text:
* Massive rewrite on top of newer Chef patterns. See the 5.0 README for details.

## v4.1.6

* Support for Chef 12.
* Add `strict_ssh` option to enable host key checking.
* Add `keep_releases` option to control number of releases to keep.
* Allow passing a path to a file for `deploy_key`.

## v4.1.4

* [COOK-3343](https://tickets.opscode.com/browse/COOK-3343) - Can't parse release candidate version number.

## v4.1.2

* [COOK-3343](https://tickets.opscode.com/browse/COOK-3343) - Can't parse release candidate version number.

## v4.1.0

* [COOK-3343] - Can't parse release candidate version number.

## v4.0.0

* Removes compatability with Chef 10.
* [COOK-3564](https://tickets.opscode.com/browse/COOK-3564) - Replace calls to `Chef::Mixin::RecipeDefinitionDSLCore`.

## v3.0.0

* [COOK-3306]: Multiple Memory Leaks in Application Cookbook.

## v2.0.4

* [COOK-2812]: application cookbook doesn't allow to specify a block as `restart_command`.

## v2.0.2

* [COOK-2537]: Provide proper `respond_to` behavior when using `method_missing`.
* [COOK-2713]: application resource should Allow sub-resource attributes to propogate up.

### Improvement
* [COOK-2597]: Allow customization for `shallow_clone` when doing a git deploy.

## v2.0.0

This release is incompatible with previous releases (hence major version change). The recipes used in older versions are deprecated and completely removed. See README.md for further detail.

* [COOK-1673] - `deploy_revision` in the application cookbook gives an argument error.
* [COOK-1820] - Application cookbook: remove deprecated recipes.

## v1.0.4

* [COOK-1567] - Add git submodules to application cookbook.

## v1.0.2

* [COOK-1312] - string callbacks fail with method not found (really included this time).
* [COOK-1332] - add `release_path` and `shared_path` methods.
* [COOK-1333] - add example for running migrations.
* [COOK-1360] - fix minor typos in README.
* [COOK-1374] - use runit attributes in unicorn run script.

## v1.0.0

This release introduces the LWRP for application deployment, as well as other improvements. The recipes will be deprecated in August 2012 as indicated by their warning messages and in the README.md.

* [COOK-634] - Implement LWRP for application deployment.
* [COOK-1116] - use other SCMs than git.
* [COOK-1252] - add `:force_deploy` that maps to corresponding action of deploy resource.
* [COOK-1253] - fix rollback error.
* [COOK-1312] - string callbacks fail with method not found.
* [COOK-1313] - implicit file based hooks aren't invoked.
* [COOK-1318] - Create `to_ary` method to resolve issue in resources() lookup on "application[foo]" resources.

## v0.99.14

* [COOK-1065] - use pip in virtualenv during deploy.

## v0.99.12

* [COOK-606] application cookbook deployment recipes should use ipaddress instead of fqdn.

## v0.99.11

* make the `_default` `chef_environment` look like production rails env.

## v0.99.10

* Use Chef 0.10's `node.chef_environment` instead of `node['app_environment']`.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package sun.reflect.generics.scope;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;

/**
 * This class represents the scope containing the type variables of
 * a method.
 */
public class MethodScope extends AbstractScope<Method> {

    // constructor is private to enforce use of factory method
    private MethodScope(Method m){
        super(m);
    }

    // utility method; computes enclosing class, from which we can
    // derive enclosing scope.
    private Class<?> getEnclosingClass(){
        return getRecvr().getDeclaringClass();
    }

    /**
     * Overrides the abstract method in the superclass.
     * @return the enclosing scope
     */
    protected Scope computeEnclosingScope() {
        // the enclosing scope of a (generic) method is the scope of the
        // class in which it was declared.
        return ClassScope.make(getEnclosingClass());
    }

    /**
     * Factory method. Takes a {@code Method} object and creates a
     * scope for it.
     * @param m - A Method whose scope we want to obtain
     * @return The type-variable scope for the method m
     */
    public static MethodScope make(Method m) {
        return new MethodScope(m);
    }
}


text:
Cork, County Cork
OFFICIAL SITE FACEBOOK TWITTER
Talos is Eoin French, from Cork in Ireland. He makes patient, plaintive electronic pop music. He arrived in late 2014, with the mesmerising 'Tethered Bones', the dreamy production proved a perfect platform for French's powerful voice and rewarding words.
It saw a full release in December of that year, with B-side 'Bloom' reaching further into the depths. He closed 2015 with a second single, the bleakly beautiful 'In Time', recently featured in hit ABC series 'Guilt', in the US.
He releases a new EP, 'O Sanctum', in late August, which includes the single 'Your Love Is An Island' - produced by Talos and Ian Ring, and mixed by Valgier at Greenhouse Studios in Iceland - and remixes from Maps and Sin Fang.
Live, Talos expands out to a six piece - recent shows include Other Voices, Body and Soul and a debut Irish tour in July of this year.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jaron Lanier Net Worth – Age, Parents, Wife, Daughter, Biography.
Jaron Zepel Lanier is an American computer scientist, visual artist, author of computer philosophies, technologist, futurist, and composer of contemporary classical music. Lanier is considered one of the founders of virtual reality. In 1985, he left Atari with Thomas G. Zimmerman to found VPL Research, Inc, the first company to sell VR glasses and wired gloves.
As of 2021, Jaron Lanier Net Worth is $5.5 Million Dollars (Approx).
1 Jaron Lanier Biography.
2 Jaron Lanier Net Worth.
3 Jaron Lanier Parents.
4 Jaron Lanier Wife.
5 Jaron Lanier Daughter.
6 Jaron Lanier Age.
7 Jaron Lanier Height.
8 Jaron Lanier Nationality.
9 Jaron Lanier Ethnicity.
10 Jaron Lanier Instagram.
11 Common FAQ About Jaron Lanier.
Jaron Lanier Biography.
In the late 1990s, Lanier worked on applications for Internet2, and in the 2000s he was a visiting scientist at Silicon Graphics and several universities. In 2006, he began working at Microsoft, and in 2009 he joined Microsoft Research as an interdisciplinary scientist.
Lanier has composed contemporary classical music and collects rare instruments. His acoustic album Instruments of Change (1994) features Asian wind and string instruments such as the khene harmonica, the suling flute, and the sitar-like esraj. Together with Mario Grigorov, Lanier composed the soundtrack for the documentary film The Third Wave (2007).
In 2005, Lanier was named one of the 100 most important public intellectuals by Foreign Policy. In 2010, Lanier was named to the TIME 100 Most Influential People list. In 2014, Lanier was named one of the world's 50 most important thinkers by Prospect. In 2018, Lanier was named one of the 25 most influential people in the last 25 years of technology history by Wired.
Born Jaron Zepel Lanier in New York City, Lanier grew up in Mesilla, New Mexico. Lanier's mother and father were Jewish; his mother was a survivor of the Nazi concentration camp in Vienna and his father's family had emigrated from Ukraine to escape the pogroms. When he was nine years old, his mother was killed in a car accident.
He lived in tents with his father for a long time before embarking on a seven-year project to build a geodesic dome house, which he helped design. At the age of 13, Lanier persuaded New Mexico State University to enrol him. At NMSU, he took graduate-level courses; he received a National Science Foundation grant to study mathematical notation, which led him to learn computer programming.
From 1979 to 1980, Lanier's NSF-funded project at NMSU focused on "digital graphical simulations for learning." During this time, Lanier also attended art school in New York but returned to New Mexico to work as a midwife's assistant. The father of a baby he helped deliver gave him a car, which Lanier later drove to Santa Cruz.
Also Read: Alicia Garza Net Worth, Husband, Parents, Tattoo, Quotes, Career.
Jaron Lanier Net Worth.
Name Jaron Lanier
Real Name Jaron Zepel Lanier
Date Of Birth May 3, 1960
Place Of Birth New York City, U.S.
Ethnicity Jewish
Wife Lena
Daughter Lilibell
Jaron Lanier Net Worth is Not an accurate Number As There is not any official disclosure of it. Jaron Lanier Net Worth mentioned above is collected from various authentic sources. If you think that the above information is incorrect Then please let us know the correct details in the comments below.
Jaron Lanier Parents.
Jaron Lanier's mother and father were Jewish; his mother was a survivor of the Nazi concentration camp in Vienna and his father's family had emigrated from Ukraine to escape the pogroms. When he was nine years old, his mother was killed in a car accident.
There Is not much information about Jaron Lanier Parents from Trusted Sources. Once we get more information about Jaron Lanier, we will update this page with more information.
Jaron Lanier Wife.
Jaron Lanier Wife Name Is Lena. Lena Is A Child Psychologist.
There Is not much information about Jaron Lanier Wife from Trusted Sources. Once we get more information about Jaron Lanier, we will update this page with more information.
Jaron Lanier Daughter.
Jaron Lanier Daughter Name is Lilibell. Her Age Is 16 Years.
There Is not much information about Jaron Lanier Daughter from Trusted Sources. Once we get more information about Jaron Lanier, we will update this page with more information.
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Jaron Lanier was Born on May 3, 1960, In New York City, U.S.
As Of 2021, Jaron Lanier Age Is 61 Years.
Jaron Lanier Height.
There Is not much information about Jaron Lanier Height from Trusted Sources. Once we get more information about Jaron Lanier, we will update this page with more information.
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Jaron Lanier Nationality is American Nationality.
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Jaron Lanier Ethnicity is American Ethnicity.
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As per our records, Jaron Lanier does not have an Instagram handle or any other Social Media Profiles as He loves to be private.
He is not on Instagram And Other Social Media Handles Officially.
Also Read: William Perry Net Worth – Age, Wife, Children, Height, Biography.
Common FAQ About Jaron Lanier.
How Much Is the Jaron Lanier Net Worth?
How Much Is the Jaron Lanier Salary?
Jaron Lanier Salary Is Not Disclosed.
What is Jaron Lanier Age?
Jaron Lanier Age Is 61 Years.
What Is Jaron Lanier Date Of Birth?
Jaron Lanier Date Of Birth Is May 3, 1960.
What Is Jaron Lanier Wife Name?
Jaron Lanier Wife Name Is Lena.
What Is Jaron Lanier Daughter Name?
Jaron Lanier Daughter Name Is Lilibell.
What Is Jaron Lanier Nationality?
What Is Jaron Lanier Ethnicity?
What Is Jaron Lanier Height?
Jaron Lanier Height Is Not Disclosed.
What Is Jaron Lanier Weight?
Jaron Lanier Weight Is Not Disclosed.


