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text:
Q: How to do bulk -transformation of form to frame- in Delphi? I have a form with aprox with 200 visual components on it, with a lot of events assigned, and I need to change it now to a frame.I don't have enough time to copy all the components,re-arrange all the visual components and re-assign all the events, align, etc. So, I've copied the pas and the dfm, opened and start to edit them in a text editor(change TForm to Tframe, etc) but it seems that this don't get the expected results.
Has anyone an idea on how to solve this?

A: Observe the differences of a Form and a Frame in your project.
First the project.dpr source:
program Project1;

uses
  Forms,
  Unit1 in 'Unit1.pas' {Form1},
  Unit3 in 'Unit3.pas' {Frame3: TFrame};

{$R *.res}

begin
  Application.Initialize;
  Application.MainFormOnTaskbar := True;
  Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1);
  Application.Run;
end.

Differences:

*

*Frame as a more elaborated comment to tell the IDE which designer it should use

*Form can be autocreate

Dfm files:
object Form1: TForm1
  Left = 0
  Top = 0
  Caption = 'Form1'
  ClientHeight = 348
  ClientWidth = 643
  Color = clBtnFace
  Font.Charset = DEFAULT_CHARSET
  Font.Color = clWindowText
  Font.Height = -11
  Font.Name = 'Tahoma'
  Font.Style = []
  OldCreateOrder = False
  PixelsPerInch = 96
  TextHeight = 13
end

and
object Frame3: TFrame3
  Left = 0
  Top = 0
  Width = 320
  Height = 240
  TabOrder = 0
end

Frame does not have these properties:

*

*Caption

*ClientHeight

*ClientWidth

*Color

*Font.Charset

*Font.Color

*Font.Height

*Font.Name

*Font.Style

*OldCreateOrder

*PixelsPerInch

*TextHeight

Sidenote: Frame does not have these events:

*

*OnCreate

*OnDestroy

A Frame has not global variable like this:
var
  Form1: TForm1;

And a Frame descends from TFrame, whereas a form descends from TForm.
Note: with Frame/Form inheritence, your steps become a bit longer.
--jeroen

A: TForm will have additional properties and events which TFrame wont have. You need to remove those properties and events manually to change to form to frame.
Be sure to followed these steps;

*

*Change base class type to TFrame i.e., change TForm1 = class(TForm) to TForm1 = class(TFrame).

*On the Form, Right click and Select View as Text option.

*Remove the properties and events that TFrame doesn't have and then select View as Form option.

*Now you should be able to view the form as frame.

