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Tony Stewart Ice Cube Kyle Larson Eric Garcetti Sports media Sports TV Arts and entertainment Entertainment Television programs Men's sports Lung disease Coronavirus Health Diseases and conditions Infectious diseases NASCAR Football Professional football Sports Automobile racing NFL Super Bowl NFL football
Tony Stewart Kyle Larson
NASCAR bet more than $1 million to bring cars into Coliseum
By JENNA FRYER - Feb. 04, 2022 08:01 PM EST
Turn 1 of a temporary auto racing track is viewed inside LA Coliseum ahead of a NASCAR exhibition race in Los Angeles, Friday, Feb. 4, 2022. NASCAR is hitting Los Angeles a week ahead of the Super Bowl, grabbing the spotlight with its wildest idea yet: The Clash, the unofficial season-opening, stock-car version of the Pro Bowl, will run at the iconic coliseum in a made-for-Fox Sports spectacular. (AP Photo/Jenna Fryer)
LOS ANGELES (AP) — NASCAR's top stars have seen the Los Angeles Coliseum on television and they know what it looks like as a football stadium.
But as a racetrack? This they had to see right away, up close as soon as they arrived in Los Angeles.
Much of the NASCAR industry descended on the Coliseum shortly after touching down to get a sneak peek of this bold new venue. NASCAR has taken its biggest gamble yet by moving its preseason exhibition race inside the Coliseum, renovated at a cost of more than $1 million into a temporary quarter-mile asphalt track for a Sunday night sprint shootout.
As the Fox Sports team attempted to explain why the Coliseum is such a progressive step for the sport, a sound check of the audio system drowned out their excitement. Pumped through the speakers was a collection of hits by Ice Cube, the headliner of a halftime act worked in to the Busch Light Clash's run of show.
"What's it going to take for everybody to consider this event a success?" asked Tony Stewart, the NASCAR Hall of Famer who will join the Fox Sports booth this weekend. "I think the key word is event. This is not just a race. This is an event at a very special place, a very special venue.
"(People) love to hear and feel like they were entertained. That's what's going to make it a success. Doesn't have to be 40 passes for the lead. It doesn't have to be two-wide racing, three-wide racing. If people leave here and they feel good about this event, that is going to make this event a success."
The track doesn't officially open until Saturday for a morning practice session followed by early evening qualifying. The Clash is Sunday night but is preceded by heat races that will determine which 23 drivers advance to the main event. The heat races will eliminate 13 drivers from advancing into the finale; only reigning Cup champion Kyle Larson is locked into the field.
The Clash is 150 laps, caution laps won't count, Pitbull has a pre-race a show, a DJ will be on hand for breaks and Ice Cube has a full stage set for his halftime show.
So the drivers showed up Friday to get a first look at the smallest track most will have ever raced on. At a quarter mile, the transformed Coliseum is almost half the size of Bristol or Martinsville, which both measure at just over a half-mile and NASCAR's smallest venues on the Cup schedule.
Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti also dropped by to see the show that precedes next week's Super Bowl. When the idea of a race at the Coliseum was first broached, Garcetti couldn't grasp the idea.
"I was like, 'You've got to be kidding me. Where? Like, outside the Coliseum?'" Garcetti told The Associated Press after touring the iconic stadium. "My first thought — it was going to be around the Coliseum. Now when you see it, you realize they pulled off a miracle."
The track was built over USC's football field, and Coliseum general manager Joe Furin conceded the grass that's been covered by asphalt is now dead. But Furin also noted that when NASCAR broke ground on the track in December, it happened to fall on the 100th anniversary of the groundbreaking for the Coliseum.
"The NASCAR event is completely out of the box," said Furin, "but it is absolutely a worthy event."
The Clash has been held at Daytona International Speedway every year since its 1979 inception when the made-for-TV event was created as a tune-up for the season-opening Daytona 500. But Ben Kennedy, the 30-year-old great-grandson of NASCAR's founder, is now the senior vice president of strategy and innovation, and he's unafraid to break from the same old way his family has always run the show.
The idea came with a hefty price tag; $1 million was initially budgeted for the project, but NASCAR ultimately spent "significantly more" to stage the two-day event, said Steve O'Donnell, NASCAR executive vice president and chief racing development officer.
"It's been a significant investment by NASCAR," said Steve O'Donnell. "We made a big bet on this, but we think it's the right thing to do for the industry. When you look at investments, particularly from our standpoint, we're going to be bold and aggressive if we feel like that's a way toward future growth."
NASCAR is hoping to piggyback on the hoopla surrounding the Super Bowl, scheduled a week from Sunday at Sofi Stadium, less than 10 miles away. The hometown Rams will play for the NFL championship in a whirlwind week of sports for the city.
Los Angeles has continued to see high levels of COVID-19 infections and Garcetti was under scrutiny recently for not wearing a mask at the NFC title game. Under a Los Angeles County health order, masks are required at all times, with limited exceptions, and Clash fans over the the age of 5 will need to provide proof of vaccination or a negative COVID-19 test.
NASCAR's competitors are exempt from the rule. Anyone can compete so long as they meet NASCAR's requirements, and NASCAR does not require vaccination or test competitors.
Garcetti noted that the Coliseum will be used for the men's World Cup tournament in 2026, and the famed facility will be the first to host three Summer Olympics when the Games are in L.A. in 2028.
"Los Angeles is the sports capital of the world, and it really feels like it this week. We can (host) NASCAR one Sunday and have the Super Bowl the next Sunday, all while the NBA and NHL are continuing," Garcetti said. "We're preparing for what really will be a golden decade."
More AP auto racing: https://apnews.com/hub/auto-racing and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports


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1. What causes dukkha and what can we do about it?
2. How does nirvana differ from the Hindu and Jain notions of Moksha?
3. What are the three general divisions of the noble eightfold path and which "right" action belong under each division?
4. Why can we say that Buddhism is not a nihilistic religion?


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Rebecca Long-Bailey: The Labour Party I will lead will fight for aspirational socialism
It's how we will win
I'm a socialist, so I always look for the social case for a policy, but as the Shadow Business Secretary I always look for the economic case, too (Photo: Robert Perry/Getty)
By Rebecca Long-Bailey
March 3, 2020 9:40 am(Updated July 13, 2020 11:35 am)
i approached all three Labour leadership candidates to pitch to our readers.
Lisa Nandy's piece can be found here.
Keir Starmer will write next week.
Britain's greatest institution is also its most socialist. In poll after poll, the NHS wins out as our people's favourite institution. It plays such a central role in our national identity that if Bruce Springsteen were British, he would probably sing "born in the NHS".
Yes, the NHS is under pressure, forcing staff to go above and beyond. It needs more support through increased funding and kicking out the privatisers. But, still, clearly, the model works. So we should look to apply it to more of the challenges of our time.
A guide to today's talking points, straight to your inbox
We love the NHS because it's ours; we built it together these past 70 odd years. But it's also because it gives us the freedom not to worry that we'll go bankrupt if we get ill, like many Americans are forced to a year. That individual freedom makes us all safer. If you think you might have coronavirus, you can just get tested; in the US, that could set you back thousands of dollars.
The NHS model is efficient. Rather than trying to buy healthcare as individuals with limited information or bargaining power, we do it collectively, with lots of information and power. That's why medicines are on average two and a half times cheaper here than in the US.
And the NHS model is fair. We all pay in through a progressive taxation system and we all get the service. I believe that we should make our taxation system more progressive, with all earnings above £125,000 taxed at 50 per cent. We all benefit from the society we've collectively built so we should all give back to it, according to our ability to pay.
That's not up for debate. The question now is how can we expand this model to meet our contemporary challenges.
We created the NHS over 70 years ago. It works and we love it (Photo: Getty)
I'm a socialist, so I always look for the social case for a policy, but as the Shadow Business Secretary I always look for the economic case, too. A good policy satisfies both, which is what applying the NHS model to children's mental health, adult social care and a publicly owned medicines company would do. We could save money by tackling the huge crises in mental health and social care and widen access to vital medicines.
The social case for action on children's mental health is obvious and growing at an alarming rate. One in eight children were diagnosed with at least one mental health disorder in 2017, 60 per cent of teachers believe they've taught a child who was self-harming and over 100,000 children referred to a mental health specialist in 2017 did not receive treatment. And while local authorities and the NHS provide services, they are under serious strain. Nearly 60 per cent of local authorities have seen a fall in low level mental health services and in 2017 approximately 185,784 young people were referred to specialists NHS CAMHS services yet only 78,847 received support.
The economic case for expanding mental health provision is likewise clear: not doing anything is costing us billions, with the OECD suggesting mental ill health costs £94billion per year, while a source quoted by the Department of Health estimates £105billion.
So we should roll out a national young people's mental health service, which we could more than pay for by reversing Tory tax cuts to bankers, which cost us well over £1billion per year. For less than £1billion per year, we could have a fully trained mental health counsellor in every secondary school, visits to every primary school by a fully trained professional at least once a week, and set up a network on safe and welcoming mental health support hubs in every local authority.
Rebecca Long-Bailey: 'I'm a continuity Socialist — not the continuity Corbyn candidate'
Likewise on social care for our older people, we have the crisis of 1.4 million older people not getting the care they need. Instead of forcing people into a life lottery, where if they get dementia, they could lose everything, we should pool our risks. So we should work towards a National Care Service that provides a service that is genuinely universal and enables independent living for all. But creating such a service is highly complicated, so while we do it, we should immediately fund free personal care for older people, as an immediate first step.
Another way we can build on the NHS model to get better outcomes and save money is in medicines. Through the collective purchasing power of the NHS, we already are able to keep drug prices lower than in many other countries, but there are still vital drugs that are too costly or not being made available. If we were able to manufacture our own generic drugs or support specific areas of medicine development where the existing costs are high, we could improve health outcomes and reduce costs.
We created the NHS over 70 years ago. It works and we love it. It's time to make the common sense case to expand that principle in the interests of everyone, so people's hopes and dream can be secured through solidarity – that's aspirational socialism.
That's the Labour Party I want to lead. One that applies our values and lessons from the victories of the past to contemporary challenges, fighting for an aspirational socialist society where everyone can achieve their hopes and dreams. That's not just the right thing to do, it's how we'll win.
Rebecca Long-Bailey is the Labour MP for Salford and Eccles and is running to be leader of the Labour Party.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Check out this latest stunt from Greenpeace that shows just how unsafe French nuclear plants are to terrorist attacks. [ALERTE] Superman survole la centrale nucléaire du Bugey, à une trentaine de km de Lyon, et s'écrase volontairement contre un bâtiment lourdement char.mp4 Designed in the 70s, French nuclear plants are unsafe from airborne attack. Nothing has blocked a Superman drone flying over an EDF nuclear plant in France and crashing voluntarily on the spent fuel building. Just imagine what people with more nefarious intentions could do.
Is this a good idea considering neighboring North Korea and its own Nuclear Capabilities?First disarm North Korea then discuss this kind of measures. I know the accident in Japan happened because of an Earthquake but it was found that the company responsible could have prevented it. I'm not for Nuclear power, but sometimes we need to be realistic.
Politicians and decision-makers in South Korea are torn about a plan to continue construction of two nuclear power plants, following a major earthquake.
It's nice to see the world turning away from harmful sources of energy, I just hope they're able to put the jobs of those workers in another field of our ever evolving planet.
Great! At least the socialist managed to get that right during their time in office.
Nearly a third of France's ageing nuclear reactors could be shut down by 2025 as the country prepares to scale back the amount of electricity produced from nuclear power (source). According to France's new Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot, that's potentially how many nuclear reactors are needed to close to fulfil a law passed in 2015, by the previous Socialist-dominated parliament, that obliged the government to reduce the proportion of electricity generated from nuclear power from around 75% to 50% by 2025. France currently has 58 nuclear reactors operated by state-owned EDF and many of the nuclear reactors are old as they were built during the oil crises in the 1970s and '80s.
Here's some great news! Switzerland recently voted to phase out nuclear power in favour of renewable energy. BBC reports: The future is clean and renewable!


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The Enchanting Violinist – 1
Published on December 21, 2016 March 28, 2021 by Elly in Nairobi
Multi-tasking : Gotta Make a Livin'
There was no water in the house.
Nyambura sat at the dining table fighting the urge to scream. Frustration was hard to escape. Her Nairobi home came outfitted with two huge three thousand liter tanks, indoor plumbing and even a washing machine. Granted that the washing machine and indoor plumbing might have contributed to the now empty tanks, still, here she sat, no different from the people who needed to fetch water from the river.
Nairobi's water company had a special way of cutting the citizens down to the same size. Granted those with more money than she did solved their water problems with one call to a water broker. One full water truck about now would solve all her problems.
Sadly, she was broke.
It was the end of March, that no-man's land between payday and tight budget. All the money in her purse was strictly reserved to basic needs: food, fare, credit for her phone.
Nyambura sighed again.
Curse the water company, to think she paid her water bill on time. Why couldn't they service her with water on time too…such a one-sided commitment. She scowled. Sorta like love in Nairobi these days.
All the men she met had commitment phobia.
Nyambura laughed then.
Of course, water problems all led back to the lack of love in her life. If she had a side-dish, she would call him up for the four thousand shillings needed for the water broker. The water broker would bring her water, fill her huge tanks…
"Ah…," she sighed.
She couldn't do it though.
She couldn't be the woman who called up a man to sort her problems. It wasn't in her DNA. She'd never tried it anyway, and didn't even know how one started.
"Nyams."
She looked up from staring at the dining table to find her best friend and housemate staring at her.
"Talking to yourself is considered a sign of madness," Rachel said. "Worrying about the water?"
Nyambura shook her head.
"I'll call up Shiro. She can get us a water broker, and we'll pay her later."
"What about Phillip?" Rachel asked, her gaze filled with mischief. "He wouldn't have a problem sending us the cash."
"I'm not calling Phillip," Nyambura said, shaking her head. "You shouldn't either."
Rachel gave a dramatic sigh. "Why do you judge him this way?"
"I don't need a man to sort my problems," Nyambura said, heading into the living room.
Her phone was on the coffee table. She found Shiro's number and called her. Shiro was their Mama Mboga. Shiro had a great network of traders, from shoecobblers, plumbers, fundis, painters, computer repair guys…water brokers.
Nyambura smiled when Shiro greeted her.
"Eeh, Nyambura!" Shiro knew everyone's number. "I'm guessing you need water."
"You know me too well."
"Can you pay him next week at least by Tuesday?"
"Yes, you know I'm good for it," Nyambura said. "I don't like to keep my debts."
"I know, that's why I like you, Nyambura witu**," Shiro said. "If you leave the compound keys at the kiosk, I'll make sure your tank is filled."
Nyambura felt a weight lift off her shoulders.
"I'll make sure to pay you back for this one, Shiro."
"The concert tickets you gave my daughter last month were more than enough. She was so excited, she hasn't stopped praising you," Shiru said. "I'll talk to you later."
Nyambura ended the call with a happy smile.
"I guess that's how you deal with it," Rachel said. She was perched on an armchair. "I'd have called Phillip."
Rachel had a serious obsession with Phillip Keitani. A software developer working for a prestigious IT company in the city. Nyambura had met him at a function sponsored by his company. She'd been the entertainment, while Phillip had been the esteemed guest. Of course, Rachel had thought it a match made in heaven. After all, Phillip was a man with a stable job, a big fat paycheck and great business connections. He was single, or so Rachel said.
However, Nyambura was wary of Phillip.
In this Nairobi town, men had a tendency to hide their wives well. Shaking her head at Rachel, Nyambura placed her phone on the coffee table and wondered if she'd ever trust again.
Her last relationship had left her scarred.
Literally.
She touched the long scar on her left arm, a jagged disfigurement, from the inside of her wrist to her elbow. It was dark against her soft brown skin. A memorable souvenir from her ex-boyfriend's wife.
The woman had meant to kill her.
Nyambura sometimes saw that woman's crazy gaze in her dreams. She frowned. To be honest, it wasn't sometimes, but most times. Most nights when she closed her eyes.
After surviving that incident, Nyambura had promised herself to never again allow childish dreams of love to color her world.
No, now, Nyambura focused on making money.
After all, she was Nyambura Gatano, the enchanting violinist. The enchanting sprite who did wonders with a violin. By God, she was going to play for the bloody President one of these days.
"Nyambura," Rachel interrupted her dreams. "Now that water is sorted, can we go figure out the shop downstairs? Yesterday we were running out of stock. I'm sure we're going to need to order more weaves."
Rachel listed all the hair products the shop needed, squarely bringing Nyambura back to her day job.
Yes, the enchanting violinist needed to eat, pay electricity, the damnable water bill and membership fees to the growing quartet she played with on her free time.
To keep up, she ran a small hair salon that also sold hair products in a shop downstairs with Rachel as her partner. Her day job wasn't boring, but it took time away from her precious passion.
The violin was her dream. The salon was her livelihood. One day, she hoped to make the violin her livelihood.
"Stop daydreaming, Nyams," Rachel said, pulling her out of her thoughts. "Dress, and do something about your hair, will you? It's not helping your image at all."
Rachel hurried away to her bedroom and Nyambura sighed.
Rachel was the beloved nemesis in her world.
Rachel was the one who brought her down whenever her thoughts went flying into the ether. Rachel was the brave one, the one who could sweet talk men into doing anything for her. Even get a water broker….the only reason she didn't now was because Nyambura ran their house and wouldn't allow it.
Nyambura went to her bedroom, reached for her favorite jeans and a nice white sleeveless top. She ran a comb through her weave. Thankfully, it was easy to manage. Straight and short, it fell into place without a fuss. The only make-up she owned was a stick of strawberry lip gloss. She applied it now with liberal abandon, smacking her lips as she slipped the tube into her jeans' pocket. She gave herself a critical glance in the mirror.
The woman looking back at her could pass for a twenty-seven year old. Hardships had a way of slimming you down. She was thirty-one: a struggling violinist, a small business owner, and very single to her mother's chagrin.
She left her bedroom ready to face a day at the salon downstairs selling the merits of fake hair to women.
Life was good, Nyambura decided patting her hip.
Nyambura witu – Our Nyambura
To Be Continued….Thank you for reading!
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Categories Short Fiction, The Enchanting Violinist•Tags Romance Novels Set in Nairobi, Series - Fiction
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4 thoughts on "The Enchanting Violinist – 1"
Pingback: The Enchanting Violinist – 2 – Love in Nairobi
Maremma Gee says:
So I'm sucked into another one…off to Episode 2…
elly in nairobi says:
I'm very happy about this, hehe ^_^


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Іван Петрович Максимович (; 25 серпня 1807 — 1861, м. Київ) — професор гебрейської мови в Київській духовній академії (1807—1861), богослов та перекладач.

Життєпис
Був редактором щотижневого академічного журналу «Недільні читання», публікував богословські твори українських письменників 17-18 століть; писав російською мовою.

Перекладав російською мовою з давньоєврейської Старий Заповіт, але надруковано було лише 19 глав книги Царств — «Труди Київської академії» (), 1861 р.

Також вийшли окремим виданням «Історичні огляди Сьомого вселенського собору» — Київ, 1845 р. ().

«Паломник київський або путівник по монастирях та церквах київських» (), , 1845, 1854 року вийшло четверте видання.

Джерела

Посилання

 «Максимович Иван Петрович » // Биографический словарь. 2000.
 «1807 — Іван Петрович Максимович » // Всеукраинская общественная научная организация «Эксперты Украины».

Українські педагоги
Українські православні богослови
Викладачі Київської духовної академії
Перекладачі Біблії
Редактори Російської імперії
Російські педагоги
Російські перекладачі
Професори

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Learn about how our corporate Pilates program can reduce the stress of desk jobs.
Did you know how many hours the average person sits at their desk every week?
The average Australian is sedentary for up to 7–10 hours per day. This does not include sleeping. Sedentary can refer to sitting or lying down at work or home, for study or travel. This translates into 70 hours per week and over a whopping 3,640 hours per year.
Pilates is the perfect lifestyle approach to exercise. It is an exercise method which emphasises alignment, as the basis for movement, by creating long lean muscles, building strength and flexibility, without adding bulk. It is a total body workout, which embodies the six Pilates principles of centering, control, concentration, precision, breath and flowing movement. It is a perfect way to work the body from the inside out. It improves core strength by learning correct breathing technique, muscle activation and recruitment patterning, as well as boosting your general health.
Wouldn't you love even a little of what Pilates can offer?
The benefits are endless. Under the guidance of a qualified Pilates practitioner, it is a safe exercise program which genuinely tones and reshapes the body without the threat of injury.
Whether you are recovering from an injury, interested in honing your technique or wanting to ease into the Pilates experience with personalised one to one instruction, private Pilates classes may be the perfect option for you. Age is certainly no barrier. A tailored Pilates program is created to help you achieve your fitness goals. Oh and if you think Pilates is just for females, that is certainly not the case! Pilates was created by a man and many of my clients have been enjoying the benefits of increased strength and control. Suffice to say, they are hooked!
Find out more about private Pilates classes in the Subiaco studio or corporate Pilates in your workplace.
Are you pressed for time? I can come to you. Our corporate Pilates program certainly eliminates the need for travel after a long day. Designed to promote healthy bodies and productive minds. An opportunity to de-stress without leaving your workplace, is also a big plus. Follow this link to find out more about our corporate Pilates program.


All Donations are USA Tax Deductible.
As an expression of Tara's compassion, Tara Dhatu has endeavored to raise money for a number of varied humanitarian projects. Lilliha Nancy Herington and Anahata Iradah are the current directors of the Humanitarian Outreach Program, working with Pabitra Lama and Headmaster Buche to bring education and hope to the Tibetan refugee and impoverished Nepali children of Kathmandu. Amara Karuna continues to find new sponsors for the monks of Sera Je Monastery in southern India. They are delighted to work together with sincere supporters all over the world to bring the blessings of our concern and willingness to help.
With the creation of Tara Dhatu and its nonprofit status, the organization took on the task of directing funds to these nuns in need. The vision and scope of this work expanded greatly following the 1998 Tara Dance Pilgrimage to India and Nepal. There the delegation made connections with schools, nunneries, and organizations housing families and senior citizens. Joni Haug agreed to manage these connections and assumed the role of Charity Director.
She managed this role for ten devoted years. Through Tara Dhatu our members continue to support Tibetan children at the Tibetan Children's Village in Dharamsala, and Tibetan nuns at Dolma Ling and Kachoe Gyakil Ling Nunneries.
We have sent support to an ecological school for impoverished children in Bahia, Brazil.
Our efforts are small but we have made and continue to make a difference. This small story illustrates this perfectly.
An old man walked the beach at dawn.
He noticed a young man ahead of him picking up starfish and flinging them into the sea.
Finally catching up with the youth, he asked the young man why he was doing this.
The answer was that the stranded starfish would die if left until the morning sun.
"But the beach goes on for miles and there are millions of starfish," countered the old man.
The young man looked at the starfish in his hand and then threw it to the safety of the waves.
"It makes a difference to this one," he said.
Please join us in making a difference in this world.


If you haven't heard of Prudent Pet yet, let us introduce you to this new pet insurance provider that has just joined our site!
We're pleased to welcome Pet Assure to our community, too! They offer a discount scheme you can use alongside your insurance.
When it comes to protecting your four-legged friends, it's good to have choices and new ways of covering vet care costs. Pet Insurance is must and a discount scheme to help spread the cost of all types of vet care is a good option too.
We're pleased to welcome Prudent Pet to our site; a new Pet Insurance provider that has great coverage options for Accident and Illness insurance and Accident only coverage with no upper age limits. They offer 2 wellness plans too, so there's lots of choice!
They pride themselves on providing easy to understand and easy to claim insurance so you can focus on all the fun, while they look after your pet's health.
You can get quotes from Prudent Pet and many of our other insurance partners by requesting a quote, and you can find out more about the coverage they offer on their insurer page. If you are already a customer and can tell us more about their customer service and claims process, please leave a review!
This discount scheme provider helps pet owners meet the cost of routine care by providing a 25% discount on all in house medical care provided by thousands of participating veterinarians.
You pay a monthly fee which effectively helps you to spread some of the cost of vet care for routine procedures or emergency care. There are no exclusions or restrictions as this is not an insurance product. However, if you buy this discount scheme it could mean you can afford to reduce your insurance reimbursement percentage, reducing your monthly insurance costs, so it's well worth considering if you'd like to know you have extra financial support for all vet care.
If you already use the plan, we'd love to know how it's worked out for you and if you find it useful, so please leave a review! You can learn more about this discount plan on the Pet Assure page.
For more information on all the insurers we feature on our site take a look at the insurers page, and good luck in finding the right insurance for you and your furry friends!


text:
Broadstone Net Lease Acquires Two Properties Leased by Nationwide
CBRE Represented Nationwide During the Transaction
Philadelphia, PA–April 29, 2016— CBRE Group, Inc. (CBRE) is pleased to announce that it has arranged the transaction for the acquisition of two properties tenanted by Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company (Nationwide) via a sale leaseback transaction for a combined purchase price of $54.6 million.
Steve Marzullo, Justin Marlowe and Adam Silverman of CBRE's Greater Philadelphia Capital Markets Team, Doug Jackson of CBRE's Global Workplace Solutions Group in Columbus, OH, and Jeremy Shyk and Michael Curran of CBRE's Harrisburg Office Brokerage Group, represented Nationwide. Tones Vaisey PLLC represented BNL.
Nationwide, a Fortune 100 company, carries investment grade credit ratings of A+ from Standard & Poor's and A1 from Moody's Investors Service (Moody's), respectively, and is one of the largest diversified insurance and financial services companies in the world. BNL recently obtained an investment grade credit rating (Baa3 with a stable outlook) from Moody's, and this acquisition further enhances the REIT's underlying tenant credit profile.
The two mission-critical properties, which total approximately 385,000 square feet on 65 acres, are located in Harrisburg and Harleysville, Pennsylvania, and are tenanted under one master lease for an initial term of 12 years. The properties, which have seen significant renovations in recent years, support numerous Nationwide business units, including underwriting, claims processing, and information technology, amongst others.
"The sale leaseback opportunity garnered significant interest from investors nationwide. Broadstone demonstrated a high level of professionalism, executed timely due diligence and delivered seamlessly through to closing. Our team continues to experience a healthy demand for single tenant office and industrial offerings and corporations looking to monetize assets in this aggressive capital markets environment," noted Steve Marzullo, Senior Vice President of CBRE.
"We are thrilled to acquire these two Nationwide properties, and to commence a new 12-year lease via this sale leaseback transaction," said Amy Tait, Chairman and CEO of Broadstone Real Estate. "BNL has assembled a fully-leased portfolio of 348 properties, and this acquisition serves to further bolster the credit strength of our portfolio."
Bailey Hall
Leslie Vincen


text:
Hino Hands Over 10 Trucks to Hitachi Transport System
Soon Seng Truck & Parts Sdn Bhd, acclaimed as one of the reputable authorised Hino dealers in the southern region delivered 20 new trucks to Hitachi Transport System recently.
Hitachi Transport System Expanded its Fleet with New Hino Trucks
Hitachi Transport System (M) Sdn Bhd (Hitachi TS) recently took delivery of 10 units of the Hino 300 Series range of light-duty trucks and 10 units of the 500 Series range of medium-duty trucks at its new cold warehouse.
The vehicles were purchased from Soon Seng Truck & Parts Sdn Bhd, acclaimed as one of the reputable authorised Hino dealers in the southern region. It is said that Hitachi TS is impressed by Hino's commitment as a principal in supporting Soon Seng.
Hino Motors Sales (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (HMSM) is committed to providing Hitachi TS with comprehensive training to its drivers. The wide service network provided by HMSM impressed Hitachi TS, with 110 authorised outlets to provides sales, service and spare-parts to customers. 'Excellent' after-sales service is hailed as one of HMSM's strength since its inception in Malaysia in 1977.
Incorporated in 1988, Hitachi TS currently has an operating fleet of 87 units with the support of 475 dedicated employees. The 5,000m2 new cold warehouse in Nilai, which commenced operations on 1st November, 2018, marks the entry of Hino into its cold chain logistics business.
The newly established facility aims to improve the efficiency in responding to customer's needs and requirements in cold chain distribution. Besides providing temperature controlled warehousing and delivery service that complemented with its security management system, Hitachi TS also aims to create value to customers by introducing SmartLogistics Technology into the logistics service it is providing.
The handing of a mock key by HMSM Managing Director Ken Iwamoto to Hitachi TS Managing Director Akihito Nii was witnessed by the management team and staff from Hitachi TS and HMSM.
"Hino's mission is not only to develop a product that is a perfect fit for each customer's business but also 'To Keep 100-per cent Up-Time' and 'Minimise Vehicle Life-Time Cost' through our strong after-sales support. Our Hino Total Support Service team would provide Hitachi TS with full comprehensive support to ensure their daily logistic operations run smoothly. The two Values – 'To Keep 100-per cent Up-Time' and 'Minimise vehicle Life-Time Cost' – are our fundamentals."
With the Hino Total Support Customer Center in Sendayan, he said, the company was going one step further to deliver the best support to customers with the necessary training and safety driving techniques to 'skill up' their drivers and ensure their trucks were looked after well.
Posted by Mary Tang on 16 Nov 2018


Norfork Lake is celebrating its 75th anniversary. The lake is one of the most desired fishing destinations in Arkansas. Its remoteness allows you to really lose yourself in the natural beauty and splendor it provides.
Beautiful sunset over Norfork Lake.
Norfork Lake is rich with history dating back to WW II. The dam was originally created to be one of six dams built to accomplish flood control in the White River Basin. However, it ended up being used for so much more.
House of Representatives member Clyde T. Ellis and others, knew that the lakes and rivers of Arkansas could be powerful sources for creating electric power for the war effort. For years prior to the war, Ellis had been pushing hydroelectric power. He knew that Arkansas retained the necessary resources to provide electricity to the defense industries, and in 1941 his efforts paid off. The Flood Control bill passed the House, granting full authorization for power facilities at Norfork Dam.
It was completed in June 1943, and power generation starting in June of 1944. Congress also approved construction of three additional Arkansas dam and reservoir projects in 1938 for flood control. These included Nimrod, Blue Mountain, and Clearwater.
President Truman at the Norfork and Bull Shoals Dedications circa July 2, 1952.
Norfork and Nimrod were the only two dams that included power generating equipment. Although Nimrod was fitted with penstocks for power turbines, it was completed in 1942 without the remainder of the equipment needed to allow for hydroelectric power generation. The other two dams, Blue Mountain and Clearwater were tabled until after the war, but Norfork Dam received military priority status and became the Little Rock District Corp of Engineers' first war project because of its categorization as a power source for future defense projects. As a result, Arkansas ended up becoming became a vital resource in war effort contributions.
Today, Norfork Dam and Lake provide a multitude of benefits to the state of Arkansas. In 2017, Norfork created revenue amounting to approximately 6.5 million to U.S. Treasury. "The lake is an integral part of the White River System which was designed for flood risk management to help protect homes, businesses and properties across a large part of Arkansas from the flooding" said Chief of Operations for the Little Rock District, Kevin McDaniels. And in 2017, the dam prevented 4.5 million dollars in damages based on the dam's flood control prevention mechanisms.
Fishing is still king here. Almost all varieties of fresh water fish are found in the lake, and it also contains one of the best striped bass fisheries in Arkansas. Numerous state record setting catches have come out of Norfork Lake here such as a rock bass, weighing in at 1 pound 8 ounces.


I just posted Albatross #19 at the main site. The print issue is forthcoming in a week or so (finalized the files and delivered to the printer today, giving him the go-ahead to print 100 copies).
It's always a bit of a relief to get another issue out there. I know it's a relief for the poets, who have sometimes waited a year or two to see their poem in print. It's always up in the air, too, until the poem is actually in print, since the journal might fold up shop in the meantime.
I've always tried to keep Albatross small so that it never outgrew itself. I've seen journals start out as quarterlies only to see them burn out after a few years. Albatross is published about once per year and has been doing so for 23 years, a not unremarkable feat for a poetry journal I'm proud to say!


text:
Jun 05, 2017 08:19 PM EDT By Don Don Navidad, UniversityHerald Reporter
iPad Pro 2 Update: The 10.5-Inch Variant Available In The Market After The Announcement At WWDC 2017 [VIDEO]
The much awaited Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2017 event is fast approaching. Apple is expected to roll out new operating systems during the event. Reports are claiming that the tech giant will unveil some hardware, such as the 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2.
The 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2 variant is the most hyped tablet that is expected to be announced at the WWDC 2017 event. The 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2 is said to be available in the market after the announcement.
The 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2 is anticipated to provide extra variety for its users. KGI Securities analyst Ming Chi Kuo claimed that Apple's new 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2 will share some similarities with the previous 9.7-inch iPad Pro 2, but the upcoming powerful iOS tablet will be equipped with a larger screen as well as a narrower bezel, Blorge reported.
Apple's highly anticipated 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2 is expected to be equipped with an A10X chipset. A new 12MP camera complete with a True Tone flash is also being associated with the new iPad Pro 2, PC Tablet reported.
Reports are claiming that the Apple iPad Pro 2 2017 model will be arrive without the headphone jack. But, the upcoming device will resemble to the iPhone 7.
The much awaited iPad Pro 2 10.5-inch model will also feature a Touch bar and a Touch ID sensor. It will also have a smart keyboard and a TrueTone screen which is set at up to 120 Hz. In terms of iPad Pro 2's internal storage, the powerful iOS tablet will be available with a 512GB as the lowest possible storage.
Furthermore, the Cupertino based tech titan is expected to release three different variants of the 2017 iPad Pro 2. It includes the 9.7-inch iPad Pro 2 for $600, 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2 for $700 and 12.9-inch iPad Pro 2 for $800. Aside from the iPad Pro 2, other Apple products expected at the WWDC 2017 event are the Siri-Powered Smart Speaker, MacBook Upgrades, iOS 11 and other Software updates such as macOS, watchOS, and tvOS.
See Now: Facebook will use AI to detect users with suicidal thoughts and prevent suicide
Tags iPad Pro 2, iPad Pro, ipad pro 2 10.5 inch, 10.5-inch iPad Pro 2, ipad pro 2 release date, iPad Pro 2 news, iPad Pro 2 update, wwdc 2017, ipad pro 2 specs, iPad Pro 2 Features
© 2017 University Herald, All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
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text:
Q: maven profile should be activated but is not I have been using maven for years now but I bumped into an issue.
As always I create a repo to illustrate my issue:
git clone https://github.com/clembo590/issues.git --branch mavenProfiles
I just created a multi module maven where I expect the QA profile to be active but it is not.
Here is how the parent pom look like:
  <profiles>
    <!-- build mdr-commons ONLY IF PRESENT -->
    <profile>
      <id>mdr-commons</id>
      <activation>
        <file>
          <exists>mdr-commons/pom.xml</exists>
        </file>
      </activation>
      <modules>
        <module>mdr-commons</module>
      </modules>
    </profile>

    <profile>
      <id>QA</id>
      <activation>
        <activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
      </activation>
      <build>
        <plugins>

          <!-- this is to check that the coded is formatted : you can use 'apply' instead of 'check' to actually format the code -->
          <plugin>
            <groupId>com.diffplug.spotless</groupId>
            <artifactId>spotless-maven-plugin</artifactId>

if you run mvn clean install you will get
those logs:
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Reactor Build Order:
[INFO]
[INFO] mdr-parent                                                         [pom]
[INFO] mdr-commons                                                        [pom]
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< com.example:mdr-parent >-----------------------
[INFO] Building mdr-parent 1.0.0                                          [1/2]
[INFO] --------------------------------[ pom ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ mdr-parent ---
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-install-plugin:2.4:install (default-install) @ mdr-parent ---
[INFO] Installing ...
[INFO]
[INFO] ----------------------< com.example:mdr-commons >-----------------------
[INFO] Building mdr-commons 1.0.0                                         [2/2]
[INFO] --------------------------------[ pom ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ mdr-commons ---
[INFO]
[INFO] --- spotless-maven-plugin:2.11.1:check (default) @ mdr-commons ---
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-install-plugin:2.4:install (default-install) @ mdr-commons ---
[INFO] Installing ...
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

spotless-maven-plugin is not executed when building mdr-parent which means that QA profile is not active when build mdr-parent. (it is active when building mdr-commons)
question 1:
why is QA profile not active when building mdr-parent?
question 2:
just delete completely the folder called mdr-commons and re run mvn clean install
--> why is QA profile active this time ? (you will see in the logs that the spotless-maven-plugin is executed)
thanks in advance maven experts

A: That is described in documentation:

This profile will automatically be active for all builds unless
another profile in the same POM is activated using one of the
previously described methods. All profiles that are active by default
are automatically deactivated when a profile in the POM is activated
on the command line or through its activation config.

A: The answer can be found in Details on profile activation of the Maven Guide.
TLDR; Profiles which are activeByDefault are deactivated whenever another profile was activated by any other method.
The mdr-commons profile is activated if file mdr-commons/pom.xml exists. In that case, the QA profile is deactivated. If this file does not exist, the QA profile is "active by default".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The biological reduction of CO2 driven by sunlight via photosynthesis is a crucial process for life on earth. However, the conversion efficiency of solar energy to biomass by natural photosynthesis is low. This translates in bioproduction processes relying on natural photosynthesis that are inefficient energetically. Recently, hybrid photosynthetic technologies with the potential of significantly increasing the efficiency of solar energy conversion to products have been developed. In these systems, the reduction of CO2 into biofuels or other chemicals of interest by biocatalysts is driven by solar energy captured with inorganic devices such as photovoltaic cells or photoelectrodes. Here, we explore hybrid photosynthesis and examine the strategies being deployed to improve this biotechnology.
Fossil fuels still represent today more than 80% of all the energy sources employed in the world . Besides being used as fuels, petroleum, coal, and natural gas are also major precursors for the industrial production of a large range of chemicals . Fossil fuels are finite resources, and their indiscriminate utilization causes significant harmful effects on the environment, such as oil spill and water pollution. One of the major negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels is the release of large quantity of CO2 in the atmosphere representing 65% of all the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for anthropogenic global warming .
Because of the critical disadvantages associated with the extensive usage of fossil fuels, the sustainable and economically viable production of fuels and other chemicals from CO2 and renewable energy sources has become one of the main technological challenges of our time. Besides being the main driver for climate changes , CO2 is also a renewable resource and a major carbon source for living organisms. In terms of renewable energy, sunlight is very abundant with ca. 885 million TWh of power reaching the Earth surface every year. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), this represents 3500 times the total quantity of energy that would be used by human in 2050 [5, 6]. Consequently, it is sensible to undertake research efforts aiming at powering CO2 reduction by means of solar energy at industrial scale, which is currently the pursuit of multiple research groups around the world.
Solar energy has two important constraints that must be considered for the elaboration of novel technologies: its intermittent nature and its low average terrestrial power density (global mean of 170 w m−2) [7, 8]. Thus, it is of great importance to conceive systems with optimal efficiency for the capture of solar energy and its subsequent conversion in fuels that are easy to store and use.
Over billions of years, evolution has developed natural photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy to power living cells . Until now, many of the bioproduction processes employing living organisms as catalysts for the synthesis of fuels or other chemicals have relied on natural photosynthesis to acquire the necessary energy. This can be done directly by means of photosynthetic plants, algae, microalgae, or bacteria, converting inorganic carbon molecules into products [10–14]. Alternatively, this can also be done indirectly via the oxidation or fermentation of organic carbon molecules derived from photosynthetic biomass by nonphotosynthetic microorganisms [15–19]. However, natural photosynthesis has evolved over time to facilitate the reproductive success of photosynthetic organisms and not for high efficiency in terms of conversion of solar energy-to-biomass or solar energy-to-specific chemicals . For instance, sugarcane fermentation for the production of ethanol has an average solar energy-to-product conversion efficiency of only 0.2%, whereas the efficiency of photosynthetic production of oil by microalgae is higher but still very low at 1.5% [20–23]. Because of this limited solar energy conversion efficiency, which also has a negative impact on agricultural yields, recent efforts have been deployed to engineer photosynthetic organisms via different synthetic biology strategies to improve solar energy-to-biomass conversion [24–28].
In comparison with natural photosynthesis-based processes, artificial photosynthesis systems where either photoelectrochemical cells or solid-state photovoltaic apparatuses capture solar energy to drive fuel production are more efficient [20, 29, 30]. This is mainly due to the high efficiency of light-absorbing materials employed. For instance, photovoltaic cells have a solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency varying from 16 to 21% in respect of widely used Si panels to greater than 40% in the case of cutting-edge multijunction cells [8, 31]. To date, some of the best artificial photosynthesis systems for fuel production can reach solar energy-to-H2 conversion efficiency ranging from ca. 12 to 18% [32–38].
Artificial photosynthesis has been used to drive the reduction of CO2 into fuels. Photoelectrochemical reactors developed until now for this purpose produced mostly C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, formaldehyde, and formate [39, 40]. One major advantage of biological systems over inorganic apparatuses is their capacity to synthesize a large range of long-chain carbon molecules that can be used as fuels with preferable physicochemical properties or for other chemical applications. Recently, hybrid photosynthesis systems have claimed advantages of both the metabolic versatility of microorganisms and the efficiency of inorganic solar energy capture devices to drive the reduction of CO2 into biofuels and other multicarbon compounds [30, 41, 42]. This novel approach is showing promising potentials that could lead to industrial-scale applications in the near future. The purpose of this review is to discuss the recent advances made in the field of hybrid photosynthesis today and to highlight the challenges associated with this technology.
During hybrid photosynthesis, solar energy is captured by inorganic sunlight absorbers before being used by biological catalysts for driving CO2 reduction. Hybrid photosynthesis systems are diverse since they can couple different types of inorganic solar energy capture devices such as solid-state photovoltaics, photoelectrodes, and photocatalyst nanoparticles or several biological catalysts, including autotrophic bacteria or archaea and enzymes.
A promising strategy for achieving efficient and productive hybrid photosynthesis process is to power a microbial electrosynthesis (MES) reactor with solid-state photovoltaics (PVs) (Fig. 1a) [29, 43, 44]. The principle behind MES is that autotrophic microbes use reducing equivalents generated by an electrochemical reactor to reduce CO2 into biofuels or other chemicals of interest [45, 46]. MES reactors developed until now have different configurations, but the most common one includes an anode and a cathode separated by an ion-exchange membrane and connected by an electric circuit . Protons and electrons are generated by oxidation reactions at the anode, such as water splitting, and the biological oxidation of wastewater or sulfide waste [43, 47–52]. Electrons flow through the electric conduit from the anode to the more negative cathode, while protons migrate through the ion-exchange membrane. Electrons and protons are then acquired by the autotrophic biocatalyst in the cathodic chamber where it reduces CO2. MES processes are driven by an external source of electricity that can be generated via renewable energy resources such as wind and solar.
Because of their metabolic versatility, the different biocatalysts employed for MES until now have been shown to produce a large range of products including C1 compounds such as methane and formate as well as multicarbon molecules such as acetate, butyrate, 2-oxobutyrate, propionate, ethanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and wax esters [41, 52–56]. MES biocatalysts are diverse and comprise both pure cultures as well as mixed communities . When mixed communities are employed for MES, acetogens mainly producing acetate by using CO2 as electron acceptor via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and methanogens generating methane from CO2 often become the dominating populations [50, 57–61]. There are many examples of pure culture-driven MES reactors including systems where the biocatalyst was an acetogen, a Fe2+-oxidizing bacterium, the ammonia-oxidizer Nitrosomonas europaea, the electrogenic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens, or the bioplastic producer Ralstonia eutropha [44, 49, 53, 62–72].
For PV-driven MES, the MES reactor is connected via external wires to an autonomous solid-state PV cell. One of the main reasons why PVs are more efficient at converting solar energy than natural photosynthesis is that they have a larger light absorption range that can stretch from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared . Because of technological innovations and manufacturing scale-up, PV deployment for domestic or industrial usages has increased significantly in the last decade, while costs have decreased concomitantly . In terms of efficiency, market leader multicrystalline Si (multi-Si) PVs can convert 21% of the received solar energy into electricity . Currently, the most efficient PV is a four-junction system (GaInP/GaAs//GaInAsP/GaInAs) still at laboratory scale, which can convert 46% of the received solar energy into electricity .
The coulombic efficiency for the production of acetate from CO2 by MES is often between 80 and 90% when efficient biocatalysts for MES such as the acetogen Sporomusa ovata are employed [43, 63, 65]. Thus, the energetic efficiency of the MES reactor for acetate production could be theoretically around 47% assuming a coulombic efficiency of 85% and a whole electrochemical cell voltage of − 2 V . The theoretical, optimal equilibrium potential in an electrochemical cell for CO2 reduction into acetate at the cathode and water splitting at the anode should be − 1.1 V, but because of electrode overpotentials associated with every electrochemical reaction, the practical whole cell voltage should be higher by several hundred millivolts [46, 76]. Thus, powering a MES reactor for acetate production with multi-Si PV or with four-junction PV could result in hybrid photosynthesis systems with solar energy-to-acetate conversion efficiency of ca. 9.9% or ca. 21.6%, respectively (Table 1).
Recently, Liu et al. developed a MES system for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and C3–C5 alcohols from CO2 with a Co-Pi anode, a Co–P alloy cathode, and Ralstonia eutropha as the microbial catalyst (Fig. 1a) . This electrode tandem was employed because it significantly lessens the overpotential required for water splitting and it is also nontoxic for bacteria. R. eutropha was used as the biocatalyst because it can produce significant quantity of PHB from CO2 and it can also be genetically engineered [78, 79]. Interestingly, relatively good energy efficiencies of 42% for PHB, 39% for isopropanol, and 27% for C4 and C5 alcohols were achieved with this MES system. Based on these results, the authors calculated that powering their MES reactor with a PV device that has a solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 18% would result in a hybrid photosynthesis system with a solar energy-to-chemicals conversion efficiency of 7.6% for PHB and 7.1% for C3–C5 alcohols.
One advantage of MES in the context of hybrid photosynthesis is that physical contact between the microbial catalyst and the cathode may reduce the electrical energy and electrode overpotentials required for the generation of reducing equivalents at the cathode by the electrochemical reactor, making the whole system more efficient. For instance, it has been shown that the presence of microbes in the cathodic chamber of a MES reactor can accelerate the evolution of H2, which is often the main electron shuttle in this type of system [80, 81]. Furthermore, it has been suggested that electrons can be transferred directly from the cathode to microbes without the need for electron shuttles, which is an electron-transfer mechanism that would also require less electrical energy [43, 68, 71].
As an alternative to MES, it may be advantageous in terms of efficiency and productivity to assemble a hybrid photosynthesis system, where solid-state PVs are powering an electrolyzer splitting water to provide H2 to a gas fermentation reactor for the reduction of CO2 by an autotrophic biocatalyst (Fig. 1b) . Nowadays, scale-up commercial electrolyzers using proton-exchange membrane (PEM) have energetic efficiencies between 65 and 70% . This means that if an acetogen or another microbial catalyst converts ca. 80–90% of electrons from H2 into acetate or other products, the solar energy-to-specific product conversion efficiency of a system combining multi-Si PVs, a PEM electrolyzer, and a H2:CO2 gas fermentation reactor could be 11–13%. Compared with a PV-MES approach, the main advantage of this system is that the specialized electrolyzer can maintain a high flux of reducing equivalents toward the gas bioreactor, preventing productivity bottleneck associated with MES .
Electrolyzers powered by PVs could also be used to reduce CO2 into CO, which can then be fed to a gas fermentation reactor for the production of biofuels by acetogens . This approach is particularly advantageous since CO-rich gas feeds are required by acetogen-mediated gas fermentation reported until now to achieve the highest ethanol production yields . Reported CO2-to-CO reduction efficiencies for CO2 electrolyzers being developed today are greater than 80% [84, 85]. Besides CO, CO2 electrolyzers are being developed for the production of other C1 molecules, such as formate or methanol, which could also be used by microbial catalysts as electrons and carbon sources for the synthesis of multicarbon molecules including C2 and above biofuels [86–89].
Multiple hybrid photosynthesis reactors developed in the recent years can be classified as photobioelectrochemical cells (PBECs). In these systems, light absorbers immersed in the electrolytes capture solar energy that will be used to split water at the (photo)anode and to generate reducing equivalents at the (photo)cathode (Fig. 2) . Microbial or enzymatic catalysts will then reduce CO2 by acquiring reducing equivalents from the (photo)cathode. PBECs are derived from photoelectrochemical cells (PEC), which have been extensively investigated over the last 50 years . These systems do not include a biocatalyst and have been mainly developed for the production of H2 to store energy from sunlight [92, 93]. PEC and PBEC can include a photoanode, a photocathode, or both in a tandem configuration (Fig. 2a–c) . Photoanodes are made of n-type semiconducting materials accumulating photoexcited holes that are used for water oxidation. The surface of the photoanode is often modified with oxygen evolution catalysts such as IrO2 to accelerate water splitting and improve photocurrent in the system. Electrons from oxidation reactions at the anode are then transferred via an electric circuit to the cathode. If a photocathode is included in the PEC or PBEC, it is made of a p-type semiconducting material where electrons coming from the (photo)anode are photoexcited to higher energy level. For H2 evolution, the photocathode is often modified with a hydrogen evolution catalyst such as platinum or earth-abundant and nonprecious metals [35, 95–97].
To our knowledge, the first functional microbial PBEC reported in the literature in 2015 was developed by Liu and coworkers at the University of California, Berkeley to produce n-butanol, PHB, or isoprenoids from CO2 and solar energy (Table 1) . This hybrid photosynthesis system consisted of light-absorbing Si nanowire photocathode and TiO2 photoanode separated by a cation-exchange membrane (Fig. 2c). Both the photocathode and the photoanode were exposed to light via quartz windows. The surface of the Si nanowire photocathode had three modifications: (1) a doped n+ layer to improve photovoltage, (2) a TiO2 layer to increase stability at neutral pH, and (3) a Ni and Pt layer to accelerate the transfer of reducing equivalents to the biocatalyst. The acetogen Sporomusa ovata was selected as the microbial catalyst because, as mentioned previously, it is particularly efficient at reducing CO2 into acetate with the cathode of an MES reactor as the sole electron source [43, 65, 66, 99]. Interestingly, S. ovata is a strict anaerobe, but it was still able to synthesize acetate in this PBEC even though the 10% CO2 feed also contained 21% O2. According to the authors, this occurrence is due to the conformation of the Si nanowire array photocathode, which harbors local anaerobic conditions. Under simulated sunlight, the PBEC was stable for more than 120 h with a photocurrent of 0.3 mA cm−2. Acetate titer reached greater than 6 g/L, and the solar energy-to-acetate efficiency of this proof-of-concept reactor was 0.38%. Acetate produced by the PBEC was then used as feedstock in a downstream bioprocess by recombinant E. coli for the production of more valuable chemicals with longer carbon chains.
The same author group also developed two PBECs driven by the methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri for the production of methane from CO2 and solar energy (Table 1) . In the first PBEC, only a portion of the electrical energy necessary for water splitting was derived from sunlight. The anode of platinum gauze was combined with a n +/p-Si photocathode coated with a nickel-molybdene alloy evolving H2 to drive M. barkeri metabolism (Fig. 2b). This system produced 17.6 mL CH4 over a period of 3 days and demonstrated that photoexciting electrons at a photocathode reduced the overpotential required for chemicals production using a bioelectrochemical reactor. The second methane-producing PBEC was powered exclusively by sunlight. It comprised a n-TiO2 nanowire/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) photoanode separated by an anion-exchange membrane from a p-InP photocathode coated with platinum for H2 evolution and colonized by M. barkeri (Fig. 2c). In this experiment, a full-light spectrum illuminated the photoanode before reaching the photocathode. Because of the sensitivity of methanogens to blue light, the PBEC reactor was also modified using a light filter inserted between both photoelectrodes. The sunlight-driven PBEC produced 1.75 mL CH4 in 3 days.
PBEC using living cells as biocatalysts are still at an early stage of development as illustrated by the low productivity and solar energy-to-chemical conversion efficiency observed with these systems. Significant challenges must be overcome to reach the full potential of microbial PBEC including the development of biocompatible photocathodes that are optimal for both sunlight capture and electrons transfer to the biocatalyst. Based on the results in the literature until now, it could be argued that hybrid photosynthesis may be better served by a more compartmentalized system such as PV-driven MES or PV coupled with an electrolyzer and a gas bioreactor. With these approaches, components responsible for the conversions of solar energy-to-electrical and electrical-to-chemical energy can be optimized without consideration for maintaining conditions favorable to living cells that may limit performance and efficiency. Likewise, bioreactor components catalyzing the conversion of electrical or chemical energy into target molecules could be improved without consideration for sunlight capture. Still, PBEC like other PEC-based technologies is being pursued by the research community because, after considerable improvement, it may become more cost effective than PV-based technologies .
Recently, two hybrid photosynthesis systems comprising photocatalyst nanoparticles driving the microbial reduction of CO2 into multicarbon compounds were developed by Sakimoto and coworkers (Table 1). In both systems, the microbial catalyst employed was the thermophilic Moorella thermoacetica, an acetogen mainly reducing CO2 into acetate also capable of acquiring electrons from a cathode [53, 101, 102]. The energy required to drive the autotrophic metabolism of M. thermoacetica came from light-harvesting CdS nanoparticles, which can oxidize the redox mediator cysteine. CdS nanoparticles were precipitated by M. thermoacetica and could be observed in clusters at the surface of microbial cells. The first system developed according to this strategy produced ca. 1.2 mM acetic acid in 2.5 days under low-intensity-simulated sunlight. In the second system, a tandem "Z-scheme" architecture was adopted where cystine resulting from the oxidation of cysteine was reduced by a water-splitting catalyst composed of manganese(II) phthalocyanine (MnPC) cocatalyst attached to light-harvesting TiO2 nanoparticles (Fig. 3a). This system could produce ca. 0.6 mM acetic acid within half a day of illumination. Compared with PV-based approaches and PBEC, coupling photocatalyst nanoparticles with microbial catalysts does not appear to be very productive. However, this technology is still in its infancy, and after significant improvement in terms of productivity and efficiency, it could become more cost effective than competing approaches since it requires only a single bioreactor without electrodes, PV cells, or electrolyzers.
Besides living cells, hybrid photosynthesis systems for CO2 reduction could also be assembled with purified enzymes as biocatalyst (Table 2). This includes PV-based approaches, enzyme-driven PBEC, as well as strategies coupling inorganic photocatalysts with enzymes. Until now, enzyme-driven hybrid photosynthesis has only been developed for the reduction of CO2 into small C1 molecules including CO, formate, and methanol . With the exception of methanol, these molecules cannot be used directly as fuel, but can serve as more reduced substrates than CO2 for downstream fuel-production processes. The narrow range of products is one of the disadvantages of enzyme-driven hybrid photosynthesis, which is also stymied by the cost and difficulties associated with enzyme purification and short lifetime [104, 105]. However, compared with living cell-driven hybrid photosynthesis, enzyme-based systems have also several advantages: (1) there is no requirement for complex microbial growth medium containing diverse nutrients augmenting cost, (2) products are more specific since living cells harbor multiple metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of unwanted byproducts, and (3) energetic efficiency is not decreased by the need to generate and maintain biomass.
PVs could be used to power the enzymatic reduction of CO2 at the cathode of bioelectrochemical reactors. Enzymatic electrosynthesis (EE) is very similar to MES with the exception that the biocatalyst is an enzyme instead of a microbe (Fig. 1a) . Until now, only formate and methanol have been produced from CO2 by EE. In the first report on EE, the tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenases of Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans appeared to accept electron directly from a cathode for the reversible reduction of CO2 into formate . In systems developed later, the redox mediator, neutral red, transferred electrons from a carbonaceous cathode for the regeneration of NADH, which was then oxidized by a formate dehydrogenase [108–110]. Alternatively, a rhodium complex [CpRh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ was employed to transfer electrons from a copper electrode to the cofactor NADH . The neutral red-based EE system developed by Addo and coworkers included a formaldehyde dehydrogenase and an alcohol dehydrogenase with the formate dehydrogenase to establish an enzymatic cascade enabling the production of methanol from CO2 . This system also comprised a carbonic anhydrase for the conversion of dissolved CO2 into bicarbonate, which accelerated the EE reaction.
Most formate-producing EE processes described in the literature had a coulombic efficiency below 13% with the exception of a system developed by Zhang and coworkers. They immobilized the formate dehydrogenase of Candida boidinii with Nafion micelles at the surface of a cathode coated with neutral red and poised at − 0.8 V (vs. SHE). Nafion micelles increased the lifetime of the fragile formate dehydrogenase and protected its enzyme activity. The reported coulombic efficiency of this system was 77.08% with a production rate of 64.71 mg L−1 h−1 over a period of 2 h . Within this range of coulombic efficiency, powering EE with PV could result in a hybrid photosynthesis system with a significant solar energy-to-formate conversion efficiency.
Examples of PBEC driven by enzyme include a system where the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase I of the thermophilic and chemolithotrophic bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans can reduce CO2 into CO with electrons coming from a photocathode (Fig. 2b, Table 2) . This electrode made of a p-type semiconductor NiO was photosensitized using the organic dye P1 responsive to visible light. In this PBEC, photoexcited electrons from the photocathode were first transferred to the FeS clusters of the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase I before reaching the Ni4Fe-4S active site of the enzyme. The counter-electrode, oxidizing water in this system, was made of platinum wire. In a second example, Lee and coworkers designed a PBEC for the reduction of CO2 into formate, coupling a photoanode splitting water by means of a cathode made of polydopamine coated with the formate dehydrogenase of C. boidini and its cofactor NADH (Fig. 2a) . Polydopamine was chosen as cathode material because it is biocompatible, and it has a good charge-transfer capacity. Electrons from the cathode were transferred to the active site of the formate dehydrogenase via the reduction of NAD+ into NADH. The photoanode was a FTO electrode coated with the visible-light-absorber BiVO4 and with the water oxidation catalyst Co-Pi. This system had a solar energy-to-formate conversion efficiency of 0.042% and was stable for at least 24 h.
Recently, Kuk and coworkers designed an enzyme-driven PBEC for the reduction of CO2 to methanol with a visible light-absorbing photocathode and photoanode tandem (Fig. 2c; Table 2) . The photocathode was made of a p-type perovskite semiconductor BiFeO3, and the photoanode comprised hematite and Co-Pi. Photoexcited electrons from the photocathode regenerated the cofactor NADH via a rhodium complex as redox mediator. Water was oxidized at the photoanode by the Co-Pi catalyst. With this system, a high visible light-driven methanol conversion output of 220 μM h−1 was observed, but only when applying an electrical bias of 0.8 V.
The three enzymes cascade used to produce methanol have also been coupled with different photocatalytic nanoparticles driving the photochemical regeneration of NADH (Table 2; Fig. 3b). For instance, Dibenedetto and coworkers proposed a system coupling methanol production with NAD+ reduction by a ZnS photocatalyst using glycerol as electron donor and illuminated by light at the border of the visible and UV spectra . The same group later assembled a system relying on a visible-light-absorbing photocatalyst made of TiO2 coated with the photosensitizer [CrF5(H2O)]2− for the regeneration of NADH followed by methanol production . With this system, water could be used as the electron donor for NAD+ reduction, but the photocatalyst was more efficient with glycerol. Furthermore, adding a rhodium complex to serve as redox mediator significantly improved NADH regeneration. Other visible-light-harvesting photocatalysts developed for NADH regeneration coupled with the enzymatic production of methanol include graphene modified with isatin–porphyrin chromophore and carbon nitride semiconductor array combined with a rhodium complex [118, 119]. These two systems used triethanolamine (TEOA) as electron donor for the photoregeneration of NADH. The graphene modified with isatin–porphyrin photocatalyst was the most productive system with 11.21 μM methanol being produced from CO2 within 90 min.
Photocatalytic particles have been used likewise to regenerate NADH for the enzymatic production of formate (Fig. 3c; Table 2). For this purpose, Yadav and coworkers developed visible-light-absorbing photocatalysts coupling the oxidation of TEOA with NADH regeneration via a rhodium complex as redox mediator. These photocatalysts were made of graphene modified with either multianthraquinone-substituted porphyrin or the light-harvesting BODIPY compound [120, 121]. Within 2 h of operation, the two formate dehydrogenase-coupled photocatalysts could produce 111 and 144 μmol of formate, respectively. Graphene was used in the fabrication of photocatalyst composites such as the three examples described here, because it has a high charge-transport efficiency and an excellent specific surface area, which are both beneficial for photocatalytic and photovoltaic systems .
Recently, Noji and coworkers developed a light-induced formate production system where the redox mediator methylviologen transferred electrons from the photosensitizer Ru(bpy) 3 2+ to a formate dehydrogenase reducing CO2 (Fig. 3c) . In this case, the photosensitizer oxidized EDTA for the reduction of methylviologen. The formate production rate and the solar energy-to-formate conversion efficiency of this system were 0.18 mM h−1 and 0.016%, respectively. Interestingly, when the photosensitizer, methylviologen, and the formate dehydrogenase were immobilized inside the nanopore of porous glass plates, the three components became denser, the production rate was increased to 15 mM h−1, and the efficiency was also significantly improved to 0.22%. Beside low productivity and efficiency, the usage of electron donors other than water for the biophotocatalytic production of methanol or formate via enzymes is one of the major hurdles between this technology and practical applications, especially since compounds such as EDTA and TEOA need to be regenerated after oxidation.
Hybrid photosynthesis is a novel technology still at an early stage of development, regardless of whether it can be combined with more mature technologies like PV cell and electrolyzer. In our opinion, it is premature to make economic comparison between the various types of hybrid photosynthesis systems described here since multiple technical parameters could be dramatically improved in the near future. Increasing the efficiency and productivity of hybrid photosynthesis systems need to be done in part via the optimization of the light-harvesting inorganic apparatus and of the biocatalyst. To reach this objective, cheaper and better semiconductor materials must be developed for the fabrication of biocompatible photocatalysts or photoelectrodes, and novel biocatalysts accelerating the light-driven reduction of CO2 into specific products must be engineered through well-thought synthetic biology approaches. In addition, to reach the practical voltage required for water oxidation and microbial CO2 reduction, it may be advantageous to design novel reactor architecture combining several of the hybrid photosynthesis strategies described here. For instance, coupling the photocathode of a PBEC and its associated biocatalyst with a PV cell could lead to higher energetic efficiency [32, 35]. Another promising avenue of research for the transformation of solar energy into multicarbon biofuels that should be investigated is the conversion of solar heat into reducing equivalents, which could then be used to drive the biological reduction of CO2 . Since a large fraction of solar energy is converted into heat, a hybrid photosynthesis system harvesting both sunlight and solar heat could lead to a significant increase in productivity and in solar energy-to-biofuels conversion efficiency.
Development of robust, safe, cost-effective, productive, and efficient hybrid photosynthesis systems could be a major technological breakthrough. However, many important challenges other than improving efficiency and performance remained before possible scaling up. This includes limitation associated with the usage of atmospheric CO2 as carbon source . CO2 is present in low concentration in the atmosphere and would probably have to be enriched, which could significantly increase cost associated with hybrid photosynthesis. A more reasonable solution would be to use CO2-rich flue gas as feedstock, which can be obtained directly from industrial emitters such as ceramic, glass, steel, and power plant, or from anaerobic digestion plant. A second issue that could prevent hybrid photosynthesis from becoming economically feasible is product separation and extraction from the electrolyte/growth medium, which can account for the major fraction of the cost associated with microbial bioproduction plants . A potential cheaper solution that has been implemented successfully in bioelectrochemical reactors for carboxylic acids would be to separate products in PBEC or in PV-based reactor using integrated membrane electrolysis [126, 127]. Based on these observations, it is clear that research on hybrid photosynthesis has many questions left unanswered and obstacles to overcome. Nevertheless, this field of activity is under rapid development and is showing exciting promises for the future of bioenergy.
TZ and PLT developed, wrote, and revised the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
PLT acknowledges the financial support by the Wuhan University of Technology. TZ acknowledges the financial support by the Chinese Thousand Talents Plan Program.
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