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Science Journal of Public Health
Volume 5, Issue 2, March 2017, Pages: 103-109
Water and Sanitary Conditions of a Typical Faculty of Public Health Building in a Nigerian University
Adejumo Mumuni*, Ana Godson Rowland, Oloruntoba Elizabeth Omoladun, Morakinyo Oyewale Mayowa, Hammed Taiwo Babatunde
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
(M. Adejumo)
(G. R. Ana)
(E. O. Oloruntoba)
(O. M. Morakinyo)
(T. B. Hammed)
Adejumo Mumuni, Ana Godson Rowland, Oloruntoba Elizabeth Omoladun, Morakinyo Oyewale Mayowa, Hammed Taiwo Babatunde. Water and Sanitary Conditions of a Typical Faculty of Public Health Building in a Nigerian University. Science Journal of Public Health. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2017, pp. 103-109. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20170502.17
Received: January 6, 2017; Accepted: January 18, 2017; Published: February 17, 2017
Abstract: This study investigated water and sanitary conditions of a typical faculty of Public Health building, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted and 108 consented students and staff members were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Fifteen (15) toilet facilities with 45 rooms were also observed using an observational checklist. Respondents' age was 28.9±5.5 years, 63.0% were female, 92.6% were students and all participants had completed tertiary education. The main source of water supply into the building was piped water (85.2%) and 77.9% used it for flushing toilet. Only 22.2% reported that the water source is readily accessible all the time while 63.0% stated that the quantity of water available got depleted during the afternoon time. On-site observations revealed that 8 (53.4%) of the toilet facilities had inadequate water supply. Majority (81.5%) reported water closet as the main type of sanitary convenience in the building while the major shortcomings of the toilets mentioned were non-accessibility (88.9%) and shortage of water supply (77.8%). All (100%) of the toilet rooms observed had no severe odour while 2 (4.4%) of the toilet rooms had appreciable quantities of vectors breeding. About fifty-nine percent had good attitude towards the sanitary conveniences within the building and significantly, 75.0% of female respondents had good attitude compared to 25.0% of their male counterpart (p<0.05). Twelve (11.1%) respondents said they practiced handwashing with water and soap and none (0.0%) reported presence of signs that encourage good hygiene practices in the toilet. Wash hand basins was observed to be present and functional within all the 15 (100%) toilet facilities, water was present in 10 (66.7%) of the facilities while soap was absent in all the 15 (100%) facilities observed. Constant water supply should be sustained, handwashing materials and signs that encourage good hygiene practices should be provided within the toilets.
Keywords: Water Quality, Sanitary Condition, Sanitary Conveniences, Hand Washing Practice
Abstract Keywords 1. Introduction 2. Methods 2.1. Study Design and Study Location 2.2. Study Population and Sampling Techniques 2.3. Data Collection Procedure 2.4. Data Analysis 3. Results 3.1. Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents 3.2. Water Supply 3.3. Sanitary Convenience 3.4. Attitude Towards the Use of Sanitary Convenience 3.5. Hand Washing Practices and Health Conditions 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion Acknowledgements References
Appropriate and adequate sanitation, good hygiene and safe water supply are fundamental to good health, social, economic and educational development. Little wonder why the Prime Minister of India in 2008 quoted Mahatma Gandhi who said in 1923, "sanitation is more important than independence" [1]. Improvements in one or more of these three components of public health can substantially reduce the rates of morbidity and the severity of various diseases and improve the quality of life of huge numbers of people [2]. Sanitation could be defined as the safe disposal of human excreta [3]. This does not only imply that people must excrete hygienically but also that their excreta must be contained or treated to avoid adversely affecting their health or that of other people.
Lack of adequate sanitation leads to disease and about a half of the urban population of Africa, Asia, and Latin America have a disease associated with poor sanitation, hygiene, and water [4] Without doubt, faeces are the most dangerous to human health out of the excreta. One gram of fresh faeces from an infected person can contain around 106 viral pathogens, 106–108 bacterial pathogens, 104 protozoan cysts or oocysts, and 10–104 helminth eggs [5]. These could cause water-borne diseases including diarrhea, typhoid etc. Diarrhea and water-borne diseases are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Nigeria [6]. Approximately 88% of diarrhea diseases are attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene [7].
Whilst water and sanitation infrastructure provide the physical conditions for hygiene, they cannot alone prevent the transmission of these diseases in domestic or institutional settings. Sanitation has to be used in a hygienic and acceptable manner by all to prevent excreta reaching the environment and to prevent excreta contaminating water supplies. Hand washing with soap can both help to prevent diarrhea causing organisms reaching the environment and prevent the subsequent contamination of food and water. Also, much of the water available for communities is unsafe [8,9,10] in Nigeria and may contribute to water-borne or water- related infections. Water which is required for various purposes at various setting such as household and institutions poses serious health effects when it is not available and accessible or the supply is inadequate. Even when facilities are put in place, poor operation, and maintenance practices have in many instances largely contributed to a decreased use and even an early failure of water supply and sanitation facilities [11].
Moreover, improved sanitation ensures both social and economic benefits which include the desire for privacy and to avoid embarrassment, wanting to be modern, the desire for convenience and to avoid the discomforts or hazards associated with the bush (e.g., snakes, pests, rain), and wanting social acceptance or status [12,13]. Furthermore, it is very necessary to make provision for separate sanitation facilities for boys and girls especially in institutional settings including schools. Provision of school sanitation facilities means that school girls are less likely to miss school by staying at home during menstruation [14]. Although studies have documented sanitary conditions and water supply at the household levels in Nigeria, adequacy and appropriateness of sanitary facilities and water supply in higher institutional settings had not been adequately assessed. Regrettably, numerous sanitary facility users (staff members and students) often exceed the number of available and accessible facilities in various higher institutions of learning in Nigeria. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing water and sanitary conditions of a typical faculty of Public Health building at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
2.1. Study Design and Study Location
This study adopted an institutional-based, cross-sectional design which used survey method with semi-structured interview administered questionnaire and onsite observational checklist. The interview was carried out among consented faculty members and postgraduate students in the faculty while the observation was carried out on the sanitation facilities within the faculty building (Figure 1).
The Faculty of Public Health (Oladele Ajose) building, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan was purposively selected. This is due to the emergence of new departments, recruitment of more staff members and an increase in the number of student's enrollment per academic session. The building complex, formerly known as Department of Preventive and Social Medicine was one of the four foundation clinical departments of the Faculty of Medicine established for the training of medical doctors in 1948. It was transformed to the present Faculty of Public Health. The Faculty of Public Health building was named after Professor Oladele Ajose who was the Head of Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (1948-1962) cum the Director of the Institute of Public Health. The institute was one of the pioneer faculties of the University College Hospital that was established in 1957. The entire complex which was commissioned over two decades ago is divided into the new and old complexes. It is located at about 200m from the main gate of the University College Hospital. The new building complex is made up of 3 floors with more than 50 offices asides classrooms, laboratories, library and computer rooms, and is currently being used by 5 Departments.
Figure 1. Water supply, sanitary and handwashing facility at Oladele Ajose Building: A-Handwashing facilities; B-Sanitation facility and C-Water supply system.
2.2. Study Population and Sampling Techniques
This study was carried out among sanitary conveniences users including students and staff members in the Oladele Ajose building. One hundred and eight (108) consented staff members and students participated in the study. In addition, 15 toilets facilities with 45 toilet rooms were observed using an observational checklist. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the consented participants. Consenting students and staff members within the building selected were interviewed using a validated self administered questionnaire.
2.3. Data Collection Procedure
During data collection, the research assistants explained the study objectives to the participants to ensure that they understood all aspects of the study. Also, consent forms after they had been completed and signed, were obtained from the students and staff members who participated in the study. Participants that declined to participate were excluded from the study. A set of pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was developed to elicit information such as demographic characteristics, water supply, sanitary convenience, and attitude towards the use of sanitary convenience, hand washing practice and health condition from the participants. In addition, water and sanitary conditions were observed using a validated observational checklist. The instrument were distributed to the participants by trained research assistants (male and female) who are postgraduate student and were acquainted with questionnaire research. They were trained in how to use the instrument and how they should introduce themselves and the research objectives modestly to the participants during the data collection. Completed questionnaire were collected from the participants and prepared for data management.
