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Morgan Stanley (MS) Stock Sinks As Market Gains: What You Should Know
November 29, 2021, 5:50 p.m. ·3 min read
In the latest trading session, Morgan Stanley (MS) closed at $97.23, marking a -0.71% move from the previous day. This change lagged the S&P 500's daily gain of 1.32%. At the same time, the Dow added 0.68%, and the tech-heavy Nasdaq lost 0.15%.
Prior to today's trading, shares of the investment bank had lost 4.72% over the past month. This has lagged the Finance sector's loss of 3.63% and the S&P 500's gain of 3.61% in that time.
Morgan Stanley will be looking to display strength as it nears its next earnings release. In that report, analysts expect Morgan Stanley to post earnings of $1.81 per share. This would mark a year-over-year decline of 5.73%. Meanwhile, the Zacks Consensus Estimate for revenue is projecting net sales of $14.3 billion, up 4.87% from the year-ago period.
MS's full-year Zacks Consensus Estimates are calling for earnings of $7.97 per share and revenue of $59.54 billion. These results would represent year-over-year changes of +21.12% and +23.53%, respectively.
Any recent changes to analyst estimates for Morgan Stanley should also be noted by investors. Recent revisions tend to reflect the latest near-term business trends. As such, positive estimate revisions reflect analyst optimism about the company's business and profitability.
Our research shows that these estimate changes are directly correlated with near-term stock prices. We developed the Zacks Rank to capitalize on this phenomenon. Our system takes these estimate changes into account and delivers a clear, actionable rating model.
The Zacks Rank system ranges from #1 (Strong Buy) to #5 (Strong Sell). It has a remarkable, outside-audited track record of success, with #1 stocks delivering an average annual return of +25% since 1988. Over the past month, the Zacks Consensus EPS estimate remained stagnant. Morgan Stanley is currently sporting a Zacks Rank of #3 (Hold).
Looking at its valuation, Morgan Stanley is holding a Forward P/E ratio of 12.28. This represents a premium compared to its industry's average Forward P/E of 11.97.
Meanwhile, MS's PEG ratio is currently 1.75. The PEG ratio is similar to the widely-used P/E ratio, but this metric also takes the company's expected earnings growth rate into account. The Financial - Investment Bank was holding an average PEG ratio of 0.59 at yesterday's closing price.
The Financial - Investment Bank industry is part of the Finance sector. This group has a Zacks Industry Rank of 58, putting it in the top 23% of all 250+ industries.
Make sure to utilize Zacks.com to follow all of these stock-moving metrics, and more, in the coming trading sessions.
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Adoption: 1. Sec. 2. Declaration of Policies. —
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The Committee on the Rights of the Child
Press Release April 19, 2010
A. Domestic Adoption [ RA 8552 and its IRR] and [RA 9523] 1. Policies
Sec. 2. Declaration of Policies. (a) It is hereby declared the policy of the State to ensure that every child remains under the care and custody of his/her parent(s) and be provided with love, care, understanding and security towards the full and harmonious development of his/her personality. Only when such efforts prove insufficient and no appropriate placement or adoption within the child's extended family is available shall adoption by an unrelated person be considered. (b) In all matters relating to the care, custody and adoption of a child, his/her interest shall be the paramount consideration in accordance with the tenets set forth in the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child; UN Declaration on Social and Legal Principles Relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption, Nationally and Internationally; and the Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. Toward this end, the State shall provide alternative protection and assistance through foster care or adoption for every child who is neglected, orphaned, or abandoned. (c) It shall also be a State policy to: (i) Safeguard the biological parent(s) from making hurried decisions to relinquish his/her parental authority over his/her child; (ii) Prevent the child from unnecessary separation from his/her biological parent(s); (iii) Protect adoptive parent(s) from attempts to disturb his/her parental authority and custody over his/her adopted child. Any voluntary or involuntary termination of parental authority shall be administratively or judicially declared so as to establish the status of the child as "legally available for adoption" and his/her custody transferred to the Department of Social Welfare and Development or to any duly licensed and accredited child-placing or child-caring agency, which entity shall be authorized to take steps for the permanent placement of the child; (iv) Conduct public information and educational campaigns to promote a positive environment for adoption; (v) Ensure that sufficient capacity exists within government and private sector agencies to handle adoption inquiries, process domestic adoption applications, and offer adoption-related services including, but not limited to, parent preparation and post-adoption education and counseling; and (vi) Encourage domestic adoption so as to preserve the child's identity and culture in his/her native land, and only when this is not available shall intercountry adoption be considered as a last resort.
REPUBLIC v CA and BOBILES (1992) 205 SCRA 356 Private respondent Zenaida Bobiles filed a petition to adopt Jason Condat, then 6 yo and who had been living with her family since he was 4 mos old. The court a quo, finding the petition to be sufficient in form and substance, issued and order setting the petition for hearing. The order was duly published and posted with copies seasonably served to interested parties. Nobody appeared to oppose the petition. Subsequently, the RTC granted the petition which was affirmed by the CA. During the pendency of her petition, the FC took effect which makes mandatory the joint adoption of spouses. Petitioner now contends that the petition for adoption should have been dismissed outright as it was filed solely by private respondent without joining her husband Dioscoro Bobiles, in violation of Art 185 FC. It argues that FC must be applied retroactively to the petition of Mrs. Bobiles. And that even if the FC is not applied, the court still erred by granting adoption to both the spouses instead of Zenaida alone.
ISSUE: WON the FC provision regarding joint adoption of spouses should apply HELD: No. Art 256 FC provides for the retroactive effect of appropriate relevant provisions thereof subject to the qualification that such retroactive application will not prejudice or impair vested or acquired rights. Zenaida had rightfully commenced the petition prior to the effectivity of the FC. Her right to that action is not subject to subsequent modification of the law.
Art 185 FC is remedial in nature. Technical rules should not be stringently applied to adoption proceedings because it involves the future condition and paramount welfare of the adoptee. Petition for adoption granted.
(f) "Supervised trial custody" is a period of time within which a social worker oversees the adjustment and emotional readiness of both adopter(s) and adoptee in stabilizing their filial relationship. (g) "Department" refers to the Department of Social Welfare and Development. (h) "Child-placing agency" is a duly licensed and accredited agency by the Department to provide comprehensive child welfare services including, but not limited to, receiving applications for adoption, evaluating the prospective adoptive parents, and preparing the adoption home study. (i) "Child-caring agency" is a duly licensed and accredited agency by the Department that provides twenty four (24)-hour residential care services for abandoned, orphaned, neglected, or voluntarily committed children. (j) "Simulation of birth" is the tampering of the civil registry making it appear in the birth records that a certain child was born to a person who is not his/her biological mother, causing such child to lose his/her true identity and status.
Sec 3. Definition of terms For purposes of this Act, the following terms shall be defined as: (a) "Child" is a person below eighteen (18) years of age. (b) "A child legally available for adoption" refers to a child who has been voluntarily or involuntarily committed to the Department or to a duly licensed and accredited child-placing or child-caring agency, freed of the parental authority of his/her biological parent(s) or guardian or adopter(s) in case of rescission of adoption. (c) "Voluntarily committed child" is one whose parent(s) knowingly and willingly relinquishes parental authority to the Department. (d) "Involuntarily committed child" is one whose parent(s), known or unknown, has been permanently and judicially deprived of parental authority due to abandonment; substantial, continuous, or repeated neglect; abuse; or incompetence to discharge parental responsibilities. (e) "Abandoned child" refers to one who has no proper parental care or guardianship or whose parent(s) has deserted him/her for a period of at least six (6) continuous months and has been judicially declared as such.
Pre-adoption Services
(b) Prospective Adoptive Parent(s) Counseling sessions, adoption fora and seminars, among others, shall be provided to prospective adoptive parent(s) to resolve possible adoption issues and to prepare him/her for effective parenting. (c) Prospective Adoptee Counseling sessions shall be provided to ensure that he/she understands the nature and effects of adoption and is able to express his/her views on adoption in accordance with his/her age and level of maturity. Sec. 5. Location of Unknown Parent(s). It shall be the duty of the Department or the child-placing or child-caring agency which has custody of the child to exert all efforts to locate his/her unknown biological parent(s). If such efforts fail, the child shall be registered as a foundling and subsequently be the subject of legal proceedings where he/she shall be declared abandoned. Sec. 6. Support Services. The Department shall develop a pre-adoption program which shall include, among others, the above mentioned services.
