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DentalDentist Q&A
20 Questions: John Callahan, DDS, MS
J Juliet Farmer
Posted onSep 4, 2012 at 2:34 PM
Updated onUpdated on Feb 28, 2019 at 2:43 AM
Dr. John Callahan is an orthodontist in private practice since 1982 at Callahan, Flanagan and Smith Orthodontics, with three offices in New York. Dr. Callahan works with business partners Dr. Tom Flanagan and Dr. Vince Smith, as well as associate Dr. Greg Stock, in their offices in Fayetteville, North Syracuse and Fulton. Dr. Callahan earned his bachelor's degree from Notre Dame University, and then he attended Georgetown University where he earned his DDS. He went on to St. Louis University, where he earned a post-doctoral degree in orthodontics.
Currently, Dr. Callahan is president of the Northeastern Society of Orthodontists, one of eight constituent societies of the American Association of Orthodontics (AAO), which includes New York, New England, and the eastern Canadian provinces. He is also a member of the AAO Council on Insurance, and the AAO House of Delegates to the AAO. His wife is a professor of law and public policy in the Whitman School of Management at Syracuse University, and his son attended Rochester Institute of Technology and is now an entrepreneur in the Rochester area.
When did you first decide to become an orthodontist? Why?
I am 57 and graduated from college in 1976. If you think the economy is bad now, you should have seen the gas lines back then. I opted for dental school because I was looking for an excellent profession that would allow me to be "my own boss." Once in dental school, I realized that orthodontics was what I wanted to do.
How/why did you choose the school you went to?
Georgetown University's dental program was one of the elite programs on the east coast and in Washington, D.C. I wanted to go there for the program and to experience the city. I then went to St. Louis University's orthodontic program for the same reasons. It offered a great program, but was in a different part of the country.
What surprised you the most about your studies?
What most surprised me about my studies was the volume of information that we were immersed in, and the realization that the research and technology (even then) was changing so rapidly that keeping up was both exciting and daunting.
If you had it to do all over again, would you still become an orthodontist? (Why or why not? What would you have done instead?)
I am fortunate to be a part of the greatest profession ever. Would do it again? Yes, in a second. I wish that everyone could feel as strongly about what they do as I feel about being an orthodontist.
Has being an orthodontist met your expectations? Why?
Being orthodontist has met my expectations in every way. My goals were to obtain a great skill-set, work with people, improve their perception of themselves, and be my own boss. Being an orthodontist has allowed me to meet those goals.
What do you like most about being an orthodontist?
What I like most about being an orthodontist is that every day we see young people (and not so young) go from having crooked, unflattering, unhealthy mouths to beautiful, healthy, vibrant smiles. It's the best. And then, over the years, seeing them all over town and all over the world with those wonderful smiles is really cool.
What do you like least about being an orthodontist?
There's nothing I don't like, really. I like everything about being an orthodontist. I have told many people that I so enjoy being an orthodontist that I would do orthodontics for nothing. I get paid for running a small business. That being said, there are always issues and headaches, of course. It can be challenging. However, at the end of the day, being an orthodontist and running my own small business is, for me, much better than working for someone else.
What was it like finding a job in your chosen career field? What were your options and why did you decide what you did?
In the early 1980s, most graduating residents moved right out into private practice. It was unusual then for someone to associate with another practitioner. I felt I could go anywhere in the country and be successful. My father was an orthodontist. I initially wanted no part of joining his practice. He was very successful and an icon in the community. I wished to establish myself. However, once I understood the talent he had, it made sense for me to join him for "a little while" for the experience. It was the best decision I ever made (with the exception of marrying my wife).
Describe a typical day at work.
We generally work from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Our staff meets for a morning "huddle" to review the schedule and the day. We see approximately 70 to 75 patients during the day. We always try and take an hour lunch so we can be refreshed for the afternoon.
On average: How many hours a week do you work? How many hours do you sleep per night? How many weeks of vacation do you take?
I see patients on average from 30 to 36 hours a week. Of course, that doesn't include all the time spent outside the hours I see patients doing the practice management work.I sleep seven and a half hours a night, usually. I take about three to four weeks of vacation annually.
Are you satisfied with your income?
Yes. Absolutely.
If you took out educational loans, is/was paying them back a financial strain?
My educational loans were not too much of an issue when I graduated. It is a very big issue for those graduating today and very much affects their decision-making.
In your position now, knowing what you do – what would you say to yourself 10 years ago?
Ten years ago, my advice would have been to stay educated, stay focused and keep having fun. All of which I still think I do.
What information/advice do you wish you had known when you were beginning school?
In school, we had very little training in small business development, and I would have appreciated the opportunity to learn more about the business side of running a practice. This is still an issue today.
From your perspective, what is the biggest problem in healthcare today?
From my perspective, the biggest issue in healthcare today is that politicians got involved. This question should be left to those smarter than I, but I believe that no matter what the eventual outcome, I hope that consumers are empowered to make their own proactive choices about their healthcare.
Where do you see orthodontics in 10 years?
In 10 years, orthodontics will be very different (new technology and applications), very exciting (new technology uses and applications/advances), and still fabulous.
What types of outreach/volunteer work do you do, if any?
Giving back is what we should all do both individually and professionally. For example; over the last six to seven years, two members of our staff have spent the better part of January through March going to elementary schools throughout our area teaching the children basics about dental health—not orthodontics. We did this because the schools had to drop their hygienists due to cost cutting. These wonderful members of our office have spoken to more than 8,000 students.
How do you spend your free time? Any hobbies?
I am fortunate to live on a lake. So fishing, swimming, boating come with the territory. I also enjoy golfing and scuba diving.
Do you have family, and if so, do you have enough time to spend with them? How do you balance work and life?
I have been happily married now for 30 years. I have a son, 23, who is now out on his own and working as a small business entrepreneur. My wife is a professor at Syracuse University. One may argue that you never have enough time to spend with family, but it needs to be a priority. It is a reason I went into dentistry instead of medicine. I felt medicine was a 24/7 commitment that left little time for family. Dentistry is not like that. Balancing work and life is a continuous challenge. The scales are always tipping one way or the other. It is a matter of recognizing that this is an issue and doing the best one can.
Do you have any final piece of advice for students interested in pursuing orthodontics as a career?
My final piece(s) of advice are to visit as many orthodontist offices as you can. Be willing to practice in multiple locations. There are areas of the country where there is a great need. There are areas which are saturated. Always think long-term. Orthodontists are small business entrepreneurs. Many have a great debt load coming out of their programs and it may seem stifling. However, with a good business plan and personal plan, orthodontics is, without a doubt, the best profession period.
Juliet Farmer
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When Capitalists Go Bad: Some Reflections on Cable Franchising, "Red-lining," and "Level Playing Fields"
by Adam Thierer on December 28, 2004
Like a lot of other Americans, I once had a big beef with the U.S. cable industry. Limited channel capacity and poor quality service were the primary reasons for my discontent. I remember the cable system my family subscribed to in the mid-1980s. It was like a Third World government operation at times. And I think we only had about 20 channels.
Jokes about "the cable guy" were common for a long time, of course. This made it easy for DBS providers like DirecTV and EchoStar to come in and pick off a lot of customers like me throughout the 1990s. By 1996, I had two satellite dishes on my roof and three DirecTV set-top boxes throughout my house. I thought I'd never talk to "the cable guy" again.
Another Small, Grudging Advance for Contract Law
by Jim Harper on December 22, 2004
The family of a soldier killed in Iraq wants access to his e-mail. Yahoo! says no. Yahoo! is right. Their Terms of Service don't allow them to give family access to an account after a user dies. Period. And there's no "really sympathetic requester" exception. Stick to your guns, Yahoo!
A Small, Grudging Advance for Contract Law
Self-styled Internet lawyer Ira Rothken has gotten a settlement from software companies and retailers that should reform the shrink-wrap license conundrum.
When the terms of a shrink-wrap license make the license enforceable upon opening the package and include a return policy you don't accept, how do you decline the terms and return the product? If there ever was a conundrum, this is one, folks.
In Washington, lots of complaints about EULAs (End-User License Agreements) are addressed to regulators and politicians. But EULAs are contracts. The resolution to problems with EULAs lies in contract law – like the doctrine of adhesion contracts, about which I was expert in my law school contracts class. (Um, I'm not any more.) Many terms in EULAs may ultimately be stricken under this doctrine. So, good for you, Ira, and watch out, EULA-writers!
81 Pages of Speech Restriction
The Federal Trade Commission has issued regulations fleshing out the CAN-SPAM Act. Given the impotence of CAN-SPAM to reduce spam, this weighty document can be regarded as regulation without a reason. Indeed, if, like me, you don't buy the Supreme Court's commerial speech doctrine, this is not just regulation without a reason, this is speech regulation without a reason.
There is (or may someday be) an argument that CAN-SPAM has (or will) reduce spam, but the recent successful spam lawsuits I've seen have gone off on laws other than CAN-SPAM or at least CAN-SPAM plus other laws. A full study of what laws are actually used against spammers, and perhaps an attempt to measure their deterrent effect, is needed. Volunteers?
Tiny P2P: Who Will the Industry Sue Now?
Wow, check this out. Ed Felten of the "Freedom to Tinker" blog has written a new P2P program called "Tiny P2P" that is made up of just 15 lines of code! And no single line has more than 80 characters. How in the world is the industry gunna stop this one?
Seriously, think about this. Regardless of what you think of the music and movie industry lawsuits against P2P providers, there's a very good chance they will all succeed. Napster and Aimster were already taken down via contributory liability lawsuits and the Supreme Court is set to hear the Grokster case soon. The Supreme Court will almost certainly reverse the Ninth Circuit's decision and hold Grokster liable for contributory copyright infringement. Again, I'm not making a case one way or the other, I'm just saying that it's highly likely there will be 5 votes on the Court to hold Grokster liable.
OK, assuming that happens, what's next? Well, I guess the industry can sue E-Donkey and the handfull of other big P2P players that remain out there, but at some point the market evolves to the point were everyone is just using freeware like Felton's "Tiny P2P" code. What then? I guess the industry could go after Ed, but what's the point. The cat is out of the bag and many more imitators will follow. Pretty soon there will just be no one left to sue.
So what's the industry going to do then? Who knows. In my opinion, they should just stick to suing individuals for direct infringement and concentrate on creating new business reponses to this rapidly evolving marketplace. Because at some point very soon, "The Matrix" that is the World Wide Web will be all around them and P2P will be so ingrained in it that there will be no way to use the law to stop it. Felton's "Tiny P2P" shows us that this day may be upon us already.
Playing (Video) Games in Illinois
The state of Illinois wants to regulate the sale of video games to minors. I have written about this issue elsewhere, but in general, the problem with measures such as these is that it requires someone in government to define what constitutes "violent" or "sexually explicit" games. Thus, there will certainly be an element of censorship involved here.
Previous enactments such as this have already been tested in the courts and found to be unconstitutional. But without getting into the legal issues, I think the real question here is whether government or parents should be primarily responsible for what children watch or play. I grew up playing hundreds of video games on several different platforms (starting with Atari 2600 back in the late 70s). And I am now am a parent myself of two small children, one of which has already started playing some interactive computer games. As with anything else in this world, the answer here lies in moderation and parental guidance. When my kids are confronted by troubling themes or images, I will talk to them about it just as my parents talked to me. I will explain the difference between fantasy and reality. In some cases I might restrict their access to some of these games, or prohibit them from being in my house altogether. And, most of all, I will encourage my kids to do something more with their free time than sit on their butts in front of the television all day! I'll give them good books, read to them, take them to the park, throw a ball with them, etc., etc.,…
Regardless, this is my business and the business of the millions of other parents out there–not the government. Quit telling me how to raise my children and quit acting as if I'm not capable enough to do this job myself. And shame on any parent out there who is lazy and runs to the government asking them to play the role of surrogate parent for them. If you just hand you kid $50 bucks and let them go buy any game they want and then let them play it without any supervision whatsover, then that's your own damn problem. That video game console didn't just walk into your house uninvited after all. Someone had to shell out the $200 bucks to put it there.
Heartland Telecom Conference Dec. 17-18
by James Gattuso on December 16, 2004
For those of you who can't imagine Christmas without a good dose of telecom policy, you should know about the Heartland Institute's Telecom Reform Conference tomorrow and Saturday at the Hilton O'Hare. It promises to be a good one, with a focus on developments in the states. I'll be there, speaking on a panel on Saturday, but this should be an interesting event nonetheless.
Dueling Headlines on FCC UNE order
The media seemed flummoxed yesterday on the FCC's order on UNE's. Certainly not an easy thing to digest, and a scan of headlines shows them all over the board. Typical of the dueling headlines: CBS Marketwatch's "FCC ruling seen benefiting Bells; critics blast decision", vs. Forbes' "FCC Decision 'Slight Negative' For Baby Bells".
The substance here is a bit complex, and will take a while to sort out. (The full text hasn't been released yet.) But the short story is that the FCC did significantly cut back its rules on telephone companies yesterday, most notably taking mass-market switches off the shared assets table. This means telco's will not have be forced to share their assets as much as before, meaning MORE investment, and MORE real competition, as others build their own networks.
The flip side is that the FCC KEPT far more rules in place they they should have. Most controversially: lines used to serve big office buildings in downtown areas. Although most downtown areas are intensely competitive–remember all those streets being torn up a few years ago? –the FCC will still force telcos to share their high-capacity lines with competitors in 99.5 percent of line centers.
Thus a mixed bag. Expect more litigation.
CEI Releases Study on Phone Competition; FCC done with UNE-P (Yeah you know me)
by Braden Cox on December 15, 2004
Well it seems like UNE-P – that wonderfully hyphenated acronym that in non-telecom speak stands for "pure reselling" – is on its way out. Today's FCC press release gave us a teaser of the rules that the Commission adopted for network unbundling "open access" mandates. While there was some small reform of access rules for providers who are merely resellers, the Commission still hasn't embraced the market alternatives available, leaving a narrow and misleading picture of the overall telecom marketplace.
Competition is much broader than just wireline vs. wireline. Indeed, CEI released a study today that finds that for every 1% increase in local phone rates, demand for wireless services increases by nearly 2%. Thus it concludes that there is true intermodal competition, despite the fact that the FCC rules do not acknowledge this. There is a check on wireline phone rates from going sky-high in the absence of UNE rules from cable, wireless and VoIP.
I think that the paper would be a good reference in light of the FCC Order, especially to refute the dissents of Copps and Adelstein, who proclaim that the sky is falling (and prices rising) for consumers. And long-term, the study will be important ammunition in the debate over telecom reform and how to think of "competition."
MPAA vs. BitTorrent
by Tim Lee on December 15, 2004
The Washington Post reports that the MPAA is launching a legal campaign against three file-sharing networks, eDonkey, Direct Connect, and BitTorrent.
The Post makes a pretty basic error: BitTorrent is not a company. This should have been obvious from its minimalist web site. They're an open source project widely popular in the open source community.
Moreover, unlike with traditional P2P networks, not just any client can upload a BitTorrent file. Instead, you have to run a "tracker" on a server somewhere to coordinate the downloading of files– or ask the operator of another tracker to serve your file. What that means is that trackers operators have considerable control over which files are offered, and different BitTorrent servers will have different mixes of files on offer.
What will be interesting about this case is that many BitTorrent downloads are entirely legal. Open source projects are typically distributed for free over the Internet, and it takes gobs of bandwidth to do so. Many open source projects are available for download via BitTorrent to save themselves bandwidth.
What this means is that, to an extent not true in the Grokster case, there really are "substantial non-infringing uses" to the BitTorrent application, as required by the landmark Sony Betamax case. The argument used against Grokster–that the company's business model depended on pirated files, and the few legitimate downloads were just window dressing–just won't stick against BitTorrent.
The MPAA's lawyers seem to understand this, because they're targetting trackers rather than the developers of BitTorrent itself. And I assume they understand it well enough to focus their attacks on those trackers that offer little else but copyrighted content.
The Post's David McGuire, on the other hand, doesn't seem to understand the technology involved. That's not actually too surprising. Reporters often mangle technical details. But this is a case where the technical details matter, and so it's hard to understand what the legal battle is about if they get mangled.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Politics Foreign Policy Biden Should Return to JCPOA Not Only in Word, but in Deed:...
Biden Should Return to JCPOA Not Only in Word, but in Deed: Iran
Iran's foreign ministry spokesman says US President-elect Joe Biden should show in practice that he would like to re-enter the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, officially known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
Saeed Khatibzadeh noted that the next US administration should walk the walk, and not just talk the talk.
"What we are constantly hearing today is that they (Biden and his camp) keep saying that they will unconditionally return to the JCPOA. We believe the United States should fully live up to its commitments under [UN Security Council] Resolution 2231," he said in an interview with Fars News Agency.
"We have also announced that if the other party (the US) effectively, and I repeat, 'effectively,' which means just signing a piece of paper won't do. If they return to the JCPOA effectively, we will reverse all the measures we have adopted to scale down our obligations under the JCPOA," he added.
"But this will happen the day when the United States effectively implements the JCPOA, i.e., the US fulfills its commitments under Resolution 2231," the spokesman said.
"All of the United States' commitments are clear and written down," he added.
Khatibzadeh noted that the nuclear deal was drawn up based on complete mistrust in the Americans.
"The reason why the JCPOA contains so many pages and provisions is that there was no trust between us. … When two people do not trust each other, they write down all possible scenarios. The JCPOA was drawn up based on absolute distrust," said Khatibzadeh.
"It is pretty obvious that we do not trust the United States at all. And in recent days, months and years, our mistrust has grown and the wall of distrust has become higher," he explained.
"The United States should win our trust, not on paper, but in practice.
"The next few weeks are those vital weeks when the other side will either begin to make good on its commitments or lose the chance of [using] diplomacy, which was once created with the conclusion of the JCPOA," he said.
Saeed Khatibzadeh


