text:
Advances in Nanoparticles
10.4236/anp.2016.51004
A Review on Metal Nanostructures: Preparation Methods and Their Potential Applications
Umair Yaqub Qazi*, Rahat Javaid
Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Koriyama, Japan
Received 4 November 2015; accepted 3 February 2016; published 6 February 2016
Metal nanostructures have been of great research interest in recent years due to their physicochemical, plasmonic properties and potential applications. A lot of work has been done on the controlled synthesis of metal nanostructures for various applications. In this review, we try to focus on recent developments in synthesis and applications of metal nanostructures. Firstly, we summarized different preparation methods and then briefly explained their potential applications.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Metal Nanostructures, Plasmonic Applications
In recent years, the increasing number of published papers shows great interest of engineers and scientists for the importance of metal nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver (Ag), gold (Au) and copper (Cu) etc., because of their physicochemical properties, nano meter (nm) size and surface plasmon behavior [1] [2] . These metal NPs are used in catalysis, electronics for circuit development and as self-assembled new nanostructure materials, but only few show different sets of applications with light interaction. The interaction of light in a field with metal nanostructures is called as plasmonics [3] -[7] . The plasmonic nanostructure materials are defined by means of their strong interaction with incident light and free electrons, where metal nanostructures act as a source to convert light into localized electric field (electromagnetic excitations coupled with collective oscillations of free electrons) in metals [8] , and called as localized surface plasmon. Incident light can work more effectively with strictly controlled size and shape of metal nanostructures [4] [9] . Nanoplasmonic research is successfully gaining interest due to its various worth seeing applications, such as super lenses, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), single molecule spectroscopy [10] - [14] , plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, nanoscale lasing, enhancement of non-linear optical signals, quantum computing, plasmon assisted photo lithography, photocatalysis, light harvesting, biochemical sensing and possibly conversion of solar to chemical energy with plasmonic metal nanostructures [15] - [25] . In last few decades, Au and Ag nanostructures have been prepared chemically on a large scale for plasmonic applications. Ag is 50 times cheaper than Au and became a good candidate in plasmonics due to its unique and convenient physicochemical properties for the next generation plasmonic technologies [26] -[28] . It is to be noted that plasmonics restrict to a coupling between electromagnetic excitation and metal nanostructure for the generation of surface plasmon and do not show plasmonic functions in the absence of incident light. Nanoplasmonic is quite unique as different sizes of nanostructures from 10 to 100 s of nanometers can be used which act as a link between nano and micrometer levels. Thus, plasmonics is a new subfield of nanotechnology which has ambition to understand the control of light with metal nanostructure in innovative approach.
The self-assembly of metal nanoparticles into small clusters, provides suitability to control and tune their optical properties by coupling surface plasmon of nanoparticles and enhance the electric field in between the particles gaps. These gaps in self-assembled nanostructures with high intensity field are known as hot spots. The enhancement of electric field is very important in terms of optical and chemical properties of nanoparticles as plasmonic properties are strongly influenced by electric field. We can control the self-assembly of nanostructures by varying the number of nanoparticles in a cluster or the size and shape of individual nanoparticles for the achievement of our required plasmonic applications. The number of scientific research publications on plasmonic nanostructures is rapidly increasing and expected to be continuing in the near future [29] .
2. Preparation of Metal Nanostructures
Various methods are adopted for the preparation of metal nanostructures that should be ideally controllable regarding shape and size, cheap, environment friendly, and high product yield with less waste products. Figure 1 summarizes various preparation methods of metal nanostructures.
Metal nanostructures show high abundance of plasmon excitation for example scientists are showing much interest in Ag nanostructures due to plasmon resonance in the range of visible spectrum and used in various potential technologies. Here, we will discuss all synthetic processes in reference mostly of Ag, as an example.
2.1. Chemical and Photochemical Synthesis
The optical properties of metal nanostructures are highly dependent on their size and shape. The controlled morphology of nanostructures is an important factor which has strong impacts on their unique plasmonic properties. Until now, various methods are adopted for the preparation of controlled size and shape of nanostructures
Figure 1. Various methods for synthesis of metal nanostructures.
[30] -[32] . In general, metal/Ag+ salt precursor is mixed with reducing agent in the presence of stabilizing agent and control the size and shape of metal nanostructures. Past research publications show that silver nitrate, as a precursor, has been abundantly used due to its cheap price and easy availability. Various reducing agents such as sodium citrate, sodium borohydride and alcohols are widely used to reduce metal/Ag+ ions present in solution into metal/Ag atoms which combine to make aggregates and finally become nanostructures [33] -[35] . On the other hand, stabilizing agents are introduced to control and stabilize the required morphology of metal nanostructures. While, in photochemical synthesis, a variety of light irradiation methods are adopted to synthesize metal nanostructures. Following is the detail of chemical/photochemical synthetic processes.
2.1.1. Light Mediated Synthesis
In this technique, light irradiation is applied to produce nano structures. For example, laser ablation or direct laser irradiation on an aqueous solution of metal salt in the presence of surfactant to fabricate specific shape and size distribution of metal nanoparticles where source of light works as a reducing agent [36] [37] . Laser light is also used to modify metal nanoparticles by simple melting such as Ag nanospheres into Ag nanoplates [38] -[43] it is known as tailoring process with light. Laser light mediated synthesis is continuing its success for generating highly desirable and well controlled metal nanostructures.
2.1.2. Electrolysis and Pyrolysis
There are few scientific reports available, describing use of electrochemical approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. For example spherical shaped Ag nanoparticles were synthesized with an average size of 10 nm by reducing Ag+ ions in the presence of poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) using electrochemical method, where titanium (Ti) electrode worked as a cathode and platinum (Pt) plate with 2 cm diameter worked as an anode. Ag nanoparticles are also synthesized by adopting another method of spray pyrolysis in which an average grain size of 100 nm of Ag nanopowder was synthesized. Among other chemical synthesis, electrolysis and pyrolysis are considered environmental friendly processes as no harmful or toxic reducing agents are used to produce nanostructures [44] [45] .
2.1.3. Citrate Reduction
One of the popular methods to synthesize Ag colloidal solutions is citrate reduction of Ag+ ions as we do not need comprehensive laboratory training skills [46] -[48] . First time, Lee and Meisel introduced this method in 1982 [49] . Generally, Ag nanoparticles are formed, when a calculated amount of sodium citrate is added in an aqueous solution of silver nitrate at boiling and wait for at least 1 h. This is a very simple method but did not produce confined size of nanoparticles. The synthesized product shows variety of sizes in the range of 20 - 600 nm. However, pH control is an important factor, as few shape controlled methods had been discussed by previous researchers by controlling pH values such as at pH = 5.7 triangular shape and pH = 11.1 spherical as well as rod like particles were formed [50] [51] .
2.1.4. Polyol Synthesis
One of the well-known and commonly used methods to synthesize a wide range of size and shape of Ag nanostructures [52] - [56] . In general, Ag salt precursor and capping agents are introduced into polyols for the generation of nucleation and growth towards Ag nanostructure. Propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol or 1,5-pentan- ediol are commonly used reducing agents which reduce Ag+ ions present in the solution [57] . Reaction parameters such as temperature and concentrations are very important to overcome the possible control on the final reaction product.
2.1.5. Seed Mediated Synthesis
In recent years, another approach to synthesize metal nanoparticles gaining much attention is seed mediated synthesis in which nanocrystals work as seeds for further growth. This method has advantages on the control over the end product morphology [58] -[61] . For example Xia et al., in 2010, synthesized, Ag nanocubes by using spherical or cubic shaped single crystal seed for specific edge length from 30 - 200 nm.
2.1.6. Silver Mirror Reaction
Justus von Liebig discovered silver mirror reaction in 1835 [62] which became much popular for depositing Ag metal on targets or solid surfaces. In this reaction, Tollen's reagent [Ag(NH3)2OH] is reduced by sugar or any aldehyde containing compound for generating Ag (Equation (1)):
Successful reaction shows shiny layer formation on the inner side of the reaction container due to the silver deposition. Silver mirror reaction is mostly employed for the detecting aldehyde group in schools [63] .
2.2. Soft and Hard Template Mediated Synthesis
Template based synthesis has been used to prepare specific shape and size of nanostructures which highly depend upon the selected template [64] [65] . There are two types of template; soft and hard templates. Commonly, surfactant molecules work as a soft templates and form at critical micelle concentration (CMC). Porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane could be a good example of hard templates. These micelle and reverse micelles structures present in the solutions are responsible for the shape and size of final product. Previously published research work shows that soft template assisted methods have been involved in preparation of metal nanostructures of various shapes and sizes such as Ag nanowires [66] - [68] , nanorods [69] - [71] , hollow spheres, nanoplates [72] -[76] etc. Based on properties, surfactants can be classified as ionic surfactants {e.g., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) [77] -[82] , octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC), di sodium (2-ethyl- hexyl) sulfosuccinate (Na (AOT)) [83] - [85] and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) [86] }, nonionic surfactants {e.g., oleic acid (OA) [87] [88] , oleylamine (OAM) [89] [90] , trioctylphosphine (TOP) [91] and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO)} and polymer surfactants {e.g., poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) [92] - [99] , poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [100] and poly(ethylene oxide) [101] }. Template assisted synthesis has some advantages such as final product is in well dispersed form due to reduction in the formation of aggregates [102] - [104] , reaction conditions are mild as well as benign route in respect of reactants and solvents. However, still there is need to improve the parameters to achieve the desired shape and size of nanostructures which is a challenge for researchers.
2.3. Lithographic Approach
Lithography is concerning with the study and application for the fabrication of nanometer structure with at least one dimension from 1 to 100 nm scale. Unlike the liquid based process, lithography, process of deposition and other nano-fabrication techniques provide controllable installation ability for metal nanostructures [105] . Many kinds of lithographic techniques have been presented by researchers such as optical lithography (OL), electron beam lithography (EBL) [106] , scanning probe lithography (SPL), multiphoton lithography (MPL) etc. and applied as per requirements for example EBL technique is used to fabricate mask by depositing Ag nanostructure on a substrate [107] .
2.4. Self-Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles
Self-assembly of metal nanoparticles can be distinguished on the basis of shapes of individual nanoparticles, methods used for self-assembly and the nature of forces involved for self-assembly of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are the basic building blocks for assisted self-assembly process [108] -[110] . This process can generate the formation of large sized final product such as nanosheets at microscale in comparison with other methods [111] . One another fast strategical approach for self-assembly of stable metal nanoparticles is DNA linkage [112] - [115] . Self-assembly assisted by DNA has been adopted recently to develop systematically arranged plasmonic nanoparticles into chain, triangular shape, 3D lattices and Janus nanoclusters [116] -[121] . For example, fabrication of free-standing monolayered Au nanoparticle super lattice sheet formation with DNA linkage. Direct interaction of nanoparticles in solutions such as major driving forces, attractive and repulsive forces impact on the whole self-assembly process which can be discussed as hydrophobic, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and bio- specific interaction of self-assembly of metal nanoparticles.
2.5. Hydrothermal Process
Hydrothermal process is simple and has been widely used for the synthesis of different kinds of nanostructures [122] -[124] . Usually, high temperature is required to proceed it. For example, Yan et al., synthesized triangular shaped Ru nanoplates with thickness ~3 nm using RuCl3∙H2O and HCHO (40 wt%) in the presence of PVP at 160˚C for 4 h. It was also noticed that only change in the concentration of Ru salt and PVP, irregular shape formed with thickness ~1.5 nm. On the other hand, when Ru salt was replaced with silver nitrate, triangular shaped Ag nanoplates were formed with sharp and curved corners in the presence of PVP at 160˚C for 6 h.
2.6. Biological Approach
Recently, it has been noticed that living microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants have great potential for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles such as cadmium sulfide (CdS) [125] , Ti/Ni, titanate [126] , zirconia [127] , Au [128] [129] and Ag [130] [131] . The use of microorganisms is environmental friendly and benign synthesis route for which provides good control over size distribution of nanostructures. For example, Ag nanostructures were synthesized using bacteria with size less than 200 nm.
3. Potential Applications
3.1. Photocatalysis
Novel functional nanomaterials have gained much attention due to their unique catalytic, optical, electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. In present years, whole world is focused to overcome near future problems such as environmental pollution, energy conversion, and the production of organic compound which compelled researchers to develop novel catalysts, that can catalyze desirable chemical transformations, using light. Plasmonic metal nanostructures with controlled morphology, shape, and pore structure have a higher surface area, which leads to the increased catalytic activity. So, there is an ever-increasing interest to design novel catalysts and establish a structure-activity relationship for the understanding of reaction mechanism. This allows researchers to develop a wide range of suitable catalysts for energy, environment remediation, and organic synthesis applications. Until now, a lot of work has been done in searching cost effective, sustainable and green energy sources to meet global energy requirements for current environmental contamination and the growing threat of present energy crisis. An environmental friendly renewable energy resource such as solar energy to remove organic pollutants in the presence of highly effective photocatalysts has been regarded as the ultimate solution for green chemical processes and hydrogen production [132] .
On the bases of photocatalysis science, there are two types of photocatalytic reactions i.e. homogeneous photocatalysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis. The most prominent features of the photocatalytic system are the required band gap, suitable morphology, high surface area, stability and reusability [133] -[136] . A number of metal oxides are known as photocatalysts such as oxides of vanadium, chromium, titanium, zinc, tin, and cerium. During the reaction process, a metal oxide is activated with UV light, visible light or a combination of both that depend upon its light absorption range and as a result, photo excited electrons are moved from the valence band (VB) to conduction band (CB) and form an electron/hole pair (e−/h+). This photo-generated pair (e−/h+) is able to reduce and/or oxidize a compound adsorbed on the surface of photocatalyst. More recently, it is investigated that defected metal oxide could perform well in visible light by using band gap engineering to create small band gap as shown in Figure 2. The favorable combination of electronic structure, light absorption properties, charge transport characteristics and excited lifetimes of metal oxides has made it possible for their application as
Figure 2. Photo excitation of UV light active and visible light active metal oxides (MO).
photocatalyst [133] -[137] . However, it is particularly difficult to find enough stable semiconductor system with a suitable band gap for visible absorption, required for driving subsequent redox reactions. Metal oxides such as (TiO2, ZnO, SnO2 and CeO2) have been widely investigated for photocatalytic applications [138] ; however, the relatively wide band gap limits their photocatalytic applications because UV light only accounts for 4% of the total solar spectrum [139] .
Until now, varieties of photocatalyst for water splitting have been reported but most of these are only active under UV light irradiation and only a few have been demonstrated to operate under visible light up to a wavelength of 500 nm [140] . Recently, Chengsi Pan et al. developed photocatalyst that is working over a wider range of visible light spectrum approximately 600 nm [141] . On the other hand, surface modification along with combination of suitable co-catalysts for enhancing photocatalytic reactions [142] , self-assembly and growth mechanism are equally important factors as well as designing new strategies for the development of novel nanomaterials. Thus, scalable, cost-effective routes to synthesize novel nanostructured, visible-light responsive catalyst with narrow bandgap and a larger wavelength range are desired which accounts for 43% of the spectrum of sunlight.
3.2. Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
SERS is a surface sensitive powerful technique used to detect various molecules because of its high sensitivity and selectivity [143] - [150] . Metal plasmonic nanostructures such as Ag and Au have been known for more effective SERS substrates that can increase the Raman Scattering of the molecules [151] - [154] . Plasmonic nanostructures with sharp corners are familiar for keeping SERS activities that can increase electromagnetic field (E-field) and create "hot spots" [155] [156] . For example, Xia et al. described recently the importance of sharpness of metal nanostructures in SERS such as the signal intensity of 4-mercapto-pyridine for triangular shape and hexagonal Pd nanoplate was 4.3 and 3.4 times that of Pd cuboctahedra [157] . By controlling the sharp corners of the nanostructures, SERS signals can be increased; however, the stability of the sharpness is an issue. To overcome this problem, bimetallic nanostructures such as Pd-Ag core-shell were synthesized for SERS applications [158] that showed relatively stable signals.
More recently, research has been carried out to examine the hot spot (area with high E-field enhancement) in single particle or dimers to determine the contribution of hot spot SERS signal enhancement factor [159] -[166] . On the other hand, theoretically, the maximum amplitude of the normalized E-field of Ag dimer with 2 nm gap distance is nearly 25 and 200 times that of Ag nanoplate and spherical particle, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that SERS signals on metal self-assembled nanostructures (Ag) could be regulated by controlling the structural orientation of metals.
3.3. Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Detection/Sensing
Detection and sensing of molecules is one of the best applications of plasmonic structures and was commercially launched as propagation surface plasmons (PSPs) on metal films. These metal films are chemically used for selected binding of target molecules such as DNA or proteins. After binding, the dielectric charge near the surface of metal films is generated. Such bindings could be monitored between the metal film and exciting source for generation of PSPs. Still, on behalf of this technique, a large number of instruments are available in the market and used for biological science [167] . PSPs technique has been extended to LSPR for detecting and sensing metal nanoparticles. When the dielectric environment change by introducing the detecting molecules, the resonance frequency of LSPR shifts and that is the main idea for sensing molecules [168] -[171] . In more recent advancements, much focus is to increase the LSPR sensitivity of metal nanostructures. For example, when the spectral overlapping between LSPR and the molecular electronic resonance takes place, a strong resonance coupling can be observed [172] . It is also observed that the morphological changes in the nanostructures are very important factor which strongly correspond with LSPR. Recently, the development of colorimetric indicators depending on time and temperature are praise able [173] .
3.4. Photo-Thermal Therapy
Metal nanostructures, could be a dominating nominee for photo-thermal therapy due to strong LSPR absorption especially in the Near Infra-red (NIR) region, photo-thermal stability and biocompatibility factors [174] -[180] . For example, palladium (Pd) nanosheets in an aqueous solution were illuminated by NIR laser light and monitored for the NIR photothermal efficiencies at various temperatures. It was observed that the temperature increased from 28˚C to 48.7˚C after 10 min. NIR laser irradiation, when Pd nanosheets were present into the solution. In contrast, the temperature of 1 ml aqueous solution without Pd nanosheets raised only 0.5˚C by NIR laser irradiation. This technique was applied to the liver cancer cells and the results were remarkable as nearly 100% cancer cells were killed just in 5 min. laser irradiation. It was also observed that the photo-thermal stability of Pd nanosheets was good as compared to Au and Ag when irradiated with NIR laser for 30 min. For further increase in photo-thermal stability of Pd nanosheets, a coating with Ag thin layer was preferable. Other than Pd nanosheets, it has been reported that Au nanoprism showed excellent photo-thermal stability under longer NIR laser (wavelength 1064 nm) irradiation time which is a good point as Infra-red (IR) light could have high tissue penetration and lower optical absorption by blood and soft tissues [176] -[181] .
3.5. Surface Enhanced Fluorescence (SEF)
Fluorescence technique is used in many applications such as microscopy imaging, optical devices and medical diagnosis. Scientists show great interest to improve the fluorescence sensitivity of fluorophore substrates; however, it becomes more interesting when limited to a single molecule due to the requirement of many potential applications. For this purpose, SEF technique is used. It is based upon the emission of resonant molecules in the locality of emitters [182] -[184] . SEF is highly dependent on near field coupling between excited states fluorophores and surface modes. Especially, surfaces of plasmonic nanostructure with localized surface plasmons are efficient SEF substrates. Likewise in SERS, molecular distance from plasmonic nanostructures affects the SEF experiments because of the interaction of molecules and nanoparticles [185] [186] .
3.6. Surface Based Electronic Devices
