse the spreadsheet, look at the comments by highlighting over the various cells. You'll note that under the Times column, there are just a couple of comments. That meant that most people said our current days/times were good for them. The others indicated that if the times changed, they might not be able to raid or gave a preference to raiding a bit earlier (would be preferred for them, but not absolutely needed) or let us know what days they were definitely not available.
(Judging by my spreadsheet, our raiding times aren't going to change and will continue to be Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays from 9pm-12am ET with invites at 8:45pm ET.)
Okay, on to…
STEP 4: Determining what you need.
I said we had four tanks on the roster for Mists of Pandaria: Choryn (aka Dayden), Division (aka Chronis), Kaleri and Mhoe. I honestly have no problem with this whatsoever. I started out Cataclysm with four tanks (1 bear, 2 prot pallies and a prot warrior) and we lost two tanks before T11 was over, so I have zero problems having a bit of a bloated roster to deal with such happenings. So while I wasn't going to say "hm, we could use a fifth tank", I wasn't going to ask any of the four to not be a tank. Each tank needs to have a decent DPS set as well, so honestly, four tanks is fine.
8-9 healers is fine as well. If our resto shaman passes her trial and wishes to continue healing, we'll have 9 healers. If not, we'll have 8 to start with, which is fine, considering two of them (the monks) will likely be OP to start with, given that they're the new class. (Remember DKs and Sarth 3D? I'm anticipating similar levels of overpoweredness.) But 9 healers won't be a problem either.
10-16 DPS, however, is a problem. On a typical encounter, we have 2 tanks, 6 healers and 17 DPS. We really need to boost that number.
You would think that the next step would be to say "hey, thanks for your responses! Now we know what we have and we're going out there to recruit stuff we don't have!".
But that's not exactly what I did.
Up until the other day, all the results of the PMs responding to me had been only shared with the officers. I have now shared that information with the guild. I have asked them if their primary choice of healing or tanking has changed based on other people's first choices and, if so, to please let me know what they'd prefer to do.
I did this because I know that teamwork in a 25-man guild is important. While the DPS and the healers don't necessarily have to be best friends, the healers do really need to get along well, at least professionally. The tanks do as well. The ranged DPS and the melee DPS should also get along in their particular groups. Further, there's balance to think about. Having three tanks wearing agility leather, plus a feral druid, plus a rogue means some competition for agi leather. Similarly, two healing monks and two healing druids (plus a potential moonkin) might mean problems for intellect leather.
Informing the players who is essentially on the same team-within-a-team as them allows them to make choices that they may enjoy more. It also gives our MAYBE responders time to see if they can decide about continuing with us.
So until this coming Sunday night, my guildies have a chance to change their minds before we solidify the roster and go in search of specific classes.
As you can see, I was really lucky in that I didn't have 8 people wanting to be tanks or 29 people want to be DPS. If your raid's first choices don't all match up nicely like mine did (and you can see, we lose 2 DPS to heals, lose 1 healer to tanking, lose another healer to, well, not playing, so we were lucky), it's time to start negotiating.
The first thing I would do in the case of a conflict is talk to all those people involved. Say that you have five people who are interested in re-rolling DPS Monks. Chances are, your roster cannot handle five DPS Monks. Maybe your roster can handle three. Here's a hypothetical situation for you with all five of these people wanting to be a Windwalker (DPS) Monk.
Person 1: Hunter
Person 2: Shadow Priest
Person 3: Rogue
Person 4: Resto Shaman
Person 5: Protection Warrior
Now (and here's the important part) assuming all skill is equal between the five individuals, I would be inclined to ask for two volunteers to either stick with their current spec (based on balance, of course) or pick a different DPS class (assuming you can handle more DPS). Maybe you'll luck out and get two people who will happily stick with what they're doing or something other than a Windwalker Monk.
If no one volunteers, I would be inclined to ask the resto shaman and prot warrior how badly they want to be monks and if they would consider, for the raid's balance, doing something else. Why? Again, assuming all skill is equal between these people, the hunter, shadow priest and rogue have been main spec DPS for you for X number of months or years. They KNOW (probably…) how to kill things as a DPS. They have the experience. If you had five people wanting to be Mistweaver (healing) Monks, I would want to favour the resto shaman. If you have five people wanting to be Brewmaster (tank) Monks, I would want to favour the prot warrior.
In short, if you're having roster conflicts, I would tend to favour those with good experience in that role already.
Having said that, if skill is not equal among those individuals, go with your better players, hands down, trying to negotiate with the "less-skilled" players or the ones who haven't been there as long as others or some other sort of way to separate them. You need to prioritize people for swapping roles and one of the best ways is player skill, but that can also get ugly.
(Have I mentioned that I'm thrilled not to have to negotiate as of right now? No? I AM THRILLED.)
Next time, we'll get into Steps 5 and 6. Essentially, we'll see if anyone takes me up on the offer and we'll look more carefully at Mists of Pandaria recruitment needs.
2 Comments on How to Prepare a Raiding Guild for Mists of Pandaria: Steps 3 & 4/


text:
Lodowiec Fedczenki () – lodowiec górski w łańcuchu Pamiru w Azji Centralnej w Tadżykistanie. Największy lodowiec Pamiru i  całej Azji, najdłuższy lodowiec na Ziemi poza strefami polarnymi.

