text:
Why Some Fans Fall to Their Deaths in America's Sports Arenas
By: Alison Cooper
Police block off a section with police tape after a fan fell from the upper deck of Turner Field in the seventh inning during the game between the Atlanta Braves and the New York Yankees on Aug. 29, 2015. Mike Zarrilli/Getty Images
When 60-year-old Gregory K. Murrey fell to his death during an Atlanta Braves game in August 2015, he became the 24th fall-related fatality at a Major League Baseball park since 1969. Murrey was standing at his seat near the front of Turner Field's 400 level, allegedly heckling Yankees batter Alex Rodriguez, when he suddenly fell over the section's railing onto a concrete walkway about 50 feet (15 meters) below.
According to one witness, Murrey seemed to have had some sort of "medical emergency" immediately before the fall that could have caused him to lose consciousness. "He went from a good, excited fan to silent immediately," Justin Arnold told Atlanta's 11Alive News. "He would have been able to catch himself if he were conscious during the fall."
Murrey's death was the third fall-related fatality at Turner Field, which opened in 1996 in Atlanta. (A 30-year-old man's 2013 falling death at the stadium was ruled a suicide, and in 2008 a 25-year-old man died while trying to slide down a railing in an interior stairway.) Between 2003 and 2013, 14 people died in falls at collegiate and professional sports events in the United States.
Thanks to the 2009 book "Death at the Ballpark," by Robert M. Gorman, there is a wealth of information on falling deaths at baseball games, but there haven't been any official compilations of statistics for other sports and arenas. Still more difficult to find is information on nonfatal falls, of which there have been many over the years — these incidents are reported to the league, not to the public, says Elizabeth Voorhees, director of certifications for the National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security (NCS4) at the University of Southern Mississippi, and teams are pretty tight-lipped about sharing the information.
Even the quickest search on falling deaths makes it clear that alcohol has played a role in many of these deaths — intoxicated, blurry-eyed fans are obviously more likely than sober spectators to stumble on steep stairs or take risks like sliding down stair railings. But each of these terrible accidents always triggers a debate about how far teams should go to protect their fans and exactly what measures, if any, should be taken to prevent more falls.
On one side are the people who argue for alcohol restrictions, railing-height standards and safety nets. On the other side are those who think that fans are ultimately responsible for themselves and that nets and higher railings would unnecessarily obstruct views. Voorhees believes there isn't a one-size-fits-all answer. "The facility can do its best to manage the risk by doing things like not overserving," she says, "but there's only so much they can do."
As it stands now, Voorhees says, no professional or collegiate leagues have across-the-board railing height standards or safety-net requirements. Facility architects must adhere to the International Building Code (IBC), but the choice to exceed those requirements (or not) is generally left to the team. The IBC requires a 26-inch (66-centimeter) railing in front of seated areas and a 42-inch (1-meter) railing around open-sided areas like walkways.
Some teams have immediately jumped into action after a falling death. In 2012, the Texas Rangers raised the railings in Globe Life Park from 33 to 42 inches after a fan fell to his death trying to retrieve a foul ball that was tossed to him. But other teams have resisted changes — the Braves haven't raised the railings at Turner Field, and the team has declined to reveal the plans for its new stadium, which will open in 2017. Major League Baseball, for its part, seems to be in a constant state of re-evaluation and negotiation.
At the end of the day, you are your own best protection against a fall. "People take on personal responsibility when they enter a stadium," Voorhees says. "You mitigate your risk as best you can."
Now That's Interesting
The International Building Code rules were established in 1929, mostly for use in theaters. Since then, people have gotten taller, and stadiums have gotten much, much bigger.
Alison Cooper "Why Some Fans Fall to Their Deaths in America's Sports Arenas" 14 November 2015.
HowStuffWorks.com. <https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/fans-fall-deaths-sports-arenas.htm> 21 January 2021
Who Pays if You Get Smacked by a Foul Ball?
Which athletes live the longest?
How are cities chosen to host the Olympics?


text:
Q: In a swimming race, the odds that A will win are $\frac23$ to $3$ and the odds that B will win are $\frac14$. Find the odds that A or B win the race. Problem : In a swimming race, the odds that A will win are $\frac23$ and the odds that B will win are $\frac14$. Find the odds that A or B win the race.
My Approach : I guess we can add up the odds of A and B to find the odds of winning of 'A and B'. That is, $\frac23+\frac14=\frac{11}{12}.$ Am I correct?

A: No you can't. There is a subtle distinction between odds and probability; $2:3$ odds is the probability $\frac{2}{2+3}$ and $1:4$ odds is $\frac{1}{1+4}$. With that in mind, you can sum the probabilities. The general formula for the probability A wins or B wins is
$$P(A\cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)$$
where $P(A \cup B)$ denotes the probability A wins or B wins, and $P(A \cap B)$ is probability A wins and B wins, which is clearly impossible. Thus it reduces to
$$= P(A) + P(B)$$
$$= \frac{2}{5} + \frac{1}{5}$$
$$= \frac{3}{5}$$

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A reliance on traditional agricultural methods limits families ability to grow enough nutritious food for their children. More than one-third of children in Umvoti suffer from chronic malnutrition. For many families, there is only enough food for one meal per day.
Crop yields are limited by poor storage facilities, a lack of access to agricultural tools, and prolonged drought. The area also experiences environmental degradation, caused by fires and harmful sprays, garbage dumping, and the spread of non-indigenous plants.
The estimated HIV prevalence rate in Umvoti is as high as 40%, which is more than double South Africa's national rate. It is estimated that 42% of Umvoti's children have been orphaned, and that number is expected to rise.
There are community and faith-based organizations dedicated to helping people whose lives have been affected by HIV, but most of these organizations have too few resources to care for the large numbers of orphaned children. Many of these children are forced to fend for themselves, but they lack the practical skills they need to do so and have limited access to income-generating activities that would improve their living conditions.
The main water source for drinking, bathing, and cooking is a river that people must share with livestock. In winter, there is even less water for the community because there is no rain, and so the river dries up. Women and girls are responsible for collecting water, and they must wake up very early and walk long distances to do so. Being out on their own, often in the dark, makes them vulnerable to sexual predators.
There are limited opportunities for sustainable employment in Umvoti. Poor literacy and a lack of education among the population have limited the opportunities available. The unemployment rate is very high. Of the nearly 25,000 people of working age, fewer than 15,000 have jobs.
The rural Umvoti (pronounced Oom-vote-ee) community is quite remote, with a population of about 120,000. Umvoti's landscape is breathtakingly beautiful, ranging from massive sandstone cliffs and valleys, to deep gorges carved out by the Umvoti River. The climate is arid, but some roads are impassable and dangerous in the rainy season. Most people live in traditional thatched dwellings.
Many families rely on subsistence agriculture, cultivating beans from January to March and then maize each September. Unfortunately, food production is low and employment opportunities are scarce. Chronic poverty makes daily life in Umvoti very challenging, and social problems include child abuse, alcohol and drug abuse, and high rates of crime. The lack of jobs means many men are forced to leave to find work in urban centres.


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Child destruction
Child destruction is the name of a statutory offence in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Hong Kong. The offence of that name has been abolished and replaced in Victoria, Australia.
Child destruction is the crime of killing an unborn but viable foetus; that is, a child "capable of being born alive", before it has "a separate existence".[1]
People have been convicted of the offence for injuring a heavily pregnant woman in the abdomen, such that her foetus dies; for killing a foetus during childbirth; or for performing a late-term abortion.
The purpose of the offence is to criminalise the killing of a child during its birth, because this is neither abortion[2] nor homicide[3] for the purposes of the criminal law. It can also be used to prosecute late abortions.[4]
During the second reading of the Preservation of Infant Life Bill 1928 to 1929, Lord Atkin said:
As the noble and learned Lord has explained, the gap is that, whereas the mother of a child who kills it after it has a separate existence is guilty of what was the crime of murder and is now the lesser offence of infanticide, yet, if she kills the child in the actual course of delivery or within such a short time afterwards that it has not had and cannot be proved to have had a separate existence, it is not an offence.[5]
1 England and Wales
1.1 Statute
1.1.1 "Capable of being born alive"
1.1.2 "Felony"
1.1.3 "Penal servitude"
1.2 Defence
1.3 Mode of trial
1.4 Sentence
1.5 Early release of prisoners
1.7 Incidence
2 Northern Ireland
2.2 Use
England and Wales[edit]
Statute[edit]
In England and Wales, the offence is created by section 1(1) of the Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929:
(1) Subject as hereinafter in this subsection provided, any person who, with intent to destroy the life of a child capable of being born alive, by any wilful act causes a child to die before it has an existence independent of its mother, shall be guilty of felony, to wit, of child destruction, and shall be liable on conviction thereof on indictment to penal servitude for life:
Provided that no person shall be found guilty of an offence under this section unless it is proved that the act which caused the death of the child was not done in good faith for the purpose only of preserving the life of the mother.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, evidence that a woman had at any material time been pregnant for a period of twenty-eight weeks or more shall be primâ facie proof that she was at that time pregnant of a child capable of being born alive.[6]
"Capable of being born alive"[edit]
See C v S [1988] QB 135, [1987] 2 WLR 1108, [1987] 1 All ER 1230, [1987] 2 FLR 505, (1987) 17 Fam Law 269, CA (Civ Div)
In Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority,[7] Brooke J said that a child is "born alive" if "after birth, it exists as a live child, that is to say breathing and living by reason of its breathing through its own lungs alone, without deriving any of its living or power of living by or through any connection with its mother."
As originally enacted, section 5(1) of the Abortion Act 1967 described the provisions of the Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 as "protecting the life of the viable foetus".[8] It was held that this had no effect on the meaning of the Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929. The suggestion that "viable" had a narrower meaning than "capable of being born alive" was rejected.[9]
David Ormerod said that the definition of "born alive" given in Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority is not of universal application and that an example of a case where it was not applicable was Re A (Children),[10] where a conjoined twin who never drew breath was considered to have been born alive.[11]
The period of 28 weeks' gestation was later reduced to 24 weeks.[1]
"Felony"[edit]
See the Criminal Law Act 1967.
"Penal servitude"[edit]
The reference to a sentence of penal servitude must be construed as a reference to a sentence of imprisonment: The Criminal Justice Act 1948, section 1(1).
Defence[edit]
A registered medical practitioner who terminates a pregnancy in accordance with the provisions of the Abortion Act 1967 does not commit this offence.[12]
Mode of trial[edit]
Child destruction is an indictable-only offence.[13]
Sentence[edit]
Child destruction is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term.[14]
Early release of prisoners[edit]
Child destruction is an "excluded offence" for the purposes of section 32 of the Criminal Justice Act 1982.[15]
Before 1 April 1991, section 5(1) of the Abortion Act 1967 provided that nothing in that Act affected the provisions of the Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929. That section was substituted by section 37(4) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990.
Incidence[edit]
The charge of child destruction is rare.[16] There were ten cases in the ten years to 1987.[17] When a woman who had a backstreet abortion while 7½ months pregnant was given a suspended sentence of 12 months in 2007,[18] the Crown Prosecution Service was unaware of any similar conviction.[16] In 2000, a man stamped on his girlfriend's abdomen and thereby caused her to go into premature labour. Since he had intended to kill the foetus in the womb, whereas in fact the baby died shortly after birth, he was convicted of manslaughter and attempted child destruction.[19]
In South Wales, in February 2012, Carl Whant raped and fatally stabbed 19-year old Nikitta Grender, the fiancée of his cousin, who was due to give birth to her baby daughter two weeks later, at her home in Ringland, Newport. He was convicted of child destruction, and arson for setting her home alight after the killing. The stab wound killed her unborn daughter. Whant was sentenced to imprisonment for life with a minimum term of 35 years. The crown advocate of the Crown Prosecution Service in Wales said, "Child destruction is a very rarely used charge; we are not aware of another case like this one in Wales".[20]
Also in 2012, a woman who self-administered an abortion drug when 39 weeks pregnant was convicted of unlawful abortion under the 1861 Act.[21] The sentencing judge remarked that she might equally have been charged with child destruction.[21][22]
In 2015, Kevin Wilson and an accomplice, who was under eighteen and could not be legally named, were convicted of child destruction and grievous bodily harm after they beat and kicked Wilson's pregnant ex-girlfriend, causing fatal injuries to the foetus.[23]
Northern Ireland[edit]
In Northern Ireland law, the offence is created by section 25(1) of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945.[24]
Use[edit]
The first conviction for this offence was in 2000.[26] The coroner reporting on the 1998 Omagh bombing recommended that the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland should prosecute for two counts of child destruction as well as 29 of murder, as one of the people killed was 34 weeks pregnant with twins.[27]
Australia[edit]
Each state and territory of Australia has a separate criminal code. The offence is called "killing unborn child" in Queensland,[28] Western Australia,[29] and the Northern Territory,[30] and "causing death of child before birth" in Tasmania.[31] In South Australia, it comes under the heading of "abortion".[32]
In some states, the offence can be committed only around the time of childbirth:[33] namely Western Australia,[29] Queensland,[28] and the Northern Territory.[30] The definition is somewhat broader in the Australian Capital Territory,[33][34] and comparably broad to English law in Tasmania[31] and South Australia.[32][33]
In Victoria, section 10 of the Crimes Act 1958[35] defined the crime in terms similar to the UK Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929.[36] It was repealed by the Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (Victoria), on the recommendation of the Victorian Law Reform Commission.[36][37]
New South Wales does not have a child destruction enactment,[33] but the Crimes Amendment (Grievous Bodily Harm) Act 2005 (NSW) amended the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) so that s 4(1)(a) now defines "grievous bodily harm" as including "the destruction (other than in the course of a medical procedure) of the foetus of a pregnant woman, whether or not the woman suffers any other harm".[38]
Hong Kong[edit]
Child destruction is defined in section 47B of the Offences against the Person Ordinance.[39] A person guilty of child destruction is liable to be punished as though he was guilty of manslaughter.[40] This means that he is liable to imprisonment for life and to pay such fine as the court may award.[41]
Born alive rule
Feticide
^ a b Knight, Bernard (1998). Lawyers guide to forensic medicine (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 1-85941-159-2.
^ That is to say, the offence of administering drugs or using instruments to procure abortion, contrary to section 58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, which is defined as "unlawful procurement of a miscarriage."
^ That is to say, the offences of murder, manslaughter and infanticide.
^ Card, Richard (editor). Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. ISBN 0-406-00086-7. ¶¶11.82–83.
^ "PRESERVATION OF INFANT LIFE BILL. [H.L.] (Hansard, 22 November 1928)". hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
^ Digitised copy of section 1 of the Infant Life (Preservation) 1929 from Legislation.gov.uk. Accessed on 8 December 2011.
^ Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority [1991] 1 QB 587, [1991] 2 WLR 159, [1991] 1 All ER 801, QBD
^ Digitised copy of the original print of the Abortion Act 1967.
^ Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority [1991] 1 QB 587, [1991] 2 WLR 159, [1991] 1 All ER 801, QBD.
^ Re A (Children) [2001] 2 WLR 480, [2000] 4 All ER 961, [2001] Crim LR 400
^ David Ormerod. Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. Page 603
^ The Abortion Act 1967, section 5(1) (substituted by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, section 37(4))
^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 1999 Edition, paragraph 19-133
^ The Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929, section 1(1); the Criminal Justice Act 1948 (11 & 12 Geo.6 c.58), section 1(1)
^ The Criminal Justice Act 1982, section 32(2)(b) and paragraph 10 of Part II of Schedule 1
^ a b "Child destruction: charge is rarely used". Daily Telegraph. London. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ Dean, Malcolm (20 January 1987). "Babes in harm / Legal protection for the unborn and newly-born child". The Guardian.
^ Britten, Nick (27 May 2007). "Jury convicts mother who destroyed foetus". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ Cooper, Matthew (2 November 2000). "'Arrogant Ladies' Man' gets 10 years over baby's death". Press Association.
^ "The yawning killer: Ex-bouncer's contempt as he is jailed for rape and murder of his cousin's heavily-pregnant teenage girlfriend". Daily Mail. London. 23 February 2012.
^ a b Prochaska, Elizabeth (21 September 2012). "Sarah Catt, abortion and the legal rights of pregnant women". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ Cooke, Jeremy (17 September 2012). "R -v- Sarah Louise Catt sentencing remarks" (PDF). Judgments. Leeds Crown Court: Judiciary of England and Wales. p. 4, §12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ "Man convicted of killing unborn baby by kicking pregnant ex-girlfriend". The Guardian. London. 17 December 2015.
^ Digitised copy of section 25 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945, from Legislation.gov.uk. Accessed on 27 February 2012.
^ The Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945, section 1(1); the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1953, section 1(1)
^ "Killer loses appeal over child's death". Belfast News Letter. 28 April 2001. p. 3.
^ "Omagh coroner to write to DPP on twins". Belfast Telegraph. 29 September 2000.
^ a b "Criminal Code Act 1899: Reprint No. 7" (PDF). Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ a b "§290: Killing unborn child". Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 (PDF) (v14-b0-05 ed.). 27 June 2009. p. 142. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ a b "Criminal Code Act – Notes". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ a b "Tasmania. Criminal Code Act 1924 (No. 69 of 1924), as amended through 2003". Harvard School of Public Health. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ a b "Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 Sect 82A–Medical termination of pregnancy". Australasian Legal Information Institute. 27 November 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ a b c d McLean, Sheila (2006). First do no harm: law, ethics and healthcare. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 360–2. ISBN 0-7546-2614-8.
^ "Crimes Act 1900 Section 42". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ Digitised copy of the original text of the Crimes Act 1958, from AustLII
^ a b "Abortion Law Reform Bill 2008: Explanatory memorandum". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2009. Clause 9 repeals section 10 of the Crimes Act 1958, which is contained in subdivision (2) of Division 1 of Part I of that Act. Section 10 of the Crimes Act 1958 contains the offence of child destruction, which the Victorian Law Reform Commission has recommended be repealed.
^ "Abortion Law Reform Act 2008 (No. 58 of 2008) – Sect 9". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), s 4(1)(a)
^ The Offences against the Person Ordinance, section 47B. Digitised copy from the Hong Kong Legal Information Institute. Accessed on 27 February 2012.
^ The Offences against the Person Ordinance, section 47B(1)
^ The Offences against the Person Ordinance, section 7
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