text:
Dublin student (19) blags his way into the Champions League final
Conor Feehan Twitter Email
June 09 2015 11:00 AM
A Dublin teenager has told how he blagged his way into the Champions League Final using just a home-made pass and a hi-viz jacket.
Anraoi Rooney (19) from Stillorgan, and student James McClafferty (20), both tried to sneak into the Berlin game in the Olympic Stadium while inter-railing across Europe.
But Anraoi (pictured at the game, right) was the one to succeed using confidence and brass neck to avoid the attention of security officials.
Unlucky James was turned back and had to watch the game in a pub, but Anraoi made his way through dozens of security checks to watch Barcelona battle and overcome Juventus in the 3-1 thriller.
The pair were in Germany on holiday and in a last-minute decision they decided to have a go at getting into the big match.
"We printed off the tickets before we went but they were pretty terrible and I didn't think we had a chance, especially when I saw what the real tickets looked like when we got out there," said Anraoi.
"Ours were green with a beer logo, but the real ones were dark navy," he added.
"I had brought a hi-vis jacket with me and decided to give it a go," he explained. "James didn't have one so he didn't make it past the first barrier, but I just kept going."
Anroi said he gave the stewards a confident nod and walked on through.
"I kept waiting for a tap on the shoulder but it didn't come," he said.
"There was another set of stewards scanning barcodes on the tickets at turnstiles," he added.
But Anroi knew his ticket wasn't up to scratch so he joined the media queue and brazenly strolled in.
"The ground was absolutely packed so I just stood on the steps to watch the game," the DCU student said.
Anraoi, who posted pics of his exploits on Snapchat, told The Anton Savage Show on Today FM: "James just went back to the pub with the rest of the lads and watched the game from there."
He said they had seen signs in the locality from people who were willing to pay €3,500 for tickets, so he felt very lucky to get to see the game.
"I'm trying not to gloat but it's kind of hard not to," he said.


'Doctors who cast doubt on the effectiveness of statins are 'needlessly' risking lives, the Health Secretary Matt Hancock warns today.
In a passionate intervention, he has thrown his weight behind a Mail on Sunday campaign to fight 'fake' claims about proven medicines. Condemning those who peddle myths about the daily pills, Mr Hancock said: 'Medical evidence shows that statins save lives.
About eight million Britons take statins, which can substantially reduce the risk of having a heart attack or stroke by lowering cholesterol – a fatty substance that contributes to the blocking of arteries – in the blood.
However, some medics dispute the benefits and a few wrongly assert they can cause serious and widespread damage to health. Inaccurate claims by 'statin deniers' include that high cholesterol is not linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. These rely on small, observational studies rather than 'gold standard' randomised controlled trials over many years that show statins do cut deaths from heart attacks and strokes.
The Health Secretary said: 'These kind of pernicious lies have no place in our NHS and I welcome The Mail on Sunday's work to shine a light on the scale of the problem. As part of our Long Term Plan for the NHS, we want to save thousands more lives from preventable conditions such as heart disease and strokes.


The outmoded, white-male-dominated "before" picture of Congress may be fading, and the "after" one is coming into focus.
In this interview, Amy Costello's guest Myrl Beam argues that the LGBTQ movement's embrace of the nonprofit model has had an enormous and troubling impact on a once-radical intention. This thought-provoking podcast raises questions about how the concessions we make on the road to social change often result in a change of course. Listen to it now, or download and listen later.
The YMCA, whose 2,700 local affiliates serve 22 million people, has launched a national program to better serve LGBTQ families and children. Now comes the challenge of implementation.
Politically motivated "outing" of public figures has a long history of dispute among activists. This old struggle is playing out in the hiring and firing of a nonprofit CEO.
An LGBTQ organization in Alabama has found itself at the center of political controversy, and suddenly closed. Is this a problem with the organization's practices, its operating environment, or both?
Even when nonprofits work toward the same goal, their decision-making processes can differ drastically, which can lead to major, publicly aired, disagreements.
The Tokyo-based non-profit LGBT advocacy organization Good Aging Yells is preparing a "hospitality venue" for LGBT athletes and fans called Pride House Tokyo.
Liberals and progressives from outside the LGBTQ community may find it prudent to accept the advantages of a movement in rebirth. As members of the community are doing work on the ground, nonprofits should be handling the behind-the-scenes details.


For the Kazon-Ogla youth, please see Kar.
Karr was an Alpha Hirogen who commanded a group of Hirogen hunters invading USS Voyager in 2374.
Karr's forces transformed much of Voyager into a holodeck, so that he could hunt the crew in holographic simulations of many historical eras and planets, including Earth's World War II and Klingon battles. Karr, in the Nazi simulation, wore the uniform of a Standartenführer, equivalent to a colonel. Some of the Hirogen under his command wanted to kill the crew and move on. He believed that the hunt had consumed the Hirogen and that their race was dying out because of the hunt. With a holodeck, they could keep the hunt tradition without having to spread all over the quadrant to do it and devote more time to maintaining their culture.
Karr was played by actor Danny Goldring.
Referred to as Kommandant Karr, it is not clear if this was his real name, or the character he represented in the holosimulation, as most Hirogen Alpha were referred to only by a title. Karr wore the uniform a full colonel in the SS, which would have been known as Standartenführer. His medals appear to have included the Iron Cross and among his ribbons could be seen the Sudentenland Medal, Eastern Front Medal, and a Waffen-SS service award.
It was stated that Karr's character had "served with Rommel in North Africa and Schmidt in Poland". The former was a bit incongruous however, as no SS unit had, historically at least, served under Rommel in Africa.


text:
Skegness to see share of £35 million investment from developer
Manorcrest directors Leigh Hall and Dean Wann
Skegness is to see a share of a £35 million investment by a developer which is building residential developments in the town.
Manorcrest Group, which is based in the town, is looking to make 'significant progress' on several of its developments, including its flagship Lumley Fields rsidential site, which covers around 60 acres.
There are plans to build around 600 homes on the site.
Other projects to see a share of the investment will be completion of a new Double Tree by Hilton hotel in Hull as well as a substantial extension to the Double Tree by Hilton in Lincoln by a further 45 rooms and additional conference space.
Manorcrest director Leigh Hall, said: "Myself and Dean have a shared vision to deliver modern, well-built and exciting schemes that not only impress but have a positive effect on the local economy.
"As developers, we recognise opportunity and it's important to us to deliver innovative schemes that add to the fabric of the local community. We consider the end user when we build each and every home, hotel rooms, holiday park or commercial space.
"We are a proactive team and our £35m investment in our projects across Skegness, Lincoln, Lincolnshire and East Riding, is testament to the commitment we have to building the best. We are looking to further expand our portfolio in these areas as well as in London.
"It's an exciting time for the whole team at Manorcrest Group and Dean and I take great pleasure in using local suppliers and therefore creating local jobs. We look forward to a busy 2017 and beyond."
Manorcrest was set up in Skegness by developers Leigh Hall and Dean Wann in 2000. As well as residential and hotel developments the firm also works heavily in the holiday park sector, with sites in Skegness and Woodhall Spa.
The pair have more than 50 years of experience between them, initially joined forces to build a small development together in Skegness.
Fellow director, Mr Wann, said: "It is incredibly rewarding for us to see a development grow from acquiring planning to unveiling the completed scheme and over the years we have delivered substantial projects. We are lucky enough to have an enthusiastic and committed team.
"It all started in Skegness many years ago and while we are now working across the Midlands, our HQ will always remain in the town.
"We want to create buildings and holiday parks that will have a lasting legacy and this £35m investment over the course of this year is part of that strategy.
"It is both rewarding and challenging to run a development and construction company. Leigh and I oversee every site and that keeps us very busy, but being based in Skegness, it's fantastic we can invest so heavily in the area and deliver much-needed homes and leisure facilities."
For more visit http://www.manorcrest.co.uk/