A: Take time to develop once and for all an IDE expert doing the bulk operation if there is not any working out of the box (proprietary/open source) and you are done.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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A successful firm of chartered surveyors in the Cotswolds have recently instructed Beach Baker to recruit an additional Building Surveyor within their busy office. This company, established 20-years ago, pride themselves on being a traditional firm of surveyors and have an excellent reputation in the local area. A lot of their work is from repeat business in the residential, commercial and education sectors but principally working with listed buildings.
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The European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation (ECTR), comprising former heads of state and government leaders, has requested that the EU establishes national surveillance units to monitor citizens suspected of "intolerance". The ECTR called its proposal the 'Framework National Statute for the Promotion of Tolerance'.
There is no need to be tolerant to the intolerant especially as far as freedom of expression is concerned.
"Members of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups" it adds, "are entitled to a special protection" in addition to the normal legal protections afforded by the state. This "special protection…may imply a preferential treatment" for those identified as "vulnerable".
"It is important to stress that tolerance must be practised not only by Governmental bodies but equally by individuals, including members of one group vis-à-vis another." It adds that the "guarantee of tolerance must be understood not only as a vertical relationship (Government-to-individuals) but also as a horizontal relationship (group-to-group and person-to-person).
Protect the Pope comment: This sinister proposal to establish national surveillance units to monitor citizens suspected of "intolerance" has to be considered a serious threat to our freedom of religion and freedom of expression because it comes from former heads of state and government leaders and not some fringe extremist group of gay and secular lobbyists. If these proposals become law in the European Union then Catholics who uphold the teachings of the Church about the family and sexuality would be unjustly branded as 'intolerant' and subject to surveillance and punitive action by the state. Protect the Pope looks forward to reading the Conference of European Bishops response to this unprecedented threat to the Faith in Europe.
Some re-posts of mine from another blog.
This will happen in Great Britain, America, Canada and most of the Western World. Catholics now have to prepare themselves for persecution, and follow the stages of such, which I have highlighted on my blog here. Some of us have seen this coming for over thirty years. And, many seminarians in the States and some in Great Britain, are prepared for martyrdom. I have been writing about Catholics with their heads in the sand about the reality of the tyranny of relativism since 2007. Some are waking up and listening. Most think that they can dialogue with the world. We are here to convert the world, not to dialogue with evil.
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn said years ago that good cannot dialogue with evil. That is what has happened to bring us in the Church to this spreading and planned persecution of Truth.
As Christ said, "He that is not with me, is against me: and he that gathereth not with me, scattereth."
We need to make choices now either to stand with Truth or not.
"Political liberty is a false liberty, worse than the most abject slavery" (vol. 2, p. 394).
In their correspondence Marx and Engels frequently said that after achieving power, terror would be indispensable, that "it will be necessary to repeat the year 1793. After achieving power, we'll be considered monsters, but we couldn't care less" (vol. 25, p. 187).
Communism has never concealed the fact that it rejects all absolute concepts of morality. It scoffs at any consideration of "good" and "evil" as indisputable categories. Communism considers morality to be relative, to be a class matter. Depending upon circumstances and the political situation, any act, including murder, even the killing of thousands, could be good or could be bad. It all depends upon class ideology.
And who defines class ideology? The whole class cannot get together to pass judgment. A handful of people determine what is good and what is bad. But I must say that in this very respect communism has been most successful. It has infected the whole world with the belief in the relativity of good and evil. Many people besides the Communists are carried away by this idea today.
Among enlightened people it is considered rather awkward to use seriously such words as "good" and '"evil." Communism has managed to instill in all of us that these concepts are old-fashioned concepts and laughable. But if we are to be deprived of the concepts of good and evil, what will be left? Nothing but the manipulation of one another. We will decline to the status of animals. Both the theory and practice of communism are completely inhuman for that reason.
As a person with a Master's Teacher Certification from NAPCIS, I want to alert parents in America to the coming conference against the new Common Core Curriculum. Please pay attention to this.
Here are two links and when the conference gets a website up, I shall share this.
I have been talking with Protestants and other non-Catholics about the Merit of the Catholic Church and how all Christians and even some other good people, if they are saved, are saved through the Merits of the Catholic Church.
This discussion has revealed three sad aspects which I think I need to share with you.
First, the merits are diminishing, as good Catholics are diminishing. The grace which was increasingly strong under persecution of the martyrs and the great prayers of the Church is now not affecting the culture and our families.
Those orthodox Catholics who are still going to daily Mass, praying the rosary, fasting and doing other penances, add to the flow of grace. Are you adding to this grace which could convert the world, but is not?
Second, Protestants, honestly, have become so worldly and compromising the Gospel, they are no longer Christians, but either practical pagans or practical atheists. If one is trying to evangelize Protestants or pagans, these worldly aspects, such as the acceptance of the idolatry of money, the institutionalization of greed, the acceptance of contraception and abortion, the total breaking away of the ideas of personal and final judgement, including the reality of hell and purgatory, and the relativism or acceptance of all religions as valid. These are times when one cannot fudge the Gospel message and the Apostolic Tradition of the Church.
Third, know that you will lose friends and family support, as I have, by holding on to orthodox positions regarding the Merit of the Catholic Church. The idea that there is only one, true Church and that this Church has grace to bring to the world is no longer believed by the vast majority of Catholics. Relativism has placed a dam on the flow of graces going into the world. With the weaknesses of families, parents, with the teaching of bad priests, and the compromises of weak bishops, we are seeing the Merit of the Church basically weakened to the point of not being able to reach out to the world in order to convert it. And, because too many families want to dialogue with the world, especially as many siblings and even grandparents have left the Church, the idea that salvation comes through the Catholic Church is no longer believed by those closest to you.
The sadness of losing family support is a great suffering which I can share with many.
Think about the dwindling merit found in the Church. This is not like banking, by the way, but like a Light, which has been dimmed by the lack of the pursuit of holiness among the members of the Church.
Do we really need to know nasty things about famous people? Biographies about the living or the dead have increasingly become merely sensational books slandering people with talking over coffee tidbits.
I do not think this is useful for history or for our souls. I have stopped reading anything but highly scholarly biographies, and then, even some of them, fall into the titillation mode.
Why do we need all the sexual details of John Maynard Keynes, Oscar Wilde, or Steve Jobs?
I find that those who indulge in such things merely add to a general negativity about life, the universe and everything. Cynicism is a sin, and for those reading one after another of the biographies of politicians or the rich and famous can so easily fall into cynicism.
For the first time in four years, I have seen CNN on the television here in Malta and I am shocked at the lack of news and lack of objectivity. CNN is into brainwashing, period. I did not see one objective news program in two sessions of sitting down with a friend. This group cannot calls itself a professional set of journalists.
The entire three shows I watched were not only of a low standard of reporting, using emotive, "yellow journalism" language, but also, repetitious interviews which "signified nothing".
...a spokesperson for the Guardian said: "The prime minister is wrong to say the Guardian destroyed computer files because we agreed our reporting was damaging.
"We destroyed the computers because the government said it would use the full force of the law to prevent a newspaper from publishing anything about the NSA or GCHQ.
A friend of mine shared a little vision of those who are trying to pursue perfection. He saw people in separate little cells in a desert country praying and becoming perfect through suffering and self-denial.
Can you see yourself in this little vision? I have written in the past about St. Catherine of Siena's making a cell in one's mind....Can you do this, not only for your own protection, but for the building of the Church?
Of course, humility is the answer. Here is long section from the great Garrigou-Lagrange. The boldface type is what I chose as particularly beautiful sections.
And, here is the great prayer of Our Lord in Humility.
We cannot merely be good. We must be excellent. This is one thing Garrigou-Lagrange notes is that God is constantly giving us many graces to which we can respond. I have had a wonderful meditation on the varied levels of meaning of the Presentation of the Lord in the Temple. One is covered here by Garrigou-Lagrange. He notes that although Christ has come for all, many will fall into unbelief and rejection of Him personally.
Here is a snippet. I shall write more on the Presentation later.
...there are other collective trials which demand great uprightness of will: for example, when in the society in which we live some exceptional event occurs that obliges us, though at the cost of great sacrifices, to declare ourselves for God. Such events are visits from the Lord; in them are distinguished His true servants, who, instead of being merely good, must become excellent. With this meaning, the aged Simeon said of the coming of the Child Jesus into the world: "Behold this Child is set for the fall and for the resurrection of many in Israel, and for a sign which shall be contradicted; . . . that out of many hearts thoughts may be revealed." (3) In other words, Christ, who had come for the salvation of all, was to be an occasion of fall for many. Refusing to recognize the Savior in Him, they have fallen into infidelity. Thus the secret thoughts of the Pharisees were revealed, whereas they would have remained partly hidden had the Pharisees lived two centuries earlier. Something similar occurs when there is a great supernatural event, like the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin at Lourdes, an event about which the good and the bad are divided. There is, as Pascal says, sufficient light for those who wish to see and sufficient obscurity for those who do not wish to see. These great events, persecutions, or exceptional visits of the Lord, on the occasion of which the good and the tepid are profoundly divided, throw light on what we are saying here of the passive purification of the soul. In periods when the life of society is not marked by anything exceptionally bad or good, no less a purification is needed to reach sanctity than in periods of social upheaval.


text:
Q: prediction() returning values greater than 1 for logistic regression I have a dataset in which I need to predict a binary outcome (death=yes|no).
   >head(riskScore)
       visitid convulsions unable.to.sit death age.less.4.months subjective.fever difficulty.breathing
1 2200120612          no           yes    no                 1            fever                    1
2 2202801112         yes           yes    no                 1            fever                    1
3 2209440612          no           yes   yes                 1          nofever                    0
4 2200820511          no           yes   yes                 1          nofever                    1
5 2402430812         yes            no    no                 1          nofever                    1
6 2200750512         yes           yes    no                 0            fever                    1
  altered.consciousness unable.to.drink temp.less.35.5 pallor jaundice deep.breathing unconsciousness meningeal.signs
1                     1               1              1      1        0              1               1               0
2                     1               1              0      1        0              1               1               1
3                     1               1              0      0        0              1               1               1
4                     0               1              1      0        0              1               1               0
5                     1               1              1      1        0              1               0               0
6                     1               1              1      1        0              1               1               1
  riskscore riskscorecat
1        10      High>=4
2        10      High>=4
3         9      High>=4
4         9      High>=4
5         9      High>=4
6         9      High>=4

I ran a logistic regression of the values I am interested using glm, but when I try to use the predict() function I am getting values lower than 0 and higher than 1. I am not sure what is happening.
>logit<-glm(death~.,data=riskScore[,-c(1,16,17)], family = "binomial")
        summary(logit)

Call:
glm(formula = death ~ ., family = "binomial", data = riskScore[,
    -c(1, 16, 17)])

Deviance Residuals:
    Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
-1.7094  -0.2518  -0.1754  -0.1462   3.0144

Coefficients:
                        Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept)             -4.53265    0.05340 -84.879  < 2e-16 ***
convulsionsyes           0.32229    0.07447   4.328 1.51e-05 ***
unable.to.sityes         0.58151    0.07721   7.532 5.00e-14 ***
age.less.4.months        1.23293    0.06836  18.037  < 2e-16 ***
subjective.fevernofever  0.87071    0.07830  11.120  < 2e-16 ***
difficulty.breathing     0.40963    0.06802   6.022 1.72e-09 ***
altered.consciousness    0.54633    0.09988   5.470 4.50e-08 ***
unable.to.drink          0.24152    0.06974   3.463 0.000534 ***
temp.less.35.5           0.89761    0.11692   7.677 1.62e-14 ***
pallor                   0.36524    0.06135   5.954 2.62e-09 ***
jaundice                 0.63050    0.13143   4.797 1.61e-06 ***
deep.breathing           0.43571    0.06688   6.515 7.29e-11 ***
unconsciousness          0.94614    0.11055   8.558  < 2e-16 ***
meningeal.signs          0.64848    0.13607   4.766 1.88e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

(Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)

    Null deviance: 12588  on 44980  degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 11046  on 44967  degrees of freedom
  (5268 observations deleted due to missingness)
AIC: 11074

Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 7

Here are the values from Prediction
>prediction<-predict(logit, riskScore)
>length(prediction[prediction<0|prediction>1])
[1] 50204
>summary(prediction)
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's
 -4.533  -4.533  -4.167  -3.815  -3.340   1.197    5268
>prediction[1:50]
          1           2           3           4           5           6           7           8           9          10
 1.12398530  1.19715305  0.97069196  1.08311749  0.78933056  0.86182897  1.00974470  0.63536788  0.88719831  0.84384535
         11          12          13          14          15          16          17          18          19          20
-0.07189721  0.59472009  1.00740095  0.39651479  0.87304497  0.90688192  0.03133122  0.61936992  0.78546065  0.54866902
         21          22          23          24          25          26          27          28          29          30
 0.17429220  0.43421440  0.42529536  0.08584600  0.42227834  0.50222038 -0.14955193 -0.10894807 -0.36910262 -0.13585073
         31          32          33          34          35          36          37          38          39          40
 0.23778021  0.30714403  0.25506022  0.40297594 -0.33391255 -0.49450910 -0.32841837 -0.39808824 -0.35807332  0.11296268
         41          42          43          44          45          46          47          48          49          50
-0.03671438 -0.24974281 -0.05376394 -0.67077795 -0.32081810 -0.07350129 -0.35047305  0.13791068 -0.44453688 -0.51857901

Also, when I was trying to solve the issue I got this error message from confusion matrix:
        >confusionMatrix(prediction, riskScores$death)
Error in confusionMatrix.default(prediction, riskScore$death) :
  the data cannot have more levels than the reference

These are the values I have with table() instead of the ConfusionMatrix(), which I cant really understand:
> table(prediction, riskScore$death)[1:20,]

prediction             no yes
  -4.53264842453133 13877 103
  -4.29112343685774  1103  10
  -4.21035542116192  1788  18
  -4.16740465712558  5648  90
  -4.12301748166234   939  13
  -4.09694208681398   891  17
  -3.98631776105867   125   4
  -3.96883043348833   148   2
  -3.9511349297142    307  10
  -3.92587966945199   593  19
  -3.90214801699655    85   1
  -3.88416439049418    38   1
  -3.88149249398875   128   1
  -3.8554170991404    113   4
  -3.84511165375617   765  19
  -3.80072447829293   129   5
  -3.77464908344457   132   3
  -3.75777371425659   396  10
  -3.74479277338508    27   0
  -3.73169831940823   840  20

Can anyone help me to understand what is happening with the predictions and why I am not having a 2x2 table of yes/no x yes/no?


What is clairsentience – Clairsentience is one of the most interesting aspects of the psychic world. This ability covers a number of things such as the ability to read people and their physical state.
Telepathy Explained – Telepathy is a Greek word; tele means "far-away" and pathy means "to be affected by". It is the transference of information and thoughts between two individuals by means of a sixth sense.
Different types of Paranormal – Paranormal is a very common term which explains the unusual behavior that is not backed up by any scientific explanation or such activities that is unexplainable by all scientific researches which have done so far.
Psychic Prediction – Psychic Prediction goes back thousands of years and it was considered to be a very difficult field, but now it is easier and very different from the past. Now you can find different predictions on websites also.
What is a medium – Mediums are people who have the ability to communicate with the dead. This is a form of psychic ability that has captured the imagination of people all over the world for generations.
What is trance mediumship – There are many different takes on trance mediumship as well as many different people who claim to have mastered this psychic skill.
What is a medium? – A medium is human being who claims to have psychic powers by whose virtue he or she can see the past and future of living beings. They can be fraudulent also. So the prime question is how to trust the medium.
PSYCHIC ADDICTION– People get addicted to various aspects in todays fast moving world but it is rather difficult to understand more about these topics. Psychic addition is one of the harmful ways of addiction which might occur in either ways.
PSYCHIC LOVE– Love psychics are those psychic readers who are specialized in calculating the compatibility between couples. In todays world these love psychics are sort after to clear out their doubts about their future and to check out the energy that exists between them.
Psychic Detective – When they can help you.