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Chriss fractured his right wrist during practice several weeks ago, though Romar said he's now wearing just tape on it instead of a cast. Chriss likes this, Romar said, because he can finally shoot with his right hand again.
"He's shooting it better than when we recruited him. Maybe he got the 40 because he was so excited to finally be able to use his right hand again, because for a month, he couldn't use it," Romar said. "... He is playing harder at this stage. I thought it might take him a while. He was talented in high school and he has a tendency to coast, but he's not coasting as much now."
Andrews said Chriss is unlike any player the Huskies have had during his career. The closest comparison, he said, was 6-foot-7 forward Darnell Gant, who developed a decent outside shot later in his career.
"I've never played with a big that's been like him," Andrews said. "The closest would be Darnell Gant, because he could stretch the floor and was a jumper. But as far as putting it on the ground and making plays, I haven't played with a big here that's been like that."
--- The Huskies played a private scrimmage against Saint Mary's a couple weekends ago. Romar said he thought they got out of it what they wanted, because it showed them how much work they still have ahead of them.
"It pretty much just showed us all of our warts, where they were, and we were able to see them. Hopefully our team was able to see them. It served, I don't (want) to say as a wakeup call, because I don't know if everybody thought we had arrived. I don't think our team is like that. But I think it served as just kind of a mirror, so to speak, so we could really see what we're about at this point. Our guys came back afterward and realized we still have some work to do, even though there were stretches where we did really well."
--- Romar named Chriss and Matisse Thybulle as two of the most "impactful" defensive players so far.
--- Rebounding will be "a collective effort," Romar said. He said he thinks UW's guards will rebound well, and he said that for a while, Murray was leading the team in rebounding during drills.
--- UW's Nov. 13 season opener against Texas in Shanghai has a chance to present distractions, Romar said, because the Huskies will be there for a series of activities (some involving the e-commerce mega-company Alibaba) during the week leading up to the game. The emphasis will be focusing on Texas, he said, but he wants to make sure the players enjoy themselves, too, because they'll be doing things they'll remember forever.
--- Against SPU, Romar said he simply wants to see how long the team can sustain a high level of effort. If they do that, "the score will take care of itself."
--- Romar said he doesn't think Andrews' transition to point guard is that striking, and compares it to Isaiah Thomas shifting to point guard after Abdul Gaddy tore his ACL in the 2010-11 season.
--- Murray said he'd never lifted weights in his life before he arrived at UW -- other than messing around when he was a little kid -- and didn't understand at first how it could help him.
But after several weeks of working with strength coach Daniel Shapiro, Murray, who is listed at 6-foot-4 1/2 and 170 pounds, says he can see the difference.
"I feel stronger on the court. Going to the basket, I can take hits and stuff," Murray said. "Before, I still took hits, because I'm strong -- people were telling me I was skinny and stuff, but I still didn't let that bother me at all. But I can tell, I look in the mirror sometimes, and I've gotten a little bigger."
Christian Caple can be reached at christian.caple@thenewstribune.com. Twitter: @ChristianCaple