text:
2014 MLB Changes (logo, uniform wise, etc)
By TheFloridianLogoMan, October 9, 2013 in Sports Logo News
zigtiger823 2
What's the deal with the duck?
Maybe the cubs got an Aflac sponsorship Edited January 18, 2014 by zigtiger823
gosioux76 837
Location:St. Louis
I don't abhor this Cubs alternate, but it seems like (with last year's Astros roll-out as another example) that MLB, in an effort to turn around a generation of flamboyancy in sports aesthetics, has over-corrected. Instead of just simplifying designs, they've decided to go right to a 1955 Spalding catalog for design inspiration.
Again, I like the intent. But it seems like there should be a happy medium that was overlooked in this process.
I like the ten throwbacks/one for each decade idea. A bit much? Maybe, but it's perfectly fine for a 100th anniversary celebration.
The road alternate, though, just looks generic.
Cubs alt looks fine to me. I thought the straight-out-of-1947 look was what CCSLC was all about?
Obviously not. You just mistook a common preference for "traditional" aesthetics to mean that everyone wanted every team to look like they came out of the 1940s. Don't worry though, you'll get the hang of it once you actually start paying attention to what people say instead of making sweeping generalizations
TheStoicPaisano 52
Okay, the worst insult of this road alt, as seen on the sportslogos.net news post...http://news.sportslogos.net/2014/01/17/chicago-cubs-unveil-four-throwback-jerseys-for-2014/
...is that the number they chose to model this reveal is not honoring one of their greatest players, but instead representing a generic "PLAYER."
When I saw these yesterday I thought it was stupid to use Ernie Banks' retired 14 for a 1920 fauxback to be worn in 2014.
But no, they're just using a retired number because it matches the year.
But hey, 31 is retired for a Brave, so why should I expect reverence.
Tone. Deaf.
Majestic may have only been able to produce one prototype jersey, perhaps. A lot of companies put the team name (Nike) or a placeholder 'player' on the nameplate for display/photo shoot purposes.
We're what, 80 days out from any of these being worn?
The Mojo Maniac 48
Location:Philly metro
Favourite Logos:Mariners, Seahawks, Canucks stick-in-rink, Padres swinging friar, Astros current
For all those complaining about the Cubs' lack of "restraint," listen to the other posters: it's Wrigley's 100th anniversary, which is kind of a big deal. None of the throwbacks are likely to last beyond this season; it's going to be a 2012 Astros-type promotional season.
Add me to the list of those unimpressed with the new alt. Not terrible IMO, but very "meh" and could have been much more interesting. I guess I never realized before that for a club so steeped in tradition, the Cubs sure have undergone a lot of uniform changes.
CubsFanBudMan 391
Member No. 14
They managed to put a 5 on all the rest...
ror1997 213
Location:Bronx
I love the Cubs alt. It's simple, clean, and it looks nice. I think they were going for a generic look.
On a un related not, I got a Yankee BP jersey today for only 30 dollars, and it looks so nice on person. If they got rid of the sides, ey should consider it as a Road alt. The pinstripes are a tradition, the Road uniforms aren't,
phutmasterflex 961
Location:West Coast
How'd you get a new one at that price?
ScoffingYayap 59
The new Cubs jersey is still way better than their current road
If it's a one year alternate, then it's okay...
I'd be happy if the blue jersey with the 'C' returned.
WSU151 6,246
Location:DC area
I don't know about that. The new Cubs jersey is about as bad as it gets.
no number and it's actually the 2013 road one lol. I should've been more specific.
BigBubba 779
Part-timer
Location:in phone
If they're all one-offs, then that's cool. If they wore them a few times each, then that would be a problem.
Discrimihater 1,102
is very bendy...and I need a hug
Location:Racine, WI...where I am very proud of my 0-year NFL career
Favourite Logos:Philadelphia Eagles Seattle Mariners Cubs "Cuba" script Fremantle Dockers
I kow one thing, the new road alt is a bit of a downer, but then I'm among those that hates the actual road jersey, so it coulda been better, but is at least not a complete travesty. Good to see the vest in play, hopefully something comes of that in the future. And it seems they figured 1-"we wear blue jerseys a lot anyway" and 2-"gray at home? who do you think we are, the Rockies?"...thus, the 94 BP jerseys.
Is it a one-year road alt, like to celebrate the anniversary or something? Or is this thing the alt until further notice? If the latter, then yikes. I don't hate it nearly as much as most of you, I just don't get why they need it.
I'd love their roads to be one of the following:
1. A Chicago script (with or without a tail) similar to the Bulls or White Sox script. Obviously the fact that the White Sox use it makes it very unlikely that they'd go with something like it. Maybe a tail would separate it enough.
2. A gray version of the home jersey, sans pinstripes. Or hell - use the pinstripes. Whatever.
3. A vertically arched CHICAGO in block with serifs (again, like the Bulls).
A script like this would be great, I think:
The name "Chicago" is perfect for a cursive script. It's balanced, has a lot of curves, has the g with the descender which provides balance against the C and H, it's just perfect.
Even with a tail, the tail can loop through the G which is great.
Anubis2051 140
Location:Princeton
Where have I seen that before....oh
TheOldRoman 1,271
#Grateful
I disagree. It has the same glaring fault as the current roads - color balance. They need to just use characters like on the home jersey - blue outlined in red. While this jersey doesn't fix that, it adds two huge new problems - it deviates from the Cubs' proprietary font for no reason and uses the team name (and not even the primary logo) instead of the city name. Oh, and let's remember the mismatched piping. They took a bad jersey and made it worse.
As for the what the Cubs should put on their roads, a straight block font would be fine for the wordmark, but I think a rounded font matches better with their numbers and logos. I think cursive wouldn't work well for them because 1) the Sox use it already; and 2) they have never used it before. I have long said it should basically be a revamped version of their late '60s set. Seriously, this is great. Just slap a name on the back, probably come up with a new sleeve patch (because the current ones blow) and this would be one of the best road sets in baseball.
Other than both being scripts, those two scripts are almost nothing alike.
With the exception of that road alt, they are most definitely one-offs. When the Cubs unveiled them they also announced which single game they'd be wearing them.


Matt Wallaert is a behavioural scientist and entrepreneur working at the intersection of technology and human behaviour. A former academic, and a serial entrepreneur, Matt became Microsoft's first behavioural scientist and is now the industry's first Chief Behavioural Officer at Clover Health. Matt is passionate about helping underrepresented founders, and continues to build side products like GetRaised.com, which has helped underpaid women ask for and earn over $2.3B in salary increases. In this podcast we talk about the science of behaviour, motivation and change and how to put it to work to get better results.


text:
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Installation

Prerequisites

Installation

Configuration

Installation¶

This section describes how to install the tinymce application in your Django
project.

Prerequisites¶

The tinymce application requires Django version 1.0 or higher. You will also
need TinyMCE version 3.0.1 or higher and a language pack for every
language you enabled in <tt class="docutils literal">settings.LANGUAGES</tt>. If you use the filebrowser
application in your project, the tinymce application can use it as a browser
when including media.

If you want to use the spellchecker plugin using the supplied view (no PHP
needed) you must install the PyEnchant package and dictionaries for your
project languages. Note that the Enchant needs a dictionary that exactly
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text:
Manchester United F.C.: The fall of the mighty
December 8, 1930 kjehan Other clubs news, Player news Leave a comment
The wrong policy at Manchester.
The position of Manchester United seems almost beyond hope, but what everyone interested in the club has been worrying is why the directors have not made some sort of effort to remedy the deplorable state of affairs.
When the boycott was planned, and put into operations by a section of the supporters people in all parts of the country cried "Shame." But should not the directors have done something? Should they not have answered their critics, and proved that they were not allowing the ship to sink?
Where is the enterprise.
They have done nothing, and, more than that, they do not seem inclined to say what they are going to do in future.
With the present team they cannot hope to have a chance of avoiding the fate that has been threatening for some years. They have been hard hit by injuries, it is true, but where is their enterprise?
No big transfer fees.
Why is it that other clubs can secure new men and not the United? The chairman of the club, Mr. G.H. Lawton, has stated that they will not pay big transfer fees for players; that, in his opinion, it is contrary to the sport, and that youngsters should be given a chance.
That view is not shared by the supporters of the club in a crisis like the present one. Why is it that Manchester City have spent so freely even with a better side than the United?
Dwindling gates.
Can it be wondered that the gates at Old Trafford are dwindling to under 10,000? If there is no immediate change, they will probably be smaller than that.
James Bullock is the only new player, and he cost £1,250 when he was secured from Chesterfield. Money will have to be spent in bigger sums than that for better players if the United are to escape relegation.
If the club does not possess the money, steps will have to be taken to get it. It can be obtained!
When the trouble set in.
The United have been on a decline for many years, but it is since Frank Barson left at the end of 1927-28 that the real trouble has set in. They have not had a dominating captain since his departure.
Frank Barson, Manchester United.
The club have parted with players whom they might have retained. They allowed Jack Ball to go to Sheffield Wednesday for £1,250, and now they cannot get a leader so effective for double the fee.
Charlie Spencer, Billy Johnston, and Bill Rawlings cost the club roughly £7,000, and while Rawlings' goals saved them from relegation the three players, now no longer with the club, were dear men.
Frank Mann and Harry Thomas, like Spencer and Johnston, are cut of League football, with transfer fees on their heads, while Frank McPherson left for a few hundred pounds, and Tommy Barnett was given a free transfer after he had been developed from a youngster.
Rees Williams is another player who cost about £2,000 and is now cut of League football.
What is wanted.
Money has not been expended very wisely at Old Trafford in recent years, and perhaps, in an effort to retrieve the financial situation, the Club has gone to the other extreme. In the last seasons newcomers include Arthur Chesters, John Mellor, George Lydon, Rees Williams, Howe, Kirkley, Tommy Reid, Harry Rowley, Stanley Gallimore, George McLachlan, Sam Hopkinson, James Bullock, and Albert Parker.
Chesters, Mellor, Lydon, Willianms, Rowley, Gallimore, Hopkinson, and Parker cost nothing. Howe and Kirkley, from North Shields, were obtained at trivial cost; Reid's transfer fee from Liverpool was about £1,000; McLachlan cost something like £2,000, and Bullock £1,250.
What is wring now is that the United are expecting too much from young and inexperienced players.
Something must be done, and quickly, if the position is to be saved.
(Athletic News: December 8, 1930)
Manchester United's start to the 1930-31 season.
Albert ParkerArthur ChestersBill RawlingsBilly JohnstonCharlie SpencerChesterfield TownfinancialFrank BarsonFrank MannFrank McPhersonfree transferG.H. LawtonGeorge LydonGeorge McLachlanHarry RowleyHarry ThomasHoweJack BallJames BullockJohn MellorKirkleyLiverpoolManchester CityManchester UnitedNorth ShieldsOld TraffordRees WilliamsSam HopkinsonSheffield WednesdayStanley GallimoreTommy BarnettTommy Reidtransfer fee
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text:
Unitarianism and the Modern Bible Versions
The following is excerpted from FAITH VS. THE MODERN BIBLE VERSIONS: A COURSE ON BIBLE TEXTS AND VERSIONS AND A 10-FOLD DEFENSE OF THE KING JAMES BIBLE.
Unitarianism is the modern revival of the ancient heresy of Arianism, which denied the full deity of Jesus Christ, claiming that He was a created Being and not the eternal Son of God. Unitarianism is a denial of the biblical doctrine of the Trinity, defined by Webster's 1828 Dictionary of the English Language as "the union of three persons (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) in one Godhead, so that all the three are one God as to substance, but three persons as to individuality."
Not many know that the history of Unitarianism is intimately intertwined with that of modern textual criticism.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF UNITARIANISM
Unitarianism began to show itself faintly in the 16th and 17 centuries.
Michael Servetus (1511-1663), who was an anabaptist, held some type of Arian views in Switzerland and was put to death by John Calvin's government in 1553.
There were Unitarian congregations in Poland, Hungary, and Transylvania in the 16th century, and in Poland they became known as the "Polish Brethren" or the Minor Church. Faustus Socinus (1539-1604) was a prominent leader among the Unitarians there and during his days they drew up a statement of faith called the Racovian Catechism. Socinus believed "that there was only God the Father, a single divine being. The Holy Ghost was not a person but a divine force, not God and not coequal to the Father. Jesus Christ was an exceptional man without sin, but not divine. Salvation required a holy life after the example of the man, Jesus Christ" (http://www.exlibris.org/nonconform/engdis/socinians.html). Because of Socinus' leadership in the movement, the name "Socinianism" came to be associated with this heresy.
UNITARIANISM IN ENGLAND
Unitarianism showed itself faintly in England in the 17th century after the Civil War. John Biddle (1615-1662) is considered the founder, but it did not spread until later.
In the late 18th century and into the 19th Unitarianism began to increase in England because of the "rationalistic atmosphere" and the spiritual weakness of the churches.
Book publisher Joseph Johnson (1758-1809) helped establish the foundation for Unitarianism and theological rationalism in England and America.
Johnson published the works of Joseph Priestly, William Wordsworth, William Beckford, Richard Price, Theophilus Lindsey, William Godwin, Thomas Paine, John Horne Tooke, Samuel T. Coleridge, and other Unitarians and "free thinkers." In May 1788, Johnson began publication of the Analytical Review, edited by Unitarian Thomas Christie. "The review stood in the forefront of libertarianism. It espoused political and social ideologies sympathetic to the French Revolution, opposed the slave trade, encouraged parliamentary reform, supported religious toleration for Catholics and Unitarians, and acquainted readers with Continental literature, especially from Germany, which, until the end of the eighteenth century, was relatively unknown in England" (Gerald Tyson, "Joseph Johnson, an Eighteenth-Century Bookseller," Studies in Bibliography, edited by Fredson Bowers, Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1975, Vol. 28). The Analytical Review ceased publication in 1799, but it had an influence among British intellectuals. Walter Graham in English Literary Periodicals calls it "unquestionably one of the most important periodical sources for the student of the late eighteenth century."
Johnson's shop and apartment at No. 72 St. Paul's Churchyard "were a center for the exchange of news and ideas during the American and French revolutions, since his circle of writers was, with but few exceptions, sympathetic to various kinds of social and political reform" (Tyson, "Joseph Johnson, an Eighteenth-Century Bookseller"). Around the corner from the bookshop was The London Coffee House, where the likes of Benjamin Franklin of America congregated.
Johnson "negotiated the rental of an unused auction hall in Essex Street for the first Unitarian Chapel, appearing in person before the Westminster justices and petitioning them for a license to permit Dissenting worship" (Tyson).
Johnson's last act of support for the Unitarians occurred the year before his death when he turned over to them the copyright that he held for William Newcome's translation of the Bible so it could be used as the basis for a Unitarian version (Thomas Belsham, Memoirs of the Late Rev. Theophilus Lindsey, 1812, p. 101). Newcome's translation was desired because it was based on Griesbach's Greek New Testament.
The first self-styled Unitarian congregation, Essex Chapel in London, was founded in 1773 by Theophilus Lindsey, who had left the Church of England.
The British and Foreign Unitarian Society was founded in 1825.
Some of the names of influential Unitarians in England in those days were Joseph Priestley, Thomas Belsham, and James Martineau. Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, influenced many in the unbelieving path of Unitarianism.
By 1831 the British & Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) was infected with Unitarianism. In that year a group of men within the BFBS attempted to have the Society adopt a Trinitarian policy "to ensure that Unitarians denying the Deity of the Lord Jesus Christ could not be admitted to membership or hold office in the Society" (TBS Quarterly Record, No. 475, April-June 1981, p. 3). After a "prolonged and heated debate in Exeter Hall in the Strand, London, at the Annual Meeting, the motion was rejected by a large majority." As a result, the Trinitarian Bible Society was formed on Dec. 7, 1831, by men who were concerned about doctrinal purity. This shows the dramatic progress that Unitarianism had made in gaining acceptance in the early part of the 19th century.
Large numbers of the English Presbyterian and General Baptist (non-Calvinistic) churches were infected with Unitarian heresy.
As the 19th century progressed many of the Unitarians in England adopted other heresies, denying the infallible inspiration of Scripture, denying the fallen nature of man, becoming more skeptical and more aligned with the theological modernists. "... in the 1830s James Martineau and some younger Unitarians led a revolt against biblical Unitarianism and its dogmas. ... They found religious authority in reason and conscience, rather than in a biased interpretation of Scripture. Henceforth the Unitarians were rather sharply divided into an older, 'biblical', and newer, 'spiritual', wing. The new group was well on the way to eclipsing the 'biblical' wing by 1850" (Lion's History of Christianity, p. 505).
A prominent Unitarian in England was Samuel Taylor Coleridge, author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Kahn. A close friend of the American poet William Wordsworth, Coleridge was a Unitarian from his childhood. In his student years at Cambridge he gravitated toward Joseph Priestley's circle of friends, and he imbibed German rationalism while studying in Germany in 1798. In 1825, Coleridge wrote, "... a high German Transcendentalist I must be content to remain" (Coleridge, Letters, Vol. II, pp. 735-6). "It was Coleridge who was responsible, more than any other single individual, for the diffusion of German neology through Cambridge University and thence through the Anglican Church. His books Biographia Literaria, Aids to Reflection, and Confessions of an Enquiring Spirit had a profound effect on Julius Hare, J.F.D. Maruice, and John Sterling. Coleridge and Maurice may be said to be the founders of that section of the church known as the Broad Church or Latitudinarian party, which by 1853 had gained the allegiance of 3500 Anglican priests. According to D. C. Somervell, in his book English Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1929), 'The whole of the Broad Church school of the next generation, in all its varieties, is derivable from Coleridge'" (James Sightler, Tabernacle Essays on Bible Translation, 1992, p. 12).
Coleridge exalted human reason as the foundation of Christian belief rather than Scripture. He rejected the divine inspiration of Scripture, saying, for example, that David's psalms were inspired in the same sense as Coleridge's own poems and rejected the doctrine that God gave David the words as "a superhuman ventriloquist" (E.S. Shaffer, Kubla Khan and the Fall of Jerusalem, p. 77). He spoke of "a Holy Spirit" rather than "the Holy Spirit" (H.N. Fairchild, Religious Trends in English Poetry, p. 319).
(d) He spoke of the virgin birth as "an execresence of faith" which should be discarded (J.H. Rigg, Modern Anglican Theology, p. 309). He rejected the biblical doctrine of eternal suffering. He conjectured that Christ might "be the World as revealed to human knowledge--a kind of common sensorium, the idea of the whole that modifies all our thoughts" (quoted by Fairchild, Religious Trends in English Poetry, p. 325).
In America Unitarianism arose in the late 18th century.
The first Unitarian church in America was King's Chapel in Boston, which had been the first Anglican congregation in America. Under the leadership of James Freeman in 1785, the church voted to adopt Unitarianism.