Położenie
Lodowiec Fedczenki rodzi się z rozległych pól firnowych usytuowanych na północnych stokach Gór Jazgulemskich (Pasma Jazgulemskiego) i podchodzących pod Szczyt Niepodległości (6940 m n.p.m.). Powstaje na wysokości ok. 6200 m n.p.m. Spływa w kierunku z południa na północ wzdłuż całej prawie wschodniej podstawy Gór Akademii Nauk (Pasma Akademii Nauk). Od wschodu dolinę lodowca ograniczają góry tzw. Południowej Grupy Fedczenki (na południu) oraz ramiona pasma Północny Tanymas. Lodowiec Fedczenki przyjmuje 34 "dopływy" – mniejsze lodowce, które swymi rozmiarami przewyższają jednak wiele największych lodowców alpejskich. Największe z nich mają ponad 20 km długości. Należą do nich: Lodowiec Akademii Nauk, Lodowiec Naliwkina i Lodowiec Biwaczny. Czoło lodowca znajduje się obecnie na wysokości ok. 2910 m n.p.m. Wypływające spod Lodowca Fedczenki obfite w wodę strumienie dają początek rzece Sel-su. Liczne głębokie potoki spływają również latem lodowymi korytami po powierzchni lodowca.

Wymiary
Długość lodowca (wraz z rodzącymi go polami firnowymi) obliczano pierwotnie na ok. 77 km. Późniejsze pomiary radzieckie ustaliły jego długość na 71,5 km, a powierzchnię na 907 km2. Pomiary glacjologiczne zrealizowane w czasie trwania Międzynarodowego Roku Geofizycznego (1957–1958) wykazały, że lodowiec ma długość 71 km i powierzchnię wraz z dopływami 910 km². Jego miąższość sięgała wówczas 550 m, a jęzor lodowca kończył się na wysokości 3012 m n.p.m.. Obecnie ma około 70 km długości i powierzchnię ponad 900 km2. Szerokość jęzora lodowca wynosi od 1500 do 3100 m. Stwierdzono, że w części środkowej masy lodu mogą się poruszać z prędkością do 67 cm na dobę.

Historia badań lodowca
Nazwę lodowcowi nadał pierwszy jego odkrywca – przyjaciel Fedczenki, rosyjski entomolog i podróżnik, Wasilij Oszanin, który w 1878 r. kierował wyprawą w ten rejon Pamiru. Spenetrował on jednak tylko otoczenie czoła lodowca, a jego długość ocenił na ok. 20 km. Następna wyprawa w ten rejon, pod kierownictwem topografa N. I. Kosynienki, wyruszyła dopiero w 1909 r. Jej uczestnicy dostali się na jęzor lodowca, przysypany miejscami rozległymi kamieńcami moreny powierzchniowej, i konno (!) dotarli do jego centralnych części.

Całość lodowca zbadała dopiero w 1928 r. radziecko-niemiecka wyprawa w Pamir, zorganizowana przez radziecką Akademię Nauk oraz Deutschen Alpenverein i Österreichischen Alpenverein. Kierowana ona była przez astronoma J.I. Bielajewa oraz znanego badacza Azji Willego R. Rickmersa. Wyprawa weszła na jęzor od południa, pokonując przedtem grzbiet Pasma Jazgulemskiego i odkrywając wspomniany Szczyt Niepodległości. Uczestniczący w wyprawie niemiecki topograf Richard Finsterwalder przeprowadził pierwsze pomiary lodowca i jego otoczenia metodą fotogrametryczną i sporządził jego pierwszą mapę w podziałce 1:50 000. Grubość lodu w jęzorze obliczył na ok. 500 m (średnio, maksymalnie do 1000 m), a jego objętość na 46 km 3. Dopiero po zejściu uczestniczący w wyprawie radziecki topograf I. G. Dorofjew ustalił, że przebyty lodowiec jest odkrytym 50 lat wcześniej Lodowcem Fedczenki.

Dalsze badania na lodowcu podjęła dopiero z okazji odbywającego się w latach 1957–1958 Międzynarodowego Roku Geofizycznego wyprawa pamirska, zorganizowana wspólnie przez uzbecką Akademię Nauk i badaczy z ówczesnej Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej. Wyprawa ta stwierdziła jednoznacznie regresję lodowca: od 1928 r. jego czoło cofnęło się o 420 m, a objętość lodu skurczyła się o 1 km 3.

Obecnie przyjmuje się, że w ciągu XX w. długość lodowca zmniejszyła się o co najmniej 1 km, jego powierzchnia skurczyła się o ok. 11 km 2, a ubytek masy lodu wyniósł ok. 2 km 3.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Gieysztorowa Irena: Aleksiej Pawłowicz Fedczenko i jego lodowiec, w: "Poznaj Świat" nr 3/1975, s. 9 - 11;

Linki zewnętrzne

Lodowce Tadżykistanu
Geografia Górskiego Badachszanu


Subject: Teaching bottomline, part 3: what should improve.
Let's start by problems I didn't cause.
list of modules loaded, link it to the documentation, etc.
* Building projects is just too hard. I hope ocamlbuild will solve this.
Camelia. What prevents Graphics in Cygwin+X ?
know if/when this will happen.
documentation. Nor do 'Some' and 'None' appear in the list of values.
alone. I might launch a thread on this subject on the ML.
"hidden" Y combinator, but there must be something.
although they're getting better at it.
* Some students rely too much on references.
* The usual note-taking/attention deficit/motivation deficit problems.
* Anonymous functions are still beyond most of them.