Looking for more mermaid magic?
Check out my tutorial for how to make your very own mermaid crown made with seashells and play the part of Queen Mermaid.
Sunlight, sunlight, sunlight! Most varieties need a mostly sunny to fully sunny area to thrive indoors.
Allow the soil to dry in between waterings.
When you water, water thoroughly. Soak the soil but not so much that there is standing water.
If you still find succulents intimidating or you try live succulents and they die, fake succulents will still look great in your garden!
There are so many different options out there. If you are making this with kids, then this is a great introduction to the different kinds. We settled on a few succulents that resembled seaweed and one that looked like it could be a piece of coral.
Did you know that you can buy succulents online? The succulents shown here are available on Amazon! You can also buy live succulents online from Cost Plus World Market. You don't even need to leave the house to go plant shopping if you don't want to.
Fake succulents more your style? Consumer Crafts is my go-to for fake succulents that look beautiful but never die! World Market also has some great looking fake succulents that look real.
Fill your terrarium with potting soil. Of course, like just about everything else, you can also buy potting soil online and have it delivered straight to your house.
Plant your plants in an arrangement that you like leaving room for mermaids, shells or other decorations you choose. If you have a large space you can even add some sand to resemble a beach!
After everything is planted, cover the soil with glass gems. I mixed some different shades of blues for ours. Sea glass would also be a super pretty add in!
Mermaid Garden Step 5: Mermaid-ify!
And the fun part! Time to decorate! Add your mermaids to their new home. I also added in some small shells and sea stars.
If you love this mermaid garden, be sure to pin it to save it for later!
thanks for informative share about that. Its' great idea to decor our garden.


The trial of 49 Egyptian workers in Mahalla opened last Saturday, with 25 of the accused in a cage in court. The trial has been adjourned to 1 September.
The defendants are accused of involvement in the town's two day uprising in April. International pressure has helped in getting other detainees released, so it is vital that trade unionists and activists keep up the pressure on the Egyptian dictatorship to release the Mahalla 49.


The latest excursion by Platz into the animated world of Yukikaze comes in the shape of a 1:144 injected kit of the Yukikaze Mave.
Platz have built a very high reputation for their 1/144 WW2 aircraft, so it's no surprise to see the Yukikaze Mave is equally well produced. Of course, the aircraft is no stranger to Platz, having appeared previously as a 1:72 resin kit - but that was the FRX-00, whereas this is the FFR-41MR (although I have to admit that without the benefit of being able to read the Japanese descriptions, the full significance of the different designations is lost on me).
The parts are beautifully moulded with no flash or sink marks evident. The surface finish consists of fine crisply engraved panel lines. Some of the parts a quite small and their sprue attachments are pretty solid, so a razor saw is a good way to remove them. The breakdown of the parts is quite unconventional compared with a standard aircraft kit, but is actually very logical to capture the radical contours of the futurist fighter.
Rather than just test-fit the main parts, I couldn't resist jumping straight in and building the beast as a little light relief from my normal diet of real-world aircraft. The fit of the parts is excellent and I found no filler was needed. The only point I had to question was the sprue attachment for the canopy, which is on a clear section and no amount of polishing can disguise completely.
The real difference compared with the earlier resin kit is that this time there is a set of stores to mount on the wing and fuselage pylons. There's a useful fit-out chart showing what can be attached to each hard-point and, although the text is all-Japanese, the complement seems to consist of 4 x AAM VII 4 x AAM III, plus what I presume is either an ECM/Recon pod or a drop-tank.
As noted above, the instructions are entirely in Japanese. This doesn't really present any real obstacle to western modellers, because the assembly diagrams are easy to follow and Gunze Sangyo colour matches can be picked out.
Platz's new Yukikaze Mave FFR-41MR is great little kit! It should appeal to aircraft and anime fans alike, and is both beautifully detailed and much more affordable than its (equally excellent) larger resin predecessor. I hope it's just the first of an extended series of styrene kits of the Yukikaze machines in this scale. But Platz, how about a 1:48 injected kit of the Mave? - that really would be awesome! Highly recommended.
Highs: Well detailed and very well moulded. Excellent decals.
Verdict: Platz's Mave FFR-41MR is beautifully produced kit of a really attractive subject. If you've yet to try a Yukikaze model, I can highly recommend them - they are addictive!


INSIGHTS > New Articles > Inside India > 6) Critically discuss the ethical issues arising out of practice of various forms of nationalism.
6) Critically discuss the ethical issues arising out of practice of various forms of nationalism.
Previous story 5) In January last year, the government made it mandatory for urea manufacturers to produce neem-coated urea up to a minimum of 75 per cent of their total production of subsidised urea. Why was this made mandatory? Can this step fulfill intended objectives? Examine.


The Top 5 Best Horror Movies from 1985 Ranked by IMDb, Rotten Tomatoes, MetaCritic and Amazon.
With an average IMDb score of 6.3 from over 18 horror movies released in 1985 you could say it was actually a pretty good year for horror movies. Sure there were some duds (Evils of the Night, Chiller), but we also got some real gems like Come and See (1985) and Twisted Illusions (1985) to name just a few. As horror fans we've come to expect a wide ranging degree of quality from our vice but in 1985 we did pretty good.So grab some snacks and a drink (and maybe something to hide behind) and check out reviews, ratings and trailers for the 1985 - Top 5 Horror Movies ranked by Rotten Tomatoes.


