text:
Wry observations about RPI hockey, the ECAC in general, and the college hockey world as a whole.
Our Quirky Tournament
We've fielded more than one question in the last two weeks from Engineer fans about the Pairwise Rankings. The response was thusly: it's November, don't worry about the Pairwise. Win hockey games.
Here's the chart we used a few years back to describe the Pairwise Rankings across each month of the college hockey season:
October: Worthless.
November: Farcical.
December: Quirky.
January: Interesting.
February: Important.
March: Essential.
So we've moved from farcical to quirky just recently. October is worthless because the PWR is completely unstable pretty much all the time. November is farcical because there's far too much hockey left to be played, not to mention that the Ivy League - a full 10% of the teams in the PWR - have barely started to play. There's also a solid number of inter-conference games to be played, which can swing things significantly if trends change.
December's review of the Pairwise can at least show us what teams are early contenders for at-large bids, and can reveal what teams are already dependent upon the automatic bid as their route to the tournament. But at this point, tracking game-to-game changes in the Pairwise remains a fruitless and futile exercise - and breaking down tournament fields can be even more tedious. So, let's not.
January is when the PWR at least becomes interesting, because the movement of teams becomes a touch easier to predict and there's a far more clear perception of contenders vs. pretenders, but even then it's still too early to take a lot of it to heart, at least toward the beginning of the month. Later in January, the number of inter-conference games dwindles rapidly, and the PWR becomes far more stable. By February, it can be a valuable resource from game-to-game in order to discern what teams need to see happen elsewhere for them to make the tournament - and by March, of course, the decisions are about to be made.
And what decisions are those? Well, unlike in other NCAA sports where the tournament participants are often decided in those "smoke filled rooms," the PWR makes things pretty clear who is in the tournament, and who isn't. For the sake of the chart below, Atlantic Hockey is expected - as usual - to only be able to send its conference champion to the tournament, and a conference tournament upset consists of a team that would not be in the tournament without the automatic bid winning that bid.
1-10: Always in the tournament, no matter what. 1-4 are #1 seeds, 5-8 are #2 seeds, 9 and 10 are #3 seeds.
11: Almost certainly in the tournament as a #3 seed. There would have to be upset champions in every conference for this team to be out.
12: Also likely in the tournament as a #3 seed. Four upset champions put this team out.
13: The good side of the bubble. Good odds of being in the tournament, but three upset champions put them out.
14: Firmly on top of the bubble. Two upset champions put them out.
15: The bad side of the bubble. Just one upset champion would put this team out.
16: Out of the tournament, unless the Atlantic Hockey champion is in the Top 15 AND there are no upset champions in other conferences.
17-60: Always out of the tournament without an automatic bid.
It's possible that this chart may have to have the bubble shifted upwards, to 12-13-14, or even 11-12-13, if the Big Ten and the WCHA continues to have as miserable a season as they have collectively been having, as they too could find themselves only able to send a conference champion.
So anyway, that's the long-winded reason why we don't care about the PWR right now. Besides - caring about the PWR right now makes one look downright silly when February arrives and you're one of the also-rans hoping for an automatic bid to make the tournament. We warned more than a few Clarkson fans last year who couldn't help but squeeeeeee! over their PWR position in November about this. They did look silly by February.
But human nature being what it is, we've been asked about the Engineers so many times that we broke down and took a peek at where they are in this currently-quirky ranking. They're tied for 13th with Denver and sitting in 14th after losing the tiebreaker (the head-to-head comparison) with the Pioneers. They'd be on the tournament bubble if the season ended today. It doesn't, not even close. Don't get too excited.
According to PWR, the presumed field would currently consist of 6 ECAC teams (including the Engineers), 4 NCHC teams, 3 Hockey East teams, and 1 each from the Big Ten, WCHA, and Atlantic Hockey. In other words, don't hold your breath on any of this being remotely real just yet.
What is it telling us? Well, it's telling us the same thing KRACH is telling us, now that Quinnipiac has tied two games and Colorado College finally won one - the ECAC is certainly well positioned as one of the strongest leagues in the country this year. At least, they are right now. Whether that will continue to ring true depends largely on what happens in December and January.
Now, have no fear, Puckman Nation. Should Rensselaer (as we are really forced to call the school during sessions like this because of the prevalence in PWR of RPI the ranking, the Ratings Percentage Index) still be in the discussion when the discussion actually starts to become interesting after the New Year, we'll debut Engineer Bracketology at that point and continue it until such time as it becomes pointless, if it does. (The good news is that, if it does happen, it's easy to slot the Engineers - they will play in Albany as hosts, should they make the tournament.)
Until then, consider this a quick primer on exactly how the PWR operates. Things have changed since 2011 and 2013, the last times we felt the need to run Engineer Bracketology. The dreaded and annoying TUC cliff has gone, and every team regardless of their RPI is now ranked in the PWR. That means that every possible comparison between the 60 teams - that's 1,770 comparisons for you math majors - is factored into the PWR. Essentially, every team is now a Team Under Consideration.
The PWR now only consists of three factors: RPI, record against common opponents (COp), and head-to-head results (H2H). The team with the better RPI gets 1 point, the team with the better COp record gets 1 point, and both teams get a point for every win they have in H2H. It makes things much easier.
RPI is a percentage equivalent to computed by including a 25% weight to your own winning percentage, a 21% weight to your opponents' winning percentage, and a 54% weight to your opponents' opponents' winning percentage.
But there's a wrinkle to RPI. A team can receive RPI bonuses for "quality" wins against teams in the Top 20 of RPI - from .0500 for a win against the top team in RPI, decreasing in increments until you get to the #20 RPI team, worth .0025.
All games not played on neutral ice are weighted differently, too. When you win on the road or lose at home, that game is weighted by a factor of 1.2 over a game on neutral ice. When you lose on the road or win at home, that game is weighted by a factor of 0.8 over a game on neutral ice. And finally, in a situation where a win actually leads to a decrease in total RPI - which can happen when very good teams beat very bad teams - that game is not counted. A win will always leave a team at least with the same RPI they had coming in if not better.
And that's basically all for now. More to come later, if it becomes necessary. Here's where the Engineers currently stand in terms of "quality wins." It's pretty solid - only Quinnipiac and Boston University have accrued a higher quality win bonus total than Rensselaer.
Quality wins
Boston College (#6, at home)
St. Lawrence (#10, on the road)
Yale (#11, at home)
Missed opportunities
UMass-Lowell (#8, on the road)
Michigan (#12, at home)
Harvard (#2, neutral ice)
Upcoming opportunities in the next 10 games
Harvard (#2, at home) - Saturday
Miami (#20, on the road) - Jan 2/3
Cornell (#9, at home) - Jan 15
Quinnipiac (#1, on the road) - Jan 21
And finally... KRACH is, most of the season long, the best way to compare two teams. Theoretically, taking the two teams' seasons to date into consideration, comparing two teams using KRACH would suggest that the team ranked higher overall would be favored to win a theoretical matchup on neutral ice. It doesn't take into effect anything like home-ice advantage, injuries, momentum, or anything like that, intangibles that have real effects on how games play out, but it's a very decent comparison of teams against each other (now that every team is neither perfect nor perfectly futile).
A good way of gauging conference strength is to look at where conference members are in terms of overall schedule strength according to KRACH. 10 of 12 ECAC teams have schedule strengths that are in the Top 20 in the nation (all but Clarkson at 27th and Colgate at 47th). In fact, 13 of the top 15 are in the ECAC and the NCHC, speaking to the dominance thus far of those leagues in inter-conference play (.648 and .605 respectively).
Here's where the Engineers and their opponents this season currently sit in terms of KRACH. Overall records are included along with Rensselaer's record against them, where applicable.
KRACH
1. Quinnipiac (13-0-2)
2. Harvard (6-1-1, 0-1-0)
4. Boston College (12-1-0, 1-0-0)
7. Cornell (6-1-2)
8. Yale (5-2-2, 1-0-0)
10. St. Lawrence (8-3-2, 1-0-0)
11. UMass-Lowell (10-1-4, 0-1-0)
13. Rensselaer (8-5-2)
14. Michigan (7-2-2, 0-1-0)
15. Miami (5-7-2)
18. Clarkson (7-4-2, 0-0-1)
21. Dartmouth (2-5-1)
25. Western Michigan (4-8-1, 1-0-0)
28. Union (4-6-3, 2-0-0)
29. New Hampshire (4-6-3, 1-0-0)
30. Alaska-Anchorage (6-6-2, 0-1-0)
32. Brown (2-4-3, 0-0-1)
43. Alaska (4-8-2, 0-1-0)
45. Bentley (6-6-1, 1-0-0)
47. Princeton (2-8-0)
49. Colgate (4-10-1)
52. Arizona State (3-8-0)
Posted by Tom Reale at 11:57 AM
keywords: bracketology, krach, men's hockey, pairwise rankings
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text:
Q: Camunda: Restrict user access to the tasks and variables I am using external LDAP service to define Camunda Groups, Users and User Group memberships.
I can see the Groups and Users from LDAP in the Admin UI very well.
I can also use Authorisations for example to provide or revoke read access to my deployment.
But no matter what I do, any application user can see complete list of the currently running [CMMN] tasks in the /tasks REST endpoint.
I am taking an LDAP user that is a member of 2 groups.
Neither the user, nor any of his groups have any Authorizations set up in Camunda, except for ACCESS to an application (I restrict to 'cockpit' only).
Still, when I login with that user the GET /tasks lists complete list of all currently running tasks.
My test user cannot see any data /process-instance (even though there are some running), but at the same moment it can see all process instance variables via /variable-instace.
What's the purpose of restricting /process-instance without restricting /variable-instance ?
What am I missing here? Can access to the /tasks and /variable-instance be restricted?
Can the reason be that the User Tasks that I try to restrict access to had been generated by a CMMN process?
Update
Yes, my unprivileged user can see all CMMN tasks but no BPMN tasks.
So the authorization is working but it doesn't cover CMMN :(

A: According to this (Closed) feature request:
https://app.camunda.com/jira/browse/CAM-5875
The CMMN is 100% Enterprise version feature available since version 7.6 (I am on 7.7)
According to this (Open) feature request:
https://app.camunda.com/jira/browse/CAM-6754
The CMMN Tasks are not yet covered by the authorisation even in the enterprise version.
:(

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text: Q: Send flood message in Ad hoc network I'm writing a c++ program that will run on some form of Linux (likely debian-based) that needs to connect to an ad hoc network then send a flood message. I can accomplish the connection itself, but I'm at a loss on how to send a flood message. I could write my own protocol for it, since all machines on the network will be running my software, but I'd like to have it work a layer down. I've looked around on the internet and I can't find any api's for sending a flood message. Does anyone know how to do this?


text:
class Card(object):
    """ A playing card. """
    RANKS = ["A", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7",
             "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K"]
    SUITS = ["c", "d", "h", "s"]

    def __init__(self, rank, suit, face_up = True):
        self.rank = rank
        self.suit = suit
        self.is_face_up = face_up

    def __str__(self):
        if self.is_face_up:
            rep = self.rank + self.suit
        else:
            rep = "XX"
        return rep

    def flip(self):
        self.is_face_up = not self.is_face_up

class Hand(object):
    """ A hand of playing cards. """
    def __init__(self):
        self.cards = []

    def __str__(self):
        if self.cards:
           rep = ""
           for card in self.cards:
               rep += str(card) + "\t"
        else:
            rep = "<empty>"
        return rep

    def clear(self):
        self.cards = []

    def add(self, card):
        self.cards.append(card)

    def give(self, card, other_hand):
        self.cards.remove(card)
        other_hand.add(card)

class Deck(Hand):
    """ A deck of playing cards. """
    def populate(self):
        for suit in Card.SUITS:
            for rank in Card.RANKS:
                self.add(Card(rank, suit))

    def shuffle(self):
        import random
        random.shuffle(self.cards)

    def deal(self, hands, per_hand = 1):
        for rounds in range(per_hand):
            for hand in hands:
                if self.cards:
                    top_card = self.cards[0]
                    self.give(top_card, hand)
                else:
                    print("Can't continue deal. Out of cards!")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("This is a module with classes for playing cards.")
    input("\n\nPress the enter key to exit.")

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text:
Jacobi Tamulevich
Senior Acquisition Editor for Classical Studies, Environmental History, Indigenous and Native American Studies, and Latin America
e-mail Alessandra Jacobi Tamulevich
J. Kent Calder
Acquisitions Editor for History of the American West, Military History, Political Science, Popular Music, and Regional History
e-mail Kent Calder
Steven Baker
e-mail Steven Baker
Attia Evans
Senior Manuscript Editor
e-mail Stephanie Attia Evans
About our Editors
Alessandra Jacobi Tamulevich Senior Acquisition Editor for Classical Studies, Environmental History, Indigenous and Native American Studies, and Latin America
Alessandra was raised in Germany and earned her M.A. from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. A full scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) allowed her to study at the University of Arizona in Tucson, where she pursued her interest in American Indian studies. Before joining the University of Oklahoma Press, Alessandra participated in exchange programs with Ireland and France, worked elsewhere in university press publishing, and held positions at the library for the Center of North American Studies, J. W. Goethe University, and at the Santa Barbara Independent in Santa Barbara, California.
Alessandra is member of several scholarly associations, including the Society for American Ethnohistory, the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, the Western History Association, the American Anthropological Association, and the American Philological Association. She attends conferences for these, and selected other, organizations to contact potential new authors. Alessandra lived in Norman, Oklahoma, for six years and now telecommutes from her home in the Dallas Forth Worth Metroplex. She frequently travels to Germany and Italy to visit family.
J. Kent Calder Acquisitions Editor for History of the American West, Military History, Political Science, Popular Music, and Regional History
Kent Calder acquires books on local and regional topics, especially dealing with Oklahoma, Texas, and the Southwest. He is interested in well researched interpretations in the realms of cultural, political, and environmental history that offer new insight, enhance understanding, and place subjects in national and international contexts. He seeks scholarly projects that have potential to crossover to broad audiences and is glad to discuss with prospective authors his understanding of what that means. He began the press's American Popular Music Series, which explores the evolution of musical genres such as folk, blues, country, and jazz, and he established the New Directions in Tejano History Series, which endeavors to further multiethnic and multiracial understanding of the unique identities formed on the Texas/Mexico border. He also seeks projects on political science and Western Trails, including Route 66.
Steven Baker Managing Editor
As Managing Editor, Steven Baker oversees the Manuscript Editorial Department, whose staff shepherd manuscripts, after they have been contracted, through development (if necessary), copyediting, and (after design-typesetting) proofreading. Aside from supervising, Steven works with authors and freelance copyeditors as a manuscript editor. Among the books he is most happy to have helped produce are The Story of Oklahoma, Second Edition;Historical Atlas of Oklahoma; and Texas: A Historical Atlas.
A native of Oklahoma, Steven went west to California in 1988, after earning a bachelor's in business administration at Washington University in St. Louis and a teaching certificate at OU. He taught history and American government for three years at a public high school in Corona, California, before returning to school to earn a master's in American History at the University of California, San Diego. After teaching history as an adjunct instructor at several San Diego-area community colleges while also freelancing as a copyeditor for several publishers, Steven joined the Press's Editorial Department in September 2004.
Stephanie Attia Evans Senior Manuscript Editor
Stephanie Attia Evans is Senior Manuscript Editor for the University of Oklahoma Press. She collaborates with authors and freelancers to shepherd book projects through the editorial, design, and production process.
Stephanie earned her B.A. in German and European History from the University of California–Davis and her M.A. in German Literature from the University of Massachusetts–Amherst, where she also completed her doctoral coursework. In addition, she holds a degree in Health Sciences and is a Registered Nurse with experience in trauma surgery and organ transplants, urgent care, and travel medicine. Before joining the University of Oklahoma Press, she worked as a manuscript and production editor at the University of Massachusetts Press, Texas A&M University Press, and Oxford University Press.
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text:
Home / Adventure Finders / Aquaman / Atomic Robo / captain marvel / comics / DCAU / DCEU / Deathstroke / Ms. Marvel / review / Tangled / Teen Titans / Transformers / Unstoppable Wasp / Dave's Capsules for April 2019
Dave's Capsules for April 2019
Dvandom Monday, April 29, 2019
Items of Note (Strongly Recommended or otherwise worthy): The Unstoppable Wasp G.I.R.L. Power TPB, The Unstoppable Wasp Fix Everything TPB, The Unstoppable Wasp v2 #6
In this installment: Aquaman (movie), Justice League vs. the Fatal Five, Adventure Finders Book 2 #1, The Unstoppable Wasp G.I.R.L. Power TPB, The Unstoppable Wasp Fix Everything TPB, Marvel Action Black Panther #1, The Magnificent Ms. Marvel #2, Captain Marvel #4, Marvel Rising #2 (of 5), Ironheart #5, The Unstoppable Wasp v2 #6, Teen Titans #28, Deathstroke #42, Teen Titans #29, Synergy: A Hasbro Creators Showcase, Tangled The Series Hair and Now #1, Atomic Robo Dawn of a New Era #4 (of 5), Transformers #3.
Current Wait List (books either Diamond didn't ship or my store failed to order): Nothing this month.
"Eye have a clever plan."
Aquaman: DC/WB - I didn't see this in theaters due to there being just too many movies coming out over the holidays and too little patience for local theaters, so it marks my first new theatrical movie in a few months. In some ways, this follows the standard Monomyth storyline...hero finds out about his past, needs to take up a Great Destiny, travels to various exotic locales and comes into his full power in time to face the Big Bad. But it has critical differences...Aquaman is no callow youth, he already knows about and rejects the basics of his heritage, and he doesn't need to learn to be a hero. He already is one, his gruff demeanor notwithstanding. Ultimately, the lesson he learns is that he doesn't have to accept his Great Destiny in full, he can make his own version of it, an interesting twist on the Campbellian structure. Recommended. Price varies by format.
Justice League vs. the Fatal Five: DC/WB - This is another DCAU-style PG-13 direct to video movie like the Batman & Harley thing from 2018. What does PG-13 mean in this case? More cussing, and a partial view of Thom Kallor's naked butt, basically. Well, more seriously, it does delve more deeply into Jessica Cruz's PTSD issues than a made for kidvid show might, and Thom's modern-day mental illness problems. And ultimately, this is Jessica and Thom's fight, the rest of the Justice League is barely more involved than the Legion of Super-Heroes is. The climactic fight does feel a little deus ex machina, though. Mildly recommended. Price varies by format.
Adventure Finders Book 2 #1: Patreon.com - Espinosa didn't let a little 6.1 magnitude earthquake keep him from getting this out in April. Book 1 ended with Clari pretty beat up from all of the combat and running and combat and betrayal, so Book 2 starts with her finally finishing her recovery and finding that things are...unsettled. All little things at the moment, providing conflict and perhaps some foreshadowing without totally undermining the well-deserved respite the crew got. Of course, all good things must come to an end, and for all the everyday petty problems with petty solutions, the greater world won't stay at bay forever. Recommended. $1/month for access.
The Unstoppable Wasp: G.I.R.L. Power TPB: Marvel - So, I'd heard talk about this series for a while, usually in the context of "Why does Marvel keep cancelling great books like _____?" discussions. But last month I saw a big chunk of pages from the then-current issue (v2 #5) posted to Tumblr, and liked what I saw. So I checked out a scan of the full issue, and then looked up how much the TPB would cover (#1-5, conveniently!), so put the series on my pull starting with #6 and started ordering TPBs. Now, the original series turned out to have three TPBs, with this one collecting the whole series but the other two being four issues plus backup material. This "omnibus" (minibus?) edition of all 8 issues of the previous series uses a slightly smaller page size, 6"x9", not quite a digest but not full comic page size either.
"Someone removed the Fourth Wall!"
Anyway, on to the content. Those parts of the Pym family tree that aren't robotic are retconned, or at least that's the impression one has to get after a while. His first wife was killed as part of his backstory, then in West Coast Avengers revealed to be alive and turned into SODAM (later MODAM), and then later that was revealed to not be Maria Pym after all, and she was dead. The core conceit of the new Wasp is that while she did die, it wasn't when Hank thought, but long enough afterward that she gave birth to the daughter he never knew and never met. (He is currently dead again, death being nohow permanent is also part of his family tree.) Nadia was raised in the Red Room (Soviet-era spy training program that thanks to the sliding timeline had to be active for quite some time after the fall of the USSR) to be a combination assassin and super-scientist, which gives her a great skillset for being a superhero. But she quickly realizes that her biggest and best contribution would be to help mentor the next generation of girl geniuses, leading to Genius in Action Research Labs, or G.I.R.L. While Janet Van Dyne and Bobbi Morse act as mentor figures (and funding source, in Janet's case), Whitley puts his money where his premise is by recruiting a group of complete unknowns to join Nadia in her efforts. While there's plenty of fight scenes, a lot of the conflicts are social, or at least Nadia tries to make them social rather than resorting to asskicking. Nadia's external past comes knocking, and is eventually dealt with in a way that looks like a win for now. Charretier's art on the first six issues has a vaguely indie flavor to it, while still being suitable for superhero stuff. The last two each have different artists, who have a more standard superhero comics style, but they manage to keep the character designs consistent. Fleshing out the TPB are a cover gallery, design pages, and the FCBD Marvel Rising story. Strongly recommended. $12.99/$16.99Cn
The Unstoppable Wasp: Fix Everything TPB: Marvel - And just under the wire, I get to be fully caught up on Unstoppable Wasp. And this one has regular comic size pages, covering #1-5 of the current series. The various social conflicts and their resolutions continue this issue (and this may be the first time I've seen a comics caption describe someone as "tiny gay disaster"), but there's also a strong theme to the new threats in this edition. Where Nadia's physical upbringing formed the main threats in the previous volume, this time around it's all about the Pym Legacy as the real threat...both internal and external. It starts with an external threat, but Nadia's overreaction to it leads her into her first serious manic episode...which the Gurihiru studio artists portray with haunting effectiveness. Strongly recommended. $15.99/$20.99Cn (yeah, more cost for fewer issues)
Marvel Action Black Panther #1: Marvel/IDW - This is my first Marvel Action book, part of a line of titles Marvel is farming out to IDW. I ordered it on the strength of Kyle Baker being the writer, but I'm a bit disappointed in how the story could be told with almost any superhero with decent connections in government or industry. Mildly recommended. $3.99
The Magnificent Ms. Marvel #2: Marvel - Looks like another "get 'em out of the way during the crossover" arc like Captain Marvel. However, between last issue and this, Ahmed does a decent job of establishing who Kamala is and how others relate to her, even if the interactions are fairly short and heavy on expository dialogue. The problem I had with last issue has been put on pause, and will probably get resolved in some fashion by the trip to somewhere else. Mildly recommended. $3.99
Captain Marvel (2019) v(something) #4: Marvel - Throwing characters into an unfamiliar environment can be a good way to explore sides of their personality that don't normally emerge. The thing is, you really need to establish the regular personalities first, otherwise it's just a bunch of unfamiliar characters who may or may not deal with this sort of thing on a regular basis. Yeah, a shared universe means you get to assume a certain level of knowledge on the part of the reader, but the load placed on the reader in this story just ends up making everyone feel generic. It really should not have been the first arc in a new "get readers who saw the movie to buy the comic" series. There should have been several more issues in the mold of #1, introducing Jessica and Jennifer and Hazmat and so forth, so that the Makhizmo storyline could then be used to show new sides of those characters. Even Carol barely gets back from another world before being tossed into another world. I strongly suspect this was done so that she could have a non-War Of Realms storyline to kick off her new title, but in the old days you could just put a caption, "This issue happens before the events of Big Crossover That Messes Everyone's Storylines Up" or something. Neutral. $3.99
Marvel Rising #2 (of 5): Marvel - A lot of fighting and bickering (sometimes at the same time), more of the characters in the merch show up and a lot of the dialogue is catching everyone up on each others' relationships and histories. I mean...I guess the plot advances a little, but so much of this issue is treading water while everyone gets onto the same pages. Mildly recommended. $3.99
Ironheart #5: Marvel - Ah, good, a break in the angsting. Only a minor victory, perhaps, but Riri is back to being an active participant in her life instead of bouncing around from obstacle to obstacle, which formed a sort of malaise for the last three issues. It's not entirely a "sudden badass conversion" plot device, fortunately, but she's stopped coasting and started processing...whatever happened to her in an issue visually referenced but never actually named. (Yeah, I'm still annoyed that they've decided to mix tight continuity with a total lack of editor's notes. Readers who missed important stories should be told where to find 'em, not expected to have already read everything.) Mildly recommended. $3.99
To the Justice Mass Transit!
The Unstoppable Wasp v2 #6: Marvel - Okay, I did kinda read things out of order here. Like, WAY out of order (#5 scans, v1 TPB, this issue, THEN the v2 TPB). But unlike Ironheart, I never really felt left behind. Whitley definitely does a better job than Ewing at making sure important stuff gets brought up often enough that new readers aren't lost (Nadia does a lot of narrating to herself via captions, but there's also nametags and short info bits on important characters when they first appear in an issue, a manga/anime touch that nicely replaces the old school comics caption style in terms of keeping readers up to date). I don't know if Gurihiru decided to stop identifying as just a studio or if maybe that was just a thing for the TPB, but Alti Firmansyan gets specific art credits this issue. They have the standard manga-inflected style of most Gurihiru stuff, with a bit of a Totally Spies feel to it...except where Shay's mom is concerned. Weirdly, she doesn't fit the style at all, looking more like something out of J. Scott Campbell's Gen13 work. I wonder if this was just a weird happenstance (maybe Firmansyah was working from someone else's model sheets on the rest, but had to come up with their own design for Mama Shay?) or if it was a deliberate comment on her personality? Anyway, a very enjoyable read, and a great thematic followup to the "Fix Everything" disaster, in which honest attempts are made to fix things the right way. Strongly recommended. $3.99
Teen Titans #28: DC - The Terminus Agenda: Part 1 of 4. I haven't really been following Teen Titans since the last crossover, but it looks like Damian's latest obsession has been "I won't kill, but I will lock criminals up forever in a secret prison in my basement." Yeah, no way that could backfire on him with former Deathstroke teammate (and got no more time for that kinda stuff) Kid Flash on the Titans again. Anyway, after being manipulated into some pretty hard to excuse actions recently, Deathstroke has shot to the top of Damian's basement guest list, and in this issue the team helps him capture Slade. It's fairly well captioned and exposited for anyone just coming on board for the crossover (like me), and while Priest's name isn't on the cover he's in the credits as co-writing. It definitely shows in some of the structure, and Deathstroke's voice (and virtual Wintergreen's) is on point. Mildly recommended. $3.99
Deathstroke #42: DC - The Terminus Agenda: Part 2 of 4. Interestingly, Glass doesn't get any writing credit here, but Priest doesn't get any in part 3, so maybe they only felt the need to collaborate more closely on the first part (or upper editorial decided they didn't like split writing credits). Way back near the beginning of this series, Deathstroke discovered that capturing Damian was much like the Ransom of Red Chief. Time to return the favor. Well, technically he's helping Damian deal with his displaced father (and grandfather) issues, but his helpfulness is suspect. Oh, and Jericho has a few pages, because this issue is all about dysfunctional family ties. Recommended. $3.99
Teen Titans #29: DC - The Terminus Agenda: Part 3 of 4. Everyone wallows in their suspicion and unease except Roundhouse, who helps several characters come to a decision about what they need to do. In one case, definitely a good thing. In another case...maybe a bit painful for everyone. But definitely for Damian. Okay, both cases might cause Damian problems, but one is a lot more immediate. An interesting read, but not really enough to keep me buying the book after this issue. Mildly recommended. $3.99
Synergy: a Hasbro Creators Showcase One-Shot: IDW - Delayed from last month, and honestly kind of disappointing. Very heavy on the pin-ups, a lot of which are from existing covers, and a handful of short stories (two of which are basically autobiographical). Katie Cook's autobio piece was amusing, and Maighread Scott's autobio piece was interesting. The other three vignettes (Arcee, new Snake Eyes, Jem's Stormer) were each three pages and could have used more pages taken away from cover reprints to develop their concepts a little better. Mildly recommended. $7.99
Disney's Tangled The Series Hair and Now #1: IDW - I picked this up on impulse because it's written by Katie Cook, whose work I usually like (MLP, Gronk, Nothing Special). But this just didn't grab me. Technically a mystery, but pretty straightforwards, and without any real side stories going on in the background to liven things up. Artist Catalano stays on-model, and I was able to follow everything despite having only watched the first few episodes of the series, but...eh. A few decent gags, but it felt a little too bland. Mildly recommended, but I won't be picking up any other issues. $3.99
Atomic Robo Dawn of a New Era #4 (of 5): IDW - As the penultimate issue of the arc, it is appropriately loaded up with "OH S***" moments. I mean, there's enough build-up for another two arcs, which I guess is Clevinger's plan. The first half is fairly light "find a job for Jenkins to keep him and the new recruits out of trouble," which has some good gags in it, but then it's all "YOU DID WHAT?" and "NOW I SEE IT ALL!" reveals. Recommended. $3.99
Transformers #3: IDW - Technically twice a month, but this month only one shipped. The overly utopian backstory promised in solicits gets a little more plausible this issue, at the cost of a LOT of infodump. (It's more of an extended interbellum, plenty of Cybertronians have known full on warfare, but not the majority.) One of my big concerns with Ruckley was that he'd set up such an idyllic Cybertron that most plots would be extended cases of someone carrying the Idiot Ball because they'd never done this sort of thing before, but it's more comparable to the extended periods of relative peace and stasis in many Egyptian or Chinese Dynasties. Although, given the brief mention of the Nominus Edict (which the Ascenticons are protesting), perhaps the Pax Romana might be a better analogy, complete with firmly established boundaries to stop any growth. Still somewhat slow-moving, but the Last Page Reveal suggests things might start to move faster soon enough. Recommended. $3.99
Dvandom, aka Dave Van Domelen, is an Assistant Professor of Physical Science at Amarillo College, maintainer of one of the two longest-running Transformers fansites in existence (neither he nor Ben Yee is entirely sure who was first), won't get on anyone's case for Endgame spoilers even though he won't see it for a few months, is a long time online reviewer of comics, an occasional science advisor in fiction, and part of the development team for the upcoming City of Titans MMO.
"Well, what's [Jenkins] do in his spare time?" "Intensifying isn't really an answer, is it?" - Foley and Robo, Atomic Robo Dawn of a New Era #4 (of 5)
Dave's Capsules for April 2019 Reviewed by Dvandom on Monday, April 29, 2019 Rating: 5
Unstoppable Wasp
Adventure Finders|Aquaman|Atomic Robo|captain marvel|comics|DCAU|DCEU|Deathstroke|Ms. Marvel|review|Tangled|Teen Titans|Transformers|Unstoppable Wasp|


text:
Q: .htaccess folder look-alike viewing php file with and without forward slash I'm trying to use .htaccess to make my php files look a little neater in the URL.

Here's what I have:
www.domain.com/file.php
Here's how I would like it to be accessed (and how it should be shown in the URL:
www.domain.com/file OR www.domain.com/file/

I have found sites that do this, so I know it's possible however, this is the best I can come up with within my .htaccess file:
Options +FollowSymlinks
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^titaniumwebdesigns.com$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.titaniumwebdesigns.com/$1 [R=301,L]
RewriteRule ^(.*)\/$ $1.php [NC]

The only problem is, it doesn't work with www.example.com/page as it redirects to a folder whereas www.example.com/page/ successfully redirects to www.example.com/page.php using the extra forward slash.
The other parts just add in the http://www. to look neater.  Is there more to it than just the .htaccess file?

A: I'm assuming here that you have a file called page.php but also a folder called page? If so, the easiest way will be just write a routing file which will redirect, then you can use this code:
RewriteRule ^router\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule . /router.php [L]

Then just set up rules in the PHP to test what the $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] is returning, then include the files.


text:
\section[int]{Introduction}
In the last two decades, scenarios in which pseudoscalar \cite{Maiani86,pec77,wilc78,wein78,kim79,sik83} particles and photons couple and subsequently mix (fig no. \ref{fig:ax-ph-mix}) in the
presence of magnetic fields have received a lot of attention \cite{Das05,saral04,agarwal11,agarwal12,jain13,tiwari12,tiwari16}, both phenomenologically \cite{Das08,payezprd12,payez11,vogel17,pelgrims15,pelgrims16,payez13,payez14} and observationally \cite{lamy00,hut98,hut01,hut05,hut14,hut10,jackson07,jagan16}. This
is of particular interest in astrophysics, where this mixing of photons with pseudoscalars could make the universe transparent \cite{csaki03}, change
the polarisation properties of light \cite{cudell08} and is be potentially responsible for effects such as 'Supernovae dimming' \cite{csaki03} or
'Large-scale coherent orientation' \cite{cudell08} of the universe, also known as `Hutsemekers' effect. The best-known light pseudoscalar particle,
the axion, was introduced long ago \cite{quinn77} to explain the absence of CP violation in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) \cite{pich95}. One
postulated the existence of a new spontaneously broken continuous Peccei-Quinn symmetry, so that the axion was a pseudo Goldstone boson. It was soon
realised that one needed to introduce a very large scale in the theory in order to suppress the interactions of the axion, while preserving the
Peccei- Quinn mechanism. The invisible axion \cite{dine00} emerges at a unification scale, and the effective coupling is suppressed by this scale.
The invisible axion, being closely related to QCD, has definite and interrelated expressions for its mass \cite{sikivie85} and coupling
strength \cite{turner94} to other particles, given a specific model \cite{srednicki81,zakharov80}. Various cosmological and astrophysical bounds can
be used to further constrain the parameters \cite{turner94}, and the allowed parameters do not lead to observable effects over cosmological scales.
The mass of the pseudoscalar particle needs to be very close to the photon effective mass in order to mix in the rather weak magnetic
fields of the extra galactic space. However, generic pseudoscalars or axion-like particles (ALP's) have been hypothesized by many extensions of the
standard model of particle physics. Theories such as Supergravity \cite{sengupta99} and Superstring theory \cite{sen01} contain many broken U(1)
symmetries, that can lead to very light scalar, or pseudoscalar, particles.
\vskip 0.5cm
\par \noindent Pulsars, discovered fifty years back \cite{bell_68}, are a fusion fuel less state of a two to three solar mass
$\left(M_{\odot}\right)$ star \cite{longair_94}, wherein surmounting inward gravitational pull \cite{longair_96}, in absence of a commensurate
radiation pressure from fusion, makes it collapse \cite{pulsar}, into a tiny object \cite{lohfink_08}. Two effects follow: the protons and neutrons
coalesce together making the Pulsars synonymous with neutron stars \cite{pul_hbk_05}; and, also during this compression phase the the magnetic flux is
conserved, thereby promoting the magnetic induction field inside it to a colossal \cite{pul_hbk_05} value. Other effects such as the `pulsating'
nature of the `star' in its last phase of stellar evolution, leading to the nomenclature \& discovery of the same \cite{pul_hbk_05}, won't be pursued
here.
\begin{figure}[!h]
    \label{fig:ax-ph-mix}
    \includegraphics{pulsartec.eps}
    \caption[Polar Cap Conversion]{Axion Photon Mixing In The Polar Cap Region}
\end{figure}

Pulsars have been harnessed to estimate the coloumn density \cite{20_mil_pol_11}, by observing Pulsar dispersion measure. Also, the magnetic
field of the interstellar medium (henceforth ISM) \cite{20_mil_pol_11} along the line of sight can be estimated by observing its rotation measure
\cite{20_mil_pol_11}. Pulsars were traditionally, observed on earth inside the radio frequency window specifically, from
100$\mathsf{MHz}\;-\;100\mathsf{GHz}$ \cite{pul_hbk_05}. However, over time, pulsars became known for emission in other wavebands like X-ray \&
$\gamma$-ray, etc \cite{multi_pol_pul_17}. Despite, half a century of efforts, the mechanisms for such types of radiation and properties thereof, such
as polarisation etc. are not very well understood \cite{pul_mag_I_17}. This in turn banks heavily on the fact that pulsar atmosphere or its
magnetosphere models are still in its infancy \cite{pul_mag_II_16}. There are competing contenders as preferred models for pulsed emission and
continuum radiation. Curvature radiation, synchroton radiation, inverse Compton radiation, superconducting self Compton radiation etc. are at the
forefront, but none fits all observational features of pulsars \cite{pul_mag_I_17}. We shall, however, restrict ourselves, polarisation properties of
radiation inside the pulsar atmosphere without looking into the radiation origin. Here we shall harness the two pulsar properties  the size, and magnetic field which in turn is deduced from period and associated derivative, to estimate the pseudoscalar parameters like the mass and its coupling to photons, with the help of 21 cm observations.
\vskip 0.5cm
\par \noindent In section no. \ref{data} we describe the polarimetric data set on six hundred pulsars \cite{parkesix18}, along with the quantities that can be
derived from these observed parameters assuming a basic pulsar model \cite{pul_hbk_05}. The observation of circular polarisation is hitherto
unexplained by radiation models, theoretical \cite{wang12,ganga10,ardavan08} \& statistical \cite{mckinn02} alike, so far. Thereafter, in the section no. \ref{ppm} , we invoke the light quanta to pseudoscalar
interaction to step wise calculate the correlators, ab initio, between the three degrees of freedom. Thereby, in section no. \ref{sp} we digress to
stokes parameters; the experimental interface with theoretical quantities like ellipticity parameter and polarisation position angle, using the definition of correlators. In
the next section \ref{epppa}, we discuss the extraction process of pseudoscalar parameters, for mixing case only, discarding another two cases and leaving the general case open that might arise, naturally. Also in this segment we estimate the values of
regression parameters derived from statistical analysis of the data set tables. In the next section we present our results. Thereafter, we conclude by projecting the feasibility of our result and scope in future directions.
\section[data]{Observation}
\label{data}
The following data shown in table no. (\ref{bigtable}) is a small part of the data obtained from the reference no. \cite{parkesix18}. It
contains the spin down luminosity $\dot{E}$ \cite{pulsar} and pulsar spin period ${P}$ \cite{lohfink_08} all six hundred of them. Following the
basic pulsar model \cite{diagtool13,pul_hbk_05} we may derive pulsar parameters such as spin period time derivative $\dot{P}$ and the magnetic field
$B_{s}$.
\begin{eqnarray}
    \label{eq:magfeld}
  B_s &=& 3.2\times10^{19}\times\sqrt{P\dot{P}}\nonumber \\
  \dot{P} &=& \frac{\dot{E}P^3}{4\pi^2I}
\end{eqnarray}

\par\noindent Also, from the ratio between the percentage of circular to linear polarisation provides us with the ellipticity parameter $\chi$.
\begin{equation}
  \tan\left(2\chi\right) = {V\over p_{lin}}
\end{equation}
We have extracted \& separately tabulated these derived values for further use in section no. \ref{epppa}.

\begin{sidewaystable}
\caption{Pulsar polarisation properties at 1.4~GHz (sample)}
\label{bigtable}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrl}
Jname & Period & DM & RM & log($\dot{E}$) & nbin & $\sigma_I$ & $S_{1.4}$ & $W_{50}$ & $L/I$ & $V/I$ & $|V|/I$ & err & flag \\
& (ms) & (cm$^{-3}$pc) & (radm$^{-2}$) & (ergs$^{-1}$) & & (mJy) & (mJy) & (deg) & \% & \% & \% & \% \\
\hline & \vspace{-3mm} \\
\input{./psrlist_short.table}
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{sidewaystable}
\section{Pseudoscalar Photon Mixing}
\label{ppm}
The following mixing matrix (eqn. no. \ref{eq:matrix00}) provides for the necessary ingredient of photon pseudoscalar mixing mediated by a magnetic
field \cite{stodol88}. Also this reference assumes a free space, for calculation, hence there are no Faraday effect ($M_{21}$ \& $M_{12}$ entries)
terms coupling the two photon polarisations. Inside pulsar magnetosphere this could hardly be the case. However, we may still ignore the Faraday
terms.
The reason being the smallness of it inside spaces with large magnetic fields; as shown in by one of the coauthors \cite{mandal09}, by deriving the
limiting propagation frequency, below which Faraday effect holds significance.
\begin{displaymath}
  \omega_L = \frac{\omega_p^2\omega_B\left(\omega_p^2-m_a^2\right)}{|\mathcal{B}|^2}{\cos\Theta\over\sin^2\Theta}
\end{displaymath}
for the values derived from the pulsar database, such as the magnetic field, and the plasma frequency from literature \cite{melrose17}, which is much
smaller than the pseudoscalar mass, we see that Faraday effect can safely be neglected at the operating frequency of 1.4 GHz ($\gg \omega_L$), with
which
the observations were made.
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{(\arabic{footnote})}
\begin{equation}
M = \left(\begin{matrix}A_1 & 0 & 0\cr
           0 & A_2 & T\cr
	   0 & T  & -B\end{matrix}\right)\,,
\label{eq:matrix00}
\end{equation}

\noindent
Where the symbols in the matrix [{\ref{eq:matrix00}}] stands for
\begin{eqnarray}
 A_1&=&4\omega^2\xi Sin^2 \Theta +\omega_p^2 \nonumber  \\
 A_2&=&7\omega^2\xi Sin^2 \Theta +\omega_p^2, \nonumber\\
B&=&m_a^2 , \\
T&=& g \mathcal{B}\omega.\nonumber \\
\label{symb1} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
where, $\mathcal{B}$ is the magnetic field, $\Theta$ is the angle between the  $\vec{k}$ and the magnetic field $\mathcal{B}$, $m_a$ the axion mass, and $\xi=
{\alpha\over4\pi}\left(\frac{e\mathcal{B}}{m^2_f}\right)^2$, with $m_f$ \cite{stodol88} the lightest Fermion mass.

\noindent
The non diagonal 2{\bf{x}}2 matrix, in eqn.{\ref{eq:matrix00}} is given by,

\begin{equation}
M_2 = \left(\begin{matrix}A_2 & T \cr
                           T &  -m_a^2
	   \end{matrix}\right)\,.
\label{eq:matrix10}
\end{equation}

One can solve for the eigen values of the eqn. [\ref{eq:matrix10}], from the determinant equation,

\begin{equation}
 \left|\begin{matrix}A_2-\lambda & T \cr
                           T &  -m_a^2-\lambda
	   \end{matrix}\right| = 0,
\label{eq:matrix10}
\end{equation}
\noindent
and the roots are,\\

\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\pm}= \frac{A_2-m_a^2}{2}
\pm \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\left[(A_2+m_a^2)^2 + 4 T^2\right]}.\\
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{Equation of Motion}
\label{eom}

The equation of motion for the axion photon mixing, in the non diagonal
basis gets decoupled and can be written
in the matrix from as:,
\begin{equation}
\left[(\omega^2 + \partial_z^2) \,\,{\bf I} +\mbox{ \bf{M} }  \right]
\left( \begin{array}{c}
A_{\perp}  \\
A_{\parallel}\\
a      \\
\end{array} \right)=0.
\end{equation}
where ${\bf I}$ is a $3\times 3$ identity matrix and {\bf{M}} is the mixing
 matrix.\\

\noindent
The uncoupled and the coupled  equations can further be written as,
\begin{equation}
\left[(\omega^2 + \partial_z^2)  +\mbox{A}_{1}  \right]
\left( \begin{array}{c}
A_{\perp}  \\
\end{array} \right)=0.
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\left[(\omega^2 + \partial_z^2) \,\,{\bf I} +  M_2  \right]
\left( \begin{array}{c}
A_{\parallel}\\
a      \\
\end{array} \right)=0.
\label{c:eqn}
\end{equation}\\

\noindent
It is possible to diagonalise eqn.[\ref{c:eqn}] by a similarity
transformation (we would denote the diagonalising matrix by $O$),
leading to the form,\\

\begin{equation}
\left[(\omega^2 + \partial_z^2) \,\,{\bf I} +\mbox{ \bf{$M_D$} }  \right]
\left( \begin{array}{c}
\bar{A}_{\parallel}\\
\bar{a}      \\
\end{array} \right)=0.
\label{c:eqnd}
\end{equation}
when the diagonal matrix $M_D$ is given by:

\begin{eqnarray}
 M_D=
   \left(\begin{matrix}M_{+} & 0 \cr
                           0 & M_{-}
	   \end{matrix}\right)
\label{eq:matrix15}
\end{eqnarray}\\

\subsection{Dispersion Relations}
\label{dr}

\noindent
Defining the wave vectors in terms of $k_{i}$'s, as:
\begin{eqnarray}
k_{\perp}&=& \sqrt{\omega^2+ A_1 } \nonumber \\
k_{+}&=&\sqrt{\omega^2+M_{+}} \nonumber \\
k_{-}&=&-\sqrt{\omega^2+M_{+}}
\label{pos}
\end{eqnarray}

and
\begin{eqnarray}
k'_{+}&=&\,\,\sqrt{\omega^2+M_{-}} \nonumber \\
k'_{-}&=&-\sqrt{\omega^2+M_{-}}
\label{neg}
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{Solutions}
\label{sol}

\noindent
The solutions for the gauge field and the axion field, given by [\ref{c:eqnd}]
as well as the solution for eqn. for $A_{\perp}$ in $k$ space can be written as,
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{A}_{||}(z)&=&\!\! \bar{A}_{||_{+}}(0)e^{ik_{+}z}+\bar{A}_{||_{-}}(0)e^{-ik_{-}z}\\
\bar{a}(z)&=&\bar{a}_{+}(0)\,\,e^{ik'_{+}z}+\bar{a}_{-}(0)\,\,e^{-ik'_{-}z}\\
A_{\perp}(z)&=&\!\! A_{{\perp}_{+}}(0)e^{ik_{\perp}z}+A_{{\perp}_{-}}(0)
e^{-ik_{\perp}z}\\
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent
The diagonal matrix can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{D}=O^{T} M_2 O
\end{eqnarray}
when
\begin{equation}
 O=\left(\begin{matrix}\cos\theta & -\sin\theta \cr
                           \sin\theta &  \cos\theta
	   \end{matrix}\right) \equiv
\left(\begin{matrix}c & -s \cr
                           s &  c
	   \end{matrix}\right).
\label{eq:matrix14}
\end{equation}
in short hand notation.\\

\subsection{Similarity Transformation}
\label{st}
\noindent
The diagonal matrix
\begin{equation}
 M_D=
\left(\begin{matrix}c & s \cr
                           -s &  c
	   \end{matrix}\right)
   \left(\begin{matrix}M_{11} & M_{12} \cr
                           M_{21} & M_{22}
	   \end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}c & -s \cr
                           s &  c
	   \end{matrix}\right),
\label{eq:matrix15}
\end{equation}\\

\noindent
With $M_{11}=A_2 $, $M_{12}=T$, $M_{21}=T$ lastly $M_{22}=-B$.\\

\noindent
The value of the parameter $\theta$, is fixed from the equality,
\begin{equation}
 M_D=
\left(\begin{matrix}c & s \cr
                           -s &  c
	   \end{matrix}\right)
   \left(\begin{matrix}M_{11} & M_{12} \cr
                           M_{21} & M_{22}
	   \end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix}c & -s \cr
                           s &  c
	   \end{matrix}\right)= \left(
                                 \begin{matrix} M_{+} & 0 \cr
                                                0     & M_{-} \cr
                                 \end{matrix}
                                 \right),
\label{eq:matrix17}
\end{equation}\\
\noindent
leading to,

\begin{equation}
\left(
      \begin{matrix}
        c^2 M_{11}+s^2 M_{22}+ 2csM_{12} & M_{12}(c^2-s^2)+cs(M_{22}-M_{11}) \cr
        M_{12}(c^2-s^2)+cs(M_{22}-M_{11}) &  s^2 M_{11}+c^2 M_{22}- 2csM_{12}
      \end{matrix}
\right)=                        \left(
                                 \begin{matrix} M_{+} & 0 \cr
                                                0     & M_{-} \cr
                                 \end{matrix}
                                \right),
\label{eq:matrix17}
\end{equation}\\
\noindent
Equating the components of the matrix equation [\ref{eq:matrix17}], one arrives at:
\begin{eqnarray}
\rm{tan}(2\theta)= \frac{2M_{12}}{M_{11}-M_{22}}=\frac{2T}{A_2-m^2_a}.
\label{eq:tantheta}
\end{eqnarray}\\

\subsection{Correlation Functions}
\label{cf}

\noindent
The solutions for propagation along the $+$ve z axis, is given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{A}_{||}(z)&=&\!\! \bar{A}_{||}(0)e^{ik_{+}z}\\
\bar{a}(z)&=&\bar{a}(0)\,\,e^{ik'_{+}z}\\
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
that can further be written in the following form,
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
      \begin{matrix}
                 \bar{A}_{||}(z) \cr
                 \bar{a}(z)
      \end{matrix}
\right)
=
\left(
  \begin{matrix}
       e^{ik_{+}z} & 0 \cr
       0           & e^{ik'_{+}z}
  \end{matrix}
\right)
\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     \bar{A}_{||}(0) \cr
     \bar{a}(0)
   \end{matrix}
\right)
\label{eq:matrix21}.
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
Since,
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     \bar{A}_{||}(z/0) \cr
     \bar{a}(z/0)
   \end{matrix}
\right)
=
O^{T}\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     {A}_{||}(z/0) \cr
     {a}(z/0)
   \end{matrix}
\right)
\label{eq:matrix23}.
\end{eqnarray}\\

\noindent
it follows from there that,\\

\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     A_{||}(z) \cr
     a(z)
   \end{matrix}
\right)
=
O
\left(
\begin{matrix}
e^{ik_+z} & 0            \cr
0         & e^{ik'_{+}z}
\end{matrix}
\right)
O^T
\left(
   \begin{matrix}
     {A}_{||}(0) \cr
     {a}(0)
   \end{matrix}
\right)
\label{eq:matrix23}.
\end{eqnarray}

Using eqn.[\ref{eq:matrix23}] we arrive at the relation,
\begin{eqnarray}
A_{||}(z)= \left[ e^{ik_{+}z} \rm{cos}^2\theta + e^{ik'_{+}z} \rm{sin}^2\theta
            \right]A_{||}(0) +
\left[ e^{ik_{+}z}- e^{ik'_{+}z}\right]
\rm{cos}\theta \,\rm{sin}\theta \,a(0) \\
 a(z)= \left[ e^{ik_{+}z}- e^{ik'_{+}z}\right] \rm{cos}\theta \, \rm{sin} \theta \,
A_{||}(0) +
\left[ e^{ik_{+}z} \rm{sin}^2\theta + e^{ik'_{+}z} \rm{cos}^2\theta \right] a(0)
\end{eqnarray}

If the axion field is zero to begin with, i.e
\begin{equation}
a(0)=0.
\end{equation}

\noindent
Then the solution for the gauge fields take the following form,
\begin{eqnarray}
A_{||}(z)\!\!\!\!&=&\!\!\!\!\! \left[ e^{ik_{+}z} \rm{cos}^2\theta + e^{ik'_{+}z} \rm{sin}^2\theta
            \right]A_{||}(0) \\
A_{\perp}(z)\!\!\!\!\!&=&\!\!\!\!\!e^{ik_{\perp}z}A_{\perp}(0).
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent
The correlations of different components take the following form:
\begin{eqnarray}
<A^{*}_{||}(z)A_{||}(z)>\!\! &=& \!\!\left[ \rm{cos}^{4}\theta +\rm{sin}^4\theta + 2\, \rm{sin}^2\theta \,\,
\rm{cos}^2{\theta}\,\, \rm{cos}\left[\left(k_{+}-k'_{+}\right)z\right]\, \right]<A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{||}(0)> \\
<A^{*}_{||}(z)A_{\perp}(z)>\!\!&=&\!\! \left[ \rm{cos}^2\, \theta e^{i(k_{\perp}-k_{+})z}+ \rm{sin}^2 \theta \,
e^{i(k_{\perp}-k'_{+})z} \right]\,<A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>\\
<A^{*}_{\perp}(z)A_{\perp}(z)>\!\!&=&\!\!<A^{*}_{\perp}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Stokes Parameters}
\label{sp}
Using the definitions of the Stokes parameters, in terms of the correlators:
\begin{eqnarray}
\rm{I}\!\!&=&\!\!<A^{*}_{||}(z)A_{||}(z)>+<A^{*}_{\perp}(z)A_{\perp}(z)>, \\
\rm{Q}\!\!&=&\!\!<A^{*}_{||}(z)A_{||}(z)>- <A^{*}_{\perp}(z)A_{\perp}(z)>, \\
\rm{U}\!\!&=&\!\!2 \rm{Re}<A^*_{||}(z)A_{\perp}(z)>, \\
\rm{V}\!\!&=&\!\!2\,\rm{Im}<A^*_{||}(z)A_{\perp}(z)>.
\end{eqnarray}\\

\noindent
Using the relations for the corresponding correlators, the stokes parameters turn out to be

\begin{eqnarray}
\rm{I}\!\!&=&\!\! \left[ \rm{cos}^{4}\theta +\rm{sin}^4\theta + 2\, \rm{sin}^2\theta \,\,
\rm{cos}^2{\theta}\,\, \rm{cos}\left[\left(k_{+}-k'_{+}\right)z\right]\, \right]<A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{||}(0)>+
<A^*_{\perp}(0)A_{\perp}(0) >  \nonumber \\
\rm{Q}\!\!&=&\!\!\left[ \rm{cos}^{4}\theta +\rm{sin}^4\theta + 2\, \rm{sin}^2\theta \,\,
\rm{cos}^2{\theta}\,\, \rm{cos}\left[\left(k_{+}-k'_{+}\right)z\right]\, \right]<A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{||}(0)>-
<A^*_{\perp}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>  \nonumber \\
\rm{U}\!\!&=&\!\! 2\left( \left[ \rm{cos}^2\theta \, \rm{cos}\left[ \left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}\right) z\right]\right]
+ \rm{sin}^2 \theta \rm{cos}\left[\left(k_{\perp}- k'_{+}\right)z \right] \right) <A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{\perp}(0)> \nonumber \\
\rm{V}\!\!&=&\!\! 2\left( \left[ \rm{cos}^2\theta \, \rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}\right) z\right] \right]
+ \rm{sin}^2 \theta \rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp}- k'_{+}\right)z \right] \right) <A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>
\label{stks}
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent
The Stokes parameters are also expressed as such
\begin{eqnarray}
\rm{I}&=&\rm{I}_p \\
\rm{Q}&=&\rm{I}_p \rm{cos}2\psi \rm{cos}2\chi \\
\rm{U}&=&\rm{I}_p \rm{sin}2\psi \rm{cos}2\chi \\
\rm{V}&=&\rm{I}_p  \rm{sin}2\chi.
\label{stks}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi$ \& $\psi$ are are usual ellipticity parameter and the polarisation position angle.
\noindent
The degree of (linear /) polarisation is given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
p&=&\frac{\sqrt{\rm{Q}^2+\rm{U}^2+\rm{V}^2}}{\rm{I}_P} \nonumber \\
p_{lin} &=& \frac{\sqrt{\rm{Q}^2+\rm{U}^2}}{\rm{I}_P}
\end{eqnarray}
and the linear polarisation angle is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
    \label{eq:defn}
\rm{tan}2 \psi &=& \frac{U}{Q}\nonumber \\
\rm{tan}2 \chi &=& \frac{V}{p_{lin}}
\end{eqnarray}
\par\noindent It has been noted in \cite{ganguly12}, that in case, we make any coordinate transformation around the axis of photon propagation the
two linear polarisation become mixed. Hence, we need to be careful, as our solution process entails a similarity transformation. To see this we
define the density matrix
\begin{equation}
 \rho(z) = \left(
  \begin{matrix}
       \left<A^{*}_{||}(z)A_{||}(z)\right> & \left<A_{||}(z)A_{\perp}^{*}(z)\right> \cr
       \left<A^{*}_{||}(z)A_{\perp}(z)\right>         & \left<A^*_{\perp}(z)A_{\perp}(z)\right>
  \end{matrix}
  \right) = {1\over2}\left(
  \begin{matrix}
       I(z)+Q(z) & U(z)-iV(z) \cr
       U(z)+iV(z)  & I(z)-Q(z)
  \end{matrix}
\right)
\end{equation}
\par\noindent if we rotate the density matrix by an amount $\alpha$ about an axis perpendicular the plane containing $A_{||}(z)$ \& $A_{\perp}(z)$,
the density matrix transforms as $\rho(z) \longrightarrow \rho^{'}(z)$ given such to be
\begin{equation}
  \rho{'}(z) = {1\over2}R(\alpha)\left(
  \begin{matrix}
       I(z)+Q(z) & U(z)-iV(z) \cr
       U(z)+iV(z)  & I(z)-Q(z)
  \end{matrix}
  \right)R^{-1}(\alpha)
\end{equation}
\par\noindent where,
\begin{equation}
 R(\alpha)= \left(\begin{matrix}\cos\alpha & -\sin\alpha \cr
                           \sin\alpha &  \cos\alpha
	   \end{matrix}\right)
\end{equation}
\par\noindent Under such transformation the I(z) \& V(z) remains unaltered. However, the Q(z) \& U(z) starts mixing with each other by the following
\begin{equation}
\begin{pmatrix}
  Q^{'}(z) \\
  U^{'}(z)
\end{pmatrix}
=\begin{pmatrix}
\cos 2\alpha & \sin2\alpha \\
-\sin 2\alpha & \cos2\alpha
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
  Q(z) \\
  U(z)
\end{pmatrix}
\end{equation}
We conclude this section by mentioning that in such a case the ellipticity parameter remains unaltered but the polarisation position angle changes by
$2\alpha$ as given below
\begin{eqnarray}
    \label{roteff}
  \tan\left(2\chi{'}\right) &=& \tan\left(2\chi\right) \nonumber \\
  \tan\left(2\psi{'}\right) &=& \tan\left(2\alpha+2\psi\right)
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Ellipticity Parameter \& Polarization Position Angle}
\label{epppa}
\noindent
As a follow-up to the analytical expressions given in the previous section/s, we consider two special case of the stokes parameter where either one
of the two effects, namely, the mixing effect or, the vacuum birefringence effect would be absent. Thereafter we shall consider the general formula. In each
case, we would like to obtain the value of the ellipticity angle $\chi$ after propagation a fixed distance $z$ of light and determine it's frequency
dependence. For all the three cases we shall assume the light to be completely plane polarised in the transverse direction, or $U$ polarised. This is
common observance in Pulsar polarisation cases.
\subsection{Case - I: Mixing Only}
\par\noindent
Here we assume that the vacuum birefringence terms (i.e. $\xi$ term inside the diagonal ones $A_1,A_2$) are absent. We also assume a pseudoscalar mass which
is much less than the plasma frequency here. This greatly simplifies calculation without being much deviant from the reality, if we consider the
parameters of the pulsar environment. Next we consider how the circular polarisation varies in
this case. Assuming $\theta \ll 1$ one have
\par\noindent
\begin{equation}
\rm{V}\!\!=\!\! \left(\rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}\right) z\right] + \left[\frac{g\mathfrak{B}\omega}{
\omega_p^2 + m_\mathfrak{a}^2}\right]^2\rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}^{'}\right) z\right]\right) <A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>
\label{circx}
\end{equation}
\par\noindent
Following the set of eqns. \ref{pos}-\ref{neg} we can simplify the arguments of the remaining sinusoids of eqn. no. \ref{circx} as given below :
\begin{equation}
  k_{\perp} - k_{+} = - \;\left\lbrace\,{\left(g\mathfrak{B}\omega\right)^2 \over 2\left(\omega_p^2 + m_\mathfrak{a}^2\right)\omega}\,\right\rbrace
\;\;\;
k_{\perp} - k_{+}^{'} = +\;\left\lbrace\, {\left(g\mathfrak{B}\omega\right)^2 \over 2\left(\omega_p^2 +
m_\mathfrak{a}^2\right)\omega}+{m_\mathfrak{a}^2 \over 2\omega}\,\right\rbrace
\label{simx}
\end{equation}
\par\noindent
So, if $\xi = 0$, then the ellipticity parameter to its lowest order ($\propto \theta^2$ ) is found to be as follows, which matches well with
\cite{cameron99,ganguly12}, though the later most probably has a typo \footnote{It claimed concurrence with the former but is actually at variance, with
it}.
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:ellp}
  \chi \approx {1\over96\omega}\left(g\mathfrak{B}m_a\right)^2z^3
\end{equation}
Similarly, we may now turn our attention to two linear polarisation degrees of freedom, where the mixing angle $\theta \ll 1$, is small, to figure out the polarisation position angle.
\begin{equation}
 \tan(2\psi)=\frac{U}{Q}
\end{equation}
However, in the beginning of this section we have already mentioned that $U \simeq 1$. This is true for the parameters of interest used here and the observational cases to be discussed later. This makes the polarisation position angle inversely proportional to $Q$. But before we evaluate the expression for $Q$, we note that in the case of mixing the beam is assumed to propagate at an angle $\pi\over4$ as compared to the magnetic field of the Pulsar. Hence we need to change our expression for polarisation position angle accordingly. As discussed during derivation of eqn. no. (\ref{roteff}), we have;
\begin{equation}
    \tan\left(2\psi+{\pi\over2}\right)=\frac{1}{Q}
\end{equation}
Next, we evaluate $Q$ keeping in mind the approximations made before. Keeping terms up to order $\theta^2$ in the expression for $Q$, we have,
\begin{equation}
    {Q}= -2\theta^2\left[\sin^2\left(\frac{\left\langle k_+ - k_+^{'}\right\rangle z}{2} \right)\right]
\end{equation}
Again, following the set of Eqns. \ref{pos}-\ref{neg}, we have
\begin{equation}
 \left\langle k_+ - k_+^{'}\right\rangle \simeq \frac{m_a^2}{2\omega}
\end{equation}
Substituting, one gets, in conjuntion with \cite{cameron99}
\begin{equation}
    \psi = {1\over16}\left(g\mathfrak{B}z\right)^2
\end{equation}
However, unlike the circular polarisation, which was attributed to its entirety, to the mixing effect, one  can not ascribe the entire pulsar linear polarisation \cite{gedal02} to this tiny mixing effect, where the mixing angle $\theta \ll 1$. So, we note that the pulsar radio emission is inherently linearly polarised to a large degree, due to curvature, synchroton and superconducting self Compton effects thereof. We use $U \simeq 1$ and only the $Q$ part is modelled via pseudoscalar photon mixing; where
\begin{equation}
 Q=\frac{1}{8}\left(g\mathfrak{B}z\right)^2
\end{equation}
along with the definitive couple of eqn. (\ref{eq:defn}) to note that the linear polarisation observed is equal to
\begin{equation}
    p_{lin}=Q\,\sec\left(2\psi+{\pi\over2}\right)
\end{equation}
We note that the determination process of absolute pulsar polarisation \cite[absolute PPAs]{rank15} position angles, is now experimentally feasible and the same values have already been scraped out for 30 (thirty) odd pulsars. The literature contains a little less than fifty absolute PPAs from \cite[absolute polarisation position angles for 47 odd pulsars]{ranki15}, out of which only 30 (thirty) cross matched with that of our old set of 537 data, used to calculate the ellipticity parameter. The expression for $Q$ has only one unknown, the coupling of pseudoscalar with photons. Hence, we may do a regression analysis here, too, to estimate the same. The summary table is given in table no. (\ref{regres}).
\begin{figure}[t]
    \label{fig:reg}
    \includegraphics{presicoups.eps}
    \caption[PPA vs. LinPol]{Linear regression between PPAs and Lin. Pol. Abscissa is in GeV$^2$ units \& the ordinate is dimensionless.}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}[!h]{lccccr}
Coefficients & Mean & Std.-Error & F-statistics & t-value & Pr$(>|t|)$ \\
 \hline
 Slope & 2.404e-25 & 4.567e-26 & 27.7196 & 5.265 & 1.21e-05\\
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
 \caption{Regression Result for the coupling of the pseudoscalar}
 \label{regres}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\caption{Small Sample of Absolute Pulsar Polarisation Position Angles, from \cite{ranki15}.\label{tbl-1}}
\smallskip
\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\hline
Pulsar & $PA_V$ & $PA_0$  & $\Psi$  \\
 & (deg) && (deg)  \\
\hline
 \\
B0011+47 & +136(3) & 43(7) & --87(8) \\
B0136+57 & --131(0) & 43(3) & 6(3) \\
B0329+54 & 119(1) &  20(4)  &   99(4)  \\
B0355+54 &  48(1) &  --41(4) &   89(5)  \\
\medskip
B0450+55 & 108(0) & --23(16)& --94(16) \\
B0450--18 & 40(5) & 47(3) & --7(6) \\
B0540+23 &  58(19) & --85(3) & --37(19) \\
B0628--28 & 294(2) &  26(2) & 88(3) \\
B0736--40 & 227(5) & --44(5) & 91(7) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
For the sake of brevity, we post a small segment of total 47 pulsar given in reference \cite{ranki15} in table no. (\ref{tbl-1}). The pulsar names here are catalogued in B1950 almanac standard, which were then converted to J2000 almanac standard and cross matched with the original \& usable 537 strong population data on pulsar polarisation. Thirty (30) odd samples of them were found to be common in both.
\begin{figure}[!h]
    \label{fig:regg}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{presimass.eps}
    \caption[Ellipticity parameter vs. Circular Polarisation]{Linear regression between observed \& (scaled) theoretical ellipticity parameter. Abscissa is dimensionless \& the ordinate is in GeV$^{-2}$ units. }
\end{figure}
\medskip
\par\noindent Now, we turn our attention back to the ellipticity parameter given in equation no. (\ref{eq:ellp}). Being a small angle, we have relegated the tangent as equivalent to its angular argument. The regression analysis thus to be undertaken is between circular and linear random variables, lying on LHS (ellipticity parameter) and RHS (magnetic field) respectively. Suffice it to say that the LHS is readily read off from the table no. (\ref{bigtable}). The result of correlation study is given in the table no. (\ref{regrem})

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}[h]{lccccr}
Coefficients & Mean & Std.-Error & F-statistics & t-value & Pr$(>|t|)$ \\
 \hline
 Slope & 7.471e-38 & 2.251e-38 & 11.0164 & 3.319 & 0.000964\\
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
 \caption{Regression Result for the mass of the pseudoscalar}
 \label{regrem}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\subsection{Case - II: Vacuum birefringence
Only}
Here if we assume the mixing to be absent then we get $\theta = 0$ and hence we get the circular polarisation as
\begin{equation}
\rm{V}\!\!=\!\! 2\left(\rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}\right) z\right] \right) <A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>
\label{circt}
\end{equation}
Here, we need to evaluate only one argument and it is the same as given above:
\begin{equation}
k_{\perp} - k_{+} = {1\over 2\omega}\;\left\lbrace\,-3\xi\,\right\rbrace
\label{simt}
\end{equation}
We note, that, the mass of the pseudoscalar cancels and the mixing term is assumed zero. We see, that, the circular polarisation has now become inversely proportional to frequency assuming the argument to be considerably small as in the other case. Given that no circular polarisation would be produced in this case, it would be uninteresting to ponder over here.
\subsection{Case III: Limiting Case}
\par\noindent
We note the essential non-linearity resulting from the two effect taken in conjunction. Since we can not just add the two effects separately, even if they both are small and perturbative, to obtain the final result. We also note that the two effects shall be competing with each other when the following condition is met
$$\omega\xi \approx g\mathcal{B}$$
Leaving aside the numerical prefactors -tentatively we see that, unless the  value of magnetic field is much larger than normal pulsars (as in magnetars) and the beam frequency used in experiment is quite high (unlike the present case), even the modest values coming from astronomical bounds on pseudoscalar may not be comparable with the vacuum birefringence effect \& the former is in fact larger in effect.
\subsection{Case IV: General Case\cite{mig17}}
\par\noindent
Here in this subsection we calculate the amount of circular polarisation, vide the stokes parameter $V$, without resorting to any of the approximations made in the preceding two subsections, for completeness. Here the expression for the $V$ becomes
\begin{equation}
\rm{V}\!\!=\!\! \left\{\rm{cos}^2\left[\frac{g\mathfrak{B}\omega}{7 \xi\omega^2\sin^2\alpha + \omega_p^2 +  m_\mathfrak{a}^2}\right]\rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}\right) z\right] + \rm{sin}^2\left[\frac{g\mathfrak{B}\omega}{7 \xi\omega^2\sin^2\alpha + \omega_p^2 +  m_\mathfrak{a}^2}\right]\rm{sin}\left[\left(k_{\perp} - k_{+}^{'}\right) z\right]\right\} <A^{*}_{||}(0)A_{\perp}(0)>
\end{equation}
Hence at lowest order the first term, in $(\theta \ll 1)$ limit, would not change anything from what the first term, for the case of the pure mixing effect, did. But the second term, even at the lowest order shall render the expression for $V$ qualitatively different from what is was then at pure mixing effect. Needless to say that pure vacuum birefringence effect does not match, even qualitatively, with any of them, either.
For completeness, we write down the values of the wave vectors again.
\begin{equation}
k_{\perp} - k_{+} = {1\over 2\omega} \left\lbrace\,\xi\left(4\cos^2\alpha-7\sin^2\alpha\right)+\left[\frac{\left(g\mathfrak{B}\omega\right)^2}{7 \xi\omega^2\sin^2\alpha +  m_\mathfrak{a}^2}\right]\,\right\rbrace\;
k_{\perp} - k_{+}^{'} = {1 \over 2\omega} \left\lbrace\,4\xi\cos^2\alpha+m_\mathfrak{a}^2-\left[\frac{\left(g\mathfrak{B}\omega\right)^2}{7 \xi\omega^2\sin^2\alpha +  m_\mathfrak{a}^2}\right]\,\right\rbrace
\label{simx}
\end{equation}
Thus far we have only shown the difference of results of all three separate cases in terms of the $V$ parameters depicting circular polarisation. This can be done with other two linear polarisation degrees of freedom, too. We leave this for a future endeavour.

\section{Result}
\label{res}
By the careful analysis of \cite[containing 600 Pulsar polarisation data, of which 537 are used here]{parkesix18} and that of \cite[containing 47 absolute PPAs for pulsars, 30 of which are common to the above]{ranki15}, we came to the following result given in table no. (\ref{rsl}).
\begin{table}[!h]
   \centering
 {\rowcolors{3}{green!80!yellow!50}{green!70!yellow!40}
\begin{tabular}{ |p{3cm}|p{4cm}|p{3cm}|  }
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Results Obtained} \\
\hline
Parameters & Values  & Significance Level \\
\hline
$g_{\phi\gamma\gamma}$ & $4.903\times10^{-13}\;{\rm GeV^{-1}}$ & $ \simeq 0.001\%$ \\
$m_{\mathfrak{a}}$ &  $2.733\times10^{-10}\;{\rm eV}$  & $ < 0.1\%$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{The result of this analysis}
\label{rsl}
\end{table}
We however note that more data samples on absolute PPAs are required to obtain a more statistically significant result on the coupling, which is deduced, from this parameter. Currently a little over fifty (50) pulsars are amenable to this type of absolute PPA studies. The second quantity, namely the mass, has the numbers ($>$ 500) on its side. Nonetheless, its extraction from the ellipticity parameter, in turn, hinges on the coupling value, indirectly affecting the confidence interval found from the population. Also, for the sake of thoroughness we mention that the degree of linear polarisation is claimed to be dependent on frequencies in which they are observed \cite{han15}. The PPAs that are quoted in \cite[Absolute PPAs for 47 pulsars]{ranki15}, are for various radio frequencies, e.g. 327 MHz, 691 MHz,  3.1 GHz etc., including that of 1.4 GHz, which corresponds to 21 cm. Since, there has been no connection to PPAs are made with frequency, to our knowledge to this date, we did not investigate this further.

\section{Discussion \& Outlook}
Taking advantage of new age of data explosion arising out from newer observational techniques and that of machine tools, we tried to estimate pseudoscalar particle mass and its coupling to photons. The results thus obtained do not match any standard axion models such as DFSZ or KSVZ etc. Hence these finding must be accommodated in the fold of axion like particles (ALPs) outside of the QCD realm. Surprisingly, our bottom up study, has automatically, led us to values, that are comparable and between the contemporary theories on cosmic axion background radiation (CAB), leading to soft X-ray excesses observed from comma cluster \cite{conlo13} \& that of the extra-galactic background light (EBL) to ALPs conversion \& oscillation, leading to an observed anomalous $\gamma$ ray transparency of the universe \cite{horn13}. Fortunately, the previous constraints  set on the mass and coupling of pseudoscalars, either by the changes in of quasar polarisation, hypothetically by ALPs \cite{payezcap12}, or by the $\gamma$ ray burst SN1987A \cite{payezcap15}, occurring through a so called ALPs burst,  are not in conflict with our results, either.
\par\noindent
As mentioned in section  no. (\ref{epppa}) a future  incorporation of vacuum birefringence effect into this study, may be performed, so as to see how the result on these estimates may change, for better or worse. These parameters may also be harnessed for devising CDM/WDM models and to obtain their relic densities.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
The authors acknowledge the software R \cite{rteam} for easing out the statistical analysis. SM is thankful of the help of K. Bhattyacharya regarding the same.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Unions: Passenger rails need better security, no-ride list
FILE - In this Jan. 1, 2021 file photo, The Amtrak Metropolitan Lounge overlooks the newly-completed Moynihan Train Hall in New York. Two major railroad workers unions have asked the Department of Homeland Security to beef up security on Amtrak and other passenger rail lines, including by creating a no-ride list akin to the no-fly list that prevents people identified as risks from boarding planes. The unions said Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2021, that tougher security measures are needed after last week's riot at the U.S. Capitol because people who took part in the insurrection that were placed on the no-fly list may turn to railroads for transportation. (AP Photo/Kevin Hagen File).
OMAHA, Neb. (AP) — Two major railroad workers unions have asked the Department of Homeland Security to beef up security on Amtrak and other passenger lines, including by creating a no-ride list akin to the no-fly list that prevents people identified as risks from boarding planes.
The unions said Wednesday that tougher security measures are needed in light of last week's riot at the U.S. Capitol because people who took part in the insurrection and were subsequently placed on the no-fly list may turn to rail travel instead. The Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers — Transportation Division, or SMART-TD, and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen unions also urged federal regulators to add more security at train stations to screen passengers before they board.
"Even as of this hour, the only real requirement for a person to board a train is simply to have a ticket; nothing more, nothing less. There is no screening process. There is no TSA. And there are no significant statutes or regulations to penalize those willing to interfere with a train's crew or to do harm on a train, especially not when compared to the airline industry," the unions' presidents, Jeremy Ferguson and Dennis Pierce, said in a joint statement, referring to the Transportation Security Administration.
Ferguson, of SMART-TD, acknowledged there would be a cost to creating a no-ride list, but he said it should be minimal considering that officials would simply be sharing the existing no-fly list with railroads.
The Department of Homeland Security has said it plans to enhance security at railroad stations in the Washington, D.C., area ahead of next Wednesday's inauguration of President-elect Joe Biden, but it didn't go into detail on its plans.
Jim Hall, who led the National Transportation Safety Board in the 1990s, said officials should take an in-depth look at railroad security now to ensure that passengers and the dangerous commodities that freight railroads haul are kept safe. He said the Capitol riot showed the threat posed by domestic terrorism.
"I really don't think anybody could look at the Capitol scene that we all saw and not realize the potential is there for groups that do not have the interests of the United States at heart to affect our transportation system," he said.
With more than 140,000 miles (225,300 kilometers) of track nationwide and hundreds of different railroads involved it would take time to determine how best to improve security across the network and likely billions of dollars to make the changes. Hall, though, said such a review is overdue.
"I think it's time to take a hard look at that issue and not wait as we did in aviation to reform the system until after 9/11," Hall said, referring to the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. "I'd be surprised if anybody would debate that the current security system around our rail transportation in the United States is adequate to protect the people and the products."
Amtrak CEO Bill Flynn said he supports the unions' call for a no-ride list for railroads and that he thinks it should be a federal crime to assault a railroad worker, like it is to attack an airline industry worker. He said Amtrak plans to deploy additional police officers on its trains and at stations over the next few days.
"In addition to limiting ticket sales and requiring masks to be worn at all times, we are increasing our police enforcement to ensure strong compliance, remove noncomplying customers and ban those that don't follow our policies," Flynn said.
The unions also asked the Federal Railroad Administration to require more security, but that agency declined to intervene Thursday because the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction over such matters.
Chart shows how quickly the UK is vaccinating compared to the rest of the world
Israel is currently the only country to have vaccinated more than a third of the population.
A large python was captured and removed from the garden of a Queensland family home on Tuesday, January 19.Footage shared to the Sunshine Coast Snake Catchers 24/7 Facebook page shows Stuart McKenzie removing the carpet python from a shrub at the home in Buderim before placing it in a cloth bag. Later in the video, McKenzie gently releases the snake into the wild.Writing on Facebook, McKenzie said it was one of the biggest carpet pythons they relocated in a long time, and added, "The family had a small pet…so they opted to have him relocated safely back to the bush! This definitely surprised us today once we were able to get him out!" Credit: Sunshine Coast Snake Catchers 24/7 via Storyful
2020 Volvo S60 Child and Infant Car Seat Driveway Test
Of course, as our large son Wollie has already done so many times, Lola will have to be pressed into service as a test kid for car reviews. One of the things I love about Wollie's Britax is that it's super easy to swap from car to car when you install it using a seatbelt — a useful trait when, in normal times, my job involves driving multiple cars in a week. Due to the bulk of a car seat, it can still be a challenge to maneuver it into some cars, and putting it in the back seat of a small coupe can be a bit like moving a couch up a flight of stairs (Pivot!).
China's embassy in Washington has now had its Twitter account suspended, over a tweet in which it defends its policy toward Uighur Muslims in China. The decision by the tech giant came just a day after the outgoing Trump administration, in its final hours, accused China of genocide against the minority group - a label that the new Biden administration appears to agree with. The tweet posted earlier this month has been hidden from users. But it originally stated that in China's battle against extremism, the minds of Uighur women in Xinjiang province had been "emancipated," and that they were no longer "baby-making machines" - citing a study by Chinese media. Twitter says the statement was "dehumanizing" toward Uighurs, a violation of its policy. This was the response from the Chinese foreign ministry's spokeswoman, Hua Chunying: "There is a lot of false and ugly information out there about China. The Chinese Embassy in the United States certainly has the responsibility and obligation to clarify the facts and explain the truth. Therefore, we are puzzled that Twitter has imposed restrictions on the accounts of the Chinese Embassy in the United States for this reason. We hope that Twitter can uphold the principle of objectivity and fairness and not show double standards on this issue." China has repeatedly rejected accusations of human rights abuses in Xinjiang province. It says it's conducting rehabilitation and redemption programs for extremists, and allegations otherwise are groundless and false. The United Nations has said that at least a million Muslims are being detained in camps there. Last year a report by a German researcher and Washington think tank claimed that Chinese authorities had subjected Muslims in the province to forced sterilization, abortion, and other abuses. The Trump administration called the claims "horrific" at the time.
Lady Whistledown has made it official to her readers: "Bridgerton" is back for Season 2. To almost no one's surprise, Netflix has renewed the hit Shondaland series created by Chris Van Dusen after teasing the news in its fourth-quarter earnings report Tuesday. The announcement, in the form of a cheeky little letter from Whistledown herself […]
Place your order online and pick it up on the way home without even having to go inside.


Dr. Arutt consults with writers, directors and other creative artists at various stages of the creative process regarding the psychology of character development, and special issues relating to psychology and the arts. Please feel free to contact Dr. Arutt to arrange consultation for your script or radio or television show.
A regular guest on live television news programs including CNN, HLN, truTV and Fox News, Dr. Arutt provides psychological commentary and insights as a clinical and forensic expert. From taking live calls on a TV news program following the attacks of September 11th, to discussing psychological aspects of contortionism in a documentary for The Learning Channel, Dr. Arutt is a poised and dynamic professional available for media appearances as an expert on a range of psychological issues.


Revenue Minister Michael Woodhouse today released proposals to simplify and modernise the Tax Administration Act (TAA), as part of the Government's major transformation of the revenue system.
"The Government is committed to ensuring our tax administration is fit for purpose and meets the needs of modern New Zealand," Mr Woodhouse says.
"Today's release of the discussion document, Making tax simpler – proposals for modernising the Tax Administration Act, includes detailed proposals developed following the first round of consultation in November last year.
Submissions received in November 2015 showed support for greater flexibility in how Inland Revenue works with taxpayers and intermediaries. They also recognised a desire to balance taxpayers' confidentiality with the need for broader information sharing within government.
"A lot has changed in the way individuals and businesses engage with the tax system since the last comprehensive review of our tax administration settings in the early 90s," Mr Woodhouse says.
Submissions close on 24 February 2017. More information is available at www.makingtaxsimpler.ird.govt.nz.


Secret Celebrity's Sweet Tart Featured in the August 2016 issue of Footwear Plus!
Dawn Lucie, a California blogger who writes "Fashion Should be Fun," recently tried our Secret Celebrity Cookie Jar sandals. All we can say is "Wow!" The coral color really pops and makes a very stylish yet casual summer outfit. Dawn also walked around town in a pair of Soft Comfort Cross Lane sandals in black. We think both pair of sandals look terrific on her.
Recently I was introduced to a new brand, Camtrade. They make stylish, affordable comfortable shoes! First I tried out these Secret Celebrity Cookie Jar wedge sandal in a fun bright coral color! I kept it simple with denim on denim with bold pops of color in my accessories. (Shopping links at the end of the post.) I took my eye-catching new sandals downtown for a nice long walk. Not only were they super comfortable but I got lots of compliments on them as well!
I also tried Camtrade's Soft Comfort Cross Lane sandals in black. These are great go anywhere basics and comfortable enough to wear all day teaching once school starts again (for us, August 8th, so before you know it). Both pairs are as comfy as the more expensive comfort brands for a fraction of the price. I went with a simple black and white look.
Summer is in our grasp, school is out (for us anyway), the weather has been lovely, vacation on the horizon and my feet have been seeing nothing but sandals these days. Time to get that pedicure girls and grab a few pairs of sandals that will make your feet sing and your heart swell for all you have planned in the coming summer days. After weeks of reading about "my new favorite sandals" and "the most comfortable sandals" I'm sharing with you these cute pink sandals for summer from Secret Celebrity.
These pink sandals are called the Cookie Jar Wedge Sandal, featuring a two band adjustable slide so you can get them off and on with ease, arch support, a cork wedge for comfort & come in three different colors. I adore the pink because they easily add a pop of color to any outfit and color is fun for spring & summer. You can purchase these through Amazon or the Camtrade website.
As for styling pink sandals, I've learned to find that most women like their basics so these are a great add. Grab your favorite skinny jeans (or shorts with summer coming) and a basic black, white, grey, navy.. top and add a few accessories for a cute and comfortable look for every day. If you're a momma on the go like me – these Cookie Jar Wedge pink sandals are ideal.. creating all day comfort and style. Once again styling with your go-to basics and either an over-sized handbag.
Three of my fashionable blogging friends are wearing Camtrade sandals… Shannon from The Simple Moms is sharing how to wear these exact pink ones with a cute maxi dress & Ellen of That Chic Mom is rocking them out a great pair of jeans and summer sweater. Julie of Mom Fabulous is also wearing Camtrade but went with the gladiator sandal that I really want to add to my collection.
You can get these Secret Celebrity sandals for a deal, visit Amazon or Camtrade to make your purchase today.
The Fashion Blogs Love Cookie Time Sandals!
We love seeing the different ways our bloggers wear our Cookie Time sandals. After all, fashion is all about creativity and Chelsea Davis, editor of "She Said, He Said Fashion Blog," certainly proves that combining a soft floral dress with boho cork wedge sandals look amazing together.
Chelsea Davis, editor of "She Said He Said Fashion Blog," paired Cookie Time Sandals with a feminine floral dress. The end result: absolutely stunning!
Today I am wearing my favorite pieces for spring, somethings are old and one is new. My trusty floral romper-last seen here, fringe VIP and these secret celebrity cookie time wedge sandals. This black floral romper is a piece I wear often. I like to wear strappy heels for dinner and casual sandals during the day. It has bell sleeves with a plunging neckline, I kept the jewelry to a minimum and let my purse and shoes do the talking. These sandals are new and are REALLY comfortable. They are a bit heavier than I expected but the cork wedge hugs my foot and the black woven leather is the ultimate boho style for spring. My mom and I are the same shoe size and she has already borrowed these when she last came over :). I love when older pieces mix with new, maximizing the use of loved pieces.
This spring it has been unseasonably cool and that has created some fashion dilemmas. It seems like every outfit needs an extra layer to keep me warm but that doesn't mean I can't bring out my cute sandals and show off my pedicured toes! I recently discovered Secret Celebrity shoes and decided to give them a try. The first shoe that caught my eye is these stunning coral sandals. I love the bright and bold color and they simplicity of the classic deign makes them super versatile.
This past weekend it was cold I mean really cold, we hit the 40's. It finally came back up a bit and was high 50's low 60's which is perfect weather for a great sweater and some distressed jeans. Since the sweater is basic it needed some fun shoes. The Secret Celebrity Cookie Jar Wedge in coral is the perfect combination of comfort and style PLUS it is really comfortable. These also come in tan and black and they are super reasonable at $39.99 plus free shipping for Prime members.
Gold is my go to accent this spring and of course that means gold sandals. If you need comfort but still want style check out the Secret Celebrity Cookie Crumbles Wedge Sandal, available in gold and black these are just $39.99 shipped free with Amazon Prime. I love these paired with a maxi dress and adding a jean jacket for warmth and style.
AS you can see these shoes offer a cork sole and comfortable footbed making them ideal for buys moms who want style and comfort!
Soft Comfort Fall 2016 Collection is More Comfortable Than Ever!
Any consumer who has experienced uncomfortable shoes for an extended period of time is likely to say "never again!"The reality is that today's consumer desires shoes that look good and feel good – all day long. Soft Comfort® footwear, a relatively new entry into the women's footwear market from Camtrade LLC, is now showcasing its Soft Comfort Fall 2016 collection. The freshly-updated and sporty-chic shoes place a significant emphasis on comfort, utiliizng unique memory foam features.
Reflecting a sporty & casual "country road" weekend feel, the Fall Soft Comfort® Collection revolves around super-soft relaxation benefits. Both the memory foam in the sock lining, as well as the padded collars with elasticized goring, contributes to all-day comfort. In effect, the full length foam insoles contour to the foot's pressure points, delivering true flexibility, cushioning, and of course, a comfortable footwear experience.
In terms of design options, styles run the gamut from stylish casuals and flats to 'chic' looking boots and booties. Look for unique embellishments such as braiding, buckles and stretch panels. Colors include the season's most popular vintage hues: dark brown, bordeaux, taupe and not-so-basic black. The collection retails from $49 to $69.
Secret Celebrity Shoes Sold on Amazon!
Looks like Secret Celebrity shoes are no longer a secret! The shoes are now sold on Amazon.com, one of the largest and most successful e-commerce companies in the world. This partnership paves the way for our retail distribution of both the Secret Celebrity and Soft Comfort collections.
For Spring 2016, Amazon is featuring Camtrade's chic "Cookie" line: fashion footbed sandals that are both stylish and comfortable. The collection runs the gamut from chic gladiator wedges to intricate woven leather sandals with ankle strap buckles to timeless cross band slip-ons. In terms of colors, black is updated with glistening studs, shades of coral reflect the very essence of spring and summer, and metallic gold and silver add contemporary style. With retail prices ranging from $39.99 to $59.99, it's easy to indulge in one's passion for trendy footwear.
To view Secret Celebrity on Amazon – or even better – to purchase a pair, simply go to www.amazon.com and type in Camtrade, Secret Celebrity or click on Amazon Camtrade. No doubt about it, the word is out about Camtrade!


Recall fallout: Bridgestone Corp said it would post a $350 million special loss this year after its U.S. unit Firestone announced a recall of 6.5 million tires. The recall comes after investigations into three brands of Firestone tires that may have led to dozens of fatal crashes. Investors, fretting about consumers deserting the Firestone brand and costs arising from a potential lawsuits, dumped shares of Bridgestone, sending them down 11 percent to its lowest point since September 1996. The stock has slid some 24 percent this week.


What Does Heavens to Betsy Mean?
Home » Phrase and Idiom Dictionary » What Does Heavens to Betsy Mean?
This is an interjection that shows surprise.
The origins of this expression are unclear. It may have originated sometime between the years 1850 and 1914.
Heavens to Betsy is another variation of the phrase for Heaven's sake, which began as a euphemism for what some considered the blasphemous for God's sake and for Christ's sake.
Nowadays, most people consider heavens to Betsy to be old fashioned, and it is not common to use or hear it.
Here is an example of a math professor using the expression because of something surprising her student did.
Student: This is the test. I'm handing it back to you.
Teacher: Why are you handing it back? I just gave it to you a few minutes ago. There's no way you had time to finish it yet.
Student: Why do you say that? It was easy! It only took me a few minutes to complete it, and I just double-checked it.
Teacher: Heavens to Betsy! No one has ever finished one of my tests that quickly!
In this example, two friends are discussing what to wear to a party on the weekend.
Monica: I love that dress that you have! You should wear it to the party on Saturday.
Janice: Thanks! I just got it. I was at my grandmother's house this weekend, and I showed her all the new clothes I got while shopping.
Monica: What did she think? Did she like the dress?
Janice: I don't think so. I can't say for sure. She took one look at it, muttered "Heavens to Betsy," and then left the room.
Monica: Yeah, I see what you mean. It sounds like she wasn't a big fan.
This excerpt is about a governor and an early education bill.
The second excerpt is from an article about how one logo looked similar to another. The author uses the expression sarcastically to say that many logos look similar to one another.
Heavens to Betsy is an interjection that people use to express shock or indignation.


The Hive: a subterranean genetic research facility owned and operated by Umbrella, an immensely powerful corporation with interests in everything from human longevity to biowarfare. With computerized defenses and heavily armed human backup, the Hive is impregnable and invulnerable. Or so Umbrella believes. But something has gone fatally wrong. The Hive has lost containment of its most lethal and horrific creation: a virus that kills and reanimates human life, reducing the entire facility staff of five hundred men and women to mindless creatures with a single driving force -- hunger. And the key to stopping them rests with one young woman who cannot even remember who she is.