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Banking Regulators Take Critical Steps to Account ...
Banking Regulators Take Critical Steps to Account for Climate-Related Financial Risks
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By Stephanie Jones / Bio / Published: November 30, 2022
(This piece was co-authored by Bridget Pals at NYU Law School's Institute for Policy Integrity. It is also posted on the Institute for Policy Integrity's website)
This fall, following a summer when climate change fueled catastrophic heat waves, droughts, floods, and fires, key U.S. authorities acknowledged the urgent need to act on climate risks to the banking system. Recent actions and remarks are beginning to shed light on what the next wave of policies to address these risks might entail. They're likely to look a lot like many other, existing financial risk regulations.
The heads of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) both delivered remarks highlighting actions their agencies have already taken to address climate-related banking risks and identifying additional steps they will take. Michael Barr, the Vice Chair for Supervision of the Federal Reserve (Fed), similarly stated that climate-related financial risks implicate the Fed's "supervisory responsibilities and [its] role in promoting a safe and stable financial system," so the Fed plans to issue guidance in coordination with fellow financial regulators and conduct scenario analyses.
The officials' recent statements build on earlier actions by the OCC and FDIC, which both issued draft principles in the last year on how banks should manage climate risk to meet safety and soundness expectations. The Institute for Policy Integrity and Environmental Defense Fund submitted joint comments supporting both guidance documents as important steps toward addressing the risks that climate change poses to the structural integrity of our financial system.
THE BASICS OF BANKING REGULATION
In order to understand what banking regulators are doing on climate risk — and why — it's worth starting at the beginning. To put it simply, banks give customers a safe place to hold their savings and then lend that money to provide capital people need to buy homes, start businesses, or engage in other activities that might require upfront investment. The bank then pays back interest to the deposit-holder as an incentive to keep money in the bank.
Banks lose money when loans aren't repaid and the collateral isn't enough to cover the balance on the loan. In order to prevent the collapse of an individual bank or the banking system as a whole, we rely upon a regulatory system that makes sure that, even if a borrower cannot repay a loan, a bank will have enough money on hand to pay out its depositors. This is where banking regulators come in. In addition to setting formal capital requirements — which prescribe how many liquid assets a bank needs to keep available — regulators develop guidance that advises banks on how they can operate in a manner consistent with basic principles of safety and soundness.
To determine whether a bank is operating in a safe and sound manner, regulators consider a variety of risk management practices. For example, they inspect whether a bank has robust underwriting practices — how does it determine likelihood of a borrower paying back a loan? — and whether it securitizes its loans with sufficient collateral. Regulators also consider whether a bank has sufficient liquidity, assess its exposure to market volatility, and evaluate the magnitude of operational, legal, or compliance risk it might face.
A FAMILIAR STORY FOR REGULATORS
The consequences of climate change are, as Acting OCC Comptroller Michael Hsu puts it, a "bread-and-butter" financial risk, no different than other financial risks that a bank's portfolio might face. Climate-related financial risks — such as damages associated with increasing wildfires, extreme heat, or flooding — are significant and increasing. The U.S. recorded an unprecedented 42 high-cost extreme weather events in the last two years alone, with each event individually resulting in at least $1 billion in direct damages. In addition, these risks may also affect health and safety, crop production, housing, labor productivity, and more. These types of risks permeate the economy and may have profound impacts on how banks should manage their business operations.
Climate-related financial risk is right in line with the types of risks that U.S. banking regulators already oversee, and they already expect banks to ask themselves many relevant risk-assessment questions. How valuable is the collateral? Will it retain that value? How creditworthy is the borrower? Does the bank have enough assets that can be liquidated without losing value, in the event the bank needs ready access to cash? What types of events could interrupt bank operations? Are the bank's actions creating litigation risk? Still, although the core questions remain the same, there is immense value in focusing on how climate-related risks may affect the answers. The recent efforts and announcements by the Federal Reserve, OCC, and FDIC represent a strong first step in the right direction to ensure banks build up the proper data, expertise, and processes to manage climate-related risks.
AN EYE ON INEQUITY
As we noted in our comment letters, banking regulators should also ensure that approaches to address climate-related financial risk do not exacerbate inequities. Due to redlining and other discriminatory practices, communities of color have been pushed into more climate-risky areas. Systemic underinvestment in infrastructure has compounded the problem, placing low-income communities and communities of color on the frontlines of climate change. If banks try to avoid climate-risky loans, they could end up reducing credit access in areas that are already overburdened and undercapitalized. Banking regulators should remind banks of their obligations to ensure fair access to credit, listen to the expertise and priorities of affected communities, and coordinate with other relevant agencies to ensure the costs of transition are borne equitably.
The banking system conducts complicated exercises in risk management every day. As with any other major risk category, banks need to weigh how climate change may affect their business. Americans' financial security depends on the OCC, FDIC, Federal Reserve, and other regulators ensuring that banks satisfy their classic obligations of safety and soundness under the new climate circumstances we face.
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BLING!
Real Name: Roxy Washington
Identity/Class: Human mutant
Group Membership: None; formerly Chevaliers (Flubber/Nick Shelley, Foxx/Raven Darkholme, Onyxx/Sidney Green, Rain Boy/Carl Aalston)
Affiliations: Avengers (Giant-Man/Hank Pym, Hawkeye/Clint Barton, Jocasta, Quicksilver/Pietro Maximoff, Tigra/Greer Grant), Avengers Academy (Finesse/Jeanne Foucault, Hazmat/Jennifer Takeda, Lightspeed/Julie Power, Mettle/Ken Mack, Reptil/Humberto Lopez, She-Hulk/Lyra, Striker/Brandon Sharpe, Veil/Madeline Berry, White Tiger/Ava Ayala), Blade (Eric Brooks), Nekra (Nekra Sinclair), Ozymandias, Persuasion (Kara Killgrave), X-Men (either faculty members from Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters, Jean Grey School for Higher Learning or other X-Men teams) (Angel/Warren Worthington III, Beast/Hank McCoy, Bishop/Lucas Bishop, Cannonball/Sam Guthrie, Chamber/Jonothon Starsmore, Colossus/Piotr Rasputin, Cyclops/Scott Summers, Doop, Frenzy/Joanna Cargill, Emma Frost, Gambit/Remy LeBeau, Havok/Alex Summers, Husk/Paige Guthrie, Iceman/Robert Drake, Jubilee/Jubilation Lee, Karma/Xi'an Coy Manh, Logan of earth-21923, M/Monet St. Croix, Magik/Illyana Rasputin, Magma/Amara Aquilla, Magneto/Max Eisenhardt, Marvel Girl/Rachel Summers, Namor McKenzie, Nightcrawler/Kurt Wagner, Polaris/Lorna Dane, Psylocke/Betsy Braddock, Cecilia Reyes, Rogue/Anna Marie, Shadowcat/Kitty Pryde, Storm/Ororo Munroe, Toad/Mortimer Toynbee, Warbird/Ava'Dara Naganandini, Wolverine/James "Logan" Howlett), "time-displaced X-Men" (Angel, Beast, Cyclops, Iceman, Jean Grey), X-Men of Earth-13729 (Colossus/Peter Rasputin, Iceman/Sir Robert Drake, Kymera, Phoenix/Quentin Quire, Sentinel-X/Shogo Lee, Wiccan/William Kaplan, Wolverine/Jubilation Lee), X-Men students (Xavier Institute for Higher Learning, Graymalkin Industries, Utopia and Jean Grey School for High Learning) (Anole/Victor Borkowski, Armor/Hisako Ichiki, Blindfold/Ruth Aldine, Broo, Cipher/Alisa Tager, Creep/Marisol Guerra, Crosta, Dust/Sooraya Qadir, Elixir/Josh Foley, Manuel Enduque, Ernst, Eye-Boy/Trevor Hawkins, Face, Maximilian Frankenstein, Genesis/Evan Sabahnur, Gentle/Nezhno Abidemi, Glob Herman/Robert Herman, Graymalkin/Jonas Graymalkin, Hellion/Jullian Keller, Hope/Hope Summers, Icarus/Joshua Guthrie, Indra/Paras Gavaskar, Ink/Eric Gitter, Kid Gladiator/Kubark, Kid Omega/Quentin Quire, Loa/Alani Ryan, Match/Ben Hamill, Mercury/Cessily Kincaid, Nature Girl/Lin Li, No-Girl/Martha Johannson, Onyxx/Syndey Green, Oya/Idie Okonkwo, Pixie/Megan Gwynn, Primal/Teon Macik, Prodigy/David Alleyne, Quill/Maxwell Jordan, Rockslide/Santo Vacarro, Sharkgirl/Iara Dos Santos, Sprite/Jia Jing, Surge/Noriko Ashida, Tag/Brian Cruz, Three-In-One/Celeste, Mindee, Phoebe Cuckoo, Trance/Hope Abbott, Transonic/Laurie Tromette, Velocidad/Gabriel Cojuelo, Wallflower/Laurie Collins, Wither/Kevin Ford, Wolf Cub/Nicholas Gleason, X-23/Laura Kinney), Young Avengers (Hawkeye/Kate Bishop, Hulkling/Teddy Altman, Loki, Marvel Boy/Noh-Varr, Miss America/America Chavez, Prodigy/David Alleyne, Wiccan/Billy Kaplan)
Enemies: Apocalypse (En-Sabah-Nur), Arkea, Bastion, Belasco, Brotherhood of Earth-13729 (Beast/Hank McCoy, Charles Xavier II, Deadpool/Wade Wilson, Molly Hayes, Ice Thing/Bobby Drake, Raze/Raze Darkholme, Xorn/Jean Grey), DOA (George Baker), Emplate (Marius St. Croix), Fever Pitch, Matthew Malloy, Mimic (Calvin Rankin), Ms. Marvel (Karla Sofen), Mother, Sapien League, Scalphunter (John Greycow), Sentinels, Skids (Sally Blevins), Skin (Angelo Espinosa), Synch (Everett Thomas), S'ym, Trimega, Vampire Nation (Xarus (leader), Aqueos sect, Charniputra sect, Claw sect, Krieger sect, Nosferatu sect)
Known Relatives: Roy "Daddy Libido" Washington (father), Angel "Sexy Mutha" Depres (mother)
Aliases: Roxanne (called by Emplate)
Base of Operations: Xavier Institute for Mutant Education and Outreach, Central Park, Manhattan, New York City; formerly Jean Grey School for Higher Learning, X-Haven, Limbo (Otherplace);
formerly Jean Grey School for Higher Learning, Westchester County, New York;
formerly Utopia, coast of San Francisco Bay, California;
formerly Graymalkin Industries, Marin Highlands, San Francisco, California;
formerly Xavier Institute for Higher Learning, Salem Center, New York
First Appearance: X-Men II#171 (August, 2005)
Powers/Abilities: Bling! can manipulate her bone marrow to produce diamonds of varying quality that she can expel from her body at high velocity. This act also generates a signature "BLING!" sound. Her skin is made of the same diamond-like substance, providing enhanced durability and strength. Bling! doesn't require the same amount of oxygen as other humans. Though highly durable, Bling! is aware she does have her limits.
Eyes: Grey/pink (same color as her skin)
Hair: Grey/Pink diamond-like as her skin
(X-Men: The 198 Files - BTS) - Roxy Washington was born into hip-hop "royalty" as the daughter of Roy "Daddy Libido" Washington and Angel "Sexy Mutha" Depres. Having appeared in her parents' rap videos from a young age, Washington was often targeted by would-be kidnappers and assassins.
(X-Men Legacy I#230 (fb) - BTS) - When Roxy was still a child, she would be scared whenever her parents would throw a party, feeling anything could happen, and not in a good way.
(X-Men: The 198 Files - BTS) - Even though everyone felt Roxy was destined to follow in her parents' footsteps, she turned her back on that life and enrolled as a student at the Xavier Institute.
(X-Men II#171 - BTS) - Roxy was among the students selected to join one of the special training squads mentored by members of the X-Men. She was placed on the Chevaliers, which was led by Gambit.
(X-Men II#171) - Bling! participated in a Chevaliers training session in the Danger Room where they had to attack their tutor Gambit. The battle was stopped midway by Emma Frost who had come to introduce the Chevaliers' newest member Foxx (who turned out to be Mystique in disguise). The students were stunned by Foxx who immediately began to make overt sexual avances towards Gambit, asking him for "one-on-one sessions". No stranger to such girls, Bling! asked if she was always that obvious, while she actually found Foxx quite attractive herself. During their lunch break Bling!, Flubber and Onyxx were playing some baseball when they noticed Rogue telling Foxx off.
(X-Men II#172) - Gambit took his Chevaliers on a field trip as an excuse to get away from Rogue to do some thinking about their relationship. Taking a break at a refreshing spring, Bling! and the others noticed how Foxx once again tried to seduce Gambit which led her to comment she could throw up looking at the scene. Bling! also noticed her friend Onyxx was getting upset because he really liked Foxx but was turned down every time. Later that night while Foxx made a campfire Bling! decided to confront Foxx about her behavior, telling her she was upsetting and changing the whole team dynamic. Crude as ever, Foxx asked Roxy if the reason she told her this was that she secretly wanted Onyxx for herself. Bling! countered that, if anything, it was her she was interested in. She went on to explain she had come to Xavier's to improve herself and wouldn't let anything or anyone spoil that. She also threatened to tell Frost or Rogue if Foxx continued this behavior. Fed up, Foxx grabbed Bling! by the throat who then used her mutant powers to shoot several diamond-like shards at Foxx. When the fight had finished Foxx quickly made her way back to Gambit again. The next morning the Chevaliers returned to Xavier's. Later that day, Gambit decided it would be for the best if Foxx was transferred to another squad. When he went to tell her the news, Mystique revealed her true identity.
(X-Men II#173 (fb) - BTS) - Bling! tried to call Gambit for her tutorial but was unable to reach him.
(X-Men II#173) - Bling! and the Chevaliers were left in the dark about Mystique and her plan to join the X-Men. They were too busy enjoying some hamburgers and soda, while discussing the question if Gambit had cheated on Rogue or not. And while Bling! wondered where Foxx could be, Rain Boy was already over the subject and asked who would win in a fight, Wolverine or Beast.
(X-Men II#174) - Bling! finally had her private tutorial with Gambit but while talking about how to deal with the media Rogue came crashing through the door. Hellbent on finding out whether Gambit had slept with Mystique or not she screamed who that girl was, pointing at Bling!. Surprised and scared Bling! quickly took off while Rogue and Gambit talked. Fed up, Bling! decided to leave Xavier's but before she could leave the premises Rogue flew up and apologized. In the end, Rogue was able to convince Bling! to stay. The next morning Bling! and the Chevaliers witnessed the arrival of several senior X-Men members who had come to decide whether Mystique could join the team. Onyxx wondered if they'd come to punish them because of their little rebellion against Gambit but having learned Foxx's true identity, Bling! explained what was really going on. Learning that his crush was actually a fake, drove Onyxx mad. Bling! and her friends tried to calm him down. Onyxx, however, was still upset Mystique had deliberately tried to hurt his feelings and decided to confront Mystique in her prison. In the end, Mystique chose to leave Xavier's on her own will.
(House of M#8 - BTS) - The Scarlet Witch caused millions of mutants to lose their powers by casting a reality altering spell. The event, known as M-Day, reduced the number of gene active mutants to a mere 300 worldwide. Bling! was one of the select few who kept their mutant powers.
(X-Men II#177) - Bling! and several other students witnessed the arrival of the Sentinel Squad O*N*E who had come to protect them from the Sapien League who had come to kill the remaining mutants.
(X-Men II#179) - Bling! and Rockslide met Outlaw and Peepers, two fugitive mutants who had been on the run from the Sapien League.
(X-Men II#181) - Bling! witnessed the return of Mystique who had brought her protege Augustus who worked under the moniker of Pulse.