Sec. 4. Counseling Service. The Department shall provide the services of licensed social workers to the following: (a) Biological Parent(s) Counseling shall be provided to the parent(s) before and after the birth of his/her child. No binding commitment to an adoption plan shall be permitted before the birth of his/her child. A period of six (6) months shall be allowed for the biological parent(s) to reconsider any decision to relinquish his/her child for adoption before the decision becomes irrevocable. Counseling and rehabilitation services shall also be offered to the biological parent(s) after he/she has relinquished his/her child for adoption. Steps shall be taken by the Department to ensure that no hurried decisions are made and all alternatives for the child's future and the implications of each alternative have been provided.
(i) a former Filipino citizen who seeks to adopt a relative within the fourth (4th) degree of consanguinity or affinity; or (ii) one who seeks to adopt the legitimate son/daughter of his/her Filipino spouse; or (iii) one who is married to a Filipino citizen and seeks to adopt jointly with his/her spouse a relative within the fourth (4th) degree of consanguinity or affinity of the Filipino spouse; or (c) The guardian with respect to the ward after the termination of the guardianship and clearance of his/her financial accountabilities. Husband and wife shall jointly adopt, except in the following cases: (i) if one spouse seeks to adopt the legitimate son/daughter of the other; or (ii) if one spouse seeks to adopt his/her own illegitimate son/daughter: Provided, However, that the other spouse has signified his/her consent thereto; or
Sec. 7. Who May Adopt. The following may adopt: (a) Any Filipino citizen of legal age, in possession of full civil capacity and legal rights, of good moral character, has not been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude, emotionally and psychologically capable of caring for children, at least sixteen (16) years older than the adoptee, and who is in a position to support and care for his/her children in keeping with the means of the family. The requirement of sixteen (16) year difference between the age of the adopter and adoptee may be waived when the adopter is the biological parent of the adoptee, or is the spouse of the adoptee's parent; (b) Any alien possessing the same qualifications as above stated for Filipino nationals: Provided, That his/her country has diplomatic relations with the Republic of the Philippines, that he/she has been living in the Philippines for at least three (3) continuous years prior to the filing of the application for adoption and maintains such residence until the adoption decree is entered, that he/she has been certified by his/her diplomatic or consular office or any appropriate government agency that he/she has the legal capacity to adopt in his/her country, and that his/her government allows the adoptee to enter his/her country as his/her adopted son/daughter: Provided, Further, That the requirements on residency and certification of the alien's qualification to adopt in his/her country may be waived for the following:
(iii) if the spouses are legally separated from each other. In case husband and wife jointly adopt, or one spouse adopts the illegitimate son/daughter of the other, joint parental authority shall be exercised by the spouses.
Sec. 8. Who May Be Adopted. The following may be adopted: (a) Any person below eighteen (18) years of age who has been administratively or judicially declared available for adoption; (b) The legitimate son/daughter of one spouse by the other spouse; (c) An illegitimate son/daughter by a qualified adopter to improve his/her status to that of legitimacy; (d) A person of legal age if, prior to the adoption, said person has been consistently considered and treated by the adopter(s) as his/her own child since minority; (e) A child whose adoption has been previously rescinded; or (f) A child whose biological or adoptive parent(s) has died: Provided, That no proceedings shall be initiated within six (6) months from the time of death of said parent(s).
In re Adoption of Edwin Villa, There is no provision in the law prohibiting
relatives by blood from adopting one another. A. 335 NCC enumerates those persons who may not adopt, 339 NCC names those who cant be adopted and 338 NCC on the other hand allows the adoption of a natural child by the natural father or mother, of other illegitimate kids by their father or mother, and a stepchild by the stepdad or stepmom. To say that adoption shouldnt be allowed when the adopter and the adopted are related to each other, except in those cases enumerated Art 338 CC is to preclude adoption among relatives no mater how removed or in whatever degree that relationship might be, w/c isnt the policy of the law. Adoption statutes, being humane and salutary, and designed to provide homes, care and education for unfortunate kids, should be construed so as to encourage the adoption of such kids by persons who can properly rear and educate them.
Sec. 9. Whose Consent is Necessary to the Adoption. After being properly counseled and informed of his/her right to give or withhold his/her approval of the adoption, the written consent of the following to the adoption is hereby required: (a) The adoptee, if ten (10) years of age or over; (b) The biological parent(s) of the child, if known, or the legal guardian, or the proper government instrumentality which has legal custody of the child; (c) The legitimate and adopted sons/daughters, ten (10) years of age or over, of the adopter(s) and adoptee, if any; (d) The illegitimate sons/daughters, ten (10) years of age or over, of the adopter if living with said adopter and the latter's spouse, if any; and (e) The spouse, if any, of the person adopting or to be adopted.
IN RE ADOPTION OF EDWIN VILLA (1967) aka SANTOS Jr. v REPUBLIC 21 SCRA 299 Spouses Luis Santos Jr a lawyer and Edipola Villa a nurse, having no child of their own, filed a petition praying that the minor Edwin Villa, a younger brother of Edipola, be declared their son by adoption. Due to the childs sickness, he was entrusted to the petitioners since birth. The natural parents of the minor voluntarily gave their consent and written conformity to the adoption. The SG opposed the petition on the ground that relatives by blood or by affinity are prohibited from adopting one another bec of the incongruous dual relationship that will result. TC dismissed the petition, hence this appeal. ISSUE: WON an elder sister may adopt her younger brother HELD: Yes. There is no provision in the law prohibiting relatives by blood from adopting one another. A. 335 NCC enumerates those persons who may not adopt, and it has been shown that petitioners arent among those prohibited from adopting. A. 339 NCC names those who cant be adopted and the minor Edwin isnt one of those excluded by law. A. 338 NCC on the other hand allows the adoption of a natural child by the natural father or mother, of other illegitimate kids by their father or mother, and a stepchild by the stepdad or stepmom. To say that adoption shouldnt be allowed when the adopter and the adopted are related to each other, except in those cases enumerated Art 338 CC is to preclude adoption among relatives no mater how removed or in whatever degree that relationship might be, w/c isnt the policy of the law. Adoption statutes, being humane and salutary, and designed to provide homes, care and education for unfortunate kids, should be construed so as to encourage the adoption of such kids by persons who can properly rear and educate them. The fact that adoption in this case will result in a dual relationship between the parties, that the adopted brother will also be the son of the adopting sister, shouldnt prevent the adoption. One is by nature, while the other is by fiction of law. The relationship established by adoption is limited to the adopting parents and doesnt extend to their other relatives, except as expressly provided by law. Petition for adoption granted.