William Bentley, pastor of East Church in Salem, Massachusetts, accepted Unitarianism through the influence of William Hazlitt, an associate of Joseph Priestley. Hazlitt came to America in 1784 and "remained in New England for several years distributing literature, preaching, and disputing with numerous orthodox ministers" (The Diary of William Bentley, cited by James Sightler, Tabernacle Essays on Bible Translation, p. 10). Bentley, an assistant to the pastor, persuaded the congregation to overthrow the pastor and install himself in his place. He then led the church into Unitarianism. Several of Bentley's members "were captains of sailing ships and brought back theological works from Europe along with their cargoes" (Sightler, p. 10).
Joseph Priestley moved to America in 1794 and wielded a significant influence on American churches, particularly in the Northeast.
By 1800, one-third of the Congregational churches in Boston had become Unitarian.
In 1805 Unitarians took control of Harvard College with the appointment of Henry Ware to the Chair of Divinity. The aforementioned James Freeman and William Bentley, who were graduates of Harvard, "played an important role in the movement of Harvard toward Unitarianism" (Sightler, p. 10). The divinity school was established at Harvard in 1816 and "became the centre of Unitarian thought."
In 1819 influential Presbyterian pastor William Ellery Channing publicly espoused Unitarianism in his "Baltimore Sermon." Channing was minister of Federal Street Congregational Church in Boston.
In 1825 the Unitarian congregations organized themselves into the American Unitarian Association, with its headquarters in Boston.
As in England, the American Unitarians became increasingly skeptical and anti-supernatural as the 19th century progressed. They preferred terms such as transcendentalism and anti-supernaturalism. In about 1819 William Channing "became the spokesman and the new leader of the Unitarians. In his sermons and writings he enunciated three principles of the greatest importance: God is all-loving and all pervading; the presence of this God in all men makes them divine, and the true worship of God is good will to all men" (Unitarianism and Transcendentalism, http://lonestar.texas.net/~mseifert/unitarian.html).
Some of them, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, formed a religious philosophy that attempted to synthesize pagan religions such as Hinduism, Confucianism, and Zorastrianism, with Christianity.
Emerson was the Unitarian pastor of Second Baptist Church in Boston and following the death of his first wife he began an intense study of the aforementioned religions, "not in order to identify the superior credentials of one religion over another, but in order to develop their own religious thoughts and practices" (Christopher Walton, Unitarianism and Early American Interest in Hinduism, 1999, http://www.philocrites.com/essays/hinduism.html).
In his writings, Emerson frequently quotes from Hindu writings such as the Upanishads and the Bhagavata Purana. In July 1842, Emerson wrote: "Each nation has its bible more or less pure; none has yet been willing or able in a wise and devout spirit to collate its own with those of other nations, and sinking the civil-historical and ritual portions to bring together the grand expressions of the moral sentiment in different ages and races, the rules for the guidance of life, the bursts of piety and of abandonment to the Invisible and Eternal;--a work inevitable sooner or later, and which we hope is to be done by religion and not by literature" (Emerson, The Dial, July 1842; quoted in R. K. Dhawan, Henry David Thoreau, a Study in Indian Influence, 1985, pp. 27-28; The Dial was a transcendentalist periodical that featured extracts from non-Christian religions).
In his 1841 essay "The Over-Soul," Emerson wrote: "...within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related; the eternal One. ... there is no bar or wall in the soul where man, the effect, ceases, and God, the cause, begins" (Emerson, The Over-Soul). Thus, Emerson taught that man's soul is God and God is man's soul.
In his message to the Phi Beta Kappa society at Harvard in 1837 entitled "The American Scholar," Emerson exhorted scholars to free themselves of tradition (such as the Bible) and to maintain a "self-trust."
Another influential Unitarian in America was Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), author of On Walden Pond, who said in his Journal, "I am a mystic, a transcendentalist, and a natural philosopher to boot." He denied the Fall and the New Birth and the Saviour and sought for "truth" instead through communion with nature, study of eclectic philosophies, and reflection.
UNITARIANISM HAD A STRONG INFLUENCE ON MODERN TEXTUAL CRITICISM IN THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES.
The Unitarians loved the critical Greek text from the days of German modernist Johann Griesbach onward. Prominent Unitarian leader Joseph Priestly attempted to publish a new English version based on the Greek text of Griesbach, and the project was well advanced when the manuscript was destroyed in a fire in 1791. Priestly's successor, Thomas Belsham, continued to make this project his primary objective.
When the Unitarian Book Society was formed, a major objective was the translation of a new English version based on the Griesbach critical text. Abandoning this plan, in 1808 it published, instead, an "improved" edition of the 1796 translation by William Newcome of Ireland "chiefly because it followed Griesbach's text" (Earl Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism in Transylvania, England, and America, 1952, p. 339; see also P. Marion Simms, The Bible in America, pp. 255-258). The complete title was "The New Testament, An improved version upon the basis of Archbishop Newcome's new translation with a corrected text and notes critical and explanatory." It was published in London by Richard Taylor & Co., in 1808, and in America by William Wells of Boston in 1809. This publication "drew the fire of the orthodox by omitting as late interpolations several passages traditional cited as pillars of Trinitarian doctrine," such as "God" in 1 Tim. 3:16 and the Trinitarian statement in 1 John 5:7.
In 1869 the American Unitarian Association of Boston published The New Testament, translated from the Greek text of Tischendorf, edited by George R. Noyes.
Many of the prominent early textual critics were Unitarians, including Johann Wettstein (1693-1754), Alexander Geddes (1737-1802), Edward Harwood (1729-94), George Vance Smith (1816-1902), Ezra Abbot (1819-84), Joseph Henry Thayer (1828-1901), and Caspar Rene Gregory (1846-1917). Others such as Johann Griesbach, though not Unitarian, were modernists who denied the deity of Christ.
JOHANN JAKOB WETTSTEIN
Wettstein was a textual scholar who collated manuscripts and published Greek New Testaments in 1730 and 1751-52. He was Swiss-born but lived in the Netherlands. "Travels to Geneva, Lyons, Paris, and England, in connection with which he visited all accessible libraries and made himself acquainted with all the more important manuscripts of the New Test., served to enlarge the range of his views, as did also association with Montfaucon, La Rue, and Bentley" (McClintock & Strong Cyclopedia). Wettstein identified more than 200 manuscripts, classifying them as uncials, minuscules, and lectionaries. His system of identifying manuscripts, designating uncials by capital letters and minuscules by Arabic numerals, held sway until it was modified into its modern form by Caspar Gregory.
Wettstein was heretical in his theology.
He was Socinian, meaning that he denied the full Biblical deity of Jesus Christ. "Wettstein's orthodoxy had for some time been suspected. He was charged with holding Arian and Socinian errors, and to this fault were now added his alleged critical aberrations. His preference of "os" (which) over "theos" (God) in 1 Timothy 3:16 ... was credited to an alleged desire of depriving the doctrine of Christ's deity of a proof. Complaints respecting his heterodoxy were expressed even in the Diet of the Confederation, and ultimately a formal process of inquisition was inaugurated against him. ... He was ultimately dismissed from his post, May 13, 1730. It was obvious to most Bible believers of that day that the critical Greek text supported heretical doctrines, weakened the doctrine of Christ's deity, and represented doctrinal corruptions introduced by heretics in the third and fourth centuries.
After that, Wettstein taught philosophy and Hebrew at the Arminian college in Amsterdam (College of the Remonstrants), assuming the vacated seat of the modernistic Jean Leclerc (Johannes Clericus), who had "maintained that reason is an infallible guide in judging of all that man needs to know for salvation" (Schaff-Herzog). Leclerc suggested that Luke produced two editions of the book of Acts (Metzger, p. 163). Thenceforward Wettstein made Holland his home" (McClintock & Strong Cyclopedia, "Johann Wettstein").
Wettstein also denied the infallible inspiration of Scripture and in this he influenced the German modernist Johann Semler. "The traditional view regarded the canon as constituting a unit which is everywhere equally inspired; and this view had been shaken in his [Semler's] own mind by the studies of R. Simon Clericus, and Wettstein, and also by his own investigations" (McClintock & Strong, "Johann Semler").
Wettstein's Prolegomena, containing his critical principles, was published anonymously in 1730 (because these were considered heretical by the majority of Bible believers in that day) and his Greek New Testament appeared in 1751-52, not long before his death. His 19 rules of textual criticism included the following:
* The common text should have no prescriptive authority;
* Conjectural emendations are admissible with caution;
* A reading which is obscure or in poor Greek is to be preferred;
* The reading which involves an unusual expression is to be preferred;
* The shorter reading is to be preferred;
* The reading which seems most orthodox is suspect;
* The oldest reading is to be preferred;
* A reading may rightly be adopted without certain proof that it is genuine.
Though rejected by Bible believers, Wettstein's textual criticism was heartily approved by a heretic. His critical notes were reprinted by the Christ-denying modernist Johann Semler in 1765, who, in turn, passed them along to his student Johann Griesbach.
ALEXANDER GEDDES
Geddes was a Scottish Catholic priest in Auchinhalrig and Preshome in Scotland from 1769 to 1779, at which time he moved to London where he spent the rest of his life.
He was closely associated with the Unitarians in Britain led by Joseph Priestley (James Sightler, Tabernacle Essays on Bible Translation, 1992, p. 11). Geddes was a contributor to the Analytical Review, which began publication in May 1788. The editor was Unitarian Thomas Christie and the publisher was Unitarian bookseller Joseph Johnson. The aim of the publication was "provide a principal repository of sentiments most favourable to rational liberty, both in politics and religion"
Geddes studied in Germany under theological modernists and went even farther than the German theologians in some ways.
In 1800 Geddes published Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures, which presented the heresies of Eichhorn and his German school. In fact, he even went beyond Eichhorn. Geddes "broached a theory of the origin of the Five Books exceeding in boldness either Simon's or Eichorn's. This was the well-known 'Fragment' hypothesis, which reduced the Penteteuch to a collection of fragmentary sections partly of Mosaic origin, but put together in the reign of Solomon. Geddes' opinion was introduced into Germany in 1805 by Vater" (Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 493).
Geddes gave the famous poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, a letter of introduction to the modernist H. Paulus in 1798, when Coleridge and fellow poet William Wordsworth traveled to Germany.
Geddes published the first part of his translation of the Bible in 1792, and the second part in 1797. Geddes was working on a critical translation of the Psalms when he died on February 26, 1802. The translation of the Psalms was published postumously in 1807.
EDWARD HARWOOD
Harwood had a D.D. from Edinburgh and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in Bristol, England, in 1765. McClintock & Strong (1895) says, "His character, however, was so immoral that his congregation dismissed him." He moved to London, where "he supported himself by teaching the classics and correcting the press."
Though Metzger describes Harwood merely as "a Non-conformist minister," McClintock & Strong identifies him as "a learned Unitarian minister." Thus Harwood denied the Deity of our Lord Jesus Christ. He also translated many works of Firmin Abauzit, a French Unitarian.
Harwood published an edition of the Greek New Testament in 1776, which "deserted the Textus Receptus more than 70 percent of the time" (Bruce Metzger, The Text of the New Testament, 1968, p. 116).
Harwood also published "A Liberal Translation of the New Testament into polite English (or, in other words, a burlesque of the sacred Scriptures)" (London, 1768).
GEORGE VANCE SMITH
Smith was on the British translation committee that produced the English Revised Version.
He was a Unitarian minister of St. Saviour's Gate Chapel, York, who denied the deity and atonement of Jesus Christ, the personality of the Holy Spirit, and the divine inspiration of Scripture. This was made plain in his book The Bible and Popular Theology, which appeared in 1871. This was reissued in 1901 in an enlarged fifth edition entitled The Bible and Its Theology: A Review, Comparison, and Re-statement. Consider some of the blasphemies that came from the pen of this man:
"... what is really meant by the term in question [the Holy Spirit], is no other than God himself ... but this fact will not justify us in saying that it is 'God the Holy Spirit,' as though it were a distinct personality..." (Smith, The Bible and Its Theology, p. 215).