(New X-Men II#23) - Two weeks after the global depowering, Xavier Institute headmaster Emma Frost pitted all the remaining gene active students against each other in a battle royale to choose a team who would go on to train as New X-Men. Bling! attacked Surge but was pushed aside after which she tried to hit X-23 with her diamond-like shards, X-23 however, easily evaded them. Afterwards Emma chose her six "winners" and Cyclops added X-23 as a surprise seventh. The headmasters announced all depowered students would be sent home. A first busload of students had already left when a second, carrying another 42 former mutant teens, was blown up. The attack was carried out by the Purifiers who were acting on the orders from their leader, the Reverend William Stryker.
(X-Men: The 198 Files - BTS) - General Demetrius Lazer of O*N*E made a threat assessment of the remaining mutants. In this report, he analyzed Bling! too and stated she appeared to be a good and attentive student with a strong sense of responsibility.
(X-Men II#183 - BTS) - Realizing mutantkind had dwindled, Apocalypse saw himself as the mutant messiah that would usher in a new era. Apocalypse planned to use his horseman Pestilence (Lorna Dane) to kill mutants and humans. Appearing on the front lawn of Xavier's in a sphinx-like ship he declared to be the mutants' salvation, asking complete loyalty. In exchange for this, Apocalypse offered an elixir made of his blood that would keep them safe from Pestilence's plague.
(X-Men II#184) - Turning against his master, Ozymandias led a small strike force of X-Men, including Bling!, into Apocalypse's sphinx-like ship. They were amazed at the inner workings of the Celestial vessel. When they finally came face to face with Apocalypse he sent three of his new recruits, Scalphunter, Fever Pitch and Skids, to stop them. He also sent out his latest Horseman, Death who turned out to be Gambit.
(X-Men II#185) - Death attacked the X-Men but when Havok successfully destroyed a large container with Apocalypse's blood Bling! and the X-Men managed to escape.
(X-Men II#186) - Back at Xavier's, Bling! and Rockslide watched the news to see how Apocalypse had approached the United Nations in New York to issue an ultimatum. But when they smelled something burning they noticed Apocalypse's horseman Famine (Shiro Yoshida). The former X-Man had just regained control of his mind and having learned Apocalypse's location stormed off to get revenge. In the end, it took the combined might of the X-Men and the Avengers to defeat Apocalypse.
(X-Men II#187) - With the threat of Apocalypse dealt with, Iceman and Bling! enjoyed some coffee and conversation. The two were shocked when Lorna Dane (who had lost her Pestilence persona) exploded through the floor, Iceman took her in his arms and brought her to the medic-bay.
(New X-Men II#32) - Bling! was present amongst other students, the X-Men and their allies during a memorial service in honor of all who had fallen in the X-Men's long struggle in achieving Xavier's dream of peaceful co-existence.
(New X-Men II#35) - Having heard of Bling!'s heroism during Apocalypse's attack, Prodigy of the New X-Men offered her a place on the team. Opinionated as ever, Bling! declined the offer feeling anybody wanting to join the X-Men would have a serious death wish. She continued that she and Onyxx were thinking about leaving Xavier's before the Sentinel Squad O*N*E would change their minds and execute the remaining mutants. Seconds later, Colossus came into the room to tell the students' presence was requested by O*N*E in the assembly hall, prompting Bling! to repeat her line about a potential firing squad.
(New X-Men II#37 - BTS) - Bling! was abducted to Limbo (Otherplace) by the demon-lord Belasco along with all the other students. Belasco had sensed his former apprentice Illyana Rasputin was alive again and figured that taking the X-students prisoner was a first step to retrieve her.
(New X-Men II#38) - Bling! was fitted with giant, binding shackles and was forced to watch helplessly as Belasco tortured Prodigy, even ripping out his heart.
(New X-Men II#41 - BTS) - After a fierce and ferocious fight, Illyana Rasputin with the help of several New X-Men reclaimed her control over Limbo (Otherplace), sending all the students home.
(Marvel Digital Holiday Special#1/1) - Bling! joined the X-Men to celebrate Christmas. During the festivities she and Gentle wished several people a joyous Kwanza. The celebration ended with a spectacular performance by Dazzler.
(Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Utopia#1) - When the Humanity Now! Coalition marched on San Francisco, they were quickly met by anti-Proposition X protestors. As violence and riots erupted, Cyclops dispatched his X-Men to restore order. At the same time Bling!, Persuasion, Karma and several others marched in a peaceful protest at the Castro. But not all mutants would choose the peaceful path. Frenzy (Joanna Cargill) and Nekra Sinclair violently broke up the protest. Unbeknownst to them, Norman Osborn (head of the national peacekeeping organization H.A.M.M.E.R.) had publicly branded Cyclops an instigator and deployed his "dark" Avengers to quell the conflict and arrest anyone who stood in their way. Mere seconds later, the "dark" Avengers' Ms. Marvel (Karla Sofen) arrived and used her powerful blasts on Nekra and Frenzy. Bling! and the X-Men were surprised at her show of force while Sofen seemingly prepared for another attack.
(Uncanny X-Men I#513) - Karma, Bling! and others attacked Sofen while she used her powers on Nekra.
(Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Exodus) - During the final showdown between the X-Men and the "dark" Avengers on Utopia, Bling!, Frenzy and Nekra teamed up to fight Sofen. Some moments later Bling! helped her fellow students to attack Mimic. After defeating the "dark" Avengers and the "dark" X-Men, the X-Men decided to leave San Francisco and moved to their own nation called Utopia.
(X-Men Legacy Annual I#1/1) - When the X-Men had become aware of Emplate's presence on Utopia, they gathered all mutants present to warn them of the predatory mutant. Cyclops ordered the students to stick together in groups, warning them they might get kidnapped if they wandered off alone. Unbeknownst to the X-Men Emplate had come in search of his former prisoner Penance on whose diamond body he was able to feed indefinitely, but since she was no longer with the X-Men he searched for the next best thing, thus Bling! caught his eye. Having listened to Cyclops, Bling! stuck together with Onyxx, Rockslide and Hellion but when the latter began to play another game of fighting she had about enough of all the testosterone. Promising to stay in sight Bling! wandered off to see Utopia's amphitheater, admiring the view she suddenly noticed a firehouse floating towards the island. The firehouse was Emplate's secret base, right before the firehouse arrived at Utopia it disappeared only to reappear behind Bling!. Before she could act, the door opened and Bling! was pulled inside. When Bling! opened her eyes, she had just fallen on Emplate's dining table who pleasantly announced dinner was served.
(X-Men Legacy I#228) - Trapped inside Emplate's house, which resided in another dimension, Bling! was enraged and used her powers to shoot diamond-shards at Emplate. He decreased his density to stay out of harm's way, though his right-hand man DOA was hit in the head. Scared of the vampiric villain Bling! tried to escape but was unable to evade Emplate's attack who used the mouths on his hands to feed on her bone marrow. In the meantime, Bling!'s disappearance hadn't gone unnoticed and Rogue chose to rescue her. Sometime later Bling! woke up in Emplate's dungeon feeling drained by his feeding. When she looked around the dungeon she noticed all kinds of markings on the wall from previous prisoners. Not much later she was visited again by Emplate for another feeding. At the same time Rogue had finally reached their location after borrowing the powers of Trance (Hope Abbott). However, DOA discovered Rogue's presence and sent three creatures from the Vespertine Miasma to attack her.
(X-Men Legacy I#229) - While on the run from the hostile creatures, Rogue discovered Bling!'s prison cell. With only seconds before the creatures could find Rogue she promised to return and free Bling! after which she flew away with the creatures in hot pursuit. Realizing the X-Men were on to him, Emplate decided to consume Bling! and make his escape. In the meantime, Rogue had returned and strategized how to defeat Emplate. To do so, she inhabited Bling!'s body to hide her presence. Emplate entered Bling!'s prison cell and declared he would put her out of her misery prompting Bling! to ask if there would be any point in begging or negotiate for some kind of deal. With no chance of either, Bling! knew the time had come for their plan to begin and fight Emplate. Calling it "the mother and father of all smackdowns" she and Rogue used all their combined powers to attack Emplate with a powerful blast. As Emplate layed stunned on the floor Rogue revealed her presence and used her bio-sting ability again, defeating DOA in the process. Furious, Emplate attacked again, promising he would eat both of them and decorate his house with their intestines.
(X-Men Legacy I#230) - Unaware of Rogue's mutant abilities, Emplate grabbed her face which allowed Rogue to absorb his powers. Forming bone-marrow eating mouths on her hands, Rogue successfully attacked Emplate. In a last shot at success, Emplate decreased his density once again to evade her attack and reached for Bling!. But before any party could act they were caught in a huge tremor which took down part of Emplate's firehouse base. Rogue revealed she'd influenced the house's compass creature to steer towards Utopia. Several moments later, the firehouse crossed the dimensional borders and crashed on Utopia. As both Bling! and Emplate arose from the rubble he saw her as his final chance to escape, at the same time Rogue stopped the X-Men from intervening stating it was Bling!'s chance to get revenge. Seeing Emplate in broad daylight, Bling! noticed he didn't look nearly as creepy as before, just old and sick. Just when Emplate grabbed her head with his hands Bling! gathered all of her strength to fire one final diamond-shard blast after which Rogue allowed the X-Men to attack. After the X-Men had dealt with Emplate, the male students participated in a friendly game of volleyball while the girls made sure Bling! was feeling better after her abduction. Back to her normal self, Bling! declared it was kinda hot that Rogue came and rescued her, sweeping her up in her womanly arms.
(X-Force III#22) - During the event that would be known as Necrosha the X-Men came under attack by Selene and her army of the undead. Bling! was attacked and defeated by the resurrected Synch and Skin, two former X-Men students under the control of Selene. Bling!'s friends Rockslide, Mercury and Trance attacked the undead in an effort to save their friend. In the end, Bling!'s friend Onyxx was killed by Wither.
(Second Coming: Prepare#1) - Scared everything would go to hell and mutantkind would go extinct Bling! decided to make a record on video for later generations. In her videotape she interviewed Iceman, Magneto, Cannonball, Cable, Wolverine and Cyclops.
(Nation X#2/1) - Bling! was enjoying some time in the lounge when Northstar showed up to introduce his boyfriend Kyle Jinadu. In a snarky tone Hellion called him Northstar's "normal".
(Nation X#4/1 - BTS) - Bling! appeared in Doop's dream as one of the many suspects in an impending crime investigation.
(X-Men Legacy I#234) - Bling! was training with several other students while Rogue was giving Surge some advice.
(New Mutants III#13) - Bling! was in Utopia's mess hall when Danielle Moonstar got into a fight with Hope and witnessed how Cyclops ordered Cable to stop them. But all present were surprised by a nearby giant fuel explosion courtesy of Donald Pierce (acting on Bastion's orders).
(New Mutants III#14) - In an effort to exterminate all mutants, Bastion, a super-sentinel from the future, enveloped the X-Men's base Utopia within an impenetrable energy dome. Cyclops motivated Bling! and several others on Utopia to stand up and protect the future of mutantkind against a wave of Nimrod Sentinels approaching Utopia.
(X-Men Legacy I#237) - Bling! fought the Nimrod Sentinels alongside the X-Men.
(X-Men: Second Coming#2) - After Cable's funeral, Match, Loa, Bling! and Prodigy discussed whether or not to comfort Hope Summers, who was mourning Cable like he was her own father.
(X-Men III#5) - Vampires had descended upon San Francisco under orders from their new leader Xarus, the son of Dracula. The Vampire Nation was about to attack Utopia, leading Cyclops to plan ahead. He gathered a special group of X-Men and students, he considered to have "tough-skin", figuring they'd be relatively safe from vampire bites. Bling!, Mercury, Rockslide and Dust were among the students, with the addition of famous vampire hunter Blade (Eric Brooks). Bling! and the X-Men were successful in decimating almost all of Xarus' assault force. Watching the fight from his headquarters, Xarus feared he would lose and unleashed his secret weapon: a vampirized Wolverine. Tensions rose as Wolverine engaged the X-Men. However, Cyclops simply activated a contingency plan, pushing a button on a device that reactivated Wolverine's healing factor. This almost instantly rid him of the vampiric infection. Xarus was shocked by this setback, even as Iceman used his holy water blessed ice to throw his groundtroops in disarray, cutting off escape routes over land and air. The X-Men had won the day.
(X-Men Legacy I#242) - Bling! and a group of students played a game of baseball on Utopia. When Bling! saw Hope passing by she put on her charm trying to persuade Hope to join them but she declined the offer. Sometime later Bling! was interviewed by the X-Men after Hellion had gone haywire. In a confessional style video Bling! declared nobody saw this coming.
(Heroic Age: X-Men - BTS) - Steve Rogers made an assessment of the mutant community. In this report, he analyzed Bling! too and stated the information provided by Beast said Bling! was a resilient soul with great potential.
(X-Men III#11) - Bling!, wearing a paper hat, attended Jubilee's surprise birthday party. However Jubilee didn't quite enjoy the party, after becoming a vampire she didn't feel like a regular person anymore.
(X-Men Legacy I#250) - Loa and Bling! were seen around Utopia when Rogue was on her way to Kavita's lab to see Rachel Summers.
(X-Men: Regenesis#1) - Following the schism between Cyclops and Wolverine, news Wolverine had quit the X-Men to start a school where young mutants would be students, not soldiers, reached the young X-Men-in-training on Utopia. Talking it over during a game of baseball, it was clear the students were divided on the subject. Bling! decided she didn't want to be trained as a soldier and would follow Wolverine to his new school.
(X-Men: Schism#5 - BTS) - Bling! left Utopia on the Blackbird.
(X-Men Legacy I#260.1) - Bling! and other students followed "Mutant Literature 101" from their teacher Paige Guthrie when Rogue stumbled into their classroom. Since the X-Men were in the midst of fighting the extradimensional N'Garai she needed Paige to help the X-Men while she took over the class. Rogue asked Bling! to stop texting as she did her best to keep the news from the students who she told they were doing some demolition outside.
(X-Men Legacy I#261) - Bling! was seen walking through the school's hallway when Exodus attacked the X-Men. To keep the students safe, they were put in a special panic room that would be teleported to a neutral dimension.
(X-Men Legacy I#263) - When Exodus' threat had passed, Bling! and the students returned from the neutral dimension.
(Wolverine and the X-Men: Alpha & Omega#2) - Bling! arrived to class alongside Gentle and Cipher. Sometime after class Bling! was looking for a book in the library when Quentin Quire tried to impress her with his simulation in which he had trapped headmaster Wolverine. Thinking he played way too many videogames Bling! tried to brush Quire off and kept on looking for her book, wondering whether or not she could just download it. Refusing to give up, Quire told her all about his fully loaded construct even offering her to enter it herself. Bling! turned to Quire to tell him he really needed a shower as well as a lesson on when to take a hint. As Bling! took off she apologized she was just not the kind of girl he could impress.
(X-Men: Legacy I#264) - Bling! attended the class "coping with physical changes" by their instructor Chamber when Weapon Omega (Michael Pointer) came crashing through the walls. Pointer's powers were out of control seeking to fill himself with more mutant energies, Chamber rescued his students by hitting him with a powerful blast of pyrokinetic energy after which the X-Men took over.
(Uncanny X-Force I#25) - Bling! was seen walking the school grounds while Quentin Quire was bullying Evan Sabahnur.
(Wolverine and the X-Men I#15) - Bling! witnessed the arrival of the students who'd remained on Utopia after the schism. Later that day she stood alongside her friends as the teachers left to deal with the threat of the Phoenix Five.
(Wolverine and the X-Men I#17) - In between classes, Bling! was talking with Anole while Gentle checked his locker to find Doop sleeping in front of it, wearing Wolverine's costume.
(Avengers Academy#38) - Bling! participated in the inaugural flag football game between Avengers Academy and the X-Men's Jean Grey School. By majority vote, powers were allowed, but not in any way that could harm opponents, if any would use unnecessary roughness they would be disqualified. However, Wolverine planned to get all of the teachers kicked out as fast as possible, figuring it would help the students bond more easily.
(Wolverine and the X-Men I#18) - Bling! and the other students received a telepathic announcement that in an effort to release the tension of the ongoing fight against the Phoenix Five, the school would host their first ever dance. That night Bling! attended and danced with Rockslide.
(Wolverine and the X-Men I#19) - Having followed Warren Worthington's a.p. economics class Bling! was chosen alongside Anole, Blindfold and Armor to replace the board of directors of Worthington Industries. However, Worthington's lawyer Matt Murdock was shocked by this strange move and most likely put a stop to it.
(X-Men: Legacy I#275) - Bling! and a group of students returned from a field trip with their teachers Beast, Frenzy and Gambit.
(All-New X-Men I#2) - Bling! attended Wolverine's class on how to defeat a ninja master. Halfway through his instruction, Logan picked up a familiar scent and took off, telling the class to talk amongst themselves so he could deal with it.
(All-New X-Men I#10) - The Jean Grey School was shocked by the sudden arrival of the other X-Men team led by Cyclops. Bling! and the other students witnessed how Cyclops explained they had also opened a school called the New Charles Xavier School for Mutants (in the former Weapon X facility in Canada). Cyclops offered everyone a place at their new school (enraging Wolverine and his staff they actually used Xavier's name after Cyclops had killed him). Cyclops gave the mutants some time to consider his offer, promising he would return later that day.
(All-New X-Men I#11) - Several hours later, Magik teleported Cyclops and his team to the school again to see who would join them. Bling! witnessed the time-displaced Angel and the Stepford Cuckoos switching sides and leaving with Cyclops.
(Wolverine and the X-Men I#29) - Bling! joined staff and students in the school garden for a special time capsule ceremony. Everyone was invited to place something of value in the capsule that would be opened twenty-five years from now.
(X-Men IV#7 (fb) - BTS) - Bling! gathered all of her courage and asked fellow classmate Mercury out on a date.
(X-Men IV#12/2 (fb) - BTS) - Bling! left several notes at Mercury's door, which freaked Mercury out.
(X-Men IV#1) - Right before first period had started Bling! walked the school's hallways when she was suddenly attacked by Mercury who knocked her halfway through the hallway. X-Men Storm and Rachel Summers witnessed the assault and called both of them to order, sensing a bigger problem Storm send Mercury away as she first wished a word with Bling!. A somewhat embarrassed Bling! refused to talk about it and walked away but before Storm could react they were called away by Rogue and Shadowcat. While the X-Men left the school to locate Jubilee after a troublesome phonecall, at the same time X-Men villain John Sublime arrived at the school to offer his surrender. Sublime sought out the X-Men's help against his alien-evolved sister Arkea who could control machinery and who was determined to conquer Earth. Unbeknownst to them Arkea had hitched a ride on Shogo, the baby Jubilee brought with her, Arkea infiltrated the system and took over the body of Prime Sentinel turned X-Man Karima Shapandar.
(X-Men IV#2) - Arkea discovered Sublime was also in the school and activated the X-Men's lockdown procedures, trapping X-Men and students in certain areas. Bling! was one of the few students still able to move freely and after finding Shadowcat, who'd just fought Arkea, she joined her for a trip to the X-Men's Blackbird hangar. Several X-Men left the school in their quest to find Arkea while Bling!, Pixie, Hellion and Primal had to help Shadowcat debug and clean up the Danger Room, which had been destroyed. Mere seconds later Bling! found what appeared to be some kind of explosive device.
(X-Men IV#3) - Terrified, Bling! ducked for cover, only to discover that Shadowcat had ordered Pixie to teleport the bomb into space. After she left, the doors of the Danger Room suddenly closed and the oxygen was drained away. Seconds away from death, Shadowcat and the students found it hard to breathe, Bling! remarked they obviously didn't know how to kill her and used her enhanced strength to destroy the doors. But after escaping the Danger Room, another one of Arkea's plans was activated. Dozens of Karima Shapandar holograms appeared and tried to kill them. While Hellion created a force field to defend them, Bling! immediately saw her change and successfully destroyed all of the holograms. Now continuing their way to the server room they encountered other students Surge, Armor and Oya who'd also been fighting holograms. In the meanwhile Shadowcat had made her way to the server room. Unable to stop the Arkea virus, Kitty decided to phase herself through the servers, thus destroying them and seemingly stopping Arkea.
(X-Men IV#6 (fb) - BTS) - In an effort to help Jubilee keep baby Shogo safe, Bling! sought out Armor to help her build something special. Basing the idea on Armor's mutant powers the two created a special pendant for Shogo that in case of danger would employ a special, protective bubble around the child.
(X-Men IV#6) - Bling! and Amor delivered their little present to Jubilee who was unable to grasp what the two had really built. When Armor left to deal with a proximity alert, Bling! explained they had keyed the pendant to Jubilee's biometrics and she should also program someone else into it. Jubilee replied it would have to be Bling! herself since she'd created it, prompting her to blush. Bling! continued and asked if she could help her with her situation with Mercury, but before Jubilee could respond she was called away by Armor and Rachel Grey. Bling! followed Jubilee and witnessed the arrival of the "future X-Men" secretly the Brotherhood of Earth-13729. The Brotherhood's Charles Xavier Jr. asked where the young Beast and Iceman (from the time-displaced X-Men team) were. Bling! remarked they had already left. Displeased at the news, Xavier Jr. lashed out at Bling! with his telepathic powers, forcing her to the floor until he was stopped by Wolverine. Seconds later, Rachel Summers finally realized they weren't the real X-Men. However it already seemed too late since Raze (an alternate reality son of Wolverine) revealed his identity and stabbed Wolverine in the stomach. Bling! slowly gathered her senses while a huge fight had erupted between the Brotherhood and the X-Men. During the confrontation, Bling!'s gizmo was activated creating an impenetrable force field bubble around Shogo. Surprised by the effect, Jubilee couldn't believe Bling! had made him a hamster ball after which she grabbed her hand and fled the scene. Seeking shelter in a cave on the school ground Bling! and Jubilee were confronted by another new player Sentinel-X. But when the Iron Man look-a-like took off his helmet, he appeared to be a full grown Shogo, a member of the actual X-Men from Earth-13729, the same world as the Brotherhood had come from.
(Young Avengers II#11) - Prodigy (David Alleyne) had set up a phone tree to ask several teen heroes to help the Young Avengers in their fight against the evil Mother. Pixie contacted Bling!.
(Young Avengers II#12) - Like most teenage heroes Bling! answered the call and met up with the Young Avengers at Central Park. After learning the full details Bling! and the other started their fight against the evil Mother and her forces.
(Young Avengers II#13 - BTS) - The Young Avengers eventually managed to defeat the evil Mother.
(Young Avengers II#14) - To celebrate Mother's defeat, the Young Avengers threw a party that Bling! was also invited to. She was seen dancing in the midst of all the super powered teenagers.
(X-Men IV#7) - Weeks after facing the alternate reality Brotherhood, Jubilee and Bling! had planned a lunch date to talk about her situation with Mercury. Just when Bling! had made herself ready to talk with Jubilee she noticed her leaving the school and quickly came up to her. But before Jubilee could explain why she had to leave, Bling! already poured everything out. Bling! revealed she had asked Mercury out on a date, which had freaked Cessily out to such an extent she punched her in front of everybody. Bling! admitted to feeling embarrassed, because no one knew how much nerve it had cost her to even talk to her. Jubilee declared that what Mercury had done was completely unacceptable. Bling! replied that it was okay, because she actually liked someone else now (meaning Jubilee).
(X-Men IV#8) - Over lunch, Bling! and Jubilee talked some more about what had happened between her and Mercury. Bling! still felt somewhat upset since she believed the X-Men were supposed to be all about inclusion and acceptance and appreciating people who are different. Jubilee told her she really needed to talk to Storm or Rachel about it and wondered what bothered Mercury so much about it. Bling! noticed Mercury was looking their way and used the opportunity to kiss Jubilee on the lips. Somewhat shocked by what happened Jubilee remarked she didn't even know what that was about and continued drinking her soda. Just then, X-Men member M walked by calling Jubilee in for a mission. Jubilee apologized and left. Feeling satisfied about what had happened Bling! folded her arms and leaned back.
(X-Men: Legacy II#20) - Bling!, Anole and Pixie visited Blindfold in the sick bay. In the grips of a fever, Blindfold was burning up while she was in contact with Legion whose mind was fighting the Shadow Phoenix.
(X-Men IV#10/2 (fb)) - A meteor containing pieces of Arkea's essence crashed towards Earth, sending chunks of infectious rock all over the planet. The debris managed to reach a group of old school Sentinels sunk decades earlier off the Cortes banks. Controlling the corroded killing machines, Arkea ordered them to head for the mainland. Jubilee gathered a small group of students to stop the Sentinels.
(X-Men IV#10/2) - The small strike force on the beach consisted of Jubilee, Bling!, Pixie and Hellion, while the squad in the Black Bird was made up of Cipher, Mercury, Kid Omega and Karima Shapandar. When the Sentinels emerged from the water, Hellion began the assault while Bling! helped the people on the beach to safety. Jubilee soon realized their opponents had more firepower than expected, forcing her to change the mission parameters and sending Pixie and Bling! in.
(X-Men IV#11/2) - Pixie used her teleportation powers to bring her and Bling! in front of one of the Sentinels after which Bling! used her diamond-hard exterior to destroy one of their heads. Inadvertently Bling! became entangled in the machine's wiring, thus dragging her in the water. Surprisingly Mercury was the one to jump after her, freeing Roxy from the wires and bringing her back to the surface.
(X-Men IV#12/2) - While the remaining X-Men successfully took down the remaining Sentinels Bling! and Mercury watched from the waters. Having realized they were safe, Mercury turned to Bling!. She was upset Roxy had filed a complaint with Storm about her. Bling! revealed she had felt so lonely being the only lesbian at the school, with her potentially dangerous rock-hard skin she had hoped Mercury would've understood her. Mercury could relate considering her own liquid metal form and offered to go out together, provided Roxy would stop leaving creepy notes at her door. Several moments later the Blackbird appeared to pick them up.
(X-Men: Legacy II#24) - Bling! witnessed Blindfold walking the school's hallways after overcoming her ordeal with Legion.
(Wolverine and the X-Men II#1) - Alongside Rockslide and Glob Herman, Bling! attended the first class taught by the recently graduated Quentin Quire. Afterwards, Bling! was present when all the videoscreens inside the school broadcasted a message from the Phoenix Corporation.
(Wolverine and the X-Men II#2) - Upset what the message might have meant, Bling! and several other students refused to continue their classes until the X-Men explained what was going on. But since the X-Men had gone off to deal with the mysterious Phoenix Corporation recently graduated member Armor (Hisako Ichiki) went and spoke to the students. However her speech turned into a fight between Armor and Oya until Oya stormed off.
(Wolverine and the X-Men II#3) - Faithful John of the Phoenix Corporation and Hot Knife of the Askani had come to Earth-616 to teach all at Xavier's of the horrors that would surely come to pass. Bling! and the entire student body was affected by John's telepathy as he showed them how their classmate Genesis would evolve into the malevolent Apocalypse.
(Nightcrawler IV#4) - When the Jean Grey School came under attack by the Trimega, Bling! and the other students ducked for cover when the robot-like enemies blasted through the school's windows. While the X-Men fought the Trimega, Bling! and the students hid behind Cecilia Reyes' protective force field until the enemies finally vanished.
(Storm III#1) - Unable to deal with a protesting student, Beast sent Storm to deal with the situation. Marisol Guerra, codenamed Flourish, wanted to leave Xavier's and had used her abilities to grow all kinds of mushroom, moss and mold in the cafeteria. Since the other students had nicknamed her Creep, she decided to own the name and tried her best to upset Storm so she would be returned home. Guerra finally got under Ororo's skin by calling her old. Storm summoned rain and thunder to wash the girl away. The sound of thunder didn't go unnoticed as Bling! and several others quickly followed the sound and witnessed what had happened. The next day Bling! and the students watched a news report which showed Storm who'd just helped fishermen all along the northern shore of Santa Marco reclaim their villages.
(X-Men IV#16) - After Sprite (Jia Jing) and Primal (Teon Macik) had been mortally wounded by the Future, Bling! and several other students demanded to be part of the response team.
(Uncanny X-Men III#31) - After omega-level mutant Matthew Malloy had killed Emma Frost on the front lawn of the Jean Grey School Bling! and the other students immediately attacked the mutant. However, Malloy used his powers to destroy the school, killing all present. Tempus (Eva Bell) of Cyclops' New Charles Xavier School for Mutants used her powers to go back in time seeking out the help of Professor X. Together, they managed to make sure Malloy's parents never met.
(Storm III#10) - Bling! and several other students witnessed how Storm flew down to the front lawn of the Jean Grey School. Amazed by her appearance, several students waved at her. Later that day the Jean Grey School came under attack by former student Kenji Uedo who engulfed the school in his living techno-organic flesh. A version of Kenji's former self tried to rescue Bling! from the techno-organic flesh but was unsuccessful.
(Storm III#11) - Storm unleashed a powerful blast of thunder which allowed Bling! and other students to free themselves from the living flesh and escape the premises. Eventually Storm was able to defeat Kenji who seemingly died.
(Uncanny X-Men I#600) - Bling! and the other X-Men were about to stage an intervention for Beast when Dazzler received word the still fugitive Cyclops was spotted in Washington D.C. This led Magik to teleport everyone to the nation's capital to confront their former leader. Instead, they witnessed him deliver a powerful speech to prove to the world they had nothing to fear from mutants.
(Extraordinary X-Men#1 - BTS) - As the Terrigene mists swept the planet, Storm founded X-Haven, a sanctuary in Limbo (Otherplace) to protect mutantkind from the toxic effects of the mists on mutants. Bling! was one of several students to join them.
(Extraordinary X-Men#3) - With Magik unconscious and unable to defend X-Haven, several Limbo demons attacked. While Indra, Transonic and several other students fought the demons Bling! ran inside the school, possibly escorting several young mutants to safety.
(All-New X-Men II#9) - The time-displaced young X-Men held a special birthday party for Genesis (Evan Sabahnur) on what was left of Utopia, the X-Men's former base. Bling! was one of the many students who attended the party and danced alongside Nature Girl and Trance.
(Star-Lord II#1 possibly) - Using an image inducer Bling! joined Nezhno, Transonic, Primal, Eye-Boy, Pixie, Shark-Girl and Mercury on a trip to the Museum of Modern Art in New York with Kitty Pryde and "old man" Logan.
(Old Man Logan II#39) - Bling! and Chamber were seen talking on the school's front lawn when Logan (of Earth-807128) arrived, he'd come to see Cecilia Reyes.
Comments: Created by Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Danny Miki, Allen Martinez (inkers).
Several online sources claim Bling!'s full name is Roxanne, rather than Roxy because Emplate called her that. While "Roxy" is indeed short for Roxanne, it's doubtful parents calling themselves "Daddy Libido" and "Sexy Mutha" would ever pick such a traditional name.
As for Bling!'s appearance in All-New Doop I#5: through time travel dozens of Doop's were present during the events of X-Men IV#6 when the X-Men faced the alternate reality Brotherhood. For my money, that counts as an alternate reality. I hope it is, cos that series sure gave me a headache.
Roxy was created by Peter Milligan. The way she turned out actually feels like she's an intellectual leftover from Milligan's revolutionary 2001 run on X-Force/X-Statix which was all about mutants positioning themselves as celebrities and (reality) tv-stars. What would be better to have the mutant child of two (allegedly unpowered) celebrities turn out to be a practical lesbian who just wants to do good? And her powers allow her to create all the shiny bling-bling diamonds anyone would ever want. Ah, the irony! --- Norvo
Bling! received profiles in X-Men: The 198 Files and Heroic Age: X-Men she was also part of the New X-Men profile in X-Men: Messiah Complex - Mutant Files
Bling! appeared as a regular on Generation vol.2 we still have to add those entries to her profile.
Profile by MarvellousLuke
Bling! has no known connections to
Blink (Clarice Ferguson), mutant, descendent of Apocalypse & Frederick Ferguson, kidnapped by Harvest, became involved in battle against Phalanx, sacrificed self to destroy Harvest @ Uncanny X-Men I#316
or any other "Bling" characters
X-Men IV#10, p17, pan2 (main image)
X-Men II#171, p8, pan7,8 (Foxx)
X-Men II#172, p6, pan2,3 (in the water)
X-Men II#172, p6, pan1,2 (attacking Mystique)
X-Men II#184, p17, pan1 (inside of Apocalypse's sphinx-like ship)
New X-Men II#35, p2, pan2,3 (declining New X-Men membership)
X-Men Legacy Annual I#1, p24, pan1,2,3 (Emplate's prisoner)
X-Men Legacy I#230, p16, pan2 (attacks Emplate)
X-Men III#5, p2, pan5 (preparing to fight the Vampire Nation)
X-Men IV#1, p6, pan3,4,5 (in a fight with Mercury)
X-Men IV#8, p17, pan5 (kisses Jubilee)
X-Men IV#12, p19, pan4,5 (making up with Mercury)
X-Men II#171 (August, 2005) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Danny Miki, Allen Martinez (inkers), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#173 (September, 2005) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Danny Miki, Allen Martinez (inkers), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#174 (October, 2005) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Danny Miki, Allen Martinez (inkers), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#177 (January, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Allen Martinez (inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men: The 198 Files (January, 2006) - Eric J. Moreels, Marc-Olivier Frisch, Brian E. Wilkinson (writers), Jeff Youngquist (editor)
X-Men II#179 (February, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Allen Martinez (inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#181 (March, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Roger Cruz (pencils), Victor Olazaba, Don Hillsman III (inks), Mike Marts (editor)
New X-Men II#23 (April, 2006) - Craig Kyle, Chris Yost (writers), Mark Brooks, Paul Pelletier (pencillers), Jaime Mendoza (inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#184 (May, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils, inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#185 (June, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils, inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#186 (July, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils, inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men II#187 (August, 2006) - Peter Milligan (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils, inks), Mike Marts (editor)
New X-Men II#32 (January, 2007) - Craig Kyle (writer), Mike Norton (pencils), Dave Meikis (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
New X-Men II#35 (April, 2007) - Craig Kyle, Chris Yost (writers), Paco Medina (pencils), Juan Vlasco (inks), Sean Ryan (editor)
New X-Men II#38 (July, 2007) - Craig Kyle, Chris Yost (writers), Skottie Young, Niko Henrichon (pencillers), Sean Parsons (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Marvel Digital Holiday Special#1/1 (December, 2008) - Jim McCann (writer), Todd Nauck (pencils)
Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Utopia#1 (August, 2009) - Matt Fraction (writer), Terry Dodson (pencils), Rachel Dodson (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Uncanny X-Men I#513 (September, 2009) - Matt Fraction (writer), Marc Silvestri, Michael Broussaro, Eric Basaldua, Tyler Kirkham, Sheldon Mitchell (pencillers), Joe Weems, Marco Galli, Eric Basaldua, Rick Basaldua, Jason Gorder, Jay Leisten, Sal Regia, Jon Sibal, Ryan Winn (inkers), Nick Lowe (editor)
Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Exodus#1 (November, 2009) - Matt Fraction (writer), Mike Deodato Jr. (pencils, inks), Terry Dodson (pencils), Rachel Dodson (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Men Legacy Annual I#1 (November, 2009) - Mike Carey (writer), Daniel Acuna (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#228 (December, 2009) - Mike Carey (writer), Daniel Acuna (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#229 (January, 2010) - Mike Carey (writer), Daniel Acuna (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Force III#22 (February, 2010) - Craig Kyle, Chris Yost (writers), Clayton Crain (pencils, inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#230 (February, 2010) - Mike Carey (writer), Daniel Acuna, Mirco Pierfederici (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Second Coming: Prepare#1 (April, 2010) - Mike Carey (writer), Stuart Immonen (pencils), Michael Lacombe (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Nation X#4/1 (May, 2010) - Peter Milligan (writer), Michael Allred (pencils, inks), Jody Leheup (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#234 (May, 2010) - Mike Carey (writer), Yanick Paquette (pencils), Michael Lacombe (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
New Mutants III#13 (July, 2010) - Zeb Wells (writer), Ibrahim Roberson, Lan Medina (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
New Mutants III#14 (August, 2010) - Zeb Wells (writer), Ibraim Roberson, Lan Medina, Nathan Fox (pencils, inks), Daniel Ketchum, Nick Lowe, Jeanine Schaefer, Axel Alonso (editors)
X-Men Legacy I#237 (August, 2010) - Mike Carey (writer), Greg Land (pencils), Jay Leisten (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Men: Second Coming#2 (September, 2010) - Mike Carey, Matt Fraction, Zeb Wells, Chris Yost, Craig Kyle (writers), Ibraim Roberson, Esad Ribic, Greg Land, Terry Dodson (pencillers, inkers), Nick Lowe, Jeanine Schaefer, Axel Alonso, Daniel Ketchum (editors)
X-Men III#5 (January, 2011) - Victor Gischler (writer), Paco Medina (pencils), Juan Vlasco (inks), Axel Alonso (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#242 (January, 2011) - Mike Carey (writer), Paul Davidson (pencils, inks), Daniel Ketchum (editor)
Heroic Age: X-Men (February, 2011) - Michael Hoskin, Chad Anderson, Mike O'Sullivan, Peter Sanderson, Markus Raymond, Anthony Flamini, Kevin Garcia, Stuart Vandal, Jacob Rougemont, Madison Carter (writers), Jeff Youngquist (editor)
X-Men III#11 (July, 2011) - Victor Gischler (writer), Al Barrionuevo (pencils), Michael Lacombe (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Nick Lowe (editors)
X-Men Legacy I#250 (August, 2011) - Mike Carey (writer), Khoi Pham (pencils), Tom Palmer (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Sebastian Gimer, Nick Lowe (editors)
X-Men: Regenesis#1 (December, 2011) - Kieron Gillen (writer), Billy Tan (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe, Sebastian Grimer (editors)
X-Men Legacy I#260.1 (March, 2012) - Christos Gage (writer), David Baldeon (pencils), Jordi Tarragona (inks), Daniel Ketchum (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#261 (March, 2012) - Christos Gage (writer), David Baldeon (pencils), Jordi Tarragona (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Nick Lowe (editors)
X-Men Legacy I#263 (May, 2012) - Christos Gage (writer), David Baldeon (pencils), Jordi Tarragona (inks), Daniel Ketchum (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men: Alpha & Omega#2 (April, 2012) - Brian Wood (writer), Roland Boschi (pencils, inks), Mark Brooks (pencils), Andrew Currie (inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#264 (May, 2012) - Christos N. Gage (writer), Rafa Sandoval (pencils), Jordi Tarragona (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Nick Lowe (editor)
Uncanny X-Force I#25 (July, 2012) - Rick Remender (writer), Mike McKone (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men I#15 (October, 2012) - Jason Aaron (writer), Jorge Molina (pencils), Norman Lee (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men I#17 (November, 2012) - Jason Aaron (writer), Mike Allred (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Avengers Academy#38 (December, 2012) - Christos N. Gage (writer), Tom Grummett (pencils), Cory Hamster, Rick Ketcham (inkers), Bill Roseanne (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men I#18 (December, 2012) - Jason Aaron (writer), Jorge Molina (pencils), Norman Lee (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men I#19 (December, 2012) - Jason Aaron (writer), Nick Bradshaw, Steven Sanders (pencillers), Walden Wong (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Men Legacy I#275 (December, 2012) - Christos N. Gage (writer), David Baldeon (pencils), Jordi Tarragona (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Jennifer M. Smith, Nick Lowe (editors)
All-New X-Men I#2 (January, 2013) - Brian Michael Bendis (writer), Stuart Immonen (pencils), Wade von Grawbadger (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
All-New X-Men I#10 (June, 2013) - Brian Michael Bendis (writer), Stuart Immonen (pencils), Wade von Grawbadger (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men I#29 (July, 2013) - Jason Aaron (writer), Ramon Perez (pencils, inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
X-Men IV#1 (July, 2013) - Brian Wood (writer), Olivier Coipel (pencils), Mark Morales (inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men IV#2 (August, 2013) - Brian Wood (writer), Olivier Coipel (pencils), Mark Morales (inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men IV#3 (September, 2013) - Brian Wood (writer), Olivier Coipel (pencils), Mark Morales (inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men IV#6 (December, 2013) - Brian Wood (writer), David Lopez (pencils), Cam Smith, Terry Pallot (inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
Young Avengers II#11 (December, 2013) - Kieron Gillen (writer), Jamie McKelvie (pencils, inks), Kris Anka, Mike Norton (inkers), Lauren Sankovitch, Jon Moisan (editors)
X-Men IV#7 (January, 2014) - Brian Wood (writer), Terry Dodson (pencils), Roger Dodson (inks), Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men Legacy II#20 (January, 2014) - Simon Spurrier (writer), Tan Eng Huat (pencils), Craig Yeung (inks), Daniel Ketchum (editor)
Young Avengers II#12 (January, 2014) - Kieron Gillen (writer), Jamie McKelvie (pencils, inks), Stephen Thompson, Mike Norton (pencillers), Lauren Sankovitch (editor)
X-Men IV#8 (February, 2014) - Brian Wood (writer), Terry Dodson (pencils), Barry Kitson (pencils, inks), Roger Dodson, Scott Hanna, Karl Kesel, Terry Pallott (inkers), Jason Keith (editor)
Young Avengers II#14 (February, 2014) - Kieron Gillen (writer), Jamie McKelvie (pencils, inks), Emma Vieceli, Christian Ward, Annie Wu (pencillers), Lauren Sankovitch, Jon Moisan (editors)
X-Men IV#10/2 (April, 2014) - Brian Wood (writer), Clay Mann (pencils), Seth Mann (inks), Tom Brennan, Jeanine Schaefer (editor)
X-Men Legacy II#24 (April, 2014) - Simon Spurrier (writer), Tan Eng Huat (pencils), Craig Yeung (inks), Daniel Ketchum (editor)
X-Men IV#12/2 (May, 2014) - Brian Wood (writer), Clay Mann (pencils), Seth Mann (inks), Tom Brennan, Jeanine Schaefer (editors)
Wolverine and the X-Men II#1 (May, 2014) - Jason Latour (writer), Mahmud Asrar (pencils, inks), Tom Brennan (editor)
Wolverine and the X-Men II#2 (May, 2014) - Jason Latour (writer), Mahmud Asrar (pencils, inks), Tom Brennan, Mike Marts (editors)
Wolverine and the X-Men II#3 (June, 2014) - Jason Latour (writer), Mahmud Asrar (pencils, inks), Tom Brennan (editor)
Nightcrawler IV#4 (September, 2014) - Chris Claremont (writer), Todd Nauck (pencils, inks), Daniel Ketchum (editor)
Storm III#1 (September, 2014) - Greg Pak (writer), Victor Ibanez (pencils, inks), Mike Marts (editor)
X-Men IV#16 (September, 2014) - Brian Wood (writer), Matteo Buffagni, Gerardo Sandoval (pencillers), Matteo Buffagni (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Mike Marts (editors)
All-New Doop#5 (November, 2014) - Peter Milligan (writer), Federico Santagati (pencils), David Lafuente (inks), Nick Lowe (editor)
Uncanny X-Men III#31 (April, 2015) - Brian Michael Bendis (writer), Chris Bachalo (pencils), Tim Townsend, Marc Deering, Wayne Faucher, Mark Irwin, Jaime Mendoza, Victor Olazaba, Al Vey (inkers), Mike Marts (editor)
Storm III#10 (June, 2015) - Greg Pak (writer), Victor Ibanez, Al Barrionuevo, Neil Edwards (pencillers), Victor Ibanez, Ed Tadeo (inkers), Daniel Ketchum, Alanna Smith, Mike Marts (editors)
Storm III#11 (July, 2015) - Greg Pak (writer), Victor Ibanez, Neil Edwards (pencillers), Victor Ibanez, Neil Edwards (inkers), Daniel Ketchum, Mike Marts (editors)
Uncanny X-Men I#600 (January, 2016) - Brian Michael Bendis (writer), Sara Pichelli, Mahmud Asrar, Kris Anka, David Marquez (pencils, inks), Frazer Irving, Chris Bachalo, Stuart Immonen (pencillers), Wade von Grawbadger, Mark Irwin, Tim Townsend (inkers), Mike Marts, Mark Paniccia (editors)
Extraordinary X-Men#3 (February, 2016) - Jeff Lemire (writer), Humberto Ramos (pencils), Victor Olazaba (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Christina Harrington, Mark Paniccia (editors)
All-New X-Men II#9 (July, 2016) - Dennis Hopeless (writer), Mark Bagley (pencils), Andrew Hennessy (inks), Daniel Ketchum, Chris Robinson, Mark Paniccia (editor)
Star-Lord II#1 (February, 2017) - Chip Zdarsky (writer), Kris Anka (pencils, inks), Jordan D. White, Darren Shan, Kathleen Wisneski (editors)
Old Man Logan II#39 (July, 2018) - Ed Brisson (writer), Ibraim Roberson (pencils, inks), Christina Harrington, Jordan D. White, Chris Robinson (editor)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Many times I need to hide my layers when I am working on either an HDR image with several adjustments or making a 60+ layer composite image. I find it very painstaking and tedious to click each individual eyeball to hide the layers to see how the image is developing, especially when the project has 60+ layers. Well, as usual, I learned something new by complete accident.
I was holding down the control key when I scrolled across my project layers palette in Adobe® Photoshop® CS5 and noticed 2 of my layers were now hidden. I thought for a second, "How could those layers magically disappear?" So I went back to the layers palette with control still held down and noticed more of my layers were now hidden. I released control and waved my mouse back over the layers and nothing, they were still hidden, "That's odd?"… At that moment I scratched my head and was dumbfounded for a second. So I pressed control again and waved the mouse over the hidden visibility eyes in the layers palette… low and behold the layers became visible once again.
Later I found that pressing Alt (Option on Mac) while clicking a layer will hide all other layers in the palette. Holding Alt (Option on Mac) and clicking that same layer will bring all the other layers out of hiding.
These tricks may seem trivial, but imagine the amount of time you will save using these hot keys. It would take approximately 9 seconds to hide 10 layers by clicking them individually when it should only take one using either the control or alt key method. If I had known these methods over the last 11 years of Photoshopping I could have saved myself well over 17820 seconds, that's almost 5 hours.


text:
Q: GetModuleInformation fails when using LoadLibraryExA(...,...,LOAD_LIBRARY_AS_DATAFILE)? I am using dliNotePreLoadLibrary in my own delay loading hook to verify the code signature of a DLL to be loaded before actually loading it. In order to avoid it to execute any code whatsoever, I load it by means of LoadLibraryExA(...,...,LOAD_LIBRARY_AS_DATAFILE) (the hook only provides the ANSI name, so that's okay) and unload it after verification so that it can be loaded as a DLL with code.
Stepping through the code in the debugger I can see that I receive a handle and that handle is <baseaddress>+1 as expected for a "data module". However, once I attempt to pass this handle to GetModuleFileName inside a library function (that is also the reason why I can't pass the name, only the module handle), the function returns 0 and GetLastError gives me ERROR_MOD_NOT_FOUND. However, the module got loaded, so it was definitely found. Also, this is in the current process, so access to the "target process" is no issue here.
So I thought why not use VirtualQuery to retrieve the actual base address (MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION::BaseAddress) of the DLL I just loaded (in case the <baseaddress>+1 is an issue), but the result remains the same: ERROR_MOD_NOT_FOUND.
I'm out of ideas. Does anyone have any ideas what is going on here?
Platform of the tests: Windows 7 SP1, x64 (latest patches)
Here's the code of the:
FARPROC WINAPI MyDliHook(unsigned dliNotify, PDelayLoadInfo pdli)
{
    switch(dliNotify)
    {
    case dliNotePreLoadLibrary:
        if(0 == lstrcmpiA(pdli->szDll, "DLLNAME.dll"))
        {
            HMODULE hVerifiedDll = LoadLibraryExA(pdli->szDll, NULL, LOAD_LIBRARY_AS_DATAFILE);
            if(hVerifiedDll)
            {
                MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION mbi;
                if(0 != VirtualQuery(hVerifiedDll, &mbi, sizeof(mbi)));
                {
                    VerifyModuleSignature((HMODULE)mbi.BaseAddress, pdli->szDll);
                }
                FreeLibrary(hVerifiedDll);
            }
        }
        break;
    default:
        break;
    }
    return NULL;
}
PfnDliHook __pfnDliNotifyHook2 = MyDliHook;

The function VerifyModuleSignature calls first of all GetModuleFileName to retrieve the file name and it fails at that step. I verified that with the .exe that creates the process, the code signature verification works fine.
Side-note: I have verified that the ERROR_MOD_NOT_FOUND error comes from GetModuleFileName and not, for example, from the earlier call to LoadLibraryExA. In order to make sure I don't get a "polluted" last error code I called SetLastError(ERROR_SUCCESS) right before the call to GetModuleFileName.

A: As explained in MSDN, you cannot retrieve the Module using GetModuleHandle when LOAD_LIBRARY_AS_DATAFILE is used:

If this value is used, the system maps the file into the calling process's virtual address space as if it were a data file. Nothing is done to execute or prepare to execute the mapped file. Therefore, you cannot call functions like GetModuleFileName, GetModuleHandle or GetProcAddress with this DLL.

Edit: Actually Hans Passant was a bit closer to the reason than this answer. While this answer reiterates what MS states, it doesn't give a reason. The reason however, is that GetModuleFileName basically walks the LDR_MODULE list of the PEB, and that is only populated with the details when you "load code".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Maritime law firm in Ukraine
Emergency call +38 (094) 948 05 50
Customs claims
Black Sea Law Company has successfully defended the interests of a foreign Shipowner. According to the customs authority, 13 tons of cargo transported by a foreign vessel under the flag of Palau, became a record consignment of contraband.However, the legitimacy of the actions of the customs authority is questionable, as all the cargo of the […]
Maritime Law Journal Shipping Law Review
Black Sea Law Company has successfully defended the interests of a foreign Shipowner.
According to the customs authority, 13 tons of cargo transported by a foreign vessel under the flag of Palau, became a record consignment of contraband.
However, the legitimacy of the actions of the customs authority is questionable, as all the cargo of the vessel was declared, and the confiscated consignment of cargo was imported into the territory of Ukraine as the "transit".
Instead, Customs drew up a claim against the Master under Art. 483 of the Customs Code and calculated the preliminary amount of the fine – more than 17 million UAH.
Despite increased attention from the public and the complexity of the case, the ship left the port without any detention or arrests.
At this stage, it is important for the Shipowner to ensure the continuous commercial activity of the vessel and avoid losses, and the next step will be a lawsuit to protect the rights of the Master and the Owners of illegally confiscated cargo.
BLACK SEA LAW COMPANY
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© 2008 - 2023, Black Sea Law Company LLC, All rights reserved
Cookies are small text files that websites place on the computers and mobile devices of people who visit those websites. A Cookies Policy is the policy used to inform users about the use of cookies by a website or an app. These files are then read by the website each time you return to the site. These text files allow a website to remember your device and how you interacted with the website.


text:
EOB:About the origin of this site
This site was created by importing about 1200 Buddhism related articles from Wikipedia. About 100 of the imported articles were articles that User:Dorje108 had developed as a Wikipedia editor. (About 50 of those articles were small articles on the mental factors and other Buddhist terms.)
The reason for starting this new site was that we reached an impasse on Wikipedia--we had different views from other Wikipedia editors on how these articles should be developed and we were unable to reach a consensus.
So we decided to set up a new site so that we can develop these articles as we think best. Our guiding principle is a non-sectarian approach based on the Rimé movement. This non-sectarian approach means that we try to present the views of different Buddhist traditions and of modern academic scholars without bias or judgement.
For more about our history with Wikipedia, see:
Blogs:Dorje108/A short story about the origins of this site
Blogs:Robert_Walker/Origins_of_this_Encyclopedia_-_Buddhism_Project_in_Wikipedia
Wikipedia license information
Wikipedia licensing permits anyone to create a fork of their content, and develop the content as they wish, as long as they include the proper attribution to the original Wikipedia article. In our case, each article that has been imported from Wikipedia includes an attribution at the bottom of the page, with appropriate links to the source article and it's authors.
This site also has articles that we developed without relying on Wikipedia content.
Wikicommons images
Most of the images on this site are imported directly from Wikicommons , which is a free media repository developed as a Wikimedia project. You can view all the relevant copyright information and other details about these images by clicking on the image within the article.
Retrieved from "https://encyclopediaofbuddhism.org/index.php?title=EOB:About_the_origin_of_this_site&oldid=45138"


text:
{{SEITENTITEL:(536919) 2015 FL345}}
2015 FL345 ist ein großes transneptunisches Objekt im Kuipergürtel, das bahndynamisch als Cubewano (CKBO) eingestuft wird. Aufgrund seiner Größe gehört der Asteroid zu den Zwergplanetenkandidaten.

Entdeckung
2015 FL345 wurde am 21. März 2015 von einem Astronomenteam, bestehend aus B. Gibson, T. Goggia, N. Primak, A. Schultz und M. Willman, im Rahmen des Pan-STARRS-Projekts mit dem 1,8-m-Ritchey Chretien-Teleskop (PS1) am Haleakalā-Observatorium (Maui) entdeckt. Die Entdeckung wurde am 17. Juli 2016 bekanntgegeben.

Nach seiner Entdeckung ließ sich 2015 FL345 auf Fotos, die ebenfalls im Rahmen des Pan-STARRS-Programmes gemacht wurden, bis zum 1. Februar 2011 zurückgehend identifizieren und so seinen Beobachtungszeitraum um vier Jahre verlängern, um so seine Umlaufbahn genauer zu berechnen. Bisher wurde der Planetoid nur durch das Pan-STARRS-Teleskop beobachtet. Im Dezember 2018 lagen insgesamt 107 Beobachtungen über einen Zeitraum von 8 Jahren vor. Die bisher letzte Beobachtung wurde im Mai 2018 auch wieder am Pan-STARRS-Teleskop durchgeführt. (Stand 27. März 2019)

Eigenschaften

Umlaufbahn
2015 FL345 umkreist die Sonne in 313,75 Jahren auf einer leicht elliptischen Umlaufbahn zwischen 40,13 AE und 52,21 AE Abstand zu deren Zentrum. Die Bahnexzentrizität beträgt 0,131, die Bahn ist 5,36° gegenüber der Ekliptik geneigt. Derzeit ist der Planetoid 44,36 AE von der Sonne entfernt. Das Perihel durchläuft er das nächste Mal 2076, der letzte Periheldurchlauf dürfte also im Jahre 1762 erfolgt sein.

Marc Buie (DES) klassifiziert den Planetoiden als Cubewano, wobei er zu den bahndynamisch «heißen» klassischen KBO gehört, während vom Minor Planet Center keine spezifische Einstufung existiert; es ordnet ihn als Nicht-SDO und allgemein als «Distant Object» ein.

Größe
Derzeit wird von einem Durchmesser von 315 km ausgegangen, basierend auf einem Rückstrahlvermögen von 8 % und einer absoluten Helligkeit von 5,9 m. Ausgehend von diesem Durchmesser ergibt sich eine Gesamtoberfläche von etwa 312.000 km2. Die scheinbare Helligkeit von 2015 FL345 beträgt 22,41 m.

Da es denkbar ist, dass sich 2015 FL345 aufgrund seiner Größe im hydrostatischen Gleichgewicht befindet und somit weitgehend rund sein könnte, erfüllt er möglicherweise die Kriterien für eine Einstufung als Zwergplanet. Mike Brown geht davon aus, dass es sich bei 2015 FL345 um vielleicht einen Zwergplaneten handelt.

Siehe auch
 Liste von transneptunischen Objekten
 Liste der Zwergplaneten des Sonnensystems
 Liste der Asteroiden
 Liste der Monde von Asteroiden

Weblinks
 How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? Aktuelle Liste der größten TNO von Mike Brown
 Free the dwarf planets! Kolumne von Mike Brown über die IAU und die Zwergplaneten betreffend deren Einordnungen (23. August 2011) (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Kuipergürtelasteroid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Satellite Corporate Services Private Limited is a financial services company which is well known as registrar to public issues.
Satellite Corporate Services Private Limited is a SEBI registered category I registrar to issues and public transfers. They are specialized in registrar and transfer agent services, fixed deposits, demat related activities, record management and data management of corporate and individual; clients.
Unit. No 49, Building No. 13 AB, 2nd Floor, Samhita Commercial Co-Op Society Ltd, Off Andheri Kurla Road, MTNL Lane, Saki Naka, Mumbai – 400 072, Maharashtra, India.


text:
Frontier In 1708 : Part II
May 21st, 2016 | Author: codmeister
David Rose, the hero of my tale, is one of Pieter Schuyler's men. Of course not very much detail is known about this sort of operation, but in True stories of New England Captives carried to Canada during the old French and Indian wars, by Charlotte Alice Baker, and published in 1897,
Schuyler did not relax his efforts to protect New England. He openly protested against New York's maintenance of neutrality whereby marauders passed unmolested, to attack the people of Massachusetts; and remonstrating in the name with the Governor of Canada, he said it was his duty to God and man to prevent as far a possible the infliction of such cruelties. Se sent friendly Indians, as scouts into the enemy's country, and reported all he could learn of the designs of their captors in regards to them. pp137.
David was abducted ten years before the start of this story, and moves fluidly between Mohawk and French society. After he meets Matilda, he seeks out Schuyler to ask about her. Schuyler is surprised, since her name had not been released either to him, or to Massachusetts governor Joseph Dudley. Schuyler sets David on a mission that is in essence our story, he must discover why Matilda is different from other captives, and how he can save her from the man who wants her secrets.
David and Matilda are typical enough residents of the new world, to be remarkable to ours. Because the population of New England was so low, it made sense to me that there would be little that was typical, and I invented two people who embody nearly all possibilities of background, but not culture; English Puritan culture ran strongly among all the 'others' who lived with them.
David's father is John Rose, born Joao Roaz. John converted to Puritanism after he fell in love. The conversion was not difficult because Calvinism is, as he jokes, an Old Testament based covenanted religion. John was born in Lisbon to a family of hidden Jews, called in Spain and Portugal during the Inquisition, Marranos (meaning swine). John ran away from his family at thirteen. Preparing for a secret Bar-Mitzvah which might cause the arrest of all his extended family was too much for him, as was an apprenticeship with a member of the his father's guild which bored him. When he entered the English world he adopted the name John Rose.
Growing up in Lisbon, the home of the greatest explorers of the time, gave young John a fantastic opportunity, and he slipped away on a ship. In time his ship is overtaken by pirates and he joins them, finding himself part of the Anglo-Atlantic world and in trouble he jumps ship in Boston, Massachusetts. There he meets a native Algonquin of the Agawam people. She is probably the first dark eyed, dark haired beauty he has seen in months, and he fell in love with her immediately. Mercy's family are fully assimilated into Puritan New England, (all the Agawam were by 1675.) She is fun to write because she is devoutly Puritan, and celebrates her Thanksgivings with clam bakes and steamed corn.
Next Matilda:
Posted in Historical Musing, Historical Romance novels, Non Fiction history | Tags: Agawam, clam bakes and steamed corn, Marranos, Massachusetts Frontier, Pieter Schuyler | No Comments »
The Frontier in 1708
May 14th, 2016 | Author: codmeister
I am currently undertaking a story that takes place on the frontier in 1708. The frontier in this case is not the wild-west, but northern, central Massachusetts in this case Groton and Haverhill. (See my post on the mysterious stranger) These towns bordered the deep woods of northern New England and were settled by people who were enticed by land to take on the risk of living in this region. It was in fact a dangerous place, full of wild animals, cougars, rattlesnakes, wolves as well as all the smaller predators. The English had not considered the Indians enemies until a legal disturbance in Plymouth Colony led to a conflict named for the Sachem whose English name was Philip. Soon after, southern, central/northern Massachusetts, as well as Conne cticut and Rhode Island, were part of the conflict between the English settlers and the local Wampanoag tribes called King Phillip's War or Metacom's Rebellion, it lasted from 1675–78.
Although King Philip's War sets the frontier towns as dangerous places, more important to my story, is that both were attacked from the north, in a series of border invasions, and abductions enacted by the French Army, who used their Indian allies against the English Protestants. Queen Anne's War, was the second European war with a North American, intercolonial element. It was known in Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession, and fought on the American frontier from 1702-1713.
I have created a story in which Matilda is burned out of her home when town of Groton is under a fictional attack in 1708, and brought to Canada and delivered to the Maqua village. That was, and is a real town, although its location changed depending on soil fertility and safety of the townsfolk. The town was inhabited mostly by Mohawk, but nominally controlled by French Jesuits. These were Catholic Indians who had been schooled by the priests to hate the English Protestants, and the Agawam and other praying (Protestant Indians). In fact one diary by a visiting French priest says he was surprised to find that the Indians were taught, and believed, that the English had killed Christ, their god. Their hatred for the English was created and fed in this manner.
The English government did not send English soldiers to fight the French Army in North America, as the French did to fight the English. This left protection of the towns to the local militia, and farmers/tradesmen who were known as minutemen, meaning that although they were no in the militia they would be ready at a moment's notice to protect their town. Every New England colony had a standing militia, and tradition held that the colony just to the north was defended by the colony to the south. This worked well in the Maine territory of Massachusetts, southern Massachusetts, aided by Connecticut and New Hampshire, aided by Massachusetts. (Vermont was a disputed region and not yet a separate colony.) However, this system of protection against the Canadian French broke down in New York west of the Massachusetts border.
The Albany area was still controlled by Dutch traders and landowners who owed much of their wealth to the fur trade. Skins were brought down from the north and west to Albany where they were shipped down the Hudson River to the harbor at New York and on to Europe where the desire for beaver skins was insatiable. It was more important to the Dutch landowners to keep trade open, than to protect the lives of English captives, so they gave French and Mohawk armies free reign with their lands.
This was not true of at least one Dutch/New Yorker, Pieter Schuyler. Schuyler was the mayor of Albany and agent for the English relating to prisoners. He often made official exchanges of prisoners between the English and the French, but some records imply that he put "spies" in the Indian villages to monitor English prisoners there.
If you have read my previous books, you know I can't resist a spy.
More soon.
Posted in Fictional Romance, Historical Musing, Non Fiction history | Tags: Groton MA, Haverhill MA, Queen Anne's War, Schuyler | No Comments »