REPUBLIC v TOLEDANO and SPS. CLOUSE (1994) 233 SCRA 9 Spouses Alvin and Evelyn Clouse filed a petition to adopt Solomon, Evelyns 12 yo brother. Alvin is a natural born American citizen while Evelyn was a former Filipno who became naturalized American citizen in Guam. Solomon Joseph Alcala and his mother, Nery Alcala consented to the adoption due to her inability to support the boys education. HELD: The Clouse may not adopt Filipino children. Alvin is not qualified to adopt under FC because he is not a former Filipino citizen and Solomon is not his relative by consanguinity nor the legitimate child of his spouse. Evelyn, as a former Filipino citizen, is qualified to adopt but the FC requires spouses to jointly adopt. Hence, the spouses may not adopt Solomon. ** Under RA 8552 qualified resident aliens may adopt Filipino citizens REPUBLIC v MILLER (1999) 306 SCRA 183 Claude Miller, formerly a member of the US Air Force assigned at Clark Air Base, and his wife, Jumrus Miller, both US citizens but residing in Angeles City, filed before RTC a verified petition to adopt minor Michael Magno Madayag. Poverty and deep concern for his future prompted Michaels natural parents to give their irrevocable consent to the adoption. RTC granted petition for adoption finding petitioners to possess all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications for adoption. Michael was freed from all obligations of obedience and support with respect to natural parents. He was then declared child of the Millers by adoption. His surname was to be changed from Madayag to Miller. ISSUE: WON the Court may allow aliens to adopt a Filipino child despite the prohibition under FC, effective on Aug 3, 1988, when the petition for adoption was filed before FC, on July 29, 1988, under the provision of the Child and Youth Welfare Code, which allowed aliens to adopt. HELD: Yes. The enactment of FC will not impair the right of alien respondents to adopt a Filipino child because the right has become vested at the time of filing of the petition for adoption and shall be governed by the law then in force. A vested right is one whose existence, effectivity and extent does not depend upon events foreign to the will of the holder. The jurisdiction of the court is determined by the statute in force at the time of the commencement of the action. Adoption statues, being humane and salutary, hold the interests and welfare of the child to be of paramount consideration. Every reasonable intendment should be sustained to promote and fulfill the compassionate and noble objectives of the law.
parental authority shall be vested in the adopter(s). The court may motu proprio or upon motion of any party reduce the trial period if it finds the same to be in the best interest of the adoptee, stating the reasons for the reduction of the period. However, for alien adopter(s), he/she must complete the six (6)-month trial custody except for those enumerated in Sec. 7 (b) (i) (ii) (iii). If the child is below seven (7) years of age and is placed with the prospective adopter(s) through a pre-adoption placement authority issued by the Department, the prospective adopter(s) shall enjoy all the benefits to which biological parent(s) is entitled from the date the adoptee is placed with the prospective adopter(s). Sec. 15. Confidential Nature of Proceedings and Records. All hearings in adoption cases shall be confidential and shall not be open to the public. All records, books, and papers relating to the adoption cases in the files of the court, the Department, or any other agency or institution participating in the adoption proceedings shall be kept strictly confidential. If the court finds that the disclosure of the information to a third person is necessary for purposes connected with or arising out of the adoption and will be for the best interest of the adoptee, the court may merit the necessary information to be released, restricting the purposes for which it may be used.
Sec. 10. Hurried Decisions. In all proceedings for adoption, the court shall require proof that the biological parent(s) has been properly counseled to prevent him/her from making hurried decisions caused by strain or anxiety to give up the child, and to sustain that all measures to strengthen the family have been exhausted and that any prolonged stay of the child in his/her own home will be inimical to his/her welfare and interest. Sec. 11. Case Study. No petition for adoption shall be set for hearing unless a licensed social worker of the Department, the social service office of the local government unit, or any child-placing or child-caring agency has made a case study of the adoptee, his/her biological parent(s), as well as the adopter(s), and has submitted the report and recommendations on the matter to the court hearing such petition. At the time of preparation of the adoptee's case study, the concerned social worker shall confirm with the Civil Registry the real identity and registered name of the adoptee. If the birth of the adoptee was not registered with the Civil Registry, it shall be the responsibility of the concerned social worker to ensure that the adoptee is registered. The case study on the adoptee shall establish that he/she is legally available for adoption and that the documents to support this fact are valid and authentic. Further, the case study of the adopter(s) shall ascertain his/her genuine intentions and that the adoption is in the best interest of the child. The Department shall intervene on behalf of the adoptee if it finds, after the conduct of the case studies, that the petition should be denied. The case studies and other relevant documents and records pertaining to the adoptee and the adoption shall be preserved by the Department. Sec. 12. Supervised Trial Custody. No petition for adoption shall be finally granted until the adopter(s) has been given by the court a supervised trial custody period for at least six (6) months within which the parties are expected to adjust psychologically and emotionally to each other and establish a bonding relationship. During said period, temporary
LAZATIN v CAMPOS (1979) 92 SCRA 250 Dr. Mariano M. Lazatin died intestate and was survived by his wife, Margarita de Asis, and his adopted twin daughters Nora L. De Leon (married to Bernardo de Leon) and Irma Lazatin (married to Francisco Veloso) A month after Mariano Lazatins death, Margarita de Asis commenced an intestate proceeding before the CFI of Pasay. To the said proceeding, Mariano, Oscar, Virgilio and Yvonne intervened since they claimed to be admitted illegitimate (not natural) children of Mariano with a woman named Helen Muoz. Subsequently, one Lily Lazatin also intervened, claiming to be another illegitimate (not natural) child 2 months after the intestate proceeding, Margarita de Asis died but left a holographic will (a will written entirely in the testators hand), which provided, among others, for: o a legacy of cash, jewelry and stocks to Arlene De Leon, a granddaughter o a legacy of support to Rodolfo Gallardo, a son of her late sister o a legacy of education to Ramon Sta. Clara (petitioners son) During Margarita de Asis lifetime, she kept a safety deposit box at the Peoples Bank and Trust Company, which either she or Nora could open. Five days after Margaritas death, Nora opened the said box and removed its contents (shares of stock, adoption papers of hers and her sisters, jewelry belonging to her and to her mother) Her sole reason for opening the box was to get the stock certificates and other small items. A bank personnel informed her that she needed an authority from the court to open the box in view of her mothers death. So, she decided to remove everything from it On June 3, 1974, the private respondents filed a petition to probate the will of Margarita Days after learning that Nora opened the box, Ramon Sta. Clara filed a motion in the probate court, claiming: o that Margarita had executed a will subsequent to that submitted for probate o demanded its production o prayed for the opening of the box Of course, when the court ordered its opening, the box was already empty. Seven months after Margaritas death, Renato Lazatin intervened for the first time as an admitted illegitimate child. Then he also filed a motion to intervene in the estate of Margarita de Asis, this time as an adopted child on the basis of an affidavit executed by Benjamin Lazatin, brother of Mariano, stating that Renato was an illegitimate child of Mariano who has later adopted by him. The affidavit was later modified to state that Renato was adopted by both Mariano and Margarita Renatos motion to intervene in the settlement of the estate of Margarita was denied by the lower court on the ground that the evidence presented tend to prove that he was a recognized natural child of Mariano, but not a legally adopted child of Margarita. He never presented a decree of adoption in his favor. Likewise, Renatos motion for reconsideration was denied by the court unless he presented some documentary evidence to prove his adoption Renato Lazatin filed a motion for intervention in the probate proceedings of the estate of Margarita de Asis as an adopted child. ISSUE: WON Renato is an adopted child HELD: Renato has not established his status as an adopted child. Secondary evidence is not admissible unless the existence of the records are proven along with the contents of the records and its loss. Adoption is a juridical act and the statutory requirements must be strictly carried out otherwise it is a nullity. The fact of adoption is never presumed, but must be affirmatively proven by the person claiming its existence. SANTOS v ARANZANSO (1966) 16 SCRA 344 Paulina, 17 and Aurora, 8 were adopted by spouses Simplicio Santos and Juliana Reyes. The two minors were in the custody of the couple since infancy and the whereabouts of their biological parents are unknown since the outbreak of the war. Crisanto de Mesa, the guardian ad litem gave his written consent to the adoption. Paulina who was over 14 years old then also put in writing her assent to the proceeding. An adoption decree was eventually granted 8 years later, Juliana died and Simplicio commenced the settlement of her estate declaring that he and the two adopted daughters, are the surviving heirs Gregoria Aranzanso, an alleged first cousin of Juliana opposed the settlement estate saying that the marriage between Juliana and Simplicio is void ab initio for being bigamous. Likewise, the adoption is also null for want of written consent of their parents. Demetria Ventura, who claims to be another cousin of Juliana and mother of Paulina filed her opposition in the same tenor as Gregorias.