"[Salvation] was in no way purchased of him [God] or of his justice. It was not because his 'wrath' was appeased, or satisfied by the sufferings of an innocent substitute, but because of his own essential fatherly goodness and 'great love.' 'It is the gift of God,' not a thing bought from him with a price, except in so far as this might be FIGURATIVELY said in reference to that death of the Messiah..." (Smith, The Bible and Its Theology, p. 246).
"... it is equally clear that it was not as their substitute that he died for men; not to redeem them from eternal misery; not ... because the clouds of God's wrath had gathered thick over the human race, and required a victim, and could find that victim only in the innocent Jesus! ... The popular theory, in reality, is largely the product of dark and ignorant ages..." (Smith, The Bible and Its Theology, pp. 248, 253).
"It is, that the Bible manifestly offers itself to us, the people of these later times, largely as a Book of History. It never professes or claims to be more: never, in truth, makes any profession or claim at all on that point; but stands before us there, simply as a collection of writings preserving for us the remaining literature, the traditions, and the history of the Hebrews. ... It nowhere, in truth, claims inspiration, or says anything definite about it. The biblical inspiration, whatever it is or was, would seem, like the genius of Shakespeare, to be unconsciously possessed. The phrase, 'Thus saith the Lord,' and its equivalents, are simply to be referred to the style of the prophet; or to be understood only as indicating his belief that what he was about to say was conformable to the Divine Will. ... It is scarcely allowable, in short, to think of inspiration as being or acting in THE DEAD WORDS OF ANY BOOK" (Smith, The Bible and Its Theology, pp. 269, 276, 277).
"Then again, are we not, all of us who seek to be so, spiritual Sons of God?" (Smith, The Bible and Its Theology, p. 298).
"Jesus of Nazareth is nowhere presented to us as God, but simply as the Christ... 'There is one God, the Father,' and 'one Lord, Jesus Christ;' but these are not in any sense one being or one nature" (Smith, The Bible and Its Theology, p. 299).
When an attempt was made to have Smith removed from the ERV translation committee, Westcott, Hort, Stanley, and Thirlwall stood by him and threatened that they would resign if Smith were removed. The sordid story is given by A.G. Hobbs in the foreword to the Centennial Edition of Burgon's Revision Revised: "[Smith's participation in the communion service] led to a public protest signed by 'some thousands of the Clergy.' The Upper House passed a Resolution that 'no person who denies the Godhead of our Lord Jesus Christ ought to be invited to join either company to which was committed the Revision of the Authorized Version of Holy Scripture: and that it is further the judgment of this House that any person now on either Company should cease to act therewith.' This Resolution was also passed by the Lower House. And still they could not get this non-believer off the Committee. Here is a real shocker: Dean Stanley, Westcott, Hort, and Bishop Thirlwall all refused to serve if Smith were dismissed. Let us remember that the Bible teaches that those who uphold and bid a false teacher God speed are equally guilty. 'For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds' (2 John 9-11). No wonder that the Deity of Christ is played down in so many passages!" (A.G. Hobbs, Foreword, The Revision Revised Centennial Edition).
Smith testified that the textual changes in the English Revised Version and the Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament reflected his own theology. Some of the passages listed by Smith as being theologically superior in the modern texts and versions as opposed to the King James Bible were Rom. 9:5; 1 Tim. 3:16; Tit. 2:13; and 1 Jn. 5:7, and that is because these passages in the critical text weakened the doctrine of Christ's deity, which Smith rejected. This English Reviser admitted what modern version proponents today such as James White often try to deny, that the modern Greek texts and versions weaken the doctrine of the deity of Jesus Christ! No man is blinder than he who WILL NOT see. Following are two examples from Smith's pen:
"The only instance in the N.T. in which the religious worship or adoration of Christ was apparently implied, has been altered by the Revision: 'At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow,' [Philippians 2:10] is now to be read 'in the name.' Moreover, no alteration of text or of translation will be found anywhere to make up for this loss; as indeed IT IS WELL UNDERSTOOD THAT THE N.T. CONTAINS NEITHER PRECEPT NOR EXAMPLE WHICH REALLY SANCTIONS THE RELIGIOUS WORSHIP OF JESUS CHRIST" (Smith, Texts and Margins of the Revised New Testament Affecting Theological Doctrine Briefly Reviewed, p. 47). This statement, of course, is a lie; but we reprint it to demonstrate the damnable heresies of this modern textual critic.
"The old reading ["God" in 1 Tim. 3:16] is pronounced untenable by the Revisers, as it has long been known to be by all careful students of the New Testament. ... It is in truth another example of the facility with which ancient copiers could introduce the word God into their manuscripts,—a reading which was the natural result of THE GROWING TENDENCY IN EARLY CHRISTIAN TIMES ... TO LOOK UPON THE HUMBLE TEACHER AS THE INCARNATE WORD, AND THEREFORE AS 'GOD MANIFESTED IN THE FLESH'" (G. Vance Smith, Texts and Margins, p. 39).
EZRA ABBOT
Abbot was on the American Standard Version translation (ASV) committee (1901). He was a Harvard theology professor and was an influential textual critic.
The testimony of Matthew Riddle, who was a translator on the ASV committee: "Dr. Abbot was the foremost textual critic in America, and his opinions usually prevailed when questions of text were debated" (Matthew Riddle, The Story of the Revised New Testament, 1908, p. 30). Matthew Riddle's testimony is very important, as he was one of the most influential members of the ASV committee and one of the few members who survived to see the translation printed.
The testimony of the ASV committee upon the death of Abbot on March 21, 1884. The following excerpt from a memorial resolution issued by the committee gives additional evidence of the Unitarian's influence on the Revision on both sides of the ocean: "Always one of the first in his place at the table, and one of the last to quit it, he [Ezra Abbot] brought with him thither the results of careful preparation. His suggestions were seldom the promptings of the moment. Hence they always commanded consideration; often secured instant adoption. ... But it was in questions affecting the Greek text that Dr. Abbot's exceptional gifts and attainments were pre-eminently helpful. Several of his essays on debated passages, appended to the printed reports of our proceedings which were forwarded from time to time to the brethren in England, are among the most thorough discussions of the sort which are extant, won immediate respect for American scholarship in this department, and HAD NO SMALL INFLUENCE IN DETERMINING THAT FORM OF THE SACRED TEXT WHICH WILL ULTIMATELY, WE BELIEVE, FIND ACCEPTANCE WITH ALL CHRISTIAN SCHOLARS" (Historical Account of the Work of the American Committee of Revision, 1885, p. 68).
Abbot was a Christ-denying Unitarian.
He authored the footnotes in the ASV that say that Christ should not be worshipped and that question his deity. For example, at John 9:38, the wicked footnote states, "The Greek word denotes an act of reverence, whether paid to a creature (as here) or to the Creator." I cite this from an edition of the 1901 ASV that I have in my library.
He argued that the last clause of Romans 9:5 was a doxology to God and does not refer to Christ.
In Acts 20:28 Abbot led the committee to remove "God" and replace it with "the Lord," thus corrupting this powerful witness to the deity of Jesus Christ. Unitarians and theological modernists alleged that Jesus is "the Lord" but not actually God.
Abbot wrote a long article arguing for the omission of "God" in 1 Timothy 3:16.
JOSEPH HENRY THAYER
Thayer was on the American Standard Version translation team (chairman of the New Testament committee) and was the author of the famous Thayer's Greek Lexicon.
He was a Harvard professor of New Testament criticism. He was the assistant to Ezra Abbot at Harvard, and succeeded him as Bussey professor of New Testament criticism and interpretation at the Harvard Divinity School when Abbot died in 1884.
He was a Unitarian who denied the deity of Christ and the infallibility of Scripture. Prior to his tenure at Harvard, Thayer was a professor at Andover Seminary, but resigned in 1882 in protest to Andover's requirement of "a rigid assent to the letter of the Creed" (Ernest Gordon, The Leaven of the Sadducees, 1926, p. 145). Thayer could not assent to the infallibility of Scripture and the deity of Jesus Christ.
CASPAR RENÉ GREGORY
Gregory, who was American-born but German by naturalization, wrote influential books on textual criticism, including The Canon and Text of the New Testament (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1907). He perfected the system of identifying manuscripts that is still in use today, with the papyri indicated by an initial p followed by the number (p45, p66), the uncials by numerals with an initial 0 (Aleph or Sinaiticus is 01, Vaticanus or B is 03, etc.) (while retaining Wettstein's capital letters for the uncials through 045), the minuscules with Arabic numerals (1, 2 , 3, etc.), the lectionaries Arabic numerals prefixed with the l (l2, l4), etc.
Gregory was a Unitarian. He was the pupil of Unitarian Ezra Abbot at Harvard and was the son-in-law to Unitarian Joseph Thayer (Michael Maynard, A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7,8, p. 216).
Gregory became Professor of Textual Criticism of the New Testament at the modernistic University of Leipzig, and he worked with Ezra Abbot in Germany (The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1908, Vol. II, p. 109). Gregory and Abbot completed the work Constantine Tischendorf left behind at his death (Schaff-Herzog, vol. II, p. 109) and reissued the eighth edition of Tischendorf's New Testament with critical notes. Gregory was planning a ninth edition of Tischendorf's New Testament, but he was killed in World War I fighting on the side of Germany.
Gregory's unbelief is witnessed by the following quotes from his writings:
"Christianity has not grown to be what it is, has not maintained itself and enlarged itself, by reason of books being read, no, not even by reason of the Bible's being read from generation to generation" (Caspar Gregory, The Canon and Text of the New Testament, 1907, p. 44).
"THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN AUTHORS DID NOT FOR AN INSTANT SUPPOSE THAT THEY WERE WRITING SACRED BOOKS" (Gregory, The Canon and Text of the New Testament, p. 49).
"THE LETTERS THAT THE APOSTLES WROTE TO THEM WERE NOT 'BIBLE'" (Gregory, The Canon and Text of the New Testament, p. 55).
It is important to note that Bible believers of the 19th century did not accept the modern critical Greek text and many critiques were published to refute the theories of textual criticism. We have documented this in the book For Love of the Bible. The eager acceptance of the critical text was largely limited in that day to theological modernists and Unitarians.
By 1917, Francis Pieper, a conservative German Lutheran theologian, wrote: "During one period of the Arian controversy it was said that the world had become Arian. TODAY IT CAN BE SAID THAT THE SO-CALLED PROTESTANT WORLD HAS BECOME UNITARIAN" (Pieper, Christian Dogmatics, I, p. 421, translated from the German of 1917).
This is an interesting statement in light of the Unitarian influence within modern textual criticism and the wholesale modification of Trinitarian passages such as the following in the modern versions:
Matthew 19:17 -- "Why callest thou me good?" is changed to "Why do you ask me about what is good?"
Mark 9:24 -- "Lord" omitted
Luke 23:42 -- "Lord" changed to "Jesus," thus destroying this powerful reference to Christ's deity.
John 1:27 -- "is preferred before me" omitted
---- 3:13 -- "who is in heaven" omitted
---- 6:69 -- "the Christ, the Son of the living God" is changed to "the Holy One of God," thus diluting this powerful witness to Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God
---- 9:38 -- "Lord, I believe. And he worshipped Him" omitted, thus removing this powerful and incontrovertible confession of Christ as God
---- 10:14 -- "am known of mine" is changed to "mine own know me." "...this change destroys the exquisite diversity of expression of the original, which implies that whereas the knowledge which subsists between the Father and the Son is mutually identical, the knowledge the creature has of the Creator is of a very different sort; and it puts the creature's knowledge of the Creator on the same level as the Father's knowledge of the Son, and the Son's knowledge of the Father" (Philip Mauro, Which Version: Authorised or Revised?).
Acts 20:28 -- "church of God" changed to "church of the Lord." The Traditional Text says plainly that it was God who died on the cross and shed His blood, whereas the Alexandrian text allows for the heretical view that Jesus is the Lord but that he is not actually God.
Romans 14:10 -- "judgment seat of Christ" is changed to "judgment seat of God." The "judgment seat of Christ" clearly identifies Jesus Christ with Jehovah God (Isaiah 45:23).
1 Corinthians 15:47 -- "the Lord" omitted
Ephesians 3:9 -- "by Jesus Christ" omitted
1 Timothy 3:16 -- "God" is omitted and replaced with "who" or "he"
1 John 4:3 -- "confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh" changed to "confesseth not Jesus"; every false spirit will "acknowledge Jesus" in a general sense (even Unitarians, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses), but the spirit of antichrist will not "confess that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh," meaning that Jesus Christ is the very Messiah, the very God manifest in the flesh, promised in Old Testament prophecy.
1 John 5:7-8 -- "the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth" omitted
Seekers Bible