2.4. Data Analysis
Data generated from the field were edited daily. Then they were coded and entered into the computer for analyses using Epi-Info 6.04 statistical software packaged. Data were presented as mean standard deviation for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. Chi-square statistic was used to determine the associations between demographic characteristics and respondent's attitude towards the use of sanitary convenience. Statistical significance was defined at p<0.05.
3.1. Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the participants. The mean age which ranged from 22 - 50 years was 28.9 ± 5.5 years. There were (63.0%) female and (37.0%) male. Most (92.6%) were Christians and 7.4% practice Islam. Majority (77.8%) were single, 22.2% were married, all (100.0%) had completed tertiary education while most 92.6% were students.
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics.
Socio-demographic characteristics Number N=108 %
Age (years)*
≤ 30 80 74.1
31-40 24 22.1
41 and above 4 3.7
Male 40 37.0
Female 68 63.0
Christianity 100 92.6
Islam 8 7.4
Single 84 77.8
Married 24 22.2
No formal education 0 0.0
Primary school education 0 0.0
Secondary school education 0 0.0
Tertiary education 108 100.0
Teaching 4 3.7
Non-teaching 4 3.7
Students 100 92.6
*=28.9±5.5 years, Minimum age=22 years, Maximum age=50 years
3.2. Water Supply
The major sources of water supply to Ajose building mentioned by the respondents were piped water (85.2%), Bottled water (48.1%) and sachet-pure water (44.4%) as depicted in Figure 2. Majority (81.5%) used the water for hand washing, 77.89% used it for flushing toilet while 29.6% used it for anal cleansing. Only 22.2% said the water source is readily accessible all the time, 29.6% stated that water quantity is adequate while 63.0% stated that quantity of water get depleted during afternoon time (12-4.30pm) as presented in Table 2. On-site observation revealed that 8 (53.4%) of the toilet facilities had inadequate water supply, 9 (60%) each had inadequate quantity and quality of water supply respectively while 6 (40.0%) had adequate drainage system as presented in Table 3.
Figure 2. Sources of water supply in Ajose Building.
Table 2. Uses, accessibility and adequacy of water source in Ajose Building.
Uses, accessibility and adequacy of water source Number (%)
Uses of water
Flushing toilet 84 (77.8)
Hand washing 88 (81.5)
Washing 32 (29.6)
Water sources readily accessible all the time 24 (22.2)
Water quantity were adequate 32 (29.6)
Time of the day quantity of water get depleted
Morning (8-11.30 am) 4 (3.7)
Afternoon (12-4.30pm) 68 (63.0)
All the time 28 (25.9)
Don't know 8 (7.4)
Table 3. Observed water availability in toilet facilities in Ajose Building.
Water availability Adequate (%) Fairly adequate (%) Inadequate (%)
Water supply 5 (33.3) 2 (13.3) 8 (53.4)
Quantity of water supply 4 (26.7) 2 (13.3) 9 (60)
Quality of water supply 4 (26.7) 2 (13.3) 9 (60)
Water storage container 4 (26.7) 2 (13.3) 9 (60)
Good drainage system 6 (40.0) 4 (26.7) 5 (33.3)
3.3. Sanitary Convenience
Majority (81.5%) of the respondents reported water closet as the main type of sanitary convenience in the building, only 7.4% said the sanitary convinineces were suitable for intended population while 74.4% revealed that separate toilet for male and female were available as shown in Table 4. Separate toilets for students and staffs, and separate toilets for persons with disability were reported to be un-available (0.0%) while 0.9% said the toilets were adequate for intended population. Most (92.6%) stated that water is sometimes available in the toilet and (11.1%) said water for cleaning pupose was adequate. Any type of urinal in the toilet was reported to be unvailable (0.0%) and the major shortcomings of the toilets within the building were non-accessibility (88.9), shortage of water supply to the toilet (77.8%) and bad odour (74.2%). It was observed that odour in all the toilet rooms was not intense, no severe injuries were observed in all the toilet rooms while 43 (95.6%) of the toilet rooms had no serious vector breeding within the toilet as seen in Table 5.