ISSUE: WON the adoption decree is valid. HELD: Yes. Consent by the parents to the adoption is not an absolute requisite. If the natural parents have abandoned their kids, consent by the guardian ad litem suffices. In adoption proceedings, abandonment imports any conduct on the part of the parent w/c evinces a settled purpose to forgo all parental duties & relinquish all parental claims to the child. It means neglect or refusal to perform the natural & legal obligations of care & support which parents owe to their kids. Although the adoption court did not use the term abandonment the reasons propounded bear the essential elements of abandonment. Granting arguendo that the marriage between Juliana and Simplicio is void, the adopted children are deemed to be adopted by Juliana as a single person. The philosophy behind adoption statutes is to promote welfare of the child, every reasonable intendment should be sustained to promote that objective. DSWD v BELEN (1997) 275 SCRA 645 Spouses Desiderio Soriano and Aurora Bernardo, naturalized US citizens, filed a petition to adopt their niece, the minor Zhedell Bernardo Ibea. Respondent Judge Antonio Belen granted the petition based on the findings and recommendations of the DSWD that the adopting parents and the adoptee have developed emotional attachment. When travel clearance was being sought from DSWD so that the child may join her adopters in the States, it was discovered that DSWD was not informed about the commencement of the adoption proceedings nor was it given notice of the petition being granted.
HELD: The DSWD has to be notified of the adoption proceedings. A Home and Child Study Report is mandatory before adoption is to be finalized. The DSWD is undoubtedly has the necessary competence, more than that possessed by the court social welfare officer, to make the proper recommendation. Adoption is a legal advice by which a better future may be accorded an unfortunate child. Judge censured and social worker reprimanded.
Decree of Adoption
Sec. 14. Civil Registry Record. An amended certificate of birth shall be issued by the Civil Registry, as required by the Rules of Court, attesting to the fact that the adoptee is the child of the adopter(s) by being registered with his/her surname. The original certificate of birth shall be stamped "cancelled" with the annotation of the issuance of an amended birth certificate in its place and shall be sealed in the civil registry records. The new birth certificate to be issued to the adoptee shall not bear any notation that it is an amended issue.
Sec. 13. Decree of Adoption. If, after the publication of the order of hearing has been complied with, and no opposition has been interposed to the petition, and after consideration of the case studies, the qualifications of the adopter(s), trial custody report and the evidence submitted, the court is convinced that the petitioners are qualified to adopt, and that the adoption would redound to the best interest of the adoptee, a decree of adoption shall be entered which shall be effective as of the date the original petition was filed. This provision shall also apply in case the petitioner(s) dies before the issuance of the decree of adoption to protect the interest of the adoptee. The decree shall state the name by which the child is to be known.
Effects on Parental Authority Sec. 16. Parental Authority. Except in cases where the biological parent is the spouse of the adopter, all legal ties between the biological parent(s) and the adoptee shall be severed and the same shall then be vested on the adopter(s). Legitimacy Sec. 17. Legitimacy. The adoptee shall be considered the legitimate son/daughter of the adopter(s) for all intents and purposes and as such is entitled to all the rights and obligations provided by law to legitimate sons/daughters born to them without discrimination of any kind. To this end, the adoptee is entitled to love, guidance, and support in keeping with the means of the family. Succession Sec. 18. Succession. In legal and intestate succession, the adopter(s) and the adoptee shall have reciprocal rights of succession without distinction from legitimate filiation. However, if the adoptee and his/her biological parent(s) had left a will, the law on testamentary succession shall govern.
Cases: Macario, Celso & Aurelia all surnamed TAMARGO, petitioners vs. COURT OF APPEALS, Hon. Ariston Rubio, RTC, Victor & Clara Bundoc, respondents Petition for review of CA decision Facts:
Oct. 20, 1982: 10 yr old Adelberto Bundoc shot Jennifer Tamargo w/an air rifle w/c resulted in her death. Macario Tamargo, Jennifers adopting parent & sps Celso & Aurelia Tamargo, Jennifers natural parents, filed a civil complaint for damages against sps Victor & Clara Bundoc, Adelbertos natural parents w/whom he was living at the time of the incident. Criminal case: Adelberto acquitted for acting w/o discernment. Prior to the incident or on Dec. 10, 1981, sps Sabas & Felisa Rapisura filed a petition to adopt Adelberto such was granted on Nov. 18, 1982. Bundoc sps claim that the Rapisura sps should be the proper parties in this suit since parental authority shifted to the adopting parent from the moment the petition for adoption was filed. Tamargos claim that since Adelberto was staying w/the Bundocs at the time of the incident, their parental authority over the child had not ceased. Trial court: dismissed petition claiming Bundocs were not proper parties. Tamargos filed MFR but denied for failure to give notice to all parties 3 days before the hearing. Appeal was likewise dismissed for being filed out of time. CA: dismissed. Petitioners lost their rt to appeal.
Issues & Ratio: 1. WON petitioners despite losing their rt to appeal may still file this petition. - YES
Since MFR did not comply w/notice requirement, its only considered pro forma & it did not interrupt/suspend reglementary period to appeal. Whats mandatory is the service of motion on the opposing counsel indicating time & place of hearing. Technical rules suspended in order that substantial justice may be served. Rules of procedure ought not to be applied in a rigid technical sense. Theyre only used to help secure not override substantial justice. Rigid enforcement would defeat the aim.
2. WON effects of adoption in so far as parental authority is concerned may be given retroactive effect so as to make the adopting parents the proper party in a damage suit filed against their adopted child. - NO
Not disputed that Adelbertos act gave rise to a cause of action on quasi-delict against him. CC Art. 2176: Whoever by act/omission causes damage to another, there being fault/negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault/negligence if theres no pre-existing contractual relation bet parties is called a quasi-delict. CC ART. 2180: Obligations under Art. 2176 are demandable not only from ones own acts/omissions but also for those of persons for whom one is responsible. The father, & in case of his death/incapacity, the mother, are responsible for the damages caused by the minor children who live in their company. Responsibility will cease if they prove that they observed all the diligence of a good father of a family to prevent damage. CC Art. 2180 is frequently called as vicarious liability or the doctrine of imputed negligence. Parental liability is a natural/logical consequence of the parents duties & responsibilities (includes instructing, controlling & disciplining of child). Civil liability is based on parental authority vested by CC upon parents. It assumes that parents were negligent in the performance of their legal & natural duty to supervise the child whos in their custody & control. Presumption may be overturned by proof that they exercised all diligence to prevent damage. Bundoc sps had parental authority over Adelberto when incident occurred. Its logical that the natural parents who had actual custody of the minor are the proper parties to the suit for damages. But they rely on Child & Youth Welfare Code, Art. 36 w/c provides that a decree of adoption shall be effective as of the date the original petition was filed. Further, they rely on Art. 39 of the same code w/c provides that adoption shall dissolve the authority vested in the natural parents except where adopter is sp of the surviving natural parent. But CC provides that the basis of parental liability for torts of a minor child is the relationship existing bet parents & minor child LIVING with them & over whom law presumes the parents exercise supervision & control. Art. 58 of the Child & Youth Welfare Code provides that parents & guardian responsible for damages caused by child under their parental authority in accordance with the CC. FC Art. 221 likewise provides that parents are responsible for damages & injuries caused by minors living in their company & under their parental authority.
Retroactivity may be allowed if it will permit the accrual of benefits/advantages in favor of the adopted child. But it wont be proper to retroactively apply a liability incurred when adopting parents had no actual or physical custody over the child. Unfair to burden them w/liability they could not have foreseen or prevented esp in this case where they were in the US at the time of the incident. Holding them liable would be inconsistent w/the philosophy & policy underlying the doctrine of vicarious liability. Art. 35 of the Child & Youth Welfare Code provides that no petition for adoption shall be finally granted unless adopting parents are given a supervised trial custody period of at least 6 mos to assess their readiness. During the period of trial custody, parental authority shall be vested in adopting parents. In this case, trial custody period had not yet begun or had already been completed at the time the incident took place. Besides, actual custody was then w/his natural parents. Held: Petition granted. CA reversed & set aside. Complaint reinstated & remanded to the lower court for further proceedings.
