text:
Q: Getting a strange and out of shape UI elements I upgraded Android Studio to 2.2 and after that all the control actions like click, popup looks to be faded in its boundaries like this.. ANY idea why this happens and how to resolve this??
<android.support.v4.widget.DrawerLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:id="@+id/drawer_layout"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
    tools:openDrawer="start">

<include
    layout="@layout/app_bar_main"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />

<android.support.design.widget.NavigationView
    android:id="@+id/nav_view"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:layout_gravity="start"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
    app:headerLayout="@layout/nav_header_main"
    app:menu="@menu/activity_main_drawer" />

</android.support.v4.widget.DrawerLayout>

and the CoordinatorLayout xml
<android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
    tools:context=".View.MainActivity">

<android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:theme="@style/AppTheme.AppBarOverlay">

    <android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar
        android:id="@+id/toolbar"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="?attr/actionBarSize"
        android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
        app:popupTheme="@style/AppTheme.PopupOverlay" />

</android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout>

<include layout="@layout/content_main" />

<android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton
    android:id="@+id/fab"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:layout_gravity="bottom|end"
    android:layout_margin="@dimen/fab_margin"
    android:src="@mipmap/ic_more" />

</android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout>

content main xml
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:id="@+id/TV1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingLeft="0dp"
android:paddingRight="0dp"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
app:layout_behavior="@string/appbar_scrolling_view_behavior"
tools:context=".View.MainActivity"
tools:showIn="@layout/app_bar_main"
android:background="@color/background_floating_material_light">

<android.support.v4.widget.SwipeRefreshLayout
    android:id="@+id/swipeContainer"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
        android:id="@+id/movieList"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</android.support.v4.widget.SwipeRefreshLayout>
</RelativeLayout>

app bar main
<android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout                                 xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
    tools:context=".View.MainActivity">

<android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:theme="@style/AppTheme.AppBarOverlay">

    <android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar
        android:id="@+id/toolbar"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="?attr/actionBarSize"
        android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
        app:popupTheme="@style/AppTheme.PopupOverlay" />

</android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout>

<include layout="@layout/content_main" />

<android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton
    android:id="@+id/fab"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:layout_gravity="bottom|end"
    android:layout_margin="@dimen/fab_margin"
    android:src="@mipmap/ic_more" />

</android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout>


text:
Our church leaders
Welcome to worship
Little Angels toddler group
Over 60s happy hour
Nourish bible study
Gener8
Noah's Ark pre-school
Hire our hall
Heckmondwike Salvation Army Church and Community Centre
In July 2016 we welcomed our new church leaders Yong-Geun and Hannah Lee along with their son, Samuel and daughter, Rebecca. Originally from South Korea our new ministers have spent many years living in the UK and feel called to serve God here.
Yong-Geun grew up in South Korea with Salvation Army officer parents, while Hannah has only been a part of the Salvation Army since 2011. Both grew up in Christian families and testify to God's constant guidance in their lives.
As a family they enjoy taking walks in the park and the boys always take a football with them for a kick about. Yong-Geun is the musician in the family and plays the piano, guitar and the drums, while Hannah enjoys cooking.
The Salvation Army is a Christian church and registered charity, working in 124 countries worldwide, that offers support, friendship and practical help to people of all ages, backgrounds and needs. The Salvation Army Trust: Registered Charity No. 214779. The Salvation Army Social Work Trust: Registered Charity No. 215174 © Heckmondwike Salvation Army

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Invoke "Verify it's you" authentication page from a Firebase application In my Firebase application users can remove their accounts. I want to do the same thing which Google do when you're trying to remove your account: ask the user's password once more.
Is it possible to invoke this dialog using Firebase Auth API? Or in some other way?

A: You can ask the user to reauthenticate. This is actually common practice for certain sensitive operations like deleting a Firebase user, updating a password or email. You would reauthenticate and check the auth_time in the new ID token is recent.
So to reauthenticate with email/password in JS:
firebase.auth().currentUser.reauthenticateWithCredential(firebase.auth.EmailAuthProvider.credential(email, password))...

If you want to reauthenticate with a Google provider:
var customParams = {login_hint: firebase.auth().currentUser.email, prompt: 'consent'};
firebase.auth().currentUser.reauthenticateWithPopup(new firebase.auth.GoogleAuthProvider().setCustomParameters(customParams))...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
RF Hard Tags
AM Label
AM Hard Tags
Detacher
PULL BOX
Tear Drop Pull Box
Round Pull Box
Security for Mobile Phone
Security for Laptop
Security Hook and Lock
Add: 6th Floor,Building 1,No.306,Jinji Road,Zhuhai ,Guangdong,China
Contact Us On Line:
EAS System Cost
How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work (9) Experts say there are large differences in cost depending on the system, the size of the store and the amount of merchandise to be protected. By using state-of-the-art equipment such as digital signal processing and customized locks that can't be released by common detachers, theft can be reduced by about 60 percent. Considering that store personnel will have more time for assisting shoppers (instead of watching for potential thieves), a reliable EAS system can pay for itself in 1 1/2 to 2 years. You may have heard news accounts a couple of years ago of research that claimed entry/exit sensors could be harmful to people wearing internal medical devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration acknowledges that internal medical devices might be slightly affected by some EAS systems. However, officials there don't consider this a public health problem. Many Americans were alarmed when the Heart Institute of St. Petersburg, Fla., released results of a two-year study of EAS systems and their possible effects on people wearing pacemakers and defibrillators. Researchers said they found that the electromagnetic fields of anti-shoplifting systems can interfere with cardiac devices if users linger in the […]
Source Tagging
How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work (8) As its name implies, source tagging is the embedding of disposable RF security labels at either the point of manufacture or packaging. Source tagging has been highly successful in the packaged products industry, and retailers, such as discount giant Target, are starting to use it for merchandise such as earrings, apparel, shoes, batteries, CDs, computer software, sporting goods and electronics. (Retailers' interest in source tagging has increased as shoplifters have gotten around anti-shoplifting tags applied to the outside of packages by removing the product and leaving the empty box on the shelf!) The newest source tags are paper-thin and easily integrated into automated production processes. These tags are applied in primary packaging (or within or on the product itself — for example, incorporated into woven garment tags) and under labels on bottles. Checkpoint experts say their two-dimensional source tags can be invisibly embedded between layers of thin paper stock or cardboard on standard blister packages. These invisible tags, which are deactivated by the clerk with a verifier that needs no physical contact with the tag to work, are especially effective at addressing employee theft and represent a hot topic in retail security today. Sensormatic Products […]
EAS System Components
How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work (7) In addition to the all-important gates or pedestals you walk through, the most important components of EAS systems include the following: · Disposable tags — Disposable paper tags and labels are available in many different types — pressure-sensitive labels with simulated bar codes, tags or labels that can be imprinted with price, inventory, promotional or bar-code information, and tags specially designed for products such as earrings, compact discs and cosmetics, which are all items easily pocketed by shoplifters. These thin, adhesive-backed labels can be as small as a paper clip and can be easily disguised to look like standard retail tags. Most importantly, the radio frequency tags, unlike tags connected to some electromagnetic sensors, can't be disrupted by common magnets. · Reusable tags — Probably the most familiar reusable tag is the hard, plastic tag (known as an alligator) attached to most apparel and armed with an almost impossible to defeat locking mechanism — it can also be a pain if it's attached to the wrong part of a garment you want to try on! This off-white, pin-connected tag requires a special detacher unit to remove it. (If you've ever had a clerk accidentally leave one of […]
Acousto-magnetic System
How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work (6) The newer acousto-magnetic system, which has the ability to protect wide exits and allows for high-speed label application, uses a transmitter to create a surveillance area where tags and labels are detected. The transmitter sends a radio frequency signal (of about 58 kHz) in pulses, which energize a tag in the surveillance zone. When the pulse ends, the tag responds, emitting a single frequency signal like a tuning fork. While the transmitter is off between pulses, the tag signal is detected by a receiver. A microcomputer checks the tag signal detected by the receiver to ensure it is at the right frequency, is time-synchronized to the transmitter, at the proper level and at the correct repetition rate. If all these criteria are met, the alarm occurs. AM material is highly magnetostrictive, which means that when you put the tag material in a magnetic field, it physically shrinks. The higher the magnetic field strength the smaller the metal becomes. The metal actually shrinks about one-thousandth of an inch over its full 1.50 inch length. As a result of driving the tag with a magnetic field, the tag is physically getting smaller and larger. So if it […]
Electromagnetic System
How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work (5) The Electromagnetic (EM) system, which is dominant in Europe, is used by many retail chain stores, supermarkets and libraries around the world. In this technology, a magnetic, iron-containing strip with an adhesive layer is attached to the merchandise. This strip is not removed at checkout — it's simply deactivated by a scanner that uses a specific highly intense magnetic field. (One of the advantages of the EM strip is that it can be re-activated and used at a low cost.) What most people refer to as an electromagnetic tag is actually a metal wire or ribbon that has high permeability, making it easy for magnetic signals to flow through it, according to Sensormatic's EAS Product Co. CTO Hap Patterson. "When we drive the tag, flux is being allowed to flow through the tag until it's saturated," he says. "When it's saturated, from a magnetic perspective, it begins to look like air. Saturation occurs abruptly and is an important part of the design of the tag." Look at the figure showing the EM system with its receive coil and transmitter on either side and tag in the middle. When the tag goes from active to saturated, […]
AM Hard Tags AM Label Detacher EAS PULL BOX RF Hard Tags Round Pull Box Security for Laptop Security for Mobile Phone Security Hook and Lock Tear Drop Pull Box
EAS System Cost 2017-07-13
Source Tagging 2017-07-13
EAS System Components 2017-07-13
Acousto-magnetic System 2017-07-13
Electromagnetic System 2017-07-13
Anti Shoplifting for Mobile Phone/ Security Displaying Mobile Phone
Anti Theft Recoiler /Pull Box
Magnetic Detacher for RF/AM Hard Tags
Anti Shoplifting Round Recoiler ( Pull Box)
Copyright © 2008-2016 WONDERFUL TECHNOLOGY, All Rights Reserved Design by GOODSEC.COM


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Dubious_Alliance_4febace794cc2.jpg
Dubious Alliance
Gutteridge, Don
Trade paperback 19.99
It is the fall of 1837, and the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada are on the eve of open revolt. Lieutenant Marc Edwards has been sent with a force of British soldiers to subdue the increasingly hostile French rebels. But as the smoke from the battle clears and political pressures build, Marc begins to question whether the sacrifices he has made in the name of Crown and country have been worth the cost.
On his return trip to Toronto, a recovering Marc is accompanied by a group of seemingly innocent civilians. But as tensions in the provinces escalate and personal grievances within the group arise, it becomes clear that not everyone Marc is traveling with is who they appear to be. Soon, mysterious death threats are issued and Marc finds himself the target of an unknown assassin. And when a member of the group is found murdered in the woods, Marc realizes that he may not have just one killer to worry about.
Don Gutteridge's series is a vivid portrayal of Canada as a fledgling colony loyal to Britain, determined to avoid American annexation, and consumed by a burgeoning desire for autonomy. Readers will come to view Marc Edwards as a hero and a man who comes to realize that the only true allegiance he owes is to those closest to his heart.
More books from this author:


Welcome to our new website, we are still working on it and adding good Clay County, Indiana information. Please bear with us as we make the transition. More CCGS content should be added soon! We will be adding all the information from the old website and should be fairly up to date in a week or two. Just in time for the fall quarterly update. Check back on this page for all updates to the website and the most recent information. Thanks for visiting with us.


• Complies with FDA CFR 21 for food packaging.
• Excellent resistance to abrasion, low temperatures and flexing.
• Resistant to atmospheric ozone, aliphatic hydrocarbons and petroleum products.
• Pure polyurethane; contains no plasticizers and low levels of extractables.
• NOT recommended for use with aqueous solutions.


text:
Child Development in Integrative Psychotherapy:
Erik Erikson's First Three Stages
Institute for Integrative Psychotherapy, Vancouver, Canada, and Deusto University, Bilbao, Spain
Citation for this article is:
Erskine, R G. (2019). Child Development in Integrative Psychotherapy: Erik Erikson's First Three Stages. International Journal of Integrative Psychotherapy, 10: 11-34.
Child development concepts and research provide the basis for therapeutic inquiry in a developmentally based, relationally focused integrative psychotherapy. This article focuses on the developmental ideas of Erik Erikson and relates them to the concepts of Bowlby, Fraiberg, Piaget, and Winnicott. The various developmental concepts provide the basis for developmental attunement, forming developmental images, phenomenological inquiry, and therapeutic inference that allow implicit and procedural memory to be expressed in a therapeutic narrative.
Attunement, unconscious relational patterns, developmental attunement, developmental image, implicit memory, procedural memory, subsymbolic memory, child development, developmental psychotherapy, therapeutic inference, integrative psychotherapy, relational psychotherapy, Erik Erikson
My client arrives late for our therapy session with his shoe laces untied, his hair uncombed, and his shirt stained with food. He is nervous as he shuffles into the office and plops down on the sofa. I ask him what he is feeling and he shrugs his shoulders. I have learned from past sessions that he quickly agrees with my feedback when I suggest what he may be feeling based on his facial expressions and body gestures. But I am concerned by his compliant answers. This is a pattern I have seen before whenever he is not talking about current difficulties such as his mother's advancing cancer, his financial worries, or his wish for a more interesting job. He reports that he is "used by others" at work and also by his large family. He tells me that he never says "no," certainly not to family members. He describes his boldest form of protest as silently slipping out of an uncomfortable family dinner. It seems to me as though he has no sense of will, agency, or direction in his life.
I notice during our early sessions that he frequently tears pieces of tissue into small fragments and then rolls them into little balls. At first I wonder if he is distracting himself from feeling. I observe his intense facial expressions and body posture and how he plays with the tissue like a toy. In our moments of silence, he seems to be pleased with pulling the tissue into little pieces. I ask what he is experiencing and he says, "I don't know." He immediately puts the tissue down as though being obedient to some unspoken command. A few moments later, he takes another tissue and begins to tears it into fragments.
I wonder what unconscious experience is embodied in his gestures and enacted in the behavior I am observing. At what age would I expect a typical child to retreat into such activity? To engage in repetitive play alone? And to have no words to describe what he or she is sensing? I am raising questions to myself from a developmental perspective. I think about the importance of repetitive and solitary play, the absence of self-reflective words, and the age at which saying "no" is a necessary expression of self-definition. Who is my actual client? Is it this 38-year-old man or a 2-year-old boy? Or is it both?
Developmentally Based Psychotherapy
Child development theories and various research reports on the social and emotional maturation of children provide the foundations for my therapeutic interventions when I am engaging in psychotherapy with clients. The primary purpose of this article is to describe some of these foundations of a relationally focused integrative psychotherapy (Erskine, 2008, 2009, 2015a) in order to provide a guide for therapists providing in-depth psychotherapy. I will articulate some of the ideas and theories that influence the work I do, particularly Erik Erikson's first three stages of child development, which range from birth to about age 6. Erikson delineated these first three of his eight stages as basic trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, and initiative versus guilt.
Foremost in my understanding of the physical and relational needs and developmental tasks of infants and young children are the observations and hypotheses of many people who have written about child development. They include (but are not limited to) Ainsworth (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978); Beebe (2005); Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1988a, 1988b); Fraiberg (1959); Kagan (1971); Mahler (1968), Mahler, Pine, and Bergman (1975); Main (1995); Piaget (1936/1952, 1954, 1960); Piaget and Inhelder (1969, 1973); Stern (1977, 1985, 1995); and Winnicott (1965, 1971). In addition, the research of several neuropsychologists have validated the way I organize my psychotherapy, including the work of Cozolino (2006), Damasio (1999), LeDoux (1994), Porges (1995, 2009), Schore (2002), and Siegel (1999, 2007). However, it is Erikson's (1959, 1963, 1968) concepts that have been a constant guide in forming my hypotheses about clients' developmental conflicts, what was missing during their early formative years, and how to be in relationship with them.
A developmentally based, relationally focused integrative psychotherapy, in theory and methods, emphasizes the therapeutic importance of developmental attunement. This presupposes both knowledge of children's emotional and cognitive development and a sensitivity to each client's unique childhood history of relationships. This includes attunement to our clients' various affects, their rhythms and attachment patterns, how they organize experiences, and their variety of needs (Erskine, Moursund, & Trautmann, 1999).
Developmental attunement necessitates the therapist's sensitivity and responsiveness to the brief expressions of age regression and the transferential expressions of unresolved relational disruptions that emerge in the process of psychotherapy. Such therapeutic sensitivity requires that we understand the personal and relational crises that young children live, the relational needs that emerge at each developmental stage, the physiological survival reactions and experiential conclusions they may come to, and what constitutes reparative therapeutic involvement.
Sara: Lost and Empty. Sara came to therapy complaining that she was depressed, slept a lot, and would often find herself just staring into space. She entered the office for the first time with a toothpick in her mouth. In the next several sessions, she constantly rubbed her lips with her fingers and often looked at the wall when she talked. Once we had established a comfortable working relationship, I began to make a series of inquiries, first with a variety of questions about her adolescence and middle childhood years and then specifically about her first year of life.
She eventually told me about her mother's breast infection, which occurred at the end of Sara's first month of life. Her mother had been hospitalized for several days, Sara was abruptly placed on bottle feeding, and her mother became depressed. This story helped me to understand Sara's sense of being "lost in space" and her own struggle with depression. I was forming a developmental image of a baby longing to nurse and craving her mother's vitality. I wondered if Sara's depression was a reliving of the emotional experience of a depressed baby or if Sara was bearing her mother's depression, or both.
Over the next 2 years, these hypotheses shaped my interventions. I frequently talked to Sara about what she may have needed as a baby, what well-cared-for babies may experience, and how she may have managed when her mother was depressed during her first year of life. Early in our work, she could not tolerate my looking at her; she was afraid. We spent many sessions with her experimenting with looking at my face and then hiding her face in her hands. Often she would cry with deep sobs. Later, when I inquired about her crying, she said that she had "no thoughts or words."
As our emotional connection deepened, Sara said that she feared I would disappear. She required reassurance that I was healthy. She suffered when we had a break in our weekly, and sometimes twice weekly, appointments. Eventually, she insisted on holding my hand "just to know you are real." She asked me to sit near her on the couch so that she could feel my presence. On several occasions, she reached out to touch the contours of my face, to rub her fingers over the shape of my nose, forehead, ears, and mouth. Her touching my face was just like a baby exploring its mother's face. She would then close her eyes and touch her own face, back and forth, touching my face and then her own. She repeated this infantile form of exploration several times before she could look into my eyes.
Although our sessions had long periods during which Sara did not speak, when she did talk, she described the deep sense of "emptiness in my stomach," "an emptiness that is never satisfied." Eventually, Sara realized that she was longing for a mother who was alive and happy to be with her. As the therapy continued, I sought occasions for us to share moments of liveliness and exuberance together.
Developmental Image
In the story of Sara, I describe having a developmental image that helped me to remain aware of the relational neglect she experienced as a baby and to respond sensitively to her need for authentic presence. A developmental image is based on a combination of intuition and empathic imagination of what it is like to be in a particular child's experience and to have the quality of relationships that he or she had at a specific age (Erskine, 2008). Creating a developmental image allows us to constantly keep the distressed child in mind, to stay attuned to his or her relational experiences and unrequited needs, and to guide us in forming a reparative relationship.
However, developmental images are formed not only on the basis of empathic imagination and intuition. To be therapeutically effective, developmental images also require a thorough understanding of children's physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development—an understanding based on both informal and professional observations, the findings from child development research, and the theoretical concepts derived from such research. Developmental images remind the therapist to focus on the client's early life, his or her unrequited needs, and the relational crises that may have occurred at various ages. This is especially important in sessions during which the client becomes immersed in current events in his or her life.
Erik Erikson ' s Developmental Observations
Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, in Studies in Hysteria (1893-1895/1955), were among the first to report on how early emotionally disruptive childhood experiences shape adult life. Freud (1894/1962, 1915/1957) went on to describe how childhood traumas are defensively "repressed" and thus unconsciously influence an adult's behaviors, attitudes, and emotions. In reflecting the social pressures of Vienna prior to 1900, he defined five psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital (Freud, 1905/1953). Although not dominant in my treatment planning, I periodically consider aspects of Freud's psychosexual stages as a broad guide in assessing the psychological age of my clients and in seeking age-appropriate interventions.
Erikson theorized that human development progresses through a life cycle composed of eight developmental stages, ranging from infancy to old age, in which each stage marks a new dimension of personal and social integration. These describe a new dimension in an individual's phenomenological sense of himself or herself as well as how he or she interacts in relationship with others (Erikson, 1959, 1964). This ever-evolving and integrating sense of self is the result of resolving specific personal and relational crises that an individual faces at various developmental ages.
Erikson (1958, 1969) referred to this process of psychological maturation as the quest for identity, a term that indicates a process that extends over several developmental stages. Progression toward a healthy personality depends on the successful mastery of personal and relational tasks at each stage of development (Erskine, 1971). Erikson (1968) called each of these personal and relational tasks a developmental crisis, a "turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential" (p. 96) and, therefore, either a source of internal strength and growth or a source of confusion, maladjustment, and interpersonal conflict.
In infancy, identity is not a mental construct. Rather, it is physiological in that the baby's nervous system may crave, tolerate, or be repulsed by the caretaker's touch. This is reflected in Bowlby's (1969, 1973) descriptions of young children's physical bonding and relational disruptions. The early infancy physiological sense of self, together with the presymbolic experiences of the preschool years and the experiential conclusions and explicit decisions of the school years, are all foundations on which later adolescent identity is formed.
Erikson (1968) said that successful passage through each stage is not an achievement secured once and for all, but rather a sense of accomplishing the developmental task of that age. This sense of accomplishment is not a cognitive or linguistic experience but rather a physically felt experience of security, agency, and/or self-esteem that is consistent with that age. In describing the eight epigenetic developmental stages, Erikson purposefully prefaced each stage's descriptive title with the phrase "a sense of." It is this phenomenological sensation of having achieved or of having been frustrated in accomplishing the stage's task that is important in determining successful development in succeeding stages.
Erikson's (1959) theory is relational in that at each stage the child's mastery of a specific developmental crisis depends on the quality of the parents' presence and involvement; it is epigenetic in that each stage involves both antecedents of previous developmental experiences and the precursors of future stages. For example, trust and mistrust issues will arise repeatedly throughout every stage of development, not just in the first year of life. And, although the formation of identity is at its peak in late adolescence, an aspect of identity begins in infancy when the task of basic trust is predominant. By combining his own insights on child development with Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson (1946, 1959, 1963, 1968) was able to conceptualize developmental progression as an interaction of biological, psychological, and relational variables that continue throughout the life span, which differed from Freud's static concept of child development. Each of Erikson's stages presents a new form of personal expression and relational engagement that lays the foundation for successive stages. At the same time, future developmental stages have a rudimentary influence on the current developmental stage (Erskine, 1971).
Significant in a child's development are the reciprocal relationships between parents and children (Erskine, 1971). For example, as the infant struggles with issues of trust and mistrust, his or her parents are grappling with issues of generativity, that is, caring for children, negotiating marriage, managing finances, and engaging in employment. The earlier description of Sara's psychotherapy illustrates Erikson's concept of child-parent reciprocity and the effects of the parents' affect and behavior on the child as well as Freud's concept that orality is the essential quality of infancy.
Erikson's (1953, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1971) writings also provide an understanding of the long-term negative effects of childhood relational disruptions and serve as a guide in forming psychotherapy inquiry and shaping a reparative therapeutic relationship. For instance, when an adult client has difficulty with creativity or finishing projects, I often think about the 4- or 5-year-old child's relational need for an adult companion who shares in the child's industrious activity. I may make several historical and phenomenological inquiries about the nature of the child's play time, the creative projects in which he or she engaged, who shared his or her interests, and whether the significant adults were supportive and enthusiastic about the child's play activities or if the child was criticized for or prohibited in exuberant play. Such information allows me to be instrumental in helping the client express appreciation for the need-fulfilling relationships that he or she may have had as a kindergarten-age child—or, alternatively, to therapeutically grieve and/or express anger at the lack of relationship with significant others. A developmentally attuned understanding may then lead me to demonstrate an active interest in the client's projects, hopes, and plans and thereby to create a reparative therapeutic relationship (Erskine & Moursund, 1988/2011; Moursund & Erskine, 2003).
Trust Versus Mistrust
Erikson (1963) placed the foundation for all later development on the first year of life and the corresponding crisis of basic trust versus mistrust. He wrote that even prior to the infant's birth, the mother's attitudes toward her child throughout pregnancy and delivery have an effect on the newborn's responses. Once the child is born, symbiosis with the mother's body is replaced by a mutual activation between mother and infant. Fairbairn (1952), Winnicott (1965, 1971), and Stern (1985) described how an infant is capable of experiencing relationship from the very beginning of life and that the quality of the infant's experiences depends on interpersonal contact with significant others.
The interpersonal contact and reciprocity of giving and receiving permits the mother to respond to the needs and demands of the baby's body and mind. When the infant's needs for nurturing touch, comfort, and security are largely satisfied under this reciprocal relationship, the child learns to trust the mother, himself or herself, and the world. Erikson (1963) emphasized this point by saying that the parents "must be able to represent to the child a deep, almost somatic conviction that there is a meaning to what they are doing" (p. 249). The parents' consistency, reliability, and dependability communicate to the child that he or she is safe and that his or her basic and vital needs will be met, at least most of the time. This intermix of trust and mistrust is echoed by Winnicott's (1965) often quoted idea of the "good-enough mother" (p. 117).
Because the infant still lacks body image and object permanence, his or her sense of trust or distrust is nonspecific. It applies to all persons, including the self that is still undifferentiated from the maternal world. A mother who is consistently stabilizing and who regulates the infant's affect and physical needs is experienced as a sense of trust in both self and the external world. An emerging sense of trust leads to the establishment of hope. A mother who is inconsistent or neglectful is experienced by the child with a sense of distrust in himself or herself and in relationships. Distrust of an unreliable mother becomes self-distrust because the infant does not sense his or her mother as separate from himself or herself.
Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget said that during this early "sensory-motor" stage the infant is not aware of cause and effect; self-focused sensations are all that exist (Maier, 1969). Therefore, "the failure of the parent to provide the basis of trust is the infant's failure since he is not 'cognitively' able to perceive his existence as separate from his parents" (Erskine, 1971, p. 39). In my experience, the absence of a secure and trusting relational foundation may result in clients having a physiologically based, indescribable sense of hopelessness. When adult clients talk about a sense of hopelessness—an internal sense of despair that exists even when their life is going well—I am inclined to focus on their first year of life. I begin by inquiring how they receive another person's touch and physical closeness, and I am interested to know if they have a sense of comfort and emotional stabilization through physical closeness or if they feel agitated by such intimacy. I may then inquire about the quality of the infant-mother relationship in significant aspects of baby care: feeding, diaper changing, bathing, play, and sleep time.
If a young child's sense of attachment is infused with a greater degree of mistrust than trust, later in life he or she may react disagreeably to even minor inconsistencies in someone else's behavior and use those inconsistencies as evidence that the person should not be trusted (Erskine, 2015b). If, on the other hand, the child has gained a sense of trust and it has been reinforced over several developmental ages, then in adult life he or she may see such inconsistencies as insignificant and a normal part of life.
I am particularly interested when clients perceive inconsistencies in my behavior or affect that lead them to mistrust me. I want to know how their perception stimulated and influenced this sense of mistrust and devote time to exploring how my behavior may have been an impetus for their lack of trust in our relationship. It is important for me to take responsibility for my inconsistencies and/or therapeutic errors before we investigate any possible early childhood sense of mistrust. It is essential that we work within our current person-to-person relationship to establish (as much as possible) a secure interpersonal connection before investigating the qualities of their early mother-infant relationship.
During the same era that Erikson was working, Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1980) also wrote about early child development. He described the biological imperative of prolonged physical and affective bonding in the creation of a visceral core from which all experiences of self and others emerge. Both Bowlby's and Erikson's writings delineate the unconscious relational patterns that are generalized from experiences in infancy and early childhood (Erskine, 2009). Bowlby proposed that healthy development emerges from the mutuality of a child's and a caretaker's reciprocal enjoyment in their physical connection and affective relationship. Mothers who are attuned to their baby's affect and rhythm, who are sensitive to misattunements and quick to correct their errors of attunement, establish for their infant a secure base (Bowlby, 1988b). It is these qualities of interpersonal contact, communication of affect, and reparation that are of utmost importance in forming secure relationships, a sense of mastery, and resilience in later life (Ainsworth et al., 1978).
Bowlby's comments provide an outline of what a relationally focused integrative psychotherapist actually does with clients, that is, we create a secure base. Just as with involved, responsive parents, we attune to our clients' affects and rhythms, are sensitive to and take responsibility for our misattunements, correct our errors, strive to establish and maintain emotional and physical stability, create relational safety, and enjoy who they are (Tronick, 1989).
Bowlby (1973) articulated how the quality of a young child's relationship with his or her parents provides "a sense of how acceptable or unacceptable he himself is in the eyes of attachment figures" (p. 203). These repeated experiences establish internal working models that unconsciously determine anticipation, emotional and behavioral responses to others, the nature of fantasy, and the quality of interpersonal transactions. Stern (1995) referred to these same phenomena with the term schemes of ways of being-with-another. Both Bowlby and Stern were describing subsymbolic procedural forms of memory—memory that is not available to conscious thought although it is expressed in physiological sensations, affect, and relationships.
Bowlby went on to describe insecure attachments as the psychological result of disruptions in bonding within dependent relationships. Repeated experiences of security or lack of security in the first few months of life are what Erikson (1963) was referring to when he described this period of development as a time of trust versus mistrust.
Although Eric Berne provided no indication that he was aware of Bowlby's early research findings and theoretical ideas, he was well aware of Erikson's emphasis on the formation of trust or mistrust in the first 2 years of life. Berne (1961) described the relational disruptions in infancy as the "primal dramas of childhood" (p. 116), which resulted in an "extensive unconscious life plan" (p. 123). Berne used the terms protocol and palimpsests to describe the infant and early childhood interactions between a child and his or her caretakers that are imprinted as presymbolic, subsymbolic, and procedural forms of memory that form "unconscious relational patterns" (Erskine, 2015a) that later in life interfere with health maintenance, problem solving, and relationships with people—the early basis of a life script.
Winnicott referred to this early period in a child's life as a time when body memories are formed even though the infant is nonconscious and does not have a fully formed sense of "me." The infant is only aware of sensation, but body sensations are the neurological substructure of the child's emerging sense of trust and mistrust (Porges, 2009). Winnicott (1965) wrote that the baby is always struggling with the contrast between spontaneously expressing needs and having them fulfilled versus reacting to the demands from outside that interrupt the baby's "continuity of being. … [W]hen reacting, an infant is not 'being' " (p. 185).
Incidents of relational disruption will undoubtedly occur between children and caretakers. Such reactions denote moments of disruption in the baby's sense of relying on the caretaker. The impediments to trust happen through recurring relational disruptions, wherein the child has an ongoing sense of a lack of security. Such a lack of security, mistrust, and the sense of needs not satisfied is not thought about or cognitive. Such body senses are subsymbolic, procedural forms of memory that are established when the child is preverbal. But these physiological sensations may last a lifetime and are influential in shaping relationships later in life.
Fraiberg's (1982/1983) research showed that behavioral signs of infant and parent relational disruptions are evident in the first few months of life. To paraphrase Fraiberg, these self-stabilizing survival reactions include infants freezing their body movements, flailing in agitation with their arms and legs, turning away from face-to-face contact, and transforming their affect. We may see subtle versions of these same self-stabilizing dynamics in adult clients when they tighten their bodies, agitate, avoid eye contact, or deflect from their feelings. Such behaviors may signal unresolved relational disruptions in early childhood.
Applying Developmental Concepts in Practice
In the first couple of months of psychotherapy, Sheila sat in my office biting her fingernails and constantly shaking her foot. Not only was she physically agitated, she also had great difficulty talking about her internal experience. She could freely tell me about her social interactions with other people during the previous week but usually without any eye contact. If I made more than one or two phenomenological inquiries, she would tighten the muscles in her face, shoulders, and chest and become silent.
Often in the first few months, I thought about Sheila's repetitive body gestures, her tense muscles, and how these behaviors might be an adult's manifestation of an infant's gestures of agitated flailing, physical freezing, and turning away from contact—desperate attempts at self-stabilization when a significant caretaker fails to provide the physical and emotional stabilization necessary for the infant to develop a basic sense of trust (Fraiberg,1982/1983).
Pacing my developmental investigation with only a few historical questions in each session, we began to slowly construct, over the next 9 months, the story of her first 2 years of life with a mother whom she described (with information provided by her two aunts) as "often high-strung, upset, and distressed." Gradually, Sheila was able to tolerate my inquiries about her body sensations, variety of affects, fantasies, and how she coped, even as a toddler, with what she described as an "uptight mother" who had constant fights with her alcoholic father. She described family stories about how her mother would leave her in a playpen all day until her father came home to change her diaper and eventually feed her. She had a recurring image of being strapped into a high chair, crying to be let out, and "then just giving up."
Sheila said that she did not remember the fights between her parents when she was 2, but she had a number of explicit memories of the verbal fights between them in her preschool and school years. She said, "I know in my body that I lived with constant tension" and "I could not trust anyone." "Even now it seems impossible for me to rely on anyone."
With some clients, I ask what they know about their conception, how their mother felt during pregnancy, and the quality of their parents' relationship with each other both during pregnancy and in the first few months after the birth. The client's rudimentary knowledge is usually based on family stories and fragments of information that he or she has put together over the years. Also, I may ask the client to "imagine" being fed by his or her mother during the first few months of life. I inquire about the client's "internal sense" of mother's touch, the rhythm of the feeding, the mother's sensitivity to the infant's need to be nurtured, and the presence or absence of eye contact. Did mother sing or talk when feeding or was it done in silence? I am curious to know if mother was relaxed or stressed and how my client physically responded to mother's body.
Based on what the person knows of his or her mother's personality, I ask the client to imagine those affectively charged and relationally significant interpersonal interactions (Stern, 1998; Tronick, 1989). Although most clients say that they do not have explicit memories of this period in their life, I am interested in their impressions because those are configured from physiological and emotional experiences that are recorded as subsymbolic memory. Although not based on explicit memory, such prelinguistic, procedural memories are the foundation for unconscious relational patterns that may influence the client's affect, behavior, and relationships later in life (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980; Erskine, 2009). These forms of memory are not conscious in that they are not transposed into thought, concept, language, or narrative, but they are phenomenologically communicated through physiological tensions, undifferentiated affects, longings and repulsions, tone of voice, and interpersonal interactions (Bucci, 2001; Kihlstrom, 1984; Lyons-Ruth, 2000; Schacter & Buckner, 1998).
In helping our clients construct a comprehensive narrative of their life, we are working with therapeutic inference, which is made from assembling bits and pieces of information, emotional and body reactions, internal images, family stories, and fantasies (Erskine, 2008, p. 136). These inferences are constructed through intersubjective dialogue between client and psychotherapist about the client's early life and may not be based on verifiable information. They are composed of internal sensations, impressions, physical reactions, and emotions that determine the client's internal processes and perceptions and may shape their behaviors in adult life.
Metaphorically, I think that in a developmentally focused psychotherapy we are constructing the client's narrative in a way that is similar to doing number-to-number drawings where a picture is formed by connecting various dots. For example, just as a child drawing a line between the dots numbered one, two, … nine, and ten reveals the image of a cat or horse, we help clients construct a narrative that gives meaning to their experience through:
• Affective, rhythmic, and developmental attunement
• Consistent phenomenological and historical inquiry
• Fragments of information
• Developmental images
• Family stories
• Judicious use of child development theory, observation, and research
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
Erikson's (1963, 1968) theory states that the second developmental conflict—autonomy versus shame and doubt—occurs between 18 months and 3 years of age. This period corresponds with Freud's anal stage and is built on the foundations of trust or mistrust established during the oral stage. As the child nears his or her second birthday, a qualitatively new kind of intellectual functioning occurs that Piaget (1951; Piaget & Inhelder, 1969) termed preoperational. The child has become more physically developed (walks and climbs), better coordinated (self-feeds), perceptually aware (observes family interactions), and determined to express his or her own wants (the need for self-definition and to make an impact on another person). This struggle for autonomy starts at age 2 and lasts until about 3-and-a-half years of age, although Piaget describes it as lasting until about age 7.
If the child does not have a basic sense of trust when entering the second stage, Erikson (1959, 1963) theorized that "the child will turn against himself all the urges to discriminate and to manipulate" (p. 70) and will over manipulate himself or herself, develop a precocious conscience, become obsessive, and, in adult life, subscribe to more authoritarian attitudes.
The dominant behavior of this second stage is manifested in the child's ability to both tightly hold on to items and to willfully throw them away. At the same time, the child is developing physically with "the arrival of a better formed stool and the general coordination of the muscle system which permits the development of voluntary release as well as of physical retention" (Erikson, 1968, p. 107). In writing about this stage, Erikson expanded Freud's concept of the anal period and framed it in terms of the relationship between child and caretakers—a struggle for the child to exercise choice and a growing sense of autonomy. At this age, children are actively exploring, doing what they want, doing things their own way and at their own pace. With ongoing support and a protective environment, they form a sense of autonomy. If a child at this age is repeatedly criticized, if caretakers are demanding, controlling, or impatient, the child may be left with a sense of self-doubt.
Erikson's (1959) discussion of autonomy largely focused on toilet training. But he emphasized that the quality of the relationship between the child and his or her parents at this time is a primary factor in whether or not the child will leave this stage with a sense of self-worth and competency or will feel powerless, ashamed, and inhibited. Erikson (1963) emphasized that it is important that the child not feel that his or her will is being broken. The quality of autonomy that children develop depends on their parents' ability to grant autonomy with dignity and a sense of personal independence.
In addition to the rapid gains in muscular maturation, during this stage, the child learns to coordinate a number of highly conflicting action patterns and vocalizations that delineate the world as "I" and "you," "me" and "mine, "no" and "I want." The development of language is a tremendous tool in helping children to expand their world beyond the primary mother-child relationship. Although language at this point is poorly formed and more expressive than communicative, it allows distance between mother and child. Mother can now direct the child verbally without physically having to touch him or her. The child can refuse to obey by saying "no" or ignoring her, thus declaring his or her will, an expression of the emerging sense of autonomy.
Erikson wrote that a child's "sense of self-control, without loss of self-esteem," is the basis for a "lasting sense of autonomy and pride"; it is the ontogenetic source of a sense of free will." He went on to say that "from … a loss of self-control, and of parental over control, comes a lasting sense of doubt and shame" (Erikson, 1959, p. 109). A sense of doubt and shame results from the parents' belittling, teasing, and overcontrol, which robs the child of the sense that he or she is capable of self-control and is able to direct his or her own life successfully.
David: No Will. David came to psychotherapy to resolve his career difficulties as a jazz musician and to address the lack of a permanent partner in his life. In the many months that I worked with him, it was increasingly clear that he became distant each time I was empathetic, such as when I validated his feelings or when we were saying good-bye. David's distancing was subtle, but I could feel the emotional space between us, a vague disquieting sense within me, a desire to emotionally reach out to him and, at the same time, a contradictory sense of respecting the physical space between us. Most likely I was responding to David's recurring patterns of managing emotional closeness and/or to what he may have needed as a boy.
I thought about Erikson's descriptions of how a young child grapples with trust and mistrust. Although David attended his sessions weekly, I wondered if, at some primal level, he did not trust me. In several sessions I asked how he perceived our relationship. He hesitantly talked about how he imagined that I would eventually control him: "I know you won't control me. I've watched you all these times, but I keep waiting for you to manipulate or criticize me." Those transferential transactions prompted me to ask David several questions, first about our current relationship and then about his life as a little boy.
Although he did not have specific memories of his early life, he described his mother as being "strict" and "always in control." I asked him to imagine being 2 or 3 years old and wanting to climb on the furniture. He tightened his shoulder and back muscles and immediately said, "She would hit me if I did that. She would curse at me. She would destroy me." Although David did not have an explicit memory of being hit, he said "I know it to be true." He then went into detail about how he, both as a boy and as a man, feared his mother.
David described several times in his early life when his mother reprimanded, criticized, or hit him for being "willful." He did not want to be physically close to her and never told her what he was feeling or thinking. He realized that with me he was not only enacting an early pattern of mistrust but also that he was afraid of expressing his opinions and aspirations in his intimate relationships and his professional life as a musician. David's sense of will had been stymied. My therapeutic task included creating an emotionally and physically secure interpersonal space, supporting his aspirations, validating his self-definitions, and allowing myself to be impacted by him.
Initiative Versus Guilt
Erikson's (1963) third stage is initiative versus guilt, which begins to develop at approximately 3-and-a-half years and continues until about age 6. However, the time frame may vary for some children. For Piaget, children in this same age range organize cognitive experiences preoperationally, with intuitive thought. They engage in symbolic play and manipulate symbols and toys, but they do not yet use concrete logic or transform, combine, or separate ideas (Piaget, 1951, 1952). This is the beginning of what Fraiberg (1959) called the "magic years," a time of fantasy, egocentrism, and parallel play. What children of this age do not understand in reality they create in fantasy.
This stage encompasses the genital and oedipal stages in Freud's theory. In the previous period of autonomy versus shame and doubt, the driving force behind the child's behaviors was the establishment of self-will and making an impact. The third stage is characterized by the child's capacity to plan and execute playful projects for the pleasure of being active, to self-define, and to satisfy the imagination. It is a time of purpose, direction, and repetitive manipulation of toys. Although children in this stage are full of play, exaggeration, and fantasy, they yearn for companionship, someone to play alongside them, someone who will be used as a toy and will respond to their initiative.
Successful building of childrens' sense of initiative is based on their increased awareness of their own autonomy, which leads to more self-direction in their behaviors. In the preschool years, children develop a clear notion of goals and how they want to achieve them. If they cannot succeed in reaching their goals, they are able to either modify them or change the method by which they intend to reach those goals.
Erikson (1953) wrote that the dominating behavior of the initiative stage is a variety of repetitive activities and fantasies into which the child intrudes, including into people's ears and minds with loud noises, space by vigorous actions, other people's bodies by jumping and climbing on them, and the unknown with consuming curiosity (Erikson, 1968, p. 116).
At this age, children have developed greater freedom of movement that allows them to move vigorously and to have a wider radius of goals. Language development has progressed so that they can ask about and understand many concrete events, although they may not comprehend diverse human relationships. Their understandings are concrete and egocentric (Maier, 1969).
At the same time, children are expanding their imagination by playing out the roles they imagine are available in life. They model their play on those adults they see as strong and beautiful. It is this imagination of the young child that provides the groundwork for the development of initiative. The selection of goals and the perseverance in accomplishing them have their origin in the child's fantasies about being almost as good as grown-ups.
Because children in this stage may not distinguish clearly between actuality and fantasy, overzealous parents can easily squelch their developing sense of initiative. If many of the child's vigorous and intrusive activities, play projects, or fantasies are forbidden, he or she begins to think of his or her ideas as wrong or bad. A sense of guilt may overshadow the child's playful imagination and resourcefulness (Erikson, 1968, p. 122). The developmental task at this stage is a sense of conviction, without guilt, that "I can be what I imagine myself to be." In my therapeutic experience with adult clients who were repeatedly hindered in their childhood play, expressions of fantasy and a self-defining sense of purpose tend to be inhibited, and they retreat to a passive internal world.
Erikson (1963) agreed with Piaget (1951) that in this stage, between 3-and-a-half and 6 years, play is necessary for a child's development. Play facilitates children's natural progression toward new mastery and new developmental stages; it is their way of reasoning about their world. Erikson (1963) wrote, "The child's play is the infantile form of the human ability to deal with experience by creating model situations and to master reality by experiment and planning" (p. 22). He went on to say that he agreed with Freud that play provides the fantasy needed to rectify anxiety experienced by the young child. It allows the child to free himself or herself of the boundaries of time, space, and reality and provides an acceptable avenue for self-expression. However, a reality orientation is maintained because he or she and others know that it is "just play."
Timothy: Longing for Companionship. After Timothy had been in therapy for 2 years, he embarrassingly described how he frequently masturbated, often more than once a day, from the time he was in kindergarten until today. He said that it was the most pleasurable thing in his life. This stimulated me to think of five developmental dynamics:
• Freud's descriptions of the phallic stage that occurs about 5 years of age
• Erikson's descriptions of the child's budding sense of initiative and play
• The importance of play in Piaget's theory of child development
• Fraiberg's description of how fantasy is a dominant form of mental activity for a kindergarten-age child
• My own observations regarding the 5-year-old child's increased need for a shared experience (Erskine et al., 1999)
These five concepts guided me to inquire about Timothy's family relationships when he was in kindergarten. He described how his mother was always busy, "too busy to be with me." His father was traveling for work. Timothy always played alone because he was not allowed to play outside the house or to invite friends over. His most vivid memory was of being reprimanded for making too much noise. He was prohibited from playing with his toys except in his bedroom. In his telling me this history, I could sense his loneliness and longing for a shared experience, and, at the same time, he was ashamed to tell me about what he was feeling and doing.
As I wove a series of historical and phenomenological inquiries into our sessions over the next several weeks, Timothy became aware of a great sense of emptiness and sadness, a longing for companionship. He recalled at age 5 hiding under the stairs, playing with his penis in order to not feel his loneliness. It dawned on him that as an adult he was still comforting himself with masturbation rather than engaging with people. He remembered how he felt restricted and could not reach out to either parent for comfort. He said, "By age five I was already a loner." This led me to inquire about the earlier years of his life. A year later he joined a men's group that met weekly. After the men's group spent several sessions talking about various aspects of shame in their lives, Timothy told the group about the harsh, cold family in which he had lived and his constant sense of loneliness. He wept in response to compassion and understanding voiced by the other men in the group.
The writings of Erikson and other developmental psychologists mentioned earlier serve as a beacon to guide my phenomenological inquiry and understanding about the relational dynamics of my clients' early lives. Of course, our clients will not have explicit memories of early relational interactions. The symbolic, cognitive, and linguistic areas of the brain are not sufficiently formed during the first few years to allow for explicit memory, but memory consists of so much more. Early childhood memory may be embodied in physiological sensations, entrenched in affect, or unconsciously enacted in relationships (Erskine, 2008). These memories are not available to conscious thought because they are prelinguistic, presymbolic, procedural, and implicit. However, these neurological imprints give rise to "unconscious relational patterns," what Bowlby called internal working models of self-in-relationship (Erskine, 2009, 2015a). When I am with a client, I frequently imagine myself as a curious detective searching for nonobvious clues as to what happened in that person's early life. These clues are encoded in the person's stories, fantasies, hopes, and dreams. Hence, a major psychotherapeutic task includes decoding the clues that may reveal the early childhood ruptures in relationship and thereby help provide a therapeutic relationship that repairs those relational ruptures.
Although sensitively attending to the current crisis and central events in a client's life is essential in a relationally focused psychotherapy, prolonged attention to current events may lessen the time devoted to a developmentally based, in-depth psychotherapy. However, as we know, the client's past relational disruptions are often being relived through current crises. To minimize the amount of time spent on current events in therapy, I make use of consistent phenomenological inquiry. My questions focus on bodily experience and related affect to bring the client's attention to what is occurring internally. I ask about early family dynamics, even though the usual answer early in therapy is, "I have no memories before elementary school."
Nevertheless, I often ask clients to imagine being a specific age, such as a nursing baby, a toddler learning to self-feed, a preschooler having a bath, or a kindergarten-age child playing with toys. I explore with them their feelings and associations when I inquire about bedtime at various ages, what they felt when they observed interactions between their parents, and other emotionally charged happenings in their life. I ask about who was present or absent, what interpersonal involvement happened between the child and grown-ups, and what relational needs were satisfied or ignored (Erskine et al., 1999). I encourage them to interview family members who were either adults or older children when they were between infancy and kindergarten age to gather information that may confirm or disconfirm their own stories.
In much of this work, my clients and I are using therapeutic inference, that is, constructing a story based on clients' internal sensations, impressions, and fragments of information. We are working with early childhood implicit and procedural forms of knowing rather than only with explicit memories. Such phenomenological and historical inquiry stimulates implicit and procedural memory and provides an opportunity to put that memory into thought and language, often for the first time. These are the foundations of a developmentally based, relationally focused integrative psychotherapy.
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Denver Nuggets vs. Utah Jazz, 4/9/19 NBA Predictions & Odds
Nuggets vs. Jazz Prediction
Will the Utah Jazz be able to pick up a nice win at home when they face the Denver Nuggets in a key Western Conference game tonight at 9PM ET?
517 Denver Nuggets vs. 518 Utah Jazz
9PM ET – Vivint Smart Home Arena
According to oddsmakers at BetNow.eu, the Jazz are the slight favorite in this game, as they are getting odds of -2.5 points against the Nuggets. The over/under total for the contest is listed at 213.5 points. The public betting for this game currently has 65 percent going on the Jazz at home. This information is subject to change, however, so be sure to check out our NBA Public Betting Page for updated figures on the game.
Nuggets fighting for 2 seed
Denver is coming off a 115-108 loss at Portland on Sunday. Despite the loss, the Nuggets covered the spread for the third straight contest. Denver is 53-27 on the season, 20-20 on the road, 42-38 against the spread and 46-33-1 with the under. The Nuggets are currently second in the West, but just a ½ game above Houston.
The Nuggets are a solid defensive team, giving up 106.7 points per game while holding opponents to just 33.8 percent shooting from the arc. Offensively, Denver is averaging 110.8 points per game while shooting 46.6 percent from the field. Nikola Jokic is putting up 20.2 points, 10.8 rebounds and 7.4 assists per game to lead the team this season while Jamal Murray is adding 18.2 points and 4.9 assists per contest.
Jazz end long win streak
Utah had a 7-game win streak cone to an end on Sunday when the Jazz suffered a 113-109 loss on the road to the Lakers. They are just 2-4 against the spread in their last six games. Utah is 49-31 overall, 28-12 at home, 42-36-2 against the spread and 42-37-1 with the under. Utah is fifth in the West right now, two games behind Portland and two games ahead of Oklahoma City.
The Jazz are also led by their defense, as they give up just 106 points per game while holding opponents to 45.1 percent shooting. Offensively, Utah is putting up 111.3 points per game while shooting 46.8 percent from the field. Ricky Rubio and Kyle Korver are both out for tonight's game due to injuries. Donovan Mitchell is leading the team with 23.5 points, 4.1 rebounds and 4.2 assists per game. Rudy Gobert is adding 15.8 points, 12.9 rebounds and 2.3 blocks per game.
The Nuggets are 19-6-1 against the spread in their last 26 division games, but just 3-8 ATS in their last 11 games on 1 day of rest.
The Jazz are 19-6-1 ATS in their last 26 games following a loss and 5-2 ATS in their last seven conference games.
Utah has won and covered in the last two meetings with the Nuggets this season. Despite the loss to the Lakers, Utah has been playing some of its best basketball of the season as of late. I think that trend will continue at home against a Denver team that has been hard to trust on the road. Both teams still have something to play for, but I will ride the home team in this scenario.
NBA Prediction: Utah Jazz -2.5


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The Backbench Spring: Mark Warawa has his say
The Conservative MP stands in the House to talk about female gendercide
By Aaron Wherry May 9, 2013
As promised, the Conservative MP stood before Question Period and delivered a statement about female gendercide.
Mr. Speaker, twenty thousand Canadians from all walks of life gathered here today in front of the Parliament Buildings. They are asking Canadian leaders to end discrimination against women and girls occurring through global gendercide. Female gendercide is the systematic killing of women and girls just because they are girls.
The UN says that over 200 million girls are missing in the world right now because of female gendercide. The Canadian Medical Association revealed that this barbaric form of discrimination is occurring in Canada. The statement "It's a girl" should not be a death sentence. Gendercide is the ultimate form of discrimination against women and girls. A huge thanks goes to the thousands across Canada standing up against all forms of discrimination and violence against women and girls. I also want to thank Lucky Gill with Global Girl Power.
It's not clear whether Mr. Warawa was on the government whip's list of those scheduled to make a statement. I didn't see any other Conservative MP stand on the right side of the House, but conceivably one of the Conservatives seated to the immediate left of the Speaker could have been standing.
Update 10:09pm. A tweet from Mr. Warawa suggests he wasn't on the whip's list.
FILED UNDER: abortion house of commons Maclean's Politics Mark Warawa Members' Statements Parliament sex-selective abortion Statements by Members


In a time where we flock to the theater to see our favorite superheroes take shots at the latest buddy, it's important not to forget real heroes who put their lives on the line. Even if their life is not at risk, there are everyday heroes that deserve just as much praise, if not more. Ronald Fawlkes is one of those heroes without question.
After graduating from high school, Ronald joined the U.S. Marine Corps where served from 1989 until 1993. While serving he took part in the First Gulf War, and later completed a tour in Iraq. Like any Marine, his training was extensive, some example of which were his attendance at the U.S. Army Parachute School, Advanced Navy-Marine Corps Parachute Insignia, a course in basic engineering, Marine Combat at the Marine Corps School of Infantry in addition to a taxing seven-week long Naval Special Warfare Foundation (NSWF) combat diver school. It goes without saying, while he was enlisted he received top-notch educations and experience in the four years he served.
In Iraq, he was a DOD contractor through the U.S. Army, working with the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (JIEDDO) in executing infantry operations.
When Ronald left the Marines in 1993, he became an officer for the St. Louis County Police Department, and three years later spending another ten years with the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department. For the tail end of his career there, he would serve in their Human Rescue Team and in 2003, was appointed Team Lead.
Years of experience on his belt, one could only imagine what someone like Robert Fawlkes does in their free time. For Robert, he spends much of his time mentoring. A big fan of the sport, he is the off ice trainer for his son's hockey team. He has succeeded in showing kids how important it is to take care of their equipment as well as getting them fit for the ice thanks to a physical regimen he developed.
Ronald is also able to use his personal stories to illustrate to the kids that there is someone out there, many in fact, who regularly put themselves on the line. This has allowed for Ronald to built rapport with the kids, added that he is often blunt and direct because of his military background.
Family is important to him, just as much and if not more than his country. The fact that he can help his community while doing something he loves. Spending more time with his son, he is also able to help others kinds make the right decisions, and with his background, he offers an entirely different perspective than others in their lives. Ronald Fawlkes is proof you don't have to be super strong to be a hero, but super passionate doesn't hurt.
The Better Business Bureaus prestigious Torch Award for Marketplace Ethics is only awarded to businesses that show the highest levels of ethical practice and actively appreciate and contribute to the people living in their communities, as well as their own employees.
Aloha Construction was presented with the award for the year 2017 and it was certainly well earned. Since the founding of Aloha Construction in 2008, they have completed over 20,000 roofing jobs. They go above and beyond for their customers by offering free roof inspections, 10 year craftmenship warrenties, finace options, and excellent customer service. In addition to looking out for their customers, Aloha Construction gained recognition for the way they treat their employees. This includes a yearly all expense paid trip to Maui, Hawaii for the staff and their families. The CEO for Aloha Construction, Dave Farbaky, has said that the staff are more like a family.
The award winning company also takes an active role in bettering their community. They have sponsored numerous local youth athletic teams as well as being well known contributors and supporters of the Bloomington, Illinois Boys and Girls Club. Their support and donations to numerous organizations dedicated to serving those in need, including donating to an organization that sponsors Christmas shopping sprees for children in need, has helped touch the lives of many members or their community, regardless if their customers or not.
The award was presented at a luncheon ceremony, that took place in November of 2017,and was awarded to only nine businesses. It took meeting strict criteria to even be considered for the award and then it's turned over to a panel of 15 judges to narrow down and decide which businesses deserved to win the award. Aloha Construction is a family owned and community oriented business, making it one of the top contenders for the honor. Farbaky stated that they will continue forward with their goal and continue the same ethics and activities that led to this recognition.
Almost everyone is stretched to the limit with their scheduling these days. We simply try to pack as much as humanly possible into our day, but we do not necessarily stop to smell the roses as much as we should. That being said, life is expensive and we have to keep progressing towards taking care of what has to be taken care of. Therefore, we may feel the need for an energy boost from time to time.
These days, a lot of people are turning to energy drinks for the kind of boost that they need. They want something that is easier to drink than coffee and often has a stronger caffeine punch to it as well. That is why they go for the energy drinks. What is left out of that conversation though is how many negative ingredients there are in a lot of energy drinks in terms of your health. There are things like a lot of calories, artificial sweeteners, and so much more. These are all things that you should not be mainlining into your bloodstream, and yet people do it.
Now there is an alternative to that. Jeunesse Global has their own version of an energy drink that they call Nevo. This is an energy drink that promises no artificial sweeteners, flavors, or ingredients. It also has just fifty calories per can. That also makes it special because it means that even those who are trying to watch their weight can still enjoy this particular beverage if they choose to do so. Jeunessee Global is trying to make that a reality for as many people as they possibly can.
This is just part of the overall products that Jeunesse Global has to offer. There are others that do other things for your health as well. Each of these is worth a look if you have the time. You just might be surprised by what all they have available.
One of the first places that a person looks at in a home is the kitchen. It is the place where everyone comes to socialize and visit. It doesn't matter how comfy the living room may be. The kitchen is where everything is happening. This is the reason why it is so important to have a versatile and comfortable kitchen. Not to mention the fact that every homeowner wants to feel at home in their kitchen.
When homeowners need to feel at ease and comfortable in their kitchen. It will make mealtime go much easier and smoother. One key tip to this is organization. Siteline Cabinetry has brought two dynamics in the cabinet world together. The comfort of a well-organized kitchen and the décor of the modern family. Siteline offers great designs with added storage and comfort. The new innovation that Siteline brings to the kitchen isn't found anywhere else.
Siteline Cabinetry has brought a new era to cabinet making. Not only can they transform a kitchen but other areas of the home as well. Cabinetry can be effective in the mudroom or even the office. The cabinets can store items from kitchen utensils and pan to your pens in the office. Don't forget to hide those ugly shoes away in the mudroom too.
Siteline Cabinetry isn't the best just because of their techniques and designs. They are also one of the leading creators in cabinetry because they listen to their clients. The cabinetry at Siteline's designed and fit to each customer by their own needs and desires. All cabinets are made to order. There is no prefabricated cabinet that looks the same in every house. When they say they are keen on what the client needs, they are being truthful.
Siteline Cabinetry is changing the way clients look at cabinetry. Now they give customers the ability to create one of a kind cabinets. These cabinets are not only functional and organized but have a sleek new look that all will love. They come in all different shapes and sizes that adhere to each individual's desire.
There are many people who are excited about the future of venture capital. With more online options than ever before, this is a great way to raise money in a business. Marc Sparks was not always interested in this area.
He started out in the world of business as someone who had little experience or funding. However, he had a dream to make a positive impact on his local community in Dallas. He loves to mentor young business owners who need additional help.
Marc Sparks has always written a lot of content on starting and operating a new business. With all of his experience, business owners love working with him.
Starting a new business is never easy. One of the biggest issues faced by business owners is getting enough capital for their investment projects.
Marc Sparks is a great example of the impact that one person can make on others.
When people work as employees, they tend to lose sight of the purpose that the company has. As a result, they tend to go through the motions and wind up being on the verge of losing their jobs. This is one of the reasons that some people turn to working for themselves. There are actually plenty of driving factors that could cause people to become entrepreneurs. Among the driving factors that they have to face is availability of jobs. One thing that could drive someone to look for work is the desperation of being at the mercy of life.
However, when it comes to being an entrepreneur, one of the most important things that people gain is a better sense of purpose that they get from working for themselves. For one thing, people like Marc Sparks actually see what they are doing. Marc Sparks has the vision of what he wants to do for people. Among the people he wants to do things for is entrepreneurs. He understands the challenges that entrepreneurs can face when they are trying to build their lives and get their businesses going. Given that he has gone before them and made the journey. He wants to help them learn what can and can't be done as an entrepreneur.
Marc Sparks is also a philanthropist who gets involved with plenty of organizations so that they will be able to take care of their philanthropic goals. For one thing, this is one of the reasons that Marc Sparks has started his own business. He has seen the type of benefits that he can get from working for himself. For one thing, he can make tons of money that he can put forth to his goals as well as his philanthropic activities. People are more likely to be passionate when they are working for themselves.


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Home » Travel » Inside one of the UK's most haunted buildings filled with ghostly tales
Inside one of the UK's most haunted buildings filled with ghostly tales
Jane McDonald 'frightened to death' by ghost story
The Grade I listed building, which sits not far from Aston Villa's Villa Park, is a popular attraction when Halloween rolls around each year, as ghost hunters descend. Legend has it that one of the ghosts that inhabits the grounds is Dick the houseboy, who supposedly hanged himself after being accused of stealing.
Another supernatural being from beyond the grave is said to be a former housekeeper dressed in a green dress who people claimed to have seen sitting in a chair.
Arguably, the spookiest tale that makes Aston famous is of a man who was said to have kept his young daughter a prisoner for 16 years within one of the house's cells.
Other Halloween-themed events coming up at Aston Hall include torchlit tours around the estate at night, for those who dare.
There is even a chance to meet a 'witch hunter', on the lookout for those with magical powers and come face to face with an 'executioner'.
Following a major renovation to restore this Jacobean style house in 2009, Aston Hall is now a community museum managed by the Birmingham Museums Trust.
In 2019, Aston Hall was ranked number one as the UK's most haunted heritage site by Spectrum Paranormal Investigations and National Lottery.
Keep up to date with all our 2Chill-related news by following our social pages. As well as videos, tips and advice, we'll also be sharing some dreamy places where you can Eat, Drink, Do & Chill.
Sleepover at Britain's most haunted castle [REPORT]
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'Remain vigilant': Tourists warning over dangers of ditching 'confusing' travel rules
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Vancouver's top 5 unique landmarks you must visit this year ·
Next Story Group enters Vietnam ·
Dad Writes Letter to Stranger Who Taught His Daughter 'What Compassion Looks Like' at the Airport


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Home > Politics > U.S. Politics > Clinton Receives Endorsement from Largest LGBT Organization
Clinton Receives Endorsement from Largest LGBT Organization
By Caribbean Business on January 19, 2016
Hillary Clinton has received an endorsement for her bid for the Democratic nomination for president from America's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender civil rights organization.
The Human Rights Campaign announced its endorsement Tuesday, which she is expected to accept at an event in Iowa next week.
The organization's board of directors, comprised of 32 community leaders nationwide, voted to endorse Clinton, the group said in a statement.
The Human Rights Campaign says it will work to mobilize its 1.5 million members and supporters ahead of the general elections.
Last year, the U.S. Supreme Court historically ruled to allow all Americans, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, to marry. Many in the LGBT community fear the decision could be reversed if a conservative president is elected to office.
Hillary ClintonIowaLGBTpresidential elections
Clintons to Convene 5th meeting of CGI Action Network on Post-Disaster Recovery in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico marketing organization pitching island's inclusiveness
Judge: Puerto Rico must allow transgender people to change birth certificate sex
LGBT outrage over Trump ban on transgender military service


A study by CMCRC researchers presents a fresh look at extracting apposition from large collections of news, web and broadcast text in order to turn unstructured news stories into "computable data". News is about interactions between entities ‐ people, places and organisations ‐ and understanding stories requires interpreting the entities in them and their attributes. Apposition is a linguistic construction often used by writers to introduce entity attributes and many automated systems have taken advantage of it to extract information about entities. Researchers Will Radford and Professor James Curran find that, despite the common perception that analysis of commas and the grammatical structure is sufficient for high accuracy, apposition extraction is a difficult challenge. The sentence below mentions an entity, John Ake, his age and role ‐‐ all information that paint a clearer picture of him. These types of information are diverse and the role portion itself contains apposition, stating that "American Capital Management & Research Inc." is based in "Houston". While identifying apposition is straightforward for a human reader, it can be surprisingly hard for machines. Correctly identifying attribute spans can be difficult ‐ which comma should mark the right‐hand boundary? As a person can be a "vice‐president", a company cannot, but they can both be a "contender". Judging where an attribute is compatible with the entity requires an understanding of world knowledge, a challenge for any automated system. Researchers Will Radford and Professor James Curran develop three techniques based on better grammatical, semantic and statistical modelling to automatically identify apposition in text. The general framework identifies candidate phrases, entities and their attributes, then classifies them as apposition using machine learning. Rules based on the linguistic theory of apposition filter the candidates by their grammatical structure. Semantic features encode the fact that "vice‐president" is a valid role for a person entity. Finally, the statistical model describes the pair of entity and information together where previous approaches consider them separately. These complementary approaches combine for a more faithful modelling of apposition and result in a system with state‐of‐the‐art performance.
Apposition extraction is just one feature of language that the CMCRC's text analytics team is exploiting to unlock data from text. These data can then be used for a variety of applications: linking ambiguous entities in online news for algorithmic trading; extracting board member information from news stories for electronic corporate governance, or identifying alternative medical terminology for health insurance claim processing. Better language processing is critical wherever you need to understand entities.


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Skippic Saturday - Sun Studio
About one year ago... during the RV Motorhome road trip with three of my buddies through the USA, We'd stopped and visited the Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee,
This Famous Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at January 3, 1950 and was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business.
Reputedly the first rock and roll single, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats' "Rocket 88" was recorded there in 1951. This.. leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll.
Blues and R&B artists like Howlin' Wolf, Junior Parker, Little Milton, B.B. King, James Cotton, Rufus Thomas, and Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s. Rock and roll, country music, and rockabilly artists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Feathers, Jerry Lee Lewis and many more recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s.
In 1959 the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location and Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording to replace the older facility.
In 1987, the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as "Sun Studio," a recording label and tourist attraction that has attracted many notable artists, such as U2, Def Leppard, Bonnie Raitt, and Ringo Starr.
If you ever have the opportunity to visit the Studio... It sure is worth it, you can still feel the old school vibe and the folks who provide the tour can sure tell you some nice stories about the artists, this studio and the past!
You can also visit their website... at www.sunstudio.com