Thank you for your email of 7 January with your University of London essay, 'Why does Plato struggle with the impossibility of false belief? How does he resolve this?', and your email of 18 January, with your essay, 'What things does Plato say we can know? How can we know them?'.
I have just read the first essay and will comment on before reading the second essay - which is what would have happened in the normal course of events.
This is a superb piece of work. From a stylistic point of view, your essay does have a slightly breathless feel - you were clearly conscious of the need to avoid excessive length (for which I am grateful!) but this is not an important issue.
Were you aware of the famous piece by the sophist Gorgias, 'On What Is Not'? The piece must have made an impression on Plato.
If any criticism can be made, it is that your treatment of the texts is so thorough that it doesn't leave much room for a broader view of the problem of false belief. It is important to distinguish two issues which come under the heading 'false belief' which are really different problems altogether. You show awareness of this, in your treatment of Plato's arguments in the Theaetetus and Sophist. But examiners like to have things spelled out.
The first problem is the one that most deserves association with the sophist issue. This is the problem of false judgement. The possibility of objective (non-relative) truth can be understood as the problem of giving an account of how false judgement is possible.
The second problem arises more directly from Parmenides, the need to explain logically how there can be such a thing as a false proposition.
The solution to the first problem requires the establishment of an appropriate distance between the knower and the objects of knowledge, a distance which is yet capable of being overcome (otherwise we would end up knowing nothing). The main criticism of naive idealism is that the idealist, in the desire to overcome scepticism, attempts to abolish the distance between the knower and the known (cf. Kant's Refutation of Idealism, Critique of Pure Reason 2nd edition, also Wittgenstein's private language argument).
Contemporary anti-realism (Michael Dummett, Crispin Wright) presents a different challenge from the idealist, but one which has a similar structure - the oscillation between scepticism and the impossibility of truth - and which in many ways fits the sophist case better.
Plato confusingly gives two solutions to the second problem. The first is readily recognizable as the recognition that language is structured in a certain way. It is not too anachronistic to compare the account of the blending of forms with Wittgenstein's theory of language in the Tractatus. The crucial question for Wittgenstein, as for Plato, is how a proposition differs from a name.
That ought to be sufficient. But Plato introduces another idea: that whenever we state a false proposition, we are saying something which is 'different from the truth'. He doesn't just mean the truistic point that there are two truth values, each of which is necessarily different from the other. The suggestion is that there is a more fundamental notion than negation, in terms of which negation can be analysed. (There is an excellent article on this by David Wiggins with a ridiculously long name - sorry I don't have the exact reference to hand, but it is in an Anchor paperback of articles on Plato edited by Gregory Vlastos).
This is mind-boggling stuff, and you will certainly gain extra marks for showing a keener awareness of the issue. (It is certainly worth an afternoon's thought.) You do say in your penultimate paragraph, 'Nor does he give an account of true negation: 'Theaetetus is not flying' which would is puzzling given that the subject-predicate theory is all that is required from a logical point of view, but less puzzling from the point of view of the negation-as-difference theory. This needs to be spelled out a lot more. It is not inconceivable that this could be the main focus of an exam question on the Sophist.
This essay reads more like a summary of notes, and to that extent is less successful than the previous one. I didn't get a strong enough sense of the problem of knowledge as Plato sees it.
In response to Gettier, Gilbert Harman, in his book 'Thought' (Princeton 1973) defines knowledge as true belief which 'doesn't depend on anything false', which seems to heark back to Russell. An impossibly exacting requirement, unless we restrict what is to count as 'dependence'. Every attempt to deal with this challenge which doesn't throw in the towel and embrace scepticism has to compromise at some point, as you will discover. Obviously, one is not saying that Plato saw all this. But it was a wise decision to stay out of the mud and concentrate on higher things!
The road to Larissa example shows the deep problem for any account of knowledge as 'true belief plus an account'. Any account that you can give is just another belief or set of beliefs, so the question arises what makes *that* knowledge. Suppose you walk the road to Larissa. It is not clear how that helps, in the face of the challenge how you know that your memory is reliable, or that there haven't been road works in the meantime, or etc.
The slave boy example shows knowledge arrived at by a method of proof, a priori. Plato's solution to Meno's paradox is to show how you can 'know and not know something' in terms of the native capacity to follow a proof and the exercise of that capacity. This still doesn't help when we are concerned with empirical knowledge.
The Phaedo gives an important clue, in Plato's account of Formal causation (which became one of Aristotle's 'four causes', the others being efficient, material and teleological). 'Theaetetus is clever because that's just what cleverness is', is an answer you would give to someone who persisted with the question, 'Is Theaetetus clever?' after you had shown them his breadth of knowledge, his amazing feats of deduction etc. etc. The form of Clever is the formal cause of Theaetetuses being clever. So what? As you recognize in the latter part of your essay, there are many cases where our primary concern is this kind of question. What is virtue, knowledge, beauty etc.?
Plato was, as you acknowledge, is hampered by his failure to give a clear account of the difference between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. But this is not a story about how Plato failed to give an intelligible account of knowledge and belief because he didn't have this distinction readily at his disposal. The problems of empirical knowledge and the knowledge gained through the methods of philosophical inquiry are still with us today.
There is a lot of good work here. My criticism is that things just get too complex, with the result that the reader fails to see the wood for the trees.


See attached files for additional config detail.
NUMA: Using 15 for the hash shift.
Nvidia board detected. Ignoring ACPI timer override.
time.c: Detected 2393.627 MHz processor.
Detected 12.466 MHz APIC timer.
Total of 4 processors activated (19152.21 BogoMIPS).
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKB] (IRQs 16 17 18 19) *0, disabled.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKW] (IRQs *48), disabled.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKX] (IRQs *49), disabled.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKY] (IRQs *50), disabled.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKZ] (IRQs *51), disabled.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LMCI] (IRQs 20 21 22 23) *0, disabled.
ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LIDE] (IRQs 20 21 22 23) *0, disabled.
forcedeth: Reverse Engineered nForce ethernet driver. Version 0.61.
warning: process `kudzu' used the deprecated sysctl system call with 1.23.


text:
Zenith's story
"This is a holy place with a very big heart. It is where many people learn to love, care and respect each other and build trust in the power of community"
Zenith has been involved almost since the beginning in the mid-1980s. As an experienced community outreach-worker she was asked to support the small group who started the Centre. At that time, the area was quite isolated and Zenith set to work connecting people, talking to groups and making home visits. Her aim was always to be fully inclusive.
She recognised early on that people's health is largely driven by having good friends, a sense of purpose in life and the feeling of belonging in a strong community. This belief underpins the core ethos of the Centre
During her first few years, Zenith built strong relationships with local partners including housing associations, schools and clinics. She helped secure funding to offer free nursery places which helped more young parents become involved. She organised community events, trips and talks. She recently became a trustee.
Founder Lord Andrew Mawson sought Zenith's support for the first community Eid party at the Centre. He was hoping to get around 20 people to attend and was amazed when over 400 people turned up along with food to help the party along; all thanks to Zenith's amazing outreach skills.
"The Centre means everything to me – it is truly a holy place with a very big heart. It is where many people learn to love, care and respect each other and build trust in the power of community."
For more stories of transformation, follow the Bromley by Bow Centre on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.
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Tooth and Tail Tooth and Tail is a streamlined RTS about cute animals fighting to the death and trying to eat each other. Sound charming? Because it totally is. Tooth and Tail handily balances cute and fun charm with a legitimately dark premise. As well as having a ton of personality, its unique approach to an RTS control scheme and the smart ways in which it simplifies its systems without abandoning strategic depth make it a standout strategy title with a surprising amount of depth and longevity.


LOS ANGELES — The best interpretation of the NBA's tampering rule seems to be that even if you have something nice to say, don't say anything at all.
At least for Magic Johnson.
The NBA fined the Lakers $50,000 on Tuesday for comments the team's president of basketball operations made praising Milwaukee Bucks superstar Giannis Antetokounmpo last month.
It marked the second public reprimand for the Lakers' front office, which has been on the job for less than a year. The organization was fined $500,000 after an investigation revealed General Manager Rob Pelinka made "a prohibited expression of interest" to the agent representing Paul George, then with the Indiana Pacers.
The lesser fine seems to reflect a more benign transgression this time around. At face value, Johnson's comments to ESPN last month about Antetokounmpo seem entirely harmless.
If it feels like the NBA is regulating some of the "magic" out of Earvin Johnson, the context is significant.
The league could not have a team that had already been admonished for tampering continuing to flout the letter of the law. Executives are trained that any public comments about players under contract are prohibited, regardless of whether they could be interpreted as recruiting.
For Johnson, it's another reminder of the structure within which he must work now that he represents the Lakers in an official capacity. The league sent Johnson and the Lakers a stern message, one that might prove difficult for the gregarious showman.
When it comes to players on other teams, keep those opinions private.


We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D- and B-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle-physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor , arising in the semileptonic transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements and . Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of and Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. The latter quantities are an addition compared to the previous review. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for and (also new compared to the previous review), as well as those for D- and B-meson-decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. Finally, we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant .