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11 Cameras Ranked From Biggest to Smallest of All Time
Prepare to be amazed by the biggest and smallest cameras ever built in the history of photography.
Christopher McFadden
| Nov 27, 2020 07:00 AM EST
Created: Nov 27, 2020 07:00 AM EST
The camera has been a very useful and important invention. From humble beginnings, technology has grown to become ever more sophisticated and capable.
All well and good, but ever wondered what the biggest and smallest examples of cameras throughout history are?
RELATED: 35 INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
What are some of the biggest and smallest cameras ever made?
And so, without further ado, here are some notable examples of the biggest and smallest cameras of all time. This list is far from exhaustive and is in no particular order.
1. This was probably the biggest camera at the turn of the 20th-century
Source: Petapixel
You have probably seen pictures of this enormous camera on the internet before. This monster of a camera is truly huge and was built for the specific purpose of shooting the largest photo at the time - of a train.
In 1899, a new train called "The Alton Limited" was built in Pullman, Illinois. The train was said to be perfectly uniform and symmetrical in design, and was described as the "most handsome train in the world".
In order to record the train's smooth lines for posterity, the train builders decided they wanted a single panoramic photo showing the entire train. To this end, they commissioned the Chicago-based photographer George R. Lawrence to take the snap.
After toying with taking shots of the train in sections and stitching them together, he opted instead to make a giant camera to take a single image. The camera took two and a half months to build and used a gigantic,8 by 4.5 foot (2.4 by 1.3 m) photo plate.
2. This WW2 camera was enormous
The Fairchild K-17 was a beast of a camera. Source: PetaPixel
The Fairchild K-17 9 x 9-inch camera might just be one of the largest cameras ever built. Designed by the Fairchild Camera and Instrument company, it was manufactured under license for the U.S. Air Force by Folmer Graflex in Rochester, New York in the 1940s.
Designed for use as an aerial reconnaissance camera, this aerial camera could take photos on a 9 and 1/2 inch (24 cm) wide roll of film. The warzone camera was very heavy and, by all accounts, pretty tricky to actually operate.
It weighed around 75 pounds (34 kg) and was available with 6-inch (15 cm), 120-inch (3 m), and 24-inch (60 cm) lenses.
3. This was the smallest polaroid camera back in 1999
Source: Camerapedia
The Polaroid PopShot was one of the world's smallest film cameras. It was first sold commercially in 1999. It is a disposable instant film camera that came preloaded with film for 10 exposures. The camera measured 6.5 x 4.25 x 2.5in (16.51 x 10.79 x 6.35cm) and weighed 9 ounces (255 g).
The PopShot camera took 4.4 x 2.5in (11.17 x 6.35cm) color photographs. When finished shooting, users sent the entire camera back to Polaroid in a postage-free mailing envelope. They would receive their photos and a voucher for another camera.
4. The Aerovironment "Black Widow" was the smallest spy plane at the turn of the Millenium
Source: Defence Update
Back in 2000, Aerovironment of Morovia, California unveiled to the world the smallest spy plane ever built. Developed for aerial reconnaissance to support ground troops, the palm-sized "Black Widow" had a wingspan of 6 inches (15.24 cm), weighed a mere 2,8 ounces (80 g), and carried a tiny color video camera that weighed 2 g.
The spy plane could reach 30mph (50 km/h) and had a maximum range of 2 km. The spy plane had both autopilot and remote manual controls and could navigate via a live video relayed from its onboard camera.
It had solid wings made of lightweight expanded polystyrene foam and propulsion was provided by a battery-powered electric motor.
5. This was the smallest flying ornithopter camera ever built
Source: DelFly
Back in 2008, researchers at the University of Delft, the Netherlands, showed to the world the smallest flying ornithopter camera drone. Called the DelFly Micro, it was officially recognized as such by the Guinness Book of Records.
The dragonfly-shaped prototype drone weighed just 0,1 ounces (3 grams) and had a wingspan of 4 inches (10 cm). It also came with a tiny camera that could transmit video to a controller on the ground.
The camera and transmitter weighed a mere 0,4 grams and the drone also came with its own onboard lithium-ion battery that could keep the drone in the air for up to three minutes.
6. This was billed as the "world' smallest camera" in 2011
The Chobi Cam One is one of the world's smallest cameras. Released in 2011, this tiny DSLR camera was capable of capturing 2-megapixel 1600-by-1200 resolution images and cost around $100 at launch.
The digital camera came with interchangeable lenses and autofocus and could take 30 fps AVI video at 640-by-480 resolution video. It also came with a 2GB microSD internal memory and a USB port for transferring photos to a PC.
Its tiny integrated and rechargeable battery was good for around 30 minutes of constant use.
7. This is also one of the world's smallest cameras
Source: Device Med
The VIP, developed by the Swiss Company CSEM certainly ranks as one of the smallest-ever digital cameras. Standing for "Vision-In-Package", the camera is actually an optical sensor chip that is just 0.03 inches (0.8mm) across.
The chip sits on a package containing its own processor, which performs tasks like image compression and error correction. The entire package is smaller than a stock cube and even comes with its own Bluetooth transmitter.
The chip is self-contained and low power and was developed to help in a broad range of applications, including robotic surgery and drones.
8. This could be the biggest speed camera in the world
Gloucestershire police unveiled a very large speed camera back in 2018. The camera has a huge Canon 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 LS camera lens and was designed to catch drivers violating traffic laws from around 3.5 of a mile (1,000 meters) away.
Nicknamed "The Long Ranger", this camera can capture crystal clear video and still photos from a great distance. At the time, it was planned for deployment on the A417 to catch people speeding, tailgating, and using their phones while driving.
The ability to be deployed from so far away means that drivers never see the camera -- a novelty for most drivers who are used to being able to see traditional speed guns and cameras.
9. Check out this tiny drone camera
A tiny 1,5 inches (4 cm) drone was recently developed with what might be one of the world's smallest commercially-available cameras. Featuring a tiny HD camera, the drone is able to stream footage directly to a user's smartphone and can also be controlled in mid-flight.
Called the SKEYE Nano 2 Camera Drone, the entire drone weighs 0,5 ounces (17 grams). The drone also features auto-takeoff, landing, and hover modes and comes with an array of other awesome features to make the drone incredibly simple to operate.
10. This might be the world's smallest camera
Source: Tweaktown
Last year the OmniVision OV6948 entered the history books as the world's smallest camera ever built. Officially recognized at the time by the Guinness Book of World Records, the camera is about the size of a grain of sand.
Measuring in at a tiny 0.575 x 0.575 x 0.232mm, the camera can actually capture 40,000-pixel color images using an RGB Bayer back-side-illuminated chip. It is hoped that the camera will be used to help surgeons take images inside small veins in the human body in the future.
The capture can also capture images at 30 frames-per-second over a 120-degrees super-side angle field of view.
It has some competition though, in 2011, a research team at Berlin's Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Micro integration devised a camera measuring 1x1x1mm in size -- about the size of a grain of salt. It consisted of a tiny square substrate with a thin layer of sensors and a lens layered over one side and could send its signal through an electrical wire.
11. This monster camera can take 3,200-megapixel images
Source: SLAC
An enormous camera at the U.S. Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory might be the biggest camera ever built. Using an extraordinary array of imaging sensors, the device recently took the world's first 3,200-megapixel digital photo.
An image of this size is so big that it would take 378 4K ultra-high-definition TV screens to actually display it at full size. The resolution is so good that it could see a gold ball from about 15 miles (24km) away.
The sensor array will be later installed at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory where it will produce panoramic images of the Southern Sky. Images will be taken every few nights for the next decade or so for a detailed study of the heavens.
And that's your lot for today.
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Canada ready to re-engage with Russia, Iran, despite differences, Dion says
Lee Berthiaume • Ottawa Citizen
Nov 11, 2015 • Last Updated June 2, 2020 • 4 minute read
Foreign Affairs Minister Stephane Dion talks with the Ottawa Citizen's Lee Berthiaume in his office Wednesday November 11, 2015. Photo by Darren Brown /Ottawa Citizen
Foreign Affairs Minister Stéphane Dion says Canada will be more constructive in its diplomatic dealings with Iran and Russia, but that caution and assertiveness will remain central to its approach.
In an interview with the Citizen on Wednesday, Dion said the new Liberal government also won't shy away from criticizing either Israel or the Palestinians when it comes to actions that threaten Middle East peace. And he wouldn't rule out Canada running for a seat at the United Nations Security Council.
"I cannot tell you when we will ask to come back to the council," he said. "But it is certainly something that we need to consider because the world needs Canada to be at the core of the decision-making process."
One of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's first promises after last month's election was that Canada would have a more "compassionate and constructive voice in the world" under the Liberals after a decade of Conservative rule. As Trudeau's new foreign affairs minister, it will be up to Dion to implement that vision.
A key part of the previous Conservative government's approach to international affairs was to take a hard stand against perceived foes. That included severing diplomatic relations with Iran in September 2012.
Trudeau first promised in June that a Liberal government would re-engage with Iran. Dion said that remains the plan. "Not because we agree with this regime," he added. "We need to do it with eyes wide open. But it's the approach of the other G7 countries.
"If you don't speak to Tehran, in which way are you helpful to the people of Iran?" he added. "How are you helping the other countries in the region when Iran is more and more involved in the fighting in Syria? With what is happening in Iraq? In what way does it help Israel that Canada cannot speak to Iran at all?"
Dion said cabinet has not discussed exactly how re-engagement will occur, including what to do about the fact the previous government listed Iran as a state sponsor of terror. And he said the government will approach Iran "with a lot of cautiousness."
"But the bottom line is we need to engage much more than before, even with the regimes that we have difficulty with," he said.
The foreign minister also indicated a new approach to Russia is coming. Dion said Trudeau is "certainly not happy" with Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the new government will reiterate that point with Moscow. But he added: "We also need to think about our national interests because Russia is our neighbour in the Arctic."
The previous Conservative government took an even tougher line than the U.S. and many European countries by suspending virtually all contact with Moscow after Russia invaded Crimea in March 2014 and began supporting rebels in eastern Ukraine.
Dion wouldn't say whether Canadian officials would start sitting down with Russian counterparts, as some, such as former prime minister Jean Chretien, have previously urged. But he did say while the U.S. and other G7 partners have continued to engage with the Kremlin, "they were not less committed to helping Ukraine. We are aware of that.
"The prime minister will be very assertive, very determined to have positive results for Ukraine," Dion added. "And he will find the best ways to do it in our relationship with Russia."
The previous Conservative government was also a staunch supporter of Israel. Then-prime minister Stephen Harper proudly boasted that Israel had no greater friend on the world stage than Canada, and refused to criticize Israel in any way.
Dion described Israel as a "friend" and "ally," but said the foundation of Canada's engagement in the Middle East will be finding an enduring peace "because Israel will benefit from peace." That includes speaking against the construction of Israeli communities, or settlements, on land the Palestinians claim as their own.
"The official policy of Canada is that the settlements are not helpful for peace, and I have no problem repeating that," Dion said. "This is a policy that is shared by all G7 countries and Canada has no difficulty to say, under Mr. Trudeau at least, that it is not helpful for peace and we would like this policy to be stopped."
But Dion also criticized an international campaign to boycott Israeli goods and services, called the boycott, divestment and sanctions, or BDS campaign. The Conservative government was a strong opponent of the BDS campaign, to the point where it withdrew government funding from NGOs that supported it.
"Is it a help for the advancement of peace and justice in the region? Yes or no?" Dion said. "And this movement is not part of something positive, according to us."
Canada lost its last bid for a UN Security Council seat in 2010, which was widely seen as a repudiation of the Conservative government's foreign policy. The Conservatives, already mistrustful of the UN, refused to discuss another bid.
Trudeau, however, has promised to re-engage with the UN, and running for a security council seat would send a signal to the rest of the world about its interest in the organization.
lberthiaume@ottawacitizen.com
Twitter.com/leeberthiaume

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He´s been called the best in the world at the mental game of tennis. Brad Gilbert´s strokes may not be pretty, but looks aren´t everything. He has beaten the Tour´s biggest names - all by playing his ugly game. Now in Winning UglyGilbert teaches recreational players how to win more often without necessarily even changing their strokes. The key to success, he says, is to become a better thinking player - to recognize, analyze and capitalize. That means outthinking your opponents before, during and much after a match; forcing him or her to play your game. Winning Ugly is an invaluable combat manual for the court, and its tips include some real gems. Ultimately, Winning Uglywill help you beat players who have been beating you.
Sometimes defending those you love means risking everything and attempting the most dangerous task in the universe: making a planetary assault against a heavily entrenched enemy. It´s grim and always ugly. But as long as men refuse to bow their heads to conquerors, they will take the fight to the enemy or die trying. Three masters of military science fiction have come together to tell harrowing tales of high-tech mayhem. In BV Larson´s ´´An Army of One´´ the Macros of the Star Force series invade from the skies, forcing a nanotized assassin into a deadly decision. David VanDyke´s ´´First Conquest´´ tells of a bitter battle as EarthFleet smashes into an alien star system in a desperate first strike to save humanity. Vaughn Heppner´s Space Marines of the Doom Star series race to the Oort Cloud in ´´Cyborgs!´´ For them, the hour of desperation has arrived.Planetary Assault drips of glorious victories and grim defeats as humanity forces its way into the galaxy through sheer fighting ability. Despite their opponents, mankind will not be denied. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Mark Boyett. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/adbl/015051/bk_adbl_015051_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
They want to shut you up. But don´t let this be the End of Discussion. In this fresh and provocative new audiobook, Mary Katharine Ham and Guy Benson, dynamic Fox News and Townhall Media duo, expose how the Left exploits fake outrage to silence their political opponents - in public, on social media, at work, and even in their own homes. End of Discussion encourages all Americans who value the open exchange of ideas to fight back against this strategic effort to make America less free, less feisty, and less fun. Ham and Benson demonstrate just how dangerous the outrage industry - a coalition of mostly liberal blowhards and busybodies - is to democracy. This media frenzy is designed to disqualify opposing viewpoints on everything from health care to infrastructure to education by labeling them racist, sexist, and evil. They punish speech that makes them uncomfortable, demanding boycotts, firings, regulations, and other economic costs for the sin of disagreeing with them. Instead of engaging in discussion, they seek to win the debate by preventing it from happening. And if you think this behavior is relegated to political fights or politicians, think again. A network of well-trained operatives, nonprofit groups, PR firms, universities, politicians, and ´´thought leaders´´ exists to foment outrage over your association with the ´´wrong´´ fried chicken joints, Internet browsers, breast cancer charities, pasta, children´s toys, Halloween costumes, TV shows, schools, and even comedians´ jokes. With Ham and Benson´s help, listeners can cut through the noise and find their voices again, fighting back against the rampant self-censorship and hair-trigger apologies that always make things worse, not better. With fresh reporting and insightful, occasionally tongue-in-cheek, analysis, End of Discussion is a timely handbook for anyone who wants to make sure debate doesn´t meet an ugly death.... 1. Language: English. Narrator: Mary Katharine Ham, Guy Benson. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/rand/004196/bk_rand_004196_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.


Championed by every generation since 1968, Puma's iconic Suede reaches its 50th birthday this year and to commemorate the occasion the brand is set to release a collection of exclusive iterations. On this occasion Puma turn to DJ, basketball expert and all-round creative influence Bobbito Garcia to impart his artistic flair on the Suede. Garcia opts to retain the pair's smooth suede uppers and the signature Formstripe branding to the sidewalls. However, Bobbiito does inject a fresh spin on the silhouette by decorating the shoe with his signature and the title of his famous Sneaker Culture book 'Where'd You Get Those?' - 36633602, Leather Upper/Synthetic Sole.


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BACKYARD BROADCASTING LOCAL NEWS DECEMBER 3, 2020
AUNT IN CUSTODY OVER DEATH OF LOCK HAVEN BOY
A woman who had custody of the Lock Haven boy found dead at home Monday afternoon has been charged with murder. According to WNEP, a family member called police after observing 36 year old Jamie Lynne Jackson frantically cleaning her home on East Bald Eagle street while 9 year old Anson Landon Mitchell Stover, who Jackson said had injured himself, allegedly laid in a bathtub for two days. Jackson is Stover's aunt. Police say following an autopsy, extensive signs of physical abuse were found on the boy. Jackson is in Clinton County Jail and faces charges including criminal homicide, aggravated assault, endangering the welfare of children, concealing the death of a child, tampering with evidence, and abuse of a corpse
FATAL CAR CRASH IN NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY
A 72 year old woman died in an accident in Upper Augusta Township last Tuesday. According to Stonington State Police, 29-year-old Alicia Moodie of Danville was traveling south on Mile Post Road about 5pm and crossed the double yellow line hitting the vehicle of Sandra Moyer of Sunbury who died at the scene. Moodie and a passenger in Moyer's car were treated for minor injuries at Geisinger Medical Center. No word on their condition today or if charges will be filed.
TESTING GETS UNDERWAY IN COVID HOT SPOTS
There were long lines for COVD-19 testing in Tioga County yesterday, the first day of a Department of Health regional testing strike team in areas where there has been a significant increase in COVID cases. The strike team deployment will take place in 61 counties throughout Pennsylvania over the next 12 weeks. According to PAHomepage.com More than 300 people were tested within the first four hours. Sites in Mansfield will be open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. through Sunday, December 6th and can test 450 patients daily. Officials from the task force say Tioga County's positivity rate is over 21 percent.
VIRTUAL CHRISTMAS CAROL WILL LIVE STREAM IN DECEMBER
A virtual holiday performance of "A Christmas Carol" hosted by the Weis Center for the Performing Arts will be available online for three shows beginning this Saturday night at 8pm. The hour-long program will be performed live in Chicago and presented in a live stream. Those who purchase a $20 per household ticket will get a live stream link 24 hours before the performance from the Bucknell Box Office. Other performances shown in the same manner will be on December 13th at 4pm and , December 17 at 8:00 p.m.
Following a November 25th complaint, the Lycoming County Narcotics Enforcement Unit reported the arrest of 26 year old Demira S. Jackson, who allegedly had a heroin packaging station in a bedroom of her home endangering the welfare of her infant child. The U.S. Marshals Service and the NEU served the warrant at Jackson's home, the 400 block of Stevens Street. Jackson has been charged with felony possession with intent to distribute heroin, and a misdemeanor count of endangering the welfare of children
With nearly 5,000 statewideCOVID-19 hospitalizations, over 1,000 in the ICU, and 565 on ventilators, the PA Department of Health reports numbers continue to rise in our area. Lycoming County reports 72 new cases, 50 new Northumberland County cases have been confirmed, Snyder has 35, Union has 30, Tioga County reports 25. Statewide, there are 8,291 new cases and 194 new deaths in Pennsyvlania
The Pennsylvania Department of Health has reported that they will not be immunizing children for the COVID-19 vaccine until more trials have been completed on the effect of the medicine on children under 18. According to department secretary Dr. Rachel Levine, once the vaccine is approved for children, they will not require school vaccinations. The state has a three-phased distribution plan in place for when a vaccine is approved, first to critical populations, including health care personnel and first responders, plus those 65 years and older, and congregate care residents. Those who may be at higher risk of complications will be next and when there is a sufficient supply of a vaccine or vaccines, the state can start to ensure the entire population has access to a vaccine.
The final 2021 Pine Creek Township budget will be approved with no tax increase, as of Dec. 9. According to the Sun Gazette, there was a question at the meeting Wednesday by some community members as to why the preliminary budget hadn't been advertised for the proper length of time for public review. As a result the supervisors will hold on its approval so that the public can look it over and bring thoughts or objections to the township. There will not be a special meeting to approve the budget that includes a .118 mill tax rate and a zero tax increase for 2021.
Steelers defeated the Ravens 19-14
MAC Presidents met this week go forward with winter sports in a way that prioritizes the health of student-athletes, coaches, campuses and local communities. Men's and women's basketball is to start a conference-only 5-6 week schedule no earlier than mid-February and the possibility of a conference championship. Swimming is slated to start in early March, with a potential MAC Championship in mid-April. The 2021 MAC Indoor Track & Field Championships and the 2021 MAC Wrestling Championship have been canceled.


This topic contains 26 replies, has 3 voices, and was last updated by Jackie 8 months, 3 weeks ago.
We have checked your site again, maybe you have fixed the issue with the main and event page.
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I'm going to preface his by stating I am not a shopper. Shopping tires me out. Even walking past shop windows seems to suck energy from me as though shops were made of some sort of Kriptonite (Kooptonite? Copetonite?).
But the act of going into shops is still something one has to face every now and again. Even in these days when pretty much everything is available online. Once the problem of not being able to see up close and feel the products has been solved, we can close all the shops and turn high streets into playing fields. Oh glorious utopian, noshopian future.
Alternative shopping future
In the meantime, I still occasionally find myself swallowed up by a shop. I've gotten worse over the last few years with my shopophobia. Probably due to living in the Netherlands where choice is regarded with suspicion and people believe working in the service industry is beneath them, especially those people who actually work in the service industry, they definitely think working there is beneath them.
Often in the Netherlands, I feel the sales assistant is regarding me as something sullying their store and keeping them from musing about the world and its problems rather than being the reason the shop is there in the first place and the ultimate source of their income. I can't say I felt the UK was hugely different from this. Certainly both places were a long way from the other end of the spectrum, America. In the US, shop assistants regard you as though you are a potential new best friend and fawn over you in a way that outside of the shop environment would require you taking out a restraining order. I often worry that shop people there will start stalking me. But it's just a cultural thing that is magnified in shops. If you want to make sure they're not about to stalk you, do what I like to do. When you turn away to leave, do so slowly but keep them in your field of view. I really enjoy watching shop people dropping their shop faces and putting on big frowns. Especially after I've just decided not to buy something.
In the last few years, the UK has been heading further away from the stereotype of a nation of grumpy shopkeepers and bringing in a lot more of the American concept of service. People eagerly help you and know what they are talking about. I've been in shops where people have radioed to someone in another part of the store to come and help you.
The other thing in the UK which has improved but was always way above the Netherlands is choice. It's gotten better in the Netherlands. It used to be there'd be at most 3 types of anything. But mostly one. When I arrived there were only 3 possible flavours of crisps: Natural (slightly salty), Salted (very salty) and Paprika (salty and peppery). Now there are sometimes as many as 10 varieties in a big supermarket.
But in the UK, it's actually going too far. In some areas it's as bad as the US. In a big US supermarket, the choice for certain items (such as popcorn, breakfast cereal, assault rifles) is horrendous. Every single variant of topping, filling, salt content, sugar content, cheese content, vitamin content, heating method, and sports-team affiliation is available for the shopper who has any idea of what works for them. Those who don't, have a lot of experimentation before they find what does.
One department that has always had a crazy amount of choice which has recently gone up to levels that are officially insane loopy not right in the head is cosmetics. The numbers have shot up because nowadays anyone who is anyone in the pop world has also brought out their own line of cosmetics. Who would have though that Rhianna, as well as all her wildchild and pop credentials is also a fully qualified olfactologist.
Britney Spears, Beyouncé, Lady Gaga, Rhianna Bean, Plink, Nikki Minge, Kylie Minge, Christina Watersports, Justin Bieber -- all of the big girls of pop -- all have their own line of perfumes. It's shocking how widespread it is. I don't hold any of these ladies responsible for this. They are free to try and cash in on their product status. What I find shocking is that people buy them. People think, "screw Chanel and Lorry-L and their laboratories of highly qualified, French scientists and scores of years of research and experience, let's get some old muck based on the say so of someone with Britney Spears' business sense."
And it isn't just the women's cosmetics that this is happening to. In the expanding markets of men's cosmetics and children's cosmetics things are even more disturbing.
We've sort of already dipped into the children's market with mention of the Justin Bieber range. After all, anyone over 15 wearing Justin Bieber's Girlfriend should be reported to someone.
But it doesn't end there at all. Disney has a range of perfumes for children endorsed by such 2-dimensional celebrities as Snow White, Cinderella, and the Little Mermaid. I don't even want to talk about how awful the idea of marketing perfume to children is. I just think do you really want perfumes endorsed by people who don't really exist? And if they did exist, what sort of people are these? One lives in a tiny house with 7 miners; one is famous for wearing rags and the third is 50% tuna.
There is even a Betty Boop perfume for children aged 107.
For the men there's of course Playboy (also available for women). What woman could resist a perfume chosen by an 87-year-old pornographer? But my favourite is this one...
The Musked Avengers
The Marvel Comics eau de toilette. This really blows my mind. There seems so much wrong with it. Whoever thought, "Oh the Hulk, I bet he smells nice." No. If you think about it, how disgusting do you think the hulk would smell close up? The Hulk is basically a superhuman, green wrestler.
But maybe that's the point. Superheroes sweat a lot and most do so in latex, heavy armour and with their underwear outside their leggings. So if any group of people are in need of perfume it would be superheroes. But which is the group of men least likely to wear perfume? Superheroes. Okay, Miners, truck drivers and then superheroes.
I think my main problem with this is if you want a product to help you get the girls, Marvel isn't going to be the manufacturer of choice. But then if you're after finding a good man to treat you right, you probably shouldn't be going to Rhianna for help.
Labels: Americas, Anthropology, Me, Netherlands, Sex, Shopping, Travel, UK, US


2/25/2011 -- Climatewire -- Policy. Science. Business.
The Bonneville Power Administration says it is preparing to sharply reduce the region's wind generators' output during extreme high water flows in the Columbia River system as a last resort to assure that hydropower dam operations do not threaten protected fish populations. The pending order by BPA follows the rapid growth of wind generation along the Columbia River Valley and demonstrates the acute dilemma of too much wind, too much water, as the agency struggles to balance energy, economic and environmental laws and goals in the region.


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We are living in a world of accelerating digitalisation, in which our conditions are changing fast due to the combined effects of global competition and increasing automation. The world faces unprecedented challenges: climate change and environmental pollution require fast and effective decisions on a global level and in our daily lives.
Emerging methods of artificial intelligence and the collection of data about various phenomena provide us with a better factual basis for making decisions and resolving major challenges. This requires that data and the knowledge generated from it are reliable and that knowledge is genuinely accepted in decision-making processes.
The world is currently polarised in many ways, including in the economic and technological spheres. The role of technology is increasing, and information flows are becoming more important in various social sectors. We are looking at the world through a digital filter. When looking at a website, have you ever wondered who is looking back at you? Popular online services know what hundreds of millions of people are doing at any given time, and use this information to tailor their content. Control over information flows enables them to shape opinions and change behaviour. Such control is exerted on the masses and individuals alike.
From a competitive perspective, it is important that Finland and the EU know how to use their resources and strengths in these times of change. A changing environment requires a wide range of skills as well as the continuous renewal of digital services. Self-sufficiency in both these dimensions is vital.
Competitiveness is based on a combination of many interrelated characteristics and abilities, including social infrastructures and wellbeing, extensive knowledge and skills, a solid base of funding for core research, support for applied research, and innovation processes. In Finland, the effectiveness and viability of the current innovation system has been actively discussed and should be thoroughly examined.
Recent cuts and funding decisions have meant that applied and innovation activities have had to be limited. The vacuum created by the winding-down of the Strategic Centres for Science, Technology and Innovation has not been filled by an instrument that would both support extensive national research cooperation and connect small and large companies to such activities. There is a discontinuity between basic research funded by the Academy of Finland and the development of applications.
In the current model, start-ups and small businesses often fail to meet funders' R&D requirements. Large companies are usually better equipped to carry out research, but more onerous funding terms have been instituted to reduce the participation of such companies. Universities are burdened by the increasing share of self-funding required for projects. What we need are more flexible and diverse funding instruments.
Finland's strengths in global competition include educational equality, ethics, openness, data protection and a leadership position in several areas of science and technology. Finland can strengthen its status as an EU leader in science and digitalisation, but this requires resources. Future decision-makers must now show their mettle by making decisions that will promote the competitiveness of university resources and innovation activities.
Sasu Tarkoma is a professor and department director at the University of Helsinki.
In the series Science Advocates, people describe the significance of research and research-based teaching for themselves. Read the other instalments on the Researchmatters website (scroll down).
The University of Helsinki in numbers
Comment: Research Matters
Author Sasu Tarkoma
Why do we need science?
The world and, thus, the needs of people and the environment are changing at an ever-accelerating pace. At the moment, we don't know what kind of questions will require answers fifty years from now. What we do already know for certain is that solving these future challenges requires long-term research.
This is where science comes in.
For the sake of Finland's welfare, it is crucial to safeguard our high level of expertise from early childhood education to the highest level of education and research. Our future lies in expertise and skilled specialists, which is why we should increase our investments in education and research.
Related Latest Most popular
University operates on four campuses in Helsinki and at nine other locations.
City Centre Campus
Faculty of Arts Faculty of Educational Sciences Faculty of Law Faculty of Theology Faculty of Social Sciences Swedish School of Social Science
Kumpula Campus
Meilahti Campus
Viikki Campus
Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Pharmacy


text:
Q: Post URL in background without iframe I have a checkout page for our ecommerce site.
Trying to add an option for customers to send us payment through wire-transfer, but I need to automatically add $25 to the order's total to cover fees. I'm trying to do this by adding a product to the shopping cart. This must be done without refreshing the page since refreshing resets some customer selection options (such as shipping etc).
The url that needs to be posted is:
'add_cart.asp?quick=1&item_id=16'

And currently I"m attempting this with an iframe as:
<script type="text/javascript">
    function toggleOnWireTransferFee() {
        if(document.getElementById('offline-42').checked) {
           var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
           iframe.height=1;
           iframe.width=1;
           iframe.seamless;
           iframe.src='add_cart.asp?quick=1&item_id=16';
           document.body.appendChild(iframe);

           // this will refresh the entire page -- bad!
           //window.location='add_cart.asp?quick=1&item_id=16';
        }
    }
</script>

This creates a 1 x 1 pixel iframe at the bottom of the page and is pretty much invisible to the customer. It adds the product to the shopping cart and when the customer checks out, they get the grand total they need to wire us.
The problem is this causes the page to jump when it loads the iframe (to put it into focus  however it's 1x1 and pretty much invisible so the customer just gets a weird experience)
Is there a way to prevent this "jump" of the page, or am I going about this the wrong way?

A: what you're trying to do is commonly known as Ajax.  Modern browsers have an object called XMLHTTPRequest, but more commonly a toolset like jQuery is used, that might look like this:
$.ajax{
  url : 'add_cart.asp',
  data : {
    quick : 1,
    itemId : 16
  }
});

A: Do it as an ajax-style post.  Use $.post (or, better, $.ajax since then you can add error handling)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


– Flat 11″ x 14″ rectangular cut for maximum coverage. Can be used for the back panel of a plate carrier, VISM Assault backpack, briefcase, etc.
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Nangong (南宮) is a two-syllable family name from the city name "Nangong" (南宮), later reduce a surname to Nan (南).
Nanguo (南郭) is a two-syllable family name from old city name "Nanguo" (南郭), later reduce a surname to Nan (南). during the Zhou Dynasty, Guo Shu (虢叔) lived in Nanguo (南郭).


Real estate agent Darryl Evans, who was a good friend of Mr Mackenzie, said the region had lost "an advocate that was proud to serve the community".
"I sincerely hope he is remembered as Cr Jamie Ross Mackenzie, passionate councillor and people's representative," he said.
"My friend is with us in spirit and his memory will be our gift to him."
Councillor colleagues have also expressed sadness.
Deputy Mayor Ross Bartley, who was a close friend, said the world was now a lesser place.
"He was very passionate about our region," he said.
"Anything he did was for the benefit for the community."
Cr Bartley said those who knew Mr Mackenzie had taken the news hard.
"It's just bloody hard - a waste of a good life," he said.
Cr Glyn Rees said his colleague was an active, spirited spokesman for his constituents.
"I admired his pride as a councillor, in the region, his community of Killarney and his pride in his family history and tradition," he said.
"Jamie's loss is significant, as is his contribution this past four years on council."
Known for his passion, Mr Mackenzie was first elected as a Southern Downs councillor in 2012.
He was the youngest of five siblings and the fourth generation of his family to live in Killarney.
After finishing school, he worked as a town planner in private enterprise and with local governments around Queensland.
Outside his professional life, Mr Mackenzie held a number of community positions including secretary of the Killarney Show and Rodeo Society for some time.
He had passion for gardening and seasonal food, and his jams were the star of many local shows.
In the year 2000 he moved back to Gravel Creek and looked after his war veteran father Bruce, who passed away last year.
Ratepayer Lynn Collie first met Mr Mackenzie at a meeting about Grain X in Allora.
"Every week he'd call and give me an update" she said.
"The majority of the people that lived in this district were for him."
Warwick Suicide Prevention Group spokesman Johnno Felton said he was shocked by the news.
Mr Felton said Mr Mackenzie's death highlighted the important of the "It Ain't Weak to Speak" message.
If you or someone you know needs help, phone Lifeline on 13 11 14 or beyondblue on 1300 22 4636.
2PM: MAYOR Peter Blundell has called for privacy for the Mackenzie family as they deal with the tragic death of former councillor Jamie Mackenzie.
Cr Blundell said the council would not make any comment out of respect for the family, who have asked for privacy.
Mr Mackenzie's colleagues have expressed their sadness at the tragic news on social media.
Cr Cameron Gow said he was "feeling absolutely flattened".
"My deepest condolences to his family, friends and our Southern Downs community," he said.
"We are a poorer place without his contagious enthusiasm."
9AM: Southern Downs Regional Council has cancelled a special meeting scheduled for this morning out of respect for Jamie Mackenzie.
The council was due to meet at 11am to discuss Mr Mackenzie's disqualification as a councillor.
Mr Mackenzie was found dead on his property 'Gravel Creek' at Killarney yesterday.
Tributes to Mr Mackenzie have flowed on Facebook this morning, as a shocked Southern Downs community struggles to comprehend his tragic death.
Readers have described Mr Mackenzie as "a great man" who was "polite" and "friendly".
EARLIER: Former Southern Downs Regional councillor Jamie Mackenzie has been found dead on his property near Killarney.
Police found his body at 5pm yesterday afternoon.
The tragic news comes three days after Mr Mackenzie's shock disqualification as a councillor.
Mr Mackenzie had been disqualified after he was declared bankrupt on February 2.
Killarney police Sergeant Brad Doyle said the Mackenzie family have requested privacy at this time.


Services of Alcalá Plaza Hotel in Alcalá De Henares. Official Website.
Host in Hotel Alcalá Plaza and enjoy a great variety of quality services like a 24/7 reception in which you'll have the chance of rent a car and the access to our free and indoor car park.
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Find daily press on common areas for free and start a brand new day thanks to a tasty and complete breakfast buffet.
In our establishment you will also find a restaurant that offers a wide and delicious menu and also a cafeteria where you could take a relaxing moment with a nice coffee or a beer.
And, if you are in Alcala de Henares because of business, we offer you a dully equipped Business Centre in which you'll be able to work with all the necessary commodities and all the comfort. We also offer our meeting rooms for you to celebrate any kind of event.


Jackie was the first MGM lion to make his voice heard, thanks to the gramophone. He introduced MGM's first sound production, White Shadows in the South Seas, with a roar. The lion came from something of an acting animal dynasty. His mother, Stubby, was part of a performance troupe, and his grandmother, Mamie, was one of the first animals to ever appear on film in the U.S. Jackie's own resume went beyond roaring in a studio logo—he also appeared in 100+ movies.
Jackie had another claim to fame. He survived two train wrecks, an earthquake, a boat sinking, an explosion at the studio, and a plane crash that left him stranded in the Arizona wilderness for several days (pilot Martin Jenson left the cat with some snacks while he went in search of help). After all that, he earned the nickname "Leo the Lucky."
Jackie wasn't much of a looker, apparently, and trainer Melvin Koontz called him "the ugliest cat you had ever seen." He did get along well with other felines, though. One night, an alley cat and her kittens crawled into Jackie's cage for shelter, and when Koontz found them later, the kittens were dripping wet from Jackie licking them clean.
In 1931, Jackie retired from the studio and went to live at the Philadelphia Zoo. He died in February 1935 after battling a heart problem for several months. Through a chain of events isn't quite clear (and may even be more myth than fact), Jackie's body wound up in the hands of a Los Angeles taxidermist, who preserved his skin and then sold it to McPherson Museum in McPherson, Kansas.
Not much is known about either of these guys. Tanner reigned through the "Golden Age Of Hollywood" and was described as MGM's "angriest" lion by Koontz because he snarled all the time. George apparently didn't make much of an impression on anyone—one of the only things you can find about him in the history books is that he had a bigger mane than the other lions.
Leo is MGM's longest-serving lion and was also the youngest at the time his roar was filmed. In addition to his appearance in the logo, he appeared in several Tarzan movies, the Tarzan television adaptation, and other films. Leo may or may not have been the lion's actual name, but after he was purchased from animal dealer Henry Treffich, the name was used by someone at the studio and stuck both there and in the public consciousness.


Unfortunately, some collection locations are subject to an additional surcharge as detailed below.
I have read the terms of business.
Link Airport provide a reliable, high quality Swindon to Heathrow Airport Transfer service. Avoid the hassle of driving and the expense of airport parking and get your trip off to the best start possible with Link Airport's Swindon to Heathrow Airport shuttle service that goes the extra mile -and guarantees the best price in Swindon.
5 Terminals serving 2 runway.
Approximately 65 miles from Swindon.
Average driving time: 1 hour and 15 minutes.
Heathrow airport (LHR), in West London, England is the busiest airport in the UK and the busiest airport in Europe in terms of passenger traffic. It's also the third busiest airport in the world. In 2104 it handled 73.4 million passengers.


text:
Fed Cup tennis: France, Australia in title clash
Former Roland Garros doubles champions Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic beat Simona Halep and Monica Niculescu 5-7, 6-3, 6-4 to secure the winning point and a final date against Australia in November.
Paris 22 April, 2019 11:32 IST
Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, who once were barely on speaking terms, teamed-up to beat Simona Halep and Monica Niculescu 5-7, 6-3, 6-4 to secure the winning point for France. - AFP
France set up a Fed Cup final against Australia when Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, who once were barely on speaking terms, teamed-up to crown a 3-2 victory over Romania in the semifinal on Sunday.
Former Roland Garros doubles champions Garcia and Mladenovic beat Simona Halep and Monica Niculescu 5-7, 6-3, 6-4 to secure the winning point and a final date against Australia in November.
Victory was a diplomatic coup for France coach Julien Benneteau who teamed up Garcia and Mladenovic for the first time in Fed Cup since 2016 after which the pair had a bitter falling out which led to a self-imposed Fed Cup exile for Garcia, her country's top player.
"Every match was incredible," Benneteau told fedcup.com. "I am so proud of them. It was always my intention to put them together — and it was not hard to do."
Earlier, French Open champion Halep won her second singles of the weekend, seeing off Garcia 6-7 (8), 6-3, 6-4 for a 2-1 lead in the semi-final.
Veteran Pauline Parmentier then beat a hobbling Irina-Camelia Begu 6-3, 2-6, 6-2 to pull France level.
In a tense deciding rubber, Halep, whose doubles ranking is in the 400s, committed a double fault to concede the break in the ninth game of the final set before Garcia held her nerve to serve out the victory.
France, which won the last of its two titles in 2003, will travel to Australia for the final.
Halep gave Romania a lead on Saturday by seeing off Mladenovic 6-3, 6-1 before Garcia swept past Mihaela Buzarnescu 6-3, 6-3 to level the tie.
"I knew it would be more difficult than yesterday," said Halep after registering a ninth successive singles win in a tournament that Romania have yet to win.
"It felt like playing at home, that was how I was able to fight to the end. I won it for the fans who came here."
Halep's win over Garcia, her sixth in seven meetings, took almost three hours with the crucial break in the final set coming in the eighth game when the French number one served up back-to-back double faults.
Australia beats Belarus
Australia team celebrates its win over Belaruns. - AFP
Six-time champion Australia, whose most recent title was in 1974, reached a first final in 26 years by seeing off Belarus 3-2 in Brisbane in a tie also settled by a three-set deciding doubles rubber.
Australia made the championship match when Ashleigh Barty and Samantha Stosur battled past Victoria Azarenka and Aryna Sabalenka 7-5, 3-6, 6-2.
The tie was sent into the crucial doubles match after two-time Australian Open champion Azarenka crushed Stosur 6-1, 6-1 in the reverse singles, after Barty swept past Sabalenka 6-2, 6-2.
"I could not have picked two more perfect athletes to compete. Ash and Sam are superstars," said captain Alicia Molik who will look to inspire a first title since 1974 for Australia in the final.
Barty called making the final "unbelievable" while Stosur said it was "super exciting".
"We knew it was going to be a tough one and we just so happy with how we played," added Stosur. "All the girls have worked so hard throughout the year and we really stick together."


Last November the news broke that Uncork'd Entertainment would be distributing Room For Rent, an upcoming thriller starring Lin Shaye (the Insidious franchise, Ouija), sometime in 2019. We now have more details: the release window is May, and it is getting a theatrical run in addition to its digital premiere.
You can tell what she's holding now!
The premise is Single White Female in reverse: Shaye plays an isolated widow who rents a room out in her house, and then becomes unhealthily obsessed with the renter. You can pick your roommates, but unfortunately not your landlord.
In addition to Shaye, Room For Rent also stars Oliver Rayon, Valeska Miller, and Ryan Ochoa, and its limited theatrical run will begin May 3. If none of the selected theaters are located near you, you'll be able to watch it on demand starting May 7.


Monday, the 26th of January, 2004: Mydoom started spreading.
And on Friday, the 30th of January, 2004: the universe's first antivirus blog was born!
Continuing to this very day!
To quote Mikko: "I've never had an uninteresting day at work." And the mission of this blog? To share some of the fun.
Happy Anniversary, News from the Lab!
P.S. More than 2,600 entires are available in our monthly archives.


Incorporates aspects of yoga and calisthenics to improve flexibility, balance, strength, and range of motion as well as helping our athletes develop a physique which is more resilient and less prone to injury.
As a fundamental part of CrossFit, our Strength component offers a comprehensive and balanced approach to strength training. Our programming uses body weight movements, bands, dumbbells, and barbells. Whether your goal is to gain muscle, lose fat, or become a power lifter, we will teach you how to lift with proper technique.
Your body goes through several phases of energy consumption during a conditioning workout. By implementing a structured pattern of work and rest, we can improve the efficiency of the body's energy system improving overall output. Whether your goal is to increase power and agility, maximize endurance, or get lean, metabolic conditioning is a key to unlocking your potential.
The best fitness program for you is the one you can stick with. Our program seeks to keep fitness fun and engaging by providing a different challenge every day. Some days we will focus on your strengths, some days we will work on improving your areas of weakness, and some days we will be just plain fun.
We are stronger together than we are apart. Together we drive each other to be better, go faster, and work harder. We support each other, hold each other accountable, and when one member falls down, we help them up. We celebrate each other's wins and mourn each other's losses. We are a family of like-minded fitness enthusiasts.
Not all CrossFit affiliates are created equal. At CrossFit Kalos Sthenos, we strive to attain the highest levels of safety and quality for our members. Our coaches hold more certifications than most CrossFit affiliates. This translates into better programming for our members, more consistent attendance, and better results.
The workouts posted at CrossFit.com are for elite athletes. Lets face it, most of us are not at the elite level. Part of any successful (and safe) CrossFit program is to scale exercises appropriately. Your coaches are trained in how to identify when substitutions are appropriate or when and how to scale weight and rep schemes for your personal fitness level. You will undergo regular evaluations to determine if you are ready to move to a higher level.
Above are just a few of the reasons why CrossFit Kalos Sthenos is the best CrossFit affiliate in Southern California. Don't take our word for it. Contact us today to learn more.


text:
import sys
import os
from pyth.plugins.rtf15.reader import Rtf15Reader
from pyth.plugins.plaintext.writer import PlaintextWriter

# used by pipelines to parse rtf files
# requires python2

def main():
    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
        print("usage %s <rtf_file_name> <txt_file_name>")
    else:
        doc = Rtf15Reader.read(open(os.path.join(sys.argv[1])))
        txt_filename = sys.argv[2]
        with open(os.path.join(txt_filename), "w") as of:
            of.write(PlaintextWriter.write(doc).getvalue())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Price is for 2x tyres including carriage to mainland UK.
Highlands, Islands, NI and Eire are extra and can be added at checkout.
Aggressive, sweeping tread design provides superb traction on all surfaces, particularly mud. Deep, widely spaced tread bars shed mud for strong initial traction and control. Sure-footed, comfortable ride on hard-pack with 6PR for improved puncture resistance. E marked and OE fitment on many vehicles.
A tyres durability is designated by the tyre constructions Ply Rating, now referred to as PR. A higher PR number indicates a greater load range.
Pre about 2002, cotton cord fabric layers were used in tyre construction, the actual number of body layers were indicated as plys. The number given was the actual number of ply layers used in the construction of the tyre.
The use of advanced materials such as rayon, nylon and polyester now means the number of actual ply layers can be reduced with no loss of strength or stability to the tyre.
For example; A 6-PR rating does not mean a tyre has 6 layers of body ply layers, rather the 6PR rating indicates that the tyre retains the same strength as having 6 of the older style body ply layers.


text:
Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 289 › Public Service Comm'n v. Great Northern Utilities Co.
Public Service Comm'n v. Great Northern Utilities Co., 289 U.S. 130 (1933)
Public Service Commission of Montana v.
Great Northern Utilities Co.
Argued March 23, 24, 1933
1. A specific rate fixed by municipality on gas sold by a public service corporation is not objectionable under the Fourteenth Amendment because it prevents the corporation from cutting its rates below necessary cost in an effort to do away with ruinous competition. P. 289 U. S. 134.
2. An allegation merely asserting in general language that rates are confiscatory is not sufficient to invoke constitutional protection. The facts relied on must be specifically set forth, and from them it must clearly appear that the rates would necessarily deny to plaintiff just compensation and deprive it of its property without due process of law. Acta Insurance Co. v. Hyde, 275 U. S. 440, 275 U. S. 447. P. 289 U. S. 136.
1 F. Supp. 328 reversed.
Appeal from a final decree of a District Court of three judges holding an order fixing rates on gas invalid and making permanent an interlocutory injunction. See also 52 F.2d 802, 285 U.S. 524, 88 Mont. 180.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MONTANA
MR. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
By this appeal, we are called on to decide whether an order of the commission prescribing specific, as distinguished from maximum, rates to be charged for natural gas furnished by a public utility is repugnant to the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The appellee, authorized by a nonexclusive franchise ordinance, has been engaged since 1923 in furnishing natural gas to consumers in Shelby, a Montana city having a population of about 2,000. It has an adequate distribution system. September 21, 1927, the commission instituted an inquiry as to the reasonableness of its rates. The schedule then in force specified for each customer a base rate of 60 cents per thousand cubic feet for the first five thousand and, by steps, lower rates based on monthly consumption. * Appellee filed a schedule effective November 25, 1927, reducing the base rate to 50 cents. The commission approved tentatively, and continued investigation.
The Citizens Gas Company, similarly authorized, installed a distribution system, and, in October, 1928, commenced furnishing natural gas to consumers in Shelby. Its schedule, specifying a base rate of 35 cents, was approved by the commission. Within a brief period, many of appellee's customers left it and have since obtained their gas from the other company. In November, appellee filed and, though the commission did not approve, put in force a schedule specifying a base rate of 20 cents. The commission ordered it to submit evidence as to the reasonableness of such rates. Appellee did not support them as adequate or compensatory, but insisted that, under competitive conditions then existing, they were justified. And it declared that, should the Citizens Company meet them, it would propose a further reduction.
The commission, January 22, 1929, found the 20-cent schedule too low to yield enough to cover reasonable operating expenses, including depreciation; that such rates would tend to imperil or impair appellee's ability dependably to serve; held such schedule contrary to the public
interest, condemned the 50-cent schedule as unreasonable, and prescribed a base rate of 35 cents, being precisely the same as that filed by the Citizens Company and approved by the commission. Appellee refused to charge the rates so ordered, and sued to enjoin the enforcement of the order upon the ground that the commission was not empowered by statute to prescribe specific rates, and that the order violated the state constitution and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The trial court gave appellee judgment on the pleadings. July 29, 1930, the Supreme Court sustained the order, reversed the judgment, and remanded the case for further proceedings. 88 Mont. 180, 232, 293 P. 294.
The Citizens Company had filed, January, 1930, and without the commission's approval put in force a schedule naming as a base rate 23 cents, but subject to a reduction of 3 cents for prompt payment. The record shows that, notwithstanding appellee's reduction to the base rate of 20 cents and a further reduction September 1, 1931, to a flat rate of 15 cents, its sales of gas decreased from 129 million cubic feet in 1927 to 106 million in 1928, to 73 in 1929, to 67 in 1930, to 58 in 1931. The sales of the Citizens Company have correspondingly increased. During the first seven months of 1932, the latest period for which the figures are given, appellee sold less than 40 million cubic feet, and the Citizens Company sold over 67 million.
December 22, 1930, appellee brought this suit and dismissed the one in the state court. The district court granted a temporary injunction against the enforcement of the order on the ground that, as the utility necessarily lowered its rates for self-preservation, the order prescribing higher rates was unreasonable and repugnant to the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In a concurring opinion, one of the judges construed the complaint to charge confiscation, and maintained that the
order shows that the commission deliberately disregarded the rule entitling public utilities to a fair return, and that this, without further evidence, was sufficient ground for temporary injunction. 52 F.2d 802, 805. The commission appealed from the interlocutory decree, and this Court affirmed. 285 U.S. 524. Upon the final hearing, on evidence taken before an examiner, the district court found that the community is insufficient to support, at rates affording fair return, the competing systems; that the prescribed rates deprive appellee of its right of competition, and would fail to produce legitimate operating expenses, taxes, depreciation, and a fair return upon the value of appellee's property. As its conclusions of law, the court declared the order invalid, and that the interlocutory injunction should be made permanent, 1 F. Supp. 328. It so decreed.
The rights conferred upon appellee by the authorizing ordinance are subject not only to the proper exertion of power of the state to regulate its services and rates, but also to authority of the city to grant to others the privilege similarly to serve. The city was free to admit other purveyors of gas. Madera Water Works v. Madera, 228 U. S. 454; Piedmont Power Co. v. Graham, 253 U. S. 193; Springfield Gas Co. v. Springfield, 257 U. S. 66, 257 U. S. 70. The appellee does not complain that the rates imposed upon it by the order differ from those which have been established and are binding on its competitor. The gravamen of its complaint is that the enforcement of the order will deprive it of the "right of competition in rates essential to protection and preservation of its property and business" and of the "right to charge rates concededly less than reasonable rates." The demand for gas in the community served is not sufficient to require both systems, and there is no suggestion that it is likely to become great enough to justify the expenditures made for them. The
facts disclosed by the record compel the conclusion that, if competition shall continue in the future as in the past, appellee will not be able, upon any rates within constitutional protection against reduction, to earn a reasonable return upon the value of its property employed in the public service. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment safeguards against the taking of private property, or the compelling of its use, for the service of the public without just compensation. Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 154 U. S. 362, 154 U. S. 410; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466, 169 U. S. 546; Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co., 212 U. S. 19, 212 U. S. 41; Missouri Pacific Ry Co. v. Tucker, 230 U. S. 340, 230 U. S. 347; Minnesota Rate Case, 230 U. S. 352, 230 U. S. 434; Board of Comm'rs v. N.Y. Tel. Co., 271 U. S. 23, 271 U. S. 31. But it does not assure to public utilities the right under all circumstances to have a return upon the value of the property so used. The loss of, or the failure to obtain, patronage due to competition does not justify the imposition of charges that are exorbitant and unjust to the public. The clause of the Constitution here invoked does not protect public utilities against such business hazards. Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., supra, 154 U. S. 412; Covington & L. Turnpike Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S. 578, 164 U. S. 596; Smyth v. Ames, supra, 169 U. S. 544-545; San Diego Land & Town Co. v. Jasper, 189 U. S. 439, 189 U. S. 446; Darnell v. Edwards, 244 U. S. 564, 244 U. S. 569-570; Aetna Insurance Co. v. Hyde, 275 U. S. 440, 275 U. S. 447-448.
But appellee, having undertaken to serve under conditions permitting competition, now insists that it has a constitutional right, by unrestrained cutting of rates, to destroy the competitor. And, for that purpose, it has made reductions from the 60-cent schedule in force until shortly before the Citizens Company entered the field to the flat rate of 15 cents, which yields less than the necessary cost of the service. The commission found that the
rates specified in the 20-cent schedule are too low, unreasonable, liable to impair the service, and contrary to the public interest. The decision of the state supreme court is to the same effect. 88 Mont. 180, 218, 293 P. 294. The facts disclosed by the record are not sufficient to show that the exertion by the commission of its power to prescribe specific rates was arbitrary or an infringement of any constitutional right of the appellee. See Stephenson v. Binford, 287 U. S. 251, 287 U. S. 273 et seq.; United States v. Illinois Central R. Co., 263 U. S. 515, 263 U. S. 525; Mapleton v. Iowa Public Service Co., 209 Iowa, 400, 404, 407, 223 N.W. 476; Economic Gas Co. v. Los Angeles, 168 Cal. 448, 450, 143 P. 717; Community Natural Gas Co. v. Natural Gas & Fuel Co., 34 S.W.2d 900, 902; Farmersville v. Texas-Louisiana Power Co., 55 S.W.2d 195, 200.
The appellee contends that the rates prescribed by the order are so unreasonably low as to deprive it of just compensation. The appellants maintain that no such question is presented by the record. The complaint was grounded upon the claim not that the rates were too low, but that the order prevented appellee from charging lower ones. It prayed judgment that it be allowed to charge less than the rates prescribed in the order. After the evidence was taken, appellee proposed an amendment. It merely alleged that the rates prescribed
"are not sufficient to furnish plaintiff a fair or any return on the value of its gas plant or system, and such rates, if made effective, would confiscate and deprive this plaintiff of its property"
without due process of law. Appellee here admitted that its purpose in asserting the belated claim that the rates specified in the order are too low was not that it might collect more for its services, but that it might continue, once the order was set aside, to serve at a loss, and so, if possible, force the other company out of the field. It is a well established rule that an allegation merely asserting in general language that rates are confiscatory
is not sufficient, and that, in order to invoke constitutional protection, the facts relied on must be specifically set forth, and from them it must clearly appear that the rates would necessarily deny to plaintiff just compensation and deprive it of its property without due process of law. Aetna Insurance Co. v. Hyde, supra, 275 U. S. 447. This allegation is not sufficient.
Reversed.
* All schedules referred to in the opinion similarly specify step rates, and are conveniently identified by the highest or base rate.


A joint venture between Crown Acquisitions and Oxford Properties is quietly shopping for $1 billion of debt on an office/retail complex in Midtown Manhattan.
The collateral, encompassing 505,000 square feet, consists of the bottom portion of Olympic Tower, at 641 Fifth Avenue, and three adjacent townhouse-style buildings leased to luxury retailers, including Versace and Cartier.
The team is pitching the assignment to a handful of securitization lenders itself, without using a broker. It appears to be seeking a fixed-rate loan with a 10-year term.
The complex, between East 51st and East 52nd Streets on the east side of Fifth Avenue, is worth an estimated $1.7 billion to $2 billion — a valuation bolstered by the retail leases. The space is 94.4% occupied, according to CoStar.
The property was formerly owned by the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation. In 2012, New York-based Crown and Oxford, which is the Toronto-based real estate arm of Ontario Municipal Employees, acquired a 49.9% stake for $418.9 million. The duo purchased the remaining 50.1% stake from the foundation in 2015 for $651.6 million.
Olympic Tower has 51 floors, including residential condominiums on the upper 30 floors. The Crown-Oxford partnership owns the lower 21 floors, which is office space, except for street-level shops. It also owns the adjacent townhouses, at 647 and 653 Fifth Avenue and 10 East 52nd Street.
The tower, built in 1975, overlooks St. Patrick's Cathedral and Rockefeller Center. The office tenants include the National Basketball Association and MSD Capital, which has a lease on 45,000 sf until December 2019.
In addition to Versace and Cartier, the retail tenants on the ground floor of Olympic Tower and in the townhouses include Alfred Dunhill, AX Armani Exchange and Longchamp.


text:
Collins Booksellers Orange
About this Shop
Christmas Reading Guide
Royal Flash (The Flashman Papers #2)
Author(s): George MacDonald Fraser
Coward, scoundrel, lover and cheat, but there is no better man to go into the jungle with. Join Flashman in his adventures as he survives fearful ordeals and outlandish perils across the four corners of the world. A mission calls for a master of disguise, deceit and treachery: there's only one man for the job. When a legendary femme fatale delivers him into the clutches of the dastardly Otto von Bismarck, Flashman will need all the cunning and seductive charm he can muster to escape this plot.
In Volume II of the Flashman Papers, Flashman tangles with femme fatale Lola Montez and the dastardly Otto Von Bismarck in a battle of wits which will decide the destiny of a continent.
The author of the famous Flashman Papers and the Private McAuslan stories, George MacDonald Fraser has worked on newspapers in Britain and Canada. In addition to his novels he has also written numerous screenplays, most notably The Three Musketeers, The Four Musketeers, and the James Bond film, Octopussy.
Publisher : HarperCollins Publishers Limited
Imprint : HarperCollins Publishers Ltd
Publication date : June 1999
Author : George MacDonald Fraser
BIC subject : Historical fiction; Crime & mystery
Illustrations : maps
230 Summer Street, Orange, New South Wales


Which Bra Fits Your Top?
Lauren Conrad along with her team reached out to ThirdLove to help them write a style guide today about what kind of bra suits the kind of top you're wearing.
ThirdLove puts their calculations to work beginning with white t-shirts recommending their 24/7 lace t-shirt bra & 24/7 classic wireless bra where both give great support.
For button-down shirts, there's the 24/7 lace balconette bra turning average into special in seconds, and the low-cut blouses need 24/7 classic full coverage bra for bigger bust.
With lacy camisole tops, one can go with ThirdLove's 24/7 classic strapless bra being the only strapless to look natural, and cozy loungewear requires 3L's front closure racerback, while also trying out 3L's seamless thong colored naked.
Lauren Conrad's Ilana Saul today brings the world their L.A. City Guide of a place called Silver Lake, which one might not have heard of until now.
In Silver Lake, one will find sights like Griffith Park, Resevoirs, and secret stairs walk, and shop at places like sunset junction, Silver Lake Blvd, and Rowena.
You can do food, coffee, and booze at places like Lamill, Squil, by CHLOE, Salazar, Cafe & Bar Stella, Speranza, and Silver Lake Wine, exercise at PopPhysique & The Bar Method, relax at Raven Spa, and stay at the Hotel Covell.


Welcome to the 2018 Popcorn Sale: Popcorn Superheroes!
We have a lot of exciting new things planned for this year's sale including new and old product favorites, exciting new prizes, and a special patch for our top sellers!
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text:
Pyricontin
If used with ordinary discretion and skill, it can hardly inflict" After expending a world of ingenuity upon the invention and perfecting; of obstetric instruments, it is time to ascend a little the stream of knowledge, and to endeavour to recover from tlie teaching gf our forefathers their secret of chirurgery j to regain, if not to extend, that power pver the great instrument which is the Burgeon's most trusty aid, and from which he derives his name. The synovial membrane formed after these excision a cul-de-sac behind the triceps; this was incised, and turned into a simple wound which united perfectly. Thus the diluted solution of potash, of nux Tomica, strychnia, and veratria were found unquestionably beneficial in several obstinate and predetermined morbid conditions,"I have, myself," says M. I was allowed to remove one of them (Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery, and Medical Critic, After a few historical remarks, the author relates the cases which have fallen under his personal observation, and mentions the particulars of forty other cases, which have been published by various obstetricians. The germinal center is seen in the section to contain usually several, but sometimes about ten, mitotic limited, seems to warrant the conclusion that the small dose of x-rays acts as a stimulant to the proliferation of the lymphoid cells. Genuine peritonitis from perforation, with a pyricontin-f purulent or even a sanious exudation, is quite rare, and is excited by the rupture of an ulcer and the entrance of the contents of the intestine into the abdominal cavity.
Internally, the iodide of potash, iron, and mercury had been faithfully tried; and externally, at different times, iodine and biniodide of mercury frequently used. The respiratory system is well protected against certain fluids: even if normal saline does reach the alveoli, little damage results. Use - the compensatory process is obvious.
This has been shown by Bull, of New York, to be very frequent after all forms of procedure and the large number of cases reported by Pilcher (L. In some, but fortunately not many, cases, the digitalis is ill-borne from the start, because it excites severe nausea and vomiting: tablet. In several cases we found the second sound for a medicine long time very myocarditis a systolic murmur is heard at the apex which is due either to a relative insufficiency of the mitral valve, or to its incomplete closure, as a result of defective muscular action of the left ventricle. But little is known of their development after leaving the body. As in this story, four villains, armed with deadly weapons, are of no avail against the virtuous hero armed with a broken bladed penknife or a table leg. Your HMA, however, did not quit: we' made e.xcellent efforts to communicate with the legislators. If an ice-bag uses is well borne, it may be of service. It is proven with regard to purulent spinal meningitis that inflanmiations of neighboring organs may invade the spinal cord: for.
This improvement had lasted from three to four months. The first suggestion, doubtless, points out one cause of the gieat mortality from Cancer in London, though I am unable to state the proportion in which the deaths may be thus explained, or in which different districts of England and Wales contribute their cases to raise that mortality. In the rare aneurism of the descending thoracic aorta the pulsating swelling may make its appearance information in the back, between the vertebral column and the left scapula. His brother, wrote an Anatomical Description of the Human Gravid Uterus and Its Contents. In fact a national law, instead of depending on certain States for the adoption of such a law, should be passed compelling every physician, midwife, and nurse to use a drop of one or two per cent, solution of silver nitrate in the infant's eyes as soon as possible after birth. It so happened that in one corner of the capacious chamber in which he was confined, there was stored in one heap, thirty bushels of onions. March bandage or other obstruction to the circulation, as there need be but little hemorrhage, and the oozing after operation will be much less troublesome, as the tonicity of the vessels is thus left unimpaired. There is no paralysis, and no muscular atrophy.
Eyestrain, conscious or unconscious, is a rather common condition and by all means requires used attention, for through its removal or mitigation the general welfare of the patient can be decidedly improved. Nitrate of silver, tincture of iodine, are sometimes useful.


text:
Christian College: Faculty Senate Resigns to Support LGBT Professor
Michael Haverluck, OneNewsNow.com | Apr 22, 2017 | Fresh Ink | 0
The entire faculty Senate at an evangelical college in Massachusetts resigned in protest after an LGBT-activist professor was denied a promotion – a move she alleged was motivated by her condemnation of the school's biblical policy on homosexuality.
The exodus included the seven key members serving on Gordon College's staff – tenured professors in leadership roles who do not hold to the school's biblical teachings on sexuality and moral behavior.
"All seven faculty members of Gordon College's Faculty Senate resigned from senatorship on Wednesday, citing ongoing disagreement with the administration over shared governance, specifically in the processes of approving faculty promotion," the college campus's newspaper, The Tartan, announced. "Professor Ivy George, the Senate chair prior to the resignations, read a letter outlining the decision at an all-faculty meeting. Also resigning were fellow professors Tim Sherratt, Bruce Herman, Bryan Auday, Irv Levy, Steve Hunt and Jonathan Senning."
Pro-LGBT or bust …
Gordon College Vice President of Communications Rick Sweeney announced that the Senate's decision to leave appeared to be final.
"Provost [Jane] Curry was provided with a copy of a letter from the Senate when they met with her a few hours before the faculty meeting," Curry wrote in an email, according to The Tartan. "They were not open to further discussion on their decision, which they announced to their faculty colleagues at the end of the regular monthly meeting late Wednesday afternoon."
The Christian news media went further to divulge through Sweeney's statements that school officials and top faculty members reached a bottleneck in their debate over the issue of embracing the LGBT culture on campus.
"In their verbal statement to faculty colleagues, the chairperson affirmed the authority and decision-making role of the administration, but said she felt the senators could not reconcile divergent views on the process and could no longer be effective in their roles," Sweeney explained, according to The Christian Post (CP).
According to the school paper, Senators – who are full professors in good standing who were elected by the faculty – are responsible for dealing with "faculty personnel issues, including the process of promotion, hiring, tenure, three- and six-year reviews, dismissals, sanctions and appeals … they serve three-year terms and are elected in the Spring."
The Tartan also reported that those attending the meeting indicated the extent of what the Senate chair disclosed during the mass resignation.
"[T]he letter read by George stated that the Faculty Senate feels that Provost Curry and President Lindsay, as administration members involved in academic affairs, had not been upholding the guidelines concerning the promotion of junior faculty as provided in the Gordon College Ainistrative/Faculty Handbook in a clear and respectful manner," the student-run paper disclosed.
Curry responded by insisting that even though school administration and the Senate did not see eye-to-eye regarding the biblical foundations and tenets that govern the college, she had no hard feelings.
"I want to thank the Senate for their service," Curry said in her address at the conclusion of the all-faculty meeting, according to The Tartan. "Obviously, my perspective and interpretation of the situation is very different than theirs, and I will need some time to explore how we bridge the gap in perspectives."
The spokesperson for the college also made it clear at the meeting that preserving the integrity of Christian principles on campus will always be paramount.
"All of us care deeply about Gordon and its mission and future," Sweeney declared at meeting. "Both the provost and the College's leadership will take some time to be able to respond constructively to this decision."
The name of the teacher at the center of the debate was reportedly not brought up during the meeting.
"[N]o specific decision or faculty member was cited in the resignation letter," CP's Samuel Smith reported.
Getting to the heart of the issue
Even though she was not specifically mentioned by name during the final meeting of resignation, the Bay State's largest paper noted that the LGBT-activist professor at issue made her qualm with the school known with state officials.
"In a complaint to the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, Margaret DeWeese-Boyd, an assistant professor of sociology, asserts that the college president and provost denied her a promotion to full professor because she has openly criticized the policy since 2013," the Boston Globe reported last week.
She reportedly took on the role as a political activist on campus to pressure school administration – and influence students – into embracing the LGBT lifestyle at Gordon.
"DeWeese-Boyd says she has spoken against the ban at a faculty meeting, signed a petition opposing it, organized trainings and events related to gay rights, and directly addressed Gordon's president, D. Michael Lindsay, about the school's stance," the Globe's Michael Levenson explained.
Another Massachusetts daily indicated that Gordon College dealt with a similar situation with another faculty member in recent months – a disagreement that eventually took the form of a lawsuit.
"Last year, associate philosophy professor Lauren Barthold filed a civil rights suit accusing college officials of demoting her and threatening to fire her for speaking out against the LGBT policy," Salem News reported. "She eventually agreed to a confidential settlement and resigned."
Apparently, the pushback was in response to Gordon College's bold stand that it took several years ago, telling the Obama administration that it would not be forced to compromise its fundamental values as Christian higher learning institution by being forced to hire personnel who practice or promote homosexual behavior that runs against the biblical tenets taught and encouraged on campus.
"The trigger for the controversy was a letter Lindsay and several other Christian leaders and groups signed in 2014 to then-President Barack Obama," Salem News Staff Writer John Castelluccio reported. "The letter asked for a religious exemption to an order barring federal contractors from discriminating in hiring on the basis of sexual orientation."
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Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956–2006). These loads were also analyzed to ascertain the influential factors associated with its variation with the help of Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results indicated that the Jialing River annual discharge showed no significant trend at >95% confidence level while the annual sediment load appeared to have a significant decrease trend over the last 50 years. A decrease in the annual sediment load was particularly apparent after the year 1985, at which a substantial shift in the sediment level occurred. This shift is attributed to the construction of numerous dams in 1980s. However, after the year of 1985, two periodical stages (1986–1991 and 1992–2006) with distinct sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were identified. The period 1992–2006 is characterised by low sediment load, which is most probably due to the impact of large scale of soil and water conservation, which took place at the end of the 1980s. Last, models describing the relationship between the discharge and the sediment load, discharge and sediment-runoff ratio as well as between the sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were constructed.


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Explicit connections are made among the STEM practices, including the Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice and the Framework for K-12 Science Education, helping you easily recognize ways in which STEM lessons can engage students in multiple standards at the same time.
With ideas that are practical and achievable in any classroom, STEM Lesson Essentials will give you the confidence and knowledge to weave engineering and technology concepts into your math and science curriculum. STEM teaching doesn't have to be hard. You just have to get started. Try it out with STEM Lesson Essentials, and watch student understanding, achievement, and motivation soar.


Just to warn everybody, I am off on my jollies tomorrow for two and a bit weeks, and I will be travelling all day Monday, so tomorrow's update will be very late. I am hoping to continue doing the scores as usual, but the wife has banned me from taking my laptop, so I will be attempting to do the updates via IPAD, using my files stored in the cloud, something I haven't tried before, so there may be glitches / delays. I will keep you informed.
A winner for Gessa today.
hum and arhed between my and your pick Nick.
Yours was one of several on my list, Ges, hopefully we've both picked right!
Well I didn't , good luck mate.
Never looked in with a chance, mate. Cheers!
I'll help out when I can mate, enjoy your jollies.


(n.) Used to distinguish an Indian that lives on a reservation on the US (Native American), from a 7/11 Indian which comes from India or somewhere in the Middle East.
John - Dude, i just met this HOT Indian.
Ben - That's cool.. wait, was she a 7/11 Indian or a Casino Indian?
John - A Casino Indian.
Get a Casino Indian mug for your cat José.


I would like to report what i think its a bug while playing through the cold era, one sigle track (kind like a mafia style song) keeps playing over and over again. I am not been able to stop this.
we fixed some soundloops in our latest update.
Are you still having those looping song?


Posted by admin on July 17, 2010; This entry is filed under Communicating, Design Role Analysis, France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Periurban Area, Pévèle, Pévèle > Periurban area > Nord-Pas-de-Calais > France.
The final presentation of the workshop outputs is proposed in the form of a virtual visit of what a sustainable periurban area could look like, browsing a map of a typical portion of this area in Nord-Pas-de-Calais where a coherent distribution of the hypothesis of new services are popping-up. Although, each single proposal is still at a very early stage of a simple suggestion, all together, they reach the momentum to outline an alternative perspective for the future of the Pévèle area and reach the status of a 'demonstrator', a virtual simulation of the potential results of framework and local projects.
The request of building a 'demonstrator' came from the preparatory discussions with the local developing agency. The Syndicat Mixte du SCoT du Grand Douaisis is a regulation and organisational infrastructure which is lacking tools to advocate for the feasibility of a different and more sustainable living in periurban area. They are looking for both more creative, inspirational and at the same time concrete and convincing examples of the scheme for cohesion of the local development (SCoT) they represent and manage.
Beyond the specific use that local stakeholders may do of such sustainable development oriented supports, the simulation of a framework and related local projects in a realistic and highly visual and communicative way is a promising tool to effectively prompt the stakeholders to take action. A tentative presentation of the changes expected in the situation allows each different player to project into an alternative situation and assess its desirability. A sample of promising ideas indicates possible directions of implementation towards a feasible change. The both realistic and still open form of the demonstrator prompts the social conversation. In the case of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais project, the first demonstrator produced by the exploration workshop allows to start the discussion with the Regional Council towards the concrete deployment of a first set of residences.


Blandinsville, IL, population 693, is located in Illinois's McDonough county, about 67.7 miles from Peoria and 83.0 miles from Springfield.
Through the 90's Blandinsville's population has grown by about 2%. It is estimated that in the first 5 years of the past decade the population of Blandinsville has declined by about 7%. Since 2005 Blandinsville's population has declined by about 4%.


Seeking to inspire our community to develop new policy proposals, we are publishing the List of Improvements included below.
Please note that each 'improvement' is not a policy proposal, so a formal writeup is not necessary.
The purpose of this list is to help gauge community interest in certain areas. Our goal is to create synergy among the community for the creation of new policy proposals, in the hope that, together, those listing possible improvements and those reading them will find possible solutions which can be submitted in the form of a policy proposal.
EVERYONE can contribute to the list below, adding any additional improvements they'd like to see in regards to the policies.
*Policy Shepherds are members of the community with experience working with the PDP (Policy Development Process) who volunteer their time to help others submit their proposals.
Due to IPv4 address exhaustion, major access providers no longer offer the possibility of assigning /24 prefixes to their customers (small ISPs). In turn, these smaller ISPs do not qualify for a minimum assignment from LACNIC (/22) and therefore their operations are affected. This proposal seeks to allow smaller ISPs to request IPv4 addresses between a /24 and a /22.
Currently, when a policy proposal reaches consensus it is published for comments on the Public Policy List for a period of 45 days. This period is too long for a person to express their disagreement with a decision taken at the Public Policy Forum. This 45-day "idle time" delays the process, therefor it would be convenient to shorten the last call for comments.
The definition in Section 1.9 Assign specifies that an assignment is not to be sub-assigned other parties, but it does not clarify whether this refers to permanent or temporary use (and, in this case, for how long), whether it allows offering services to third parties or only to those directly involved with the organization, whether it refers to a single address or to address blocks, whether it includes the transfer of responsibility, and many other questions that may arise in this regard. Likewise, it specifies that "Assignments must only be made for specific purposes documented by specific organizations," which seems to imply that an organization which receives certain resources for use in its infrastructure but then offers addresses to external users would not qualify according to the documented rationale. The first paragraph of Section 2.3.3.4 Assignments to End Users creates similar doubts, as its specifies "for internal use, for the operation of their networks, but not for sub-delegation outside their organization." However, no similar text has been included in the IPv6 policy.
6. Extend the time needed to present a proposal at the FPP.
Currently one week, this might not be enough to discuss the proposals on the agenda if several proposals are presented at the last minute.
The terms ISP and end user are used in the policy manual. But what is the current definition of an ISP? Are there any cases where end users make sub-assignments?
It would be convenient to review whether the use of these terms in the manual still applies.
In some cases, an organization that has legacy resources requests an ASN but does not become a member nor is it offered the option to do so.
Creation of a virtual RIR that would be responsible for assigning IP addresses and ASNs to organizations without a well-defined and single regionalization (i.e., to organizations that are global by nature and that can effectively prove they have operations in more than one region).