text:
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An Introduction to Auction Theory
Flavio M. Menezes and Paulo K. Monteiro
10.1093/019927598X.001.0001
Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This book presents an in-depth discussion of the auction theory. It introduces the concept of Bayesian Nash equilibrium and the idea of studying auctions as games. Private, common, and affiliated ... More
This book presents an in-depth discussion of the auction theory. It introduces the concept of Bayesian Nash equilibrium and the idea of studying auctions as games. Private, common, and affiliated values models and multi-object auction models are described. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is derived and the optimal auction is characterized to relate the field of mechanism design to auction theory.Less
Flavio M. MenezesPaulo K. Monteiro
This book presents an in-depth discussion of the auction theory. It introduces the concept of Bayesian Nash equilibrium and the idea of studying auctions as games. Private, common, and affiliated values models and multi-object auction models are described. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is derived and the optimal auction is characterized to relate the field of mechanism design to auction theory.
Keywords: auction theory, Bayesian Nash equilibrium, Revenue Equivalence Theorem, multiple objects, private values model, common values model, affiliated values model
in An Introduction to Auction Theory
This introductory chapter provides three examples to illustrate the importance of auction theory to modern economics. These are the problem faced by a regulator wanting to regulate a monopolist with ... More
This introductory chapter provides three examples to illustrate the importance of auction theory to modern economics. These are the problem faced by a regulator wanting to regulate a monopolist with unknown costs, the design of a mechanism that will establish competition for the market when there is none, and the design of a spot market for electricity. It discusses the current treatment of auctions in existing graduate microeconomics textbooks, and compares this book and that of Klemperer (2004). It describes the book's intended audience and its contents.Less
This introductory chapter provides three examples to illustrate the importance of auction theory to modern economics. These are the problem faced by a regulator wanting to regulate a monopolist with unknown costs, the design of a mechanism that will establish competition for the market when there is none, and the design of a spot market for electricity. It discusses the current treatment of auctions in existing graduate microeconomics textbooks, and compares this book and that of Klemperer (2004). It describes the book's intended audience and its contents.
Keywords: auction theory, economics, regulation, competition, sport market, Klemperer
Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate
Claire Holleran
Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of whom were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of ... More
Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of whom were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of the city in the late Republic and the Principate. Through an analysis of the literary, legal, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, together with wide-ranging comparative studies of the distributive trades, this book provides a systematic account of the retail network of Rome — an area of commerce that has been largely neglected in previous studies. The diverse means by which goods were sold to consumers in the city are investigated, from shops and workshops to permanent and periodic markets, fairs, auctions, street traders, and ambulant vendors. The critical relationship between retail and broader environmental factors, including the structure and organisation of production, the wholesale trade, transport systems, social structure, cultural conventions, income levels, and patterns of consumption are all considered, placing the retail trade within the wider context of the urban economy. In exploring the retail trade of Rome in its totality, the book sheds new light on the experience of living in the ancient city.Less
Shopping in Ancient Rome : The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate
Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of whom were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of the city in the late Republic and the Principate. Through an analysis of the literary, legal, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, together with wide-ranging comparative studies of the distributive trades, this book provides a systematic account of the retail network of Rome — an area of commerce that has been largely neglected in previous studies. The diverse means by which goods were sold to consumers in the city are investigated, from shops and workshops to permanent and periodic markets, fairs, auctions, street traders, and ambulant vendors. The critical relationship between retail and broader environmental factors, including the structure and organisation of production, the wholesale trade, transport systems, social structure, cultural conventions, income levels, and patterns of consumption are all considered, placing the retail trade within the wider context of the urban economy. In exploring the retail trade of Rome in its totality, the book sheds new light on the experience of living in the ancient city.
Keywords: Rome, retail, trade, economy, wholesale, shop, market, fair, auction, street traders
Going, Going …
Ken Binmore
in Playing for Real: Game Theory
The most successful area of game theory is auction design. This chapter offers a short review of the subject. Various traditional auctions are described. After showing that most of these generate the ... More
The most successful area of game theory is auction design. This chapter offers a short review of the subject. Various traditional auctions are described. After showing that most of these generate the same expected revenue to the seller under appropriate conditions, a version of the revenue equivalence theorem is proved. Reserve prices are briefly considered. An extended example of the use of the principles of mechanism design in constructing an optimal auction is offered, and the case of common-value auctions is reviewed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the important case of multiunit auctions, and concludes that treasury bonds could be sold on a more scientific basis than at present.Less
The most successful area of game theory is auction design. This chapter offers a short review of the subject. Various traditional auctions are described. After showing that most of these generate the same expected revenue to the seller under appropriate conditions, a version of the revenue equivalence theorem is proved. Reserve prices are briefly considered. An extended example of the use of the principles of mechanism design in constructing an optimal auction is offered, and the case of common-value auctions is reviewed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the important case of multiunit auctions, and concludes that treasury bonds could be sold on a more scientific basis than at present.
Keywords: auction design, William Vickrey, random variable, integrating by parts, revenue equivalence theorem, optimal auction design, winners' curse, toehold model, multiunit auction, treasury bonds
Fusion for Profit: How Marketing and Finance Can Work Together to Create Value
Sharan Jagpal and Shireen Jagpal
Business and Management, Marketing
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the ... More
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based "silos." The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.Less
Fusion for Profit : How Marketing and Finance Can Work Together to Create Value
Sharan JagpalShireen Jagpal
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based "silos." The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.
Keywords: auctions, behavioral targeting, brand equity, customer relationship management, CRM, Internet marketing, managerial compensation contracts, outsourcing, social welfare, strategic flexibility/real options, supply chain coordination
Multiple Objects
This chapter analyses the problems in developing a general theory of multiple-object auctions. Sequential second-price auctions and discriminatory and uniform auctions are examined. The optimal ... More
This chapter analyses the problems in developing a general theory of multiple-object auctions. Sequential second-price auctions and discriminatory and uniform auctions are examined. The optimal auction is characterized, and its expected revenue is compared with that of standard auction formats.Less
This chapter analyses the problems in developing a general theory of multiple-object auctions. Sequential second-price auctions and discriminatory and uniform auctions are examined. The optimal auction is characterized, and its expected revenue is compared with that of standard auction formats.
Keywords: multiple object auctions, second-price auctions, discriminatory auctions, uniform auctions, optimal auction, revenues
Sharan Jagpal
in Fusion for Profit: How Marketing and Finance Can Work Together to Create Value
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ... More
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Keywords: auctions, behavioral targeting, clickthrough fraud, conquest advertising, digital advertising, electronic exchanges, internet marketing, marketing-finance fusion, sales force compensation plans
Choosing Strategies for New Products Using Primary Data
This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test ... More
This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test markets) are available. It shows how the firm can use the MCT methodology to quantify the effects of competitive reaction and measure cannibalization and market-growth effects when it introduces new products into the market. In particular, it shows how the firm can filter out response error in the data from conjoint and intentions studies to obtain unbiased demand and market share estimates for new products.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test markets) are available. It shows how the firm can use the MCT methodology to quantify the effects of competitive reaction and measure cannibalization and market-growth effects when it introduces new products into the market. In particular, it shows how the firm can filter out response error in the data from conjoint and intentions studies to obtain unbiased demand and market share estimates for new products.
Keywords: auctions, choice models, competition-based pricing, conjoint analysis, intentions studies, law of one price, multiproduct firm, new product design, simulated test markets, STMs, test markets
Auctions I: Independent Values
James Bergin
in Microeconomic Theory: A Concise Course
10.1093/0199280290.003.0007
Auctions with independent values are described. Detailed calculations of equilibrium strategies are given for the standard auctions (first price, second price, and so on.) The fundamental revenue ... More
Auctions with independent values are described. Detailed calculations of equilibrium strategies are given for the standard auctions (first price, second price, and so on.) The fundamental revenue equivalence theorem is illustrated by computing expected revenue for five different types of auction. Optimal auctions are described. The impact of risk aversion is considered in the first price auction.Less
Auctions with independent values are described. Detailed calculations of equilibrium strategies are given for the standard auctions (first price, second price, and so on.) The fundamental revenue equivalence theorem is illustrated by computing expected revenue for five different types of auction. Optimal auctions are described. The impact of risk aversion is considered in the first price auction.
Keywords: bidding and risk aversion, canonical prices, Dutch auction, English auction, First price auction, optimal auctions, second price auction
Private Values
This chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders' values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and ... More
This chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders' values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and seller's expected revenue in four distinct types of auctions (first- and second-price sealed-bid, English, and Dutch auctions) are computed. It is shown that bidders bid less than their valuations in the unique symmetric of a first-price auction, and bid their valuations in the unique symmetric equilibrium of the second-price auction.Less
This chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders' values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and seller's expected revenue in four distinct types of auctions (first- and second-price sealed-bid, English, and Dutch auctions) are computed. It is shown that bidders bid less than their valuations in the unique symmetric of a first-price auction, and bid their valuations in the unique symmetric equilibrium of the second-price auction.
Keywords: Independent Private Values model, auctions, equilibrium bidding, seller, first-price sealed-bid, second-price sealed-bid, English auction, Dutch auction, symmetric equilibrium
Auctions II: Dependent Values
Considers auctions with non-independent valuations. Equilibrium bidding behaviour in the first price, second price, and English auctions is characterized. Revenue comparisons are given, showing that ... More
Considers auctions with non-independent valuations. Equilibrium bidding behaviour in the first price, second price, and English auctions is characterized. Revenue comparisons are given, showing that the revenue equivalence theorem fails for the standard auctions when values are correlated. The linkage principle (price is positively 'linked' to information) is described. Finally, full surplus extraction is discussed at length.Less
Considers auctions with non-independent valuations. Equilibrium bidding behaviour in the first price, second price, and English auctions is characterized. Revenue comparisons are given, showing that the revenue equivalence theorem fails for the standard auctions when values are correlated. The linkage principle (price is positively 'linked' to information) is described. Finally, full surplus extraction is discussed at length.
Keywords: Affiliated values, first price auction, optimal auctions, second price auction, surplus extraction, the linkage principle, the winners curse
Initial Equality
Colin M. Macleod
in Liberalism, Justice, and Markets: A Critique of Liberal Equality
Political Science, Political Theory
Examines Dworkin's claim that what justice requires by way of an initial distribution of resources can be established by considering the operation of an ideal market. The special auction device used ... More
Examines Dworkin's claim that what justice requires by way of an initial distribution of resources can be established by considering the operation of an ideal market. The special auction device used by Dworkin to articulate his theory of equality of resources fails because it does not display adequate sensitivity to the conditions under which preferences for goods expressed in even ideal market settings assume ethical significance.Less
Examines Dworkin's claim that what justice requires by way of an initial distribution of resources can be established by considering the operation of an ideal market. The special auction device used by Dworkin to articulate his theory of equality of resources fails because it does not display adequate sensitivity to the conditions under which preferences for goods expressed in even ideal market settings assume ethical significance.
Keywords: auction, distribution, endorsement constraint, envy test, equality of resources, justice, market, opportunity costs, preference formation, preferences
Origin of the Winner's Curse
G. Anandalingam and Henry C. Lucas
in Beware the Winner's Curse: Victories that Can Sink You and Your Company
Business and Management, Strategy
The winner's curse, at its core, is driven by information asymmetry because the buyer does not know the true value of the acquisition. Overpayment occurs beyond auctions; in fact, the possibility of ... More
The winner's curse, at its core, is driven by information asymmetry because the buyer does not know the true value of the acquisition. Overpayment occurs beyond auctions; in fact, the possibility of overpaying arises in a large number of business decisions. The problem is further exacerbated in competitive bidding situations when there are other potential buyers and time to make decisions is compressed. Overvaluing an acquisition has led to reductions in gains, high debt loads, and decreases in the stock price of the firm involved. All of these situations are examined with a combination of accessible theory and very current examples.Less
G. AnandalingamHenry C. Lucas
The winner's curse, at its core, is driven by information asymmetry because the buyer does not know the true value of the acquisition. Overpayment occurs beyond auctions; in fact, the possibility of overpaying arises in a large number of business decisions. The problem is further exacerbated in competitive bidding situations when there are other potential buyers and time to make decisions is compressed. Overvaluing an acquisition has led to reductions in gains, high debt loads, and decreases in the stock price of the firm involved. All of these situations are examined with a combination of accessible theory and very current examples.
Keywords: auctions, overpayment, acquisitions, information asymmetry, competitive bidding
The spectrum auction fiasco
This chapter presents a history and analysis of wireless spectrum auctions, one of the most blatant examples of companies paying far more for an asset than any conceivable market or strategic value. ... More
This chapter presents a history and analysis of wireless spectrum auctions, one of the most blatant examples of companies paying far more for an asset than any conceivable market or strategic value. Most telecommunications companies, whether large or small, framed the issue of needing the option of becoming a wireless player. Thus, despite all efforts at estimating the value of the spectrum rationally, companies try to outbid each other to obtain the spectrum licenses. Telecommunications companies took on a high debt load to finance their purchases making it impossible for them to invest in networks to offer new services. Their auction victories contributed to the decline of economic activity and the lowering of stock prices.Less
This chapter presents a history and analysis of wireless spectrum auctions, one of the most blatant examples of companies paying far more for an asset than any conceivable market or strategic value. Most telecommunications companies, whether large or small, framed the issue of needing the option of becoming a wireless player. Thus, despite all efforts at estimating the value of the spectrum rationally, companies try to outbid each other to obtain the spectrum licenses. Telecommunications companies took on a high debt load to finance their purchases making it impossible for them to invest in networks to offer new services. Their auction victories contributed to the decline of economic activity and the lowering of stock prices.
Keywords: wireless auctions, telecommunications, overpayment
Preliminaries
This chapter presents the concept of a Bayesian Nash equilibrium as defined by Harsanyi (1967). His approach was to transform a game of incomplete information into one of imperfect information; any ... More