text:
HTC's Exodus 5G router can be a Bitcoin node
By Stan Schroeder March 4, 2020
After launching two cryptocurrency-oriented smartphones, the HTC Exodus 1 and the Exodus 1s, the company is expanding the lineup with an entirely new device: a 5G router that can function as a full Bitcoin node.
Called the HTC Exodus 5G hub, the Android-based router offers 5G connectivity for your home devices, with a heavy focus on privacy. This includes support for privacy apps such as decentralized VPN and ad blocker Incognito and private email service ProtonMail.
There are supposedly other privacy features in there, but HTC did not share the details at this time.
On the cryptocurrency side of things, the Exodus 5G Hub supports HTC's Zion Vault software, meaning it can run a full Bitcoin node. It also offers certain handy crypto-security features, such as social recovery for your cryptocurrency private keys, and a private vault for your cryptocurrencies, including BTC, ETH (with support for ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens), BNB, LTC and XLM.
SEE ALSO: HTC's Vive Cosmos now comes in 4 versions with option to upgrade
The ability to run a full Bitcoin node may not be something most users are interested in, but it's important in the world of cryptocurrencies, as it helps decentralize the network. That said, running a full node is quite traffic-intensive, which is why a 5G router is probably a better device to do it on than HTC's Exodus phones, which share the same ability.
Visually, the HTC Exodus 5G Hub looks a lot like a smart home device, with a big, colorful screen on the front. In the press images I've seen, the screen displays prices of popular cryptocurrencies, though it's quite probable that this can be customized.
Image: HTC
The press materials HTC originally sent me were a bit vague, so I've asked the company to share more details and was told that the device has a microphone, dual speakers, and supports Google Assistant.
Specs-wise, it's similar to a smartphone, with a 5-inch, HD display, a Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 processor, 4/32GB of memory, a microSD slot, a nano SIM slot, a Gigabit Ethernet port, and a 7,660mAh battery. It can play a number of audio and video formats, so it can also probably function as a home entertainment device. On the software side, the HTC Exodus 5G is running Android 9.0.
HTC Exodus 5G Hub will become available in the second quarter of 2020. The price hasn't been announced. It's also not known whether customers will be able to purchase it with cryptocurrency, as was the case for the two Exodus phones.
Topics: Tech, Tech, Consumer Tech, cryptocurrency blockchain, Cryptocurrency/Blockchain, HTC, Htc Exodus 5G Hub