The main theme on which molecular sensors work is the molecular absorption. Molecular absorption has impact on the emission peak, position and intensity of plasmon absorption. Optical integration and electronic circuiting could be helpful in making high speed, small size computer microprocessors [187] [188] . On the other hand, surface plasmons are important as acknowledged for transmitting information on computer chips. Plasmonic nanostructures are helpful in supporting high frequencies (100 THz) as compared to simple conventional wires (10 GHz). The ability of plasmonic nanostructures to work on high frequency distinguishes them for developing useful electronics such as plasmonstors [189] . In general, lithographic techniques are used in developing electronic devices based on plasmonic circuits [190] - [193] . Lithographic techniques are also helpful to overcome the problems in terms of location, geometry and orientation. Surface plasmons are material sensitive for propagation and supportive for measuring thickness of monolayers on colloid films. Many companies like Biacore have made instruments based on this principle. A team of Korean scientists in 2009 discovered a method for improving efficiency of organic light emitting diodes [194] .
3.7. Other Applications
As discussed before, metal plasmonic nanostructures are promising materials for potential applications. Many new applications are rising in wide potential areas [195] -[199] . New advanced applications could be in the field of lasers, super lenses, active plasmonics, photovoltaics [200] - [211] , phase changing materials [212] and polymers [213] , etc. Figure 3 describes a flow sheet diagram of various potential applications of metal nanostructures.
The concept of developing and organizing metal nanoparticles into plasmonic nanostructures is awesome which supports to establish a new way of knowledge towards metal nanostructure interactions in solution, synthesis of new materials with various plasmonic properties and functional nanomaterials. In recent years, research work on plasmonic metal nanostructures shows great interest of scientists and provides a strong hold over the control of light. Herein, we explained various preparation methods and potential applications of metal nanostructures such as photocatalysis, SERS, photothermal therapy, LSPR based sensing and detection, plasmonic based electronic devices and SEF technique. However, there is still room for improvements and big challenges that need to be
Figure 3. Flow diagram of various potential applications of metal nanostructures.
discussed in consideration of new important applications. The fast growing research developments in the field of plasmonics will open a new era for generating small and ultrafast devices.
Umair YaqubQazi,RahatJavaid, (2016) A Review on Metal Nanostructures: Preparation Methods and Their Potential Applications. Advances in Nanoparticles,05,27-43. doi: 10.4236/anp.2016.51004
1. Rao, C.N.R., Kulkarni, G.U., Thomas, P.J. and Edwards, P.P. (2002) Size Dependent Chemistry: Properties of Nanocrystals. Chemistry A—European Journal, 8, 28-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3765(20020104)8:1<28::AID-CHEM28>3.0.CO;2-B
2. Stockman, M.I. (2011) Nanoplasmonics: The Physics behind the Application. Physics Today, 64, 39-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3554315
3. Shalaev, V.M. (2008) Transforming Light. Science, 322, 384-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166079
4. Brongersma, M.L. and Shalaev, V.M. (2010) Applied Physics: The Case for Plasmonics. Science, 328, 440-441.
5. Gramotnev, D.K. and Bozhevolnyi, S.I. (2010) Plasmonics beyond the Diffraction Limit. Nature Photonics, 4, 83-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.282
6. Lal, S., Link, S. and Halas, N.J. (2007) Nano-Optics from Sensing to Waveguiding. Nature Photonics, 1, 641-648.
7. Schuller, J.A., Barnard, E.S., Cai, W., Jun, Y.C., White, J.S. and Brongersma, M.L. (2010) Plasmonics for Extreme Light Concentration and Manipulation. Nature Materials, 9, 193-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2630
8. Moskovits, M. (2001) Near-Field Optics and Surface Plasmonpolaritons. Kawata, S., Ed., Springer, Berlin.
9. Barnes, W.L., Dereux, A. and Ebbesen, T.W. (2003) Review Article Surface Plasmon Subwavelength Optics. Nature, 424, 824-830.
10. Brus, L. (2008) Noble Metal Nanocrystals: Plasmon Electron Transfer Photochemistry and Single Molecule Raman Spectroscopy. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1742-1749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar800121r
11. Jiang, J., Bosnick, K., Maillard, M. and Brus, L. (2003) Single Molecule Raman Spectroscopy at the Junctions of Large Ag Nanocrystals. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 9964-9972.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp034632u
12. Nie, S. and Emory, S.R. (1997) Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Science, 275, 1102-1106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5303.1102
13. Kühn, S., Hükanson, U., Rogobete, L. and Sandoghdar, V. (2006) Enhancement of Single Molecule Fluorescence Using a Gold Nanoparticle as an Optical Nanoantenna. Physical Review Letters, 97, Article ID: 017402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.017402
14. Atwater, H.A. and Polman, A. (2010) Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Devices. Nature Materials, 9, 205-213.
15. Moskovits, M. (2005) Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Brief Retrospective. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36, 485-496.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1362
16. Lakowicz, J.R., Ray, K., Chowdhury, M., Szmacinski, H., Fu, Y., Zhang, J. and Nowaczyk, K. (2008) Plasmon Controlled Fluorescence: A New Paradigm in Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Analyst, 133, 1308-1346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b802918k
17. Zakharko, Y., Nychyporuk, T., Bonacina, L., Lemiti, M. and Lysenko, V. (2013) Plasmon Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Properties of SiC Nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 24, Article ID: 055703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/5/055703
18. Zhou, W., Dridi, M., Suh, J.Y., Kim, C.H., Co, D.T., Wasielewski, M.R., Schatz, G.C. and Odom, T.W. (2013) Lasing Action in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Nanocavity Arrays. Nature Nanotechnology, 8, 506-511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.99
19. Shao, D.B. and Chen, S.C. (2005) Surface Plasmon Assisted Nanoscale Photolithography by Polarized Light. Applied Physics Letters, 86, Article ID: 253107.
20. Pillai, S., Catchpole, K.R., Trupke, T. and Green, M.A. (2007) Surface Plasmon Enhanced Silicon Solar Cells. Journal of Applied Physics, 101, Article ID: 093105.
21. Hou, W. and Cronin, S.B. (2013) A Review of Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Photocatalysis. Advanced Functional Materials, 23, 1612-1619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202148
22. Stewart, M.E., Anderton, C.R., Thompson, L.B., Maria, J., Gray, S.K., Rogers, J.A. and Nuzzo, R.G. (2008) Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors. Chemical Reviews, 108, 494-521.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr068126n
23. Fang, N., Lee, H. and Zhang, X. (2005) Sub Diffraction Limited Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens. Science, 308, 534-537.
24. Kamat, P.V. (2002) Photophysical, Photochemical and Photocatalytic Aspects of Metal Nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106, 7729-7744.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0209289
25. Tian, Y. and Tatsuma, T. (2005) Mechanisms and Applications of Plasmon Induced Charge Separation at TiO2 Films Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 7632-7637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja042192u
26. Wiley, B., Sun, Y. and Xia, Y. (2007) Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures with Controlled Shapes and Properties. Accounts of Chemical Research, 40, 1067-1076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar7000974
27. Pyayt, A.L., Wiley, B., Xia, Y., Chen, A. and Dalton, L. (2008) Integration of Photonic and Silver Nanowire Plasmonic Waveguides. Nature Nanotechnology, 3, 660-665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.281
28. Rang, M., Jones, A.C., Zhou, F., Li, Z.Y., Wiley, B.J., Xia, Y. and Raschke, M.B. (2008) Optical Near Field Mapping of Plasmonic Nanoprisms. Nano Letters, 8, 3357-3363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl801808b
29. Wang, L., Xu, L., Kuang, H., Xu, C. and Kotov, N.A. (2012) Dynamic Nanoparticle Assemblies. Accounts of Chemical Research, 45, 1916-1926.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar200305f
30. Sun, Y. and Xia, Y. (2002) Shape Controlled Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Science, 298, 2176-2179.
31. Tao, A., Sinsermsuksakul, P. and Yang, P. (2006) Polyhedral Silver Nanocrystals with Distinct Scattering Signatures. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 4597-4601.
32. Korte, K.E., Skrabalak, S.E. and Xia, Y. (2008) Rapid Synthesis of Silver Nanowires through a CuCl or CuCl2 Mediated Polyol Process. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18, 437-441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B714072J
33. Yee, C., Scotti, M., Ulman, A., White, H., Rafailovich, M. and Sokolov, J. (1999) One Phase Synthesis of Thiol Functionalized Platinum Nanoparticles. Langmuir, 15, 4314-4316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9814283
34. Teranishi, T., Hosoe, M., Tanaka, T. and Miyake, M. (1999) Size Control of Monodispersed Pt Nanoparticles and Their 2D Organization by Electrophoretic Deposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 103, 3818-3827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp983478m
35. Wu, X., Redmond, P.L., Liu, H., Chen, Y., Steigerwald, M. and Brus, L. (2008) Photovoltage Mechanism for Room Light Conversion of Citrate Stabilized Silver Nanocrystal Seeds to Large Nanoprisms. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130, 9500-9506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8018669
36. Qazi, U.Y., Kajimoto, S. and Fukumura, H. (2014) Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles by Biphotonic Reduction of Silver Nitrate in Water. Chemistry Letters, 43, 1693-1695.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.140617
37. Lim, P.Y., Liu, R.S., She, P.L., Hung, C.F. and Shih, H.C. (2006) Synthesis of Ag Nanospheres Particles in Ethylene Glycol by Electrochemical Assisted Polyol Process. Chemical Physics Letters, 420, 304-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.075
38. Zhang, J., Li, S., Wu, J., Schatz, G. and Mirkin, C. (2009) Plasmon Mediated Synthesis of Silver Triangular Bipyramids. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 7927-7931.
39. Kabashin, A.V., Delaporte, P., Pereira, A., Grojo, D., Torres, R., Sarnet, T. and Sentis, M. (2010) Nanofabrication with Pulsed Lasers. Nanoscale Research Letters, 5, 454-463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-010-9543-z
40. Zheng, X., Xu, W., Corredor, C., Xu, S., An, J., Zhao, B. and Lombardi, J.R. (2007) Laser Induced Growth of Monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles with Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance Properties and a Wavelength Self Limiting Effect. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 14962-14967.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp074583b
41. Xue, C., Metraux, G.S., Millstone, J.E. and Mirkin, C.A. (2008) Mechanistic Study of Photomediated Triangular Silver Nanoprism Growth. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130, 8337-8344.
42. Jin, R., Cao, Y., Mirkin, C.A., Kelly, K.L., Schatz, G.C. and Zheng, J.G. (2001) Photoinduced Conversion of Silver Nanospheres to Nanoprisms. Science, 294, 1901-1903.
43. Haro-Poniatowski, E., Batina, N., Acosta-Garca, M.C., Pohl-Alfaro, M.A., Castillo-Ocampo, P., Ricolleau, C. and Fort, E. (2007) UV Laser Irradiation Effects on Silver Nanostructures. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 162, 491-499.
44. Sharma, V.K., Yngard, R.A. and Lin, Y. (2009) Silver Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 145, 83-96.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.002
45. Qiaoxin, Z., Hao, L., Xiaohui, W., Xiaoliang, S. and Xinglong, D. (2009) Fabrication and Characterization of Nano Silver Powder Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition, 24, 871-874.
46. Koh, A.L., Bao, K., Khan, I., Smith, W.E., Kothleitner, G., Nordlander, P., Maier, S.A. and McComb, D.W. (2009) Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) of Surface Plasmons in Single Silver Nanoparticles and Dimers: Influence of Beam Damage and Mapping of Dark Modes. ACS Nano, 3, 3015-3022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900922z
47. Camden, J.P., Dieringer, J.A., Wang, Y., Masiello, D.J., Marks, L.D., Schatz, G.C. and Duyne, R.P.V. (2008) Probing the Structure of Single Molecule Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Hot Spots. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130, 12616-12617.
48. Pillai, Z.S. and Kamat, P.V. (2004) What Factors Control the Size and Shape of Silver Nanoparticles in the Citrate Ion Reduction Method? Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 945-951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp037018r
49. Lee, P.C. and Meisel, D. (1982) Adsorption and Surface Enhanced Raman of Dyes on Silver and Gold Sols. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 86, 3391-3395.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100214a025
50. Henglein, A. and Giersig, M. (1999) Formation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles: Capping Action of Citrate. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103, 9533-9539.
51. Dong, X., Ji, X., Wu, H., Zhao, L., Li, J. and Yang, W. (2009) Shape Control of Silver Nanoparticles by Stepwise Citrate Reduction. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 6573-6576.
53. Xia, Y., Xiong, Y., Lim, B. and Skrabalak, S.E. (2009) Shape Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics? Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 60-103.
55. Wiley, B.J., Wang, Z.L., Wei, J., Yin, Y., Cobden, D.H. and Xia, Y. (2006) Synthesis and Electrical Characterization of Silver Nanobeams. Nano Letters, 6, 2273-2278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl061705n
56. Tao, A.R., Habas, S. and Yang, P. (2008) Shape Control of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals. Small, 4, 310-325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200701295
58. Zhang, Q., Li, W., Moran, C., Chen, J., Wen, L.P. and Xia, Y. (2010) Seed Mediated Synthesis of Ag Nanocubes with Controllable Edge Lengths in the Range of 30-200 nm and Comparison of their Optical Properties. Journal of American Chemical Society, 132, 11372-11378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja104931h
59. Jana, N.R., Gearheart, L. and Murphy, C.J. (2001) Seed Mediated Growth Approach for Shape Controlled Synthesis of Spheroidal and Rod like Gold Nanoparticles Using a Surfactant Template. Advance Materials, 13, 1389-1393.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200109)13:18<1389::AID-ADMA1389>3.0.CO;2-F
60. Pietrobon, B., McEachran, M. and Kitaev, V. (2008) Synthesis of Size Controlled Faceted Pentagonal Silver Nanorods with Tunable Plasmonic Properties and Self Assembly of These Nanorods. ACS Nano, 3, 21-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800591y
61. Sun, Y., Yin, Y., Mayers, B.T., Herricks, T. and Xia, Y. (2002) Uniform Silver Nanowires Synthesis by Reducing AgNO3 with Ethylene Glycol in the Presence of Seeds and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Chemistry of Materials, 14, 4736-4745.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm020587b
62. Liebigs, J. (1856) Ueber Versilberung und Vergoldung von Glas. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 98, 132-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18560980112
63. Kemp, M. (1981) Silver Mirror. Journal of Chemical Education, 58, 655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed058p655.2
64. Martin, C.R. (1994) Nanomaterials: A Membrane-Based Synthetic Approach. Science, 266, 1961-1966.
65. Thomas, A., Goettmann, F. and Antonietti, M. (2008) Hard Templates for Soft Materials: Creating Nanostructured Organic Materials. Chemistry of Materials, 20, 738-755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm702126j
66. Kryukov, A., Stroyuk, A., Zinchuk, N., Korzhak, A. and Kuchmii, S. (2004) Optical and Catalytic Properties of Ag2S Nanoparticles. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 221, 209-221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2004.07.009
67. Zheng, X.W., Zhu, L.Y., Yan, A.H., Wang, X.J. and Xie, Y. (2003) Controlling Synthesis of Silver Nanowires and Dendrites in Mixed Surfactant Solutions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 268, 357-361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.09.021
68. Zhang, J.L., Han, B.X., Liu, M.H., Liu, D.X., Dong, Z.X., Liu, J., Li, D., Wang, J., Dong, B.Z., Zhao, H. and Rong, L.X. (2003) Ultrasonication Induced Formation of Silver Nanofibers in Reverse Micelles and Small Angle X Ray Scattering Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 3679-3683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp026738f
69. Jana, N.R., Gearheart, L. and Murphy, C.J. (2001) Wet Chemical Synthesis of Silver Nanorods and Nanowires of Controllable Aspect Ratio. Chemical Communications, No. 7, 617-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b100521i
70. Liu, Y., Chu, Y., Yang, L.K., Han, D.X. and Lu, Z.X. (2005) A Novel Solution Phase Route for the Synthesis of Crystalline Silver Nanowires. Material Research Bulletin, 40, 1796-1801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.05.005
71. Ni, C.Y., Hassan, P.A. and Kaler, E.W. (2005) Structural Characteristics and Growth of Pentagonal Silver Nanorods Prepared by a Surfactant Method. Langmuir, 21, 3334-3337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la046807c
72. Maillard, M., Giorgio, S. and Pileni, M.P. (2003) Tuning the Size of Silver Nanodisks with Similar Aspect Ratios: Synthesis and Optical Properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 2466-2470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp022357q
73. Zhang, W., Qiao, X. and Chen, J. (2007) Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Effects of Concerned Parameters in Water/Oil Microemulsion. Materials Science and Engineering B, 142, 1-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2007.06.014
74. Chen, S.H. and Carroll, D.L. (2002) Synthesis and Characterization of Truncated Triangular Silver Nanoplates. Nano Letters, 2, 1003-1007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025674h
75. Yener, D.O., Sindel, J., Randall, C.A. and Adair, J.H. (2002) Synthesis of Nanosized Silver Platelets in Octylamine Water Bilayer Systems. Langmuir, 18, 8692-8699.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la011229a
76. Zang, D.B., Song, C.X., Hu, Z.S. and Zhou, X.D. (2005) Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Flake like Shapes. Material Letters, 59, 1760-1763.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.01.061
77. Song, Y., Dorin, R.M., Garcia, R.M., Jiang, Y.B., Wang, H., Li, P., Qiu, Y., Swol, F.V., Miller, J.E. and Shelnutt, J.A. (2008) Synthesis of Platinum Nanowheels Using a Bicellar Template. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130, 12602-12603.
78. Chen, S. and Carroll, D.L. (2004) Silver Nanoplates: Size Control in Two Dimensions and Formation Mechanisms. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 5500-5506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp031077n
79. Chen, S., Fan, Z. and Carroll, D.L. (2002) Silver Nanodisks: Synthesis, Characterization, and Self Assembly. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106, 10777-10781.
80. Chen, S. and Carroll, D.L. (2002) Synthesis and Characterization of Truncated Triangular Silver Nanoplates. Nano Letters, 2, 1003-1007.
81. Garcia, R.M., Song, Y., Dorin, R.M., Wang, H., Moreno, A.M., Jiang, Y.B., Tian, Y., Qiu, Y., Medforth, C.J., Coker, E.N., Swol, F.V., Miller, J.E. and Shelnutt, J.A. (2011) Templated Growth of Platinum Nanowheels Using the Inhomogeneous Reaction Environment of Bicelles. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13, 4846-4852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0CP01930E
82. Huang, X., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Zhou, H., Duan, X. and Huang, Y. (2013) Plasmonic and Catalytic AuPd Nanowheels for the Efficient Conversion of Light into Chemical Energy. Angewandte Chemie, 125, 6179-06183.
83. Salzemann, C., Urban, J., Lisiecki, I. and Pileni, M.P. (2005) Characterization and Growth Process of Copper Nanodisks. Advanced Functional Materials, 15, 1277-1284.
84. Maillard, M., Giorgio, S. and Pileni, M.P. (2002) Silver Nanodisks. Advanced Materials, 14, 1084-1086.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020805)14:15<1084::AID-ADMA1084>3.0.CO;2-L
86. Song, Y., Yang, Y., Medforth, C.J., Pereira, E., Singh, A.K., Xu, H., Jiang, Y., Brinker, C.J., Swol, F.V. and Shelnutt, J.A. (2004) Controlled Synthesis of 2D and 3D Dendritic Platinum Nanostructures. Journal of American Chemical Society, 126, 635-645.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja037474t
87. Puntes, V.F., Krishnan, K.M. and Alivisatos, A.P. (2001) Colloidal Nanocrystal Shape and Size Control: The Case of Cobalt. Science, 291, 2115-2117.
88. Puntes, V.F., Zanchet, D., Erdonmez, C.K. and Alivisatos, A.P. (2002) Synthesis of HCP-Co Nanodisks. Journal of American Chemical Society, 124, 12874-12880.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja027262g
89. Jang, K., Kim, H.J. and Son, S.U. (2010) Low Temperature Synthesis of Ultrathin Rhodium Nanoplates via Molecular Orbital Symmetry Interaction between Rhodium Precursors. Chemistry of Materials, 22, 1273-1275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm902948v
90. Deng, Z., Mansuipur, M. and Muscat, A.J. (2009) New Method to Single Crystal Micrometer Sized Ultra Thin Silver Nanosheets: Synthesis and Characterization. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 867-873.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp809684y
91. Guo, H., Chen, Y., Ping, H., Wang, L. and Peng, D.L. (2012) One Pot Synthesis of Hexagonal and Triangular Nickel Copper Alloy Nanoplates and Their Magnetic and Catalytic Properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 8336-8344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16095a
92. Zhang, J.H., Liu, H.Y., Zhan, P., Wang, Z.L. and Ming, N.B. (2007) Controlling the Growth and Assembly of Silver Nanoprisms. Advanced Functional Materials, 17, 1558-1566.
93. Metraux, G.S. and Mirkin, C.A. (2005) Rapid Thermal Synthesis of Silver Nanoprisms with Chemically Tailorable Thickness. Advanced Materials, 17, 412-415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200401086
94. Song, J., Chu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, L. and Sun, W. (2008) Room Temperature Controllable Fabrication of Silver Nanoplates Reduced by Aniline. Chemical Communications, No. 10, 1223-1225.
95. Ah, C.S., Yun, Y.J., Park, H.J., Kim, W.J., Ha, D.H. and Yun, W.S. (2005) Size Controlled Synthesis of Machinable Single Crystalline Gold Nanoplates. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 5558-5561.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm051225h
96. Zhang, Q., Li, N., Goebl, J., Lu, Z. and Yin, Y. (2011) A Systematic Study of the Synthesis of Silver Nanoplates: Is Citrate a "Magic" Reagent? Journal of American Chemical Society, 133, 18931-18939.
97. Xiong, Y., Washio, I., Chen, J., Cai, H., Li, Z.Y. and Xia, Y. (2006) Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone): A Dual Functional Reductant and Stabilizer for the Facile Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoplates in Aqueous Solutions. Langmuir, 22, 8563-8570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la061323x
98. Pastoriza-Santos, I. and Liz-Marzan, L.M. (2002) Synthesis of Silver Nanoprisms in DMF. Nano Letters, 2, 903-905.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025638i
99. Pastoriza-Santos, I., Sánchez-Iglesias, A., Rodríguez-González, B. and Liz-Marzán, L.M. (2009) Aerobic Synthesis of Cu Nanoplates with Intense Plasmon Resonances. Small, 5, 440-443.
100. Porel, S., Singh, S. and Radhakrishnan, T.P. (2005) Polygonal Gold Nanoplates in a Polymer Matrix. Chemical Communication, No. 18, 2387-2389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b500536a
101. Kim, J.U., Cha, S.H., Shin, K., Jho, J.Y. and Lee, J.C. (2004) Preparation of Gold Nanowires and Nanosheets in Bulk Block Copolymer Phases under Mild Conditions. Advanced Materials, 16, 459-464.
102. Bagwe, R.P. and Khilar, K.C. (2000) Effects of Intermicellar Exchange Rate on the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in Reverse Microemulsions of AOT. Langmuir, 16, 905-910.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la980248q
103. Zhang, Z.Q., Patel, R.C., Kothari, R., Johnson, C.P., Friberg, S.E. and Aikens, P.A. (2000) Stable Silver Clusters and Nanoparticles Prepared in Polyacrylate and Inverse Micellar Solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 104, 1176-1182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp991569t
104. Zhang, W.Z., Qiao, X.L., Chen, J.G. and Chen, Q.Y. (2008) Self Assembly and Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in SDS Quaternary Microemulsion. Material Letters, 62, 1689-1692.
105. Ito, T. and Okazaki, S. (2000) Pushing the Limits of Lithography. Nature, 406, 1027-1031.
106. Kim, S.E., Han, Y.H., Lee, B.C. and Lee, J.C. (2010) One Pot Fabrication of Various Silver Nanostructures on Substrates Using Electron Beam Irradiation. Nanotechnology, 21, Article ID: 075302.
107. Reyntjens, S. and Puers, R. (2000) Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition: Fabrication of Three Dimensional Microstructures and Young's Modulus of the Deposited Material. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 10, 181-188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/10/2/314
108. Duan, H., Wang, D., Kurth, D.G. and Möhwald, H. (2004) Directing Self Assembly of Nanoparticles at Water/Oil Interfaces. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43, 5639-5642.
109. Korgel, B.A., Fullam, S., Connolly, S. and Fitzmaurice, D. (1998) Assembly and Self Organization of Silver Nanocrystal Superlattices: Ordered "Soft Spheres". Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102, 8379-8388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp981598o
110. Martin, J.E., Wilcoxon, J.P., Odinek, J. and Provencio, P. (2000) Control of the Interparticle Spacing in Gold Nanoparticle Superlattices. Journal Physical Chemistry B, 104, 9475-9486.
111. Cheng, W., Campolongo, M.J., Cha, J.J., Tan, S.J., Umbach, C.C., Muller, D.A. and Luo, D. (2009) Free Standing Nanoparticle Superlattice Sheets Controlled by DNA. Nature Materials, 8, 519-525.
112. Chen, Y. and Cheng, W. (2012) DNA Based Plasmonic Nanoarchitectures: From Structural Design to Emerging Applications. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 4, 587-604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1184
113. Ofir, Y., Samanta, B. and Rotello, V.M. (2008) Polymer and Biopolymer Mediated Self Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 1814-1825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b712689c
114. Wu, Z., Dong, C., Li, Y., Hao, H., Zhang, H., Lu, Z. and Yang, B. (2013) Self Assembly of Au15 into Single Cluster Thick Sheets at the Interface of Two Miscible High-Boiling Solvents. Angewandte Chemie, 125, 10136-10139.
115. Bigioni, T.P., Lin, X.M., Nguyen, T.T., Corwin, E.I., Witten, T.A. and Jaeger, H.M. (2006) Kinetically Driven Self Assembly of Highly Ordered Nanoparticle Monolayers. Nature Materials, 5, 265-270.
116. Nykypanchuk, D., Maye, M.M., Van der Lelie, D. and Gang, O. (2008) DNA-Guided Crystallization of Colloidal Nanoparticles. Nature, 451, 549-552.
117. Deng, Z., Tian, Y., Lee, S.H., Ribbe, A.E. and Mao, C. (2005) DNA Encoded Self Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles into One Dimensional Arrays. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44, 3582-3585.
118. Aldaye, F.A. and Sleiman, H.F. (2007) Dynamic DNA Templates for Discrete Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies: Control of Geometry, Modularity, Write/Erase and Structural Switching. Journal of American Chemical Society, 129, 4130-4131.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja070017i
119. Maye, M.M., Nykypanchuk, D., Cuisinier, M., Van der Lelie, D. and Gang, O. (2009) Stepwise Surface Encoding for High-Throughput Assembly of Nanoclusters. Nature Materials, 8, 388-391.
120. Elbaz, J., Cecconello, A., Fan, Z., Govorov, A.O. and Willner, I. (2013) Powering the Programmed Nanostructure and Function of Gold Nanoparticles with Catenated DNA Machines. Nature Communications, 4, 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3000
121. Jones, M.R., Osberg, K.D., Macfarlane, R.J., Langille, M.R. and Mirkin, C.A. (2011) Templated Techniques for the Synthesis and Assembly of Plasmonic Nanostructures. Chemical Reviews, 111, 3736-3827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr1004452
122. Yin, A.X., Liu, W.C., Ke, J., Zhu, W., Gu, J., Zhang, Y.W. and Yan, C.H. (2012) Ru Nanocrystals with Shape Dependent Surface Enhanced Raman Spectra and Catalytic Properties: Controlled Synthesis and DFT Calculations. Journal of American Chemical Society, 134, 20479-20489.
123. Liu, B. and Zeng, H.C. (2003) Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods in the Diameter Regime of 50 nm. Journal of American Chemical Society, 125, 4430-4431.
124. Yang, Y., Zhong, X.L., Zhang, Q., Blackstad, L.G., Fu, Z.W., Li, Z.Y. and Qin, D. (2014) The Role of Etching in the Formation of Ag Nanoplates with Straight, Curved and Wavy Edges and Comparison of Their SERS Properties. Small, 10, 1430-1437.
125. Kowshik, M., Deshmukh, N., Vogel, W., Urban, J., Kulkarni, S.K. and Paknikar, M.K. (2002) Microbial Synthesis of Semiconductor CdS Nanoparticles, Their Characterization, and Their Use in the Fabrication of an Ideal Diode. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 28, 583-588.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.10233
126. Bansal, V., Poddar, P., Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. (2006) Room Temperature Biosynthesis of Ferroelectric Barium Titanate Nanoparticles. Journal of American Chemical Society, 128, 11958-11963.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja063011m
127. Bansal, V., Rautaray, D., Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. (2004) Biosynthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 14, 3303-3305.
128. Ankamwar, B., Chaudhary, M. and Sastry, M. (2005) Gold Nanotriangles Biologically Synthesized Using Tamarind Leaf Extract and Potential Application in Vapor Sensing. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano Metal Chemistry, 35, 19-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/SIM-200047527
129. Armendariz, V., Herrera, I., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Jose-Yacaman, M., Troiani, H., Santiago, P. and Gardea-Torresdey, J.R. (2004) Size Controlled Gold Nanoparticle Formation by Avena sativa Biomass: Use of Plants in Nanobiotechnology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 6, 377-382.
130. Gericke, M. and Pinches, A. (2006) Biological Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles. Hydrometallurgy, 83, 132-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.019
131. Sastry, M., Ahmad, A., Islam Khan, M. and Kumar, R. (2003) Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Fungi and Actinomycete. Current Science India, 85, 162-170.
132. Tong, H., Ouyang, S.X., Bi, Y.P., Umezawa, N., Oshikiri, M. and Ye, J.H. (2012) Nano Photocatalytic Materials: Possibilities and Challenges. Advanced Materials, 24, 229-251.
133. Pelizzetti, E. and Minero, C. (1994) Metal Oxides as Photocatalysts for Environmental Detoxification. Comments on Inorganic Chemistry, 15, 297-337.
134. Hisatomi, T., Kubota, J. and Domen, K. (2014) Recent Advances in Semiconductors for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Chemical Society Reviews, 43, 7520-7535.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60378D
135. Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W. and Bahnemann, D.W. (1995) Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chemical Reviews, 95, 69-96.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004
136. Ndez-Ramírez, A.H. and Medina-Ramírez, I. (2015) Photocatalytic Semiconductors. Springer, New York.
137. Guo, H.L., Zhu, Q., Wu, X.L., Jiang, Y.F., Xie, X. and Xu, A.W. (2015) Oxygen Deficient ZnO1–x Nanosheets with High Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity. Nanoscale, 7, 7216-7223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5NR00271K Ansari, S.A., Khan, M.M., Ansari, M.O. and Cho, M.H. (2015) Silver Nanoparticles and Defect Induced Visible Light Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Performance of Ag@ m-TiO2 Nanocomposite. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 141, 162-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.05.029 Wang, W.S., Du, H., Wang, R.X., Wen, T. and Xu, A.W. (2013) Heterostructured Ag3PO4/AgBr/Ag Plasmonic Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Stability under Visible Light. Nanoscale, 5, 3315-3321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr00191a
138. Fujishima, A. and Honda, K. (1972) Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode. Nature, 238, 37-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/238037a0
139. Lim, J.H., Kang, C.K., Kim, K.K., Park, I.K., Hwang, D.K. and Park, S.J. (2006) UV Electroluminescence Emission from ZnO Light Emitting Diodes Grown by High Temperature Radiofrequency Sputtering. Advanced Materials, 18, 2720-2724.
140. Asai, R., Nemoto, H., Jia, Q., Saito, K., Iwase, A. and Kudo, A. (2014) A Visible Light Responsive Rhodium and Antimony Codoped SrTiO3 Powdered Photocatalyst Loaded with an IrO2 Cocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting. Chemical Communications, 50, 2543-2546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49279f Hisatomi, T., Kubota, J. and Domen, K. (2014) Recent Advances in Semiconductors for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Chemical Society Reviews, 43, 7520-7535.
141. Pan, C., Takata, T., Nakabayashi, M., Matsumoto, T., Shibata, N., Ikuhara, Y. and Domen, K. (2015) A Complex Perovskite Type Oxynitride: The First Photocatalyst for Water Splitting Operable at up to 600 nm. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 54, 2955-2959.
142. Du, H., Xie, X., Zhu, Q., lin, L., Jiang, Y.F., Yang, Z.K., Zhou, X. and Xu, A.W. (2015) Metallic MoO2 Cocatalyst Significantly Enhances Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Over MoO2/Zn0.5Cd0.5S Heterojunction. Nanoscale, 7, 5752-5759.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06949H Chang, K., Mei, Z., Wang, T., Kang, Q., Ouyang, S. and Ye, J. (2014) MoS2/Graphene Cocatalyst for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution under Visible Light Irradiation. ACS Nano, 8, 7078-7087.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn5019945 Wu, B. and Zheng, N. (2013) Surface and Interface Control of Noble Metal Nanocrystals for Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Applications. Nanotoday, 8, 168-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2013.02.006
143. Yu, Q., Guan, P., Qin, D., Golden, G. and Wallace, P.M. (2008) Inverted Size Dependence of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering on Gold Nanohole and Nanodisk Arrays. Nano Letters, 8, 1923-1928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0806163
144. Zhang, X.Y., Hu, A., Zhang, T., Lei, W., Xue, X.J., Zhou, Y. and Duley, W.W. (2011) Self Assembly of Large Scale and Ultrathin Silver Nanoplate Films with Tunable Plasmon Resonance Properties. ACS Nano, 5, 9082-9092.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn203336m
145. Lu, G., Li, H., Liusman, C., Yin, Z., Wu, S. and Zhang, H. (2011) Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering of Ag or Au Nanoparticle Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide for Detection of Aromatic Molecules. Chemical Science, 2, 1817-1821.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1sc00254f
146. Lu, G., Li, H. and Zhang, H. (2012) Gold Nanoparticle Embedded Polydimethylsiloxane Elastomers for Highly Sensitive Raman Detection. Small, 8, 1336-1340.
147. Sun, Y. and Wiederrecht, G.P. (2007) Surfactantless Synthesis of Silver Nanoplates and Their Application in SERS. Small, 3, 1964-1975.
148. Banholzer, M.J., Millstone, J.E., Qin, L. and Mirkin, C.A. (2008) Rationally Designed Nanostructures for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 885-897.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b710915f
149. Kneipp, J., Kneipp, H. and Kneipp, K. (2008) SERS a Single Molecule and Nanoscale Tool for Bioanalytics. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 1052-1060.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b708459p
150. Qian, X.M. and Nie, S.M. (2008) Single Molecule and Single Nanoparticle SERS: From Fundamental Mechanisms to Biomedical Applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 912-920.
151. Zoric, I., Zäch, M., Kasemo, B. and Langhammer, C. (2011) Gold, Platinum, and Aluminum Nanodisk Plasmons: Material Independence, Subradiance, and Damping Mechanisms. ACS Nano, 5, 2535-2546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn102166t
152. Moskovits, M. (2005) Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Brief Retrospective. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36, 485-496.
153. Le Ru, E.C. and Etchegoin, P.G. (2006) Rigorous Justification of the |E|4 Enhancement Factor in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 423, 63-66.
154. Haynes, C.L., McFarland, A.D. and Duyne, R.P.V. (2005) Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 77, 338A-346A.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac053456d
155. Viarbitskaya, S., Teulle, A., Marty, R., Sharma, J., Girard, C., Arbouet, A. and Dujardin, E. (2013) Tailoring and Imaging the Plasmonic Local Density of States in Crystalline Nanoprisms. Nature Materials, 12, 426-432.
156. Bae, Y., Kim, N.H., Kim, M., Lee, K.Y. and Han, S.W. (2008) Anisotropic Assembly of Ag Nanoprisms. Journal of American Chemical Society, 130, 5432-5433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja800898v
157. Xiong, Y., McLellan, J.M., Chen, J., Yin, Y., Li, Z.Y. and Xia, Y. (2005) Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Triangular and Hexagonal Nanoplates of Palladium and their SPR/SERS Properties. Journal of American Chemical Society, 127, 17118-17127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja056498s
158. Huang, X., Tang, S., Liu, B., Ren, B. and Zheng, N. (2011) Enhancing the Photothermal Stability of Plasmonic Metal Nanoplates by a Core Shell Architecture. Advanced Materials, 23, 3420-3425.
159. Pillai, Z.S. and Kamat, P.V. (2004) What Factors Control the Size and Shape of Silver Nanoparticles in the Citrate ion Reduction Method? Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 945-951.
160. Wustholz, K.L., Henry, A.I., Bingham, J.M., Kleinman, S.L., Natan, M.J., Freeman, R.G. and Duyne, R.P.V. (2009) Exploring Single Molecule SERS and Single Nanoparticle Plasmon Microscopy. Proceedings SPIE, 7394, Article ID: 739403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.826168
161. Camargo, P.H.C., Rycenga, M., Au, L. and Xia, Y. (2009) Isolating and Probing the Hot Spot Formed between Two Silver Nanocubes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 2180-2184.
162. Camargo, P.H.C., Cobley, C.M., Rycenga, M. and Xia, Y. (2009) Measuring the Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Enhancement Factors of Hot Spots Formed between an Individual Ag Nanowire and a Single Ag Nanocube. Nanotechnology, 20, Article ID: 434020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/43/434020
163. Dieringer, J.A., Lettan, R.B., Scheidt, K.A. and Van Duyne, R.P. (2007) A Frequency Domain Existence Proof of Single Molecule Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Journal of American Chemical Society, 129, 16249-16256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja077243c
164. Li, W., Camargo, P.H.C., Lu, X. and Xia, Y. (2008) Dimers of Silver Nanospheres: Facile Synthesis and Their Use as Hot Spots for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Nano Letters, 9, 485-490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl803621x
165. LeRu, E., Meyer, M. and Etchegoin, P. (2006) Proof of Single Molecule Sensitivity in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) by Means of a Two Analyte Technique. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 1944-1948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp054732v
166. Fang, Y., Seong, N.H. and Dlott, D.D. (2008) Measurement of the Distribution of Site Enhancements in Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Science, 321, 388-392.
167. Maier, S. (2007) Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer, New York.
168. Kelly, K., Coronado, E., Zhao, L. and Schatz, G. (2003) The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 668-677.
169. Grady, N., Halas, N. and Nordlander, P. (2004) Influence of Dielectric Function Properties on the Optical Response of Plasmon Resonant Metallic Nanoparticles. Chemical Physics Letters, 399, 167-171.
170. Mock, J.J., Smith, D.R. and Schultz, S. (2003) Local Refractive Index Dependence of Plasmon Resonance Spectra from Individual Nanoparticles. Nano Letters, 3, 485-491.
171. Underwood, S. and Mulvaney, P. (1994) Effect of the Solution Refractive Index on the Color of Gold Colloids. Langmuir, 10, 3427-3430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00022a011
172. Ni, W., Chen, H., Su, J., Sun, Z., Wang, J. and Wu, H. (2010) Effects of Dyes, Gold Nanocrystals, pH, and Metal Ions on Plasmonic and Molecular Resonance Coupling. Journal of American Chemical Society, 132, 4806-4814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja910239b
173. Zeng, J., Roberts, S. and Xia, Y. (2010) Nanocrystal Based Time Temperature Indicators. Chemistry European Journal, 16, 12559-12563.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201002665
174. Huang, X., Tang, S., Mu, X., Dai, Y., Chen, G., Zhou, Z., Ruan, F., Yang, Z. and Zheng, N. (2011) Free Standing Palladium Nanosheets with Plasmonic and Catalytic Properties. Nature Nanotechnology, 6, 28-32.
175. Pelaz, B., Grazu, V., Ibarra, A., Magen, C., del Pino, P. and de la Fuente, J.M. (2012) Tailoring the Synthesis and Heating Ability of Gold Nanoprisms for Bioapplications. Langmuir, 28, 8965-8970.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la204712u
177. Xue, C. and Mirkin, C.A. (2007) pH Switchable Silver Nanoprism Growth Pathways. Angewandte Chemie, 119, 2082-2084.
178. Tang, S., Chen, M. and Zheng, N. (2014) Sub 10 nm Pd Nanosheets with Renal Clearance for Efficient near Infrared Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Small, 10, 3139-3144.
179. Huang, X., Tang, S., Yang, J., Tan, Y. and Zheng, N. (2011) Etching Growth under Surface Confinement: An Effective Strategy to Prepare Mesocrystalline Pd Nanocorolla. Journal of American Chemical Society, 133, 15946-15949.
180. Zhao, Z., Shi, S., Huang, Y., Tang, S. and Chen, X. (2014) Simultaneous Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy Using Photosensitizer Functionalized Pd Nanosheets by Single Continuous Wave Laser. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, 6, 8878-8885.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am501608c
181. Fang, W., Tang, S., Liu, P., Fang, X., Gong, J. and Zheng, N. (2012) Pd Nanosheet Covered Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Platform for the Chemo Photothermal Treatment of Cancer Cells. Small, 8, 3816-3822.
182. Tam, F., Goodrich, G.P., Johnson, B.R. and Halas, N.J. (2007) Plasmonic Enhancement of Molecular Fluorescence. Nano Letters, 7, 496-501.
183. Shang, L., Chen, H. and Dong, S. (2007) Electrochemical Preparation of Silver Nanostructure on the Planar Surface for Application in Metal Enhanced Fluorescence. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 10780-10784.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp068713c
184. Liaw, J.W., Chen, J.H., Chen, C.S. and Kuo, M.K. (2009) Purcell Effect of Nanoshell Dimer on Single Molecule's Fluorescence. Optics Express, 17, 13532-13540.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.013532
185. Thomas, M., Greffet, J.J., Carminati, R. and Arias-Gonzalez, J.R. (2004) Single Molecule Spontaneous Emission Close to Absorbing Nanostructures. Applied Physics Letters, 85, 3863-3865.
186. Carminati, R., Greffet, J.J., Henkel, C. and Vigoureux, J. (2006) Radiative and Non Radiative Decay of a Single Molecule Close to a Metallic Nanoparticle. Optics Communications, 261, 368-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2005.12.009
187. Martin-Moreno, L. (2006) Detecting Unseen Light. Nature Physics, 5, 457-458.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1314
188. Ozbay, E. (2006) Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions. Science, 311, 189-193.
189. Lewotsky, K. (2007) The Promise of Plasmonics. SPIE Professional.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/2.4200707.07
190. Yan, R., Gargas, D. and Yang, P. (2009) Nanowire Photonics. Nature Photonics, 3, 569-576.
191. Shegai, T., Huang, Y., Xu, H. and Kall, M. (2010) Coloring Fluorescence Emission with Silver Nanowires. Applied Physics Letters, 96, Article ID: 103114.
192. Akimov, A.V., Mukherjee, A., Yu, C.L., Chang, D.E., Zibrov, A.S., Hemmer, P.R., Park, H. and Lukin, M.D. (2007) Generation of Single Optical Plasmons in Metallic Nanowires Coupled to Quantum Dots. Nature, 450, 402-406.
193. Ma, Z., Zhang, X., Guo, X., Yang, Q., Ma, Y. and Tong, L. (2010) Surface Plasmon Excitation in Silver Nanowires Directly Deposited on a Laser Diode Chip. Applied Physics Letters, 96, Article ID: 051119.
194. Prof. Choi Unveils Method to Improve Emission Efficiency of OLED. KAIST, 9 July 2009.
195. Wiley, B., Sun, Y. and Xia, Y. (2007) Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures with Controlled Shapes and Properties. Accounts of Chemical Research, 40, 1067-1076.
196. Xia, Y., Xiong, Y., Lim, B. and Skrabalak, S.E. (2009) Shape Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics? Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 60-103.
197. Cobley, C.M., Skrabalak, S.E., Campbell, D.J. and Xia, Y. (2009) Shape Controlled Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Plasmonic and Sensing Applications. Plasmonics, 4, 171-179.
198. Xia, Y. and Halas, N. (2005) Shaped Controlled Synthesis and Surface Plasmonic Properties of Metallic Nanostructures. MRS Bulletin, 30, 338-348.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.96
199. Zhang, X., Hicks, E.M., Zhao, J., Schatz, G.C. and Van Duyne, R.P. (2005) Electrochemical Tuning of Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Nanosphere Lithography. Nano Letters, 5, 1503-1507.
200. Atwater, H.A. and Polman, A. (2010) Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Devices. Nature Materials, 9, 205-213.
201. Rand, B.P., Peumans, P. and Forrest, S.R. (2004) Long Range Absorption Enhancement in Organic Tandem Thin Film Solar Cells Containing Silver Nanoclusters. Journal of Applied Physics, 96, 7519-7526.
202. Shen, H., Bienstman, P. and Maes, B. (2009) Plasmonic Absorption Enhancement in Organic Solar Cells with Thin Active Layers. Journal of Applied Physics, 106, Article ID: 073109.
203. MacDonald, K.F., Samson, Z.L., Stockman, M.I. and Zheludev, N.I. (2009) Ultrafast Active Plasmonics. Nature Photonics, 3, 55-58.
204. Fang, N., Lee, H., Sun, C. and Zhang, X. (2005) Sub Diffraction Limited Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens. Science, 308, 534-537.
205. Kawata, S., Ono, A. and Verma, P. (2008) Sub Wavelength Colour Imaging with a Metallic Nanolens. Nature Photonics, 2, 438-442.
206. Yuan, H., Chettiar, U.K., Cai, W., Kildishev, A.V., Boltasseva, A., Drachev, V.P. and Shalaev, V.M. (2007) A Negative Permeability Material at Red Light. Optics Express, 15, 1076-1083.
207. Gordon, J.A. and Ziolkowski, R.W. (2007) The Design and Simulated Performance of a Coated Nano Particle Laser. Optics Express, 15, 2622-2653.
208. Bergman, D.J. and Stockman, M.I. (2003) Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation: Quantum Generation of Coherent Surface Plasmons in Nanosystems. Physical Review Letters, 90, Article ID: 027402.
209. Zheng, Y.B., Yang, Y.W., Jensen, L., Fang, L., Juluri, B.K., Flood, A.H., Weiss, P.S., Stoddart, J.F. and Huang, T.J. (2009) Active Molecular Plasmonics: Controlling Plasmon Resonances with Molecular Switches. Nano Letters, 9, 819-825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl803539g
210. Noginov, M.A., Zhu, G., Belgrave, A.M., Bakker, R., Shalaev, V.M., Narimanov, E.E., Stout, S., Herz, E., Suteewong, T. and Wiesner, U. (2009) Demonstration of a Spaser Based Nanolaser. Nature, 460, 1110-1112.
211. Oulton, R.F., Sorger, V.J., Zentgraf, T., Ma, R.M., Gladden, C., Dai, L., Bartal, G. and Zhang, X. (2009) Plasmon Lasers at Deep Sub Wavelength Scale. Nature, 461, 629-632.
212. MacDonald, K.F., Fedotov, V.A. and Zheludev, N.I. (2003) Optical Nonlinearity Resulting from a Light Induced Structural Transition in Gallium Nanoparticles. Applied Physics Letters, 82, 1087-1089.
213. Leroux, Y.R., Lacroix, J.C., Chane-Ching, K.I., Fave, C., Flidj, N., Lvi, G., Aubard, J., Krenn, J.R. and Hohenau, A. (2005) Conducting Polymer Electrochemical Switching as an Easy Means for Designing Active Plasmonic Devices. Journal of American Chemical Society, 127, 16022-16023.
●ANP Subscription
●Most popular papers in ANP
●About ANP News


text:
Tech Giants to Donate COVID Vaccines to Taiwan in China Workaround
Jul 12, 2021 | NEWS, Taiwan, TECH
Taiwan has been struggling to procure enough coronavirus vaccines for its population
Taiwanese tech giants Foxconn and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company announced Monday they will each donate five million coronavirus vaccine doses to the government in a deal with a China-based distributor.
Taipei has been struggling to secure enough vaccines for its population, and its precarious political status has been a major stumbling block.
As Taipei and Beijing accused each other of hampering vaccine deals, Foxconn and TSMC stepped in with a face-saving solution — buying Pfizer-BioNTech doses from a Chinese distributor and donating them to Taiwan.
"Me and my team feel the public anxiety and expectations on the vaccines and we are relieved to give the public an answer that relevant contracts have been signed," Foxconn founder Terry Gou said in a post on his Facebook page.
"Beijing authorities have not offered any guidance or interfered with the vaccine acquisition process," he said, adding that the vaccines will be shipped directly by German firm BioNTech.
Foxconn and TSMC, the world's largest contract electronics and chip makers respectively, said they will spend $175 million each on the vaccines.
Beijing's authoritarian leadership views democratic self-ruled Taiwan as part of China's territory and has vowed to one day seize the island, by force if needed.
China tries to keep Taiwan internationally isolated, including blocking it from the World Health Organization.
Taipei has been trying to secure Pfizer-BioNTech direct from Germany but Shanghai-based Fosun Pharma has the distribution rights for China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
Attempts to sign a direct deal made little headway, something Taiwan blamed on Beijing.
In return, Beijing has accused Taiwan of refusing to deal with Fosun Pharma and politicizing its vaccine search.
Quest for Vaccines
Fosun issued a statement late Sunday saying it had signed a deal with the Taiwanese firms to sell 10 million shots, to be donated to "disease control institutions in the Taiwan region".
In an interview with China's Global Times — a state-run tabloid — Fosun Chairman and CEO Wu Yifang accused Taipei of "rule-breaking in the whole process". No further elaboration was provided.
Taiwan had only received 726,000 vaccine doses before the United States and Japan recently donated 2.5 million and 2.37 million doses, respectively.
So far, just 14 percent of its 23.5 million people have been vaccinated, according to the health ministry.
Health Minister Chen Shih-chung previously revealed that Taiwan and BioNTech were about to finalise a deal in January when the company suggested the words "our country" had to be taken out of a Taiwanese press statement.
Chen said authorities agreed to replace it with "Taiwan" but the deal remained stalled.
The Chinese government reacts angrily at any attempts to recognise Taiwan as an independent nation.
After the Foxconn-TSMC deal was announced Monday, BioNTech released a statement confirming the sale to the companies and the subsequent donation to "the Taiwan region for local vaccination".
PreviousSix Years a Slave: Indian Farm Workers Exploited in Italy
NextPicture Purrfect: Giant 3D Cat Draws Tokyo Crowds

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Fellowes started his career in non-league football with Tavistock Town before coming to the attention of Argyle in 1929. Although he spent four full years at Argyle, he only made appearances in the seasons at each end of that period: two in 1929-30 but then not adding another three until 1932-33. He left for Clapton Orient in 1933, where he played 78 times and scored his debut league goal, followed by the short distance north to Luton Town, where he clocked up over a century of appearances in a two-year spell, before returning to the South West with Exeter City in 1938. Records show an eight year association with City, during which he played 56 times, but he did add a further five appearances to his Argyle total in 1939-40 – almost a decade after his first – in the War League whilst still registered as a League player with The Grecians. Leaving St James' Park in 1946, he completed his career back where it had all began, with Tavistock Town.
Hi, Neil Kaufman here historian to Leyton Orient. I was wondering if you have the date of death of a former Orient and Plymouth player named Billy Fellowes, I have seen died in Plymouth during November 1987, but no actual date.
Hope you enjoyed the 1-1 on Tuesday!


text:
Guam governor expects Filipinos to fill jobs
Thousands of Filipino workers could be hired in the construction of new military bases on the U.S. territory of Guam, the island's governor said during a visit to the Philippines.
Guam will be hiring between 10,000 and 15,000 workers to support the U.S. military buildup, including the relocation of 8,000 Marines and their families from Okinawa over the next few years, Gov. Felix Camacho told reporters in Manila on Tuesday.
He said he expected skilled Filipino workers to fill job demands that cannot be met by local labor alone.
"It is not exclusive but the likelihood is that most will be from the Philippines," Camacho said. Chinese workers will not be hired because of security concerns related to work on military bases, he said.
The buildup will cost at least $15 billion. Japan is covering $6 billion of the bill.
U.S. Rep. Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii said last week that foreign workers won't be allowed to do more than 30 percent of the work on the projects.
The 2010 National Defense Authorization Act requires the minimum wage for all Guam construction projects be at the prevailing wage level for similar work in Hawaii, he said.


text:
Perl Prize
Neuroscience Curriculum
Home / About the UNC Neuroscience Center
About the UNC Neuroscience Center
The UNC Neuroscience Center is an interdepartmental research center at the UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine. The mission of the Neuroscience Center is to promote neuroscience research that is innovative, collaborative and translational. The Center promotes this goal by bringing together researchers working on fundamental problems in basic and clinical neuroscience. By integrating work across the spectrum of neuroscience, we aim to advance our understanding of brain development and function, and to identify new therapeutic approaches to a broad range of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
The Neuroscience Center works very closely with the Neuroscience Curriculum, the neuroscience PhD granting program at UNC, to promote the training of future leaders in neuroscience. Together the Neuroscience Center and Neuroscience Curriculum organize and support a weekly seminar series hosting both local and national speakers, an annual Neuroscience Symposium, and the annual awarding of the Perl/UNC Neuroscience Prize.
Laboratories of many Neuroscience Center members are housed in the Neuroscience Research Building on the School of Medicine campus. As part of its mission to facilitate neuroscience research at UNC, the Neuroscience Center houses and manages core facilities devoted to advanced neural imaging, bioinformatics, molecular neuroscience, and translational neuroscience. These facilities were established, and are maintained, with support of a center grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
The Neuroscience Center works closely with the departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, and the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities to support translational research in neuroscience. By facilitating the rapid integration of basic and disease-related neuroscience research at UNC- Chapel Hill, the Neuroscience Center aims to harness advances in neuroscience in the service of patients and families suffering from neurological and psychiatric illnesses.
Helen Lyng White Fellowships
Helen Lyng White Selection Committee
UNC Neuroscience Diversity Travel Award
Affiliated Departments
neurosciencecenter@med.unc.edu
Mary Ellen Jones Building
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7250
© 2020 UNC Neuroscience Center
/* ----------------------------------------- */ /* Content Template: template-for-pages - start */ /* ----------------------------------------- */ .row:nth-of-type(2)::after { background: url(https://www.med.unc.edu/neuroscience/files/2018/07/LandingGraphic_neuroscience_07.jpeg); height: 250px; display: block; } .row:nth-of-type(2)::after .img { max-width:100px; width:400px } .navbar-container.container .row:after, #copyright .row:after, .content.container .row:after { display: none; } /* ----------------------------------------- */ /* Content Template: template-for-pages - end */ /* ----------------------------------------- */


Abdomino-Pelvic MRI is the most up-to-date and comprehensive available text on MR studies of the male and female abdomen and pelvis. Over 2500 high-quality images illustrate a complete range of diseases while emphasizing the principles of good image quality, reproducibility of image quality, good conspicuity of disease, and comprehensive imaging information. It describes imaging approaches obtained on state-of-the-art 1.5 T MRI systems emphasizing the use of phased-array surface multicoils and new, fast imaging sequences.


Treat yourself to a glamorous atmosphere worthy of the finest red carpets thanks to the Fame. This incredible chandelier that sparkles bright as a diamond will become the true star of your interior. Its glossy center, somewhat reminiscent of a disco ball, amplifies the luminosity of the surrounding bulbs in order to optimally illuminate your entire space. What's more, its brushed aluminium ribbon will be sure to enhance the festive allure of this one-of-a-kind piece.
Whether affixed to your entryway or stairwell, the Fame's modern rockstar-style design will undoubtedly turn many heads. In addition to its unique appearance, this model also promotes energy efficiency thanks to its integrated LED light technology. It therefore boasts a tremendous life span. It is also compatible with most dimmers. Give your home an elevated look by installing this dazzling chandelier at the heart of your interior.


By Alison Krauss & Union Station. This edition: Interactive Download. Pop. Piano/Vocal/Guitar. 9 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.319493).
Smart PianoSoft. By Alison Krauss. Arranged by Shelly Berg. Pianosoft Sync. Country. Disk. Published by Yamaha (HL.503823).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Wedding. Viola Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.373032).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Wedding. Tenor Sax Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.373027).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Wedding. Flute Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.373029).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. Pop, Rock. ChordBuddy. 2 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.326336).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Rock. French Horn Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.391507).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Wedding. Clarinet Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.373028).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Pop. Ukulele. 3 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.422528).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Wedding. Alto Sax Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.373030).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. This edition: Interactive Download. Love, Pop, Wedding. Trombone Solo. 1 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.373020).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station and Keith Whitley. Love, Pop, Wedding. Pro Vocal. 4 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.392405).
By Alison Krauss & Union Station. Pop. Lead Sheet / Fake Book. 3 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.398011).


He packed a punch on the football field playing more than 250 matches as the Brisbane Broncos enforcer and in May rugby league legend Shane Webcke hopes his powerful, personal message about farm safety will do the same.
Webcke, who played 24 games for the Maroons and 26 tests in the green and gold, will be special guest at the Rotary FNQ Field Days on May 29, 30 and 31.
Subscribe to receive our email updates here.


text:
Tampa Bay Signs Former Utah State RB Kerwynn Williams
Locals In the NFL
Running back Kerwynn Williams #33 of the Arizona Cardinals rushes the football against defensive end Aaron Donald #99 of the Los Angeles Rams during the NFL game at the University of Phoenix Stadium on December 3, 2017 in Glendale, Arizona. The Rams defeated the Cardinals 32-16. (Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images)
TAMPA BAY, Fla. – The Tampa Bay Buccaneers have signed former Utah State Aggies running back Kerwynn Williams.
Williams was recently released by the Detroit Lions, but will reunite with head coach Bruce Arians, who coached Williams when he was with the Arizona Cardinals.
The former Aggie played for the Cardinals from 2014-17 with Arians there the entire time. Williams didn't play last season after the Kansas City Chiefs released him.
During his career with the Cardinals, Williams rushed for 971 yards and 4 touchdowns in 37 career games.
The #Bucs are signing RB Kerwynn Williams, source said. He was released by the #Lions last week, and has familiarity with Bruce Arians and OC Byron Leftwich from their #AZCardinals days.
— Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) May 6, 2019
Other running backs on the Buccaneers roster includes Peyton Barber, Andre Ellington, Ronald Jones, Dare Ogunbowale and Shaun Wilson. Last season, Tampa Bay finished with a 5-11 record.
Through his four seasons at Utah State, Williams rushed for 2,515 yards and 22 touchdowns. He also caught 64 passes for 870 yards and 5 touchdowns.


