text:
Q: Google Actions Authentication flow not sending JWT token, how to validate the token provided? I'm trying to implement OAuth authentication for my google home compliant google-actions backend but I'm not sure on how to validate the token that google is giving me on the authorization header, I was expecting an JWT token but it isn't.
I'm doing my backend on express and node.js with express-jwt to parse the token and jwks-rsa to fetch the encryption key. I've setup my Auth0 tenant loosely based on this guide and it works fine, the login screen shows up and works just fine.
An example of a token google sends me is something along the lines of
authorization:"Bearer msuVRoQGJ_aPqH-zShLq053aAEVmlHqi"

I was expecting google to communicate with Auth0 to exchange a JWT token and then use it to authenticate to my API by sending it as a authorization header. But I don't know what is the bearer token google is sending or how do I validate it.

A: By default Auth0 will send you an opaque access token when you authorize to a non-Custom API (similar to the one you received). JWT Access tokens are only issued to custom APIs. So in order to get it in JWT format, you will need to create an API in Auth0 and set the API identifier you defined as the audience parameter.
You will issued JWT Access tokens for Custom APIs and you can validate and verify the integrity of it (there is an example on how to do this in Nodejs): https://auth0.com/docs/api-auth/tutorials/verify-access-token

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Main > Nature & Travel > Travel
This Guide Will Help You Experience Lisbon's Best Sites
By: Natalie Smith
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Europe has always appealed to people all over the world, due to its many jewels that attract tourists, and one of the most beloved European cities is Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Lisbon is a wonderful city where you can enjoy a variety of activities for different ages and spend a few days off without a single boring minute. This 10-day tour of Lisbon will allow you to discover familiar and hidden places and will make you fall in love with this big city's charm.
Day 1 – Alfama
Once you've landed safely, the best way to start your acquaintance with the city is by taking an electric tramway tour on Lisbon's Tram 28. This tour will allow you to enjoy the views coming at you from all directions till you reach your main destination - Alfama. In this picturesque and colorful district, you can stroll through narrow, stone-paved streets and old buildings that have been preserved which people still live in. There are shops and small, cozy restaurants in the district that will make you feel as though you have entered a peaceful village. For those of you who are interested in Europe's ancient history, you can take a tour of St. George' Castle and Cathedral Se. Of course, you also have to make a stop at Alfama's great flea market known as Fiera da Ladra, active on Tuesdays and Saturdays, and thus get the full experience of the sights, smells, tastes, and sounds of Lisbon.
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Day 2 – Belem
This beautiful quarter is situated on the banks of the sea in Lisbon, and it has a great history since many ships have set off from here to explore the world outside Europe since the 15th century. You can explore some of the city's most famous sites, including the Belem Tower on the banks of the Tagus River, built in the 19th century and considered a World Heritage Site. When climbing to its famous terraces, you will experience an overlook of the entire city and river from an amazing viewpoint. From the tower, you can go to Jerónimos Monastery, built in an impressive Manuelian Gothic style, with a highly impressive entrance arch, relics from the history of Portugal and the tomb of Vasco de Gama, the first European to discover a maritime route to India. From these impressive buildings, you can continue to the Botanical Garden in the center of Belem and enjoy the views and aromas of beautiful plants and well-kept gardens, which bring peace to everyone who walks through them.
Day 3 – Sintra
About 30 kilometers west of the center of Lisbon is Sintra, a town called "paradise" in songs that described its beauty. In this unique area, there are hills surrounded by greenery and charming small houses on stone paved streets. The highlight of Sintra is the Palácio da Pena, which served as a romantic haven for Queen Maria II and her husband, and befitting of its role, it stands on top of one of the town's mountains. It's recommended to tour Sintra wearing comfortable shoes as there are many hills to climb and many sights to see such as Palácio de Monserrate, the Castle of the Moors and Quinta do Relógio, whose design was influenced by Romanticism and Mudéjar Moorish Revival architecture and incorporates unique pictures and antique souvenirs of the Portuguese heritage.
Day 4 - Castle of the Moors
After spending the previous day immersing in Sintra's beauty, it is recommended to dedicate another day to an unusual sight - the Castle of the Moors. This ancient structure was built around the eighth century by the Moors, an ancient Muslim sect, in order to protect the area designated for agriculture and its inhabitants. From the castle, which is situated atop a hill, you can see an impressive view of all of Sintra and explore the building itself, which was wonderfully preserved. The Castle of the Moors is definitely worth a day trip and can be enjoyed for hours on end with children as well.
Day 5 - Gulbenkian Museum
The Gulbenkian Museum is less than 50 years old, but it has many treasures from ancient and fascinating periods. This wonderful museum is named after Calouste Gulbenkian, a businessman, oil magnate and art lover who collected more than 6,000 works of art and donated them all to Portugal after his death. Many of these works are in the Gulbenkian Museum and include statues from Egypt, paintings by European artists such as Ruben and Rembrandt, as well as delicate porcelain displays from China. You can tour the museum for a whole day to see and appreciate all the works and enjoy a world of culture brought together under one roof.
Day 6 – Lisbon Oceanarium (Oceanário de Lisboa)
This vast aquarium, located in the Parque das Nações in northeastern Lisbon, is one of the most popular attractions in the city and it's best to take a day to see everything it has to offer you. The aquarium has more than 4 million liters of water containing 8,000 marine creatures, as well as four permanent exhibits that illustrate life in different climates including birds, fish, amphibians, and mammals. Besides looking at the animals, visitors can also enjoy guided tours with explanations of life at sea, spend a night in a transparent underwater room surrounded by sharks and even attend the Fado performances - traditional Portuguese music. Most visitors are particularly interested in the aquarium's main tank, where there is a huge variety of marine animals that both children and adults can enjoy.
Day 7 - Culinary Tour and Wine Tasting
Many explorers have set off from Portugal to travel the world, bringing with them a wealth of exotic spices and special ingredients that characterize Portuguese cuisine to this day. Throughout the city, you can enjoy guided tours of the markets and wineries and enjoy the famous local port wine along with other delicious drinks as well as rich meals of cheeses, fish or sausages, sweet pastries and delicious rice desserts. All food lovers should dedicate a day of their trip to Lisbon to take this tour and enjoy the local cuisine tasting everything Lisbon has to offer.
Day 8 - Núcleo Arqueológico
In the Baixa District, under the Millennium BCP, there is a unique site called Núcleo Arqueológico. During excavations at the site, vessels which were used to preserve fish from the time of the Romans, remains of vessels from the time of the Moslems, and burial structures built by the Christians were discovered. Over time, the discoveries grew and archaeologists found more and more artifacts for which a specific building was built - the Núcleo Arqueológico. You can take guided tours free of charge and enjoy the fascinating stories about Portugal and Lisbon's past, which were inhabited by many different peoples throughout their history. You can continue your exploration in the belly of the building and see what has been hidden under it for centuries.
Day 9 - Chiado Square
At Chiado Square, located between the neighborhoods of Bairro Alto and Baixa Pombalina, you can spend a relaxing day exploring cafes and clothing shops of famous brands as well as local designers. Apart from the shops, you can also visit museums and theaters in the area and enjoy the vibrant Portuguese culture both past and present. In 1988, eighteen buildings in the square were burned down and it took 10 years to renovate them, but today the area is again bustling with a statue of the famous Portuguese poet Luis de Carmouche at its center.
Day 10 – Cascais
To complete your perfect vacation in Lisbon, you may want to visit the quiet and pleasant coastal town of Cascais. This wonderful suburb is located in the western part of the city and has served as a fishing town in the past, but over the years has become a magnet for quite a few visitors. Cascais has many places of hospitality and tourists flock to this town to enjoy days of rest under the sun between its golden beaches and azure waters. Apart from the beach, you can visit the old city and the old fortresses, which were once used to ward off pirates, or eat fish in one of the local restaurants. A day in Cascais is a perfect way to finish any vacation, and it will definitely leave you wanting more...
A little more Lisbon ...
There are other great destinations around Lisbon that may not be able to fill a full day of activity, but they are definitely worth a visit if you have time. You can fit them in with the other sites or spend a day exploring them both to get a glimpse into the rich history and modern life of the city.
Santa Justa Elevator (Elevador de Santa Justa)
At the end of Santa Justa Street in Lisbon, there is a special elevator that was built at the end of the 19th century and is still standing today. This elevator, called the Santa Justa, allows its visitors to ascend to a height of several floors and to observe the beauty of one of Europe's unique capitals. This attraction has become a real pilgrimage destination and tourists enjoy the unique vertical journey and the view from its heights.
Lisbon Zoo
This is a favorite site for children, where they can see exotic animals they may have never even heard of. The city zoo has over 350 different species and over 2,000 animals, each part of the site simulating the natural habitat of the animals. In the zoo's garden, there is also a large pool with marine animals and dolphins that attract visitors during feeding hours. There are also playgrounds and restaurants, souvenir shops and other attractions on site.
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Back to Hockey | Blake Burr
by ksaurette
With a few games remaining in the 2019-20 MJHL regular season, the Selkirk Steelers held their own playoff destiny and just couldn't quite find their way into the eighth and final spot.
For Blake Burr and his Selkirk Steelers, the end of their season came much quicker than anticipated but certainly poured plenty of fuel on the fire to find success in 2020-21.
"It was a tough end to our season," Burr shared of missing the post-season. "We lost some guys at the trade deadline, we were playing well and the last month things turned and didn't go our way. It was frustrating but it makes me want to do a lot better this year."
"In Manitoba we've been lucky. I've been training and skating hard. For me the on ice is the same, but no showering after is different so you have to go home not smelling the best but other than that it's pretty much the same."
Last year was the first time Selkirk missed the playoffs since the 2013-14 season. Burr said getting back into the upper echelon of the league is something that's important for the Steelers who will look to make an impact when the puck drops on October 9th.
"I'm extremely excited, especially with the NHL on right now it makes you want it even more. With the way last year ended, you just want to get back out there, I'm looking forward to it."
"Seeing the guys is a big part of it, being able to get out there and compete. It's just something about it that's really exciting."
The feedback from players around the league has been similar – Manitoba is extremely fortunate to have a season and it's something no one is taking for granted.
In Burr's first two season's in the MJHL, he posted back to back years with 24 assists. The biggest impact Burr made with the Steelers in year two was lighting the lamp 28 times, a 19-goal increase from his Rookie season and good enough for ninth in the MJHL.
"I was depended on a little more, I got a few more opportunities that I was able to take advantage of. Playing with some good players that I built some chemistry with helped but team success is much more important."
"We want to set the expectations high, that's really important, so you have something to work towards and keep up to. Hopefully we can put up a lot of wins this year and be in contention," Burr concluded.
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By giving the answers to the questions stated above, you will come to know about your own thinking about love and you will be able to write an essay on lovewhich will be good enough.
It describes passionate love as intense Essay defining love, and it is often accompanied by physiological arousal. Friendship love is between two people, where they love one another in a platonic way.
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Most people want to have someone love them more than anything. At that time, you are in need of appropriate style and words through which you can deliver your feelings of love in form of essay on love. In this paper I will talk about the many different forms and beliefs of love through different scientific, cultural, and religious beliefs.
It is when we are in love, that we experience the highest of highs and the lowest of Essay defining love, and this happens because we allow ourselves to be completely vulnerable with our significant other.
In modern society, people who are romantically attracted exhibit their love for each other with the help of cards, gifts, and words of love. If we feel it in our hearts and believe it in our souls, then just maybe it Essay defining love be there to feel and cherish.
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Uploaded by MichaelA31 on Mar 19, Love Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties, as an attraction based on sexual desires: These physiological arousals would include, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, sweaty palms, and more.
The definition essay of love would truly carry your personal point of view, which of course would make writing the essay very easy. Christian and non-christian love This love may last forever or it may end in heartbreak. People can do some dreadful things out of hate and fear, but love can push us to do much, much worse.
In terms of the psychological health of the person love brings misbalance and dependence on the loved object. There are many types of love. None of these people would be right or wrong, but one thing is certain: Psychology sees love as more of social and cultural creation. Definition of love What is the difference between love and emotionalism?
Love is the strongest feeling and most difficult feeling to describe. Though I would hold tight, time after time, love has managed to slip from my grasp. Love is feeling that everyone desires. What do you feel about love? The Power of Love: Everybody needs this feeling in one way or another.
This shows their unconditional love and protecting of their child. I have learned that to catch a snake, you grab with both hands, but to catch a boy, you have to woo with words and thoughts. This theory describes compassionate love as an affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by the physiological arousals.
The best part is that you can refer to literary works written through the ages and get inspiration from the one you like the most. Family love is an unconditional and an everlasting love. For instance, a person who starts experiencing the unique feeling of affection, attachment, respect, adoration and desire for a given person or objects become generally psychologically stable.
In the introduction part, you have the introduce the topic of your essay on love and also have to give some introduction of the person for whom you are going to write essay about love.In the dictionary love is defined as a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. Some people believe love is a temporary feeling that will eventually disappear.
What is Love?- Definition paper essaysEveryone at some point in their lives has experienced love, whether they were loved or have loved. Love seems to be the main underlying goal that we all strive for in our lifetimes. It is the one thing that we all, as humans, have in common.
There are many diff. Sep 08, · To be honest, I actually considered writing my own essay on defining "Love" but didn't know where to start exactly. Anyways, here's. Extended Definition Essay about Love. Outline: I. Introduction. a.
According to the Oxford American Dictionary " Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection". The Definition of Love essaysThis was a really hard subject to write about.
I tried looking for definitions of love on the Internet, in self-help books, poems, the. A definition essay of love strives to define it as an emotion felt and displayed by humans, animals, and all living beings in their own way. It is a topic that has been written about through the ages and has found its way into books on literature and religion.