SAYSON v CA (1992) 205 SCRA 321
Rafaela Eleno Mauricio Rosario Basilisa
Teodoro Isabel Delia Teodoro (adopted) Edmundo (adopted)
The surviving brother, sisters and mother-in-law of Teodoro filed a complaint for partition and accounting of the intestate estate of the deceased spouses Doribel (legitimate) Teodoro and Isabel, but this was resisted by Delia, Edmundo and Doribel Sayson, alleging successional rights to the disputed estate as the decedents lawful descendants Delia, Edmundo and Doribel filed another complaint for the accounting and partition of the estate of their grandparents (Eleno and Rafaela) against the 4 surviving children, alleging that Delia and Edmundo were the adopted children of Teodoro and Isabel, and that Doribel was a legitimate child as such, they were entitled to inherit Teodoros share in his parents estate by right of representation The lower court decided both cases in favor of herein respondents Both decisions were based on findings evidenced by the decree of adoption of Delia and Edmundo, and the birth certificate of Doribel In the first case, it was held that the respondents, being legitimate heirs of Teodoro and Isabel, the herein petitioners were excluded from sharing in the estate of the spouses In the second case, it was held that Delia, Edmundo and Doribel were entitled to inherit from Eleno and Rafaela by right of representation (of their father Teodoro) The CA, however, held that Delia and Edmundo are NOT entitled to inherit from the estate of Eleno and Rafaela, but affirmed the lower courts decision in all other respects Petitioners contend that: Delia and Edmundo were not legally adopted because Doribel had already been born when the decree of adoption was issued. Doribels birth disqualified her parents from adopting based on Art 335 CC, which names among those who cannot adopt those who have legitimate, legitimated, acknowledged natural children, or natural children by legal fiction. Doribel is not a natural child of Teodoro and Isabel, but of Edita Abila who manifested in a petition for guardianship of the child that she was the mother of Doribel
1. WON Delia and Edmundo were legally adopted children of Teodoro and Isabel - YES It is too late to challenge the decree of adoption. It was issued way back in 1967, and therefore has become final and executory Assuming that the petitioners were the proper parties, they should have seasonably appealed or assailed the decree of adoption on the basis of Doribels birth before or seasonably after the decree was issued, but they did not Mauricio also claims to have no personal knowledge of Doribels birth A challenge to the validity of the adoption cannot be made collaterally, as in petitioners action for partition, but in a direct proceeding frontally addressing the issue A presumption arises in such cases where the validity of the judgment is thus attacked that the necessary jurisdictional facts were proven Santos v Aranzanso An adoption order implies the finding of the necessary facts, and the burden of proof is on the party attacking it
2. WON Doribel is a legitimate child - YES Doribels birth certificate is one of the prescribed means of recognition under both Art 265 CC and Art 172 FC. Although it is only prima facie evidence of filiation, which may be refuted by evidence, such evidence is lacking in this case Mauricios testimony that he was present when Doribel was born to Edita Abila is suspect as it comes from an interested party Abilas affidavit denying her earlier statement in the petition for the guardianship of Doribel is hearsay. It was also never offered in evidence in the lower courts. Even without Abilas affidavit, the birth certificate must be upheld. It was held in Legaspi v CA that the evidentiary nature of public documents must be sustained in the absence of strong, complete, and conclusive proof of its falsity or nullity Doribels legitimacy cannot be questioned in a complaint for partition and accounting. It should be questioned in a direct action seasonably filed by the proper party It cannot be questioned by way of defense or as a collateral issue in another action for a different purpose
3. WON Delia, Edmundo and Doribel are entitled to inherit from Teodoro and Isabel - YES Doribel, as the legitimate daughter, and Delia and Edmundo, as their adopted children, are exclusive heirs to the intestate estate of the deceased couple, in conformity with Art 979, which states that legitimate children, which includes adopted children, succeed their parents
The underlying philosophy of the article is that a persons love descends first to his children, and grandchildren before it ascends to his parents and thereafter spreads among his collateral relatives It is also supposed that one of a persons purposes in acquiring property is to leave them eventually his children as a token of his love for them and as a provision for their continued care after his death
4. WON Delia and Edmundo are entitled to inherit from Eleno and Rafaela - NO The grandparents were total strangers to Delia and Edmundo, as adopted children An adopted child is deemed to be a legitimate child, and thus has the same rights as legitimate child. HOWEVER, these rights do not include the right of representation. The relationship created by the adoption is between only the adopting parents and the adopted child, and does not extend to the blood relatives of either party.
* The adopted children are entitled to Teodoros estate. Legally adopted children have the right to inherit from the adoptive parents. However, the adopted children may not represent their adoptive parent. Adoption creates a relationship only between the adoptive parents and the adopted. It does not extend to the blood relatives of either party. JOHNSTON v REPUBLIC (1963) 7 SCRA 1040 Isabel Johnston filed a petition to adopt a 2 yo minornamed Ana Isabel Henriette Antonio Concepcion Georgiana from Hospicio de San Jose as she is in a childless marriage with Raymond Arthur Johnston. The petition was granted and the child was given Isabels maiden surname, Valdez. Isabel filed a motion to change the childs surname to Valdez-Johnston, Isabels married name. HELD: Isabels husband did not concur in the adoption. Hence, the child should use Isabels maiden name or it may lead to confusion. REPUBLIC v WONG (1992) 209 SCRA 189 Maximo Wong is the legitimate son of Maximo Alcala Sr and Segundina Alcala. When they were 2 and 9 yo respectively, he and his sister were legally adopted by Hoon Wong and Concepcion Ty Wong (naturalized Filipinos who are childless after 15 yrs of marriage. When he turned 22, Maximo wants to revert to his natural parents real name saying that the Chinese surname of his adoptive parents embarrassed and isolate him in his Muslim community. Likewise, it hampers the progress of his business (furniture store). The adoptive mom does not mind his action and even assured that he will still be entitled to inherit from them despite the name change. RTC granted the petition for change of name SG resists because change of name is an act of ingratitude to his adoptive parents who cared for him.
ISSUE: WON the reasons submitted by Maximo are valid, sufficient & proper to warrant the granting of the petition. HELD: Yes. It was proven that the surname was detrimental to Maximos business. Likewise, the change of Maximos surname was not done to defraud anyone. Use of the adoptive parents surname is not the main objective of adoption but merely one of its effects. FC echoes the same statutory right of an adopted child to use the surname of the adopter. Thus, the use of the surname of the adopter by the adopted child is both an obligation and a right. SC said that the State has an interest in the names borne by individuals & entities for the purpose of identification & a change of name is not a matter of right but of sound judicial discretion, to be exercised in the light of reasons adduced & the consequences that will likely follow; it is a privilege w/c may be granted upon showing of a proper or reasonable cause or compelling reason. While it is true under the law that an adopted child must bear the name of the adopter, the change of the surname of the adopted child is more an incident rather than the object of adoption proceedings. REPUBLIC v CA and CARANTO ( ) 255 SCRA 99 Midael had been living with Jaime since he was 7 years old. When Jaime married Zenaida on 19 January 1986, Midael stayed under their care and custody. Spouses Jaime and Zenaida Caranto filed for the adoption of 15 yo minor Midael C. Mazon on 2 September 1988. Aside from the decree of adoption, they also prayed for the change in the given name birth certificate entry from Midael to Michael. OSG opposed the petition insofar as it also sought to change Midael to Michael in an adoption proceeding. RTC dismissed OSG and rendered judgment on 30 May 1989 granting Caranto spouses petition. OSG appealed to CA, CA upheld RTC on 23 January 1992; hence, this petition. ISSUES: WON RTC acquired jurisdiction on petition for adoption WON RTC and CA erred in granting change of given name from Midael to Michael HELD: YES. Petitioner contends that since the name appearing in the requisite notice by publication did not state the true name of the child. Court ruled that the case at bar was an obvious clerical error in the given name of the child, and does not confuse any identities. NO. The change of given name is without force and effect. Rule 108 of the Rules of Court does not only refer to errors concerning civil status, but even to names as well as enumerated in item (o) of 2 of Rule 108. The local civil registrar must have been made party to the proceeding. The notice by publication also failed to include the matter on the change of name, depriving the local civil registrar of notice and opportunity to be heard.
REPUBLIC v HERNANDEZ (1996) 253 SCRA 509 Spouses Van and Regina Munson adopted an infant who bears the name Kevin Earl Bartolome Moran in his birth certificate. When they had him baptized, they gave him the name Aaron Joseph, the name by which the child is known to the family, relatives and friends. The spouses then instituted a joinder of the petition for adoption and the petition for a change of name. The petitioner opposed the said action saying that there is no legal basis for the change of the adoptees given name. RTC ruled in favor changing the name of the child ratiocinating that as adoptive parents, petitioner like other parents may feely select the first name given to his/her child as it is only the surname to which the child is entitled that is fixed by law. Further, the respondents submit that change of name may be given liberal construction since the object of strict implementation is to prevent fraudulent acts, while an infant has not exercised any of its rights. ISSUES: 1. 2. HELD: 1. WON joinder of petition for adoption and petition for a change of name is allowed by the law WON there is lawful ground for the adoptees change of name
No. In order for two petitions may be joined in one proceeding, the causes of action must: (a) not violate the rules on jurisdiction, venue and joinder of parties and (b) arise out of the same contract, transaction or relation between the parties, or are for demands for money or are of the same nature and character. There is no conceptual unity between petition for adoption and petition for change of name. The two actions are different and unrelated from each other, and therefore, two special proceedings which cannot be joined as having one cause of action. They must be instituted separately.
No. The change of surname of the adoptee as a result of the adoption and to follow that of the adopter does not lawfully extend to or include the proper or given name. The birth certificate, as it appears in the civil register, contains the official name. It does not matter if the mother, with all intention to abandon it later, named the child for the sake of naming it. If they really want to change the name, they institute another action under Rule 103 of the Rules of Court.
Sec. 20. Effects of Rescission. If the petition is granted, the parental authority of the adoptee's biological parent(s), if known, or the legal custody of the Department shall be restored if the adoptee is still a minor or incapacitated. The reciprocal rights and obligations of the adopter(s) and the adoptee to each other shall be extinguished. The court shall order the Civil Registrar to cancel the amended certificate of birth of the adoptee and restore his/her original birth certificate. Succession rights shall revert to its status prior to adoption, but only as of the date of judgment of judicial rescission. Vested rights acquired prior to judicial rescission shall be respected. All the foregoing effects of rescission of adoption shall be without prejudice to the penalties imposable under the Penal Code if the criminal acts are properly proven.
Sec. 19. Grounds for Rescission of Adoption. Upon petition of the adoptee, with the assistance of the Department if a minor or if over eighteen (18) years of age but is incapacitated, as guardian/counsel, the adoption may be rescinded on any of the following grounds committed by the adopter(s): (a) repeated physical and verbal maltreatment by the adopter(s) despite having undergone counseling; (b) attempt on the life of the adoptee; (c) sexual assault or violence; or (d) abandonment and failure to comply with parental obligations. Adoption, being in the best interest of the child, shall not be subject to rescission by the adopter(s). However, the adopter(s) may disinherit the adoptee for causes provided in Article 919 of the Civil Code.
Violations and Penalties
A penalty lower by two (2) degrees than that prescribed for the consummated offense under this Article shall be imposed upon the principals of the attempt to commit any of the acts herein enumerated. Acts punishable under this Article, when committed by a syndicate or where it involves two (2) or more children shall be considered as an offense constituting child trafficking and shall merit the penalty of reclusion perpetua. Acts punishable under this Article are deemed committed by a syndicate if carried out by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring and/or confederating with one another in carrying out any of the unlawful acts defined under this Article. Penalties as are herein provided, shall be in addition to any other penalties which may be imposed for the same acts punishable under other laws, ordinances, executive orders, and proclamations. When the offender is an alien, he/she shall be deported immediately after service of sentence and perpetually excluded from entry to the country. Any government official, employee or functionary who shall be found guilty of violating any of the provisions of this Act, or who shall conspire with private individuals shall, in addition to the above-prescribed penalties, be
Sec. 21. Violations and Penalties. (a) The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and/or a fine not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00), but not more than Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) at the discretion of the court shall be imposed on any person who shall commit any of the following acts: (i) obtaining consent for an adoption through coercion, undue influence, fraud, improper material inducement, or other similar acts; (ii) non-compliance with the procedures and safeguards provided by the law for adoption; or (iii) subjecting or exposing the child to be adopted to danger, abuse, or exploitation. (b) Any person who shall cause the fictitious registration of the birth of a child under the name(s) of a person(s) who is not his/her biological parent(s) shall be guilty of simulation of birth, and shall be punished by prision mayor in its medium period and a fine not exceeding Fifty thousand
pesos (P50,000.00). Any physician or nurse or hospital personnel who, in violation of his/her oath of office, shall cooperate in the execution of the abovementioned crime shall suffer the penalties herein prescribed and also the penalty of permanent disqualification. Any person who shall violate established regulations relating to the confidentiality and integrity of records, documents, and communications of adoption applications, cases, and processes shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and one (1) day to two (2) years, and/or a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) but not more than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00), at the discretion of the court.
penalized in accordance with existing civil service laws, rules and regulations: Provided, That upon the filing of a case, either administrative or criminal, said government official, employee, or functionary concerned shall automatically suffer suspension until the resolution of the case. Sec. 22. Rectification of Simulated Births. A person who has, prior to the effectivity of this Act, simulated the birth of a child shall not be punished for such act: Provided, That the simulation of birth was made for the best interest of the child and that he/she has been consistently considered and treated by that person as his/her own son/daughter: Provided, further, That the application for correction of the birth registration and petition for adoption shall be filed within five (5) years from the effectivity of this Act and completed thereafter: Provided, finally, That such person complies with the procedure as specified in Article IV of this Act and other requirements as determined by the Department.
Sec. 25. Appropriations. Such sum as may be necessary for the implementation of the provisions of this Act shall be included in the General Appropriations Act of the year following its enactment into law and thereafter. Sec. 26. Repealing Clause. Any law, presidential decree or issuance, executive order, letter of instruction, administrative order, rule, or regulation contrary to, or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is hereby repealed, modified, or amended accordingly. Sec. 27. Separability Clause. If any provision of this Act is held invalid or unconstitutional, the other provisions not affected thereby shall remain valid and subsisting. Sec. 28. Effectivity Clause. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its complete publication in any newspaper of general circulation or in the Official Gazette.
Section 1. Short Title. This Act shall be known as the "Domestic Adoption Act of 1998." Sec. 23. Adoption Resource and Referral Office. There shall be established an Adoption Resources and Referral Office under the Department with the following functions: (a) monitor the existence, number, and flow of children legally available for adoption and prospective adopter(s) so as to facilitate their matching; (b) maintain a nationwide information and educational campaign on domestic adoption; (c) keep records of adoption proceedings; (d) generate resources to help child-caring and child-placing agencies and foster homes maintain viability; and (e) do policy research in collaboration with the Intercountry Adoption Board and other concerned agencies. The office shall be manned by adoption experts from the public and private sectors. Sec. 24. Implementing Rules and Regulations. Within six (6) months from the promulgation of this Act, the Department, with the Council for the Welfare of Children, the Office of Civil Registry General, the Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General, and two (2) private individuals representing child-placing and child-caring agencies shall formulate the necessary guidelines to make the provisions of this Act operative.
B. Inter Country Adoption (RA 8043, S1995)
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8043 AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE RULES TO GOVERN INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION OF FILIPINO CHILDREN, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. ARTICLE I GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 1. Short Title. This Act shall be known as the "Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995." Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to provide every neglected and abandoned child with a family that will provide such child with love and care as well as opportunities for growth and development. Towards this end, efforts shall be exerted to place the child with an adoptive family in the Philippines. However, recognizing that inter-country adoption may be considered as allowing aliens not presently allowed by law to adopt Filipino children if such children cannot be adopted by qualified Filipino citizens or aliens, the State shall take measures to ensure that inter-country adoptions are allowed when the same shall prove beneficial to the child's best interests, and shall serve and protect his/her fundamental rights. Sec. 3. Definition of Terms. As used in this Act. the term: (a) Inter-country adoption refers to the socio-legal process of adopting a Filipino child by a foreigner or a Filipino citizen permanently residing abroad where the petition is filed, the supervised trial custody is undertaken, and the decree of adoption is issued outside the Philippines.
(b) Child means a person below fifteen (15) years of age unless sooner emancipated by law. (c) Department refers to the Department of Social Welfare and Development of the Republic of the Philippines. (d) Secretary refers to the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. (e) Authorized and accredited agency refers to the State welfare agency or a licensed adoption agency in the country of the adopting parents which provide comprehensive social services and which is duly recognized by the Department. (f) Legally-free child means a child who has been voluntarily or involuntarily committed to the Department, in accordance with the Child and Youth Welfare Code. (g) Matching refers to the judicious pairing of the adoptive child and the applicant to promote a mutually satisfying parent-child relationship.
(h) Board refers to the Inter-country Adoption Board. ARTICLE II THE INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION BOARD Sec. 4. The Inter-Country Adoption Board. There is hereby created the InterCountry Adoption Board, hereinafter referred to as the Board to act as the central authority in matters relating to inter-country adoption. It shall act as the policy-making body for purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Act, in consultation and coordination with the Department, the different child-care and placement agencies, adoptive agencies, as well as non-governmental organizations engaged in child-care and placement activities. As such, it shall: (a) Protect the Filipino child from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and/or sale or any other practice in connection with adoption which is harmful, detrimental, or prejudicial to the child;
(e) to determine the form and contents of the application for intercountry adoption; (g) to institute systems and procedures to prevent improper financial gain in connection with adoption and deter improper practices which are contrary to this Act; (h) to promote the development of adoption services, including postlegal adoption services, (i) to accredit and authorize foreign private adoption agencies which have demonstrated professionalism, competence and have consistently pursued non-profit objectives to engage in the placement of Filipino children in their own country: Provided, That such foreign private agencies are duly authorized and accredited by their own government to conduct inter-country adoption: Provided, however, That the total number of authorized and accredited foreign private adoption agencies shall not exceed one hundred (100) a year; (j) to take appropriate measures to ensure confidentiality of the records of the child, the natural parents and the adoptive parents at all times; (k) to prepare, review or modify, and thereafter, recommend to the Department of Foreign Affairs, Memoranda of Agreement respecting inter-country adoption consistent with the implementation of this Act and its stated goals, entered into, between and among foreign governments, international organizations and recognized international non-governmental organizations; (l) to assist other concerned agencies and the courts in the implementation of this Act, particularly as regards coordination with foreign persons, agencies and other entities involved in the process of adoption and the physical transfer of the child; and (m) to perform such other functions on matters relating to intercountry adoption as may be determined by the President. ARTICLE III PROCEDURE Sec. 7. Inter-Country Adoption as the Last Resort. The Board shall ensure that all possibilities for adoption of the child under the Family Code have been exhausted and that inter-country adoption is in the best interest of the child. Towards this end, the Board shall set up the guidelines to ensure that steps will be taken to place the child in the Philippines before the child is placed for inter-country adoption: Provided, however, That the maximum number that may be allowed for foreign adoption shall not exceed six hundred (600) a year for the first five (5) years.chan robles virtual law library Sec. 8. Who May be Adopted. Only a legally free child may be the subject of inter-country adoption. In order that such child may be considered for placement, the following documents must be submitted to the Board: (a)Child study; (b)Birth certificate/foundling certificate; (c)Deed of voluntary commitment/decree of abandonment/death certificate of parents; (d)Medical evaluation /history; (e)Psychological evaluation, as necessary; and (f)Recent photo of the child.
(b) Collect, maintain, and preserve confidential information about the child and the adoptive parents; (c) Monitor, follow up, and facilitate completion of adoption of the child through authorized and accredited agency; (d) Prevent improper financial or other gain in connection with an adoption and deter improper practices contrary to this Act; (e) Promote the development of adoption services including postlegal adoption; (f) License and accredit child-caring/placement agencies collaborate with them in the placement of Filipino children; and
(g) Accredit and authorize foreign adoption agency in the placement of Filipino children in their own country; and (h) Cancel the license to operate and blacklist the child-caring and placement agency or adoptive agency involved from the accreditation list of the Board upon a finding of violation of any provision under this Act. Sec. 5. Composition of the Board. The Board shall be composed of the Secretary of the Department as ex officio Chairman, and six (6) other members to be appointed by the President for a nonrenewable term of six (6) years: Provided, That there shall be appointed one (1) psychiatrist or psychologist, two (2) lawyers who shall have at least the qualifications of a regional trial court judge, one (1) registered social worker and two (2) representatives from nongovernmental organizations engaged in child-caring and placement activities. The members of the Board shall receive a per diem allowance of One thousand five hundred pesos (P1,500) for each meeting attended by them: Provided, further, That no compensation shall be paid for more than four (4) meetings a month. Sec. 6. Powers and Functions of the Board. The Board shall have the following powers and functions: (a) to prescribe rules and regulations as it may deem reasonably necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, after consultation and upon favorable recommendation of the different agencies concerned with the child-caring, placement, and adoption; (b) to set the guidelines for the convening of an Inter-country Adoption Placement Committee which shall be under the direct supervision of the Board; (c) to set the guidelines for the manner by which selection/matching of prospective adoptive parents and adoptive child can be made; (d) to determine a reasonable schedule of fees and charges to be exacted in connection with the application for adoption;
Sec. 9. Who May Adopt. An alien or a Filipino citizen permanently residing abroad may file an application for inter-country adoption of a Filipino child if he/she: (a) is at least twenty-seven (27) years of age and at least sixteen (16) years older than the child to be adopted, at the time of application unless the adopter is the parent by nature of the child to be adopted or the spouse of such parent: (b) if married, his/her spouse must jointly file for the adoption; (c) has the capacity to act and assume all rights and responsibilities of parental authority under his national laws, and has undergone the appropriate counseling from an accredited counselor in his/her country; (d) has not been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; (e) is eligible to adopt under his/her national law; (f) is in a position to provide the proper care and support and to give the necessary moral values and example to all his children, including the child to be adopted; (g) agrees to uphold the basic rights of the child as embodied under Philippine laws, the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, and to abide by the rules and regulations issued to implement the provisions of this Act; (h) comes from a country with whom the Philippines has diplomatic relations and whose government maintains a similarly authorized and accredited agency and that adoption is allowed under his/her national laws; and (i) possesses all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications provided herein and in other applicable Philippine laws. Sec. 10. Where to File Application. An application to adopt a Filipino child shall be filed either with the Philippine Regional Trial Court having jurisdiction over the child, or with the Board, through an intermediate agency, whether governmental or an authorized and accredited agency, in the country of the prospective adoptive parents, which application shall be in accordance with the requirements as set forth in the implementing rules and regulations to be promulgated by the Board. The application shall be supported by the following documents written and officially translated in English. (a) Birth certificate of applicant(s); (b) Marriage contract, if married, and divorce decree, if applicable; (c) Written consent of their biological or adoptive children above ten (10) years of age, in the form of sworn statement; (d) Physical, medical and psychological evaluation by a duly licensed physician and psychologist; (e) Income tax returns or any document showing the financial capability of the applicant(s); (f) Police clearance of applicant(s); (g) Character reference from the local church/minister, the applicant's employer and a member of the immediate community who have known the applicant(s) for at least five (5) years; and (h) Recent postcard-size pictures of the applicant(s) and his immediate family;
The Rules of Court shall apply in case of adoption by judicial proceedings. Sec. 11. Family Selection/Matching. No child shall be matched to a foreign adoptive family unless it is satisfactorily shown that the child cannot be adopted locally. The clearance, as issued by the Board, with the copy of the minutes of the meetings, shall form part of the records of the child to be adopted. When the Board is ready to transmit the Placement Authority to the authorized and accredited inter-country adoption agency and all the travel documents of the child are ready, the adoptive parents, or any one of them, shall personally fetch the child in the Philippines.chan robles virtual law library Sec. 12. Pre-adoptive Placement Costs. The applicant(s) shall bear the following costs incidental to the placement of the child; (a) The cost of bringing the child from the Philippines to the residence of the applicant(s) abroad, including all travel expenses within the Philippines and abroad; and (b) The cost of passport, visa, medical examination psychological evaluation required, and other related expenses. and
Sec. 13. Fees, Charges and Assessments. Fees, charges, and assessments collected by the Board in the exercise of its functions shall be used solely to process applications for inter-country adoption and to support the activities of the Board. Sec. 14. Supervision of Trial Custody. The governmental agency or the authorized and accredited agency in the country of the adoptive parents which filed the application for inter-country adoption shall be responsible for the trial custody and the care of the child. It shall also provide family counseling and other related services. The trial custody shall be for a period of six (6) months from the time of placement. Only after the lapse of the period of trial custody shall a decree of adoption be issued in the said country a copy of which shall be sent to the Board to form part of the records of the child.chan robles virtual law library During the trial custody, the adopting parent(s) shall submit to the governmental agency or the authorized and accredited agency, which shall in turn transmit a copy to the Board, a progress report of the child's adjustment. The progress report shall be taken into consideration in deciding whether or not to issue the decree of adoption. The Department of Foreign Affairs shall set up a system by which Filipino children sent abroad for trial custody are monitored and checked as reported by the authorized and accredited inter-country adoption agency as well as the repatriation to the Philippines of a Filipino child whose adoption has not been approved. Sec. 15. Executive Agreements. The Department of Foreign Affairs, upon representation of the Board, shall cause the preparation of Executive Agreements with countries of the foreign adoption agencies to ensure the legitimate concurrence of said countries in upholding the safeguards provided by this Act. ARTICLE IV PENALTIES Sec. 16. Penalties. (a) Any person who shall knowingly participate in the conduct or carrying out of an illegal adoption, in violation of the provisions of this Act, shall be punished with a penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and/or a fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000), but not more than Two hundred thousand pesos (P200.000), at the discretion of the court. For purposes of this Act, an adoption is illegal if it is effected in any manner contrary to the provisions of this Act or established State policies, its implementing rules and regulations, executive agreements, and other laws pertaining to adoption. Illegality may be presumed from the following acts: (1)consent for an adoption was acquired through, or attended by coercion, fraud, improper material inducement; (2)there is no authority from the Board to effect adoption;
(3)the procedures and safeguards placed under the law for adoption were not complied with; and (4)the child to be adopted is subjected to, or exposed to danger, abuse and exploitation. (b)Any person who shall violate established regulations relating to the confidentiality and integrity of records, documents and communications of adoption applications, cases and processes shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and one (1) day to two (2) years, and/or a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos (P5,000), but not more than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000), at the discretion of the court. A penalty lower by two (2) degrees than that prescribed for the consummated felony under this Article shall be imposed upon the principals of the attempt to commit any of the acts herein enumerated. Acts punishable under this Article, when committed by a syndicate or where it involves two or more children shall be considered as an offense constituting child trafficking and shall merit the penalty of reclusion perpetua. Acts punishable under this Article are deemed committed by a syndicate if carried out by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring and/or confederating with one another in carrying out any of the unlawful acts defined under this Article. Penalties as are herein provided shall be in addition to any other penalties which may be imposed for the same acts punishable under other laws, ordinances, executive orders, and proclamations. Sec. 17. Public Officers as Offenders. Any government official, employee or functionary who shall be found guilty of violating any of the provisions of this Act, or who shall conspire with private individuals shall, in addition to the aboveprescribed penalties, be penalized in accordance with existing civil service laws, rules and regulations: Provided, That upon the filing of a case, either administrative or criminal, said government official, employee or functionary concerned shall automatically suffer suspension until the resolution of the case. ARTICLE V FINAL PROVISIONS Sec. 18. Implementing Rules and Regulations. The Inter-country Adoption Board, in coordination with the Council for the Welfare of Children, the Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Department of Justice, after due consultation with agencies involved in child-care and placement, shall promulgate the necessary rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Act within six (6) months after its effectivity. Sec. 19. Appropriations. The amount of Five million pesos (P5,000,000) is hereby appropriated from the proceeds of the Lotto for the initial operations of the Board and subsequently the appropriations of the same shall be included in the General Appropriations Act for the year following its enactment. Sec. 20. Separability Clause. If any provision, or part hereof is held invalid or unconstitutional, the remainder of the law or the provision not otherwise affected, shall remain valid and subsisting. Sec. 21. Repealing Clause. Any law, decree, executive order, administrative order or rules and regulations contrary to, or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed, modified or amended accordingly. Sec. 22. Effectivity Clause. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in two (2) newspapers of general circulation.
Approved: June 7, 1995
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


According to an anonymous White House official that spoke to mainstream media, yet acknowledged that they were not authorized to speak about the subject, referred to an attempt to hack into the executive branch's computer system through an unclassified network. No data were removed, proving that this was not an actual hack. The nameless official said that the experiment was a "spear-phishing".
The supposition is that China is behind these attacks because of a phishing expedition against Gmail accounts wherein several senior US government officials and military personnel were affected.
Strangely, Gmail in Iran has been blocked by the Iranian government :until further notice". There are rumors that Google's connection to the anti-Islamic film through their YouTube subsidiary is the cause of the blockage. Iranian officials are said to call Google criminal and immoral.
Some Iranian citizens have begun using a virtual private network (VPN) which make it appear that the user is located in another country, in order to circumvent the block.
As the Muslim world endeavors toward scientific and technological advances, the US is becoming skeptical and are aligned with the Israeli government to thwart their efforts.
Freedom House, a non-governmental organization (NGO) campaign that hides under the guise of "spreading democracy" claims the Iranian government is controlling the citizen's ability to access the internet without controls and filtering technology that blocks certain content.
The NGO Freedom House, founded by early globalists Wendell Willkie and Eleanor Roosevelt, seeks to force sovereign nations to adopting "democracy" as a research institute and think-tank. They are pointed in facilitating the promotion of US interests across the globe and conduct evaluations that are used against countries who work independently of the occupation that the US seeks to use to gain control over all nations.
The Chinese have been notorious in setting up a Great Firewall that shields out unwanted websites like Facebook and Twitter. Their censorship of the internet controls the content their citizens are exposed to. Our current suggested controls in the US are beginning to mirror their incredible Big Brother regulation.
The White House, covertly tying the alleged cyber-attack to China is more diabolical than it appears. In July, Obama imposed stricter sanctions against Iran after they accepted gold as currency for petrol to China.
For the better part of 2012, China has purchased gold on the global markets in record numbers. They are a member of the BRICs nations and are working to secure their fiat by backing its worth in the precious metal.
Essentially, by converting their fiat currency (the Yuan) into actual and exchangeable money they are securing their country's future. This gold could be used to support their nation's efforts toward moving forward as the next super power. It could also be a leverage tool to assist other flailing countries as insurance for a favor at a later date.
Knowing that the central banking cartels that direct America do not deal in precious metals, the US retaliation against China has been a long time coming. First, there must be a threat. Cyber threats are perfect in that they do not exist except in the vastness of the cyberworld. And they can be easily manufactured by operatives in opposition because no one knows who is on the other end of the screen.
Of course, it may well be NSA-recruited hacker from a prestigious American university which is common practice for the US government.
The National Security Agency (NSA) began a comprehensive program in May of this year, to search out universities such as the Dakota State University, Naval Postgraduate School, Northeastern University and University of Tulsa to scout for a team of American grown hackers to add to their clandestine operations.
The NSA wants an elite team of "computer geniuses" that are trained in hacking before they obtain their college degree. Students selected to train under this program will not be privy to the impact their work will have on cyber intelligence, military capabilities and law enforcement's expansion of spying on Americans.
While China supports Iran and Syria, the White House decries cyber attacks. China has promised financial support to Iran should the Zionist regime strike against the Arab nation. And as Iran is continuously demonized in American propaganda media, China can expect the same fate. First it begins with accusations; however, this is the first round of propaganda wars that eventually leads to military opposition.