Table 4. Sanitary conveniences in Ajose Building.
Sanitary convenience Number (%)
Types of toilet in the building
Pit 0 (0.0)
Ventilated Improved Pit 0 (0.0)
Water Closet 88 (81.5)
Suitability of sanitary convenience for intended population 8 (7.4)
Availability of separate toilet for male and female 76 (70.4)
Availability of separate toilet for students and staff 0 (0.0)
Availability of separate toilet for person with disability 0 (0.0)
Adequacy of sanitary convenience for intended population 1 (0.9)
Frequency of water availability
Always 8 (7.4)
Sometimes 100 (92.6)
Not at all 0 (0.0)
Adequacy of water for cleaning in the toilet 12 (11.1)
Availability of any type of urinal in the toilet 0 (0.0)
Shortcomings of toilet within the building
Bad odour 80 (74.1)
Attracts flies 12 (11.1)
Not accessible 96 (88.9)
Shortage of water supply 84 (77.8)
Not separated for sex 36 (33.3)
Not separated by staff/student 12 (11.1)
Uncleanliness 48 (44.4)
Table 5. Observed environmental problems within toilet rooms in Ajose Building.
Environmental problems Very severe (%) Severe (%) Less severe (%) Not severe (%)
Injuries 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 45 (100)
Vectors breeding within the toilet 2 (4.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 43 (95.6)
Littering of the toilet 2 (4.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 43 (95.6)
Evidence of pipe leakages within the toilet 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 45 (100)
3.4. Attitude Towards the Use of Sanitary Convenience
Slightly more than half 5.8% agreed that the sanitary conveniences are not evenly distributed within the building, 55.5% disagreed that water supply is satisfactory and best done by running tap while 92.6% disagreed that hand washing facility including water, soap or detergent are always available within the sanitary convenience. Majority 74.0% agreed that there is possibility of contacting infections from the toilets because most of them are not cleaned regularly, 51.8% disagreed that the cleaners are not competent to clean the facilities whereas 74.0% agreed that involvement of faculty members in monitoring and supervision of the cleaning process will guarantee a well sanitised facility.
Figure 3 illustrates the attitudinal category of the respondents with 59.3% showing good attitude towards the sanitary conveniences within the building. However, 75.0% of respondents who were 30 years and below had good attitude towards sanitary convenience in the building compared to 72.2% who had poor practice. The association was not significant (p > 0.05). A significantly high proportion 75.0% of female respondents had good attitude compared to 25.0% of their male counterpart (p<0.05). Majority of single respondents 68.8% had good attitude compared to 31.2% of those who are married. A significant association existed between respondents' marital status and attitude category (See Table 6 for detail).
Mean ± SD (Range)=14.6±4.7 (0-22)
Figure 3. Attitudinal category of the respondents.
Table 6. Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics and respondents attitude towards the use of sanitary convenience.
Socio-demographic characteristics Attitude towards the use of sanitary convenience χ2(p Value)
Poor (%) Good (%)
Age (years) 3.620 (0.16)
≤30 years 32 (72.7) 48 (75.0)
31-40 years 12 (27.3) 12 (18.8)
41 years and above 0 (0.0) 4 (6.2)
Sex 9.760 (0.02)
Male 24 (54.5) 16 (25.0)
Female 20 (45.5) 48 (75.0)
Marital status 7.407 (0.06)
Single 40 (90.9) 44 (68.8)
Married 4 (9.1) 20 (31.2)
Occupation 8.591 (0.01)
Teaching 0 (0.0) 4 (6.2)
Non-Teaching 4 (9.1) 0 (0.0)
Students 40 (90.9) 60 (93.8)
3.5. Hand Washing Practices and Health Conditions
Majority 81.5% revealed that there was evidence of hand washing facilities within the building, 51.9% said water was available while none (0.0%) reported availability of soap/ash in the handwashing facility as shown in Table 7. Large proportion, 85.2% stated that they regularly washed their hands after using the toilet, 80 (74.1%) did handwashing with water only while 12 (11.1%) did so with water with soap/detergent. None (0.0%) each reported availability of hand drying material and presence of signs that encourage good hygiene practices in the toilet. From Table 8, wash hand basin were present and functional within all the 15 (100%) toilet facilities observed, water was present in 10 (66.7%) of the facilities while soap/ash was absent in all the 15 (100%) facilities observed.
Most 92.6% perceived utilization of any unsanitary toilet as a health threat while the major threats expected from an unsanitary toilet were infections from microscopic organisms (92.6%), exposure to diseases causing germs (88.9%) and exposure to parasitic organisms that can cause ailment (77.8%) as seen in Table 9. Some of the suggested ways to improve sanitary conditions of the building mentioned were constant water supply (77.8%), provision of handwashing materials (44.4%), make toilet accessible to all (33.3%) and regular toilet sanitation (25.9%).
Table 7. Hand washing practices in Ajose building.
Hand washing practices Number (%)
Evidence of hand washing facility within the building 88 (81.5)
Availability of water in the handwashing facility 56 (51.9)
Availability of soap/ash in the handwashing facility 0 (0.0)
Regular handwashing after using the toilet 92 (85.2)
Materials for Hand washing
Water only 80 (74.1)
Water with soap/ash 12 (11.1)
Availability of hand drying material in the toilet 0 (0.0)
Presence of signs that encourage good hygiene practices in the toilet 0 (0.0)
Table 8. Observations about hand washing facilities in Ajose Building.
Hand washing facility Absent (%) Present and Non functional (%) Present and functional (%)
Wash hand basin within the toilet 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 15 (100)
Water 5 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 10 (66.7)
Soap 15 (100) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Ash 15 (100) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Table 9. Perceived Health conditions within Ajose Building.
Health conditions Number (%)
Perceived health threat from utilization of any unsanitary toilet 100 (92.6)
Threats expected from an unsanitary toilet
Infections from microscopic organisms 100 (92.6)
The use is exposed to diseases causing germs 96 (88.9)
Parasitic organisms that can cause ailment 84 (77.8)
Suggestions to improve sanitary conditions of the building
Constant water supply 84 (77.8)
Provision of handwashing materials 48 (44.4)
Provision of air fresheners to remove odour 8 (7.4)
Provision of better cleaning materials for the cleaners 16 (14.8)
Make toilet accessible to all 36 (33.3)
Differentiate for male and female 8 (7.4)
Constant supervision and monitoring of toilet and cleaner 16 (14.8)
Regular toilet sanitation 28 (25.9)
Put instruction for handwashing and others 8 (7.4)
Replace the toilet closet 4 (3.7)
The current investigation assessed the water and sanitary conditions of Oladele Ajose building in the College of medicine, University of Ibadan. This study found that major sources of water supply to Ajose building were piped water, bottled water and sachet-pure water. Large proportion reported that the water source was not readily accessible all the time. Large percentage of the respondents stated that the quantity of water get depleted during the afternoon time (12-4.30pm). This is an indication that the water supply to this building was inadequate both in terms of the quantity, accessibilty and quality. The findings could be a source of worry for the users since the level of personal hygiene required after using the toilet facility will be compromised because of inadequate water supply within the facility. This is in accordance with a [15] report which states that lack of safe water, sanitation and prevalence of poor hygiene behaviors is the major cause of death among students in developing countries, and that a contaminated environment and poor hygiene practices account for over 60% of the total burden of disease among students in these countries.
According to [16], hygiene behaviors include proper hand washing, regular bathing and laundering, safe disposal of waste, and proper use of toilets which will help in enhancing effective learning, attracting large student enrolment in schools and ensuring a reduced burden of diseases. These practices among both the students and the staff members within the complex will be hindered with inadequate water supply and hand washing facilities. Both the survey findings and results from onsite-observations were similar where more than half of the toilet facilities had inadequate water supply while about two-third had inadequate quantity and quality of water supply respectively. Although majority revealed that separate toilets for male and female were available, separate toilets for students and staff, and separate toilet for person with disability were reported to be unavailable. It was also discovered that most of the participants reported that the toilets were inadequate for intended population. This is similar to the findings of several studies [17,18,19] where most of the sanitation facilities were not adequate in their respective study areas. Though, the norms vary considerably ranging from 1 toilet/urinal for 25 girls or boys in one country up to 1 toilet for more than 100 children in another country [20].
Regrettably, during a water and sanitation workshop that was conducted at Burkina Faso in 2000 it was reported that only 1 toilet was being used by 381 students and 1 urinal by 892 students [21]. Further, on-site observation revealed that any type of urinal was not available in all the toilets visited. These findings contradict the guideline of 1 toilet plus one urinal for 50 boys and 1 toilet for 25 girls set by the World Health Organization [22]. In additioin, large proportion stated that toilets within the building were non-accessible and sometimes there is shortage of water supply to the sanitation facilities within the building. The toilets within the building were observed to have minimal odour, injuries and vectors breeding problems. This contradicts the report of several studies where students could not use toilets because of some reasons including bad odour [23,24,25].
Large proportion reported that hand washing facility including water, soap or detergent are always not available within the sanitary convenience. Unavailability of these facilities could hinder appropriate handwashing practices of the users. Although the study was conducted in secondary school, [26] reported lack of soap as one of the barriers to hand washing in the schools since most of the schools have neither soap nor appropriate hand washing facilities. Majority stated that there is possibility of contacting infections from the toilets because most of the facilities were not cleaned regularly. Most of the participants revealed that involvement of faculty members in monitoring and supervision of the cleaning process will ensure a well sanitised facility. This is an indication that appropriate supervision of the sanitation facilities and cleaners will ensure proper cleaning and maintenance of the sanitation facilities within the building.
All the respondents reported absence of signs and educational materials that encourage good hygiene practices in the toilet. Without doubt, these educational materials will not only instruct, direct the users on healthy hygiene practices but also enhance proper practices in order to reduce or eliminate water and sanitation related diseases among the users. Although, wash hand basin were observed to be present and functional within all the toilet facilities, only 10 (66.7%) had water while none of the toilet facilities had soap/ash for proper handwashing. Provision of either soap/detergent or ash within the sanitation facilities is very essential as healthy handwashing practices could not be achieved with neither soap/detergent nor ash. Participants suggested that constant water supply, provision of handwashing materials, making toilet accessible to all and regular toilet sanitation were esential to improve the teaching, learning and research within the complex.
The study found that major sources of water supply to Ajose building were piped water, bottled water and sachet water and they were mostly used for hand washing and flushing toilet. Though separate toilets for male and female were available but separate toilets for students and staffs, and for person with disability were unavailable. Sanitation facilities were not adequate for intended population. The study found that any type of urinal in the toilet was not available and toilets within the building were non-accessible and sometimes shortage of water supply to the sanitation facilities within the building do occur. Observation revealed thay toilets had less problems of odour, injuries and vectors breeding. Furthermore, hand washing facilities including water, soap or ash were always not available within the sanitary convenience. Although, wash hand basins were observed to be present and functional within all the toilet facilities, about two-third had water while none of the toilet facility had soap/ash for proper handwashing. Most of the participants agreed that involvement of faculty member in monitoring and supervision of the cleaning process will ensure a well sanitised facility. In addition, observation shows that no signs and educational materials that encourage good hygiene practices were available in the toilet. Arising from these therefore, constant water supply should be sustained, handwashing materials and educational signs that encourage good hygiene practices should be provided within the toilets.
The authors acknowledge the contributions and supportive role of Mr. Aniedi David and the entire class of 2012/2013 Masters of Public Health (Department of Environmental Health Sciences) Students, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria towards the successful completion of this study.
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Study Design and Study Location
Study Population and Sampling Techniques
Data Collection Procedure
Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents
Sanitary Convenience
Attitude Towards the Use of Sanitary Convenience
Hand Washing Practices and Health Conditions
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Luciana is een gemeente in de Spaanse provincie Ciudad Real in de regio Castilië-La Mancha met een oppervlakte van 114 km². Luciana telt  inwoners ().

Demografische ontwikkeling

Bron: INE, 1857-2011: volkstellingen

Gemeente in Ciudad Real

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You are here: Home » Playoff Preview: St. Paul's vs. Catholic High
Playoff Preview: St. Paul's vs. Catholic High
by Henry Gray
in School News
(COVINGTON, La.) — The Catholic High Bears are set to host the St. Paul's Wolves in the second round of the Louisiana Division 1 playoffs in Baton Rouge today. The winner will play either John Curtis or Jesuit in the semifinals.
St. Paul's is coming off a close 9-7 victory against Holy Cross in the first round of the playoffs, making them 6-5 in the year. The Wolves tallied three safeties, two of which were from sacks by junior Jacob Frolich, and the other on a blocked punt by senior Wayne Galloway. Despite the offense putting up no points, they had more yards than expected. The defense continued to prove their dominance while only allowing one touchdown to an offense known for scoring.
The Wolves defense will need to keep the same energy to hold the high powered Catholic High offense. Senior Wayne Galloway, currently committed to Richmond University, looks to lead this defense in another great defensive performance. The Wolves have faced both of the possible winners playing John Curtis in a scrimmage and defeating Jesuit earlier in the year. The Wolves will need to score and the defense will have to dominate to sneak out a win in this game.
The Catholic High Bears are having one of their best seasons in school history with a 10-0 record. The Bears even received a first round bye because of their success this year. They are currently ranked number two in Louisiana and 100 in the nation. The Bears average around 50 points a game in District 5A-5, which includes teams such as Dutchtown and East Ascension. Their offense has been electric all year long, and shows no signs of slowing down. The Bears defense has held most of their opponents under 20 points. Running back, George L. Hart, has had a great junior year, receiving visits from Ole Miss, Tulane, and Rice University. The Bears also have the number one ranked fullback in the country in Brian Hibbard, who is committed to Rice University. Hibbard has an interesting role on the field. He plays center and pulls to block most of the plays. Another reason this offense has been so successful is because of four star athlete Braelen Morgan. Braelen plays multiple positions on the field including running back, wide receiver, and punt returner. The Catholic High Bear's offense has to find a way through the tough Wolves defense in order to move on to the semi-finals.
About Henry Gray
Junior Henry Gray , sports reporter, loves everything to do with football and basketball. His favorite place to eat is Izzo's. Gray plays defensive tackle for the Wolves. He can be reached at hlgray333@gmail.com.	View all posts by Henry Gray →
← St. Paul's Venerates Faculty Veterans
Soccer Wolves Dismantle No. 2 Dutchtown 4-1 →
One Comment on "Playoff Preview: St. Paul's vs. Catholic High"
Stephen Furches
November 22, 2019 at 1:55 pm #
Pulling for the wolves 🐺 from Colorado!!
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A police chief said: "I would encourage all travellers to be vigilant if and when making an online booking."
Holiday makers have been warned to be careful when booking hotel rooms online following an increase in "fake offers" on social media sites.
The PSNI and Northern Ireland Hotels Federation (NIHF) have united to issue a joint plea for vigilance.
"People are being duped into booking hotel rooms and apartments that simply do not exist via 'fake' websites and social media posts," he said.
"Northern Ireland has experienced significant growth within the hospitality sector in the last 12 months.
"Several new hotels have recently opened and there are numerous established hotels already operating.
"Many people book rooms online and very often they avail of good discounts.
"We have probably all received emails promoting last minute deals in various hotels," she said.
"However, I would urge people to think twice and do some basic checks and research before committing to a booking.
"From time to time hotels will run their own promotional offers via their designated social media platforms.
"However, it's worth ringing the hotel and checking directly with them that the offer you are looking at is legitimate, as we are seeing an increase in the number of 'fake offers' on social media sites."
If in doubt, the public should ring the hotel if they have any concerns around the vendor offering deals for hotels within the region.
If you have experienced any suspicious activity please report it to Action Fraud via their website www.actionfraud.police.uk or by phoning 0300 123 2040, or call police on the non-emergency number 101.


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Q: How can we use constraint in every individual element in an array in cplex? Why is my forall loop not working to apply an constraint to all the individual values stored in my variable. For eg: if there are 100 values stored under a variable k, how  can I apply the constraint where each value is less than a certain constant.

A:  range r=1..100;

 int value[i in r]=2*i;

 dvar int k[r];

 maximize sum(i in r) k[i];
 subject to
 {
   forall(i in r) k[i]<=value[i];
 }

 assert forall(i in r) k[i]==2*i;

works fine

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F&M Fast Facts
What Others Say About F&M
Norfolk Southern-Dillerville Yard...
Project FAQs - April 2008
Project FAQs - December 2008
Project Maps
Norfolk Southern-Dillerville Yard Consolidation Project
Welcome to the official website of the Dillerville Yard Consolidation Project, an exciting initiative led by Franklin & Marshall College and Lancaster General that will consolidate Norfolk Southern's existing rail yard, provide for the next wave of economic development in Northwest Lancaster, re-connect the city street grid system, and improve the environmental conditions in the greater Lancaster area.
We thank you for taking the time to learn more about this historic initiative, one that we believe will benefit the College, Lancaster General and the community. The College and Lancaster General are committed to sharing information about this project so check this site for new postings.
The project consolidates Norfolk Southern's Dillersville Rail Yard, a portion of which is adjacent to the F&M campus. The rail operations of the eastern most portion of the yard will be consolidated from its current location near Harrisburg Avenue to a site behind the U.S. Post Office on Harrisburg Pike in Manheim Township and to a reconfigured main yard west of Dillersville Road in the City of Lancaster.
When the consolidation is completed, F&M and Lancaster General will clear the eastern portion of the rail yard, environmentally remediate the ground, install utilities and other public improvements and connect two city streets.
The project scope includes four stages:
Environmental cleanup where the new rail yard will be located
The site of the new rail facility required an environmental cleanup before construction could begin. The parcel was a former municipal dump the contents of which were removed and deposited in the Lancaster County landfill in Manor Township. Environmental remediation specialists completed the cleanup according to a Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Act 2 Plan and the Department approved the results of the clean up process in June 2010.
Construction of the new rail facility
The new rail facility will be located north of the existing Norfolk Southern tracks, behind the Harrisburg Pike U.S. Post Office and east of the Little Conestoga Creek. Construction began in April 2010 and will be completed by summer 2011.
Remodeling a portion of the existing rail yard
The main portion of the Dillersville Rail Yard, located behind businesses west of Dillersville Road, will be remodeled. Most of the rail-car switching occurs there and will continue to in the future. The work involves removing the tracks temporarily, regrading the yard and replacing the tracks into a straighter configuration. A private vehicular bridge for Norfolk Southern vehicles will be built across Harrisburg Pike and a new yard office will be constructed. This work will begin in late spring 2011 and conclude in late 2012.
Developing the land where the current rail yard now stands
When the above work is completed, Norfolk Southern will discontinue its rail operations from the section of the yard east of Dillersville Road. F&M and Lancaster General will clear the site, environmentally remediate the property, install public infrastructure, and connect Liberty Street to College Avenue and Charlotte Street to Armstrong Boulevard.
If you have any questions regarding the project, please send us an email at communitymatters@fandm.edu.
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Approves Final Environmental Cleanup Report for Lancaster Brickyard Site
Press Release June 2, 2010