You work hard for your vacations so make your next one a grand experience. A-1 Scuba specializes in diving excursions around the world. The best part is that our trips are all-inclusive, meaning you don't have to plan a thing! Instead of just going to the beach on your next vacation, get active and go scuba diving trips with our group. Read on to find out more details about our scuba diving trips to exotic locales like Cozumel and Grand Cayman.
With a gorgeous reef and vibrant marine life, Cozumel is one of the most beautiful diving experiences in the world. A-1 Scuba has planned a seven-night all-inclusive diving trip to this pristine island in February 2019. Join us!
You will stay at the world-class Hotel Cozumel Resort and spend your days exploring the sparkling waters of the Caribbean. Underwater tunnels, caves, walls, and overhangs await in world-famous reefs such as Santa Rosa, Columbia, and Palancar.
We welcome divers of all experience levels. If you need to get your open-water certification, no problem. You can do this on the scuba diving trip for an extra fee. We require a $400 security deposit; otherwise, all you need is your passport. This all-inclusive trip costs up to $2,065.
We run yearly scuba diving trips to Grand Cayman and its sister islands. For 2019, we have an escorted group trip planned for Cayman Brac for our Divers with Disabilities program. Able-bodied divers are also welcome. If scuba diving to explore underwater wrecks sounds like your dream trip, this is the dive for you. In the past, we've taken groups to a 330-foot-long Russian frigate called the MV Captain Keith Tibbetts, now a home to stunning marine life such as lobsters, eels, and coral.
For those without disabilities, there are opportunities for kayaking, biking, and rock climbing. There are also local caves open to exploration.
Divers with disabilities are encouraged to sign up. We have certified divers who can assist you if you do not have a certified diving buddy. Secure your place with a $400 deposit, all you need is your passport. Specific details with an outline of price and accommodations for the June 2019 trip are forthcoming, but you can contact us to sign up for our interest list.


