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Palestine Through History: A Chronology (I)
By Nizar Sakhnini
When the Zionists began to talk about creation of a state in Palestine, the number of Jews living in Palestine did not exceed 10,000. Accordingly, creation of a "Jewish State" in Palestine required Ethnic Cleansing and Land Theft. And this is exactly what started in 1948 and is still going on to this date.
Indefinite: Stone Age: earliest pre-historic unidentified settlements.
10,000-5,000 BC: Establishment of settled agricultural communities.
3000 BC: The Cana'anites settled the land, which was named after them, the "Land of Cana'an".
1850 BC: Abraham left his home in Ur of the Chaldees (Mesopotamia) and journeyed to the Land of Cana'an.
1700 BC: Abraham's descendants immigrated to Egypt. Their position in Egypt deteriorated so much around 1250 BC that they were mere slaves. God told his prophet Moses to act and save his people.
1200 BC: Moses died before reaching the 'Promised Land'. It was Joshua who led the Israelites into the Land of Cana'an and established the twelve tribes.
1154 – 1000 BC: Local rule: Cana'anites, Philistines and Jews.
1000 BC: King David conquered Jerusalem.
1000 - 927 BC: Israelites established a monarchy under David and then Solomon.
At about 927 BC, the northern tribes broke away from the southern kings in Jerusalem and formed their own kingdom, the Kingdom of Israel, which opposed the smaller Kingdom of Judea in the south.
722 BC: King Tiglath-Peleser III of Assyria conquered the Kingdom of Israel. The ten northern tribes of Israel were deported, forced to assimilate and disappeared from history forever.
589 BC: Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and most of the inhabitants of Judea were deported to Babylonia, leaving behind only a few peasants and poor people.
Exile to Babylon was traumatic, but the Jewish deportees did not disappear like the ten northern tribes.
Some of the exiles lived in Babylon itself and others lived in a settlement on the banks of the Cheder in an area, which they called 'Tel Aviv'.
538 BC: Following the Medes and the Persians conquest of the Babylonians, Cyrus, the King of Persia, gave the Jews permission to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple. Some Jews left Babylon and 'Tel Aviv' and began the long journey home. However, most of the Jews remained behind in exile. They no longer saw physical possession of the Holy Land as essential to the Jewish identity.
333 BC: Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great brought Palestine under Greek rule.
323 BC: Death of Alexander led to alternate rule by Ptolemies of Egypt and Seleucids of Syria.
165 BC: Maccabees revolted against the Seleucid ruler and went on to establish an independent Jewish State.
63 BC: Incorporation of Palestine into the Roman Empire.
70 AD: The Romans conquered Jerusalem and burned down the Temple. The Roman Empires (Western and Eastern) ruled Palestine until 614 AD.
132-135 AD: Bar Kokhba revolt suppressed. Jews were barred from Jerusalem and Emperor Hadrian built new pagan city of Aelia Capitolina on its ruins.
638 AD: Moslem Arabs under Caliph Umar captured Palestine from the Byzantines. The Arabs settled in the land and mixed, intermingled and intermarried with its natives who were arabized and their majority converted to Islam.
Umar invited the Jews to return to the holy city and built a simple wooden mosque where al-Aqsa Mosque now stands.
661-750: Omayyad Caliphs ruled Palestine from Damascus. Construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was done by Caliph Abd al-Malik (685-705) and construction of the al-Aqsa mosque was done by Caliph al-Walid I (705-715).
750-1258: Abbasid caliphs ruled Palestine from Iraq.
969: Fatimid dynasty, claiming descent from the Prophet's daughter Fatima and her cousin Ali, ruled Palestine from Egypt. They proclaimed themselves caliphs in rivalry to the Abbasids.
1071: Saljuqs, originally from Isfahan, captured Jerusalem and parts of Palestine, which remained officially within the Abbasid Empire.
1099: European Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and founded several states on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean including the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1187: Saladin (Salah al-Din) defeated the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem.
1260: Mameluks succeeded Ayyubids, defeated the Mongols and ruled Palestine from Cairo.
1291: Mameluks captured the last Crusader strongholds of Acre and Caesarea and re-established Islamic rule in the area.
1492, January: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella defeated the Muslim Kingdom of Granada. The Jews of Spain were given the choice of converting to Christianity or leaving the country. About 100,000 Spanish Jews left, but many were so attached to Spain and chose baptism.
For 800 years, Jews, Christians and Muslims had, for the most part, been able to live in Christian as well as in Muslim Spain quite amicably side by side and built a rich and dynamic culture.
1517: Ottoman Sultan Selim defeated the Mameluks and incorporated Jerusalem and Palestine into the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, which ruled Palestine until WWI.
1831: Mohammed Ali of Egypt occupied and ruled Palestine until 1840.
1841: Restoration of Ottoman Turkish rule in Palestine.
1862: Moses Hess called for the creation of a Jewish national state in Palestine.
1870: Mikve Israel, a Jewish agricultural school, was established north of Jaffa.
1878: Colony of Petach Tiqva, financed by Lord Rothschild, was established.
1881: Czarist pogroms in Russia sparked Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine.
1882: Leo Pinsker urged the Jews to settle in Palestine and founded the society of Hovevi Zion, which sponsored emigration of Jews to Palestine.
1882 – 1903: First wave of 35,000 Jewish émigrés arrived in Palestine.
1880's: The first signs of Palestinian resistance were a direct and spontaneous reaction to the efforts of the pioneer Zionist settlers to dispossess and displace the Arab fellahin.
1891: German Jewish millionaire Baron Maurice de Hirsch founded the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA), which began its operations in Palestine in 1896.
1896: Theodor Herzl, an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist and writer, published a pamphlet calling for the creation of a 'Jewish State'.
Ottoman Sultan Abd-al Hamid II rejected Theodor Herzl's proposal that Palestine be granted to the Jews.
1897: The first Zionist Congress (ZC) met in Basle, created the Zionist Organization (ZO) and adopted the Basle Program, which called for Jewish colonization in Palestine.
1898: Herzl paid a visit to Palestine to meet with the Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, who was visiting Jerusalem, to lobby for the Zionist project.
1901: The Jewish National Fund (JNF) was founded to buy lands in Palestine for the exclusive ownership and use of the 'Jewish people'.
1901-1902: Herzl tried in Constantinople to obtain a Charter for rights, duties and privileges of a Jewish-Ottoman Colonization Association for the Settlement of Palestine and Syria and grant the Jews with the right to deport the native population.
1903: The Anglo-Palestine Bank (later renamed as Bank Leumi) was established as the principal financial institution of the Jewish community in Palestine.
1903, December: The Anglo-Palestine Company, a subsidiary of the JCA, was established in Palestine to finance Zionist colonization.
1904 – 1914: A 2nd wave of 40,000 Jewish émigrés arrived in Palestine.
1908: The 'Young Turks' Revolution erupted in Constantinople and resulted in the freeing of party political activity and the growth of the press throughout the Ottoman Empire. Arabic-language papers began to reflect a mounting concern about the dangers posed by Zionist colonization. A Palestinian journal, al-Karmil, was founded in Haifa with the purpose of opposing Zionist colonization.
1909: - The Palestine Land Development Co. was founded to coordinate land purchases.
- Tel Aviv, an all Jewish city, was founded north of Jaffa.
- Hashomer was founded as a countrywide organization that would assume responsibility for the security of as many Jewish settlements as possible.
1910: A series of land purchases by the colonial Zionists from absentee landlords, which led to expulsions of fellahin, brought important elements of the Arab urban elite to a realization the full import of Zionism. Not only was land being purchased, but also its Arab cultivators were being dispossessed and replaced by colonial settlers aiming at domination of Palestine.
1911: Palestinian journalist Najib Nassar published first book in Arabic on Zionism entitled Zionism: Its History, Objective and Importance.
1911, May: In a memorandum to the Zionist Executive, Arthur Ruppin, the director of Zionist settlement in Palestine, proposed a limited population transfer by purchasing land near Aleppo and Homs in Syria to resettle the dispossessed Arabs.
1911, June 11: The Palestinian journalist, Najib Nassar, wrote in al-Karmil newspaper that what Palestine needed in opposing Zionism was "sincere leaders like Herzl who will forget their private interests in favor of the public good… We have many men like Herzl; all they lack is a realization of their own abilities, and the courage to take the first step. Let such men appear, and not hesitate, and circumstances will favor them, for men's ideas have matured and we are ready."
1912, July 12: Leo Motzkin suggested that the Arab-Jewish problem was soluble if the Arabs would be willing to resettle in the uncultivated lands around Palestine.
1914: Another security organization, called the Jaffa Group, came into being during WWI providing security services for Tel Aviv and the Jewish community in Jaffa.
1914, 12 November: Chaim Weizman wrote a letter to C. P. Scott, the editor of the Manchester Guardian, stating "Should Palestine fall within the British sphere of influence, and should Britain encourage a Jewish settlement there, as a British dependency, we could have in twenty to thirty years a million Jews out there, perhaps more. They would develop the country, bring back civilization to it and form a very effective guard for the Suez Canal…"
1915: A number of messages were exchanged between Sharif Hussein, ruler of Hijaz, and Sir Henry McMahon, the British High Commissioner in Egypt. In these messages, the Arabs were promised to have an independent state.
1916, 16 May: The Sykes-Picot agreement was concluded between Britain and France to share hegemony over the Middle East.
1917, 2 November: The Balfour Declaration, promising support for a 'Jewish National Home in Palestine', was issued by Balfour, the British Secretary of State. The declaration was endorsed by the U.S. Congress in 1922 and was incorporated into the British Mandate in Palestine.
1917, 9 December: Ottoman forces in Jerusalem surrendered to the allied forces led by General Allenby. A British military administration was established in Palestine.
1918: The Muslim-Christian Association appeared in Jaffa and Jerusalem in 1918 as a result of the anti-Zionist awakening following the Balfour Declaration.
1919, January: The Palestinian National Congress was held in Jerusalem and drew up demands for the Paris Peace Conference, which resolved that Palestine should be independent and part of Syria.
1919, 30 January: The Supreme Council of the Peace Conference decided that the conquered Arab provinces, including Palestine, were not to be restored to Turkish rule.
1919, May: The King-Crane Commission, which was wholly American in composition, set out to the Middle East to determine the wishes of its people. France and Britain refused to participate in the Commission. In its recommendations issued in August, the Commission called for "a serious modification of the extreme Zionist program for Palestine of unlimited immigration of Jews, looking finally to making Palestine distinctly a Jewish State... it can hardly be doubted that the extreme Zionist program must be greatly modified. For a national home for the Jewish people is not equivalent to making Palestine into a Jewish State; nor can the erection of such a Jewish State be accomplished without the gravest trespass upon the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. The fact came out repeatedly in the Commission's conferences with Jewish representatives that the Zionists looked forward to a practically complete dispossession of the present non-Jewish inhabitants of Palestine, by various forms…"
1919, 2 July: The Palestinians sent delegates to the all-Syria General Congress that was held in Damascus in June - July 1919. The Resolutions of the Congress called for complete independence for all Syria including Palestine under American, or secondly, British tutelage; economic union with Iraq; and opposition to a Jewish commonwealth.
1919: The Zionists asked the Paris Peace Conference to provide them with the territory outlined within a line running east from Sidon in Lebanon to a point South-East of Damascus. The line then goes south along a line parallel to the Hijaz railway and ends in Aqaba in Jordan. From there, the line goes northwest to Al Arish in Egypt. This area included all of Mandate Palestine, the Golan Heights, both sides of the Jordan River, and southern Lebanon up to the Litani River.
1919 – 1923: A 3rd wave of 40,000 Jewish émigrés arrived in Palestine.
1920, 8 March: The Syrian National Congress voted for Syrian independence. Faisal was proclaimed king of an independent Syria "in its natural boundaries, Lebanon and Palestine included". The resolutions were treated by the Syrian and Palestinian nationalists as the equivalent to an accomplished fact and precipitated enthusiasm in Palestine. A mass demonstration in Jerusalem, headed by Aref-el-Aref, called for unity between Syria and Palestine and a stop to Jewish immigration.
1920, 4 April: A demonstration in Jerusalem exploded into some sort of an uprising, which was considered as a turning point in the struggle for Palestinian independence. The British withdrew police and soldiers from the Old City and after two days of rioting there were five Jewish and four Arabs dead. Amin Husayni and Aref el-Aref had to flee to Transjordan after being accused by the British of having provoked the riots.
1920, 25 April: The Supreme Council of San Remo Peace Conference assigned the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon to France and for Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq to Great Britain. The Balfour Declaration was incorporated into the mandate. The League of Nations formally approved these mandates in 1922.
1920, May: The British Government relieved Allenby and appointed Sir Herbert Samuel, a British Zionist Jew, as the first civilian High Commissioner for Palestine.
1920, 1 July: A civil administration was established in Palestine, which included, in addition to the High Commissioner, a number of British Zionist Jews who were placed in key positions.
1920, December: The Arab Executive was elected at the 3rd National Congress in Haifa and led the Palestinian political movement until 1935.
1920: The following Zionist institutions were founded in Palestine: The Histadrut (a General Federation of Labour), Keren Hayesod (financial arm of the ZO), The Haganah (a clandestine Jewish military organization), Asefat Hanivharim (an Elected Assembly to conduct Jewish community affairs), Va'ad Leumi (a National Council which in turn elects an executive to deal with political affairs, education, health, social welfare and other daily life aspects of the Jewish community).
1922, 24 July: A draft Mandate for Palestine was submitted by Britain to the Council of the League of Nations. The Balfour Declaration was cited in the preamble of the Mandate. Article 2 of the Mandate provided responsibility "for placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home." In Article 4, a provision was made for a 'Jewish Agency' to be recognized "as a public body for the purposes of advising and cooperating with the Administration of Palestine in such economic, social and other matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish-national home."
1922: By a Joint Resolution, the U.S. Congress proclaimed that "the United States of America favours the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..."
1923, 29 September: The British Mandate in Palestine was confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations and came into force.
1924 – 1929: A 4th wave of 82,000 Jewish émigrés arrived in Palestine.
1929, 11 August: The Jewish Agency, as stipulated in the Mandate, was created and opened offices in Jerusalem.
1929, 15 August: The Revisionist movement organized a provocative demonstration at the Wailing Wall. It exacerbated Jewish-Arab tense relations and riots broke out in Palestine. Shaw Commission was sent to inquire into the immediate causes and to make recommendations for the future maintenance of peace between the Jews and the Arabs.
1930: The report of the Shaw Commission of Enquiry revealed the gravity of the problem of landlessness among Arab peasants. The Commission's report also attributed causes of the riots to fact that "the Arabs have come to see in Jewish immigration not only a menace to their livelihood but a possible overlord of the future."
1931: A group of Haganah members seceded from the organization and established the Irgun Zvai Leumi (IZL) advocating a more militant policy against Palestinian Arabs.
1935: - Ben-Gurion was elected chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive (JAExec).
1929 – 1939: A 5th wave of 250,000 Jewish émigrés arrived in Palestine.
1936: An Arab Higher Committee (AHC) was founded to lead Palestinian struggle for national independence.
1937, August: The 20th ZC decided to accept the British Peel Commission proposal for partition of Palestine as a basis for negotiation with the British government.
A 'Population Transfer Committee' was appointed by the Jewish Agency (JA) to come up with plans to rid the 'Jewish State' of its Palestinian Arabs.
1938: The report of the British Woodhead Commission concluded that a voluntary 'transfer' is not going to happen and compulsory transfer of population was ruled out.
The Zionist leadership believed that the Zionists had to exert pressure to force the British to act. But if necessary, David Ben Gurion wrote in his diary, "We must ourselves prepare to carry out the removal of the Palestinians". In a report to the JAExec on 12 June 1938, Ben-Gurion stated "I am for a compulsory transfer; I don't see anything immoral in it..."
1939, 17 May: Following the Arab revolution, the British Government announced its new policy in a White Paper.
The White Paper stated, "The Royal Commission and previous Commissions of Enquiry have drawn attention to the ambiguity of certain expressions in the Mandate… and they have found in this ambiguity and the resulting uncertainty as to the objectives of policy a fundamental cause of unrest and hostility between Arabs and Jews… The proposal of partition recommended by the Royal Commission…of self-supporting independent Arab and Jewish States within Palestine has been found to be impracticable…"
Accordingly, the White Paper declared that "The objective of His Majesty's Government is the establishment within ten years of an independent Palestine State…" The State will be preceded by a transitional period during which both Arabs and Jews will have an opportunity to participate in the machinery of government, and the process will be carried on whether or not they both avail themselves of it. Jewish immigration was to continue for another five years during which a total of 75,000 Jewish immigrants will be admitted to the country.
In response to the British White Paper, the JA issued a statement announcing that the Jews will never accept the closing against them of the gates of Palestine and would defend Jewish immigration, the Jewish home and Jewish freedom."
1940: Yossef Weitz, head of the settlement department of the JNF, wrote the following: "Transfer does not serve only one aim – to reduce the Arab population – it also serves a second purpose by no means less important, which is to evict land now cultivated by Arabs and to free it for Jewish settlement". Therefore, he concluded, "The solution is to transfer the Arabs from here to neighbouring countries. Not a single village or a single tribe must be let off".
1940, Dec. 20: Yosef Weitz wrote in his diary: "It must be clear that there is no room in the country for both peoples…If the Arabs leave it, the country will become wide and spacious for us…The only solution is a Land of Israel, at least a western Land of Israel without Arabs. There is no room here for compromises…There is no way but to transfer the Arabs from here to the neighboring countries, to transfer all of them, save perhaps for [the Arabs of] Bethlehem, Nazareth and old Jerusalem. Not one village must be left, not one [bedouin] tribe. The transfer must be directed at Iraq, Syria and even Transjordan. For this goal funds will be found…And only after this transfer will the country be able to absorb millions of our brothers and the Jewish problem will cease to exist…"
1942, 9-11 May: The first national conference of American Zionists was held at the Biltmore Hotel in New York. The conference adopted the 'Biltmore Program', which called for the establishment of a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine.
1944, 16 October: A report was submitted by Roberto Bachi, an expert in demography, to the Haganah and the JA proposing Arab 'transfer' to ensure 'Jewish majority'.
1947, 18 February: The British Government realized that the Mandate in Palestine was unworkable and announced its intention of giving it up.
This prompted Ben Gurion to hold regular weekly meetings with a group of Zionist leaders, the 'Consultant Committee', to discuss plans to rid Palestine of its Arabs.
The 'Consultant Committee' included, among others, Yigael Yadin, Moshe Dayan, Yigal Allon, Yitzhak Sadeh, Israel Galili and Yossef Weitz.
1947, 17 November: Golda Meir secretly met with Jordan's King Abdullah who stated that he would not take part in any Arab attack against the Jews. Meyerson signaled the king that the Jews would not interfere with his annexation of territory allotted to the Arab State of Palestine.
1947, 29 November: UN General Assembly Resolution # 181 (II), outlining a partition plan for Palestine, was adopted.
The Arabs rejected the resolution partitioning their country. In protest, the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) proclaimed a three-day strike.
The Irgun used the Arab rioting as a pretext to launch a murderous campaign against Arab civilians in numerous towns and villages. Irgun leader Menachem Begin later stated: "My greatest worry in those months was that the Arabs might accept the UN plan. Then we would have had the ultimate tragedy, a Jewish State so small that it could not absorb all the Jews of the world."
1947, 3 December: In a speech in a meeting at the Mapai center after the UN Partition resolution, Ben-Gurion pointed out that the 'Jewish State' would have a population of about one million, 40% of which would be non-Jews. He made it clear that there can be no stable and strong Jewish State so long as it has a Jewish majority of only 60%, which requires 'a new approach…new habits of mind' to 'suit our new future'.
1947, 31 December: Haganah stormed the village of Balad al-Shaikh. A massacre took place leading to the deaths of hundreds of women and children, most of whose corpses were found inside the houses of the village.
1948, early March: Haganah prepared Plan Dalet and declared general mobilization.
1948, 23 March: The British Cabinet decided to accelerate the pace of withdrawal from Palestine and do nothing to oppose either an attempt by the Jews to set up a Jewish state before May 15 or by the armed forces of Jordan to enter Palestine. All that the British did was to offer trucks and boats to the Palestinians fleeing in panic especially in Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa during April and May.
1948, 30 March: Archbishop Hakim conveyed an Arab peace proposal to Mayor Shabtai Levy in Haifa. The Haganah commander in the city, Ya'akov Lubliani, opposed a truce that might halt the Arab exodus.
1948, 30 March – 15 May: Haganah Alexandroni brigade attacked and drove out almost all Palestinian communities in the coastal area between Haifa and Jaffa.
1948, 31 March: Weitz met with Israel Galili, Head of the Haganah National Staff, "to discuss the problem of new Jewish settlements and the question of the Arab villages". He demanded that a policy be decided upon and proposed the appointment of a committee to act.
An unofficial 'self-appointed' committee, headed by Weitz, started its ethnic cleansing activities as of the end of March 1948. An official committee was appointed following the creation of Israel.
1948, 4 April: Operation Nachshon was launched by the Haganah. Villages along the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road were captured and their Arab residents were expelled.
Abdul Qadir al-Husayni, Palestinian commander in chief, was killed in the counter-attack at Qastel on April 8.
1948, 9 April: A brutal massacre was committed in Deir Yassin by the Zionist gangs. Over 250 men, women and children were killed.
1948, 12 April: The élite Jewish troops, the Palmach, struck at midnight against Kolonia, a small Arab village several miles from Jerusalem. Harry Levin, a pro-Zionist news correspondent joined the Palmach in its attack and gave the following story:
The attackers used "a medley of weapons, Sten-guns, rifles, machine guns and hand grenades". The battle did not last very long. Levin noted that "Arab resistance, feeble from the start, soon crumbled. When our men got to them, many of the houses were empty. Others continued to spit fire but not for long". According to the Jewish correspondent, "In half an hour it was over. Most of the Arabs had fled into the darkness".
In Kolonia, as in hundreds of villages throughout Palestine, the Zionist forces would make sure that the population, which was expelled, could not return. Levin witnessed the spectacle. "When I left, sappers were blowing up the houses. One after the other the solid stone buildings, some built in elaborate city style, exploded and crashed. Within sight of Jerusalem, I still heard echoes rolling through the hills". With no houses to return to, the people of Kolonia were condemned to become permanent refugees. But two miles away, the population of another village, Deir Yassin, had already suffered a far worse fate. The tragic story of this town would come to symbolize the agony of the Palestinian people.
1948, 16 April: The Old City of Tiberias was attacked. The Arabs appealed to the British to lift the Haganah siege on the Old City and to extend their protection to the Arab areas. The British said they intended to evacuate the city within a few days and hence could offer no protection to the Arabs beyond 22 April. The Arab notables then decided to evacuate the city with British help. A truce was instituted and the British brought up buses and trucks and took the Arabs to Nazareth and Transjordan.
1948, 18 April: An operation named Bi'ur Hametz (Cleaning the Leaven) was launched by the Haganah in Haifa. The Carmeli Brigade's full force was unleashed on a civilian population of about 75,000 crowded in an area no more than 1.5 square kilometers. When the Haganah Command learned that the Arab authorities were calling upon the civilians to gather for shelter in the old market place, three-inch mortars were ordered to shell the market place. A great panic ensued. The crowd broke into the port, stormed the boats and began to flee the city.
1948, 25 April: The assault on Jaffa started by an offensive launched by the IZL. When the news of the attack reached London, Bevin wanted to compensate for the wrong done in Haifa. Accordingly, the British went into action and tried to stem the Arab exodus, but to no avail. It was too little and too late. Part of the reason why the British were unsuccessful in persuading the Jaffa Arabs to stay put was Operation Hametz (Mivtza Hametz) launched by the Haganah during the same period against the Arab villages east of Jaffa, which cut Jaffa from all centers of Arab population and its rural hinterland.
Most of the inhabitants of Jaffa left the city under British protection.
On 13 May, with the final British evacuation, the Jaffa Arab Emergency Committee, representing the 4,000-5,000 remaining inhabitants, signed a formal surrender agreement with the Haganah.
1948, 26-30 April: Haganah Har'el and Etzioni brigades launched Operation Yevussi in and around Jerusalem. West Jerusalem residential areas were captured and its Palestinian residents were driven out.
1948, 28 April: Operation Yiftach was launched to cleanse Eastern Galilee of its Arabs. Safad and its surrounding villages were captured during the night of 11-12 May.
1948, 1 May: David Ben-Gurion paid a visit to newly occupied Haifa and spoke of his plan regarding the future of the Arabs in Haifa: Their number would not exceed 15,000; two-thirds would be Christians, one-third Moslems. Christians would be concentrated in Wadi Nisnas and the Moslems would be concentrated in the Wadi Salib neighborhood.
1948, 4 May: Operation Broom (Mivtza Matate), designed to clear out the Arab population from the Jordan Valley was launched. The order to the company commanders was: Arab villages of Zanghariya and Tabigha, and the area of Arab ash Sahamalina should be attacked, their inhabitants expelled, and their houses blown up.
Mortaring preceded the assault and the Arabs in the area fled eastwards, into Syria, with the approach of the Palmach columns. The following day Palmach sappers methodically blew up more than 50 houses in Zanghariya and other villages in the area.
1948, 6 May: - Aharon Cohen, Mapam party's Arab Department director, wrote a memorandum entitled 'Our Arab Policy in the Midst of the War'. In his notes for the memorandum, Cohen wrote, "a deliberate eviction [of the Arabs] is taking place… Others may rejoice – I, as a socialist, am ashamed and afraid… To win the war and lose the peace…the state [of Israel], when it arises, will live on its sword".
In a memorandum to the Political Committee of Mapam on 10 May, Aharon stated that: "There is reason to assume, that what is being done… [Is being done] out of certain political aims and not only out of military necessity…. In fact, what is called a 'transfer' of the Arabs out of the area of the Jewish state is what is being carried out…"
1948, 8-9 May: Haganah Har'el and Giv'ati brigades undertook Operation Maccabi and captured remaining villages between Ramla and Latrun.
1948, 9 May: Operation Lightning (Mivtza Barak) was launched in the south and created a wave of panic and flight. The attack on Beit Daras on 10 May prompted the flight of its inhabitants and affected neighboring villages. The village houses were blown up.
Abu Shusha, southeast of Ramle, was mortared on the night of 13-14 May; its population fled. Some of the houses were then blown up. The nearby village of Na'ana was surrounded and given an ultimatum to hand over its arms. Hostages were taken pending a hand-over of arms. Arms were handed over and the village was then occupied and the villagers were ordered.
During the second stage of Operation Lightning, Givati troops captured Al Mughar (15 May), Sawafir ash Sharqiya and Batani Gharbi (18 May) and Al Qubeiba (27 May). Most of the inhabitants of these villages had fled or expelled.
Givati troops also occupied the large, semi-abandoned village of Zarnuqa and its houses were demolished.
1948, 10 May: The final attack on Safad began at 21:30 hours on 10 May. The Davidka mortar bombs, which made a tremendous noise on impact, accounted for a great deal of the panic that followed. The Palmach "intentionally left open the exit routes for the population to 'facilitate' their exodus…" On 11 May, the Palmach troops moved into and secured emptying the Arab quarters of the city.
The Haganah finally captured Safad and surrounding villages during the night of 11-12 May.
1948, 11 May: Haganah launched Operation Gideon to occupy villages in the upper eastern part of the Galilee.
1948, 12 May: The Golani Brigade units mortared the town of Beisan and the mayor formally announced the town's surrender. An order was given to evict the inhabitants from the city and most of them were expelled across the Jordan. About 250 – 300 inhabitants, mainly Christians, were left in place until 28 May, when they were given the choice of going to Transjordan or to Nazareth. The majority preferred Nazareth.
1948, 13 May: - The Haganah launched Operation Mivtza Ben-Ami against Western Galilee up to the Lebanese border. Acre and coastal area north of the city were captured during the night of 17-18 May.
- Iraqi general Sir Ismail Safwat, chairman of the Arab league's military committee, who had been appointed to lead the Arab armies in Palestine, resigned because there was no agreement on a precise plan for the war. This was another indicator that Israel was not in a state of self-defense as claimed. On the contrary, it was active in implementing a tacit agreement with Transjordan to frustrate the creation of the Palestinian State according to the UN partition plan.
- Count Folke Bernadotte was appointed by the UN as mediator to resolve the conflict in Palestine.
1948, 14 May: - This was officially the last day of the British mandate administration in Palestine. Proclamation of the state of Israel was declared in Tel Aviv at 4:00 P.M. At 6:11 P.M. (about mid-night in Tel Aviv), the White House announced: "This government has been informed that a Jewish State has been proclaimed in Palestine, and recognition has been requested by the provisional government thereof. The U.S. recognizes the provisional government as the de facto authority of the new State of Israel."
- A massacre was committed in the village of Abu Shousha, not far from Deir Yassin and resulted in fifty victims, including men and women, elderly and very young. The soldiers of the Zionist Jaf'ati brigade who carried out the massacre opened fire on everything that moved. Not even the livestock survived the massacre.
1948, 15 May: British Mandate was ended and the Declaration of the State of Israel came into effect.
Egyptian, Transjordanian, Lebanese and Syrian regular troops crossed the borders into Palestine. Total number of Arab forces operating in Palestine, was fewer than 25,000. Their entry did not make any difference. The Zionist forces, numbering 35,000 continued with their ethnic cleansing operations unabated.
The Israel Defense Force (IDF) was founded incorporating all the pre-state underground organizations. By mid-July, the IDF mobilized about 65,000 under arms, and by December the number reached a peak of 96,000.
1948, 20 May: Count Folke Bernadotte was appointed as UN mediator in Palestine.
1948, 22 May: UN Security Council called for a ceasefire and a truce was held between 11 June and 8 July.
1948, 26 May: At the meeting of the Mapam's Political Committee, Eliezer Prai, editor of the party's daily newspaper, Al Hamishmar, charged that there were elements in the Yishuv carrying out a 'transfer policy' by 'blood and fire', aimed at emptying the Jewish state of its Arab inhabitants. "It has already been said that Weitz gave an order to expel the Arabs from Western Galilee…This is the policy and thinking behind [the destruction of the Arab villages in the area]", he said.
1948, 28 May: Yosef Weitz met with Moshe Shertok (Sharrett), the newly appointed Foreign Minister, and proposed that the Cabinet appoint himself, Elias Sasson, head of the Foreign Ministry's Middle East Affairs Department, and Ezra Danin "to hammer out a plan of action designed [to achieve] the goal of transfer". According to Weitz, Shertok congratulated him on his initiative. Shertok's "view also is that this momentum [of Arab flight] must be exploited and turned into an accomplished fact," but the Foreign Minister wanted first to consult with Ben-Gurion and Finance Minister Eliezer Kaplan.
1948, 30 May: Weitz, Danin, and Sasson met to outline the 'Transfer' committee's prospective work in spite of the fact that there was no official Cabinet appointment.
1948, 4 June: "The [transfer] committee that had appointed itself", as Weitz referred to it in his diary, met in Tel Aviv to discuss 'the miracle' of the Arab exodus "and how to make it permanent". The committee concluded, "The return of the Arabs must be prevented". Weitz agreed to "allocate £ 5,000 to Ezra [Danin] in order to begin destruction and renovation activities in the Beit Shean Valley and in the Sharon [the Coastal Plain]". Destruction of Arab villages meant that the refugees would have nowhere to return to; renovation meant readying the sites for Jewish settlement.
1948, 5 June: Weitz met with Ben-Gurion and submitted to him a memorandum entitled "Retroactive Transfer, A Scheme for the Solution of the Arab Question in the State of Israel". The memorandum outlined proposals for action aiming at preventing the Arabs from returning to their towns and homes.
According to Weitz, "Ben-Gurion agreed to the whole line", but thought there was an order of priority. According to Weitz, Ben-Gurion wanted destruction of villages, settlement on abandoned sites, and prevention of Arab cultivation. Weitz told the Prime Minister that he had already given orders to begin destroying villages.
Ben-Gurion proposed that a committee of three – composed of representatives of the JNF, the JA settlement department, and the Agency's treasury department – be set up to oversee "the cleaning up of the [Arab] settlements, cultivation of their [fields] and their settlement [by Jews], and the creation of a labour battalion to carry out this work". Ben-Gurion, like Weitz, stressed that it would not be the government carrying out these activities, but they would be carried out by the 'National Institutions'.
1948, 6 June: Weitz sent Ben-Gurion a detailed list of the abandoned villages and towns, with the appropriate population figures. In a covering note, he confirmed the meeting held in the previous day as well as Ben-Gurion's approval that the destruction of Arab villages and prevention of cultivation of Arab fields will begin immediately. Weitz continued: "In line with this, I have given an order to begin [these operations] in different parts of the Galilee, in the Beit Shean Valley, in the Hills of Ephraim and in Samaria [meaning the Hefer Valley]."
1948, 7 June: Weitz spent the day talking with Danin about how to go about destroying the abandoned villages – where would the money come from, the tractors, the dynamite, the manpower?...
1948, 17 June: Bernadotte met with the Israeli Foreign Minister to discuss the situation of the refugees. Sharett was evasive with regard to the return of the refugees.
1948, 7-18 July: The IDF captured the towns of Lydda and Ramle and committed a massacre in the Dahmash Mosque in Lydda. Once the slaughter had come to an end, the unarmed civilians were led to the city's sports stadium, where the young men were detained and the families were given a mere half-hour to leave the city for the area where the Jordanian Army was located.
Most of the inhabitants of Lydda and Ramle marched under the sun and hundreds lost their lives on the way through dehydration and sunstroke.
1948, 16 July: The town of Nazareth fell into Israeli hands. A delegation of Christian clerics came out to meet the conquerors. Their request that the civilian population should not be forced to evacuate was granted. When Abraham Yaffe, an Israeli officer, entered Nazareth, he met a man whom he had driven out of another town in the Galilee. "Have you come to turn us away again?" the Arab inquired. "No, not in Nazareth," Yaffe answered, "Nazareth is a holy place, a holy town. The world is watching us. You are not going to be a victim here."
Israeli behavior in Nazareth was different from their behavior in the other Palestinian towns and villages. They realized that expulsion of Christian Arabs in one of the holiest Christian locations would produce unfavorable headlines all over the Western world. And so the 14,000 people of the town were allowed to remain.
There were clear orders to the Israeli forces to restraint in the hometown of Jesus. Chaim Laskov, the Israeli commander, recalled, "We had specific instructions not to harm anything, which meant that we had to take Nazareth by stratagem".
Indeed, Ben-Gurion ordered that when the town was taken unauthorized soldiers should not be allowed into Nazareth and that the army should avoid 'any possibility of looting and desecration of churches and monasteries.'
"Nazareth was the exception that proved the rule".
1948, 20 July: Stolen Palestinian lands were distributed among Jewish settlements. Arabs who did not leave the country were placed under Military Government, and their freedom to move freely outside their villages was severely curtailed. The Military Government and local IDF units found it simplest to forbid in toto Arab cultivation of fields. At the same time, Jewish settlements began to cultivate fields of Arabs who had remained in the State.
1948, 24 July: Ignoring the cease-fire ordered by UN Security Council Resolution # 54, Operation Policeman (mivtza shoter) was launched against the 'little triangle' of the three villages of Jaba, Ijzim and Ein Ghazal about 20 kilometers south of Haifa. Small units of the Golani, Carmeli and Alexandroni brigades captured the three villages on 26 July, with almost all the inhabitants being forced to leave.
1948, 16 August – early October: Negev and Yiftach brigades attacked and expelled Bedouins and inhabitants of villages in the Negev.
1948, 24-28 August: Giv'ati brigade launched Operation Nikayon (cleansing) and occupied coastal area west of Yibna and North of Isdud.
1948, 15 September: Bernadotte submitted his report to the UN Security Council.
1948, 17 September: Bernadotte was assassinated by the Stern Gang. The triumvirate that ordered the assassination of the UN mediator included Yitzhak Shamir, the future Prime Minister of Israel. Bernadotte was replaced by his deputy Ralph Bunche.
1948, 20 September: Bernadotte's proposals to end the conflict were published. He made it clear that "no settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the Arab refugee to return to his home".
1948, September: The AHC announced the establishment of an all-Palestine government in Gaza, which was later moved to Cairo and proved to be a complete failure.
1948, 15 October: Israel broke the cease-fire and launched an attack on the Egyptian forces in the south, which ended with Israel in control of the entire Negev.
1948, 29 October: Operation Hiram was launched to occupy the remaining parts of upper Galilee and drive out its inhabitants. A massacre was committed in the Palestinian village of Safsaf were 70 civilians were killed in cold blood one after the other. The Israeli forces conducted looting, rape, and forcible expulsion of women, children and the elderly.
1948, 30 October: The Israeli forces entered Eilaboun. Its 750 people, all of whom were Christian, took refuge in the two local churches where yellow and white flags of submission were flown. Marcos Daoud, the Greek Catholic priest, approached the Israelis saying "I put my village under the protection of the State of Israel". The Israeli answer was as follows: Thirteen young men were murdered, the surviving young men were taken as prisoners, the women and children were marched off to the Lebanese border under severe conditions that resulted in many casualties, and looting and desecration of the churches followed the evacuation of the village.
1948, 16 November: The Security Council resolution # 62 called upon the parties directly involved in the conflict in Palestine to seek agreement for an armistice. Accordingly, armistice agreements were concluded between Israel and Egypt on 24 February, Israel and Lebanon on 25 March, Israel and Jordan on 3 April, and Israel and Syria on 20 July1949.
1948, 11 December: UN General Assembly resolution # 194 was adopted, which resolved that "the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return". Moreover, the resolution established a Palestine Conciliation Commission (PCC) to assume the functions given to Bernadotte.
On 1 April 1949, the PCC set up a Technical Committee on Refugees to workout measures for implementation of the provisions of UN resolution # 194 and called for an international conference at Lausanne where, under the PCC chairmanship, the parties could discuss the whole range of issues – refugees, Jerusalem, borders, recognition – and hammer out a comprehensive peace settlement.
1948, 22 December: Operation Horev was launched to drive the Egyptian forces out of Palestine and to compel the Egyptian government to negotiate an armistice. The Israeli troops surged forward, expelled the Egyptians from the southeastern flank of the Negev, brought strong pressure to bear on the Gaza Strip, but failed to liquidate the Egyptian enclave in Faluja. Mass murder and flight of the civilians was repeated in this operation. A massacre was committed in Dawayma where 100 - 150 people, including women and children, were slaughtered without mercy in the mosque of the village.
Read: Palestine Through History: A Chronology (II)
-Nizar Sakhnini contributed this article to PalestineChronicle.com.
If you like this article, please consider making a contribution to the Palestine Chronicle.
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The Clariba team wishes happy holidays and a joyful 2013 to all clients, partners and collaborators that were part of another great year for our company!
You have finished you standard implementation of SAP Rapid Marts XI, everything went fine but your customer start to have issues regarding the time consumption of the delta loads. In this article I will explain a couple of approaches to achieve a better performance on delta loads of SAP Rapid Marts. In the image below we have the typical infrastructure of SAP Rapid Marts, loading into on single data warehouse.
Taking the architecture illustrated above as our basis, the first step to achieve better performance will be to create one single ETL job to run the different SAP Rapid Marts involved in our implementation.
This task is simple; just create one workflow per SAP Rapid Mart containing all the different workflows that are part of each SAP Rapid Mart. Once this task is done, create an ETL job with all the corresponding global variables, drag and drop all the workflows and connect them to create a sequence of execution.
This job also allows us to take advantage of the "execute only once" option in SAP Data Services. This option is set for all the components in SAP Rapid Marts and it defines that each component within the same ETL job execution is executed only once. If you take into account how many components are shared between different SAP Rapid Marts this approach becomes very interesting.
The try/catch + "Execute only once" strategy allows you to retry the execution of a component of the ETL job and continue the execution where it stopped.
Once this idea is implemented the execution of your SAP Rapid Marts will be more robust and optimized but maybe not enough to fulfill your customer´s expectations… so let us move on to the second step.
Analyzing the information of the Performance Reports generated in SAP Data Services Management Console after the execution of a job, you will be able to identify the components with the worst execution times.
These components can vary from one implementation to another depending of your customer´s environment; within the top 10 worst execution times you will find some components generating information of dimensions and/or fact tables of the model. Some of these components can be easily removed from your sequential execution and placed on a separated job to be executed in parallel.
It is critical at this stage to ensure that these components are completely removed from the sequential execution and that any final output of the component is not used in other parts of the ETL process (i.e. subsequent table lookups). To ensure this, the function "Where is used" of the SAP Data Services Designer will be extremely helpful.
In my experience, after applying these two steps we should experience a considerable improvement on execution performance of delta loads. To give you an example, in one of our recent implementations we started with an execution time of 17 hours for five SAP Rapid Marts running sequentially, this was decreased to 6 hours using the two approaches I have described in this post.
If even after applying the previous steps you still face bad performance in isolated components, this situation will require more analysis and customization at lower level.
In these cases, the workaround is to split the process in several steps and maybe make use of custom tables on the ERP side and performance boost will be remarkable. I can tell you that in our most recent implementation one of the components was taking no less than 12 hours to run but after we analyzed and modified the behavior of the component, to make use of one custom table on the ERP, this component took no more than 30 minutes to run. This process of customization of a component took 2 man days to be completely implemented.
As conclusion, my experience with the SAP Rapid Marts is very positive. SAP provides a rapid deployment solution that can be up and running end-to-end in a few weeks. Furthermore, it provides an extremely easy to use framework to ensure your customer has the ability to develop any level of customization in a few weeks. Overall we are in front of a solution that will allow your customers to create their own data warehouse in weeks instead of months. If we can improve this issue of delta load performance, the solution becomes even more appealing to your customers and it helps to increase satisfaction levels with the tool.
That´s all folks! I hope this article will help you to raise the bar in your SAP Rapid Marts implementations. If you have any doubts feel free to leave a comment below.
Users typically need their Web Intelligence (WebI) data tables exported automatically into text files in order to use them across other SAP BusinessObjects BI modules. Unfortunately SAP BusinessObjects, including the newest SAP BI 4 release, does not include a direct option to automate the export of content of a WebI document tab to text format. In order to cover this gap and achieve the Export to Text feature for WebI we designed a fully automated process which is shown in this article.
Users of old releases could use the old Desktop Intelligence (DeskI) module as an alternative, but unfortunately it has been discontinued in the new SAP BusinessObjects BI4 release.
DeskI alternative is not possible in SAP BI4. Even if a DeskI add-on is planned for coming versions, the future of its scheduling function is uncertain and corporations should not allow DeskI to be part of their BI Roadmap.
This example is applied to only 1 table to export, but multiple tables per document could be exported by ticking the "Generate separate CSV per Data Provider" option.
Once run with Success, the result of this schedule will be a text file (Results1.txt) with the content delimited by tabs but with a small defect: the so-called text qualifier (double quotes) appears everywhere.
Last but not the least, you can build a system of events that triggers the different items sequentially, or embed these items in an object package that can be scheduled as a whole.
This method enhances the sharing options for the SAP BusinessObjects platform, allowing an unlimited amount of raw data to exit the platform through WebI automatically, and be re-used in Big Data modules like HANA, Visual Intelligence, Explorer or simply for individual consumption.
Seeing even further, this turns WebI into a real ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Load) tool providing integration capabilities to the end users.
If you have questions about this method, or if you want to share your experience or tips, please feel free to leave a comment.
Do you wish you had a clearer view on the performance of your company and feel you lack key information to guide your decisions? All the Data you gather in different departments is just piling up, isolated and useless? Taking your organization through the current fragile economy is already challenging enough to do it without visibility of what happens in your organization. In order to solve issues and take advantage of strengths you need to turn data into actionable insight. SAP business intelligence software solutions give you the visibility you need to make important business decisions based on key data and facts, not guess-work. They allow you to draw information from data, rather than just storing it for the sake of it.
Interactive dashboards and rich visualizations help you monitor your business performance at a glance, and the real-time insights allow you to adjust aspects of your business before they become a real problem.
Reporting allows you to access and transform corporate data into highly formatted and automatic reports, while interactive reports let you answer ad hoc questions and interact with data, building your own queries.
Analysis solutions help you determine trends from historical data and make better forecasts.
With data explorations tools you can find immediate answers to business questions in a search-engine manner.
With BI application design tools, your IT department will be able to create BI applications for specific audiences.
It´s not necessarily a matter of implementing each and everyone of the solutions. Depending on your particular needs and user types, you could select the more adequate tool. Take a look at the SAP Business Intelligence Solutions Comparison Matrix to understand a bit more about each product.
Take the example of Vodafone Turkey, they used Excel to manage their several marketing campaigns in the past, but this process was not only susceptible to human error, but also time-consuming. They needed a functional solution to serve multiple users and help them understand campaigns and act according to their results.
They implemented a central dashboard, a highly visual solution that could accommodate a large number of campaigns and variety of KPIs for both new and recurring campaigns. The Campaign Analytics Solution allows the team to analyze existing campaigns and design outlines for new ones based on key success factors. The dashboard also helps the team to understand the net take rate for each campaign compared to the targeted subscribers. And more significantly, marketers can now easily and definitively follow the revenue generated by each campaign.
If you wish to know how SAP Business Intelligence Solutions can help solve your company´s specific needs, contact us on info@clariba.com or leave a comment below.
Usually companies learn about the importance of data quality management in the worst possible way – by dealing with the issues generated by the lack of it, and addressing data errors, data movement, and unstructured data after many costly problems. If your data is lacking in quality, everything you learn from it is useless, as information cannot be trusted. Without accurate customer and performance insight you will never be able to see what areas of your business need to improve. Data Quality Management solutions allow you to integrate, transform, improve and deliver trusted data that supports critical business processes and enables sound decisions. As you expand into new markets or develop new products this will become even more important, as the more data you gather, the easier it is for problems to start occurring.
With SAP Data Services you can enjoy a single solution that encompasses data integration, data quality, data profiling, and text analysis. This will allow you to deliver trusted data that supports critical business processes and enables sound decisions.
To give you an example of the importance of data management, Vodafone Netherlands sought the help of Clariba to implement key reports within a maintainable BI solution while automating report generation and distribution and also to develop a dashboard with key indicators for management. However, the first phase of this project focused on ensuring that trusted data was provided from the current databases to the BI solution. Complex queries were streamlined and redundant data sources consolidated. Subsequently BusinessObjects universes were developed for the central data warehouse and the CDR data mart. Only when the relevant data sources were available, with good quality data, the Clariba team went on to develop the reports and dashboard.
Learn how SAP Analytics Solutions can help your company with its data quality management, making quality your goal. Contact us on info@clariba.com or leave a comment below.
The pace of change, specially due to the rapid deployment of new technology is growing at an incredible pace. For businesses to remain competitive, they need to keep up with these changes almost constantly, it can come from an expansion, restructuring, merger and acquisition, regulatory compliance and more. SAP Business Intelligence Solutions unveils key concepts and processes that are vital to the planning and execution of successful change strategies. Being aware of happens in your business can optimize organizational change and smooth and speed the transition periods.
Take the example of Doha Bank, when they had to adapt to a new mandate from the Central Bank of Qatar to report key balance-sheet figures on a monthly basis. The timeline was tight and the requirements complex, with the pressure of punitive fines for the non-compliant.
The internal financial reporting was previously done manually, and data required for the monthly reports was spread across several sources. After an intensive process of data cleansing and consolidation, the Bank went for a SAP Business Intelligence solution called Web Intelligence, which allowed for the reports to be produced automatically, in a timely and error-free manner.
Although we used the example of a big organization, these solutions can also be adopted by the SME. SMEs use their speed of action as competitive advantage to remain in the game with the big players, and they have to constantly adapt to change, be it in the market, in their organization or in their business model. If you wish to know how SMEs can benefit from SAP solutions, read the top 10 Reasons SMEs choose SAP.
Find out how your SAP Business Intelligence Solutions can deliver business transformation. Contact us on info@clariba.com, o leave a comment below.
Knowing your business and making smarter decision in order to keep up with the everyday risks involved in running your business is critical in order to survive in today's global economy. Making effective decisions requires information. This information must be accurate and updated, and in the right level of detail that you need to be able to move forward at optimal speed. Key business analytics is what allows you to draw information from the data you collect in the different parts of your business. When you understand exactly what is driving your business, where new opportunities come from, and where mistakes were made, you can be proactive to maximize existing revenues and reveal areas for expansion. Better decisions can be made when you have more visibility into vital insight coming from your own company.
SAP Business Intelligence (BI) Solutions provides a window into your company. A dashboard for example is a single, reliable, and real-time overview of your company. It offers you quick insight, in visual appealing formats that are easy to understand. You also have "What-If" tests that let you measure the business impact of a particular change. This can also be made available on mobile devices, so you can make informed decisions on-the-move. When you have information you can trust, you are able to act rapidly and stay ahead of the game.
With years of expertise in BI, Clariba has helped several companies to draw insight from their data. For example, Vodafone Turkey´s Marketing department sought our help to provide the Customer Value Management Team with a dynamic and user-friendly visualization and analysis tool for marketing campaigns. With the central dashboard we delivered, the marketing team was able to analyze existing campaigns and design outlines for new ones based on key success factors.
You can learn more about SAP BI solutions here, and you can also watch SAP BI Solutions videos on YouTube. Want to unlock this information on what drives your business forward? Contact us on info@clariba or leave a comment below, and discover how SAP BI Solutions can help you achieve it.


"Mike was diagnosed with primary progressive MS in 2001. We managed without any social care to start with and then as Mike deteriorated we tried respite care, so I could take a break. The nightmare is actually finding the right care.
There is not even one bed suitable with people with a physical disability in our area. Last time I went away, I didn't find out until the day before that Mike had actually got a place in the care home. The stress was just horrendous.
In the care home, Mike couldn't eat in the dining room because his wheelchair wouldn't fit under the tables. They even forgot to feed him. It was just a totally inappropriate place for him.
Mike now gets care at home. I'd like more flexibility in the system. If over a month we had even four extra hours of support we could draw on if and when we needed. It would mean I could go out during the day. I would like to go and spend the day at the seaside or have a night away with family every now and then. But there isn't that flexibility.
If Mike or I are ill, and we need extra support for a period, there is nobody. It is a constant fight to get the level of care and support that you want, which is tiring. If I wasn't here what would happen to Mike?"
Janet and Mike shouldn't have to struggle to get the right respite care. It's vitally important that carers can take regular breaks to avoid carer breakdown. Social care should be responsive to changing needs and emergency situations, not leave unpaid carers like Janet to struggle alone. You can read more about her story in our report.
Flu can make your MS worse. It's recommended that people with MS have a free seasonal flu jab every autumn.


This level has easy difficulty and you need to use good strategy to complete this level. For this level you should try to play from the bottom and break the grills or blocker and make striped candy or colorbomb. Then make combo of them or wait till moonstruck that you will get from 35 to 30, 25 to 20, 15 to 10, 5 to 0 and then make special combo to break more blockers easily without unbalancing the Odus owl. Then play near to ingredients to take them to the bottom.


text:
James McIntire - Liuetenant Junior Grade
Hometown: Cresco, Iowa
Service Ribbons Awarded:
Air Medal with V (for valor) (Somalia)
Lieutenant Junior Grade James O. Mcintyre was born January 25, 1921. He came to Iowa State College from his hometown of Cresco, Iowa. He studied Dairy Industry before leaving college to enter the Navy at Kansas City, Missouri on July 7, 1942.
On March 30, 1943, he was appointed ensign. He made lieutenant junior grade on May 1, 1944. He served as a fighter pilot with air group 8 aboard The Bunkerhill, an Essex-class aircraft carrier.
On June 19, 1944, during the initial phases of the Marianas invasion, a Japanese aerial bomb struck the Bunkerhill, sending shrapnel across several decks. The attack killed two sailors and 80 more were wounded.
Lieutenant McIntire died the following day, June 20, 1944. After his death, his Purple Heart and Air Medal were sent to his father, Harry O. McIntire.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Franklin Telephone Company was founded in 1959 to operate telephone systems in and around 19 counties in Mississippi and is still privately owned and operated by native Mississippians as has been the case for over 50 years!
Franklin Telephone Company prides itself on keeping up with the latest technology to provide our customers with the best quality service available. We provide our services over approximately 550 miles of fiber optic cable within ten exchange areas. In fact, Franklin was the first telephone company in Mississippi to have an exchange (Artesia-Crawford) with all buried plant, and the first independent telephone company in Mississippi to interconnect with BellSouth using fiber optic facilities.
In 2004, Franklin Telephone Company began replacing all our old switching equipment with more advanced softswitch technology. Franklin Telephone was also the first independent telephone company in Mississippi to convert all our central office switches to digital. This practice also allows us to offer the latest phone, Internet and digital cable TV services to rural areas of Mississippi that might otherwise not be served.
To ensure that you have all the services you need when you need them, Franklin has installed emergency generating equipment at all our central office locations so that you have continued service in the case that electric service goes down. Additionally, the majority of Franklin Telephone's cables to the subscriber locations have been placed underground to reduce the threat of loss of service during ice and wind storms.
Franklin Telephone has two convenient locations in Meadville/Bude and New Augusta open Monday through Friday from 8 to 5. We also have construction and maintenance crews in all of our service areas so we can respond promptly to trouble and service requests.


text:
Public workers highly paid? Not exactly
Employee STUDY
Marisa Lagos, Chronicle Sacramento Bureau
Oct. 19, 2010 Updated: Feb. 10, 2012 2:52 p.m.
Public workers in California earn 7 percent less on average than private sector employees, but make about the same amount after benefits and other compensation are factored in, according to a study released Monday.
The study by economists at UC Berkeley and Rutgers University found that the similar wages and benefits exist despite the fact that 55 percent of public employees in the state have a college degree, compared with just 35 percent of California's private sector workers. Education levels are usually the most important factor in determining wages, but public employees do not get the same return for their education level as private sector employees, said co-author Sylvia Allegretto.
Allegretto, deputy chairwoman of UC Berkeley's Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, co-authored the study with Jeffrey Keefe, an associate professor of labor and employment relations at Rutgers University.
Allegretto said the findings should put to rest some of the arguments over high public compensation, which has been a huge issue this election season and one that became particularly acute in California on the heels of a public corruption scandal in the Los Angeles County city of Bell.
"There's no significant difference between public and private sector workers in California. ... It's basically a wash," Allegretto said.
5,000 workers studied
The researchers examined the wage and demographic data of 5,000 workers in a monthly household survey conducted in 2009 by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Self-employed, part-time, agricultural and domestic workers were excluded from the sample. Benefit information was culled from the Department of Labor's Employer Costs for Employee Compensation survey.
The study - which says that government workers have been "vilified" in California - concludes that public employees are not overpaid when you make an "apples-to-apples" comparison of employees' education, experience and other factors that might influence pay.
The study did not compare workers with similar jobs in the private and public sector because its authors felt there were too many differences to draw accurate conclusions. For example, the study notes that there are no private sector police officers or firefighters; and that teachers at a public school face far different challenges than those at a private school.
Instead, the study relied on education levels - "the single most important earnings predictor" - and other factors widely found to affect compensation levels, such as gender, race, ethnicity and disability, to compare the two sectors.
The study determined that public agencies generally pay college-educated workers less than private employers do, and that the differential is greatest for professional employees, lawyers and doctors. But the public sector "also appears to set a floor on compensation," so less educated public sector workers generally make more than people with the same level of education working for a private company. The study attributed this in part to the fact that "the earnings floor has collapsed in the private sector."
While public employees make about 7 percent less than their counterparts in private industry, the study found there is virtually no difference between the two sectors once you consider that state and local governments contribute nearly 6 percent more to benefits such as health insurance and retirement funds. But public employees also receive "considerably" less supplemental pay and vacation time, the study found.
Fewer workers today
Allegretto defended public workers, saying that there are 60,000 fewer government workers at the state and local level today than before the economic downturn began.
And she noted that despite the attention being paid by the governor and other politicians this year to rising public pension costs, those costs make up a small fraction of state spending.
"It is important to keep in mind that a huge state like California needs a lot of workers to keep going - and by and large they are highly educated, skilled workers who need to be fairly compensated," she said. "This tells me that the problems in California certainly could not have been caused by pensions and cannot be cured by pensions."
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger has repeatedly targeted state employees in budget cuts since February 2009, when he began imposing unpaid furloughs. Soon after, the furloughs were expanded from two to three days a month, amounting to pay cuts of about 15 percent a year. The governor has also often criticized the public employee pension system and has pushed for state workers to contribute more to their own pensions.


See publications for Kristy Charles, MD.
As of 12/20/2018, Dr. Charles has reported no financial relationship with industry that is applicable to this listing. In general, patients should feel free to contact their doctor about any of the relationships and how the relationships are overseen by Cleveland Clinic. To learn more about Cleveland Clinic's policies on collaborations with industry and innovation management, go to our Integrity in Innovation page.
I was extremely happy with the was Dr. Charles approached my concerns, the thorough examination she performed. She put out alternative treatment options clearly and generously answered all my questions. I am thankful for her help and time. I am also grateful to the lady at the reception desk for scheduling an almost immediate appointment upon my unannounced arrival.
Oh my goodness, words can NEVER express how grateful I am to have Dr. Charles as my doctor, for years I have tried to find a doctor that could tell me what was going on with my skin. Dr. Charles is the absolute best, after years and years I now know what has been going on with my skin since I was 10 years old! I thank her for helping me and explaining what is happening and how she will treat this condition.
Love this doctor, she explained everything to me and was very patient with answering my concerns and putting my mind at ease.
Dr Charles is awesome! Bedside manner is excellent and is very knowledgeable.
The provider I requested was the only one with whom I was familiar as I'd seen her years ago. I'm actually glad she was unavailable because I really liked Dr. Charles. I am going to seei her not only for my hair issue but as my dermatologist for all of my skin-related issues.
It feels like you need to hire more dermatologists- wait time to get an appointment was long. Your current doctors are booked solid for weeks, sometimes months in advance.
I didn't choose anyone in particular but was scheduled for the first available. The doctor that I saw helped me understand my concern. Explained in detail and provided literature explaining my skin condition.


Description: Logo design for a Mustang dealer and restorer, who mainly works with muscle cars of the 60s. The shop is going to look like an old american diner!
for the explanation you gave it seems spot on! great work.
This is working in all the right ways.


text:
A simple starting point for writing 2d games. See tutorial.md for more information.

Installation
------------
You will need to install Node 0.8, which is not by default on the standard debian repositories.

    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install -y python-software-properties python g++ make
    sudo apt-get-repository -y ppa:chris-lea/node.js
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install nodejs

Secondly, to make camelot.js work, you will need to clone and compile fswebcam. In order to make it compile,
you will need to install the gd image library first.

    sudo apt-get install libgd2-xpm-dev

If this succeeds, you can clone and build fswebcam

    git clone https://github.com/fsphil/fswebcam.git
    cd fswebcam
    ./configure
    make
    make install

When fswebcam does not detect any webcam, then check if the drivers are installed properly. I found a LifeCam NX-3000 (UVC-compliant),
which needed to load some [extra firmware](https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kernel-bugs/2010-July/128364.html) first.

    sudo apt-get install libglib2.0-dev libusb-dev build-essential gcc automake mercurial
    hg clone http://bitbucket.org/ahixon/r5u87x/
    cd r5u87x
    make
    sudo make install
    sudo r5u87x-loader --reload

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Treaty of Ghent
Author: James Monroe
Ironically, American and British negotiators in Ghent, Belgium, signed a peace treaty ending the war two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans. A war-weary Britain agreed to return to conditions that existed before the war. Left unmentioned in the peace treaty were the issues over which Americans had supposedly fought the war–impressment, naval blockades, and the British Orders in Council. In this letter, President Monroe announces the Treaty of Ghent.
I have the pleasure to inform you that a treaty of peace was received last night by Mr. Carroll from Ghent, which was signed on the 24 of Dec. It is perfectly honorable to the U States. It is short, and little more than a treaty of peace. Nothing like concession is made on any point.
It is highly honorable to our country to have maintained its ground, singly, against G. Britain, & to have forced her to such a peace. This contest has been glorious to the U States, by sea and land, & its triumph at New Orleans, give it even a splendour which will make the epoch memorable in our history.
Source: Gilder Lehrman Institute
Platt Amendment
First Open Door Note
The Hawaiian Situation: The Invasion of Hawaii
The Hawaiian Situation: Our Present Duty


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text:
Ad firm Dentsu cuts 1,400 jobs in UK, Singapore and 5 markets
Japanese leader projects 93% drop in profit, cutting 2019 guidance again
HIDEKI SHINOHARA, Nikkei staff writer December 17, 2019 02:15 JST
Dentsu aims to reap more than $125 million in annual savings through the move. © Reuters
TOKYO -- Japanese ad agency Dentsu will lay off roughly 1,400 employees in seven foreign markets including the U.K., China and Singapore as the company slashes its earnings forecast for the second time since August.
The Tokyo-based company said Monday that it will incur about 24.8 billion yen ($227 million) in related expenses over two years starting in 2019.
But the restructuring is expected to help save at least 13.8 billion yen in personnel and operational costs annually.
The job cuts represent about 11% of the agency's workforce in the affected markets, which also include Australia, Brazil, France and Germany. One of the targets is Dentsu Aegis Network, the U.K. subsidiary that operated as Aegis Group before its 2013 acquisition by Japan's industry leader. Dentsu Aegis oversees the group's international operations.
Dentsu downgraded its 2019 earnings outlook, as the company now sees net profit tumbling 93% to 6.2 billion yen. An earlier projection called for a profit of 35.8 billion yen.
Japan puts off finalizing casino resort policy
Japanese game developers jump into esports arena
Netflix wins streaming rights for Ghibli anime in 190 countries
Japan's virtual celebrities rise to threaten the real ones
Ad agencies on buying spree in Asia as digital shift picks up
Japan's Recruit sold job-seeker data to Honda in privacy scandal


text:
Your Beltway Media
Posted by Melissa McEwan at Wednesday, June 19, 2013
Isaac Chotiner interviews two of the co-founders of Politico for The New Republic, and it is exactly as nauseating as you'd imagine it to be, as two privileged dudes navel-gaze about the importance of their inside barfball publication that passes off political gossip and scandal as news and yawns in the face of anything that affects anyone beyond the borders of Cities That Matter.
This is one of the most incredible things I have read from political journalists:
Isaac Chotiner: But what is the larger mission, besides bringing this news to your niche audience? When The New York Times does some story on pensions and the Long Island Rail Road, that story might not come out and say, "Our goal is to fix the pension system at LIRR," but that is the upshot.
Editor-in-Chief John F. Harris: [impersonating a pompous Times editor] "Our goal is to win a Pulitzer Prize, and this is the project for that."
IC: So what is it for you? Do you want good government? To keep politicians honest? What?
Executive Editor Jim VandeHei: Helping people understand Washington. Not how they want it to be, not what you think is important, but how it operates. We also really want to save for-profit, nonpartisan journalism. We want to prove there is a business model that works.
JH: We have an obligation to be interesting. We don't think of ourselves as the electric company or the water company: [impersonating a virtuous but self-righteous public-utility CEO] "Well, we have a responsibility..." That was a mindset in a previous generation of journalists. That mindset might have even been legitimate. There really were only a handful of establishments reporting on this stuff and making judgments on its relative importance. People were looking to editors to say, "Tell me what I should think about." We are in an era where everyone is his or her own editor and will decide what they care about. If we are boring, there is no market for that. Nor is there a public calling to be boring.
IC: You don't think there is any public calling to be perhaps boring if pensions are being stolen?
JH: I don't know. Maybe if I lived on Long Island, it wouldn't be that boring.
HA HA MAYBE.
You know, there are a lot—a lot—of problems with the US press, and many, many, many very smart people have been writing about these vast and varied problems for years, but perhaps there is no single greater problem among them than the unrelenting contempt that so many national journalists have for the average citizen outside of major media centers. At best, this contempt manifests as pandering sops to caricatures of the saintly but simple residents of the heartland. At worst, it's just naked disdain. Maybe if I lived on Long Island, it wouldn't be that boring. Fuck. You.
This part of the interview is pretty incredible, too:
IC: I am sure you have heard the criticism that Politico is a tough place for women to work. Do you think that is a fair criticism?
JH: During our launch, we were starting from scratch—it was a tough place to work, period. Not just for women. The happenstance that the four co-founders were men was just that. It has become a better place to work. The place is now built for the long haul. I don't view creating opportunities in a gender context.
IC: But there are statistics that I am sure you have seen. The departure rate for women at Politico is twice as high as it is for men. The Washington Post wrote about this. There were also statistics about how, when one of you guys publishes a piece that is co-bylined, it is almost 100 percent of the time with another male writer.
JVH: Wait a second. I want to add to what John said. I find this critique both offensive and wrong. Go ask any of the women in the newsroom if it is a hard place to work. More of our leadership jobs are filled by women than men. The company is run as much by women as men. Three or four years ago, did some women leave? Did some men leave? Certainly. Certainly. We were a start-up. It is an intense culture. And I am sure you could find people saying, "I didn't like it because I was a guy, because I was tall, because I was short, because my foot hurt." I am sure some women felt like it was a macho environment. I don't think women would say that today.
IC: The critique I've heard is that it's an atmosphere rather than overt sexism.
JVH: You have heard it where?
IC: From people I have talked to.
JVH: Like who? I don't mean to be combative, but talk to people who work at Politico now—
IC: I talked to people who worked at Politico.
JVH: How would you like me to talk to people at The New Republic who told me you guys don't have any women? Why is that?
IC: I am not—
JVH: No, you respond to that charge. If you are going to make that charge, and you are going to make it on the record—there is no one here who would make that allegation now. It was offensive to me, just like it was offensive to you.
IC: If I had hiring power at The New Republic, that would be a fair question to ask.
JH: I think women would find the premise deeply condescending.
Whooooooooops nope. Actually the premise which I find deeply condescending is the conflation of being a woman in a male-dominated (by "happenstance"!) work environment with being a person with a sore foot. Fuck. You.
These are the people moderating the national conversation, folks.
Labels: That's Your Liberal Media


text:
Amanda Ali: A Muslim power building project that strengthen ties across faith and secular communities
Posted by Wisconsin Muslim Journal | Jul 13, 2018 | Articles, Featured
"There's no culture of self-improvement without the culture of self-reflection."
– The Definite Dozen quoted by Mohamed Taleb
In the wake of the Supreme Court ruling on President Trump's Muslim Ban, young Muslim leaders from all over the country met for a four day training in Los Angeles, California to start the Muslim Power Building Project. The effort is a collaboration between several groups, Faith In Action (formerly PICO National Network), LA Voice, The Inner-City Muslim Action Network (IMAN), MPower Change, and Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative (MuslimARC).
The goal of the project is to harness the strengths and resources of these organizations to facilitate a comprehensive community-organizing and leadership development program for Muslims nationwide. Especially today, that work is more important than ever as anti-Muslim rhetoric, hate crimes, and Islamophobia intensifies. A stronger organizing infrastructure will help protect Muslims and strengthen a progressive faith voice. It also will deepen society's understanding of Muslims and help us strengthen ties across faith and secular communities.
A main component of the project involved selecting applicants for the first training cohort, who have less than three years of experience working or volunteering with community-based organizations in Muslim communities. As part of the experience, individuals were given the opportunity to enter a mentorship process with organizers that have more than three years of experience for the next six months.
Milwaukee Muslim Women's Coalition's Program Manager, Amanda Ali, a 23-year old UW-Madison graduate was selected from hundreds of applicants to be included in the first ever cohort of the Muslim Power Building Project. She joined 30 other Muslim leaders from Michigan, Illinois, California, Ohio, and New Jersey for the training program.
"The Muslim Power Building Project is needed now more than ever. It's providing an opportunity to learn organizational tools and apply it to empower myself and my Muslim community when we are living in a time of increasing anti-Muslim rhetoric," said Ali. "This project is lifting Muslim organizers up and saying we can create the world as it should be with more love, compassion, equality and justice for all."
Her mentor, Sara Hamdan, is a Chicagoland native with roots in Palestine and a graduate of the University of Illinois at Chicago with a BA in Anthropology. She is currently pursuing an MA at the University of Chicago's School of Social Service Administration. Since 2014, Sara has been with Inner-City Muslim Action Network (IMAN) managing the Corner Store Campaign, which focuses on racial justice and equity through the lens of food. Together, Ali and Hamdan hope to impact the well-being of all marginalized groups.
"The Muslim Power Building Project is an exciting and, in many ways, ground-breaking effort to bring together organizers in the American Muslim community to build upon the legacy of those who paved the way to this current moment," said Hamdan. "Ultimately, MPBP is about building power by equipping organizers with skills and guidance to lead in their own communities and contribute to a larger, shared vision of what it means to be Muslim in America. I feel honored to share space with Amanda and the rest of the cohort throughout this process and beyond."
Organizers of the training included Sarah Jawaid, Director of Special Projects at LA Voice; Shamar Hemphill, Senior Organizer and Director of the Inner-City Muslim Action Network's Campaigns and Policy Work; Ishraq Ali, Organizing Director of MPower Change; Margari Hill, Co-founder and Managing Director of the Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative (MuslimARC); Sara Hamdan, Manager of the Corner Store Campaign at Inner-City Muslim Action Network (IMAN); Hazel Gómez, Community Organizer for Dream for Detroit; and Sukaina Hussain, faith-based Community Organizer with Faith in the Valley.
Elevating the skills and expanding the network of American Muslims at the table represents a sustainable strategy for building and strengthening the existing movement. It also helps create pathways and systems that the community needs to ensure that our work continues indefinitely. This increased capacity will have a positive impact on Muslim Americans' ability to rally around policy measures that would have a favorable impact on the future well-being of all marginalized groups, including youth, people of color, low-income communities, and many others.
"One of the major tenets of Islam includes social justice. This project is about living out our faith and building collective power while connecting American Muslim communities of all colors to a shared vision of justice, and giving them the tools to live into that vision," said Jawaid.
Ali hopes to put her organizational skills to use in local Wisconsin communities by strengthening the relationships between Muslim and Non-Muslim individuals, and building bridges of interfaith dialogue. With that, the Muslim community will be able to address and tackle misconceptions and biases portrayed through the media and from a lack of accurate information.
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text:
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Dunn doesn't want Cordell Hull Building named after him
Published January 6, 2020 | By Erik Schelzig
Former Gov. Winfield Dunn awaits the start of the of the inauguration of Gov. Bill Lee in Nashville on Jan. 19, 2019. (Erik Schelzig, Tennessee Journal)
A proposal to rename the Cordell Hull Building after former Gov. Winfield Dunn sparked a round of self-congratulation among Republicans in the state House. But key members of the Senate were less enthralled by the idea. And now Dunn himself is asking the legislature not to go through with it.
The Daily Memphian's Sam Stockard spoke to Dunn about the proposal on Monday.
"I was very surprised to learn what the representative had undertaken to do," Dunn told the publication. "It seems so completely out of proportion to the historical context of our state. I personally consider Cordell Hull to be an unblemished representative of what Tennessee is. I expressed my reservations to the legislator."
Dunn was governor from 1971 to 1975, serving at a time when incumbents weren't allowed to run for re-election. Dunn took another swing at the governor's office in 1986, but fell short to then-House Speaker Ned Ray McWherter (D-Dresden).
State Rep. Ron Gant (R-Rossville) last month announced plans to name the building Dunn. The facility has been named after Cordell Hull, the country's longest-serving secretary of state, since it was first constructed in the 1950s.
Dunn is a Republican, while Nobel Peace Prize-winning Hull was a Democrat. Dunn became Tennessee's first Republican governor in 48 years when he was elected in 1970.
So is Dunn's demurral the end of the renaming effort? Not according to Gant.
"Anybody who thinks a building should be named after themselves probably isn't worthy of such an honor," he said in a statement. "Governor Dunn does not have an over-inflated sense of self worth like many politicians in this day and age. Former Gov. Dunn is a humble man and was a dedicated servant for our state. It is not surprising he is hesitant of this honor being bestowed upon him."
Posted in Blog Entries, Uncategorized | Tagged Cordell Hull, ron gant, Winfield Dunn
12 Responses to Dunn doesn't want Cordell Hull Building named after him
Silence Dogood says:
The Legislature needs to deal with Governor Lee and the Refugee situation. Not this stuff. Naming a building after someone should be done after they pass away. A memorial type of thing. Get back to work!!!
Gene Gantt says:
Governor Dunn is a fine man and I respect him for this.
Cannoneer2 says:
Every year, something like this gets brought forth, and the whole General Assembly goes off the tracks. Nothing of any importance will get done, and the Tennessee taxpayer will get stuck with the bill.
David Collins says:
I am not a bit surprised by Governor Dunn's position. Say what you will about him but he always seemed able to keep things in a proper perspective, unlike so many of our modern day egoists that hold office–on both sides of the aisle.
Get to work with important things, like illegal immigration, stopping dims from taking away our gun rights, stopping the slave sex trade, stopping muslem laws from being implemented, insurance civerage of U.S. citizens not illegials. And many more issues.
And illegal bingo gambling! Merry CHRISTmas.
David Jenkins says:
Good for Gov. Dunn! It is very petty to try and rename a building like this because of party affiliation! Just how many Nobel Peace Prize winners does Tennessee have?
Randy T Hendon says:
Good call Governor Dunn! I do not like the renaming of structures , parks and other memorials under any circumstance. Cordell Hull was a great Tennessean and the building name should stay intact. Just like the General Forrest bust should remain in the State Capitol – Forrest was the greatest Warrior in Tennessee history. Living in Memphis- I have seen first hand the desecration of the Forrest grave site and the removal of the Statue of President Jefferson Davis and the Headstone/ Statue of Nathan Bedford Forrest. This type of action is UnAmerican and Tennessee should not permit it! Where will it end? Our American/ Southern Culture is under attack!
Judy Martin-Urban, President PCH&GS says:
Many members of the local Pickett County Historical & Genealogical Society have written in rejection of the renaming. We hope someone will listen.
Betty Bean says:
"Forrest was the greatest Warrior in Tennessee history."
If this was about honoring the greatest warrior in Tennessee history, Alvin York's bust would be sitting in that alcove and there wouldn't be a word of complaint.
Randy Hendon says:
General Forrest is in a League by himself ! Study your history – York was a great man but no comparison in terms of accomplishments – only President Andrew Jackson could be a runner up to
Forrest – don't let your politics cloud your judgement or opinion regarding Tennessee history.
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