Jim Henson's Creature Shop Challenge Episode 5: Life in Motion — Six designers, working in pairs, have to design large creatures and show off their skills as movement makers.
This week's Jim Henson's Creature Shop Challenge had the six remaining creature designers working in pairs to create large scale creatures with an emphasis on movement. We see a demo of this concept with a War Horse inspired black unicorn co-designed by the Haus of Gaga. The screen test will be filmed in black light, so the designers will have the opportunity to paint their creatures with UV paints. Ben/Melissa and Russ/Robert each decide to do birdlike creatures, reminiscent of the beast that teaches you the power jump in Super Metroid. Lex and Jake do a komodo dragon creature that is too ambitious. Since Lex was in charge of the components that didn't work well in the creature, she gets eliminated. Melissa did a last minute fix on the wings of her bird, giving her the win.
What tricks did we learn from the creature designers this week?
The emphasis this week was on movement, not aesthetics. The painting of the creatures was to allow for crisper detail of movement in the black light rather than to make the creations look cool. Jake spent a lot of time sculpting his creature's head when he could have been helping Lex with the execution of the creature's large body.
The third and final day of the challenge was spent practicing with the puppeteers and getting the creatures painted. In general, airbrushing causes things to look rather fake on film. However, the combination of black light on synthetic materials makes airbrushing the ideal application method. Regular brushing looks too deliberate and unnatural.
Feet and Legs are Challenging.
Part of the reason Melissa and Ben won the challenge was because they were the only ones to properly execute walking. As anyone who has played QWOP understands, the mechanics of working legs are surprisingly complex. Lex and Jake failed completely, with feet not landing on the ground and knees not working as joints. Russ and Robert did an okay job, but there were some steps that did not land properly. Melissa and Ben considered ankles, knees, and hips in their design, creating realistic movement.
This is probably the most usable trick of the trade we lay people will get from this show. If you are working in black light and need to prevent something from glowing, just smear on some sunblock.


A second man has been arrested in connected with the murder of an Icelandic man, who was stabbed and beaten to death in the Swedish capital of Stockholm last month.
According to witnesses, the 35-year-old Icelander was stabbed fifteen times and bludgeoned over the head with an iron bar. He later died of his injuries.
One man was arrested three days after the attack and remanded in custody. He was known to police before the murder, but has protested his innocence and denied all charges.
Swedish media now report that a second man was arrested on Monday evening as the result of a random vehicle check. He reportedly has previous convictions for drug offences, arms handling, and offences against public authority.
Witness reports suggest that the murderer screamed something about encrypted computer data at the victim during the attack.


Party day or car tour is always friends' meeting to relax and share interesting things. A nice song in the talking time gets you closer and leaves a more favorable atmosphere. But it's hard to decide a playlist to everyone's taste even you are on the popular Spotify. Then it's time to move on the Spotify Group Playlist, a secret surprise in your Facebook Messenger.
Facebook Messenger is a popular communication service and software. Users can send a message to your Facebook friends in words, voice, pictures and even videos, yet it seems whatever a common communication software can do these jobs. But a great user base is what Facebook Messenger is proud of since its initiation in early 2011.
Facebook Messenger has always shown intimacy to the Spotify platform. As you can log in Spotify with your Facebook account, you can even search for some desired songs from Spotify with asking the Facebook Messenger's intelligent assistant. A more salient integration between the two partner comes to the Spotify Group Playlist in Facebook Messenger. It helps several friends enter a playlist group and then establish the music collection by their tastes and preferences. It's good that the group establishment is easy to achieve. Here are the steps on how to use it.
Step 1. Go to the Facebook Messenger. Open a converter box with your friend.
Step 2. On the left of the message composer, tap the "+" signal.
Step 3. Find and select the Spotify extension. This requires your Spotify account connected to the Messenger.
Step 4. Tap "Create Group Playlist", name it and tap "OK".
Step 5. Tap "Send to [friend's name]" or "Send to Group". Now you can choose and invite your friends to join in the Spotify group playlist.
Step 6. Click "Add A Song" or just search for it will help you all create a favored-by-all playlist.
It's amazing that you can share a common Spotify playlist and just pick one to enjoy the tour or party. But remind that it's the same with the group members to connect their Spotify with the Facebook. Sadly to tell you that the Spotify Group Playlist in Facebook Messenger only works for mobile users. Actually, for mobile users, you can also try the Collaborative Playlist on Spotify as an alternative.
Collaborative Playlist has always been on Spotify but you just miss it. Now it's time for you to meet this new friend. It is simply that you establish a playlist and allow someone to add, delete and recorder this shared work. Let's view it in real steps.
Step 1. Go to Spotify Library, and select one song in your playlist.
Step 2. Tap the options button (three horizontal dots) on the top right of the mobile screen.
Step 3. Tap "Make Collaborative" option and it will note that "Playlist is now Collaborative".
Step 4. Tap the three horizontal dots again, and this time finds the "Share" option, and decide "how to share".
Once your friends get the link, he or she is available to listen to your favorite and add his or her recommendations. You will be reminded that once the collaborative playlist is updated. But please be careful to delete as you might remove other people's best song. It's also good that you can try it from the web or app.
You can get access to more fabulous Spotify songs by either creating a Spotify Group Playlist in Facebook Messenger or just making a Collaborative Playlist in Spotify. But it's hard to get the songs downloaded for offline use. Or you pay the songs for the offline version but find that is only playable on Spotify or be carelessly cleared out sometimes. What shall we do? You've got to use the TuneFab Spotify Music Converter to solve it.


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text:
Q: How to fix run-time error 1004 Method Range of object global failed Hi I am trying to run this code and it has worked before on other projects so I do not understand why it is not working on this code.
I have tried looking to see if I have  missed stuff from previous code but I don't think I am
    Sub DepolPotential()
    DataSheet.Activate
    Dim DepolPotential As Range
    Dim Count1 As Range
    Dim Cells1 As Range
    Dim Count2 As Range
    Set Cells1 = Range("N2", Range("N2").End(xlDown))
    Set Cells2 = Range("N2", Range("N2").End(xlDown))
    Set Count2 = Range("N2")

    Do
    Set Cells1 = Range(Count2, Range("N2").End(xlDown))
    Set Count1 = Count2
    For Each Count1 In Cells1
      If Count2 Is Nothing Then
        Exit Do
      End If
      If Count1.Value < 1 And Count1.Offset(3, 0).Value < 1 Then
        Set DepolPotential = Count1.Offset(0, -12)
         Count1.Offset(0, 20).Value = DepolPotential.Value
         Exit For
      End If
    Next Count1
    Dim InstOn As Range
      If Count1 Is Nothing Then
        Exit Do
      End If
   Set Cells2 = Range(Count1, Range("N2").End(xlDown))
   For Each Count2 In Cells2
    If Count2.Value > 1 And Count1.Offset(3, 0).Value > 1 Then
      Set InstOn = Count2.Offset(0, -12)
      Count2.Offset(0, 21).Value = InstOn.Value
      Count2.Offset(1, 22).Value = InstOn.Offset(1, 0).Value
      Set Count2 = Count2.Offset(2, 0)
      Exit For
    End If
   Next Count2
   Loop Until Count1 Is Nothing

I am getting the error on line
Set Cells1 = Range(Count2, Range("N2").End(xlDown))

I am not sure why I am getting this error in previous codes this did not give me an error.

A: I don't know what your data looks like, but the outer loop breaks on the second iteration with an empty DataSheet, with the error you describe. That's a good thing, because cells1.Address is $N$2:$N$1048576 on an empty sheet... but it doesn't matter, because the first empty cell meets the condition and exits the first inner loop.
But that's merely a symptom, not the real problem.
The second loop is iterating the exact same range as the first loop, but this time none of the empty cells meets the condition, and the loop goes on to iterate every single agonizing row on the worksheet.
And when that loop exits, the count2 loop variable reference is Nothing - that's why the 2nd iteration explodes: [_Global|Worksheet].Range accepts several different ways to specify a range of cells, but Nothing is an illegal argument to give it; it raises an error, and execution abruptly stops.
What's happening? The VBA language specifications are relevant here:

When the <for-each-statement> has finished executing, the value of <bound-variable-expression> is the data value of the last element in <collection>.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/microsoft_general_purpose_programming_languages/ms-vbal/b132463a-fd25-4143-8fc7-a443930e0651

It seems as per specs, both count1 and count2 should have a valid object reference when the loops exit. However it seems Microsoft's implementation of the VBA language specifications work differently. Here's a minimal repro example:
Public Sub Test()
    Dim c As Collection
    Set c = New Collection
    c.Add New Collection 'any object will do
    Dim o As Object
    For Each o In c
        'Exit For
    Next
    Debug.Print o Is Nothing
End Sub

Run this code once with Exit For commented-out, then un-comment the statement and run it again. The "bound variable" of a For Each loop that is iterating an object collection will be Nothing if the loop runs to completion.
That means if the first inner loop ran to completion, you would be having the same error here:

  Set Cells2 = Range(Count1, Range("N2").End(xlDown))

Because Count1 would be Nothing then. On an empty sheet, Count1 is pointing to $N$2 at this point, so Cells2 gets to be $N$2:$N$1048576.
When the second inner loop runs to completion, Count2 is Nothing, and since the loop condition is only looking at Count1...

 Loop Until Count1 Is Nothing

...the second iteration of the outer loop blows up when Count2 is passed as an argument to _Global.Range, which fails with error 1004:

  Set Cells1 = Range(Count2, Range("N2").End(xlDown))

I suppose a band-aid solution could be to verify whether Count2 Is Nothing before using it, although that's exactly the same as changing the exit condition to check for both Count1 and Count2:
Loop Until Count1 Is Nothing Or Count2 Is Nothing

...and I don't think that's the right solution. In fact I'm not sure it's a solution.
I can't be 100% sure because I haven't spent too much time trying to work out how Count2 not being Nothing affects the outer loop (plus I didn't have any data to toy with), but I think this might just happen to be doing the same thing:
Dim interestingCells As Range
Set interestingCells = DataSheet.Range("N2:N" & DataSheet.Rows.Count).End(xlUp)

Dim cell As Range
For Each cell In interestingCells
    If cell.Value < 1 And cell.Offset(3).Value < 1 Then
        cell.Offset(0, 20).Value = cell.Offset(0, -12).Value
    ElseIf cell.Value > 1 And cell.Offset(3).Value > 1 Then
        cell.Offset(0, 21).Value = cell.Offset(0, -12).Value
        cell.Offset(1, 22).Value = cell.Offset(1).Value
    End If
Next

I honestly think the real solution is to take a step back and re-assess exactly what this loop means to be doing, scrap the old code, and rewrite it from scratch. Anything else would add complexity to an already incredibly hard-to-follow piece of code. Other than the recycled For Each loop variables, the row offsets are particularly confusing: a comment detailing why the next row needs to be affected would be in order - note that such logic probably requires the data to be sorted in a particular way... which might be a bad assumption to make, i.e. a disastrous bug waiting to show its ugly head. Also note that if the iterated range happens to span the entire column, then cell.Offset(n) will fail for any positive value of n when cell is in the very last row, and for any value of n greater than the number of rows left under it if it's near the very last row on the worksheet.
Also note the .End(xlUp) logic to get the last row/cell with data: with that, an empty sheet will not run a single iteration.
Lastly, note the explicitly qualified Range call, so that it resolves to DataSheet.Range rather than _Global.Range - this is one of the very few times I've seen error 1004 thrown by _Global.Range where the root of the issue wasn't the use of unqualified Range calls implicitly referring to whatever the ActiveSheet is.

A: Launched your code.
On line
Set Cells1 = Range (Count2, Range ('N2'). End (xlDown))

Count2 became Nothing
As a solution, move the code
If Count2 Is Nothing Then
  Exit do
End if

Before the line
Set Cells1 = Range (Count2, Range ('N2'). End (xlDown))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It's a nice letter. I admit I puzzled over who could be spending so much time checking out my profile–seems like a lot more than 1 in 100 people would be ahead of me in terms of attention and name recognition out of the 200 million on LinkedIn. I would count most of my LinkedIn contacts for starters.
However, it didn't take much thought to conclude this was probably due to my bootstrapped company CNCCookbook. We get about 1.5 million visits a year to the web site, making it one of the top CNC sites and almost certainly the most popular CNC blog.
In other words, my marketing is working. That's a good thing in a bootstrapped SaaS company. What a great Age we live in when a SaaS company can be created by just one man and reach so many.


text:
PUBG PS4 finally gets a release window
NewsConsole
Last year on December 12, PlayerUnknown's Battleground had its first console-release on the Xbox One. Despite the Xbox version being far from stable, PUBG is making its way to the next console – the PlayStation 4. According to Niko Partners analyst Daniel Ahmad on ResetEra, PUBG PS4 is set to release next month in December.
PUBG PS4 appearing in the console's database
Since PUBG for Xbox One came out a year ago, it makes sense that the game would come out on the PS4 next month. It simply means that Bluehole had a one-year exclusivity deal with Microsoft. The game is currently already on Sony servers. PUBG's game images and content-ID can be found in the PSN Store.
NA: UP5082-CUSA14081_00-BATTLEGROUNDS000
EU: EP5262-CUSA14085_00-BATTLEGROUNDS000
Seems like, for now, they are only appearing in the North American and the European stores. There's no indication yet regarding Southeast Asian store but it'll probably just be available as well but at a later date.
Regarding the absence of promotion or announcement, it's probably part of the exclusivity deal. The deal is, very likely, still active hence the lack of announcement or hype about PUBG PS4 release.
In all honesty, we think the game might actually come out in January instead of December. With the Bluehole-Microsoft deal ending next month, they probably want to advertise the game a little before releasing it on Sony's console. So it's very likely it'll get push back all the way to January.
Get PUBG PS4 with PSN Cards (All region available)
Either way, we hope that the release on PlayStation 4 would be less of a disaster to the Xbox's. Maybe Bluehole will optimize the game this time, hopefully. If they want to compete with both Fortnite and Call of Duty: Black Ops 4, they're going to need it. Both of these games are currently dominating Battle Royale scene on the PlayStation 4. So launching on a buggy version will not make a good impression.
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text:
Our Knowledge Our Way's launch questions and answers
Questions from the Our Knowledge Our Way guidelines launch have been organised into the following categories:
Questions to specific panel members
The Our Knowledge Our Way Guidelines – Use and engagement
Indigenous Engagement – Timelines and budgets
Indigenous Engagement – How to do it well
Indigenous Engagement – Needs and benefits
Indigenous Engagement – with dispossessed groups
Roles of government, industry, philanthropy and funders
Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP)
Indigenous knowledge and science
Indigenous engagement at CSIRO
EPBC Act review
Q. To Peter – how do we make the greater Australian community aware that the Indigenous Estate and its management is so important to the conservation of Australia's biodiversity and ultimately sustainability.
While I think there is a growing awareness, interest and appreciation of the extent, depth and sophistication of Indigenous knowledge and its application to managing country for biodiversity conservation and uses that are sustainable, it's off a small base. There is even less public appreciation for the incredible changes that have happened over the last 20 years in terms of formal recognition of, and support for, Indigenous management of country.
We need more champions to speak this message – and they need to come from sectors other than conservation – as so many ears are closed to those speaking with conservation voices and in conservation language. These changes, and the vital environmental, cultural, social and economic role that the Indigenous Estate and its management plays extend far beyond conservation and the use of natural resources – it is also about recognition, empowerment, pride and respect for Australia's Indigenous peoples, and their knowledge and history.
So we need champions who can speak these messages loudly and proudly from many different perspectives. They need to be opinion leaders and influencers from diverse sectors – whether business, art, sport, health, the media AND from politics.
One of the most exciting outcomes from evaluations of the IPA and Indigenous Ranger programs was the health benefits of people being back on country, managing, teaching younger generations, learning from elders, and inviting others in to share their knowledge and experience. So health professionals, Ministers, and researchers can be speaking up. And, repetition is a sad requirement of getting a message through.
Q. Peter you mentioned in the film that over half of Australia's protected area is managed by Indigenous peoples – why is Indigenous knowledge and approaches so important to that management?
A: Indigenous knowledge and approaches encapsulate the accumulated encyclopaedic wisdom of thousands of years about land and sea, what land and sea can provide to sustain people, and how they need to be looked after to continue to supply essential needs.
Applying this knowledge is fundamental to sound management, although given the enormous changes that have been imposed on our lands and seas deliberately, inadvertently and carelessly over the last two and a half centuries, we need all the tools available to restore that heritage, protect what remains and use the resources it provides wisely.
This means we all need to work together to tackle these challenges. But at the heart of addressing these challenges should be the Indigenous understanding and knowledge of country to guide us.
Q. Brad: As a non-Indigenous university academic, how can I best incorporate Indigenous knowledge and practices in a respectful way into a course to increase student awareness?
A. That's a tricky way to put it, you can't really incorporate knowledge if it's not yours. Indigenous people are best placed to share their own knowledge and students will take away an understanding/appreciation of that knowledge.
The best way would be guide students to resources, seek out Indigenous-led projects/research, get Elders in and pay them, build relationships with traditional owners in your area, ensure the university has pathways for Indigenous undergrads to postdocs to Profs, and let them incorporate their knowledge and be a champion of 'Indigenising' the curricula at the institution.
Use and engagement with the Our Knowledge Our Way Guidelines
Q. Could these guidelines be used in the context of implementing the Nagoya Protocol (Access and Benefit Sharing) in Australia? I could see the panel members playing an important role in that respect, particularly that some States and Territories are trying to pass their own legislation on this topic (e.g. WA with the Biodiscovery Bill).
Section 4.4, pp 101-102, discusses the Nagoya Protocol, and the processes underway to bring Australian state and federal legislation in line. We note that Gerry Turpin, Aboriginal ethnobotanist and leader of Case Study 3-2, pp 65-66, is contributing to a Traditional Knowledge Roundtable that is advising on legislative reform in Queensland.
The new act was introduced into the Queensland Parliament on August 11 2020, the Minister Leanne Enoch said "The legislative changes to the Biodiscovery Act will ensure research institutions, universities and the private sector seek agreement with First Nations peoples before using their resources or traditional knowledge for biodiscovery purposes." Minister Enoch is an Aboriginal woman whose grandparents were a Kaanju woman and a Quandamooka man.
Q. What is your expectation about these guidelines and your targeted audience? – to any panel member.
Section 1.1.1 on p. 4 explains the for-benefit and target audiences for the Guidelines. "The Guidelines first and foremost aim to benefit our Indigenous colleagues across Australia by highlighting their empowered, active, knowledge-driven practices in caring for their Country.
In addition, the target audience of the Guidelines are aiatsis." Subsequent text describes wider audiences who may be interested.
Q. I suspect all on this webinar fully endorse these best practice guidelines. What are you planning to do to share these guidelines with the wider community to overcome what I see as either indifference or ignorance of what Indigenous-led approaches will mean for all Australians?
Our dissemination strategy includes targeted use of media (article in ECOS, social media posts), seminars e.g. presentation at the 2020 Victorian DELWP Science Symposium, internal distribution within CSIRO – 5000 staff members, and through our networks, including national and international networks amongst government, community and Indigenous partners.
Take-up is currently exceeding our expectations – for example on 13 August we were informed that The Nature Conservancy, a global non-government environment organisation, has distributed to all their people globally!
We are also preparing policy briefs, short one-page high-level summaries, with different material targeted for State and Federal Governments, partners (including universities), and Indigenous organisations.
Q. What are some of the actions being done now that these guidelines have been developed? Will we see more on the ground caring for country in other areas?
The Guidelines are making the on-ground caring for country visible, and the ideas of Indigenous people about what makes actions 'good' much more available.
The guidelines highlight key actions needed to grow and support improved practice, summarised in Chapter 5, and include: strengthen access to and control of our Country; promote a new story of environmental management and enterprise development that recognises our connections with and caring for our Country over millennia; and many others.
As noted above, policy briefs are being developed to synthesis key actions for governments, partners and Indigenous organisations.
Q. What are some of the ways we can sustain this collective move and partnership that has been established through the guidelines?
Networks are recognised as vital to sustaining this collective movement and page 117 sets out general guidance about how to support networks.
These recommendations will form part of the policy briefs under preparation, supporting ongoing advocacy by Indigenous peoples about the need for a national land and sea network.
However, networks are also self-organising and some people who have found new and useful contacts are maintaining these.
Q. Out of interest, how many people joined the webcast?
1,107 people joined the webcast!
As at 28 August the Our Knowledge Our Way video had been viewed 1,209 times, and the recording of the launch had been viewed 186 time.
Q. This will be a great teaching resource for Universities. Is there a plan for how that might be facilitated?
Currently we do not have enough hard copies to supply Universities, but the libraries of each will receive an email with the target policy brief and a link to the on-line resources. Unfortunately, there are no resources to print more.
Q. Researchers are often given short term grants, projects, and positions. How is it possible for us to have meaningful engagement in the face of such insecurity and time pressure?"
A. See Michael Douglas (45min) and Anne Poelina's (47min) responses to a similar question in the launch. See also sections 3.1 and 5.2 of the Guidelines. Funders are becoming increasingly aware of the need for flexibility when collaborating with Indigenous peoples, and researchers must continue to communicate why this is essential to their funders and institutions.
Relationships with Indigenous partners and collaborators span much longer timeframes than project or grant cycles.
The key to building strong partnerships lies in developing trust and respect, this can happen quicker than you might think if engagement is grounded in the principles of openness and honesty, and if the research truly benefits Indigenous collaborators, aligns with their aspirations, and they have the opportunity to lead.
Q. I would love to be able to work with Traditional Owner groups in my region, but funding timelines often make it difficult to fit everything in. Do you have some advice for better engagement, trying to allow sufficient time to build relationships, within these tight timeframes?
See answer above.
Q. As a PhD student, who really only has a year or two to engage community, does the panel think there is enough time to engage community at an appropriate level? Also, as funding is limited during a PhD project, how important is remuneration?
A. See answer above, particularly Anne Poelina's response during to a similar question in the launch (at 45min).
Engaging with any Indigenous partners you'd like to work with from the very beginning until the very end of your PhD, and beyond, is important to ensure your research benefits your Indigenous collaborators and aligns with their aspirations. Engaging with those individuals and groups during the development of your proposal is necessary to adhere to ethical research guidelines, see links provided on p18.
During these early discussions you should be open and honest about your capacity for reimbursement so that the people you want to work with can make an informed decision about whether they want to work with you, and under what conditions.
Q. As an academic researcher, how do we find out who is the best Indigenous contact in a specific location in terms of wanting to establish a partnership and follow best practice guidelines?
See section 1.5.4 of the Guidelines. Different groups have different protocols and governance arrangements. Depending on the group, the relevant land council can be a good place to start.
You may need to approach the Prescribed Body Corporate, if there is one, or the ranger group if that is relevant to your work, or find out who the elders are and try to speak to them. See if they have a Healthy Country or IPA management plan that might outline where to start (e.g. Box 1.3 on p. 16 of the Guidelines).
Remember that it's best to talk to several different people from the group to ensure you have approval from all appropriate group members (e.g. elders).
You may also need to contact several groups, for example if accessing your area of interest requires travelling across the Country of another group you should seek appropriate permission to do so.
Q. For someone with a leadership role in Australia and shaping its future, who wants to learn more about this area, but no experience with engagement with our first people, where, and how do you start? Rupert Woods – Wildlife Health Australia.
From a quick look at your website, it appears that Wildlife Health Australia is an organisation that would be of great interest to many Indigenous people. Case study 3-9, pp 81-82, presents information about how another non-government environmental organisation has developed positive relationships with Aboriginal people across Australia.
On page 18, we provide links to a number of resources that can help with starting engagement.
You may find it beneficial to talk with other environment organisations who are currently engaging with Australia's First Peoples e.g. The Nature Conservancy. Good luck!
Q. How are we going to ensure our Indigenous Australians' knowledge isn't being used and not recognised? The Joint Management of Parks, for instance, has shown that there are issues whereby our Indigenous people are indeed consulted, but the final decision ends up being the call of a whiteman in Canberra.
The guidelines recognise in Section 1.5.3 that better protection is needed for Indigenous Australian's knowledge and sets out options to improve the current situation.
Q. Hi I have always enjoyed working with my local community and am starting doctoral research based south of Batemans Bay on NSW Far South Coast and am wondering, is anyone in the community interested, or engaged in biodiversity studies nearby? I'm very interested in Grassy woodlands, which are endangered. Should I start by contacting my local lands council in Mogo or?
The local land council is a good starting place to find out who you should engage with. It is also recommended you find out how much work has been done on your subject area or other similar research in the region, to avoid repetition and research fatigue among your Indigenous collaborators.
Q. How can researchers in applied geoscience (minerals, water, energy) engage better with Indigenous communities, when the ultimate outcome of their research can lead to more extraction from within and under country, moving into 'contested geoscience' territory?
OKOW does not specifically address partnerships for extraction from Country. However there are many examples of agreements between Traditional Owners and Mining Companies on the Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements database (ATNS). The website also provides many useful resources.
Key aspects of developing relationships of trust and respect apply regardless of the goal of the partnership.
Q. Does the panel have any thoughts on the best way to conduct research with Traditional Owners in areas where there are tensions between different community groups surrounding Native Title claims and determinations?
You should engage with all Traditional Owner and other Indigenous groups who have an interest in your region. Some of these may be ultimately determined to be rightsholders in relation to native title under the Australian legal system, and others to be stakeholders. T
here are many benefits for your strategy in targeting both rightsholders and stakeholders.
Q. How can Indigenous researchers and knowledge holders be approached to be involved in research relating to their traditional knowledge?
The Guidelines provide lots of advice about the key considerations when working with Indigenous people on research relating to their traditional knowledge.
Chapter 1 provides a good overview for understanding of the key issues, Chapter 2 to understand what working with Indigenous knowledge means, Chapter 3 for guidance on protocols around knowledge sharing, and Chapter 5 which ties it all together.
Q. Do the guidelines touch on cultural protocols or expectations regarding non-Indigenous people working on Country who don't have 'need' or intent to engage with the Traditional Owners, but who perhaps want or ought to engage out of respect and to invite collaboration. For example, biologists working in national parks. Thank you! Renée, on Ngunnawal, Ngunawal and Ngambri Country.
Hi Renee, we suggest that working on someone's Country constitutes a need to engage with them.
The benefits of engaging appropriately are two-way: you can ensure you are working ethically and responsibly and not breaching local protocols, as well as gain valuable insight into your area of study; the Traditional Custodians of the Country you are working on know what you are doing and benefit from it.
See the following responses in the launch Q&A video: Anne Poelina (at 22:40); Linda Ford (at 28:20); Peter Cochrane (at 30:25); Michael Douglas (at 34:10), Brad Moggridge (at 35:40); Ricky Archer (41:35).
Q. How important is it to get social and cultural outcomes from scientific collaborations?
It's essential that benefits of collaborative research be equitably shared. This is recognised as a key requirement under the NHMRC Ethical conduct in research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and communities: Guidelines for researchers and stakeholders. These guidelines are binding for researchers under the National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 and should be read in association with the AIATSIS guidelines. Links to these guidelines are found on page 18 of OKOW. It is also a key requirement under the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, Principles 4 and 6.
Q. What are good ways to engage Indigenous in research associated with their traditional seasonal knowledge?
Seasonal calendars can be a great tool for documenting and communicating the complexity of Indigenous seasonal knowledge.
Many groups are keen to develop seasonal calendars, and this can be a great way to engage for research while ensuring that your partners are left with a valuable resource. See section 2.7 for information and resources for developing seasonal calendars. More information is also presented in sections 5.1.3, 5.3.1 and 5.32.
Q. Whilst I think it's great that we need to understand the protocols when connecting with traditional owners on their land, etc, I think it's really important to know how you go about effective engagement with mob who have been dispossessed. Do any of the panellists have views on this?
The guidelines recognise and discuss, on pp 10-11, the impact of colonisation on all of Australia's Indigenous peoples and their knowledge systems. Pp 11-12 then discusses "healing impacts of colonisation with Indigenous knowledge". In this section 1.5.2, many Indigenous people explain how revitalising language and culture can overcome dispossession and disruption e.g. in Case Study 1-2, Aunty Shaa suggests "a need to see the violence of colonisation as part of a creation story as well". (p. 12).
As set out on p 11, healing with knowledge "is not to gloss over or trivialise the devastation that our people endure from the disasters inflicted by colonisation – but to show that our pathway continues for the future of our Indigenous societies".
Q. Will these guidelines be a tool for Traditional Owner whose connection to Country may have been interrupted due to colonisation and removal from Country?
See response to the previous question.
Q. I was led to believe that in some areas there are very few or even no Traditional Owners left living on their Traditional Country. How do we maintain and bring back Knowledge for those areas? (watching this on Kaurna Yerta)
See response to the previous questions.
Q. How should government, industry, NGOs and philanthropy support the ILSM [Indigenous Land and Sea Management] organisations to continue this important work?
The end of each chapter summaries key lessons from Indigenous Peoples and for partners from the material in that chapter.
In Chapter 5, these are synthesised into key actions towards best practice to support our knowledge our way. From this material, we are currently preparing policy briefs, short one-page high-level summaries, with different material targeted for State and Federal Governments, partners (including universities), and Indigenous organisations. These will be distributed later in the year.
Q. Do you think it possible to move beyond a guidelines position to something strong i.e. a policy position that researchers must follow? Realising that there are place based considerations.
The guidelines address knowledge strengthening and sharing broadly, including in tourism interpretation, fire management, and other activities as well as research.
The focus is on good practice, and based on the IUCN model, aims to provide:
background material related to understanding knowledge brokering
analysis of the context and policy that drive the need for knowledge brokering
options for action and advice
multiple case studies reflecting different contexts
thematic sections in the Guidelines
multiple photographs, diagrams, and tables
specific step-wise processes where relevant
options for policy
recognition of ongoing challenges, and
links to other material.
The guidelines outline the current legal deficiencies in protection for Indigenous knowledge on pp15-16, and present options for improving the law. However, for researchers, ethical practices are required under the National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 and researchers working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples must adhere to their OWN guidelines, see page 18 of OKOW.
Q. How has CSIRO engaged AIATSIS who also have guidelines for ethical research practice and engagement?
The call for case studies was disseminated nationally (see Appendix One pp. 124-127) and we did not receive any from Indigenous Peoples who wanted to share their project partnerships with AIASTIS. The vital role of the guidelines for Ethical Research of AIATSIS are recognised on p. 18.
See above for an outline of the aims of these as a set of practice guideline.
Q. When do you think land and water research funding bodies, such as NESP, will move to a true transdisciplinary approach, that starts with the problem, and matches the expertise to it, rather than always privileging western science?
Michael Douglas (NESP NAER Hub leader) explains some of the changes underway in research funding bodies at 45:00 in the video of the launch. For more information, see NESP 2 .
Queries about land and water research funding bodies are better directed to those bodies and their websites.
Q. Generally speaking, how can Governments better empower Traditional Owners to manage Country?
Chapter 5 sets out "Actions towards best practice" and includes many options for how government can better empower Traditional Owners. From this material, we are currently preparing policy briefs, short one-page high-level summaries, with different material targeted for State and Federal Governments, partners (including universities), and Indigenous organisations. These will be distributed later in the year.
Q. Given our current situation with COVID & its impact on the economy, what tangible & co-benefit outcomes can be achieved on a shoestring budget funding from Governments & other funding bodies has all but dried up?"
The guidelines acknowledge how difficult it is to get resources for the work that is needed see e.g. p. 23 "It is hard to get resources to support Elders to engage youth in learning language and culture and maintaining connections to Country".
The guidelines also highlight how Indigenous Peoples continue to paint, sing, dance and tell stories, with or without government support. Chapter 5 sets out "Actions towards best practice" and includes many options beyond simply more funding e.g on p. 122 "Together Indigenous people and partners can invest in building trust and respect as a foundation for positive partnerships that assure mutual benefits".
With a good idea, and strong partnerships, access to funding is often easier. From the material in Chapter 5, we are currently preparing policy briefs, short one-page high-level summaries, with different material targeted for State and Federal Governments, partners (including universities), and Indigenous organisations. These will be distributed later in the year.
Q. How do you deal with copyrights with regards to cultural knowledge that has been incorporated into economic & business opportunities? Should an individual or a family or clan group be able to profit from the benefit from commercialising cultural knowledges of natural resources?
Section 1.5.3, pp 15-16 recognises that new protections are needed for cultural knowledge rights and presents some options for law reform. We include on page 102 an example of a Traditional Owner Group who have negotiated a commercial agreement through Dugalunji Aboriginal Corporation and the University of Queensland. See Indjalandji-Dhidhanu people and University of Queensland – Spinifex research and commercialisation agreements
Q. The video touched on Data Sovereignty, we have recently seen non-Indigenous organisation trademarking Indigenous names and business, how do we safeguard Data Sovereignty outside of research but in day-to-day On Country business?"
See above, unfortunately Section 1.5.3, pp 15-16 recognises that new protections are needed for cultural knowledge rights and presents some options for law reform. Case study 3-4, pp. 70-71 touches on Indigenous data sovereignty, and the need to conform with data sovereignty is recognised on p. 115 in chapter 5.
Q. It's very clear that scientific knowledge can be advanced through connection with Indigenous knowledge, cultures and languages. Can Indigenous knowledge be advanced through science going forward, and how do we make the right connections through training and education to achieve this?
See Case Study 3.9, and sections 3.8, 3.9 and 5.1 of the Guidelines. Sharing and weaving Indigenous knowledge and western science is not a one-way process. Knowledge systems are weaved together to give a richer picture and understanding to all collaborators.
In section 3.9 Traditional Owners in the Kimberley are using western science combined with their traditional and local knowledge to inform their decision-making on agriculture, development and environmental management.
The challenge lies in increasing accessibility of scientific knowledge for Indigenous peoples to further their interests. This is why it's imperative that research with Indigenous peoples is based on strong partnerships and designed to meet the needs and aspirations of Indigenous partners, and that research outputs are shared with them in appropriate formats – which includes providing training where necessary.
Q. Acknowledgement and recognition of Traditional Owners sharing Ecological Knowledge is key to codesign, reconciliation and so forth. How is co-authorship of publications (published materials) which is so critical, received in the science/research community?
The Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research outlines that Indigenous research partners and knowledge holders should be recognised for their research contribution research:
Principle 4: 'Fairness in the treatment of others', which requires researchers to 'give credit, including authorship where appropriate, to those who have contributed to the research.'
Principle 6: 'Recognition of the right of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to be engaged in research that affects or is of particular significance to them', which requires researchers to credit the contributions of Indigenous people and knowledge.
When research is co-designed or led by Indigenous people, their knowledge contributes to the research design, they actively participate in data collection, they interpret data and results, then they meet the criteria for authorship like anyone else. Best practice research facilitates these processes.
Q. Indigenous conservation priorities do not always align with those of contemporary conservation (eg. culturally important species have been culled). To what extent are Indigenous peoples being included in the conservation planning stages and species prioritisation?
Indigenous peoples are involved in many conservation planning and species prioritisation across Australia. For example, see for example Indigenous Action in Threatened Species Research and Management and quantifying current and potential contributions of Australian Indigenous Peoples to threatened species management. Opportunities exist for much greater levels of involvement.
Q. Could you be so kind as to give us an example of how scientific knowledge and Indigenous knowledge system are complementary?
See Q&A responses from Anne Poelina (at 22:40); Peter Cochrane (at 30:25); Michael Douglas (at 34:10), Brad Moggridge (at 35:40); and Ricky Archer (41:35). See also Case Study 3.9, and sections 3.8, 3.9 and 5.1 of the Guidelines on sharing and weaving knowledge systems. These knowledge systems come from differing worldviews, with different systems of validation. Indigenous knowledge is ancient wisdom based on a long history of observations that have been tested and retested.
Therefore, by incorporating Indigenous knowledge we have an opportunity to fully understand the systems we are exploring. Building an understanding of natural systems based on both knowledge systems gives all parties a richer understanding.
Q. Educating non-Indigenous students and scientists-in-training. There is still a culture clash – Western Vs Indigenous. How to move forward, especially when environments are drastically changing due to Climate Change and biodiversity damage?
See section and Torres Webb's answer (at 38:05) and section 2.9.2 and 5.3 of the Guidelines. Two-way science programs are having great success for students of all backgrounds. Working across knowledge systems helps improve understanding and valuing of diverse cultural perspectives and world-views.
Q. Complexity and connectivity – as scientists trained in reductionism and often with a narrow focus, how do we even begin to build relationships? Is there some sort of matching service?
We are not aware of any general matching service between scientists and Indigenous peoples. The place to begin relationship-building will depend on your area of science e.g. is it relevant to a particular part of Australia? Contact local Traditional Owner organisation.
Is it relevant to a particular sector e.g. synthetic biology, mining? Consider the guidance in your organisations Reconciliation Action Plan e.g. CSIRO's Reconcilliation Action Plan, look for national networks relevant to your area of interest e.g. the Indigenous Data Network (https://mspgh.unimelb.edu.au/centres-institutes/centre-for-health-equity/research-group/indigenous-data-network).
Look at Anne Poelina's response in the video of the launch of OKOW, at 47:00 – she provides excellent ideas about getting started, ensuring that you are grounded in what is important to Indigenous people.
Q. How do we get academia to truly value Indigenous knowledge (walk the walk)
Many initiatives in academia are demonstrating an increased valuing of Indigenous knowledge e.g. see guidelines section 2.5 and case study 2-3 about the Mobile Language Team based at the University of Adelaide.
The University of Melbourne has recently highlighted THE UNIQUE VALUE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE.
However, much more needs to be done. Questions about ongoing changes to academia are best addressed to academia and particular academic organisations. We will ensure that the guidelines are distributed to all Australian universities as part of our dissemination plan.
Q. 1. Has CSIRO undertaken an audit of their own research to assess whether proper authority has been given to past and current work? 2. Has CSIRO investigated linkages for Indigenous caring for Country to the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) initiative?
No CSIRO has not undertaken an audit. see CSIRO's Reconciliation Action Plan , this is currently being renewed. We have investigated existing linkages between Indigenous pollinator conservation practices globally to the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and published our findings here Biocultural approaches to pollinator conservation.
More work is needed in Australia to investigate agricultural heritage.
Q. Hello panel, I work for the Marine National Facility who operate the Research Ship Investigator. We are keen to use our position to promote opportunities for projects that feature co-design and incorporate Indigenous and western knowledge systems and approach. Will these guidelines be suitable to refer to our users (both CSIRO but mostly from research institutes across Australia) when commencing development of their ideas? Is there any capability either within CSIRO or externally that can assist in the brokering of opportunities? Thanks – and great video which I will share within our BU
Yes, the Office of Indigenous Engagement in CSIRO is facilitating wider distribution of these guidelines within CSIRO, and promoting these during NAIDOC week 2020, 8-15 November.
We will also be sharing with the libraries of all Australian Universities.
Q. The interim report on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act states that this legislation is not meeting objectives as they relate to Indigenous Australians. Does the panel have any insights on how the work of Indigenous rangers and Indigenous knowledge can be included in revisions to our national environmental legislation?
Many Indigenous organisations have made submissions to this review about ways to better include Indigenous rangers and Indigenous knowledge, and these are available online. See for example 10 Deserts Project, Northern Australia Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliance.
All publicly available submissions can be found at https://epbcactreview.environment.gov.au/submissions.
Q. Will the CSIRO provide a copy to Minister Ley to help her engage appropriately with traditional owners in her consideration of the final Samuel report on the EPBC Act review? (TFIC)
Yes, as Minister for the Department of Environment, Water and Agricultural, which funded the NESP and the guidelines project (together with CSIRO), the Minister automatically receives a copy.
We are currently preparing policy briefs, short one-page high-level summaries, with different material targeted for State and Federal Governments, partners (including universities), and Indigenous organisations. These will be distributed later in the year, including to Minister Ley.
Q. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act) is being reviewed and the Act has a number of Indigenous objectives built in, is there scope for a more significant role for Indigenous involvement in these environmental matters?
The Interim Report of the Review of the EPBC recognises a scope for a more significant role and makes a number of recommendations see https://epbcactreview.environment.gov.au/resources/interim-report/chapter-2-indigenous-culture-and-heritage. These include for example "The National Environmental Standards should include specific requirements relating to best practice Indigenous engagement, to enable Indigenous views and knowledge to be incorporated into regulatory processes."
Q. Hello! I am a current student at university studying environmental management, I'm particularly interested in indigenous land management. Having no previous experience in the environmental sector, is there any advice you could give me on ways to get involved?
A good way to get involved is to offer to volunteer with a local organisation who are either an Indigenous organisation or who you see are doing good work and have healthy relationships with Indigenous partners.
Q. What indigenous food crops are scaling up and reviving indigenous agriculture so we can see food in supermarkets or medicines in chemists?
The Indigenous-led bush products sector is growing in Australia, and the diversity of foods, botanicals and health care related-products available on the market is growing: available direct from the producer, via cooperative ventures and also through more commercial outlets. For example, around Australia a number of groups and individuals are investigating salt bush and kangaroo grass as commercial crops.
Individuals and cooperatives are also growing Kakadu Plum/Gubinge, for the national and international market (see Northern Australia Aboriginal Kakadu Plum Alliance(NAAKPA) for example).
There are many more diverse examples – including the work of Bush Medijina which is showcased in the Guidelines.
Results of an Indigenous-led project to investigate further development of the Indigenous-led bush products sector can be found here: Building the Indigenous-led bush products sector, northern Australia
Q. "I note the lack of case studies on the map shown from the Murray Darling Basin. Is this a reflection that land ownership is not linked to water ownership? Are there still a ways to go with working with Traditional Owners on freshwater management (rivers, floodplains and wetlands)?"
Case studies were supplied to the project team following a national call out for examples illustrating best practice in working with Indigenous knowledge. While none were forthcoming from the Murray Darling Basin, section 3.7 contains information and links related to partnerships between Murray Darling Aboriginal Groups and the Murray Darling Basin Authority.
Land and water are inextricably linked, water ownership in the Murray Darling system is particularly contentious with many competing interests and stakeholders. See also section 3.9 for an example of Traditional Owner engagement in freshwater management from the Fitzroy River in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia.
Q. I work on an urban waterway. Does the panel have any specific advice for best approaches in these environments where there are so many more stakeholders and complexity of interests?
Programs aimed at working with Aboriginal people in urban waterways are occurring in many parts of Australia, see for example The Aboriginal Water Program. In Melbourne's Yarra River, a special Act now provides specific mechanisms see New law finally gives voice to the Yarra River's traditional owners. See also Graham Atkinson's response to a question about urban areas at 43:00 in the video of the launch.
Q. Traditional Ecological Knowledge is tied to language. How is Indigenous language vitality being supported?
See section 2.5 of the guidelines, and list to Linda Ford's response to a similar question in the Q&A recording (at 51:40).
Q. How can Indigenous knowledge break barriers and start to be better recognised and influential globally?
See Brad Moggridge's answer to this question in the Q&A recording (at 49:40).
Q. From Ami – how can we better promote Aboriginal and Torres Strait knowledge and science on the global stage?
See Chapter 4 which examines global Indigenous knowledge initiatives, reflecting that Indigenous knowledge systems are gaining recognition as sophisticated ways of understanding that can contribute to solutions to the world's environmental issues. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples are engaging through international networks and platforms including the World Indigenous Network, the Convention on Biological Diversity, through IUCN Indigenous Peoples' Organisations, and through international knowledge sharing partnerships (see Case Study 4-1, p.95).
Q. How do the panellists see the AIATSIS Guidelines supporting local scale protocols on Country as they are presented so well in the OKOW guidelines?
The vital role of the AIATSIS guidelines for Ethical Research are recognised on p. 18. Both the AIATSIS and Our Knowledge Our Way Guidelines highlight the importance of adhering to local protocols when working with Indigenous people and communities.
The AIATSIS Guidelines focus on ethical research and provides fourteen principles for researchers to follow. Our Knowledge Our Way is targeted at a wider audience including those who support and enable caring for Country, for example staff of Indigenous and partner organisations, policy-makers and the wider community.
The principles from the AIATSIS Guidelines and the options for actions towards best practice (Chapter 5 of Our Knowledge Our Way) are complementary in the guidance provided.
Q. How important is language? I try to use aboriginal languages for names of places for example. Our colleagues in NZ always start their emails with Kia Ora…should we start using Warami? I believe small steps all count but.. am I right?
Small steps do count, as long as you are using language respectfully, and not appropriating Indigenous knowledge. Perhaps you could talk to an Indigenous person in your region about whether or not they think it is appropriate to use their language.
Australia differs to New Zealand in the diversity and number of Indigenous languages, see section 1.2 and figure 1.3.
Read more about the guidelines
These Guidelines are a key output from a project of the Australian Government's National Environmental Science Program, Northern Australia Environmental Resources Hub, titled Knowledge Brokering for Indigenous Land Management.
Emma Woodward


The USB Rubber Ducky isn't your ordinary HID (Human Interface Device). Coupled with a powerful 60 MHz 32-bit processor and a simple scripting language anyone is able to craft payloads capable of changing system settings, opening backdoors, retrieving data, initiating reverse shells, or basically anything that can be achieved with physical access -- all automated and executed in a matter of seconds.
Digispark is an ATtiny85 based microcontroller development board come with USB interface.Coding is similar to Arduino, and it uses the familiar Arduino IDE for development.
Step 2: Install the software and open it.
We have to do it because the Arduino has removed the Digispark library for the IDE software.
It is the type of Programmer which is supported by the Digispark. Because the Digispark is not an official board made by Arduino.
We can code for Arduino in C and C++ languages.
In this code, we have included the Digikeyboard header file by which Digispark will act as a keyboard. Then we have print Welcome to Green Terminal from DigiKeyboard.println and DigiKeyboard.sendKeyStroke(KEY_ENTER); to Press Enter.
We are using msfvenom as shown below to create a python payload for the reverse connection.


text:
Q: Generics with typescript snapshots I have an entity / interface with both fixed and dynamic keys.
type FooType = {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  age: number;
  createdAt: Timestamp;
} & {[id: string]: number; }

When I pull this data out of Cloud Firestore I want to convert it to an array including the document ids.
function snapshotAsArray<T>(snap): T[] {
  return snapshot
    .docs
    .map((doc): T => ({ id: doc.id, ...doc.data() }));
}

function getFoo(): Promise<FooType[]> {
  return admin.firestore()
    .collection('foo')
    .get()
    .then((snapshot) => snapshotAsArray<FooType>(snapshot));
}

I want to make snapshotAsArray() generic/reusable, but I'm getting the following error.
Type '{ id: string; }' is not assignable to type 'T'.
'{ id: string; }' is assignable to the constraint of type 'T',
but 'T' could be instantiated with a different subtype of constraint '{}'.

Can I make it so the generic T must always have an id property?

A: The kind of generics you are asking for is impossible.
You cannot have a function whose caller specifies a type T and which returns a value of type T, because you don't have the static type information at runtime.
So, you have to provide a specialized snapshotAsArray for FooType (i.e., not generic) or hint the compiler with an exact type.

*

*The former is as simple as renaming your snapshotAsArray to fooSnapshotAsArray and return an explicit FooType value in your mapper.

*The latter is a little bit more "generic-ish". You impose a constraint on snapshotAsArray's T parameter by requiring it to have a string id, and then hint the compiler with an explicit return type.

import * as fb from "firebase";

type FooType = {
    id: string;
    name: string;
    age: number;
    createdAt: fb.firestore.Timestamp;
};

function snapshotAsArray<T extends { id: string }>(
    snapshot: fb.firestore.QuerySnapshot
) {
    return snapshot.docs.map((doc) => <T>{ id: doc.id, ...doc.data() });
}

declare const admin: { firestore: () => fb.firestore.Firestore };

function getFoo(): Promise<FooType[]> {
    return admin
        .firestore()
        .collection("foo")
        .get()
        .then((snapshot) => snapshotAsArray(snapshot));
}


Great Medieval Projects You Can Build Yourself brings the Middle Ages in Europe alive through hands-on activities for kids ages 9-12. Addressing various aspects of medieval life, this book provides historically accurate details of the period leading up to the Renaissance. From monastic life to castle living, villages to towns, each section offers a glimpse into the daily existence of the people who lived in medieval Europe. Sidebars and fun trivia break up the text. Readers will expand their knowledge of this era beyond knights, fair maidens, and castles as they learn about siege warfare, life in a medieval village, medieval clothing, markets and fairs, the Plague, medieval medicine, and the Crusades.