text:
Danger looms as Nigeria delays enforcement of dirty fuels import ban
Minister of State for Petroleum Resources, Ibe Kachikwu
While many African countries have stopped the importation of high-sulphur fuel, Nigeria is still dragging its feet on the implementation of its ban on dirty fuel imports, 'FEMI ASU writes
More than one and a half years after the Federal Government banned the importation of dirty fuels into the country, industry players and other stakeholders are still awaiting the enforcement of the ban.
Our correspondent gathered that a report had been submitted to the Federal Government by a committee that included the Department of Petroleum Resources, Standards Organisation of Nigeria, and the Ministry of Environment regarding the plan to shift to low-sulphur fuels.
Most of the petroleum products consumed in the country are imported with sulphur content as high as 1,000 parts per million for petrol and 3,000ppm for diesel.
On December 1, 2016 in Abuja, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire agreed to ban the importation of Europe's dirty fuels, limiting sulphur in fuels from 3,000 parts per million to 50 ppm.
But the enforcement of the ban failed to come into effect on July 1, 2017 in Nigeria as announced in December 2016 by the then Minister of Environment, Mrs Amina Mohammed.
A petroleum expert, Mr Bala Zakka, who expressed concern on the continued importation of dirty fuels, said, "One of the problems with Nigeria is lack of implementation of policies."
"How on earth can we be exporting sweet crude that is almost sulphur-free or with a small percentage of sulphur and then be importing refined products with high sulphur content? This tells you that something is definitely wrong with Nigeria." He spoke in a telephone interview with our correspondent.
The Chief Operating Officer of Refineries and Petrochemicals, NNPC, Mr Anibor Kragha, told the African Refiners Association in March this year that the country would lower the top level of sulphur in diesel to 50 parts per million from 3,000ppm, by July 1, 2018.
Kragha was quoted by Reuters as saying in a presentation during the ARA Week in Cape Town, South Africa, that while Nigeria was committed to cleaner fuel standards, significant costs complicated efforts to meet the deadline.
He also said that the ministries of Environment, Health, Petroleum Resources and Industry and Trade were working together to finalise rules that would be distributed to importers at some point in the second quarter of this year.
According to him, petrol sulphur level cuts will start in October, moving to 300ppm from 1,000ppm, with a target of 150ppm by October 1, 2019.
Kragha said the first shift to cleaner petrol would cost $11.7m per month, and the second, $15.7m per month, adding that the diesel reduction would cost $2.8m per month.
The National Operations Controller, Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria, Mr Mike Osatuyi, said, "If we continue to import petroleum products with high sulphur because they are cheaper to the detriment of human lives, does it make sense? So, if it costs more and the lives of people are protected and the environment is safe, it is better."
He told our correspondent that the increase in the price of the products as a result of the shift to low sulphur content would be marginal.
"The DPR, Federal Ministry of Environment, NNPC, SON, National Automotive Design and Development Council, PPPRA, and Major Oil Marketers Association of Nigeria were part of the committee that worked and reviewed the sulphur level on diesel, petrol and kerosene. They have concluded their report and sent it to the government for implementation," an official of the Ministry of Petroleum Resources told our correspondent on condition of anonymity.
The United Nations Environment Programme said in December 2016 that the move to ban dirty fuel imports by Nigeria and others would dramatically reduce vehicle emissions and help more than 250 million people to breathe safer and cleaner air.
It noted that a report by Public Eye in September 2016 exposed how European trading companies were exploiting the weak regulatory standards in West African countries, allowing for the exportation of fuels with sulphur levels up to 300 times higher than was permitted in Europe.
In a statement dated September 8, 2017 on its website, the Federal Ministry of Environment said in line with the government's commitment to reduce emissions to protect human health, it had in collaboration with Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment/SON and in due consultation with relevant stakeholders successfully reviewed standards of sulphur content in diesel and petro-products.
It said, "The specified level of sulphur that would henceforth be acceptable in petroleum fuels used in the country is as follows: From July 1, 2017, diesel should have maximum sulphur levels of 50 parts per million; petrol should have maximum sulphur levels of 150 ppm; and household kerosene should have maximum sulphur levels of 150 ppm."
"Petroleum products that have high sulphur content levels produce high emission levels in automotive engines. Such vehicular emissions contain high level of toxic pollutants such as benzenes and particulates that have negative impact on human health and on the environment. Modern vehicles require fuels that meet high quality standards for a more efficient operation of their engines."
Compared to other parts of the world, such as Europe and North America, fuel quality in many African countries, including Nigeria, remains very poor.
European standards for fuel quality include Euro IV (50ppm for petrol and diesel) and Euro V (10ppm for both).
UNEP, ARA and health campaigners have been pushing West African nations to ban fuels that are illegal in Europe and the United States for years due to what they say are significant health problems associated with sulphur emissions – particularly in dense urban areas such as Lagos.
The region is said to be one of the last on earth where it is legal to sell fuels with sulphur levels at and above 1,000ppm as East and North African nations and major Asian consumer countries such as China and India have already tightened rules.
ARA has developed the AFRI specifications as guidelines for the production of cleaner fuels including AFRI III (300ppm for petrol and 500ppm for diesel), AFRI IV (150ppm for petrol and 50ppm for diesel). Africa aims to produce fuels with the AFRI-4 specifications by 2020.
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text:
Hawks to play in renamed, renovated State Farm Arena
Associated PressAug 29, 2018, 3:28 PM EDT
ATLANTA (AP) — Philips Arena in Atlanta is being renamed for State Farm after a $192.5 million renovation.
The Atlanta Hawks and the insurance company announced Wednesday they have reached a 20-year deal on the naming rights for the arena, which is currently in the final phase of its renovation. The arena is expected to reopen in October as the Hawks celebrate their 50th year in Atlanta.
OFFICIAL: We have a new home at State Farm Arena.
📰 » https://t.co/HuZSkxaLwX#TrueToAtlanta pic.twitter.com/o5nVxDfq4d
— Atlanta Hawks (@ATLHawks) August 29, 2018
The Hawks had played in Philips Arena since its opening in 1999.
The State Farm red logo will be displayed at the top of the arena, which might be one of the smallest-capacity NBA venues with 17,600 seats. Its amenities will include a new state-of-the-art video board system, three times larger than the current one, along rapper Killer Mike's barbershop, Zack Brown's BBQ restaurant, a fantasy golf area, club lounge and premium seating areas with couches and cabanas.
"It's going to be a social place unlike anywhere else in the NBA," Hawks CEO Steve Koonin told The Associated Press in a recent interview. "All of our research told us that people don't want to sit down in a chair eating a hot dog out of aluminum foil and watch a game. They want a great night out. … Think Vegas pool meets sporting event."
Tickets to the suites, cabanas or verandas are available for all events at Philips Arena – with food and beverages included.
State Farm has one of its three regional hubs based in Dunwoody.
"This decision symbolizes our pledge to making a difference in communities, building our brand locally and nationally, and ultimately growing State Farm," said State Farm Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Michael Tipsord. "The Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club is well known for giving back in this community. Along with our Neighborhood of Good initiative, we'll have new opportunities to invest in the local community."
State Farm Arena will offer new fan-friendly concessions pricing plan the Hawks say is the first of its kind in the NBA. The team says the new menu features price cuts of up to 50 percent, including $5 beer. The announcement also said 12 popular food and beverage items will be priced at $5 or less.
The Hawks said their motivation came from the Atlanta Falcons' success with similarly affordable pricing at the neighboring Mercedes-Benz Stadium, adjacent to arena in downtown Atlanta. The Hawks also were inspired by affordable concessions prices at the Masters golf tournament in Augusta, Georgia.


A qualified accountant required for private limited company which deals in customs clearance and transportation. Interested candidate should send their resume via email.
An Australia based firm requires Accountant for its Karachi Office. Candidate should have strong communication skills. Resident near by DHA will be preferred. Please send your resume.
Account Assistant required, B.Com having experience 2-3 years working in any accounts department, age limit 30 years. Please send your resume with expected salary & photograph.
Urgently experienced Accountant required for a textile industry at least commerce graduate along with 5-8 years experience, Sales Tax, final accounts income tax and banking knowledge is must.
Chartered accountants required by Alliott Shahid Hadi, Chartered Accountants for its Offices in Pakistan. Interested candidates requested to please forward their resume.
Accountant Required candidate must be qualified in Accountancy from a recognized institute and have 5 years experience of handling accounts of private limited company.
Must be able to maintain sales tax records / invoices and filing for returns. Apply with recent photograph / contact number at email.
South City Hospital Pvt. Ltd is one of the leading hospitals of Karachi, is looking for qualified and experienced full time employee at Department of Pharmacy.
Candidate should be B.Com with 4-5 years work experience in Accounts and Finance in reputable organization / retail chain or Pharmaceutical Industry.
Please send your resume with a current passport size photograph to HR Department.
An Indenting Company needs urgently a qualified, self motivated Accountant, who can handle complete Book Keeping from voucher to final accounts. Must have proper knowledge of Income Tax and Sales Tax.
A reputable organization looking for an Accountant. Candidate should have 2 year experience in Import & Sales Tax. Interested candidate please apply via email.


text:
Q: How to implement an entity containing two lists of entities of the same type in Spring Data I have entity Order. It contains a list of glass parts and a list of non-glass parts. Part is a single entity with attribute PartType (glass/non-glass). Is this please doable with Spring Data? How? I'm using Spring Boot 1.3.1.RELEASE with Hibernate.
@Entity
@Table(name="order")
public class Order {

    ...

    @OneToMany(...)
    private List<Part> glassParts;

    @OneToMany(...)
    private List<Part> otherParts;
}

@Entity
@Table(name="part")
public class Part {

  ...

  @Column(...)
  private PartType partType;

  @Column(...)
  private String code;

  @Column(...)
  private String description;
}

A: I believe that in you case it is not a good idea  to create two lists. To achive the result there are two common approaches. The first one is to create a bi-directional relation and implement a Repository and Manager layers with an appropriate conditions:
@Entity
@Table(name="order")
public class Order {

    ...

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "order", fetch = FetchType.LAZY, cascade = { ... })
    private List<Part> parts;
}

@Entity
@Table(name="part")
public class Part {

  ...

  @JoinColumn(name = "r_order_id", referencedColumnName = "id")
  @ManyToOne(...)
  private Order order;
  @Column(...)
  private PartType partType;

  @Column(...)
  private String code;

  @Column(...)
  private String description;
}

public interface PartInterface implements CrudRepository<Part, Long> {

  List<Part> findByOrderIdAndPartType(Long orderId, PartType partType);
}

@Component
public class PartManager {

  @Autowired
  private PartInterface partInterface;

  public List<Part> getGlassPartsByOrderId(Long orderId) {
    return List<Part> partInterface.findByOrderIdAndPartType(orderId, PartType.GLASS);
  }

  public List<Part> getNonGlassPartsByOrderId(Long orderId) {
    return List<Part> partInterface.findByOrderIdAndPartType(orderId, PartType.NON_GLASS);
  }
}

The second one is to filter all the parts of the order by the type:
public interface OrderInterface implements CrudRepository<Order, Long> {

  @Override
  Order findOne(Long orderId);
}

@Component
public class OrderManager {

  @Autowired
  private OrderInterface orderInterface;

  public List<Part> getGlassPartsByOrderId(Long orderId) {
    return getOrderParts(orderId).stream().filter(part -> Objects.equals(PartType.GLASS, part.getPartType())).collect(Collectors.toList());
  }

  public List<Part> getNonGlassPartsByOrderId(Long orderId) {
    return getOrderParts(orderId).stream().filter(part -> Objects.equals(PartType.NON_GLASS, part.getPartType())).collect(Collectors.toList());
  }

  private List<Part> getOrderParts(Long orderId) {
    Order order = orderInterface.findOne(Long orderId);
    if (Objects.isNull(order) || Objects.isNull(order.getParts())) {
      return Collections.emptyList();
    } else {
      return order.getParts();
    }
  }
}

Actually there is another one option - to filter parts inside the entity on the fly:
@Entity
@Table(name="order")
public class Order {

    @OneToMany(...)
    private List<Part> parts;

    public List<Part> getGlassParts{
      if (Objects.nonNull(parts)) {
        return parts.stream().filter(part -> Objects.equals(PartType.GLASS, part.getPartType())).collect(Collectors.toList());
      } else {
        return Collections.emptyList();
      }
    }

    public List<Part> getNonGlassParts{
      if (Objects.nonNull(parts)) {
        return parts.stream().filter(part -> Objects.equals(PartType.NON_GLASS, part.getPartType())).collect(Collectors.toList());
      } else {
        return Collections.emptyList();
      }
    }
}

UPDATE
Since you're using Hibernate there is an ORM-dependent option to get the desired result it's a @JoinColumnOrFormula annotation that is available for Hibernate only:
@Entity
@Table(name="order")
public class Order {

    @OneToMany(...)
    @JoinColumnOrFormula(
      column = @JoinColumn(name = "id", referencedColumnName = "r_order_id", insertable = false, updatable = false)
      ,formula = @JoinFormula(value = PartType.GLASS_STR_VALUE, referencedColumnName = "partType"))
    private List<Part> glassParts;

    @OneToMany(...)
    @JoinColumnOrFormula(
      column = @JoinColumn(name = "id", referencedColumnName = "r_order_id", insertable = false, updatable = false)
      ,formula = @JoinFormula(value = PartType.NON_GLASS_STR_VALUE, referencedColumnName = "partType"))
    private List<Part> nonGlassParts;
}

Please pay your attention that the value parameter inside the @JoinFormula clause must be a String


Milagu Adai is made with Raw Rice, dals, crushed Pepper & cumin seeds.But i used Samai Rice (Little Millets) to make this Milagu Adai. (other Names:Hindi: Kutki; Tamil: Samai; Telugu: Sama; Kannada: Same; Malayalam: Chama).Milagu Adai is a Special Recipe, made during Karthigai Deepam. I have used millets so it is healthy too.It is an Easy & Healthy break fast or Dinner Recipe.Crushed Cumin & Pepper Corns,when blended with Rice & dal's, tastes Good.Now we learn to make this Adai.
Samai Rice - 2 cup.
Pepper Corns - 2 tsp.
Crush the Cumin seeds & Pepper corns to a coarse Powder.
Soak Samai Rice,Poha,chana dal,Toor dal, in a needed water for 1 hour.
Then Grind it, into a little coarse Paste, with needed water & Salt.
Add Crushed Pepper corns + Jeera Powder.Add Grated Coconut.Mix well.Let the consistency be little thicker than Normal Dosa batter consistency.
Heat the tawa, when it is hot take ladle full of batter, & spread lightly to make thick Adai. Drizzle some oil.
Flip the Adai, when both sides are cooked Remove from tawa.
I used Little Millets(Samai) to make this Adai. you can use any other millets like Varagu,Thinai or kuthiraivali Rice.
Adding Rice Gives softness to Adai.
Instead of poha you can add one cup of cooked rice also.
you can serve this adai with butter or Honey.


text:
Masada (también escrito Massada o Masadá, romanización del hebreo מצדה, , de מצודה, metzuda, "fortaleza") es un yacimiento arqueológico que comprende los restos de varios palacios y fortificaciones que se localizan en la cumbre amesetada de una montaña aislada en la región oriental del desierto de Judea, próxima a la costa sudoccidental del mar Muerto, y dentro de los límites del Concejo Regional de Tamar, en el Distrito Meridional de Israel.

Masada es conocida por su destacada importancia en los compases finales de la primera guerra judeo-romana (también conocida como la Gran Revuelta Judía), cuando el asedio de la fortaleza por parte de las tropas del Imperio romano condujo finalmente a sus defensores a realizar un suicidio colectivo al advertir que la derrota era inminente. En la actualidad, Masada es un importante destino arqueoturístico, a la vez que posee una gran carga simbólica para el nacionalismo judío, como uno de los postreros episodios de afirmación y resistencia nacional antes de la definitiva diáspora. La fortaleza de Masada y su entorno fueron declarados parque nacional de Israel en 1966, formando parte de la Reserva Natural del Desierto de Judea desde 1983, y del Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la Unesco desde el año 2001.

Geografía
Masada se localiza en el límite oriental del desierto de Judea con el valle del Rift del Jordán (perteneciente al sistema del Gran Valle del Rift), a unos 5 km de la costa sudoccidental del mar Muerto y frente a la antigua península de Lisán, próxima por tanto a la frontera con Jordania. Se trata de un notable ejemplo de horst o macizo tectónico geológicamente joven, poco alterado por la erosión hidrológica y la afección de tipo vegetal debido al árido ambiente circundante. La estratigrafía revela la presencia de capas de dolomía y de caliza de origen marino, que datan de los periodos Cenomaniense y Turoniense.

Su forma, si bien irregular, es similar a la de una pirámide truncada, con un plano superior cuya altura es de unos 450 metros sobre el nivel del mar Muerto, con una cota de 63 metros sobre el nivel del mar Mediterráneo. Las dimensiones máximas de esta meseta son de 645 m de longitud y 315 m de anchura, conformando un espacio romboidal cuya superficie es de 9,3 hectáreas. La meseta se encuentra separada de la planicie por dos ramblas, denominadas actualmente Nahal Masada y Nahal Ben Ya'ir en hebreo (los antiguos uadis Sabbah y Nimrein en árabe), situadas al sur y al norte respectivamente.

Los acantilados del borde oriental miden 400 metros de altura, mientras que los del lado occidental miden 100 m, lo que origina que los dos únicos accesos naturales a la cima sean muy complicados: el denominado "Camino de la Serpiente" (así llamado por lo sinuoso de su trazado, restaurado en 1954) en su lado oriental y el "Camino de la Roca Blanca" en su lado occidental, sobre el cual fue construido un agger que utilizó el ejército romano para el asalto a la fortaleza.

Ocupación
Las primeras evidencias de poblamiento en Masada se remontan a la Edad del Cobre, en torno al IV milenio a. C.|IV milenio a. C. La ocupación se centra en las cuevas situadas en el acantilado meridional, en una de las cuales se hallaron restos vegetales, esteras, tejidos y cerámica calcolítica en hoyos excavados en el suelo, probablemente para albergar recipientes. Se trataría de poblaciones muy concretas de carácter nómada, un patrón de asentamiento característico de esta época en el desierto de Judea, donde se han documentado ocupaciones como en Tel Goren, cerca de Ein Guedi. También se encontraron restos cerámicos en la terraza central del palacio septentrional y en otras zonas de la meseta, fechados en la etapa del Primer Templo (del  al ), sin que se hallasen evidencias de construcciones.

En la época clásica varios historiadores mencionan la existencia de Masada: Estrabón utiliza la forma corrupta Μοασάδα, mientras que Plinio romaniza el nombre a Masada. No obstante, es el historiador judeorromano Flavio Josefo quien proporciona una significativa información histórica en su obra La guerra de los judíos, escrita en griego clásico y donde utiliza las formas Μασάδα, Μασαδά y Μεσάδα. Según narra Josefo, la fortaleza fue originalmente establecida por el sumo sacerdote Jonathán, identificado con el rey asmoneo Alejandro Janneo (103-) y que no debe ser confundido con Jonathán, uno de los hermanos de Judas Macabeo. El hallazgo de numerosas monedas y estucos dentro de algunas cisternas de la época de Janneo son las únicas evidencias arqueológicas que confirmarían la identidad de su fundador. En este tiempo Masada era un discreto refugio, sin llegar a poseer la importancia que tendría un siglo más tarde.

La época de Herodes
Años más tarde, tras la conquista romana de Judea por Pompeyo, Herodes utilizó la fortaleza de Masada para albergar a su madre Cypros, su prometida Mariamne y su hermana Salomé durante la invasión parta del año  de Judea, antes de dirigirse hacia Roma para solicitar apoyo contra los partos y sus aliados judíos, liderados por Antígono Matatías. La familia de Herodes, apoyada por una guarnición de 800 defensores al mando de su hermano José, tuvo que afrontar un asedio de las fuerzas partas, agotando sus reservas de agua hasta el punto de que José decidió huir con doscientos seguidores hacia territorio nabateo; no obstante, la misma noche señalada para la huida una lluvia providencial llenó las cisternas, de forma que pudieron resistir más tiempo.

En Roma, Herodes consiguió el apoyo de los triunviros Marco Antonio y Octaviano, quienes lo presentaron ante el Senado y defendieron allí su resistencia a la invasión parta y la traición de Antígono, tras lo cual el Senado le otorgó el título de rey de Judea. Sin contar apenas con ayuda militar de los romanos, Herodes volvió a Judea, que había sido abandonada por los partos pero que aún era controlada por los fieles de Antígono. Desembarcó en Ptolemais y con un ejército de extranjeros y judíos invadió la provincia por la Galilea, conquistando Jope antes de dirigirse a Masada para rescatar a su familia; después de una breve guerra civil, en el año  asedió Jerusalén ayudado por las tropas romanas de Cayo Sosio, tomando la ciudad y apresando a Antígono, que fue enviado a Marco Antonio y decapitado.

Una vez controlada Judea, y ante la amenaza que suponía el incipiente expansionismo de la vecina reina Cleopatra VII de Egipto (amparada por Marco Antonio), Herodes decidió fortificar Masada, aprovechando sus excelentes condiciones geográficas (aislada en el desierto de Judea y alejada de núcleos habitados) y sus defensas naturales, rodeada como estaba por infranqueables acantilados. Otra de las funciones de Masada fue como posible refugio frente a su propio pueblo, ya que la mayoría de los judíos detestaban a Herodes por su origen idumeo, por restablecer el dominio romano y por eliminar a los últimos asmoneos. También habría de servir como lugar de descanso personal y para albergar visitas de otros dignatarios que pudieran disfrutar con las impresionantes vistas del desierto de Judea, del oasis de Ein Guedi, del mar Muerto y de las montañas de Moab.

La primera guerra judeo-romana

Setenta años después de la muerte de Herodes, en el año 66 d. C., dio comienzo la primera guerra judeo-romana debido a las tensiones religiosas entre judíos y romanos. La principal fuente de información es la mencionada La guerra de los judíos del historiador Flavio Josefo. Es una obra que debe tomarse con cierta cautela debido a su carácter apologético, constituyendo no obstante la única fuente coetánea existente que narra los acontecimientos acaecidos durante ese conflicto. Respecto a Masada, Josefo se hallaba en Roma en el momento de la caída de la fortaleza, y no fue por tanto testigo directo de la misma, a diferencia de la toma de Jerusalén. No obstante, usó como fuentes directas los commentarii oficiales de la contienda y los relatos de los supervivientes.

Según Josefo, los zelotes (en hebreo קנאים, kana'im, "celosos de Dios") fueron el grupo principal que llevó el peso de la sublevación para liberar la provincia de Judea de la dominación romana. Otro de los grupos que también se sublevó fue el de los sicarios (en latín sicarii), rivales no obstante de los zelotes y otros grupos judíos, que usaban el asesinato y el pillaje para lograr sus objetivos, siendo uno de los grupos más extremistas; de acuerdo con el historiador judeorromano, constituían una escisión de los propios zelotes.

De esta forma, en el mismo año de la rebelión, un grupo de rebeldes sicarios liderados por Menájem, hijo de Judas el Galileo, tomó Masada por sorpresa y degolló a la guarnición romana apostada en la fortaleza. Ésta se hallaba compuesta por una de las diez cohortes de la Legio III Gallica, que se hallaba estacionada en Masada desde el despliegue de la legión en la provincia en el año 44, cuando Judea pasó a ser gobernada de nuevo por un procurador romano tras la muerte de Herodes Agripa I. Los sicarios encontraron en la fortaleza un arsenal suficiente para equipar un ejército de diez mil hombres, e importantes reservas de metal (hierro sin trabajar, bronce y plomo) para fabricar nuevas armas y municiones. Los almacenes estaban surtidos de trigo, leguminosas, aceite, dátiles y vino (bien conservados gracias al ambiente árido del desierto circundante), los fértiles huertos de la cima podían proporcionar alimentos frescos, y los canales excavados en la roca calcárea capturaban y conducían el agua de lluvia a las cisternas subterráneas. La fortaleza estaba por tanto preparada para resistir un sitio prolongado.

El asedio de Masada

Poco después de la captura de Masada llegó un nuevo grupo de sicarios y sus familias, liderado por Simón bar Giora, que comenzó a realizar incursiones contra las poblaciones vecinas, llegando hasta Idumea. Simón acabó por abandonar la fortaleza, marchando finalmente hacia Jerusalén, donde sería capturado tras el asedio y destrucción de la capital judía por parte de Tito en el año 70, hecho con el cual concluía prácticamente la primera guerra judeo-romana. Sólo subsistían tres fortalezas desafiantes al poder romano: Herodión, Maqueronte y la propia Masada, que acogió a grupos de refugiados de Jerusalén, y desde la cual se lanzaron numerosos asaltos contra unidades romanas y aldeas judías durante los dos años siguientes.

Para conjurar los problemas que causaban los rebeldes de Masada el gobernador romano de Judea, Lucio Flavio Silva, marchó hacia la fortaleza dispuesto a asediarla con un ejército compuesto por una legión romana (la Legio X Fretensis), cuatro cohortes auxiliares (una de ellas miliaria y otra equitata) y dos alas de caballería. Para albergar estas tropas dispuso la creación de ocho campamentos que rodearan la fortaleza, ubicados tanto en la planicie occidental como en la llanura costera oriental, que pudieran acoger un contingente de 9000 hombres, entre legionarios y auxiliares, a los que habría que sumar seguidores y prisioneros judíos esclavizados. También se erigió una muralla que rodeara la fortaleza, que fue construida exclusivamente por los legionarios: al ser una labor muy específica y fundamental para el éxito del asedio, Silva sólo empleó soldados de confianza, dejando a los esclavos y a los auxiliares otros menesteres, como el aprovisionamiento de agua y otras labores de mantenimiento general.

Respecto a los accesos, sólo existían dos senderos que ascendían hasta la fortaleza. Uno de ellos, el "Camino de la Serpiente", consistía en un angosto y escarpado sendero que ascendía sinuosamente por el flanco oriental a lo largo de 30 estadios (5,2 kilómetros), cuya estrechez y acusada pendiente imposibilitaba un asalto sobre Masada. El segundo acceso era otro estrecho camino situado en la ladera occidental y custodiado desde la fortaleza, aunque era menos tortuoso, de forma que Silva optó por esta vía. Así, después de numerosos y vanos intentos por abrir una brecha en las murallas de Masada, ordenó construir una rampa (agger) que ascendiera hasta su lado occidental, desde un promontorio denominado la Roca Blanca (Λευκέ), situado a 300 codos (unos 150 m) por debajo de la cumbre de Masada. La construcción duró varias semanas, tras utilizar miles de toneladas de piedras y tierra apisonada ubicadas sobre una pendiente de origen natural preexistente, conformando así una de las mayores estructuras de asedio conocidas en época romana. Finalmente la rampa alcanzó unos 196 m de base y 100 m de altura, con un 51 % de pendiente. Josefo no registra ninguna acción importante de los sicarios para impedir el avance romano, a diferencia de lo ocurrido en otros asedios anteriores contra fortalezas judías como en Maqueronte, y cuya causa podría ser la progresiva falta de medios de los sicarios para combatir al ejército sitiador romano. También se ha especulado con la posibilidad de que la rampa hubiera sido erigida por los esclavos judíos del ejército romano, por lo cual los sicarios se habrían mostrado reacios a atacar a otros judíos debido a sus creencias.

El asalto

Unos tres meses después de haberse iniciado su construcción, y siete meses después de iniciarse el asedio, la rampa fue finalmente finalizada en la primavera del año 73, contando en su cumbre con una plataforma cuadrada de 22 metros de lado. Sobre ella se situó una torre de asedio (reforzada con hierro y de unos 30 metros de altura) junto al exterior de la muralla de Masada, y mientras los artilleros de los pisos superiores de la torre disparaban sus escorpiones y balistas para mantener el parapeto libre de sicarios, un ariete situado en el piso inferior de la torre golpeaba continuamente la muralla hasta que se consiguió abrir una brecha. Sin embargo, los legionarios descubrieron que los sicarios habían construido una segunda muralla a continuación del parapeto exterior. Cuando el ariete comenzó a golpear esta segunda muralla, los romanos comprobaron que había sido erigida con capas alternas de piedras y madera, de forma que ésta absorbía los golpes del ariete e incluso se fortalecía así, tal como Julio César había comprobado en sus asedios en la Galia un siglo antes; es ésta la razón por la cual este tipo de estructura recibió el nombre de muralla gala (murus gallicus) desde entonces.

Esa misma tarde Silva canceló las embestidas del ariete y envió a un grupo de hombres armados con antorchas para incendiar la muralla interior, que comenzó a arder rápidamente a lo largo de la estructura. No obstante, comenzó a soplar un fuerte viento desde el norte y de cara al ejército romano, que amenazó la maquinaria de asedio hasta que cambió de sentido y avivó las llamas, lo cual fue interpretado como un buen augurio. Entonces Silva ordenó montar una fuerte guardia que custodiara la muralla incendiada, para así evitar que los judíos escaparan por la noche a través de la brecha, ya que su intención era lanzar el asalto definitivo al día siguiente.

Dentro de Masada, los sicarios fueron conscientes de que el asalto final del ejército romano llegaría con el nuevo día. Según el relato de Josefo, el entonces líder de los sicarios, Eleazar ben Yair, reunió esa noche a sus hombres en el palacio occidental, pronunciando un discurso donde propuso darse muerte ellos mismos para evitar ser hechos prisioneros y vendidos como esclavos. De esta forma, dado que el suicidio como tal es denostado por las leyes del judaísmo, los hombres mataron a sus familias, y posteriormente eligieron por suertes a diez de ellos para quitar la vida al resto. Finalmente, entre estos diez eligieron de nuevo a uno que acabó con la vida de los demás, y antes de darse muerte prendió fuego a la fortaleza, excepto a los depósitos de víveres, para así demostrar a sus enemigos que actuaban por resolución, no por desesperación.

A la mañana siguiente los legionarios romanos colocaron pasarelas sobre la muralla incendiada e irrumpieron en la fortaleza, preparados para combatir a los sicarios, mas toparon con un silencio sepulcral y la visión del fuego y de los cuerpos sin vida de sus enemigos. Flavio Josefo señala que murieron todos los defensores, en número de 960, salvo una anciana y una mujer, parienta de Eleazar, que se habían refugiado junto a sus cinco hijos en una de las galerías subterráneas que conducía a las cisternas, y que fueron quienes relataron las últimas palabras que el líder sicario pronunció a sus hombres. Impresionados por la resolución de los sicarios, los romanos perdonaron la vida a los supervivientes, escribiendo Josefo sobre este episodio:

Flavio Josefo da como fecha tradicional de la caída de Masada el día 15 de Jántico o Nisán, el primer día de Pésaj, del quinto año de la rebelión judía, el año 3833 en el calendario hebreo. En el calendario juliano esta fecha se ubica en el mes de abril del año 73, pudiendo corresponder a días tan dispares como el 14, el 16 o incluso el 10 de abril. Otros análisis mencionan la posibilidad de que la conquista de la fortaleza pudiera haber sucedido en la primavera del año 74, un año después de lo tradicionalmente aceptado; se fundamentan principalmente en inscripciones epigráficas que narran el cursus honorum de Silva y que discuten que fuera gobernador de Judea antes de abril de ese mismo año. Si se acepta la fecha del 15 de Jántico, la correspondencia con el calendario juliano para ese año establece la fecha del 31 de marzo del año 74.

Masada tras la conquista
Con la conquista del último bastión rebelde que significaba Masada concluyó la primera guerra judeo-romana. Tras la caída de la fortaleza, y pacificado todo el territorio de Judea, Silva replegó las tropas hasta Cesarea, dejando estacionada una unidad auxiliar en la meseta de Masada. Este acantonamiento se mantuvo regularmente hasta principios del , trasladándose entonces la guarnición al rehabilitado campamento F (el principal de Silva), que habría llegado a formar parte del Limes Arabicus en época de Diocleciano, tres siglos más tarde.

Después de su abandono, Masada permaneció deshabitada hasta principios del , cuando fue visitada por San Eutimio y su discípulo Domiciano, quienes erigieron en su cumbre una capilla que sería más tarde el núcleo de un pequeño monasterio del tipo laura, perteneciente a una pequeña comunidad eremita de monjes bizantinos; algunos investigadores identifican este lugar con el topónimo Marda que aparece mencionado en algunas fuentes canónicas. La conquista árabe supuso el fin de esta comunidad y el abandono definitivo de Masada a mediados del , con una posible ocupación esporádica durante la época de las Cruzadas. Desde entonces, la ubicación del histórico sitio cayó en el olvido.

Descubrimiento
A partir del , con el paulatino auge de la disciplina arqueológica, se produjeron avances en la localización de la fortaleza. En 1807 el explorador alemán Ulrich Seetzen avistó la meseta (conocida como as-Sabbah, «la maldita» en árabe) durante un viaje en barco por el mar Muerto, identificándola erróneamente con la bíblica ciudad de Zif, ubicada en la actualidad en Tel Zif, cerca de Pnei Hever, a 7 km al sureste de Hebrón. Fue en 1838 cuando dos estadounidenses, el teólogo y explorador Edward Robinson y el misionero Eli Smith, identificaron correctamente Masada desde el oasis de Ein Guedi con la ayuda de un anteojo, un hallazgo que fue posteriormente confirmado por el geógrafo Carl Ritter.

El interés por Masada fue en aumento desde entonces. En 1842 el misionero estadounidense Samuel Wolcott ascendió hasta su cumbre acompañado del pintor inglés William J. Tipping, ilustrador de una versión inglesa de La guerra de los judíos de Flavio Josefo. Wolcott realizó la primera descripción moderna de la fortaleza, muy completa en sus detalles y que confirmaba muchos de los datos que describiera el autor judeorromano dieciocho siglos antes.

Félicien de Saulcy visitó Masada en enero de 1851, trazando el primer plano de la fortaleza y del sistema de fortificaciones romano, identificando el agger y localizando restos de mosaicos en una edificación bizantina; aunque erró al situar el "Camino de la Serpiente" en la ladera septentrional, así como en la datación de los almacenes, obra que atribuyó a Jonathán, es decir, Janneo. El 24 de enero de 1858 ascendió a la meseta Emmanuel Guillaume Rey, quien trazó un nuevo plano, más preciso que el primero, aunque con algunos errores de identificación en los edificios, si bien ubicó correctamente el palacio de Herodes en la terraza superior septentrional. Otro erudito que visitó Masada en esta época fue Henry Baker Tristram, quien tras sus dos viajes de 1864 y 1871 dibujó un nuevo plano de la fortaleza que recogía con detalle las edificaciones septentrionales, aunque el resto fue esbozado de memoria como un croquis.

En 1867 el entonces capitán británico Charles Warren visitó Masada, interesado en la arqueología bíblica como miembro del Fondo para la Exploración de Palestina; fue el primero en identificar correctamente el "Camino de la Serpiente" en la ladera oriental, ascendiendo a la cumbre por este lado. Varios años después, en marzo de 1875, otro miembro de la PEF, el ingeniero militar británico Claude Reignier Conder, visitó Masada describiéndola con detalle, identificando el palacio occidental como el "palacio colgante" que mencionara Josefo, y trazando el plano más realista de los dibujados hasta ese momento.

El ingeniero alemán G. D. Sandel descubrió en 1905 el sistema de captación de aguas, identificando las dos filas de cuevas del acantilado noroeste como cisternas, que recibían el agua de lluvia mediante canales de conducción. En 1909 Alfred von Domaszewski y Rudolf Ernst Brünnow reseñaron el sistema de asedio romano en el tercer volumen de su destacada obra Die Provincia Arabia, centrándose en los campamentos B y C. El conocimiento sobre los campamentos romanos fue ampliado con las fotografías aéreas tomadas por la RAF entre 1924 y 1928, y sobre todo gracias a los trabajos de Adolf Schulten, quien permaneció en Masada durante todo un mes del año 1932 estudiando la arquitectura militar romana, aunque también analizó la superficie de la meseta, asumiendo la errónea idea de Conder sobre el palacio occidental.

La traducción de La guerra de los judíos de Flavio Josefo al hebreo por Jacob Simchoni (Varsovia, 1923) y la publicación en 1927 del poema Masada, escrito por el inmigrante de origen ucraniano Isaac Lamdan, acercaron el conocimiento sobre Masada a la creciente comunidad judía de Palestina. Tras la guerra de independencia de Israel y la consolidación del nuevo Estado, el interés por investigar la fortaleza y convertirla en un referente para el pueblo judío se vio finalmente reflejado en las primeras actuaciones efectuadas en 1953, con el descubrimiento del "Camino de la Serpiente" y el palacio septentrional por parte de Shmarya Guttman, Micha Livneh y Zeev Meshel. Guttman describió el "Camino de la Serpiente" en su totalidad, reconociendo también el sistema de campamentos romano.

En 1955 y 1956 la Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén, la Sociedad de Exploración de Israel y el entonces Departamento de Antigüedades de Israel coordinaron dos expediciones puntuales de diez días de duración cada una, y dirigidas por Nahman Avigad, Yohanan Aharoni, Michael Avi-Yonah, Immanuel Dunayevsky y Shmarya Guttman. Estas intervenciones descubrieron gran parte del palacio septentrional y verificaron los informes previos respecto al complejo de almacenes y el palacio occidental, llegándose a realizar un plano mediante fotografía aérea.

Excavación arqueológica de 1963-65
El interés por Masada aumentó hasta el punto de que, finalmente, se planteó la necesidad de una excavación arqueológica en la cumbre de la meseta, fundamentada no sólo en su valor científico, sino como símbolo nacional del joven Estado judío. De esta forma, a principios de la década de 1960 la Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén, la Sociedad de Exploración de Israel y el Departamento de Antigüedades de Israel patrocinaron la misión arqueológica, dirigida por Yigael Yadin y desarrollada en dos fases, la primera desde octubre de 1963 hasta mayo de 1964, y la segunda desde noviembre de 1964 hasta abril de 1965, sumando once meses de intervención. Además de contar con un equipo de profesionales y de personal contratado, se ofreció la oportunidad de colaborar en la excavación a todo aquel voluntario que lo deseara, a través de anuncios en la prensa israelí y en el británico The Observer. La convocatoria fue un éxito, acudiendo más de 5000 voluntarios de 28 países así como del propio Israel, muchos de ellos miembros de los kibutz cercanos, o pertenecientes a las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel o a Gadna. Los voluntarios fueron distribuidos en 23 turnos de dos semanas de duración, de manera que simultáneamente se contaban unas 300 personas en la excavación.

La misión arqueológica confirmó gran parte de la información ofrecida por Flavio Josefo en su relato, incrementando de forma espectacular el conocimiento sobre Masada: se excavó el 97 % de la zona edificada de la fortaleza, mientras que el 3 % restante (en la zona de almacenes) se dejó sin excavar de forma deliberada, para dar a los visitantes una idea del estado previo a la intervención. También se realizaron simultáneamente las labores de restauración y conservación de los restos hallados, en colaboración con el Departamento de Conservación de Lugares Históricos. Asimismo, se produjeron hallazgos de elementos tales como estucos, monedas, recipientes cerámicos y ostraca, pergaminos, indumentaria, armamento, alimentos, semillas e incluso restos humanos pertenecientes a 28 individuos, identificados como los rebeldes judíos, que fueron sepultados con honores militares en la propia fortaleza el 7 de julio de 1969.

Posteriores intervenciones
Las labores de restauración en Masada se desarrollaron conjuntamente a las de excavación en la campaña de 1963-65 y durante todo el año de 1966, y consistieron fundamentalmente en elevar hasta su altura original los muros caídos del palacio occidental, la sinagoga y los almacenes, así como la conservación de los frescos del palacio septentrional.

Posteriormente Ehud Netzer dirigió varias excavaciones en la fortaleza, una primera en 1989 y otras varias puntuales en el marco del proyecto de desarrollo de Masada durante los años 1995 y 2000. También en 1995 se llevó a cabo una nueva excavación en el campamento F y en el agger romano, dirigida por Gideon Foerster.

Descripción

Palacio septentrional
Se ubica al norte de la meseta, constituyendo el núcleo principal de las edificaciones de la fortaleza. Se trata del palacio utilizado por Herodes durante sus estancias en Masada, descrito profusamente en la obra de Flavio Josefo, y cuya correcta identificación no se produjo hasta las exploraciones de Shmarya Guttman. El complejo, defendido por una puerta propia (33), agrupa edificios de diversa índole: un edificio de baños (35), una serie de grandes almacenes longitudinales (34a y 34b), un edificio administrativo (32), la residencia del comandante de la guarnición (28) y sus cuarteles (30), y los aposentos reales, divididos en tres terrazas: una superior (37), una intermedia (38) y una inferior (39).

Edificio de baños

El edificio de baños (35) se situaba en la zona central del palacio septentrional. Durante la excavación se pensó inicialmente que el edificio correspondía a una torre, aunque el hallazgo de más de doscientas pilae de arcilla y de un doble suelo (conformando un hipocausto), así como la presencia de tuberías cerámicas (tubuli) en las paredes enyesadas, revelaron su función como caldarium, una estancia hermética utilizada para baños de vapor. Los restos del suelo sostenido por las pilae muestran un primer acabado mediante mosaicos, que posteriormente fue sustituido por un pavimento de opus sectile jaquelado mediante baldosas negras y blancas. En el lado norte de la sala se hallaron fragmentos de una gran bañera tallada en cuarzo, usada a modo de fuente y alimentada desde el exterior mediante tuberías de plomo; y al otro lado de la habitación existía una bañera rectangular usada para inmersiones en agua caliente.

Anexas al caldarium se hallaban las otras salas habituales de unas termas: tepidarium, frigidarium y apodyterium. El tepidarium, la estancia templada, poseía un pavimento también de losas negras y blancas, menores que las del caldarium, así como una decoración mural de frescos. En cambio, el frigidarium, la sala fría y la menor de las tres, consistía básicamente en una piscina para inmersiones rápidas. Contigua a las tres estancias se hallaba el vestuario o apodyterium, de tamaño similar al caldarium y cuyas paredes también presentaban pinturas murales, y pavimentado con baldosas triangulares negras y blancas; el techo pudo haber estado decorado con pinturas de tipo geométrico y floral, a tenor de los restos de estuco encontrados, y que podrían ser indicativo de la decoración de las otras estancias. En la esquina norte del apodyterium se localizó una pequeña piscina, construida directamente sobre la solería y datada en un momento muy posterior, posiblemente ya en época de la revuelta judía.

Al edificio de baños se accedía desde el este a través de un patio, muy deteriorado, pero que revelaba la existencia de un suelo de mosaico de motivos hexagonales en blanco y negro. También se hallaron restos de pilares y capiteles de estilo nabateo en los lados del edificio (excepto en el meridional), así como metopas decoradas con rosetas pertenecientes al perdido dintel, que se documentaron en otras partes de la fortaleza debido a su reutilización como material de construcción.

Almacenes

Una amplia zona de la residencia septentrional se destinó como área de almacenamiento del palacio. Estos almacenes, fácilmente reconocibles, se disponían en dos áreas, separadas por un pasillo en dirección este-oeste: una menor al norte (34b), al este del edificio de baños, y otra mayor al sur (34a). Ambos grupos consistían básicamente en habitaciones alargadas (cuatro en el grupo septentrional y diez en el meridional), de 26 por 4 metros, dispuestas de norte a sur, y adyacentes unas a las otras. Estas estancias se hallaban separadas por muros paralelos de roca dolomítica apenas desbastada, de unos 3,3 m de altura en origen y 0,6 m de espesor. Las dos zonas se hallaban rodeadas por largos pasillos que bien pudieron destinarse también como zona de almacenamiento.

En el momento de la excavación los muros se hallaban completamente derrumbados casi a ras de suelo debido a terremotos pasados, muy comunes en esta zona sísmica, por lo que fue preciso restaurarlos antes de la propia excavación de las estancias. Una vez retirada la capa de derrumbes, que en algunos puntos alcanzaba un metro de altura, el suelo original de los almacenes reveló la presencia de cenizas y vigas quemadas, indicios claros de que la techumbre fue destruida por un incendio. También se hallaron centenares de recipientes cerámicos, fragmentados intencionadamente por los defensores judíos para evitar que cayeran en manos romanas, y que sirvieron para contener aceite, vino o harina, con una forma específica para cada contenido. La mayoría pertenecían a la época herodiana, aunque habían sido reutilizados durante la posterior revuelta, como lo demuestran las inscripciones en tinta y carboncillo con nombres en hebreo. Algunos recipientes mostraban la letra hebrea taf (ת), inicial de terumá (תרומה), junto a otros que portaban la inscripción Maaser Cohen (מעשר כהן), designando así los recipientes destinados a los diezmos sacerdotales estipulados en la Mishná, y que demuestran la observancia de los preceptos judíos incluso durante el asedio.

Cada almacén se destinaba a un único tipo de recipientes y contenidos; destaca en una de las estancias la presencia de tres fosas circulares excavadas en el suelo, destinadas probablemente a contener vasijas para facilitar el vertido y la distribución de líquidos. En los almacenes no se halló ningún tipo de arma, una consecuencia lógica del asedio padecido, aunque sí se documentaron cantidades de estaño y otros metales. También se halló un centenar de monedas de bronce desperdigadas por el suelo, pertenecientes al segundo y tercer año de la rebelión; perdida su función original, es posible que se siguieran utilizando en la fortaleza como vales para el racionamiento u otras funciones.

Estructuras de asedio romanas

Los restos romanos que datan del asedio de Flavio Silva incluyen el agger, ocho campamentos para alojar a los sitiadores y una circumvallatio, una muralla erigida alrededor de la meseta de Masada. Se encuentran en buen estado de conservación, debido a la sequedad del desierto de Judea y a su lejanía de núcleos habitados, lo que evitó que sus materiales fueran reutilizados para otras construcciones.

La muralla de asedio fue construida después de los campamentos, y siguiendo el mismo patrón utilizado en otros asedios romanos anteriores, como en Jerusalén o en Alesia, donde incluso se construyó una muralla doble para defender a los sitiadores romanos de los refuerzos galos. La ausencia de ríos y bosques en el desierto de Judea motivó que la muralla fuera erigida con piedra seca, con una longitud total de 3,65 km rodeando la meseta de Masada, atravesando incluso zonas muy escarpadas de las laderas de ambos uadis. Las dimensiones de la muralla eran de 2 metros de espesor y 3 metros de altura original, reducida aproximadamente a la mitad en la actualidad debido a los frecuentes movimientos sísmicos y a la intensa erosión que ha sufrido la zona, un efecto también apreciable en los muros de los campamentos. En su parte oriental el trazado de la muralla incluía también doce torres construidas a intervalos de 75-90 metros; asimismo, cinco de los seis campamentos menores (todos salvo el C) se hallaban adosados a las murallas.

Turismo

Existen varias rutas para llegar a Masada: la primera discurre por la carretera local 3911, que parte desde Arad y discurre hacia el noreste durante 21 km hasta llegar al acceso occidental de la fortaleza, el agger romano. Otra ruta parte también de Arad por la carretera 31 hacia el sureste, llegando a Neve Zohar y girando hacia el norte para llegar, 49 km después, al acceso oriental de Masada, donde se ubican las instalaciones turísticas (hotel, museo, restaurante y tiendas). La última ruta parte desde el oasis de Ein Guedi a través de la carretera 90, viajando hacia el sur durante 19 km hasta llegar también al acceso oriental.

Controversias sobre Masada
Según Nachman Ben-Yehuda, siempre ha existido la tendencia entre los historiadores judíos a envilecer la rendición de Josefo frente a los romanos y su posterior romanización, así como a elevar la historia de Masada hasta cotas heroicas que sugieren un paralelo histórico con la formación del actual Israel.

Asimismo, tanto el arqueólogo y antropólogo Joe Zias como el médico forense Azriel Gorski, de la Autoridad de Antigüedades de Israel, defienden que varios de los restos humanos hallados en Masada podrían haber pertenecido a ocupantes romanos anteriores a la revuelta judía, sobre la base de particulares características fenotípicas. Zias ha sostenido que el equipo original de excavadores "partían de la historia y trataron de demostrarla buscando las evidencias", y añade que tampoco se han podido localizar pruebas del suicidio colectivo de sus ocupantes judíos. No obstante, otros investigadores, como Ehud Netzer, han criticado este enfoque, basándose en que muchos de los detalles del relato de Flavio Josefo han quedado demostrados desde el punto de vista arqueológico.

Notas

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 El asedio de Masada
 Fotografía de Masada a principios del siglo XX
 Masada: fortaleza de Herodes y holocausto celote José María Blázquez Martínez - Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
 Masada National Park

Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Israel
Historia antigua de Israel
Yacimientos arqueológicos de Israel
Batallas del Imperio romano
Fortalezas
Asedios de la Antigua Roma
Masada
70
Historia de Israel por ubicación
Batallas del siglo I

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Wagon Man
Gary Stull traveled far to arrive at Wagonwheel Ranch
by Jeff Joiner
At first glance, Gary Stull is almost a parody of a cowboy. Dressed in chaps, jeans and boots, and wearing a cowboy hat as he works in his shop near Cape Fair, he looks the part. But if you look closely, you'll see Gary is no actor. Slightly bowlegged, he's got a weathered look to him and if you look at his hands you'll instantly see he's no weekend western wannabe. Chafed, scarred and rough, these are the hands of a man who has worked hard most of his life.
Gary Stull has built wagons and wheels for nearly 30 years.
Gary is one of handful of people in the country who make a living building and restoring horse drawn wagons, something he's done for nearly three decades. Gary's life has been a long search for a calling, a search that, despite a life-threatening illness and personal loss, has led him to a life rebuilding the past.
A native of Illinois, Gary earned a degree in forest products technology from Southern Illinois University in the early 1960s and went to work for the Kimball Furniture Company in Indiana and Alabama where he researched materials and new ways to make furniture. Later Gary started his own furniture company in Montgomery, Ala.
After moving to a farm near Montgomery, Gary began building expensive, mahogany reproductions of antiques.
"I was building furniture by myself, one piece at a time and was happy as I could be."
About this time Gary and his family were also raising and showing horses and traveled to shows nearly every weekend. Along with his business, Gary was consumed with horses.
In the mid-1970s Gary came across the burned up hulk of a miniature wooden wagon in the parking lot of his local lumberyard.
It turns out the wagon, a half-scale covered wagon, had been accidentally set on fire. The lumberyard owner gave the wagon to Gary to get rid of it and he rebuilt it by salvaging the iron parts, replacing all the charred wood and remaking the canvas top. Gary and his two young sons bought a pair of ponies to pull the wagon and began taking it to parades where it was a big hit.
"Other people started asking, 'Can you repair this wagon and can you fix this wheel. So I started doing this work on wagons while I was making furniture, never thinking it would turn into a business," says Gary.
In 1981 Gary and his wife, Kathryn, sold their farm in Alabama and moved to Ash Grove, Mo., to be closer to his parents in Arkansas. His reputation as a wagon builder followed him and before long that part of the business eclipsed furniture.
Gary prepares spokes of a wagon wheel at his shop near Cape Fair.
By 1988 Gary worked full-time building wagons and wheels for a growing list of customers from all over the United States. He also became a regular at the annual Silver Dollar city crafts festival where he was known as the Wagon Man.
But Gary's life didn't always progress so smoothly. He says the year 2001 was one that nearly killed him, literally. In the spring his wife of 32 years died unexpectedly. Three months later Gary was hospitalized with a rare illness that nearly took his life. Gary went to see doctors for recurring ulcers, but what they found was far more grave.
Doctors told Gary he had developed an extremely rare form of ulcer that completely destroys the lining of the stomach. His doctor told him the only treatment was removal of his stomach, an almost unheard of procedure.
Following his surgery, Gary began a long struggle. No one, particularly his doctors, knew how to help him learn to live without a stomach. Eating was difficult and his body began wasting away.
"He looked like a 93-year-old, crippled man," says Cyndi Stull, Gary's new wife and the women who helped care for him.
Cyndi worked for Silver Dollar City for many years and knew Gary and his wife through their involvement in the crafts festival. Cyndi and Gary became reacquainted after his illness.
It's hard to believe looking at him now, but at one time Gary weighed nearly 300 pounds. "He looked just like Hoss Cartwright on Bonanza," says Cyndi.
Cyndi began researching his condition and learned he was essentially malnourished and needed vitamin and mineral supplements to provide nutrients usually processed in the stomach. Slowly he began to improve, though he will never be a heavy man again. "Now I call him Stick Man," says Cyndi.
Today Cyndi and Gary are married and he credits her with saving his life.
"It's a miracle and a blessing from God that I'm here today and I have her in my life," says Gary.
Today the couple are partners in Stull's Heartland Hitchwagons, the business they moved from Ash Grove last year, where Gary lived for 21 years, to near Cape Fair a short distance from Table Rock Lake. Gary built a new shop on land they call the Wagonwheel Ranch.
Gary and Cyndi Stull are developing their Wagonwheel Ranch into a retreat center where guests can learn traditional crafts and homespun arts.
Gary can rebuild a 100-year-old wagon or build a completely new one from scratch including the wheels which he makes from hand including turning his own wooden spokes on a lathe. About half his business is restoration work and half new wagons. He makes nearly every kind of wagon from buckboards and Springfield wagons to covered wagons and chuck wagons.
Gary and Cyndi travel to large western shows, like Cheyenne Frontier Days in Wyoming, throughout the year and set up shop demonstrating his skills. The couple sprinkle in a lot of history and storytelling in their demonstrations.
"We put on a show and give them some history and show them how it was done," Gary says. "It's not rocket science to build a wheel, but it does involve some physics and geometry to get a serviceable wheel."
A new venture for Gary and Cyndi is building a bunkhouse for guests at their Wagonwheel Ranch. Next year Gary will begin teaching people how to build a wheel or an entire wagon. The bunkhouse will be available for Gary's students or to families or groups wanting a quiet place for a retreat. Cyndi, an Missouri native, will offer visitors some of the experience she's gleaned from living in the Ozarks including gardening, cooking and other homespun arts.
Gary is amazed at the journey he's taken to arrive at Wagonwheel Ranch. It wasn't always an easy one, he says, but he's certainly glad he made the trip.
For more information about Heartland Hitchwagons and the Wagonwheel Ranch contact Gary and Cyndi Stull at 373 Fossil Cove Rd., Cape Fair, MO 65624, or call (417) 538-2380. Visit them on the Web at www.ozarkswagonman.com.


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