CVEA Board of Directors regularly meet on the third Thursday of each month. The meetings begin at 1 p.m. and rotate between district offices, beginning with January in Valdez and concluding with December in Glennallen.
Approved minutes with the original signature of the Board Secretary are retained in the Glennallen Office per policy. As of January 2016, they are now also available electronically. To review the minutes and agendas, please click the link below.


text:
Liubelea (în ) este localitatea de reședință a comunei Liubelea din raionul Jovkva, regiunea Liov, Ucraina.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației localității Liubelea era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de alte limbi.

Note

Liubelea, Liubelea, Jovkva, Liov
Liubelea, Liubelea, Jovkva, Liov
Liubelea, Liubelea, Jovkva, Liov

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


For only the third time in over 100 years the NRA National Smallbore Rifle Championships will not be held at Camp Perry, OH. The decision was made in 2013 to move the Championships to Bristol, IN, at the Chief Wa-Ke-De Range. Located just off Interstate 80, and about three hours driving time west of Camp Perry, the Wa-Ke-De Range features a 100 point asphalt covered firing line. The range sits in a large grove of trees providing a beautiful setting and shelter from the wind. The range is ideal for smallbore rifle competition.
The 2014 National Smallbore Rifle Championships will combine the National Metric and Conventional Championships (for the first time). Both of these events have a Three-Position Championship and a Prone Championship that are contested individually. Starting on July 14 and ending July 25, Championships, including the International Postal Team matches, will be fired over twelve days of competition.
This year the Position and Prone Team Championships will have a different twist. The team matches will be "paper matches" with the scores coming from the Individual Championships. Additionally, an overall team champion will be presented in each of the 3-Position and Prone Championships. At the end of each Championship the International Postal Team events will be shot.
The Smallbore Rifle Championship Tournament Program will be posted online on March 3rd with on line registrations beginning April 1, 2014. This year when a competitor or a coach registers their squadding and entry confirmation will be mailed to them; there will be no special squadding. Entries will be limited to 200 competitors for the Metric Position and Prone Championships; and up to 300 competitors will be accepted for the Conventional 3-Position and Conventional Prone Championships.
Special awards ceremonies are being planned for each Championship. The Metric Championship awards ceremonies will feature a BB-Q at the end of each Championship. The Conventional Championships will feature an Amish dinner and awards presentation at the Das Dutchman Essenhaus Convention Center. All of these events are expected to be well attended by competitors, coaches, families, and representatives of the local communities.
Competitors who like to camp will have plenty of opportunity with a KOA Campground located just a mile away from the range and, in addition, the range has 20 RV hookups to support twenty early birds. Competitors who want to stay in a motel or hotel do not need to look very far to find a place to stay. There are a few motels located about two miles from the range in Bristol and about 15 miles away in Elkhart, IN, there are over 21 hotels and motels. There is also a variety of restaurants in the area to support the competitors and staff. Food service will be available at the range for folks who want something to eat during the day.
More information will become available in 2014. Currently, NRA Staff is planning the tournament details and working with the Championship Sponsor to get specials at the local hotels and motels for the competitors. Keep watching for more information as it becomes available.


I know the idea of getting sucked into Pinterest is probably familiar to many of you, and I am not immune. I can spend hours browsing art in all kinds of media.
You know when you see a painting or a photograph and it feels like everything else in the world just stops for a moment? That lurch of emotion, that swoon if you will -- whether the piece inspires awe, pleasure, tranquility, curiosity, passion, rapture, or alarm, heartbreak, anger, grief -- is amazing to me.
It's a little like love at first sight.
And if you're like me, that lurch is followed by a dreamy, meditative state of wondering.
"How did they get that texture?"
"What materials did they use?"
"How did they attach this piece to that piece?"
And finally, "I need to try that!"
There it is again. The siren call. And I'm itching to get back to my sketchbook, my pens, my paints.
I've started a Pinterest board for art that I love and art that influences the way I create and wish to create my own art. It's eclectic in media, ranging from painting to pottery to quilt to stained glass.
I've noticed that while graphic black and white dominates my Patterns and Tangles board, my Art and Influences board definitely shows how much I am also drawn to color. This is so true of my own art explorations as well.
Sometimes I come across an image that I love or that moves me and I want to do more than just bookmark it. I need to write about it and share it here, in hopes that maybe one more person will get a chance to feel something momentous just from seeing it too.
That happened one morning when I found the website for artist Oriol Angrill Jorda. In the Blendscapes series, the artist uses watercolor, graphite, and colored pencil to merge more than one subject and create something fantastic and magical.
For example, in Scarf of Cloud, Jorda creates an incredibly beautiful and surreal portrait of a woman where jagged mountains become her shoulders and the filmy clouds hovering around the peaks become a diaphanous scarf.
I am especially intrigued by the blend of portraiture and landscape into an image that dissolves the perception of being separate from the land we inhabit.
We are not just of this earth, we and this earth are one. We are not separate. My breath was your breath was made by that tree. The salts and minerals in my body are from those mountains, that sea, this rain. Tomorrow they will be in your body, or part of a raven, or in an apple. I want to embrace this connectedness in my life and I hope that one day I will be able to convey it in my own art.
The Diva's Weekly Challenge #268: "A bit-o-black"


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Women in STEM earn $26,000 less than men
Brandon How
The gender pay gap persists across all STEM industries as women continue to be underrepresented in senior leadership roles, according to the latest edition of the federal government's STEM Equity Monitor.
In 2021, women across all STEM industries earned 18 per cent ($26,784) less than men on average. This is an improvement on the previous year, when the gender pay gap was 19 per cent ($28,994). The STEM gender pay gap in 2021 was proportionally smaller than the 20 per cent gap across all industries, but is $1,052 greater because STEM jobs return a higher average income overall.
Of the 12 STEM-qualified industries, only four had higher gender pay gaps than the average in 2021. In 2020, six of the STEM-qualified industries had a higher gender pay gap than the average.
Women make up 23 per cent of those in senior management roles and only eight per cent of chief executives in STEM-qualified industries. Across all industries, women make up 19 per cent of chief executives. The STEM Equity Monitor can be accessed here.
STEM Equity Monitor data is being released annually over the decade from 2020. This year's release follows the launch of a review into the government's STEM programs to ensure they are driving gender diversity. The Minister for Industry and Science Ed Husic said that there is more work to be done to ensure equal opportunity for women and other underrepresented groups.
"We know that women remain chronically underrepresented when it comes to STEM and for First Nations people participation is much lower. That is why the government has announced a review to determine how programs can be reformed to support greater diversity," Mr Husic said.
"The data in the STEM Equity Monitor adds vital information in telling the story of where we are now. They underline the importance of why a renewed effort is needed to break down structural barriers to meet the growing demand for workers in the tech and science sectors."
Women are particularly underrepresented in engineering and IT course enrolments at 18 and 20 per cent respectively. However, the proportion of information technology completions that were by women increased by 3 percentage points between 2019 and 2020.
Despite the ongoing disparities, there is a growing number of women entering the STEM workforce and university education. The proportion of women in STEM vocational education and training remained unchanged in 2020 at 16 per cent.
Between 2020 and 2021 there was an increase in the proportion of women in STEM-qualified jobs by 2 percentage points to 15 per cent. Further, the number of university STEM course enrolments also increased by 3 percentage points to 37 per cent between 2015 and 2020.
Women have higher completion rates for university STEM courses than men. However, in 2016 qualified men were 1.8 times more likely than qualified women to be in a STEM-qualified job.
The Australian Government's Women in STEM Ambassador Professor Lisa Harvey-Smith urged the government to deploy evidence-based solutions to reach gender parity. She acknowledged that the government's ongoing review of its STEM programs is a commitment to evidence-based solutions.
"Rather than the usual PR campaigns and cupcake drives, we need investment in evidence-based solutions to address systemic issues affecting people who face discrimination in the workforce. Nothing short of strong, decisive, and coordinated action from governments and the business sector will shift this pattern," Professor Harvey-Smith said.
Some measures would include more better access to flexible work options and paid parental leave as well as implementing better systems for the prevention of discrimination, bias, and sexual harassment.
"The key to diversifying STEM workplaces is respect – and reducing power differentials that appear along gendered, cultural and other lines. Greater respect for every person will build a stronger, more cohesive society ready to tackle future challenges."
Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering chief executive Kylie Walker acknowledged the "positive upswing" in the proportion of women studying STEM but noted that systemic and cultural biases persist.
"The 2022 STEM Equity Monitor highlights the persistent leaky pipeline, where women are graduating from STEM studies at higher rates than before, but there is a major exodus as they pursue non-STEM occupations at higher rates than men," Ms Walker said.
"The Monitor also reveals that the gender pay gap – already higher in STEM than across the Australian economy – has tripled for those with postgraduate engineering qualifications. This is alarming in the context of a severe and growing engineering skills shortage. It is vital that Australia adds to, rather than loses from, its engineering workforce."
Science and Technology Australia's chief Misha Schubert said the data revealed the dual challenge of needing to increase STEM training and education opportunities for women while also ensuring they receive support to reach leadership roles.
"After a decade of concerted effort to encourage more girls and young women to study STEM, we're starting to see real progress now with many more women doing STEM degrees," Ms Schubert said.
"That's hugely important to help transform who sees themselves pursuing a career in STEM, and in changing parental expectations that young women would choose science, maths, engineering and technology degrees."
"The next urgent challenge is for deeper efforts to tackle the gender pay gap for women in STEM and to propel many more women into senior management and leadership roles in the STEM workforce. STEM employers have a powerful responsibility here."
Related: diversity | Ed Husic | Enrolments | gender | Kylie Walker | Lisa Harvey-Smith | Misha Schubert | Pay Gap | Women | Workforce
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