This chapter presents the concept of a Bayesian Nash equilibrium as defined by Harsanyi (1967). His approach was to transform a game of incomplete information into one of imperfect information; any buyer who has incomplete information about other buyers' values is treated as if he were uncertain about their types. A brief introduction to auctions is provided, and how these can be viewed as games of incomplete information is explained. The notations that will be used throughout the book are defined.Less
This chapter presents the concept of a Bayesian Nash equilibrium as defined by Harsanyi (1967). His approach was to transform a game of incomplete information into one of imperfect information; any buyer who has incomplete information about other buyers' values is treated as if he were uncertain about their types. A brief introduction to auctions is provided, and how these can be viewed as games of incomplete information is explained. The notations that will be used throughout the book are defined.
Keywords: Bayesian Nash equilibrium, auction theory, games, auctions, incomplete information, imperfect information
Mechanism Design
This chapter discusses how auction theory under independent types can be presented as a mechanism design problem. It is shown that any two mechanisms that allocate the object in the same way and ... More
This chapter discusses how auction theory under independent types can be presented as a mechanism design problem. It is shown that any two mechanisms that allocate the object in the same way and yield the same expected surplus to the individual with the lowest type will generate the same expected revenue for the seller. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is presented and the optimal auction is characterized.Less
This chapter discusses how auction theory under independent types can be presented as a mechanism design problem. It is shown that any two mechanisms that allocate the object in the same way and yield the same expected surplus to the individual with the lowest type will generate the same expected revenue for the seller. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is presented and the optimal auction is characterized.
Keywords: auctions, mechanism design, optimal auction, Revenue Equivalence Theorem
Mixing Things Up
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then ... More
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.Less
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.
Keywords: mixed strategy, sealed-bid auction, reaction curve, Hawk-Dove Game, polymorphic equilibrium, O'Neil's Card Game, payoff region, preplay randomization, Battle of the Sexes, Robert Aumann
Managing in the Global Auction
Phillip Brown, Hugh Lauder, and David Ashton
in The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes
Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter studies the growing importance connected to the way companies are restructuring their global division of labor. It starts with a section on the human resources of a company, who are ... More
This chapter studies the growing importance connected to the way companies are restructuring their global division of labor. It starts with a section on the human resources of a company, who are considered as the sum total of individual skills, knowledge, and know-how that the company has at its disposal. It shows how the global auction has provided companies more strategic choices on how to create a new global division of labor. The next section examines the tension between competitive demands to cut long-term commitments and costs in order to maintain the loyalty, experience, and skills of their workforce. Finally, it considers two waves of offshoring.Less
Phillip BrownHugh LauderDavid Ashton
This chapter studies the growing importance connected to the way companies are restructuring their global division of labor. It starts with a section on the human resources of a company, who are considered as the sum total of individual skills, knowledge, and know-how that the company has at its disposal. It shows how the global auction has provided companies more strategic choices on how to create a new global division of labor. The next section examines the tension between competitive demands to cut long-term commitments and costs in order to maintain the loyalty, experience, and skills of their workforce. Finally, it considers two waves of offshoring.
Keywords: global division of labor, human resources, global auction, competitive demands, workforce, offshoring
High Skills, Low Wages
This chapter considers the full impact of the global auction, as well as the influence of having access to college credentials. It examines the possibility that decreasing returns to human capital ... More
This chapter considers the full impact of the global auction, as well as the influence of having access to college credentials. It examines the possibility that decreasing returns to human capital will be blamed on the aftermath of an economic crash instead of a secular shift in the global balance of economic power. This is followed by a study of the American corporate elites and those who do not have a college degree. The discussion also looks at earnings, which are part of the total rewards for workers. The chapter also examines human capital, the global middle class, the importance of the national context in shaping the global auction for American workers, and the introduction of new technologies as a source of income inequalities.Less
This chapter considers the full impact of the global auction, as well as the influence of having access to college credentials. It examines the possibility that decreasing returns to human capital will be blamed on the aftermath of an economic crash instead of a secular shift in the global balance of economic power. This is followed by a study of the American corporate elites and those who do not have a college degree. The discussion also looks at earnings, which are part of the total rewards for workers. The chapter also examines human capital, the global middle class, the importance of the national context in shaping the global auction for American workers, and the introduction of new technologies as a source of income inequalities.
Keywords: global auction, college degree, corporate elites, human capital, economic crash, economic power, earnings, global middle class, income inequalities
The Commons and Fair Division
ROBERT V. DODGE
in Schelling's Game Theory: How to Make Decisions
Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter looks at self-interest and group welfare in society. It introduces Schelling's view of a social contract to restrict self-interest from overcoming the general good, which is followed by ... More
This chapter looks at self-interest and group welfare in society. It introduces Schelling's view of a social contract to restrict self-interest from overcoming the general good, which is followed by an example he uses. The chapter is then concerned with Hardin's "The Tragedy of the Commons" as an explanation for the failure of individual cooperation in society's interest. Hardin described a multi-person prisoner's dilemma where it was in everyone's interest to cooperate but nobody had individual incentive to do so. Overfishing, pollution, and congestion are common problems which illustrate this. The remainder of the chapter is about the idea of fair division. Historical references come from Herodotus and the Bible. The method of "one cuts, the other chooses," introduces Hugo Steinhaus, who expanded it to encompass "the last diminisher" as a way for physical objects to be distributed among "n" number of players. Steinhaus's method for "adding value" follows, where the total can exceed 100% of what is being divided. This involves the division of objects when claimants place different values on what is to be divided. The use of lottery and auction as methods for fair division are introduced and the chapter concludes with a Schelling problem, "Overbooked Airline Flight." No solutionis provided; just guidelines to consider in determining what would be fair and what would be seen to be fair.Less
This chapter looks at self-interest and group welfare in society. It introduces Schelling's view of a social contract to restrict self-interest from overcoming the general good, which is followed by an example he uses. The chapter is then concerned with Hardin's "The Tragedy of the Commons" as an explanation for the failure of individual cooperation in society's interest. Hardin described a multi-person prisoner's dilemma where it was in everyone's interest to cooperate but nobody had individual incentive to do so. Overfishing, pollution, and congestion are common problems which illustrate this. The remainder of the chapter is about the idea of fair division. Historical references come from Herodotus and the Bible. The method of "one cuts, the other chooses," introduces Hugo Steinhaus, who expanded it to encompass "the last diminisher" as a way for physical objects to be distributed among "n" number of players. Steinhaus's method for "adding value" follows, where the total can exceed 100% of what is being divided. This involves the division of objects when claimants place different values on what is to be divided. The use of lottery and auction as methods for fair division are introduced and the chapter concludes with a Schelling problem, "Overbooked Airline Flight." No solutionis provided; just guidelines to consider in determining what would be fair and what would be seen to be fair.
Keywords: social contract, Tragedy of the Commons, fair division, Hugo Steinhaus, the last diminisher, lottery, auction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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For this GEG Mississippi GHO event, fellow GEG Mississippi member James Comans, leads a discussion about flipping the classroom with Jennifer Gwilt and Sarah Thomas, GEG DC leader.
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text:
Рамон Гайя (; ) — испанский  и писатель.

Биография
Родители — каталонцы, отец — печатник в литографической мастерской, анархист по политическим взглядам. Рамон в 10 лет — при поддержке отца — покинул школу, чтобы заниматься только живописью. Брал уроки у мурсийских художников, друзей отца, читал Толстого, Ницше, Гальдоса из отцовской библиотеки. По стипендии города в 1927 года отправился в Мадрид, был потрясён музеем Прадо, познакомился с Хуаном Рамоном Хименесом, с поэтами поколения 27 года. Затем направился в Париж, где увидел искусство авангарда, но не заинтересовался им.

В годы гражданской войны был на стороне республиканцев. Вместе с Марией Самбрано, Рафаэлем Альберти, Мануэлем Альтолагирре и другими участвовал в создании журнала Hora de España (издавался до 1939). Два его полотна были выставлены в испанском павильоне Всемирной выставки в Париже. При бомбардировке последних дней войны погибла его жена. С остатками республиканских войск пересёк Пиренеи, провёл две недели в концлагере во Франции. Эмигрировал в Мексику, где жил до 1952 года. Дружил с Октавио Пасом, сотрудничал с руководимыми им журналами.

В 1952 году вернулся в Европу, жил в Италии и Франции. В музеях изучал работы художников, ставших для него образцами на всю жизнь — Микеланджело, Тициана, Рембрандта, Ван Гога, Сезанна. В Риме через Марию Самбрано познакомился с Итало Кальвино, Пьетро Читати и др. В 1960 вернулся в Испанию.

Занимался живописью и литературой, был одним из наиболее независимых и авторитетных испанских интеллектуалов второй половины XX века. Выставки художника проходили в музеях Мурсии, Валенсии, Севильи, Мадрида, Барселоны, Парижа, Рима, Лондона. В 1990 году — к 80-летию Рамона Гайи — в Мурсии открылся его персональный музей, основу которого оставили около 500 работ, подаренных автором родному городу.

Избранные литературные сочинения
 El sentimiento de la pintura (1960)
 Velázquez, pájaro solitario (1969)
 Diario de un pintor (1984)
 Homenaje a Picasso (1984)
 Algunos poemas (1991)
 Naturalidad del arte y artificialidad de la crítica (1996)

Издано собрание сочинений Гайи в 4-х томах. Представительную антологию его текстов — эссе, дневники, стихотворения, письма и др. — составил Андрес Трапьельо (см. её в Виртуальной библиотеке Сервантеса: ).

Признание
Золотая медаль Министерства культуры Испании за заслуги в искусстве (1985). Национальная художественная премия (1997). Звание почётного доктора Университета Мурсии (1999). Премия Веласкеса (2002).

В октябре 2010 года страна отметила столетие мастера.

Литература
 Homenaje a Ramón Gaya. — Murcia: Editora Regional, 1980.
 Ramón Gaya: Sentimiento y sustancia de la pintura. — Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1989.
 Santana L. El pensamiento de la pintura en Ramón Gaya. — Las Palmas: Ultramarino, 2005.
 Agamben G. a.o. Ramón Gaya: la hora de la pintura. — Barcelona: Fundació Caixa Catalunya, 2006.
 Murcia Serrano I. Agua y destino: introducción a la estética de Ramón Gaya. — : Peter Lang, 2010.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт
 Сайт музея Рамона Гайи в Мурсии
 Краткая биография, избранные работы on line

Писатели по алфавиту
Писатели Испании XX века
Писатели Испании XXI века
Эссеисты по алфавиту
Эссеисты Испании
Эссеисты XX века
Эссеисты XXI века
Революционеры Испании

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia