text:
/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.facebook.presto.benchmark;

import com.facebook.presto.benchmark.HandTpchQuery1.TpchQuery1Operator.TpchQuery1OperatorFactory;
import com.facebook.presto.metadata.Signature;
import com.facebook.presto.operator.DriverContext;
import com.facebook.presto.operator.HashAggregationOperator.HashAggregationOperatorFactory;
import com.facebook.presto.operator.Operator;
import com.facebook.presto.operator.OperatorContext;
import com.facebook.presto.operator.OperatorFactory;
import com.facebook.presto.operator.aggregation.InternalAggregationFunction;
import com.facebook.presto.spi.Page;
import com.facebook.presto.spi.PageBuilder;
import com.facebook.presto.spi.block.Block;
import com.facebook.presto.spi.type.Type;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.AggregationNode.Step;
import com.facebook.presto.sql.planner.plan.PlanNodeId;
import com.facebook.presto.testing.LocalQueryRunner;
import com.facebook.presto.util.DateTimeUtils;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;
import io.airlift.units.DataSize;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;

import static com.facebook.presto.benchmark.BenchmarkQueryRunner.createLocalQueryRunner;
import static com.facebook.presto.metadata.FunctionKind.AGGREGATE;
import static com.facebook.presto.spi.type.BigintType.BIGINT;
import static com.facebook.presto.spi.type.DateType.DATE;
import static com.facebook.presto.spi.type.DoubleType.DOUBLE;
import static com.facebook.presto.spi.type.VarcharType.VARCHAR;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
import static io.airlift.units.DataSize.Unit.MEGABYTE;
import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;

public class HandTpchQuery1
        extends AbstractSimpleOperatorBenchmark
{
    private final InternalAggregationFunction longAverage;
    private final InternalAggregationFunction doubleAverage;
    private final InternalAggregationFunction doubleSum;
    private final InternalAggregationFunction countFunction;

    public HandTpchQuery1(LocalQueryRunner localQueryRunner)
    {
        super(localQueryRunner, "hand_tpch_query_1", 1, 5);

        longAverage = localQueryRunner.getMetadata().getFunctionRegistry().getAggregateFunctionImplementation(
                new Signature("avg", AGGREGATE, DOUBLE.getTypeSignature(), BIGINT.getTypeSignature()));
        doubleAverage = localQueryRunner.getMetadata().getFunctionRegistry().getAggregateFunctionImplementation(
                new Signature("avg", AGGREGATE, DOUBLE.getTypeSignature(), DOUBLE.getTypeSignature()));
        doubleSum = localQueryRunner.getMetadata().getFunctionRegistry().getAggregateFunctionImplementation(
                new Signature("sum", AGGREGATE, DOUBLE.getTypeSignature(), DOUBLE.getTypeSignature()));
        countFunction = localQueryRunner.getMetadata().getFunctionRegistry().getAggregateFunctionImplementation(
                new Signature("count", AGGREGATE, BIGINT.getTypeSignature()));
    }

    @Override
    protected List<? extends OperatorFactory> createOperatorFactories()
    {
        // select
        //     returnflag,
        //     linestatus,
        //     sum(quantity) as sum_qty,
        //     sum(extendedprice) as sum_base_price,
        //     sum(extendedprice * (1 - discount)) as sum_disc_price,
        //     sum(extendedprice * (1 - discount) * (1 + tax)) as sum_charge,
        //     avg(quantity) as avg_qty,
        //     avg(extendedprice) as avg_price,
        //     avg(discount) as avg_disc,
        //     count(*) as count_order
        // from
        //     lineitem
        // where
        //     shipdate <= '1998-09-02'
        // group by
        //     returnflag,
        //     linestatus
        // order by
        //     returnflag,
        //     linestatus

        OperatorFactory tableScanOperator = createTableScanOperator(
                0,
                new PlanNodeId("test"),
                "lineitem",
                "returnflag",
                "linestatus",
                "quantity",
                "extendedprice",
                "discount",
                "tax",
                "shipdate");

        TpchQuery1OperatorFactory tpchQuery1Operator = new TpchQuery1OperatorFactory(1);
        HashAggregationOperatorFactory aggregationOperator = new HashAggregationOperatorFactory(
                2,
                new PlanNodeId("test"),
                getColumnTypes("lineitem", "returnflag", "linestatus"),
                Ints.asList(0, 1),
                ImmutableList.of(),
                Step.SINGLE,
                ImmutableList.of(
                        doubleSum.bind(ImmutableList.of(2), Optional.empty()),
                        doubleSum.bind(ImmutableList.of(3), Optional.empty()),
                        doubleSum.bind(ImmutableList.of(4), Optional.empty()),
                        longAverage.bind(ImmutableList.of(2), Optional.empty()),
                        doubleAverage.bind(ImmutableList.of(5), Optional.empty()),
                        doubleAverage.bind(ImmutableList.of(6), Optional.empty()),
                        countFunction.bind(ImmutableList.of(2), Optional.empty())),
                Optional.empty(),
                Optional.empty(),
                10_000,
                Optional.of(new DataSize(16, MEGABYTE)),
                JOIN_COMPILER,
                false);

        return ImmutableList.of(tableScanOperator, tpchQuery1Operator, aggregationOperator);
    }

    public static class TpchQuery1Operator
            implements com.facebook.presto.operator.Operator // TODO: use import when Java 7 compiler bug is fixed
    {
        private static final ImmutableList<Type> TYPES = ImmutableList.of(
                VARCHAR,
                VARCHAR,
                DOUBLE,
                DOUBLE,
                DOUBLE,
                DOUBLE,
                DOUBLE);

        public static class TpchQuery1OperatorFactory
                implements OperatorFactory
        {
            private final int operatorId;

            public TpchQuery1OperatorFactory(int operatorId)
            {
                this.operatorId = operatorId;
            }

            @Override
            public Operator createOperator(DriverContext driverContext)
            {
                OperatorContext operatorContext = driverContext.addOperatorContext(operatorId, new PlanNodeId("test"), TpchQuery1Operator.class.getSimpleName());
                return new TpchQuery1Operator(operatorContext);
            }

            @Override
            public void noMoreOperators()
            {
            }

            @Override
            public OperatorFactory duplicate()
            {
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            }
        }

        private final OperatorContext operatorContext;
        private final PageBuilder pageBuilder;
        private boolean finishing;

        public TpchQuery1Operator(OperatorContext operatorContext)
        {
            this.operatorContext = requireNonNull(operatorContext, "operatorContext is null");
            this.pageBuilder = new PageBuilder(TYPES);
        }

        @Override
        public OperatorContext getOperatorContext()
        {
            return operatorContext;
        }

        @Override
        public void finish()
        {
            finishing = true;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isFinished()
        {
            return finishing && pageBuilder.isEmpty();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean needsInput()
        {
            return !pageBuilder.isFull();
        }

        @Override
        public void addInput(Page page)
        {
            requireNonNull(page, "page is null");
            checkState(!pageBuilder.isFull(), "Output buffer is full");
            checkState(!finishing, "Operator is finished");

            filterAndProjectRowOriented(pageBuilder,
                    page.getBlock(0),
                    page.getBlock(1),
                    page.getBlock(2),
                    page.getBlock(3),
                    page.getBlock(4),
                    page.getBlock(5),
                    page.getBlock(6));
        }

        @Override
        public Page getOutput()
        {
            // only return a page if the page buffer isFull or we are finishing and the page buffer has data
            if (pageBuilder.isFull() || (finishing && !pageBuilder.isEmpty())) {
                Page page = pageBuilder.build();
                pageBuilder.reset();
                return page;
            }
            return null;
        }

        private static final int MAX_SHIP_DATE = DateTimeUtils.parseDate("1998-09-02");

        private static void filterAndProjectRowOriented(PageBuilder pageBuilder,
                Block returnFlagBlock,
                Block lineStatusBlock,
                Block quantityBlock,
                Block extendedPriceBlock,
                Block discountBlock,
                Block taxBlock,
                Block shipDateBlock)
        {
            int rows = returnFlagBlock.getPositionCount();
            for (int position = 0; position < rows; position++) {
                if (shipDateBlock.isNull(position)) {
                    continue;
                }

                int shipDate = (int) DATE.getLong(shipDateBlock, position);

                // where
                //     shipdate <= '1998-09-02'
                if (shipDate <= MAX_SHIP_DATE) {
                    //     returnflag,
                    //     linestatus
                    //     quantity
                    //     extendedprice
                    //     extendedprice * (1 - discount)
                    //     extendedprice * (1 - discount) * (1 + tax)
                    //     discount

                    pageBuilder.declarePosition();
                    if (returnFlagBlock.isNull(position)) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(0).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        VARCHAR.appendTo(returnFlagBlock, position, pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(0));
                    }
                    if (lineStatusBlock.isNull(position)) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(1).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        VARCHAR.appendTo(lineStatusBlock, position, pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(1));
                    }

                    double quantity = DOUBLE.getDouble(quantityBlock, position);
                    double extendedPrice = DOUBLE.getDouble(extendedPriceBlock, position);
                    double discount = DOUBLE.getDouble(discountBlock, position);
                    double tax = DOUBLE.getDouble(taxBlock, position);

                    boolean quantityIsNull = quantityBlock.isNull(position);
                    boolean extendedPriceIsNull = extendedPriceBlock.isNull(position);
                    boolean discountIsNull = discountBlock.isNull(position);
                    boolean taxIsNull = taxBlock.isNull(position);

                    if (quantityIsNull) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(2).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        DOUBLE.writeDouble(pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(2), quantity);
                    }

                    if (extendedPriceIsNull) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(3).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        DOUBLE.writeDouble(pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(3), extendedPrice);
                    }

                    if (extendedPriceIsNull || discountIsNull) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(4).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        DOUBLE.writeDouble(pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(4), extendedPrice * (1 - discount));
                    }

                    if (extendedPriceIsNull || discountIsNull || taxIsNull) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(5).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        DOUBLE.writeDouble(pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(5), extendedPrice * (1 - discount) * (1 + tax));
                    }

                    if (discountIsNull) {
                        pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(6).appendNull();
                    }
                    else {
                        DOUBLE.writeDouble(pageBuilder.getBlockBuilder(6), discount);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        new HandTpchQuery1(createLocalQueryRunner()).runBenchmark(new SimpleLineBenchmarkResultWriter(System.out));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If UT loses at uk, how will the top 5 look?
Duke obviously goes back to #1, but how far does Ut Fall? Uk has more losses, and Ut Beat Gonzaga.
That's an interesting question, especially since Virginia actually gained a spot the week they lost at Duke. But UT will probably fall to #5.
3-4. Depending on how bad we lose.
At's Funny rite there. Guess what? Rupp will be a madhouse and a W there will be harder than any game this season. Realism.
Yeah but doesn't Va have 3 losses now?
#4, just ahead of Gonzaga, just behind UK. We'll have to beat UK, in Knoxville, worse than they beat us in Lexington, to move back ahead of UK. Duke will have to lose.........to someone. Maybe UVA. But then, UVA will go to #1. None of this matters. UT has all the tools to win it all. I do not care where the NCAA puts them, in the tourney.
There is a chance Duke will jump us this week.
But who cares? In fact, it might give us a little edge to be disrespected like that.
I think Duke jumps us Monday but agree it doesn't matter.
Wanna put some $$$ on it?
Duke isnt jumping Tn come Monday.
That's a lie (you never paid all of yours), but we can double that if you are feeling lucky?
You made 1 payment to Stoked's suggested charity iirc, you owned more than just the 1 payment, feel free to bump.
We wont. Next thread please.


March 11, 2015 - No Comments!
I was about 3 months into my tour in Afghanistan while serving in the Army National Guard when I experienced my first team building event for a job. I was in an engineering unit and operated heavy equipment. When off duty I hit the gym for a couple hours a day. This was mainly because there wasn't much else to do so it helped pass the time.


One of the amazing things about sourdough is that you can begin with the same starter, add the same ingredients and just by altering the method of kneading, raising, and baking you can produce such different products. Same batch of starter made the boule on the left and the pizza crust on the right.
Ove awakens at the same hour every morning and sees no reason to change any part of his routine that begins with close inspection of his immediate neighborhood. He scoffs loudly enough for everyone to hear him at a younger generation raised without learning to fasten the right screw into a wall. Cars should never be permitted where signs prohibit them, snow has to be removed immediately from walkways, foreign-made cars cannot be trusted. Ove, however, is also an immovable barrier standing grumpily and mightily with his back to his friends and family facing down any and all that might cause them harm. It makes most sense to hear his stories firsthand. Go meet him and don't be put off he growls at you.


text:
Stage Review
West End transfer to Vaudeville Theatre for F Murray Abraham's The Mentor
Anne Cox | May 24, 2017 | News | No Comments
Laurence Boswell's critically acclaimed production of Daniel Kehlmann's The Mentor, starring Oscar-winner, F Murray Abraham, transfers to London's Vaudeville Theatre from 24 June following a hit opening in Bath.
The Theatre Royal Bath and Nica Burns production sees F Murray Abraham play Benjamin Rubin.
Starring alongside him is Daniel Weyman as Martin Wegner, Naomi Frederick as Gina Wegner and Jonathan Cullen as Erwin Rudicek.
The Mentor is directed by Olivier Award-winning Laurence Boswell who is artistic director of Theatre Royal Bath's Ustinov Studio where the play celebrated a record-breaking run earlier this year, the most successful in the studio's history.
The production, translated by Christopher Hampton, marks the first time that bestselling author Daniel Kehlmann's play has been performed outside of Germany.
In a dilapidated art nouveau villa, somewhere in the German countryside, two massive egos are set on a collision course in this perceptive and compelling comedy about art and artists and the legacy of fame.
F. Murray Abraham won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Salieri in Miloš Forman's masterpiece Amadeus.
His numerous other screen credits include Homeland, Mighty Aphrodite, Scarface, Finding Forrester, Star Trek: Insurrection, The Name of the Rose, The Good Wife, Inside Llewyn Davis and The Grand Budapest Hotel.
Theatre credits include It's Only A Play, Othello, Richard III and Uncle Vanya, for which he was awarded an Obie Award for Best Actor.
Daniel Weyman's previous credits for Theatre Royal Bath include Kafka's Dick and King Lear. Additional theatre credits include Sideways (St James Theatre), 4000 Days (Park Theatre) and The Crucible (Bristol Old Vic).
Television and film credits include Great Expectations, Foyle's War and Silent Witness.
Naomi Frederick's theatre credits include Hobson's Choice (Theatre Royal Bath and West End), The Heresy of Love, Much Ado About Nothing and As You Like It (Shakespeare's Globe) and The Winslow Boy (Old Vic).
Jonathan Cullen starred in the Ustinov Studio's production of Trouble in Mind. Additional theatre credits include Enemy of the People (Chichester Festival Theatre), Doctor Faustus (Shakespeare's Globe) and Love the Sinner (National Theatre).
The Mentor runs at the Vaudeville Theatre from June 24 – September 2.
Hugh Bonneville makes stage return in Chichester's Enemy of the People
Over-sexed and over here. The Yanks are back – Somewhere In England
The Burnt Part Boys hold Euro premiere at Park Theatre
Steppin' out with comedy gem, The Smallest Show on Earth
Stage Social
Copyright © 2020 Stage Review.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Vol. 85/No. 48 ● December 27, 2021 The-Militant-Logo A SOCIALIST NEWSWEEKLY PUBLISHED IN THE INTERESTS OF WORKING PEOPLE
Quebec forum discusses Burkina Faso Revolution, Thomas Sankara
By Joe Young
Vol. 85/No. 48
Militant photos/above, Mary Ellen Marus; inset, John Steele Volunteers at Pathfinder stall at Montreal Book Fair helped build Nov. 27 forum on Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution, 1983-87. Inset, Michel Prairie, editor of book, speaking on Burkinabé revolution.
MONTREAL — Thomas Sankara was the central leader of the 1983-87 revolution in the West African country of Burkina Faso, Michel Prairie, the editor of Thomas Sankara Speaks and a leader of the Communist League, told 25 people at a Nov. 27 meeting here to discuss the book, Sankara's legacy and the Burkinabe Revolution.
"The revolution took place in one of the poorest countries in the world, an overwhelmingly agricultural country with a tiny industrial working class," Prairie said. Upper Volta, as the country was called then, was a former French colony still very much dominated and exploited by French imperialism.
In August 1983, after months of popular unrest, an uprising brought a revolutionary government to power, with Sankara at its head.
In the following four years, Prairie explained, "Sankara led the revolutionary government in mobilizing working people to improve their conditions."
The event was organized in a partnership of Pathfinder Books and the Racines bookstore, and took place while the Montreal Book Fair was on. Panelists included Prairie; Tidiane Diallo, a refugee-rights activist from Guinea; and Emmanuel Adigun, who read a statement from Kenneth Adetola, a West African political refugee scheduled to speak but too ill to attend.
Published in 1988 in English and 2007 in French by Pathfinder Press, the book contains 30 speeches and interviews given by Sankara.
After the revolution came to power in a country facing hunger and ongoing encroachment of the Sahel desert, Sankara led workers and peasants to come together, Prairie said. They mobilized to build dams, irrigate valleys, plant trees and increase the production and distribution of food.
The revolutionary government organized massive literacy and immunization drives, he said. It nationalized the land and mobilized peasants to confront centuries-old exploitative relations in the countryside.
Sankara also took demonstrative steps toward involving women in the revolution and educating working people on the need to combat women's oppression. One key speech in the book is "The Revolution Cannot Triumph Without the Emancipation of Women."
"Sankara was an internationalist," Prairie said. The Burkina Faso Revolution fought imperialist domination and extended solidarity to other peoples fighting for their rights.
"What distinguishes Sankara among other revolutionaries who led courageous struggles against colonial and imperialist domination in Africa," he added, "is that he was a revolutionary Marxist, a communist. He had total confidence in the capacity of workers and peasants to transform their lives and become new human beings with new proletarian values in the process.
"It is not an accident that the revolution forged links with the Cuban Revolution, and that Cuba sent 450 volunteers to help.
"Sankara explained," said Prairie, "that the revolution in Burkina Faso was a popular and democratic one. Its task was not to expropriate the capitalists and open the road to socialism. The country was too underdeveloped economically and socially. The revolution's task was to mobilize working people in solving their most immediate needs and, in so doing, create the conditions for the development of the country's economy and of a modern working class.
"Sankara fought till his last day to press this revolutionary course, whatever the obstacles," Prairie said.
'Learned of Sankara from book'
"I was born two years after Sankara was killed," Diallo told the meeting. "I really learned about him when I read Pathfinder's collection of his speeches after coming to Canada as a political refugee.
"Sankara explained the fight for the trees and the forests is an anti-imperialist struggle because the imperialism is the arsonist of our forests and our plains," he said. "Comrade Sankara also understood that within Burkinabe society there was a certain exploitation of one layer by another, the exploitation of women by men.
"I was struck how as a child, Sankara said he used to spend his days playing outdoors with other boys while his young sisters had to stay home helping their mother do the chores," he said. "This was something the Burkina Faso Revolution addressed, organizing days when men had to go to the market in order to buy food for the family.
"Sankara said that the revolution needs a convinced, not a conquered people," Diallo said. "There were some in the government who wanted to utilize force against the people, but comrade Sankara stressed the need for pedagogy."
Adetola's statement explained he was a student in Nigeria at the time of the Burkina Faso Revolution. "The accomplishments in the health sector under the Thomas Sankara-led government," he said, "are impressive, giant strides that saw vaccination in just two weeks of over 2.5 million children.
"When he came to power, the literacy level in Burkina Faso was only 12%. By dint of hard work and determination, his government drove the level up to 22% in just under two years," Adetola wrote. "You will notice his passion and zeal not only to educate the mind of his people, but also educate their hearts and rescue their consciousness from mental slavery."
A revolution overthrown
In the discussion Prairie addressed Sankara's fight in the last months of the revolution to build a revolutionary party, a party "that could regroup the best and most devoted fighters in order to lead the revolution forward, those involved with the peasants growing food and planting trees, not giving orders from an air-conditioned office in the capital city Ouagadougou."
There was no such party in Burkina Faso that united all revolutionaries in its ranks. Many of those who agreed with Sankara's course were either killed in the coup that overthrew the revolutionary government or broken by the decadeslong brutal repression under Blaise Compaore that followed.
Peter Thierjung, from the Socialist Workers Party in the U.S. who attended the meeting, took part in the discussion, addressing the current trial in Burkina Faso of 14 individuals, including Compaore, who are charged with being involved in the assassination of Sankara.
"For four years imperialism was unsuccessful in toppling the revolution from the outside because of Sankara's leadership," Thierjung said. "The counterrevolution came from inside, led by Compaore and his cronies who claimed to be revolutionaries but were not. They used thuggery, torture and murder to take power.
"Sankara's political course and example are indispensable for working people in North America and other countries to read and study," he said.
Maya Berger, a University of Montreal student, was one of three participants who had learned of the meeting from the Pathfinder Books booth at the Montreal Book Fair. In her opinion, the meeting and discussion, "clearly encouraged me that there are answers for workers' struggles and liberation struggles today."
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25, 50 and 75 years ago


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Releasing new music, appearing in movie trailers, popping up on TV shows and performing on stages around the globe Troye Sivan has been quite the busy boy!
Amidst his hectic schedule, the Australian singer found time to record a smoldering cover of Post Malone's Beerbongs & Bentleys track "Better Now." While creating and adding to his "Spotify Singles" sessions, he also performed a stripped-down version of his own song, "Bloom." Give both of the tracks a listen.
Sivan's sophomore album Bloom is due out August 31st via Universal Music and he will star in the upcoming film Boy Erased, based on the true story of author Garrard Conley's experience inside of a gay conversion therapy camp. Check out the trailer.


Two Worlds Demo Offers Poorly Done Oblivion Clone Gameplay, Free!
Posted on November 8, 2007, Chris Two Worlds Demo Offers Poorly Done Oblivion Clone Gameplay, Free!
As a general rule of thumb, when a demo of a game isn't released until months after the game is released, that game probably isn't particularly good. It doesn't always apply; there are exceptions to most any rule. However, Two Worlds isn't one of those cases. It's not very good… in fact, it's really bad.
Now that I've got you interested, there's a demo now available of Two World up on the Xbox Live Marketplace. You'll need 566 MB of free space to snag this bad boy (and I mean that literally; once again, this is a bad game), and if nothing else, it's worth a chuckle by checking it out.


text:
Barrow 0-0 Ebbsfleet: Barrow and Ebbsfleet both missed the opportunity to close in on the National League play-off places after drawing 0-0 at Holker Street. Barrow had the ball in the net twice, but on both occasions – Josh Kay in the first half and John Rooney in the second – the flag was up for offside.
Braintree Town 0-1 Aldershot Town: Aldershot got back to winning ways beating basement club Braintree one nil thanks to a 64th minute goal from Reece Grant, who beat his marker to a long ball over the top and struck home. A late red card endured a nervy ending for Aldershot when Scott Rendell was sent off five minutes from time following a verbal altercation with a linesman, but the visitors held on for all three points.
Chesterfield 0-1 Harrogate Town: Harrogate climbed back into the National League play-off spots with a 1-0 victory over Chesterfield. The visitors took the lead in the 8th minute when George Thomson crossed in low and Burrell, under pressure from Scott Boden, helped the ball on its way past Shwan Jalal.
Dag & Red 1-0 Sutton United: Dagenham & Redbridge picked up only their second win in nine games with victory over Sutton United at Victoria Road. After a lot of pressure from the home side throughout the game, The Daggers took the lead on 71 minutes when Conor Wilkinson looped a header over Ross Worner to establish a lead that proved enough to claim all 3 points.
FC Halifax Town 0-0 Havant & Waterlooville: Halifax secured a determined goalless draw at home to Havant & Waterlooville after playing the last hour with 10 men. James Berrett was dismissed on 32 minutes after a lunging tackle on Theo Lewis, but a resolute defensive performance ensured the share of the spoils at The Shay.
Gateshead 1-1 Wrexham: National League leaders Wrexham scored a last-minute equaliser to earn a point away from home at Gateshead. The home side went in front after 40 minutes with Steven Rigg heading home after his initially effort was saved and rebounded into the air. Wrexham equalized through Cole Stockton in the 93rd minute to salvage a point.
Hartlepool 1-2 Bromley: Bromley stretched their unbeaten run to 3 games with a 2-1 victory away at Hartlepool. The visitors broke the deadlock on the half an hour mark through Marc-Anthony Okoye converting from a long throw in. Luke Coulson added a second on the stroke of half time, volleying home past Scott Loach. A late Liam Noble goals was nothing more than a consolation for the hosts as Bromley took home all three points.
Maidenhead United 1-0 Dover Athletic: Adrian Clifton's 13th-minute goal allowed Maidenhead to make it three 1-0 wins in a row as Dover were beaten. Clifton's strike, deflected in past Mitch Walker after he cut inside, was his fifth goal in six games and was enough to secure the victory.
Salford City 0-2 Eastleigh: A double from Paul McCallum lifted Eastleigh above Salford in the league securing a 2-0 win for the hosts. McCallum's first was a towering head in the 25th minute; his 20th league goal of the season. McCallum added a second 7 minutes into the first half, with it being enough to secure all three points.
Read more posts by Jake Teagle
previous Havant & Waterlooville: Match Report
next Havant & Waterlooville: A Fair Result


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text:
Life as Art
The Biographical Writing of Hazel Rowley
Della Rowley, Lynn Buchanan
Biography: literary
A celebration of the beloved and critically acclaimed Hazel Rowley, Life as Art invites readers into the mind of this world-leading biographer and pays tribute to her enduring legacy.
'My books are all, in their different ways, voyages of discovery. I write books to learn, to stretch my horizons. These voyages of mine are full of risk and passion.' Hazel Rowley Hazel Rowley was an award-winning biographer who was committed to telling the stories of people's lives. This collection of short pieces-journal articles, essays, talks, diary entries - provides a wonderful insight into her craft. In these pages she talks honestly about the joys, the challenges, the highs and the lows of writing biography. Much of the material is previously unpublished and reveals Rowley's lively ideas on a range of topics. Before her untimely death in 2011, Rowley wrote four acclaimed biographies: about Christina Stead, Richard Wright, Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, and Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. This new collection gives a rich store of reflections on biography and draws the reader into Rowley's passionate pursuit of stories…
'My books are all, in their different ways, voyages of discovery. I write books to learn, to stretch my horizons. These voyages of mine are full of risk and passion.' Hazel Rowley Hazel Rowley was an award-winning biographer who was committed to telling the stories of people's lives. This collection of short pieces-journal articles, essays, talks, diary entries - provides a wonderful insight into her craft. In these pages she talks honestly about the joys, the challenges, the highs and the lows of writing biography. Much of the material is previously unpublished and reveals Rowley's lively ideas on a range of topics. Before her untimely death in 2011, Rowley wrote four acclaimed biographies: about Christina Stead, Richard Wright, Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, and Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. This new collection gives a rich store of reflections on biography and draws the reader into Rowley's passionate pursuit of stories and her search for new biographical subjects. Della and Lynn, along with Hazel's friend Irene Tomaszewski, established the Hazel Rowley Literary Fellowship in her memory.
Rowley's books are like highly finished canvases, and the great joy of Life as Art is the view it gives us of the underpainting."
Della Rowley
Della Rowley is Hazel Rowley's younger sister and literary executor. She lives in Adelaide, where she and Hazel grew up. Della was fortunate to experience Hazel's wonderful imagination and inspirational energy and talent.
Lynn Buchanan
Lynn Buchanan was a close friend of Hazel's for thirty years. She shared many conversations with Hazel on the joys and despairs of writing biography.
Life as Art in the media
THE GO-GETTER: Della Rowley & Drusilla Modjeska on Hazel Rowley
In this episode, Della Rowley shares her personal memories of her older sister nd talks about the financial aspect of Hazel's increasing success, while Drusilla Modjeska remembers her discussions with Hazel about the ethical boundaries of biography.
Life Sentences
Two LivesJanet Malcolm


text:
Q: When I parsed with jsoup, the contents of the tag disappeared I am studying jsoup library. And he was faced with difficulties. The tag seen in the Chrome developer tool disappears when parsed. Help me.
enter image description here
enter image description here
The contents of the  div  tag with an id called cbox_module are missing. Tell me how to get the contents of this tag.
and this is my code
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    String url = "https://comic.naver.com/webtoon/detail.nhn?titleId=597447&no=364&weekday=sat";
    String address = "https://comic.naver.com/comment/comment.nhn?titleId=651673&no=514";

    Document doc = Jsoup.connect(address).get();
    Elements el = doc.select("#cbox_module");

    System.out.println(doc);
    System.out.println(el);
}

I am sorry if my English was poor. I'm a foreigner and I'm using a translator.

A: Not entirely sure what you're looking to extract here but you're taking the cbox_module which is the very first element after the <body> tags.
Looking through the network tab in chrome tools, I can see a request to:
https://apis.naver.com/commentBox/cbox/web_naver_list_jsonp.json?ticket=comic&templateId=webtoon&pool=cbox3&_callback=jQuery112408278558406808354_1605604312744&lang=ko&country=KR&objectId=651673_514&categoryId=&pageSize=15&indexSize=10&groupId=&listType=OBJECT&pageType=default&page=1&initialize=true&userType=&useAltSort=true&replyPageSize=10&_=1605604312745

That returns the Json that populates the comments in the page which gives you more direct access to the data you probably want.
Most of the query params are in the initial html response received however one in particular is not... _callback=jQuery112408278558406808354_1605604312744
1605604312744 - is a unix time stamp and easy enough to obtain using int now = Integer.parseInt(String.valueOf(LocalDateTime.now().toEpochSecond(ZoneOffset.UTC)));
jQuery112408278558406808354 - this was tough to understand how this is being computed but, from the scripts:
...
 n.extend({
        expando: "jQuery" + (m + Math.random()).replace(/\D/g, ""),
...

.replace(/\D/g, "") - remove all non-digits - so a random number.
m is "1.12.4" at the top of the script (the jQuery version in use, possibly)... so we end up with a random number appended to 1124 +  0.9999999... (some random value) (remove the . since its a non-digit) and we get the random _callback parameter value (16 decimal places).
This comes from: https://comic.naver.com/aggregate/javascript/release/comic_comment_20201113103349.js
I tried with this but it did not work. So I'm a little stumped as to how its working. I saw a .toLowerCase somewhere and when I do that on the URL + query params I get a "partner not recognised" error... something clearly not quite right.
I'd try with HtmlUnit as it has support for Javascript - it may make this much simpler.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: javax.el.MethodNotFoundException: Method not found: TableBeanDetail@bd4053.onRowSelect() I am getting the following error when I click the commandbutton in the datatable which appears in each row. By looking at the example I understand that once commandbutton is clicked, the follwoing code first gets executed
 <f:setPropertyActionListener value="#{detailRow}" target="#{tableBeanDetail.selectedEntry}" />

and then the code associated with the following bean method
  <p:commandButton id="detailsButton" actionListener="#{tableBeanDetail.onRowSelect}" icon="ui-icon-
      search" title="View Details">

where in my onRowSelect i am trying to do the following:
  public String onRowSelect(ActionEvent event) throws Exception {

    // Get key fields from row data and set the parameters that needs to be passed w
             .....
 }

I get the following error:

A: The actionListener methods should have the following signature:
public void someMethodName(ActionEvent event) {
    // ...
}

where ActionEvent is of javax.faces.event package (and thus not java.awt package!).
You're however returning a String and it's not clear if your ActionEvent is of the right package. But you seem want to perform a navigation. You should be using action instead of actionListener and remove that ActionEvent argument.
public String onRowSelect() {
    // ...
}

See also:

*

*commandButton/commandLink/ajax action/listener method not invoked or input value not updated

*Differences between action and actionListener


text:
Q: Getting the correct GMT format using DateFormat Object If i have a File object how can i get the lastModified() date of this file in this GMT format: Mon, 23 Jun 2011 17:40:23 GMT.
For example, when i call the java method lastModified() on a file and use a DateFormat object to getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.Long, DateFormat.Long) and also set the TimeZone to GMT, the file date displays in different format:
File fileE = new File("/Some/Path");
Date fileDate = new Date (fileE.lastModified());
DateFormat dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.Long, DateFormat.Long);
dateFormat.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
System.out.println("file date " + dateFormat.format(fileDate));

This prints in this format:
January 26, 2012 7:11:46 PM GMT

I feel like i am close to getting it in the format above and i am only missing the day. Do i have to use instead the SimpleDateFormat object?

A: Yes, the DateFormat static instances will be locale specific.  If you want a specific format, you should use SimpleDateFormat with the appropriate format pattern.
If you want to compare 2 file modified times to the second granularity, then just divide them both by 1000, e.g.:
long t1InSeconds = f1.lastModified() / 1000L;
long t2InSeconds = f2.lastModified() / 1000L;

// which one is sooner
if(t1InSeconds < t2InSeconds) {
  // f1 is older ...
}

A: Use the SimpleDateFormat with the pattern as follows:
DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("EEE, dd MMM yyyy hh:mm:ss z");

Update:
Date d1 = new Date(file1.lastModified());
Date d2 = new Date(file2.lastModified());

You can compare them as follows:
d1.compareTo(d2);
d1.before(d2);
d1.after(d2);

Why do you want to compare them at seconds granularity?
If you want to get the difference in seconds:
int diffInSeconds = (int) (d1.getTime() - d2.getTime()) / 1000;


The Myrtle Grove Post Office is located in the state of Florida within Escambia County. This location serves 33,846 Pensacola residents with a median income of $43,364. It's estimated that approximately 54,022 packages pass through this post office each year.


The highly anticipated action first person shooter, Doom by ID software will be hitting store shelves very soon. Nintendo has shared a developer interview detailing various information regarding the Switch version.
The developers highlighted that the title will be a true representation of the title with solid technical performance, and all content and modes to be included in this version, resting any fear that this will be a lazy port of the title.
You can view the developer interview below.
More importantly, Doom will launch for the Nintendo Switch on November 10.
Will you be purchasing Doom? Let me know by leaving a comment below.


text:
JAMA Internal Medicine
Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Enrollment and flow of participants in the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study.
Kaplan-Meier curves for cancer incidence. A, Overall; B, in men; C, in women.
Number and rate (per 100 000 person-years) of specific cancers in the intervention and placebo groups. A, Men; B, women. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes are indicated. The asterisk indicates that basal cell carcinoma was excluded.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants*
Average Plasma Concentrations of Antioxidants During Follow-up*
Effect of Antioxidants on Main Outcomes
Ames BN Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Science 1983;2211256- 1264PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group, The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;3301029- 1035PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
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Wallstrom PWirfalt ELahmann PHGullberg BJanzon LBerglund G Serum concentration of β-carotene and α-tocopherol are associated with diet, smoking, and general and central adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73777- 785PubMedGoogle Scholar
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The SU.VI.MAX Study: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Health Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals—Correction
Cardiology Nutrition Oncology
View Correction
Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Health Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(21):2335–2342. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.21.2335
The SU.VI.MAX Study: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Health Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals
Serge Hercberg, MD, PhD; Pilar Galan, MD, PhD; Paul Preziosi, MD; et al Sandrine Bertrais, PhD; Louise Mennen, PhD; Denis Malvy, MD, PhD; Anne-Marie Roussel, PhD; Alain Favier, PhD; Serge Briançon, MD
Author Affiliations: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité de Recherche Médicale INSERM/Institut National de la Recherche Argronomique/Conservatoire National des Ants et Métiers (CNAM) (Drs Hercberg, Galan, Preziosi, Bertrais, and Mennen), and Unité de Surveillance et d'Épidémiologie Nutritionnelle (Drs Hercberg and Mennen), InVS/CNAM, Paris, France; Centre René-Labusquière, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (Dr Malvy); Laboratoires Nutrition, Vieillissement et Maladies Cardiovasculaires (Dr Roussel) and Lésions des Acides Nucléiques (Dr Favier), Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; and Département d'Épidémiologie Clinique,École de Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nancy, Nancy, France (Dr Briançon).
Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(21):2335-2342. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.21.2335
Background It has been suggested that a low dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and minerals increases the incidence rate of cardiovascular disease and cancer. To date, however, the published results of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of supplements containing antioxidant nutrients have not provided clear evidence of a beneficial effect. We tested the efficacy of nutritional doses of supplementation with a combination of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in reducing the incidence of cancer and ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population.
Methods The Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary prevention trial. A total of 13 017 French adults (7876 women aged 35-60 years and 5141 men aged 45-60 years) were included. All participants took a single daily capsule of a combination of 120 mg of ascorbic acid, 30 mg of vitamin E, 6 mg of beta carotene, 100 μg of selenium, and 20 mg of zinc, or a placebo. Median follow-up time was 7.5 years.
Results No major differences were detected between the groups in total cancer incidence (267 [4.1%] for the study group vs 295 [4.5%] for the placebo group), ischemic cardiovascular disease incidence (134 [2.1%] vs 137[2.1%]), or all-cause mortality (76 [1.2%] vs 98 [1.5%]). However, a significant interaction between sex and group effects on cancer incidence was found (P = .004). Sex-stratified analysis showed a protective effect of antioxidants in men (relative risk, 0.69 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.53-0.91]) but not in women (relative risk, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.85-1.29]). A similar trend was observed for all-cause mortality (relative risk, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.42-0.93] in men vs 1.03 [95% CI, 0.64-1.63] in women; P = .11 for interaction).
Conclusions After 7.5 years, low-dose antioxidant supplementation lowered total cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in men but not in women. Supplementation may be effective in men only because of their lower baseline status of certain antioxidants, especially of beta carotene.
Experimental studies have demonstrated that free radicals can induce numerous pathological processes, and it has been suggested that nutrients such as beta carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc may prevent such harmful effects because of their antioxidant capacity.1-3 Epidemiological data from cross-sectional, case-control, and prospective studies have indeed shown a strong relationship between the intake of antioxidant vitamins and minerals, or of foods rich in these nutrients, and the risks of cancer and ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD).4-8 However, randomized, placebo-controlled, primary prevention trials in which antioxidant micronutrients, single or in pairs, were taken at high doses over long periods have not confirmed this potential beneficial effect,9-14 and 2 of these10,11 even suggested harmful effects. The seemingly contradictory results between the observational studies and these randomized trials can be explained by the fact that the doses used in clinical trials were much higher than the highest levels found in ordinary dietary intake—levels associated with the lowest risk of cancer and CVD. In fact, the only trial that observed a beneficial effect on total mortality and cancer incidence used nutritional doses of a combination of several vitamins and minerals and was performed on a Chinese population with very low baseline micronutrient status because of poor life conditions.9
The objective of the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study was to test, in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, whether an adequate and well-balanced intake of antioxidant nutrients reduces the incidence of cancers and ischemic CVD in a middle-aged general population.
The design, methods, and rationale of the study were reported elsewhere15,16 and are briefly presented below.
Participants, randomization, and treatment
From March to July 1994, information on the objectives and outline of the study was presented in various public media, along with a call for volunteers living in France (women aged 35-60 years or men aged 45-60 years). The lower age in women was determined by the incidence of breast and uterine cancers and the female-male ratio of 1.5:1 by the lower incidence of ischemic CVD among women. Candidates responded by telephone or mail. A comprehensive information package on the scientific and practical features of the study was sent to those who responded. They were expected to return a signed informed consent form and a completed screening questionnaire to be eligible. Further eligibility criteria were lack of disease likely to hinder active participation or threatened 5-year survival; acceptance of the possibility to be given a placebo and acceptance of the constraints of participation; lack of previous regular supplementation with any of the vitamins or minerals in the supplement provided; and absence of extreme beliefs or behavior regarding diet. Eligible individuals were invited to an enrollment visit during which they received an instruction manual as well as forms to be completed electronically or on paper during follow-up and were randomly allocated to receive either a combination of antioxidants (120 mg of ascorbic acid, 30 mg of vitamin E, 6 mg of beta carotene, 100 μg of selenium [as selenium-enriched yeast], and 20 mg of zinc [as gluconate]) or a matching placebo in a single daily capsule. Capsules were prepared in 52 weekly packages of 7 capsules and delivered each year in a box labeled with the participant's number and a 10-digit lot number. Random treatment allocation was performed by block-sequence generation stratified by sex and age group. Randomization was concealed from subjects and all investigators except for the few who were in charge of capsule labeling. The absence of an easy way to distinguish antioxidant from placebo capsules was tested in a pilot study.
The protocol was approved by a medical ethics committee and the National Committee for the Protection of Privacy and Civil Liberties.
At enrollment and at 12- to 18-month intervals, participants were invited to visit a mobile medical unit or a preventive health center for the following tests: at years 0, 2, 5, and 7, a fasting venous blood sample was obtained to measure serum cholesterol and fasting glucose levels in each participant, as well as antioxidant concentrations in an unselected subsample. Vitamin C status was evaluated by serum ascorbic acid determination using an automated method based on the principle of continuous flow segmented by air bubbles.17 Serum levels of retinol, beta carotene, and tocopherol were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography using the Biotek-Kontron HPLC system (Biotek-Kontron, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France)18;serum levels of zinc and selenium were determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometers Perkin Elmer 3110 (for zinc and selenium) and Perkin Elmer 4100 ZL (for selenium) (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn)19,20; and total cholesterol and fasting glucose levels were measured by an enzymatic method using a Technicon flow analysis device (Technicon DAX-24; Bayer Diagnostic, Pittsburgh, Pa).
At years 1, 3, and 7, the visit included physical examination, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure assessment, electrocardiogram, a fecal occult blood test for individuals older than 45 years, and a Papanicolaou test for women. A screening mammogram was also performed in women older than 50 years who had not had one in the past 2 years. Participants received a summary letter of their health status for their physician, and a medical report was sent to the coordinating center. Participants were asked to complete a monthly questionnaire summarizing treatment compliance and health events via Minitel (a French telephone-based terminal), the Internet, or mail. If there was no contact with a participant for a long period, or if a participant did not appear at the yearly visit, an investigation was launched to determine the reasons. If necessary, an inquiry was made with the participant's neighbors and/or physician.
Whatever the sources of information, once a possible adverse event was suspected, all relevant records, including results of diagnostic tests and procedures, were collected from the physicians and hospitals involved or directly from the participants. Primary outcomes were major fatal and nonfatal ischemic cardiovascular events (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-10-CM] codes 120-125, 163, 165, 166, 170, 171, 174) and cancer of any kind (ICD-10-CM codes C00-C97, D00-D09, D37-D48), except for basal cell carcinoma of the skin (ICD-10-CM codes C44 and M809-M811). Secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. All data were reviewed by expert committees blinded for supplementation assignment. Cancers were validated by histologic reports; ischemic CVDs were confirmed by radiologic reports or when meeting a combination of clinical, biological, and electrocardiographic criteria, as appropriate. Causes of death were confirmed by information from relatives or physicians. At the end of follow-up, vital status of all subjects and causes of death were verified with the national death registry.
Baseline characteristics of participants were compared using the t or Pearson tests, as appropriate.
As prespecified in the study protocol,16 data were summarized as Kaplan-Meier incidence curves depicting the proportion of subjects remaining free of adverse events since randomization. Thus, all participants, including those lost to follow-up and those who withdrew their consent, contributed to the analysis for the duration of their follow-up. Outcome analysis consisted of log-rank comparisons based on the first occurrence of each selected outcome and Cox proportional hazard regression to control for age and sex and to test for a sex × group interaction. All randomized participants contributed to the analysis in the originally allocated group.
The number of participants was expected to allow detection of a 25% difference in incidence of cancer and mortality and 33% in incidence of CVD (1-tailed α = 5%; 1-tailed β = 90%).16
Plasma concentrations of antioxidants during follow-up were compared by 2-way (time × subject) analysis of variance with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple mean comparisons.
Among the 79 976 candidates who volunteered after the media campaign, 14 412 were eligible and invited to enroll. Of the 13 017 who were seen for an enrollment visit between October 1994 and June 1995 and were randomized (Figure 1), 270 withdrew consent within 3 days because they could not accept the constraints of participation, and 6 were found to be outside the age range and declared ineligible. Thus, 12 741 participants (6364 randomized to the intervention and 6377 to the placebo group) contributed data for our analyses. The follow-up period ended September 1, 2002. The median follow-up time was 7.54 years, ranging from 2 days to 7.89 years, for a total of 89 441 person-years (44 866 in the intervention and 44 574 in the placebo group). The study sample included 7713 women (mean ± SD age, 46.6 ± 6.6 years) and 5028 men (mean ± SD age, 51.3 ± 4.7 years). Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups (Table 1).
Among the 12 741 participants, 739 (5.8%) withdrew consent during the study (6.7% of the women and 4.4% of the men). Of these, 343 (5.4 %) were in the intervention group (mean follow-up time, 2.0 ± 1.5 years) and 396 (6.2%) in the placebo group (mean follow-up time, 1.9 ± 1.5 years). Of 736 individuals (5.8%) lost to follow-up (6.0% of the women and 5.5% of the men), 367 were in the intervention group (follow-up time, 5.1± 2.2 years) and 369 in the placebo group (follow-up time, 5.0 ± 2.3 years). Within each sex, there were no differences between the intervention and placebo groups regarding the percentages of individuals who withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up.
At the end of follow-up, 74% of the participants reported having taken at least two thirds of the capsules. There were no differences in capsule consumption between the groups (mean percentage of capsules taken, 79% in each group). Compliance was confirmed for the intervention group by statistically significant increases in all biochemical markers of supplementation after 2 years and after 7 years for beta carotene, vitamin C, and selenium. Furthermore, statistically significant differences between the intervention and placebo groups were observed for all markers at 2 years, which were maintained at 7 years for beta carotene, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium (Table 2).
Cancer, cvd, and baseline vitamin and mineral status
When the placebo group was divided into quintiles of baseline serum beta carotene concentration, the incidence of cancer among men was higher in the lowest than in the highest quintile (relative risk [RR] in the highest quintile, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.99). A similar pattern was seen for ischemic CVD (RR for the highest quintile, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29-1.00). These effects were not seen among women in the placebo group (RRs in the highest quintile were 0.98 [95% CI, 0.54-1.08] for cancer and 0.48 [95% CI, 0.09-2.60] for ischemic CVD). No relation between baseline concentration of the other nutrients studied and cancer or ischemic CVD was observed in the placebo group.
Among the 562 cancers that occurred, 504 were invasive and 58 were in situ. There was no significant difference of overall cancer incidence between the groups (267 cases in the intervention group vs 295 in the placebo group). However, a sex × group interaction was observed, indicating a significant difference between treatment effects according to sex (Table 3). A significant protective effect of antioxidant supplementation was found in men, whereas no effect was seen in women (Figure 2). Specific cancer locations are shown in Figure 3.
Incidence of ischemic cvd
In total, 271 subjects developed ischemic CVD during the study, 134 in the intervention group and 137 in the placebo group (Table 3). There were no differences in the incidence of ischemic CVD between the groups, and no sex × group interaction was detected.
Altogether, 174 deaths (103 in men and 71 in women) occurred during the trial, 76 in the intervention group and 98 in the placebo group. No overall significant difference was observed in all-cause mortality between groups. Again, a sex × group interaction was observed, showing a significant protective effect of antioxidants in men (Table 3).
Our study, performed in individuals not selected for risk factors, indicates that a 7.5-year low-dose antioxidant supplementation lowered total cancer incidence in men but not in women. A similar tendency was observed for all-cause mortality. This supplementation did not result in any major effect on ischemic CVD incidence in men or women.
One difficulty in our study is that no national cancer or CVD registry exists in France; the inability to find information on subjects whom we could not trace explains the high number of subjects lost to follow-up compared with other trials.9-13 Furthermore, the relatively high number of individuals who withdrew their consent during the study may be related to the lack of a run-in phase or to the recruitment method. Subjects were not invited to participate and be followed up by health staff already in charge of their care; rather, they were volunteers who had to play an active part in their follow-up. Furthermore, the difference in withdrawal rates between the groups is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, but no explanation was found. Although there was no simple way to distinguish between antioxidant and placebo capsules, it is possible that some participants had their capsules analyzed. Even if the results from chemical assays caused some individuals in the placebo group to withdraw from the study and convinced a similar number of individuals in the intervention group to go on with the study, the breach to the protocol would have been limited and could not have induced a false protective effect on cancer incidence in men.
The main difference between ours and the previous primary prevention trials that did not find a positive effect (the Physicians' Health Study12 and the Women's Health Study13) or even found a deleterious effect (the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study,10 and the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial11) of antioxidant supplementation on cancer incidence is due to the doses and kinds of antioxidant used, the recruitment methods, the selection criteria, and the characteristics of the population. First, most of the former trials used pharmacological doses of antioxidant nutrients, mainly alone or in pairs. Only the Linxian Trial9 found a lowering of cancer incidence with antioxidant nutrients, and our trial used a balanced combination of several antioxidant nutrients at nutritional doses. Mechanistic studies have provided many arguments in favor of the safety of nutritional doses and the potential adverse effects of high doses of antioxidants with respect to cancer risk.15,21,22 Antioxidants and free radicals both appear to be ambiguous compounds, with a wide range of benefits but also a range of toxicity. Second, our trial was carried out in a general population, in contrast to the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study10 and the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial,11 which included individuals at high risk for cancer (heavy smokers and occupationally exposed individuals). The population of the nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China,9 had a very low baseline micronutrient status because of poor life conditions. High doses of beta carotene supplementation may be deleterious in individuals with no clinical symptoms but in whom the initial phase of cancer development has already started and could be ineffective in well-nourished individuals with adequate antioxidant status. The latter possibility may explain the difference between men and women observed in our study, to our knowledge the first published primary antioxidant trial using nutritional doses performed in a developed country including both men and women. Supplementation may have seemed effective only in men because their nutritional intake and concentrations at baseline of some antioxidant nutrients, especially beta carotene, was lower than in women. This has also been previously described in several nutritional studies.23-27 Higher levels of vitamin C and beta carotene in women may be due to a higher intake; however, in the case of beta carotene, we cannot exclude the effect of hormonal differences or differences between the sexes in lipid and nutrient transport.
An inverse relationship between baseline serum beta carotene levels and cancer risk has been noted in many observational studies.28,29 We observed this relationship in men but not women in the placebo group, probably because of their lower baseline beta carotene concentrations. After 7.5 years of supplementation, serum level of beta carotene increased in men to reach the serum level of the women in the placebo group. The efficiency of supplementation in reducing cancer incidence may be related to the ability to correct antioxidant status with an adequate dose of antioxidant nutrients in individuals with a suboptimal antioxidant status (as the men in our study). This hypothesis is supported by results from the Linxian trial,9 which was conducted in a general population with a very low baseline micronutrient status and using a combination of nutritional doses of antioxidants, including beta carotene. This is the only trial that found a statistically significant reduction in total and specific cancer incidence and overall mortality.
We were not able to analyze differences in site-specific cancers between men and women because of low statistical power. However, our results do not seem to support the presence of a main effect on cancers affecting only men. We cannot exclude sex-specific explanations as part of the overall assessment of the difference in cancer incidence that we observed between men and women.
Our study results are concordant with those of all primary prevention trials and most of the secondary prevention trials that have evaluated the effects of different antioxidant supplementations on CVD.13,14,30-33 Only the Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study34 reported a slight decrease in recurrent CVD after high doses of vitamin E supplementation.
In conclusion, our results suggest that an adequate and well-balanced supplementation of antioxidant nutrients, at doses that might be reached with a healthy diet that includes a high consumption of fruits and vegetables, had protective effects against cancer in men. Baseline beta carotene and vitamin C status was lower in men than in women. The ineffectiveness of supplementation in women may be due to their better baseline antioxidant status. The improved antioxidant status achieved by supplementation in men, which proved protective against cancer, confirms the results of other prospective observational studies on the benefits of consuming fruits and vegetables. The present study reinforces the general recommendations of a lifelong diversified diet that includes an abundance of foods rich in antioxidant nutrients.35 Further investigations are needed to better understand the causes of the sex differences observed in our study.
Correspondence: Serge Hercberg, MD, PhD, U577 INSERM and Unité de Surveillance et d' Épidémiologie Nutritionnelle, 5 rue Vertbois, 75003 Paris, France.
Accepted for Publication: January 14, 2004.
Financial Disclosure: None.
Funding/Support: The SU.VI.MAX project received public and private support. We especially thank the following companies or subsidiaries, all located in France: Fruit d'Or Recherche (Rueil-Malmaison), Lipton (Rueil-Malmaison), Cereal (Annonay), Candia (Lyon), Kellogg's (Rosny-sous-Bois), CERIN (Paris), LU/Danone (Paris), Sodexho (Montigny-le-Bretonneux), L'Oréal (Levallois), Estée Lauder (Paris), Peugeot (Paris), Jet Service (Lyon), RP Scherer (Benheim), France Telecom (Paris), Becton Dickinson (Le Pont-de-Claix), Fould Springer (Marcq-en-Baroeul), Boehringer Diagnostic (Meylan), Seppic Givaudan Lavirotte (Lyon), Le Grand Canal (Villeneuve-Loubet), Air Liquide (Paris), Carboxyque (Puteaux), Klocke (Strasbourg), Trophy Radio (Paris), Jouan (Saint-Herblain), and Perkin Elmer (Paris).
Acknowledgment: We thank the staff of the SU.VI.MAX study, the teams that assisted in the fieldwork, and the dedicated and conscientious volunteers who participated in this trial. We thank the International Scientific Commitee that supervised the study progress:Elio Riboli, MD, president of the Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, Lyon; Pierre Ducimétière, PhD, U258 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris; William Dab, MD, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Paris; Jean-François Desjeux, MD, U290 INSERM/Chaire de Biologie, CNAM, Paris; Marcel Goldberg, MD, U88 INSERM, St Maurice, France; Joseph Hautvast, PhD, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Michel Chauliac, MD, Direction Générale de la Santé, Ministère de la Santé, Paris; François Meyer, MD, Centre de Recherche, Hôpital St Sacrement, Québec City, Québec; Jean Neve, PhD, Faculté de Pharmacie, Bruxelles, Belgium; Fernando Viteri, MD, Department of Nutritional Science, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. We thank the members of the different committees, especially the following for validating end points: Mireille Brochier, MD, CHU Tours, France; François Paillard, MD, CHU Rennes, France; Michel de Lorgeril, MD, CHU Grenoble; Alberto Rhigetti, MD, Hôpital Cantonal de Genève, Genève, Switzerland; and T. Conroy, MD, A. Ledoux, MD, and A. Parache, MD, Centre Alexis Vautrin, Nancy. Finally we thank all the scientists who helped carry out the SU.VI.MAX Study.
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