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Mahabalipuram (also known as Mamallapuram) is a 7th century port city of the South Indian dynasty of the Pallavas around 60 km south from the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu. The beautiful cave temples and gigantic open air reliefs carved from blocks of granite date to the seventh century. This group of sanctuaries was founded by the Pallava kings. It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.


This is kind of an anti-Valentine's design, until... the lights go out. Then it's actually pretty sweet!
The base is Serum No. 5 Glowin' of Eden, and it's one of the very brightest polishes I own! It makes the perfect base for this design.
How I did it is... I painted all of the words with white acrylic paint, but went over the smaller words using Artistic Nail Design Rogue Vogue. It has the exact same color as Glowin' of Eden and it blends right in! It took a few coats of top coat to get the end result really smooth, added matte top coat and there you go :-p Secret love letter!
I received Artistic Nail Design Rogue Vogue as a press sample. I bought Serum No. 5 Glowin' of Eden with my own money. Opinions expressed are 100% my own and not influenced in any way other than the quality of the product itself.


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Tuinman lifts Northville to swim win
Freshman Sophia Tuinman figured in four firsts at the Northville girls swim team beat Grosse Pointe South, 98.5-87.5.
Tuinman lifts Northville to swim win Freshman Sophia Tuinman figured in four firsts at the Northville girls swim team beat Grosse Pointe South, 98.5-87.5. Check out this story on HometownLife.com: https://www.hometownlife.com/story/sports/high-school/northville/2016/09/09/tuinman-lifts-northville-swim-win/90109852/
Brad Emons, hometownlife.com Published 1:45 a.m. ET Sept. 9, 2016 | Updated 4:33 p.m. ET Sept. 9, 2016
High school girls swimming.(Photo: STOCK PHOTO)
It wasn't easy, but the Northville girls swim team will take it after pulling out a 98.5-87.5 dual meet victory Thursday night at Grosse Pointe South.
South, paced by double winner Ava Boutrous, captured six of nine individual events, but Northville swept all three relays.
"This was a pretty good meet to start the season," Northville coach Brian McNeff said. "We had some swims that were really impressive and some that needed a lot of work. We were able to come through with the win, but if we swim like this in our next two meets then we won't."
Freshman Sophia Tuinman enjoyed a big night for the Mustangs figuring in four first-place finishes as she took the 200 individual medley (2:12.16) and 100 backstroke (1:59.16).
She also teamed up with Erin Szara, Kelsey Macaddino and Nicki Pumper for a win in the 200 medley relay (1:52.18). The Mustangs' foursome of Tuinman, Lulu Mans, Gillian Zayan and Katelyn McCullough also captured the 400 freestyle relay (3:50.24).
Northville added a victory in the 200 freestyle relay as Pumper, Zayan, Mans and Macaddino were clocked in 1:42.59. The Mustangs also got a big second from Lauren Heaven, Szara, Brooke Verble Mia Testani (1:46.62).
Szara also led a one-two-three Northville sweep in the 100 breaststroke with a time of 1:10.17 followed by teammates Emily Guerrera (1:13.01) and Jennifer Ostrowski (1:17.99) for a 13-3 point swing.
"There were some girls that showed a lot of fight and won some close races though, and I was really happy to see that," McNeff said. 'It came a lot from our second and third swimmers and 'B' relays, which ended up being the difference in the meet. Overall I was pleased with outcome. It showed us a lot of what we need to work on, but there were also some swimmers who showed off how hard they have been working.
"Some girls that had a great meet were Lauren Heaven, Sophia Tuinman, Jennifer Ostrowski, Maddy Lambert, while Katelyn McCullough had a real gutsy 100 back."
Meanwhile, Boutrous took the 200- and 500-yard freestyles in 2:00.99 and 5:21.86, respectively, to lead the Blue Devils.
DUAL MEET RESULTS
NORTHVILLE 98.5
GROSSE POINTE SOUTH 87.5
Sept. 8 at Grosse Pointe South
200-yard medley relay: 1. Northville (Sophia Tuinman, Erin Szara, Kelsey Macaddino, Nicki Pumper), 1:52.18.
200 freestyle: 1. Ava Boutrous (GPS), 2:00.99; 2. Lulu Mans (N), 2:01.04; 3. Gillian Zayan (N), 2:05.17.
200 individual medley: 1. Tuinman (N), 2:12.16; 3. Lauren Heaven (N), 2:19.37.
50 freestyle: 1. Renee Liu (GPS), 25.59.
1-meter diving: 1. Rachel Rogers (GPS), 160.88 points; 2. Lauren Shanahan (N), 153.90.
100 butterfly: 1. Clarice Fisher (GPS), 57.89; 2. Macaddino (N), 1:58.13; 3. Heaven (N), 1:01.59.
100 freestyle: 1. Sarah McCabe (GPS), 54.94; 2. Mans (N), 57.06.
500 freestyle: 1. Boutrous (GPS), 5:21.86; 2. Emma Phillips (N), 5:45.73; 3. Madison Lambert (N), 5:56.66.
200 freestyle relay: 1. Northville (Pumper, Zayan, Mans, Macaddino), 1:42.59; 2. Northville (Heaven, Szara, Brooke Verble, Mia Testani), 1:46.62.
100 backstroke: 1. Tuinman (N), 1:59.16; 3. Katelyn McCullough (N), 1:01.40.
100 breaststroke: 1. Szara (N), 1:10.17; 2. Emily Guerrera (N), 1:13.01; 3. Jennifer Ostrowski (N), 1:17.99.
400 freestyle relay: 1. Northville (Tuinman, Mans, Zayan, McCullough), 3:50.24.
Northville's dual meet record: 1-0 overall.
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Catholic Central grad excels as pro wakesurfer
Here's what the Tigers could receive at the trade deadline
July 14, 2019, 11 a.m.
South Lyon Stealth softball team wins state championship
Stevenson hockey alums accomplishing big things
Novi soccer star named All-American, several others make All-Region Team
Academy of the Sacred Heart seeking coaches

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 20;34(27):3308-14. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.65.8013. Epub 2016 Aug 1.
Subtype-Dependent Relationship Between Young Age at Diagnosis and Breast Cancer Survival.
Partridge AH1, Hughes ME2, Warner ET2, Ottesen RA2, Wong YN2, Edge SB2, Theriault RL2, Blayney DW2, Niland JC2, Winer EP2, Weeks JC2, Tamimi RM2.
Ann H. Partridge, Melissa E. Hughes, Erica T. Warner, Eric P. Winer, Jane C. Weeks, and Rulla M. Tamimi, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Erica T. Warner, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Rebecca A. Ottesen and Joyce C. Niland, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte; and Douglas W. Blayney, Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA; Yu-Ning Wong, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Stephen B. Edge, Baptist Cancer Center, Memphis, TN; and Richard L. Theriault, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. ahpartridge@partners.org.
Ann H. Partridge, Melissa E. Hughes, Erica T. Warner, Eric P. Winer, Jane C. Weeks, and Rulla M. Tamimi, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Erica T. Warner, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Rebecca A. Ottesen and Joyce C. Niland, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte; and Douglas W. Blayney, Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA; Yu-Ning Wong, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Stephen B. Edge, Baptist Cancer Center, Memphis, TN; and Richard L. Theriault, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
Young women are at increased risk for developing more aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. Although previous studies have shown a higher risk of breast cancer recurrence and death among young women with early-stage breast cancer, they have not adequately addressed the role of tumor subtype in outcomes.
We examined data from women with newly diagnosed stage I to III breast cancer presenting to one of eight National Comprehensive Cancer Network centers between January 2000 and December 2007. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the relationship between age and breast cancer-specific survival.
A total of 17,575 women with stage I to III breast cancer were eligible for analysis, among whom 1,916 were ≤ 40 years of age at diagnosis. Median follow-up time was 6.4 years. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model controlling for sociodemographic, disease, and treatment characteristics, women ≤ 40 years of age at diagnosis had greater breast cancer mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.7). In stratified analyses, age ≤ 40 years was associated with statistically significant increases in risk of breast cancer death among women with luminal A (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.2) and luminal B (HR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.9) tumors, with borderline significance among women with triple-negative tumors (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.8) but not among those with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 subtypes (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.9). In an additional model controlling for detection method, young age was associated with significantly increased risk of breast cancer death only among women with luminal A tumors.
The effect of age on survival of women with early breast cancer seems to vary by breast cancer subtype. Young age seems to be particularly prognostic in women with luminal breast cancers.
© 2016 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.
10.1200/JCO.2015.65.8013
Age of Onset
Breast Neoplasms/classification*
Breast Neoplasms/mortality*
Breast Neoplasms/pathology
Neoplasm Staging
Proportional Hazards Models
Socioeconomic Factors
United States/epidemiology


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Back to Issue
OUT HERE Cover > Table of Contents > Hikes With Llamas Offer a Breath of Fresh Air
Hikes With Llamas Offer a Breath of Fresh Air
These social, friendly animals help hikers safely enjoy the great outdoors
By Adam Rosen
Photography by Aaron Dahlstrom
You may not know it (yet), but llamas are having a moment.
While the social camelids have been beloved residents on American farms and homesteads for decades, their popularity has gone mainstream in recent years. Children's toys, social media, novelty T-shirts—llamas seem to be everywhere.
In April, the trend for all things llama even made headlines in the New York Times, which declared "kitschy catchphrases like 'Save the drama for your llama,' 'No prob-llama,' 'Alpaca my bags' and the holiday-themed 'Fa la la la llama'" to be "pervasive across fashion."
A hiker snaps a selfie with P Diddy Peaches the llama.
For Mark English, owner of Llama Caddy, who works in conjunction with English Mountain Llama Treks when doing wilderness therapy, in Brevard, North Carolina, llamas' current moment in the spotlight couldn't be more well deserved.
Mark leads llama tours through some of Western North Carolina's most beautiful scenery. In his view, llamas are ideal hiking partners. For one, they can carry up to 85 pounds of gear. But more important, they're calm and collected. "They're cool," Mark says. "They're called 'the silent companion.' They're there to cruise along and help you out."
For Heidi Hayden, a Sapphire, North Carolina, resident who enjoyed a group hike with English Mountain Llama Treks so much that she started volunteering for Mark, llamas are much more than just a quirky fad. "They're inquisitive, they're soft, they're lovable," she says.
Love For Llamas
Mark has been fascinated with llamas since childhood and acquired his first six in 2007. In 2009, Mark left his career in building and maintaining golf courses to become a full-time "llama dude," helping people enjoy these friendly farm animals through various experiences. In addition to serving as unique hiking companions, members of Mark's herd have worked as golf caddies, party guests, summer camp visitors, wilderness therapy animals, models, and more.
In just the last two years, Lightening, one of Mark's 13-year-old llamas, has been the ring bearer at 22 weddings. And in 2019, Lightening became the face of Asheville Brewing Company's ginger beer, appropriately named Ginger the Llama. There's also Peaches, aka the king of selfies.
Since founding Llama Caddy, Mark's llama crew has grown to 16. And with four pregnant females in the bunch, it's about to get even bigger.
Six of Mark's llamas. From left to right: Vision, Little D the Rescue Llama, Legend, You-Da-Man, Rockstar, and P Diddy Peaches
Socially Distancing Llamas Equals No Drama
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, Mark—like so many other livestock owners who regularly share their animals with the public—has been forced to adjust. Since the spring, he has limited his operations to small group, social distance-safe llama nature walks on the 76-acre grounds of Earthshine Lodge, a rustic lodge and outdoor activity center in Lake Toxaway, North Carolina.
On one of these excursions in late July, Mark took out a group of six women celebrating a 40th birthday. Each participant was issued a llama and given a crash course on wrangling the not-so-fearsome beasts. They were advised to keep their animals in the middle of the trail and away from rhododendron, a plant that's toxic to them. As for human safety: When you're holding lead ropes of a llama while walking single file, you can't help but stay more than 6 feet apart from one another.
Mark and his llamas lead a group of hikers through the Earthshine Lodge property on a rainy day in July.
Despite some rain, everyone's spirits remained high as they completed a 1-mile loop through a forest and over a grassy ridge boasting spectacular views of the Blue Ridge Parkway, part of the Appalachian Mountains. The llamas strolled peacefully by each hiker's side, providing silent, yet comforting, furry companionship.
"This was amazing. A 40th birthday I'll never forget," says birthday girl Stacey Quaranta from Raleigh, North Carolina. "For my 41st, I'm going to tell my husband that I want a llama."
In some ways, Mark is fortunate. Hikes are some of the least risky activities during the COVID-19 era, and he's grateful for the opportunity to provide safe, fun experiences for people mostly stuck indoors.
"COVID has really created a shift in people's mindsets, for better for worse, […] causing people to maybe slow down a little bit," says Earthshine Lodge co-owner Anna Bracco. "I think Mark's hikes fit in well with that. People get to be one-on-one with the llamas, who are super calming and fun to be with. And when you're on a hike or outside, you have to socially distance."
Still, Mark can't wait to resume his previous gigs, especially wilderness therapy trips. Given current events, though, it's not clear when Mark and his llamas will return to their regularly scheduled programming.
But whatever the future holds, Mark knows he'll be in good company. "This is a special bunch," he says of his llama crew. "They're my best friends."
Vision the llama poses for the camera.
Fast Llama Facts
Natives of South America, llamas have been used as pack animals for millennia.
The typical lifespan of a llama is 20 to 25 years.
Female llamas are pregnant for 11 ½ months and give birth to a single baby, called a cria.
Llamas can make excellent guard animals to protect small livestock.
Llamas and alpacas are often confused for one another, but llamas are typically bigger, have coarser fur, and have longer faces, among other differences.
Sources: Modern Farmer, Oregon State University, Mark English
To learn more about Llama Caddy and English Mountain Llama Treks, visit Mark's website.
Adam Rosen is a writer and book editor in Asheville, North Carolina.
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Sexual abuse lawsuit filed against the Tamalpais Union High School District
School district knew Normandie Burgos was a sexual predator but allowed him to continue teaching and coaching.
Normandie Burgos is a disgraced tennis coach who was convicted of 60 counts of sexual abuse in 2019 and is now serving 255 years in prison.
Essentially, it's a life sentence for the 56-year-old predator who faces three civil lawsuits recently filed by Corsiglia McMahon & Allard.
Two lawsuits are focused on the Burgos Tennis Foundation that was granted membership by the United States Tennis Association and its NorCal USTA affiliate. Burgos founded the private clinic after being fired from his job as a Tamalpais High School physical education teacher and tennis coach.
The third lawsuit is directed at the Tamalpais Union High School District in Marin County.
"The really troubling thing about the lawsuits is that Burgos' abuse of boys continued long after Tamalpais school district officials reprimanded him for inappropriately touching a student tennis player," attorney Mark Boskovich said.
The civil suit against Burgos and the Tamalpais Union High School District was filed in early March 2020. The plaintiff, "A.H.," was a freshman when he joined the Tamalpais High School tennis team in spring 2001.
Burgos, who was the tennis team coach, immediately began "grooming" the young player, complimenting A.H. on his body, spending time alone with him on campus, giving him gifts and even asking about his libido.
When A.H. was a sophomore, Burgos stuck his hand down his boxer shorts and touched his penis. That happened in spring 2002.
In November 2002, the Mill Valley Police Department began investigating Burgos after receiving a complaint that he had touched another student's genitals while measuring the student's thigh.
Burgos admitted he took an "inappropriate" thigh measurement. The December 2002 letter of reprimand said, "The act of reaching down the student's pants to assist with the body fat measurement demonstrated poor judgement and a lack of concern for the student's welfare. The effect of your action was to cause the student emotional distress and has resulted in a hostile learning environment for the student."
The letter continued, "I am directing you not to engage in similar activities under any circumstances. You are never to take body fat measurements of students in the thigh area."
Shockingly, the letter was not even put into Burgos' personnel file, and he was allowed to continue teaching, coaching and sexually abusing students.
"This lawsuit is about holding the school district accountable for failing to take action in response to a credible complaint of sexual abuse," Mr. Boskovich said. "My client would have avoided months of abuse if they'd taken that first complaint seriously."
Just a few months after his December 2002 reprimand, Burgos began giving A.H. "massages" that included stroking his penis. The lawsuit alleges that he continued to administer body fat tests to male students, instructing some of them to remove their clothes in order to touch intimate parts of their bodies, including their genitals.
In early 2005, two male students complained about Burgos' inappropriate body fat tests; the district responded by issuing him a Notice of Unprofessional Conduct and Improvement Plan.
This begs the question: why didn't the district fire him then?
When Burgos was arrested in August 2006 and charged with one count of sexual battery, the school district finally placed him on a leave absence.
They fired him in 2008 and he was tried on the sexual battery charge in 2010. The criminal trial ended with a hung jury, jurors voting 8-4 for conviction.
Burgos' California Teaching Credential was revoked in 2011.
Although Burgos left the North San Francisco Bay Area in disgrace, he didn't go far: he opened the private tennis clinic, the Burgos Tennis Foundation, in the East Bay.
And he continued to abuse young male tennis players.
The foundation became a member of the United States Tennis Association and its USTA NorCal affiliate around 2011.
Corsiglia McMahon & Allard has filed two civil lawsuits against USTA and USTA NorCal.
"We're representing one victim whose mother complained to USTA NorCal in 2014 that Burgos was abusing her son. The other victim was abused by Burgos in 2015," Mr. Boskovich said. "If either the USTA or USTA NorCal had investigated Burgos before approving his membership, they would have uncovered the fact that he had a prior history of sexual misconduct with children."
That's exactly what former Tamalpais schools superintendent Laurie Kimbrel, who pushed to revoke Burgos' credential, told the New York Times recently. To quote: "What confounds Laurie Kimbrel … is that no one in the tennis establishment contacted the district to vet Burgos after the well-publicized 2010 trial."
And Kimbrel said, "You can literally Google someone's name and teaching certificate and find out it was a permanent revocation. There's no bigger red flag than that."


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\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

It is a somewhat surprising fact that roughly 150 years after the periodic table of the elements has been established the cosmic origin of a large fraction of the elements listed in there still remains an open question. These rapid neutron capture (r-process) elements encompass nuclei of mass numbers $A\gtrsim 69$, just beyond the iron-peak elements, down to the lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the periodic table---roughly half of all elements heavier than iron. They are created by capture of free neutrons onto seed particles (such as iron nuclei) under conditions in which the typical neutron-capture timescale is much shorter than the beta-decay timescale of the resulting nucleus.

The seminal papers by \citet{burbidge_synthesis_1957}, \citet{cameron_nuclear_1957}, and \citet{cameron_origin_1957} speculated that the very high neutron fluxes needed to trigger rapid neutron capture would require extreme astrophysical conditions. What was long thought to provide such neutron-rich environments---regular core-collapse supernovae---is now  disfavored as a production site of r-process elements. Theoretical results show that the high neutrino irradiation from the proto-neutron star formed as a result of the collapse resets the composition of outflows and leads to conditions unfavorable for the r-process \citep{qian_nucleosynthesis_1996,thompson_physics_2001,martinez-pinedo_charged-current_2012,roberts_medium_2012}. Observationally, core-collapse supernovae are disfavored based on rates and yields to synthesize r-process isotopes such as $^{244}$Pu in the solar neighborhood \citep{wallner_abundance_2015,hotokezaka_short-lived_2015}.

In this short proceedings contribution, I shall briefly state and discuss the following conjecture which points to both short and long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as the origin of r-process elements:\\

\noindent\textbf{Conjecture:} \emph{Outflows from compact (neutrino-cooled) accretion disks synthesize most of the heavy r-process elements in the Universe.}\\

Here, we shall focus on `heavy' r-process elements---elements beyond the second r-process peak ($A\gtrsim 130$), i.e., lanthanides and actinides. Those can be reliably traced in stellar spectra through europium (almost exclusively produced by the r-process), which is important when connecting astrophysical production sites with abundance observations in our galaxy through chemical evolution models. Light r-process elements might be co-produced by other sites, such as MHD supernovae \citep{winteler_magnetorotationally_2012-1,mosta_r-process_2018,halevi_r-process_2018}.

This conjecture is based on recent theoretical and observational developments: it draws from studies of nucleosynthesis in outflows from compact accretion disks in neutron star (NS) mergers (e.g., \cite{siegel_three-dimensional_2017,siegel_three-dimensional_2018,fernandez_long-term_2019,christie_role_2019,miller_full_2019-1}) as well as in collapsars \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019,miller_full_2019}. Observationally, it draws from the first detection of a neutron star merger---GW170817---by Advanced LIGO and Virgo \citep{abbott_gw170817:_2017}, its associated short GRB \citep{abbott_gravitational_2017-1} and the kilonova \citep{abbott_multi-messenger_2017}, the thermal counterpart that provided strong evidence for the synthesis of r-process nuclei in the merger ejecta (e.g., \cite{metzger_kilonovae_2019}, \cite{siegel_gw170817_2019} for overviews). Additionally, the conjecture is based on simple chemical evolution models that connect astrophysical production sites with spectroscopic abundance observations of r-process elements in our galaxy \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019,siegel_gw170817_2019}.

In view of the above conjecture, Sec.~\ref{sec:NS_mergers} briefly summarizes r-process nucleosynthesis in short GRBs (NS mergers); Sec.~\ref{sec:collapsars} provides the corresponding overview for long GRBs (collapsars). Aspects of chemical evolution are outlined in Sec.~\ref{sec:chemical_evolution} and Sec.~\ref{sec:discussion} provides further points of discussion. Conclusions are presented in Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusion}

\section{R-process in short GRBs}
\label{sec:NS_mergers}

Over the last twenty years, numerical simulations of the merger and post-merger phase in NS--NS and NS--black-hole binaries have established several mechanisms by which neutron-rich material is ejected from these systems. These include dynamical ejecta of a tidal and shock-heated nature \citep{ruffert_coalescing_1997-1,rosswog_mass_1999-1,oechslin_relativistic_2007,hotokezaka_progenitor_2013}, neutrino-driven and magnetically driven winds from a (meta-) stable remnant \citep{dessart_neutrino_2009,siegel_magnetically_2014,ciolfi_general_2017}, and outflows from a post-merger accretion disk \citep{fernandez_delayed_2013,just_comprehensive_2015,siegel_three-dimensional_2017}, the details and relative importance of which depend on binary parameters and the unknown equation of state of nuclear matter at supranuclear densities.

Somewhat surprisingly, what had traditionally been believed to constitute the dominant mass ejection mechanism---dynamical ejecta from the merger itself---was disfavored by the observed properties of the GW170817 kilonova.
While the inferred ejecta parameters (ejecta velocity, mass, and lanthanide mass fraction) for the early blue emission of $v_\mathrm{ej}\approx 0.2-0.3\,c$, $M_\mathrm{ej}\approx 1-2\times 10^{-2}\,M_\odot$, and $X_\mathrm{Lan}\lesssim 10^{-4}$ are only marginally inconsistent with shock-heated ejecta for equations of state with very small neutron star radius, the red emission peaking on a timescale of a week requires $v_\mathrm{ej}\approx 0.07-0.14\,c$, $M_\mathrm{ej}\approx 4-6\times 10^{-2}\,M_\odot$, and $X_\mathrm{Lan} = 0.01-0.1$ \citep{nicholl_electromagnetic_2017-1,cowperthwaite_electromagnetic_2017-1,chornock_electromagnetic_2017-1,villar_combined_2017-1,kasen_origin_2017-1,kasliwal_illuminating_2017,mccully_rapid_2017-1,smartt_kilonova_2017-1,troja_x-ray_2017,pian_spectroscopic_2017-1,arcavi_optical_2017-2,perego_at_2017,coughlin_constraints_2018},\footnote{See \citet{smartt_kilonova_2017-1}, \citet{tanaka_kilonova_2017}, \citet{waxman_constraints_2018}, \citet{kawaguchi_radiative_2018} for different approaches.} which is in strong tension with theoretical predictions for dynamical ejecta (see Fig.~1 in \cite{siegel_gw170817_2019}). These kilonova parameters come with significant systematic uncertainties, which, however, unlikely affect this conclusion \citep{siegel_gw170817_2019}. I also refer the reader to \citet{metzger_welcome_2017}, \citet{siegel_gw170817_2019}, \citet{metzger_kilonovae_2019}, and \citet{radice_dynamics_2020} for reviews on the interpretation of the GW170817 kilonova event and further details.

The combination of high ejecta mass, low ejecta velocity, and lanthanide-bearing outflow of the red kilonova emission in GW170817 is consistent with outflows from a massive post-merger accretion disk.\footnote{These properties had been predicted shortly before the GW170817 event occurred \citep{siegel_three-dimensional_2017}.} Recent simulations in general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) with weak interactions find that roughly 30--40\% of the initial disk mass are ejected in unbound outflows \citep{siegel_three-dimensional_2017,siegel_three-dimensional_2018,fernandez_long-term_2019,christie_role_2019}. The slow outflow speeds of $\lesssim\!0.1c$ are the result of slow MHD winds which are further accelerated by the nuclear binding energy release of roughly 8\,MeV per baryon (corresponding to $\sim\!0.1c$) as the flow decompresses and free nucleons recombine into seed particles for the r-process \citep{siegel_three-dimensional_2018}. The neutron-rich conditions with mean electron/proton fraction $Y_e < 0.25$ required for lanthanide production are provided by the inner part of the accretion disk, which feeds sufficiently neutron-rich material into the outflows to keep the overall mean electron fraction favorable for lanthanide production. This is thanks to the high densities in the inner accretion disk, which forces electrons to become degenerate and thus favors electron over positron capture ($e^- + p\rightarrow n + \nu_e$ vs. $e^+ + n \rightarrow p + \bar{\nu}_e$); mild electron degeneracy is maintained thanks to a self-regulation mechanism \citep{chen_neutrino-cooled_2007-1,siegel_three-dimensional_2017,siegel_three-dimensional_2018}.

Massive post-merger accretion disks whose outflows dominate other r-process ejecta sources are expected to be ubiquitous. Provided that NS--NS mergers follow the galactic double neutron star mass distribution and given current constraints on the equation of state, \citet{margalit_multi-messenger_2019} estimate that $\sim\!70-100\%$ of all NS--NS mergers would avoid prompt collapse into a black hole. Excluding prompt collapse, recent simulations employing different equations of state find typical disk masses of $\sim\!0.1\,M_\odot$ \citep{radice_binary_2018}, which translate into outflows consistent with GW170817 (see \cite{siegel_gw170817_2019} for details). The fraction of light vs. heavy r-process elements produced in disk outflows depends on the mass of the disk \citep{miller_full_2019-1} as well as on the lifetime of a NS remnant \citep{lippuner_signatures_2017}. Taking GW170817 as a typical merger (its total mass is representative of a typical galactic double neutron star system), most mergers may be dominated by sufficiently short remnant lifetimes, in which case NS--NS mergers are dominated by lanthanide-bearing disk ejecta.

The contribution of r-process ejecta from NS--BH systems may be subdominant with respect to NS--NS mergers given expected yields and current constraints on their rates (NS--NS merges: 110-3840 Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$; NS--BH mergers: $<610$ Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$; at 90\% confidence; \cite{abbott_gwtc-1_2019}). In particular, a potentially large fraction of NS--BH systems---those with mass ratios significantly different from unity---may not give rise to ejecta at all, unless the black hole is rapidly spinning \citep{foucart_black-holeneutron-star_2012}. It is worth pointing out, however, that near-equal-mass mergers lead to negligible dynamical ejecta and are dominated by outflows from massive accretion disks \citep{foucart_numerical_2019,kyutoku_possibility_2020}, whose outflows are expected to be dominantly lanthanide-bearing. Systems with high mass ratios and high black hole spin can give rise to comparable amounts of dynamical and disk ejecta (e.g., \cite{kawaguchi_models_2016,foucart_dynamical_2017-1}).

\section{R-process in long GRBs}
\label{sec:collapsars}

Theoretical \citep{macfadyen_collapsars:_1999} as well as observational evidence connects long GRBs with the hyper-energetic explosions of massive stars stripped of their hydrogen envelopes \citep{woosley_supernova_2006}. Numerous analytical and numerical studies  have investigated the dynamics of the collapse to a black hole surrounded by an accretion disk and accretion shock, as well as the production of a successful relativistic GRB jet and supernova explosion \citep{macfadyen_supernovae_2001,fujimoto_magnetohydrodynamic_2006,uzdensky_magnetar-driven_2007,morsony_temporal_2007-1,bucciantini_relativistic_2008,lazzati_x-ray_2008-1,kumar_mass_2008,nagakura_jet_2011,lindner_simulations_2012,lopez-camara_three-dimensional_2013,batta_cooling-induced_2014}.

Recent 3D GRMHD simulations of collapsar accretion disks including weak interactions and approximate neutrino transport find that collapsar accretion disks can give rise to r-process outflows, with an estimated mass of $\sim\!\mathrm{few}\times 10^{-2}\,M_\odot$ to $\lesssim\!1\,M_\odot$ depending on the stellar progenitor model \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019}. Stellar material collapsing onto the accretion disk with roughly equal numbers of protons and neutrons ($Y_e\approx0.5$) once in the inner disk is forced into neutron-rich conditions ($Y_e\ll 0.5$) favorable for the r-process by an analogous mechanism as previously discovered in NS mergers (electron degeneracy coupled to a self-regulation mechanism). While at very early stages during the collapsar accretion process, strong neutrino self-irradiation of the disk may prevent the synthesis of lanthanide-bearing winds \citep{miller_full_2019}, most of the r-process outflow is typically expected to be produced at intermediate accretion rates $\sim\!10^{-3}\,M_\odot\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ to $<10^{-1}\,M_\odot\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019}, which give rise to lanthanide-bearing material.

The contribution of galactic r-process material from collapsars \emph{relative} to NS mergers can be estimated purely empirically by using the isotropic-equivalent energies (tracking the accreted mass) and rates of short versus long GRBs. This suggests that collapsars dominate the NS merger contribution by at least a factor of a few \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019}, owing to their larger isotropic-equivalent energies (larger accreted masses) which overcompensate for their lower rate of occurrence. This estimate is consistent with independent arguments based on chemical evolution models that take into account both NS mergers and collapsars (Sec.~\ref{sec:chemical_evolution}). Assuming that collapsars follow the star formation history and are responsible for most of the galactic r-process material, an empirical \emph{absolute} estimate of the collapsar per event yield can be obtained, which amounts to $\sim\!\mathrm{few}\times 10^{-2}-\mathrm{few}\times 10^{-1}\,M_\odot$ for standard assumptions \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019}. Calibration to the ejecta mass of GW170817 (assumed typical), this absolute estimate is consistent with the previous relative estimate. Finally, the typical per-event yield estimated theoretically based on simulations and progenitor models (see above) is consistent with the absolute empirical estimate. There are, admittedly, large uncertainties---nevertheless, it is encouraging that all independent estimates agree within predicted ranges; future studies will be able to shrink these uncertainties and test whether consistency prevails.

\section{Chemical evolution}
\label{sec:chemical_evolution}

Assuming GW170817 and its ejecta mass is typical of mergers, such systems could in principle account for most or all of the galactic r-process content. Notwithstanding the fact that such arguments assume a `closed box' and do not account for galactic outflows, there are a number of problems that afflict NS mergers as the dominant contributor to the galactic r-process when analyzing the synthesis of r-process elements over galactic history. I refer the reader to \citet{siegel_gw170817_2019} and references cited therein for an overview and more details on some of the issues. These include: prompt enrichment at low metallicities in halo stars, enrichment of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (Reticulum II, Tucana III) as well as globular clusters (M15), and the assembly of r-process and alpha-elements in the galactic disk. Essentially, these issues result from the fact that NS binaries typically have significant systemic kick velocities (imparted by supernova explosions) and occur with significant delays with respect to star formation (due to the inspiral time).

In contrast to NS mergers, collapsars trace star formation history without significant delay ($\sim$few Myr due to their lifetime) and occur directly in the star-forming region that gave birth to the massive progenitor star. Prompt enrichment without spatial dislocation is favorable for r-process enrichment of halo stars \citep{van_de_voort_neutron_2019}\footnote{but see also \citet{macias_stringent_2018-1} for constraints in closed `single-supernovae' environments regarding the issue of iron co-production}, as well as for enrichment in ultra-faint dwarfs and globular clusters \citep{bonetti_neutron_2019,zevin_can_2019}. Furthermore, prompt enrichment by a dominant contribution of collapsars also reproduces the late-time trends of r-process elements relative to iron and alpha-elements in Galactic disk stars. Calibrating to these high-metallicity abundance observations, simple chemical evolution models taking into account both NS mergers and collapsars find that a dominant contribution of r-process elements from collapsars ($\gtrsim\!80\%$) is required to reproduce the observed trends \citep{siegel_collapsars_2019,siegel_gw170817_2019}, which is consistent with other independent estimates (see Sec.~\ref{sec:collapsars}).

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

It is worth pointing out some caveats and other points of discussion regarding the conjecture formulated in Sec.~\ref{sec:intro}
\begin{enumerate}
	\item If the NS--NS binary population does not follow the galactic double neutron star distribution, and instead is not dominated by near equal-mass systems, tidal ejecta can become a significant contributor to lanthanide-bearing ejecta besides disk winds (e.g., \cite{kiuchi_revisiting_2019}).

	\item A high-mass NS--NS binary population beyond the galactic distribution, which the recent GW190425 event---if indeed a NS--NS merger---may suggest \citep{the_ligo_scientific_collaboration_gw190425_2020}, could give rise to significant lanthanide-bearing tidal ejecta if such systems are dominated by strongly unequal mass systems \citep{dietrich_binary_2015}. However, if such a population is dominated by near equal mass systems, their contribution to r-process material would be minute, given that they would mostly undergo prompt collapse and thus leave little tidal and disk ejecta. Rates of GW170817-like events would currently not be affected by an additional population \citep{the_ligo_scientific_collaboration_gw190425_2020}.

	\item Realistic nucleosynthesis simulations of post-merger and collapsar accretion disks are still in its infancy. Sensitivity to weak interactions and a more detailed neutrino transport, more realistic initial conditions, and a larger part of the parameter space need to be explored to complement existing results. Additionally, more detailed chemical evolution studies are required to connect to abundance observations in various environments.

	\item The contribution of other sources to r-process elements, such as MHD supernovae, need to be further investigated. Stable jets in MHD supernovae that lead to lanthanide production likely require unrealistically high progenitor magnetic field strengths with the current treatment of neutrino interactions \citep{mosta_r-process_2018}. Given current rates, if MHD supernovae did produce significant amounts of lanthanides, their contribution would likely be minor, even if collapsars are neglected \citep{siegel_gw170817_2019}.

	\item Direct observational evidence for r-process nucleosynthesis only exists for NS mergers to date. R-process ejecta in collapsars is expected to lead to a near-infrared excess and features in the supernovae lightcurve and spectra at late times, once the surrounding supernova ejecta becomes transparent to emission from its r-process `core' (a `kilonova in a supernova'; \cite{siegel_collapsars_2019}). This might be observable for nearby long GRB events ($z\lesssim0.1$).
\end{enumerate}

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}

In this proceedings contribution, I have briefly stated and discussed the conjecture that outflows from compact accretion disks in short and long GRBs synthesize most of the comic heavy r-process content. One exciting aspect of this conjecture is that it is at least to some extend observationally testable.

Future multi-messenger observations of NS mergers will sample the NS binary population and provide more accurate estimates of rates and r-process yields as well as probe ejection mechanisms. Multi-messenger observations of NS--BH mergers will reveal their contribution to r-process nucleosynthesis and lead to a better understanding of the diversity of abundance distributions mergers can give rise to. This can be used to address open questions regarding diversity of observed abundance patterns for light r-process elements in halo stars and dwarf galaxies, as well as to address fundamental questions about nuclear properties and the universality of the strong r-process \citep{siegel_gw170817_2019}. Observations with future sensitive optical and near-infrared telescopes, such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, may identify signatures of heavy r-process nuclei in GRB supernovae. Together with improved theoretical modeling, the upcoming era of multi-messenger astronomy may tell us whether accretion disks are indeed the preferred way nature provides the universe with r-process elements. This has important implications for astrophysics, nuclear physics, as well as chemical evolution and galaxy formation.\\

DMS acknowledges the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Research at Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Colleges and Universities.

\bibliographystyle{aasjournal}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Mix the paprika and lemon juice in a bowl to combine. Add the turkey fillet and allow to marinate.
Heat the oil in a non-stick frying pan and sear the turkey breast for 2-3 minutes on each side. Transfer to the oven and cook for 8-10 minutes, until cooked through.
For the chutney, heat the apple, tomato,pepper, oil, vinegar, sugar, parsley and hot paprika in a medium pan for 6-8 minutes until softened.
To serve, allow the turkey breast to rest and then slice on the diagonal. Spoon the chutney alongside and serve with a wedge of lime and mash potato.


How to Clear Private Data in Windows 8?
Among different operating system computers, Windows is the most recommended one. Windows 8 is the updated version of Windows OS, which is ingrained with advanced features when compared to other versions of Windows operating system. It has Metro-style user interface and is available with 4 different editions announced by Microsoft Incorporation. After the development of various technologies, majority of the people are dependent on these computers and laptops to save their ample amount of crucial data which might be private for example password, bank account details, browsing activities, cookies, cache, temp files, recent items, clipboard, etc. and other data which may be unwanted but important that you would not like to have its access to any third person.


text:
KUSM-W > Newsroom > Student's breast cancer risk study: A surprising finding and a first at KU School of Medicine-Wichita
About UsDepartmentsCentersEvents CalendarCampus MapContact UsDean MinnsSupport the School
Academic DepartmentsSchool of MedicineGraduate Medical EducationMaster of Public HealthSchool of Pharmacy
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Student's breast cancer risk study: A surprising finding and a first at KU School of Medicine-Wichita
Caroline Breit, third-year medical student
By Brian Whepley
KU School of Medicine-Wichita student Caroline Breit's research into breast cancer risk and genetic testing stands out in a couple of ways.
For starters, the third-year medical student is the first in the honors track at the Wichita campus to have research published, as lead author of a study in the October issue of the American Journal of Surgery.
More importantly, the research quantified something researchers suspected: Women who undergo genetic testing to see if they have a gene-linked cancer risk and then receive a negative result - they termed it "uninformative" - still have a heightened risk of developing cancer. The finding didn't surprise researchers, but the rate did, with 51% of women still having elevated risk.
"A lot of people, if they test negative, think they wouldn't be at increased risk. Women should still be educated that even if they don't have a mutation, they could still get breast cancer," Breit said.
"Screening and risk reduction are extremely important in these women," said Patty Tenofsky, M.D., a breast surgeon at Ascension Via Christi and general surgery residency clinical associate professor at KU School of Medicine-Wichita who worked with Breit on the research.
For Breit, the research hits home, as she carries the BRCA2 gene mutation that greatly increases risk.
"It isn't the only reason I'm interested in breast cancer research, but it spurred my interest," said Breit, whose mother, Sharon, is a Wichita OB-GYN.
Other researchers were Maggie Ward, MSN, APRN, AGCNS-BC, OCN, genetics practitioner and manager at Ascension Via Christi Cancer Outreach & Risk Assessment Program; Elizabeth Ablah, Ph.D., MPH, associate professor in the Department of Population Health at KU School of Medicine-Wichita; and Hayrettin Okut, Ph.D., biostatistician in the Office of Research at the school.
To earn the honors designation, students must be in the top quarter of their class and complete publishable research. Ablah's class, Clinical and Population-Based Research, fulfills the research requirement.
Ablah connected Breit with Tenofsky, and she brought in Ward, whose patient charts were reviewed. Together, the team honed and obtained approval for the study, with Ablah helping throughout the process and Okut assisting with data use. Breit did chart reviews the summer after her first year, and then worked the data and wrote and rewrote.
"The vast majority of the work was done by Caroline," said Tenofsky, who was impressed by her work ethic, organization and writing ability.
"Caroline was able to get this project done in a very short period of time and did it effortlessly," Ablah said.
Research allows students to not only dive into a topic, but also to prepare for the future. Competitive residencies require students to have done research, with some wanting them to be lead researcher.
"They will not be at a loss when the time comes, and they'll have advanced their interests and their careers," Ablah said.
Breit presented the research this past summer at a Midwest Surgical Association meeting in Indiana. With an audience of 80, it was a bit intimidating but "a really good opportunity."
From the process, "I take away the fact that doing research as a medical student is a very doable thing," Breit said.
Read the full study.
Last modified: Dec 05, 2019
Belinda Venters
bventers@kumc.edu
Wichita, KS, 67214


Claire Burns, Raquel Cool and Sierra Falter co-founded We Are Egg Donors, the world's first self-advocacy group for egg donors, run by egg donors. Here, Claire tells her story and shares her opinions about the egg trade in Canada.
I sold my eggs in 2004, but started the process in 2003. I was 21 years old at the time. At first, I was able to talk openly with the clinic staff about compensation. But, when the Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) Act was passed in early 2004, I was told that I could no longer speak about money with my liaisons at the clinic – they could get fired for even discussing it.
I ended up being paid under the table. A friend of mine met the intended recipient in the lobby of the clinic while I was upstairs having the eggs extracted. As arranged – like some espionage film or blind date – my friend wore a blue raincoat, the other woman had a red umbrella. As I was watching my eggs being sucked out of me on a TV monitor hanging above my head, my friend was handed a manila envelope with $4000 cash in 20 dollar bills. Thankfully, I suppose, there was some form of honour system in place. I sold her my eggs and she did indeed pay, but what recourse would I have had if she hadn't paid?
While the AHR Act makes it illegal to purchase eggs, financial transactions like the one I was involved with do occur in Canada – they just happen in a clandestine way. In fact, I would argue that the AHR Act has contributed to the creation of a black market where both egg providers and recipients are at risk of being taken advantage of – both at home and abroad.
Canada is different from the United States where there are egg brokerages available for buyers and sellers. I didn't have this experience – I communicated directly with the buyer via email ("sweetbabydreams21") and (at least initially) with the clinic. Canadians are now being wooed to travel to the US to sell their eggs. A few weeks ago, a Toronto woman flying to Southern California to sell her eggs asked us what she should say to the border guards if asked about the purpose of her trip. She wanted to know the legal ramifications of selling her eggs across the border. Another Canadian woman had extreme adverse effects from the drugs she was taking. She spoke to the American broker about wanting to stop the process. The broker threatened that if she stopped she'd get no money. I find it troubling that the Canadian government is turning a blind eye to the fact that Canadian women are being medically and emotionally compromised in another country. Where is the accountability?
The fertility industry in Canada is mostly privatized. The doctors are paid, the nurses are paid, the other clinic staff are paid, and the pharmaceutical companies are paid. The prospective parents are paying. Why, in this very monetized industry, should the woman who provides the eggs – the person who supplies the commodity without which the doctors, nurses and others could not provide the service for which they are paid – do this for free, especially when she is the one to bear any potential health consequences.
In my case, I didn't react adversely to the drugs and had no complications post extraction. As for any long-term health effects, no one has ever checked up on me. I mean, honestly, is lupron even legal? About a year ago, I tried for a year-and-a-half to get pregnant and absolutely nothing took. I am scared that maybe my egg donation has contributed to me possibly being infertile.
Don't get me wrong, I was a more-than-willing participant in the egg trade, but if I had known then what I know now – in terms of the non-existent medical research – I would not have gotten involved in this business. To me, the lack of care for the women who provide the eggs for someone else's fertility treatment is the single most frightening aspect of the fertility industry. The second is that, for the most part, the prospective egg providers are not made aware of the fact that there is no after-care. If more women egg providers would speak up, "we are people, not merely vendors", then these processes would have to change to account for our health considerations.
In closing, I want to say that I am really glad I sold my eggs. Somewhere out there, there is a nine-year-old boy named Alexander who might have my eyes. That's amazing.
The problem is not with donating or selling eggs, the problem is with the system that manages the transactions. Egg providers should be empowered. They should know their rights – the right to ask for separate legal representation, the right to informed consent, as well as the right to proper medical follow-up and responsible medical care.
Claire Burns is a founding member of We Are Egg Donors (WEAD).
For further information on this topic read Alison Motluk's The Human Egg Trade published in The Walrus, April 2010.


text:
Der Galgenberg ist ein vom Landratsamt Konstanz am 2. Juni 1949 durch Verordnung ausgewiesenes Landschaftsschutzgebiet auf dem Gebiet der Stadt Singen am Hohentwiel.

Lage
Das 105 Hektar große Schutzgebiet liegt zwischen den Stadtteilen Bohlingen im Süden und Überlingen am Ried im Norden. Das Gebiet gehört zum Naturraum Hegau.

Landschaftscharakter
Der Galgenberg erhebt sich nördlich von Bohlingen bis auf eine Höhe von . Landschaftsprägend sind die durch Feldhecken, Streuobstwiesen und Einzelbäume kleinräumig strukturierten Wiesen und Äcker. Im Zentrum befinden sich drei Einzelgehöfte. Am Nordhang des Galgenbergs befindet sich ein schmaler Waldstreifen.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Landkreis Konstanz

Weblinks

 Karte des Schutzgebiets im Daten- und Kartendienst der LUBW

Landschaftsschutzgebiet im Landkreis Konstanz
Schutzgebiet in Singen (Hohentwiel)
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Schutzgebiet im Hegau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bikash Chandra Mandal is a Research Scholar at the Department of English, Visva-Bharati University. He is interested in postcolonial perspective of history, Bengal Renaissance, Modernity, and partition literature.
Nandita Dutta works at the Centre for Studies in Gender and Sexuality at Ashoka University.
Madhubrata Bhattacharyya is a post graduate student of English at Jadavpur University, Kolkata. She can be found on Instagram as @felinist_ and blogs at medium.com/@bengali_beat. Madhubrata likes going on feminist rants and watching cat videos on the Internet.
Amarinder Gill is an academician employed with the Education Department, Chandigarh. She holds a doctorate from the Department of Sociology, Punjab University. Her areas of interest are Gender Studies and Rural Sociology.
Firoja Parvin is a M. Phil research scholar at the University of North Bengal. Her areas of interest include Women Writings, Eco -Feminism, Post-Colonial Feminism, and Gender Studies. She tweets at @ParvinFiroja.
Priti Mandal is an M.Phil Scholar of English at Visva-Bharati University, working on the Ao-Naga tribe of Nagaland in the writings of Temsula Ao, a well-known Ao-Naga woman writer.
An alumnus of Loreto Convent, Darjeeling and St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling, Rubina Thapa majored in Sociology from Mumbai University from where she also completed her MPhil.
Sai Amulya Komarraju is a doctoral researcher in the Department of Communication, University of Hyderabad. Her research interests include feminist media studies, feminist cultural studies and digital culture. Her doctoral research explores how Indian millennials understand gender, gender politics, feminisms, and feminist parenting in India. In her free time, she follows YouTube fan wars and DIY culture.


text:
import ConfigParser
import os
import sys
import codecs
import xlrd
import python_out.static_data_proto_pb2

reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding("utf8")

base_dir = os.getcwd() + os.sep + "%s" + os.sep
in_dir = base_dir % "input"
out_dir = base_dir % "out"
python_out_dir = base_dir % "python_out"
proto_dir = base_dir % "proto"
config_dir = base_dir % "conf" + os.sep + "config.conf"

data_type_map = dict()
data_type_map["int32"] = "int"
data_type_map["float"] = "float"
data_type_map["string"] = "str"

def list_file_names(dir):
    return os.listdir(dir)

def generate_proto():
    print("Éú³Éstatic_data_proto.proto...")
    proto_file = file(proto_dir + "static_data_proto.proto", "w")
    inputs = list_file_names(in_dir)
    msg_manager = list()
    msg_manager.append("syntax = \"proto3\";\n")
    msg_manager.append("option java_package = \"%s\";\n" % get_config("java", "package_name"))
    msg_manager.append("option java_outer_classname = \"%s\";\n" % get_config("java", "class_name"))
    msg_manager.append("message DataManager {\n")
    msg_records = list()
    for i, f in enumerate(inputs):
        f_name = f[:-4]
        msg_manager.append("\tmap<string,%s> %s = %s;\n" % (f_name, str(f_name).lower() + "_data", i + 1))
        msg_records.append("message %s {\n" % f_name)
        wb = xlrd.open_workbook(in_dir + f)
        sheet = wb.sheets()[0]

        msg = "\t"
        index = 1
        for k in range(sheet.ncols):
            data_type = sheet.col_values(k)[2]
            data_name = sheet.col_values(k)[1]
            if sheet.col_values(k)[0] == 3:
                continue
            else:
                msg_records.append("\t%s %s = %s;\n" % (data_type, data_name, index))
                index = index + 1
        msg_records.append("}\n")
    msg_manager.append("}\n")
    msg_manager.extend(msg_records)
    proto_file.write("".join(msg_manager))

    print("Íê³Éstatic_data_proto.proto")

def generate_class(command):
    py_result = os.system(command)
    return py_result

def init(obj, args_build_type, args_names, args_types, arg_values):
    for i, arg in enumerate(args_names):
        if arg_values[i] is None or len(str(arg_values[i])) == 0:
            continue
        t = int(args_build_type[i])
        if t == 3:
            continue
        if t == 0 or build_type == t:
            if hasattr(obj, arg):
                arg_type = str(args_types[i])
                arg_values[i] = str(arg_values[i]).strip()
                if arg_type == "int32":
                    setattr(obj, arg, int(float(arg_values[i])))
                elif arg_type == "float":
                    setattr(obj, arg, float(arg_values[i]))
                elif arg_type.split(" ")[0] == "repeated":
                    string = unicode(str(arg_values[i]), "utf8")
                    value = [int(float(x)) for x in string.split(",")]
                    getattr(obj, arg).extend(value)
                elif arg_type[:3] == "map":
                    string = unicode(str(arg_values[i]), "utf8")
                    entrys = [str(x) for x in string.split(",")]
                    kv_types = arg_type[4:len(arg_type) - 1]
                    k_type = data_type_map[kv_types.split(",")[0]]
                    v_type = data_type_map[kv_types.split(",")[1]]
                    d = {}
                    for k in range(len(entrys)):
                        entry = entrys[k].split("=")
                        k = eval("%s(%s)" % (k_type, entry[0]))
                        v = eval("%s(%s)" % (v_type, entry[1]))
                        d[k] = v

                    getattr(obj, arg).update(d)
                else:
                    setattr(obj, arg, unicode(str(arg_values[i]), "utf8"))

def init_data_manager():
    manager = python_out.static_data_proto_pb2.DataManager()
    inputs = os.listdir(in_dir)
    print("Êý¾Ý±íÊý¾ÝдÈë...")
    for i, f in enumerate(inputs):
        print(f)
        wb = xlrd.open_workbook(in_dir + f)
        sheet = wb.sheets()[0]
        for r in range(3, sheet.nrows):
            row = sheet.row_values(r)
            attr = getattr(manager, f[:-4] + "_data")[str(row[0])]
            init(attr, sheet.row_values(0), sheet.row_values(1), sheet.row_values(2), row)
            # func(getattr(manager, f[:-4] + "Record")[r - 3], row)
    out = file(get_config("build", "out_path") + "/static_data.data", "w")
    msg = manager.SerializeToString()
    out.write(msg)
    out.close()

def get_config(section, name):
    config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
    config.readfp(open(config_dir))
    return config.get(section, name)

def main():
    cmd_base = " --proto_path=" + proto_dir + " " + proto_dir + "*.proto"
    py_cmd = "protoc --python_out=" + get_config("python", "out_path") + cmd_base
    java_cmd = "protoc --java_out=" + get_config("java", "out_path") + cmd_base

    generate_proto()
    generate_class(py_cmd)
    print("Éú³ÉpythonÎļþ")
    generate_class(java_cmd)
    print("Éú³ÉjavaÎļþ")
    # 0:both 1:client 2:server
    print("´ò°üÀàÐÍ£º%s" % build_type)
    init_data_manager()
    print("´ò°üÍê³É")

build_type = int(get_config("build", "type"))
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
eBooks on Demand service remains self-sustaining and seeks for further fields of activity
The EOD network of 37 European libraries held a meeting from 28-29 April 2016 at the Swiss National Library, discussing ideas and experiences to widen the array of EOD services. During the last years the EOD service proofed to be a stable running service at the EOD partner libraries.
Altogether the EOD libraries have received 3000-4000 digitization orders for public domain books annually during the last three years. The network receives requests from up to 48 countries. 1200 items are additionally available as reprints via Amazon. Some libraries with smaller old book collections collaborate by offering their holdings through an EOD library. Also the EOD network is expected to expand within the current year.
"The intensive professional and technical exchange lays the foundation for innovation and development," says Marie-Christine Doffey, the Head of the Swiss National Library. She highlights the global access to documents offered by the EOD search engine, which "presents a great added value not only for us but also for an interested public around the world".
The ideas and experiences of the EOD partners go beyond the digitization of public domain books on request. The National Library of Sweden for example is preparing one of a kind pilot in the world between Sweden and Finland to include out of commerce copyrighted materials. The Library at Guisanplatz was sharing its experience in regards to the integration of the EOD service with Alma and Primo. The Bavarian State Library on the other hand reported on inter-library loan and e-media, also presenting some evidence on the equal use of the inter-library loan for printed as well as e-books. The coordinator of the EOD network, the University and Regional Library of Tyrol (University Innsbruck) now enables the EOD libraries to provide reprints not only together with a digital copy, but also from previously digitized materials.
The EOD service was launched by 13 libraries in 8 European countries in 2006. The network remains open to institutions interested in digitizing and making available public domain books on the request of an international community of users.
Photo credit: Clio Turbata
Was ist das Besondere an unseren eBooks?
Wie finden?
Als Bibliothek am Netzwerk teilnehmen
Was ist ein EOD-Reprint?
Als Bibliothek diesen Service anbieten


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text:
A batalha de Mukden foi a última grande batalha terrestre da guerra russo-japonesa e uma das maiores batalhas terrestres acontecidas antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Ocorreu de 20 de fevereiro a 10 de março de 1905, envolvendo o exército imperial japonês e o exército imperial russo, na Manchúria (China). A cidade onde aconteceu o confronto hoje se chama Cheniangue e é capital da província de Liaoningue.

As forças russas, ao redor de 276.000 efetivos, estava sob o comando do general Aleksey Kuropatkin. O exército imperial japonês, com 270.00 homens, estava sendo comandado pelo marechal príncipe Ōyama Iwao.

Contexto
Depois da batalha de Liaoyang  (de 24 de agosto a 4 de setembro de 1904), as forças russas se retiraram ao rio Sha-ho, ao sul de Mukden, e se reagruparam. De 5 a 17 de outubro de 1904, durante a batalha de Shaho, os russos contra-atacaram sem êxito, porém conseguiram, temporariamente, deter o avanço japonês.

Uma segunda contraofensiva russa, a batalha de Sandepu, ocorrida de 25 a 29 de janeiro de 1905, foi igualmente um fracasso.
A queda de Port Arthur, ante ao regimento de Nogi Maresuke, liberou o 3º exército japonês que avançou até o norte para reforçar as linhas japonesas em Mukden, com o fim de preparar um ataque.

Em fevereiro de 1905, os homens na reserva do exército japonês havia se esgotado. Com a chegada do 3º exército do general Nogi, todo o esforço de combate japonês se concentrou em Mukden. As severas baixas, o clima duro de inverno e a possível chegada da frota russa no Báltico, pressionaram o Marechal Ōyama Iwao a tentar vencer o inimigo o quanto antes, já que com mais uma vitória, os russos podiam se retirar para além da Manchúria.

Disposição das forças

A linha defensiva russa, estabelecida ao sul de Mukden, cobria uma área de 140kml. No flanco direito, sob um terreno plano,  estava o 2º exército da Manchúria, sob as ordens do general barão Von Kaulbars (que substituiu o desafortunado general Oskar Grippenberg). Nas linhas defensivas centrais estava o  3º exército da Manchúria do general Bildering.
A região das colinas no flanco esquerdo estava defendida pelo 1º Exército da Manchúria, do general Nikolai Linevich. Este flanco continha dois terços da cavalaria russa, sob o comando do general Paul von Rennenkampf. O general Kuropatkin havia disposto as suas forças em plano puramente defensivo, já que era difícil ou impossível poder executar uma ofensiva sem abrir uma grande brecha em suas linhas.

No lado japonês, o  1º exército japonês (general Kuroki) e o  4º exército japonês (general Nozu) avançavam ao leste da linha férrea, e o 2º exército japonês (general Oku) a oeste. O 3º exército do general Nogi_Maresuke se manteve na retaguarda do 2º exército até o início da batalha. Um exército japonês, recém formado, o  5º exército, sob o comando do general Kageaki Kawamura proporcionou um ataque para desviar a atenção do flanco esquerdo russo. O  5º exército era muito pequeno e era formado por apenas a  11.ª divisão e reservistas.
O general Kuropatkin estava convencido que o ataque principal japonês seria do lado montanhoso a leste, seu flanco esquerdo, porque os japoneses tinham provado sua efetividade neste tipo de terreno, e a presença dos veteranos da  11.ª divisão nessa área reforçava suas convicções.

O plano do marechal Ōyama Iwao  era colocar seus 5 exércitos em uma forma de lua crescente para rodear Mukden, reduzindo a possibilidade de uma retirada russa. Foi explícito suas ordens de evitar combater dentro da cidade de Mukden. Durante toda a guerra, os japoneses tinham obedecido uma rigorosa política de respeito em relação a população civil, para ganhar apoio do povo chinês, em constraste com a anterior Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa e a subsequente segunda guerra sino-japonesa.

A batalha

A batalha teve início com o ataque do  5º exército japonês no flanco esquerdo das forças russas, em 20 de fevereiro de 1905. Em 27 de fevereiro, o  4º exército japonês atacou o flanco direito, enquanto que outras forças japonesas também atacavam as linhas de frente russas. No mesmo dia, o  3º exército iniciou seu movimento a noroeste de Mukden.

Em 1 de março, as ações nas frente leste e central haviam estancado. Os japoneses tinham conseguido pequenos avanços a custa de grandes perdas. Então, em 7 de março o general Kuropatkin começou a retirar suas forças na frente leste para se opor ao movimentos do  3º exército japonês no flanco oeste de Mukden, e preocupado com a movimentação do general Nogi, decidiu mandar um contra-ataque contra o mesmo. A mudança de forças, de leste a oeste, não foi bem coordenado pelo russos, causando o caos entre os exércitos 1º e 3º da Manchúria. Essa era a oportunidade que havia esperado o marechal  Ōyama Iwao, e ordenou uma ordem de ataque total. A sorte seguiu do lado japonês, já que, apesar do degelo, o rio Hun seguia congelado, e não foi um obstáculo para o ataque dos japoneses.

Praticamente rodeado e sem esperança de vitória, o general Kuropatkin deu a ordem de retirada para o norte, as 18:45 de 9 de março. A retirada russa se complicou quando as tropas do general Nozu penetraram através da retaguarda russa sobre o rio Hun, e rapidamente a retirada se converteu em uma debandada. O pânico fez as forças russas abandonarem os feridos, armas e mantimentos.
Em 10 de março de 1905, as 10:00 da manhã, as forças japonesas ocuparam Mukden.

Resultados
As baixas russas chegaram aos 90.000 homens. Além disso, os russos também perderam a maioria dos seus pontos de controle. Temendo futuros avanços japoneses, o general Kuropatkin ordenou que a  cidade de Tieling fosse incendiada, e marchou com o resto de seus homens até o norte para formar uma linha defensiva na atual Siping, província de Jilin. As forças japonesas sofreram 70.000 baixas.

Não ocorreu mais combates de grandes proporções na guerra, depois dessa batalha.

Bibliografia

Ver também
 Império do Japão
 Império Russo
 Guerra Russo-Japonesa

Mukden
Mukden
Mukden
Conflitos em 1905


There are many ways for companies to access opportunities in the marketplace. One option not to be overlooked is having your company certified as a minority- or women-owned enterprise, if applicable. Many corporations, as well as federal and state governments, have set goals to procure some portion of their goods and services from minority- and women-owned businesses. There are many reasons that these programs exist but corporate America for one has recognized that in order to gain market share from minority communities and women, they must also do business with those populations. Governments also want to ensure that tax dollars are utilized in a way that allows all sectors of society to participate. To meet these objectives, private and public sector firms search for minority- and women-owned suppliers through programs that have formal certification processes. The various types of certifications available can be confusing and companies should take the time to find the certification that best suits their needs and strengths. The process is also time-consuming and sometimes expensive, so preliminary research can save both time and money. Many certifications require that you have been in business for a minimum period of time. Listed below are some of the more popular certification programs and their criteria.
This certification is best suited for companies that are looking for private-sector buyers. NMSDC has a stellar list of corporate members including Accenture, Nissan, IBM, Oracle and Nationwide Insurance (www.nmsdc.org). NMSDC and its local councils help connect these companies with the certified minority suppliers who are its members through trade-shows, conferences and referral programs.
Eligibility: For-profit enterprises of any size that are located in the United States and are owned, operated, and controlled by minority group members who are U.S. citizens. A minority group member is an individual who is a U.S. citizen with at least 25 percent Asian-Indian, Asian-Pacific, black, Hispanic, or Native American heritage. Documentation to support the claim is required. Additionally, at least 51 percent of the business or the company's stock must be owned by such individuals, and the management and operations must also be controlled by such individuals.
The Small Business Administration's 8(a) Business Development Program helps minority-owned companies win contracts in the public sector (www.sba.gov/content/8a-business-development). You must have been in business at least two years to apply for this program. However the application is free and the SBA provides free counseling and assistance to applicants. The program also offers business counseling, training and marketing assistance. The primary goal, however, is to give 8(a) certified businesses access to contracts with limited competition.
Eligibility: Small businesses that are owned and controlled by U.S. citizens who are "socially and economically disadvantaged." Socially disadvantaged refers to individuals who are "subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice" and includes, but is not necessarily limited to, black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian-Pacific, and Subcontinent Asian. The business must be at least 51 percent directly owned by economically and socially disadvantaged individuals. The company must have been in business for at least two years prior to applying, and it must submit income tax returns for those two years that show operating revenue.
The National Women Business Owners Corporation (NWBOC: www.nwboc.org), which was formed in 1995, and The Women's Business Enterprise National Council (WBENC: www.wbenc.org), a Washington, D.C.-based national nonprofit, both provide a process for women-owned enterprises to get certified and get connected with companies looking for women-owned suppliers. They also offer training and other business resources. NWBOC's certification is accepted by both public and public sector firms, while more than 1000 private companies recognize WBENC certification.
Eligibility: A woman must own 51 percent of the business to qualify for certification. A woman must also hold the highest position at the company and be active in daily management and the strategic direction of the company. In addition to being a majority owner, a woman must also be a U.S. citizen (or a permanent resident for WBENC certification), and it is recommended that she be in business for at least six months.
There are many other certification programs that cannot be covered here due to space including the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise program run by the Department of Transportation (http://osdbuweb.dot.gov/DBEProgram/) and those run by individual cities and states such as the City of Atlanta's Equal Business Opportunity program (http://www.atlantaga.gov) and the State of Maryland's Minority Business Enterprise Program (www.mdot.maryland.gov).
There are also disadvantages to becoming certified. A critical part of the application and certification process is to weed out those companies that are not truly minority- or women-owned and operated—for example, companies where majority ownership may be nominally held by a minority or women but actual control is held by others. Accordingly, the application process is often burdensome, requiring companies to set aside significant time to gather the documentation and submit it. Finally, the certification is only valuable to the extent the company utilizes the resources and opportunities that come with it, such as participating in requests for proposal or attending trade shows and conferences. Pursuing these opportunities means that companies have to be willing to commit ongoing resources and funds in order to get the benefits of the certification. So it is important to establish up front and on a regular basis whether certification is a worthwhile venture for your company. Without it, however, an eligible business may miss out on a vital business strategy and tool.
Business Insights is hosted by the Law Firm of Kumar, Prabhu, Patel & Banerjee, LLC. Sonjui L. Kumar is a corporate, transactional attorney and a founding partner of KPPB Law. Her practice focuses on acting as general counsel to privately held companies, including foreign companies doing business in the U.S.


Being an MYP student at Aurora Hills Middle School is a unique opportunity to live, love, and learn here in Colorado. We are one of the few schools to have the Middle Years Program (MYP) for all of its students in grades 6-8. This connects with our major feeder school, Gateway, which is also an MYP school for grades 9-10.
As part of this program, you learn to think about depth of concepts and ideas as they are connected across your different classes. Teachers use Key Concepts, Inquiry Questions, and Global Contexts in each of your 8 subject areas.
You will gain a deeper understanding as you connect your discovery in the classroom to your exploration outside the classroom. Be excited for the chance to show case your passion and serve the community. Take your learning to a new level...and MYP level!


text:
Anang signs first pro deal with West Ham
by Nathan Quao
West Ham United are delighted to announce that goalkeeper Joseph Anang has signed his first professional contract with the Club.
The Ghanaian, a promising 18-year-old stopper, has put pen to paper on a three-year deal which sees him commit his future to the Hammers until 2021.
Having joined the Club as a Scholar in July 2017, Anang had to wait patiently for his debut whilst international clearance was obtained, but gained valuable experience and insight last season when he trained regularly alongside first team goalkeeper Adrian and the senior squad.
The teenager was naturally delighted to sign his first pro terms and looked ahead to working even harder to progress further in east London.
He said: "Today is a very proud day for me. It has been a long time coming for me but 100 per cent, everything I have worked for so far has been worth it for this day.
"It hasn't been easy for me. From when I came to West Ham and every day since then, I have worked very hard. For me, I have just concentrated on doing that, working hard and doing my job and seeing what happens.
"So to sign today is a great day for me and I'm very proud."
Anang joins youngster and fellow keeper Nathan Trott on the long list of hot prospects coming through the Club's youth ranks and follows Dan Kemp, Moses Makasi and Grady Diangana – who all put pen to paper in recent weeks – in securing a new deal this summer.
"Today is a great day for me and I'm very proud. I have worked very hard, and I need to keep doing that, doing my job and see what happens" Joseph Anang said.
The stopper went on to praise a number of key figures at the Club who have already influenced his career in a positive way, and looked ahead to working with the Hammers' new stopper, the experienced Polish international Lukasz Fabianaski.
"Adrian last season – and Joe Hart – were both a big help for me, on and off the pitch," he continued. "I have learned a lot from them and although I still have a lot to learn, I am grateful to them both for their help.
"I am looking forward to continuing to work with those kind of figures at West Ham, and of course to meeting Lukasz Fabianski and hopefully learning a lot from him too – he is a very experienced guy.
"I want to thank Terry [Westley], Liam [Manning], Steve [Potts] and Mark [Phillips] who have all helped me at the Academy, and also JJ [Jerome John] and Billy [Lepine], who have already done so much for me as goalkeeper coaches.
"Next year, my aims are to be playing for the club's U23s but there are great goalkeepers already at this Club, so it depends on how hard I work and that I can show people I'll continue to improve as a goalkeeper.
"In the future, of course, the long-term ambition is to become a first team player here but I have to start from where I am now, keep working hard every day and hopefully those aims will one day be achieved."
Source: Whufc.com
LeBron James agrees to four-year, $153.3 million deal with Lakers
Ghana vs Uruguay: When Gyan's penalty changed my outlook on the game
Ghana vs Uruguay: When Gyan's penalty changed my outlook on the game


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Scientists Push Back on DOJ Charges Against Harvard Professor
Forty academics have signed a letter in support of a Harvard University professor being prosecuted by the U.S. government on charges he lied about his connections with the Chinese government. Seven Nobel Prize winners are among the dozens of scientists asking why the university is not defending Charles Lieber against the charges.In our open letter, we scientists are standing up for @Harvard professor Charles Lieber. We also are speaking out against the harm that the prosecution of Charles and other scientists has inflicted on academic freedom and scholarly collaboration. pic.twitter.com/0EQw8cWIzO— Stuart Schreiber (@SchreiberStuart) March 1, 2021"Professor Lieber is one of the great scientists of his generation," the letter reads. "In the name of combating economic espionage, the Department of Justice has increasingly scrutinized members of the academic community. Several of its investigations reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of modern science, in which open-source practices make discoveries available to all." Harvard Professor Arrest Highlights Intellectual Property EspionageUS colleges, universities, research labs, and industry partners are struggling with how to identify what they see as Chinese coercion and intellectual property theftLieber, the former chair of Harvard chemistry and chemical biology department, and considered a pioneer in nanotechnology, was charged in January 2020 and indicted in July for allegedly lying about research funding while participating in China's Thousand Talents Program, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) said last year. Harvard Professor Indicted on China Program ChargesDOJ says Charles Lieber lied to Harvard about Thousand Talents Program"Under the terms of Lieber's three-year contract, WUT allegedly paid Lieber a salary of up to $50,000 USD per month, living expenses of up to 1 million Chinese Yuan (approximately $158,000 USD at the time) and awarded him more than $1.5 million to establish a research lab at WUT," DOJ said in a release. Lieber faces up to five years in prison, three years of supervised release and a fine of $250,000. "Despite his standing in the scientific community — or perhaps because of it — he has become the target of a tragically misguided government campaign that is discouraging U.S. scientists from collaborating with peers in other countries, particularly China," the letter supporting Lieber states. "In so doing, it is threatening not only the United States' position as a world leader in academic research, but science itself."In January, dozens of scientists signed a similar letter in support of Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Gang Chen, who was indicted on similar charges, specifically failing to disclose ties with China. "We are troubled that the complaint against Professor Chen vilifies what should be considered normal academic and research activities, including promoting MIT's mission of global education," wrote the scientists in a petition on Change.org, which has garnered over 1,000 signatures of support."The USA's greatest asset for fostering innovation and attracting the brightest minds is the academic freedom and openness of American science praised throughout the world…. The persecution or burdening of scientists for their interactions and collaborations will come at a great cost of lost ingenuity and decline of our global leadership in science and technology," the petition states. Lieber has filed suit against Harvard University, saying it should pay for his legal expenses. The university has contended that it is not responsible for those costs.
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Tag Archives: Jim Gorny
CFSAN Announces New Senior Science Advisor for Produce Safety
FDA has created a new position for former FDA member Jim Gorny to serve as the senior science advisor for produce safety at CFSAN. Gorny worked at FDA from 2009 to 2013 as the senior advisor in the agency's Office of Food Safety at which time he was involved in the development of FSMA. He was previously the vice president of food safety and technology at the Produce Marketing Association.
In his position at CFSAN Gorny will work with a team of produce safety professionals on implementing new science and risk-based requirements that aim to prevent illnesses from contaminated produce. He will serve as the chief advisor to CFSAN Director Susan Mayne on policies and programs associated with produce safety. His responsibilities include stakeholder outreach and engagement, investigations and recalls, research and training.
"I will be working with state regulatory partners and other government agencies at home and abroad to build support for implementation of the produce rule, as well as with industry to help further compliance… I'll be working to make sure that the people in senior-level management and the field staff, including those conducting foreign inspections, are speaking the same language. – Jim Gorny, FDA
In an interview published on FDA's website, Gorny discusses his role at FDA, the produce safety rule and how he will be working with industry and key stakeholders, including the farming community.