A heavy-gauge plated steel frame assures years of service. The wiping blade is off-white Neoprene backed by a white vinyl cushion blade. This window squeegee is strong enough to use in applying grout to tile.


text:
Supreme Court Holds "On-Call" Time Compensable Even When Sleeping
by J A Rodenbo Atty in Employment Law
The California Supreme court recently held in Mendiola, et al. v. CPS Security Solutions, et al., that security guards were entitled to be paid wages for all "on-call" hours spent at their assigned locations, including sleeping time, because they were under the control of their employer during the "on-call" time, and that the "on-call" time…
California Supreme Court Says No Money Damages Available When Employer Proves Mixed Motive in FEHA Discrimination Case:
In Harris v. City of Santa Monica, the California Supreme Court issued a ruling that sets forth the details of the applicability of the "mixed-motive" defense available to employers in discrimination cases (FEHA). The Plaintiff in Harris was a city bus driver who was terminated for not meeting performance standards shortly after she told her…


text:
Lee Hae-chan, född 10 juli 1952 i Cheongyang-gun, är Sydkoreas premiärminister. Han nominerades till posten av Sydkoreas presidens Roh Moo-hyun 8 juni 2004, godkändes av parlamentet 29 juni och tillträdde ämbetet 30 juni. Lee Hae-chan representerar partiet Yŏllin Uri-dang och har suttit i parlamentet under fem mandatperioder.

Under president Kim Dae-jung tjänstgjorde han som utbildningsminister 1998-1999. Han fick i denna egenskap verkställa en omfattande utbildningsreform, där man bland annat ändrade antagningsreglerna till högskolan, något som kritikerna menar gjorde att man kunde komma in på högskolan om man bara var bra på ett ämne.

När järnvägsarbetarnas fackförening tillsammans med tunnelbaneförarnas fackförening gick ut i strejk 1 mars 2006 tillbringade Lee Hae-chan dagen i Busan där han spelade golf med lokala affärsmän. Detta sågs som en skandal, och många menade att det var ett bevis på att Lee Hae-chan inte tog sitt uppdrag på allvar.

14 mars 2006 lämnade Lee Hae-chan sin avskedsansökan till president Roh Moo-hyun, som accepterade den. Enligt hans talesmän beklagar han sitt handlande.

Referenser

Fotnoter

Sydkoreanska politiker under 1900-talet
Sydkoreas premiärministrar
Levande personer
Födda 1952
Män
WP:Projekt Korea
Sydkoreanska politiker under 2000-talet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Reinsurance broker Guy Carpenter has announced the establishment of a new Global Capital Solutions Group that will be led by the firm's Vice Chairman, David Priebe. At the same time, the firm has revealed a series of new appointments, all in relation to the acquisition of JLT Group by its parent, Marsh & McLennan Companies.
Guy Carpenter states that the establishment of its Global Capital Solutions Group and the new appointments reflect continued efforts to both align and integrate its capabilities with that of JLT Re, the reinsurance broking arm of JLT Group.
The new unit is to be led by David Priebe, who is expected to work closely with the firm's analytics, strategic advisory, and broking teams. The new Group is to be made up of two units, Global Capital Solutions and GC Securities, both of which will report to Priebe.
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of North America at JLT Re, Ed Hochberg, is to become Head of the Global Capital Solutions practice, and he will also be tasked with supporting the integration of JLT Re's North American business with Guy Carpenter.
GC Securities, which is the company's insurance-linked securities (ILS) division, will continue to have Shiv Kumar as its President.
As well as appointments within its newly created Group, Guy Carpenter has announced numerous other appointments.
In Guy Carpenter North America, Tim Gardner, CEO of GC North America, and John Trace, President of GC U.S., will stay in their leadership roles. Other appointments in the unit includes Keith Harrison, CEO of UK & Europe, JLT Re, becoming Head of London North America for GC. He will also lead the establishment of a new London operation to service and source business non-affiliated with Guy Carpenter, which is to be overseen by President and CEO of Guy Carpenter, Peter Hearn. Harrison is also set to join the Guy Carpenter Executive Committee.
Simon Keeley, Head of London North America, GC, and Mark Higgins, Head of London North America at JLT Re, will both report to Harrison, and form part of the senior leadership team.
Within Guy Carpenter International, James Nash is set to remain as CEO of Guy Carpenter International. At the same time, Jeremy Fox, CEO of JLT Re Asia Pacific, has been named Chairman of GC Asia Pacific.
In Guy Carpenter Specialties, Kevin Fisher, CEO of GC Global Specialties, is to become Chairman of GC UK & Specialties. At the same time, current Deputy CEO Global Specialties and Head of Non-Marine Specialties at GC, James Boyce, is to become CEO of Global Specialties, and also join the Guy Carpenter Executive Committee. Furthermore, Bradley Maltese, Deputy CEO of UK & Europe at JLT Re, will become Vice Chairman of Global Specialties, while Richard Morgan, Managing Director, GC Global Specialties, has been appointed Head of Non-Marine Specialties.
The appointments of Boyce, Fisher, and Morgan are effective immediately, states Guy Carpenter.
Finally, within Global Strategic Advisory, David Flandro, Global Head of Analytics at JLT Re, has been named Global Head of Economics and Franchise Risk Advisory. Vice Chair of GC Global Strategic Advisory, Vicky Carter, will continue to serve in her leadership role.
Guy Carpenter's Peter Hearn, commented: "The combination of Guy Carpenter and JLT Re's capabilities and expertise will create an exciting opportunity to deliver enhanced value to clients across the globe through a structure that is intuitive and aligned with our strategic priorities.


text:
News > A fallen star, Manpreet Badal now seeks a new lease of life in BJP
A fallen star, Manpreet Badal now seeks a new lease of life in BJP
The estranged nephew of former Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal and a former state finance minister, Manpreet Singh Badal disappeared from the state's political scene after his loss in the Assembly elections from Bathinda last year. On Wednesday, the five-term MLA re-emerged from political hibernation and began new innings, with the BJP. Badal's former parties Congress and Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) targeted him.


Originally from Nicaragua, I attended Loma Linda University School of Medicine in Loma Linda, California and completed my specialty training in internal medicine at Kettering Medical Center, Kettering, Ohio. I am certified with the American Board of Internal Medicine. I practiced for ten plus years with Kaiser Permanente in Southern California then in 2004 moved to the Vancouver area to join Kaiser Permanente here in the Northwest. I have been enjoying the fresh air and the green trees ever since - rain or shine!
I lead a team of dedicated nurses, medical assistants, clinical advice nurses, pharmacists and health educators all focused on meeting my patient's health care needs. We work closely together using our integrated electronic medical records, allowing me to tailor a unique health care plan for each patient.
Outside of medicine, I really enjoy bird watching, hiking, camping, collecting stamps and coins, listening to music and going on medical mission trips.


Phoenix, AZ:Kim was recently asked to speak at the LPL Masters Conference about the importance of instilling a sense of financial literacy among today's millennials. The annual event is attended by the top advisors with LPL and serves as a conversational forum for industry professionals to network and share their knowledge. As an LPL advisor, she was honored to be chosen to speak on her firms' experience with marketing to this niche, yet vital market.
We learned so much more about this group and were so surprised with the results, and the unexpected benefits of implementing a program for them. As advisors and financial planners and most importantly, as business owners we know we need to spend our time in activities that are going to generate revenue for the firm.
Instinctively, and certainly, my initial instinct was working with the millennials was not going to bring in revenue to our firm. But I had a strong feeling that we needed to do it.
My husband Hank, who is also my business partner and I decided to put the "why" to paper. Why would we want to market to this group?
Altruistically, we do have a desire to educate and counsel these young professionals.
We know the earlier they start how much better off they will be. I have 2 sons that are Millennials. We have always talked about money and they are fortunate to both be in this business. Among their friends, no one is talking to them! Not even their parents.
We also felt we needed an offensive strategy to the Robo Advisor. The perception out there that the younger generation doesn't want or need financial planning. We just don't believe that to be true. A one-page questionnaire online is not going to fulfill their needs.
And whether we want to face it or not, our clients are getting older. Many are in the distribution phase of their life, or soon will be. We have to bring in these young professionals for the future of our firms.
Lastly, we have always marketed ourselves as a "multi-generational" firm. But we had to take a closer look, and soon realized we were not doing it across the board. We were not doing any multi-generational planning in the community, and we certainly were not doing any multi-generational planning from the bottom up.
This led to us creating a program within our firm.
To hear more about our new initiatives around multi-generational planning and the success we've had with our Young Professionals Events, give us a call.


Accidents happen, but what do you do when the driver who hit you has NO insurance? What should you do if they he or she totals your car, leaves you with unpaid doctor bills and carries only minimal insurance? Take a deep breath and call an experienced Morris County personal injury attorney at The Law Offices of Christopher G. Porreca, P.C.
I am uniquely qualified to help you pursue a settlement from insurance companies. I previously defended insurance companies, so I understands how they work and how to get what you need. The first consultation is free and there is no obligation.
If you have an accident with an uninsured or underinsured motorist, you have the option of going back to your own insurance company to collect damages. In order for that to happen, your insurance company must determine that the other driver is "at fault" or responsible for the accident. Responsibility is apportioned by a percentage. New Jersey has a comparative negligence law. That means that you can collect damages as long as the other driver was more "at fault" than you were.
Every insurance policy has liability coverage limits. In New Jersey a drive must carry 15/30. The insurance company pays out up to $15,000 to each person injured by you. $30,000 is the payout limit. Insurance law can be very confusing. Contact the experienced personal injury Attorney Christopher G. Porreca for help filing a claim. Nobody should stand alone against insurance companies.
If you have been involved in a hit-and-run accident, it is important to consult an experienced personal injury attorney, because it is difficult to track down motorists who leave the scene of an accident. If the driver is found, he or she will face criminal charges as well as financial responsibility for your injuries and damage to your car. My team at The Law Offices of Christopher G. Porreca can negotiate on your behalf to get maximum compensation from your insurance company. If you have been involved in a car accident, find out what to do next.
Contact us at our New Jersey office.


Anne Bellows joined Goldstein, Borgen, Dardarian & Ho in November 2017. Prior to joining GBDH, Anne worked at Public Advocates, Inc., using fair housing law and other tools to challenge tenant harassment and displacement. Before that, Anne clerked for the Honorable Eric L. Clay on the Sixth Circuit and litigated fair housing and employment discrimination cases as a civil rights fellow at Relman, Dane & Colfax PLLC in Washington, DC. Anne is fluent in Spanish.


text:
'use strict';

module.exports = function(grunt) {
  // load all npm grunt tasks
  require('load-grunt-tasks')(grunt);

  // Project configuration.
  grunt.initConfig({
    jshint: {
      all: [
        'Gruntfile.js',
        'tasks/*.js'
      ],
      options: {
        jshintrc: '.jshintrc',
        reporter: require('jshint-stylish')
      }
    },

    // Before generating any new files, remove any previously-created files.
    clean: {
      tests: ['tmp']
    },

    // Configuration to be run.
    raygunChangelog: {
      options: {}
    }
  });

  // Actually load this plugin's task(s).
  grunt.loadTasks('tasks');

  // By default, lint and run all tests.
  grunt.registerTask('default', ['jshint']);

};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub