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Q: Photon Server newbie questions I've asked this question on official Photon Server forums, but it's less active than this website, so there might be people who understand what I'm talking about, so please, if you have time and knowledge, share it. Thank you!
Here to comes...
So, I've got a really good working prototype of a server on Photon and a basic Unity3D client that talks to the Server.
It was built from the examples on cjrgaming.
The client can: Connect, send request, establish and send encrypted request
The server can: Create peer, receive operation request, send operation response or event to the client, as well, my small addition was:
If a game has a lot of operations, you don't have to use a huge switch case statement, but rather, I have divided operations into categories (Classes) and I invoke them by using delegates and dictionary.
I will post a working examples of it when I feel like it's ready to be posted, but now, to my actual question.. (Sorry for the long post, I had to explain what I know and what I have so far):
What is actually an operation sent from client to the server?
Or an Event raised by the server to client (all clients at once?)?
At first, I was thinking that each operation is particular user flow in the game. For example, operation code "1", means a Player X wants to shoot Player Y, do something.
But then, I realized, that you cannot put all your game logic in only 255 operations, as per byte limit, without extending it to short int or something.
Then I found out that there's a channelID as well, which can be different on the same operation code request... which means for me, an operation code is not a user flow, but a data stream of the same/similar actions between client and server, and the channelID can be used to differentiate between requested operations to be calculated on the server.
Then...! I realized (oh dummy me), that there's parameters sent from client to server and vise versa in a dictionary, which adds another layer of possible user flows.
So.. now I suppose to understand things, but they just confused me even more.
Can anyone briefly explain the purpose of operation/event/channelID?
For example, if you do a small multiplayer game, what you will use to make user (game) flows, like -> A Player hitting a target, player picks up an item in the world, player sends message. Would you use unique operation code for each of this flows, or you group your operations by meaning and use channels to differentiate between requests, or even here, you use same channelID for many user flows and differ them with some ID inside parameters?
Hope I made any sense.
Thanks a lot guys, for time, at least, for help if any!

A: 1)
Channels are a totally different topic and have nothing to do with differentiating between different kind of game logic, that you want to trigger. Instead channels are there for determining priorities and to state, if an operation depends on another one.
a)
If you send a shoot-operation and a 2 chat-operations and as the network-connection of the client isn't the best, the first of the chat-messages goes lost on the way, but as you have stated to send it reliably the Photon client will automatically resend it, when the server isn't acknowledging, that it has received it. Now the other chat-message should be hold back by Photon, until the first one could successfully be sent, as otherwise the order of the displayed chat-messages from the same author would not be the one anymore in which they have been written. Now the problem is, that not only operations of the same type should be hold back, but maybe there are other operations, which should only be sent, after the lost one has been repeated (for example the visible results of a "user leaves the chat" operation should not be displayed on the screen, until after his last chat-message, that he has sent before leaving). On the other hand not all operations of the same type have to be held back. For example the player could talk to 2 different other users in private and when one message to one of them doesn't make it through instantly, then there is no reason to hold all messages to the other one back. Photons solution to this problem is channels: Send all operations that depend on each other, in the same channel, but send operations, that are independent from them, in another one. If now one of the operations has to be repeated, operation in other channels won't be hold back, but the ones in the same channel will.
b)
Another means of channels is, to determine priorities: the lower the channel ID, the higher the priority. So if you have some small amount of high priority data and other data, that has only low priority, but can happen to appear in huge amounts, then it would be a good idea, to send the high priority data on a channel with a lower channel-ID. This way it will still immediately get out, although in channels with higher IDs maybe a lot of data has already been queued for sending, that has not been sent out yet.
2)
Operations and events are both messages. Actually there are three types of messages: operationRequest, operationResponse and event.
a)
A client can send an operationRequest with a certain operation code to the server via PhotonPeer.opCustom(). Some typical operations like joining and leaving rooms are already implemented by application from the Photon application layer like the Lite or the LoadBalancing application. If there is a client side API provided for a Photon application, then this API can provide functions like opJoin() out of the box, that wrap the call with the correct parameters to opCustom(), like the client side APIs of the mentioned applications do.
b)
Depending on how an operation with a certain code is implemented on the application level, the server might send an operationResponse to the client, from which it has received the operationReqeust. For example LitePeer.opJoin() will trigger a join response from the server, but LitePeer.opRaiseEvent won't trigger a response.
c)
Depending on how the operation is implemented on the application level, the server may or may not send events out to certain clients. For example LitePeer.opJoin() will trigger a join event, that will be sent to all players in that room. LitePeer.opRaiseEvent() will on default let the server raise an event, that is holding the payload, that you have passed to it, for all clients in the same room except the sending one. However opRaiseEvent() offers its calling client the possibility to specify the receiving clients.
3)
"A Player hitting a target, player picks up an item in the world, player sends message"
If you need any special server side logic for these, then you would implement them as their own operations with different code. If that is not the case, then you would send these informations with opRaiseEvent(), but you would still specify a different eventCode for each of those 3. However operation- and eventCodes are intended to be used to differ between different kinds of informations, like a chat-message, a pickup a hit, a position update, etc. So player a tells player b that he has hit player c and player b tells player d, that he has hit player d, would both use the same code. The information about Which player has been hit would - same like how hard it has been hit or with which weapon - belong into the payload of the operation. So you would for example pass the player-ID of the player, that has been hit, the munition-type and how much life-energy he has lost, as payload to opRaiseEvent() or opCustom().


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PCMag India Computers & Electronics Mobile Phones
Vivo unveils the V5 Smartphone in India for Rs 17,980
The device features a 20-megapixel selfie camera at the front
By Monit Khanna
Vivo, the Chinese smartphone maker has finally unveiled the V5 smartphone in India. The device is touting a 20-megapixel selfie camera. The device is priced at Rs 17,980 wit pre-orders starting November 16, and will go on sale starting November 26.
The device features a 5.5-inch HD display with a resolution of 1280x720 pixels. The display comes with a 2.5D curved glass for added durability.
The device gets an all unibody design with chrome lines at the back for added aesthetics. Below the display sits the fingerprint scanner which takes 0.2 seconds to unlock.
Under the hood, the device is rocking a 1.5GHz octa-core MediaTek MT6750 processor paired with 4GB of RAM. Users get 32GB of internal memory which can be further expanded using a microSD.
The device is running on Android 6.0 Marshmallow with Vivo's Funtouch OS 2.6 on top. The new skin also gets a dual window mode, just like on Android 7.0 Nougat which helps in better multitasking.
The device features a 20-megapixel selfie camera at the front. This is a Sony IMX 376 sensor with a 6 element lens kit and f/2.0 aperture. The rear camera is a 13-megapixel sensor at the back. Both the cameras can shoot full-HD videos at 30fps.
Both the front and the rear cameras get an LED flash. The rear camera gets the Moonlight flash mode which helps in getting a more natural picture with the flash in use.
This is a dual-SIM smartphone with support for 4G LTE and VoLTE. Powering the smartphone is a 3000mAh battery.
We're Spending a Third of Our Waking Hours Staring at Our Phones
The Best Cheap Phones for 2022
About Monit Khanna
Monit is a tech geek, Android lover, binge watcher and an automobile aficionado wrapped into one big package. He's worked as an editor at Tech Bazooka for over three years and specializes in computer hardware, laptops and smartphones. A true PC builder at heart, he enjoys experimenting with PC hardware in his free time. Slightly controversially, Monit feels Goku can beat Superman to a pulp any day.
More From Monit Khanna
Asus ROG Strix GeForce 1080Ti Review: The 1080Ti on steroids
Samsung S8 and S8 Plus Launched in India; goes on sale starting Rs 57,900
Five tricks to shoot great videos on your iPhone
Report: Nokia 9 will be priced at Rs 49,999 in India
HTC U may come with a Snapdragon 835

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Unfortunate Splitter Problem Costs O'Keeffe Best Bathurst Result
An untimely front splitter problem was all that stood in the way of Dylan O'Keeffe's personal best race result in the Repco Bathurst 1000 on the weekend.
After starting 13th on the grid, O'Keeffe and co-driver James Golding climbed to eighth position after dodging some chaos in the race's early stages, before continuing their forward progress to run as high as sixth at the half-way mark.
Unfortunately, a vibrating front splitter forced O'Keeffe into the pits for an unscheduled stop just after he had climbed aboard the Subway PremiAir Racing Commodore for his last stint; he lost a lap to the leaders and fell back to 20th position.
Some fast, consistent lap times enabled O'Keeffe and Golding to fight their way back onto the lead lap, with Golding clawing his way up to 12th at the finish.
After the race, O'Keeffe was disappointed but philosophical.
"Coming into the weekend, our aim was to finish in the top 10 and for a while, it looked like we were going to achieve and even surpass that goal," O'Keeffe said.
"The Subway PremiAir Commodore was fast all weekend, especially in the dry, and James and I were able to punch out consistent times.
"The crew tried to fix the front splitter during one of our scheduled pit stops, but it soon became apparent more substantial repairs were needed, so I had to come back in for another stop, which put us a lap down.
"It's good to record my third finish from three starts but a strong result went begging this weekend."
O'Keeffe was also racing his Dexion/RAM Motorsport Porsche in the penultimate round of the Porsche Paynter Dixon Carrera Cup, in which only one of the three races was officially completed. Due to diabolically heavy rain, Race 2 was cancelled altogether, while the weekend's third and final race was red-flagged after two laps and declared a non-event.
Third place for O'Keeffe in Race 1 saw him slightly closing on the championship leader, Harri Jones, ahead of the final round on the Gold Coast.
"It was disappointing to have so little green-flag running in Carrera Cup this weekend," O'Keeffe said.
"Once again, our car speed in qualifying was strong; in Race 1, I didn't quite have the grip I needed after the Safety Car restart and it wasn't worth taking any unnecessary risks with the conditions being as bad as they were.
"In Race 2, the weather was terrible – way too dangerous to race – and it was unfortunate how Race 3 ended.
"We'll go to the Gold Coast where we'll be fighting for race wins and doing everything we can to challenge for the title," O'Keeffe concluded.
Carrera Cup Round Results Summary
Qualifying: 2nd
Race 1: 3rd
Race 2: Cancelled
Race 3: No race
Overall: 3rd
Bathurst 1000 Results Summary
Qualifying: 13th
Race: 12th
Carrera Cup Championship Points
Harri Jones – 726
Dylan O'Keeffe – 648
Aaron Love – 641
David Wall – 636
David Russell – 619
Callum Hedge – 509
Dale Wood – 508
Christian Pancione – 487
Max Vidau – 486
Jackson Walls – 453


Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County debuted 10 years ago this September (the 28th, to be exact). Doesn't it feel like just yesterday LC, Lo and co. were planning the black and white party and Kristin was whining "STEEEE-PHEEEEN??" We can't believe it 's been so long.
A lot has happened since the cast graduated high school, and we're not talking The Hills. It's easy to keep up with Lauren and Kristin, who are clearly the breakout stars of the show, but what about the others? What are they up to now? Is Trey saving the world one skater-style charity event at a time? Did Morgan ever get into college?? We know, we know PERTINENT stuff. That's why we did some digging (aka, Insta-stalking) to find out what the Laguna kids are up to (and look like!) these days.
So, set the mood with some Hilary Duff and click through the slideshow to see the cast of Laguna Beach then and now.
And never forget, the people, the locations and the drama…are real.


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Free-Things-To-Do-Melbourne June 2015 issue
Free Events in June 2015
Welcome to the June 2015 Events Newsletter.
If you like this e-zine, please do a friend a favour and let them know about it!
If a friend DID forward this to you and if you like what you read, please subscribe by visiting www.Free-Things-To-Do-Melbourne.com
Monday 1st till 21st - The Light in Winter is Federation Square's annual, three week-long program with loads of free and interesting events, with exhibitions, film screenings, forums and the much-loved Solstice Celebration. The Light in Winter brings together local and international artists for free events, performances and exhibitions, culminating in the Solstice Celebration on the Saturday closest to the true winter solstice. 2015 is the International Year of Light and The Light in Winter celebrates the newest and oldest sources of light, both of which continue to exert a profound influence on humanity. The laser is a unique kind of light, the most intense and concentrated on earth. It is already part of our daily lives, in supermarket scanners, video and compact discs, and in medical tools. A laser bores holes in the hardest of diamonds, but also performs delicate surgical operations. Lasers are part of scientific research, space and environmental exploration and are also part of art and fun. Come into Fed Square at 5.30pm each night from 1 June and experience Chris Levine's laser-based installation Molecule of Light. From 15 June, the oldest source of man-made light is juxtaposed with the newest when a Welcome to Country lights up Leempyt Weeyn', the campfire created by Vicki Couzens for the first The Light in Winter nine years ago. This year the campfire will be bright with performances and talks at lunchtime and dusk in a fantastic lead-up to festival favourite, the Solstice Celebration. Come and warm yourself by the fire as our family of diverse communities and artists share their culture and tell their stories of light and enlightenment.
1st June till October - Open House: Tromarama for Kids. A wondrous and immersive house of fun has been built in the gallery, where furniture hangs from the ceiling, pink flamingos talk and cheeky garden gnomes chat back in Open House: Tromarama for Kids, at the dedicated children's galleries at NGV International.
The house features five fully-furnished rooms – a kitchen, dining room, courtyard, bedroom and bathroom – and will be centred around nine imaginative video works, which show ordinary household objects coming to life in extraordinary and playful ways. Created by Indonesian contemporary art collective Tromarama (Febie Babyrose, Herbert Hans and Ruddy Hatumena), this rich and experiential exhibition is a follow up to the hugely successful 'Express Yourself! Romance Was Born for Kids'.
Using everyday objects such as lamps, shoes, buttons and crockery, Tromarama create stop-motion animation videos with a 'kidult' approach. These films are created in the spirit of play and imagination, yet explore in-depth themes such as identity, materialism, consumer culture and the natural versus the artificial. Each video is the result of hundreds of hours of work painstakingly moving thousands of objects as part of complex stop-motion animation process, where it can take up to three months to create a four minute film.
In addition to the humorous and thought-provoking video works, the interiors of each room will include participatory multimedia elements for young visitors to experience. In the courtyard section of the installation, familiar garden ornaments and infrastructure including a gnome, drain pipes and a tree stump will 'chat back' after recording the visitor's own voice.
NGV International, 180 St Kilda Road. 10am – 5pm except Tuesdays.
Till Wednesday 3rd - Walkin Country, Walkin Birrarung. The Aboriginal Yarra River walk, 'Walkin Country, Walkin Birrarung' is an incredibly popular Aboriginal cultural walk which has been running through Melbourne's centre for almost ten years. It has opened the eyes, and the hearts, of many thousands of patrons of all ages and walks of life.
Come and be a part of this cultural experience. Presented by the City of Melbourne as part of National Reconciliation Week. Enterprize Park, 469-503 Flinders Street. 2pm – 4pm. Walk duration 90 to 120 minutes.
Monday 1st – Monday 29th (Mons, Weds and Fridays only, except public holidays) – Fitness at Fed Square. Join workouts led by health coaches and fitness instructors from Healthy Lifestyle Lounge. These classes aim to help city workers keep fit and healthy. Fitness activities include circuit based exercise which will incorporate body weight exercises, cardio training and core strength movements. Classes are simple, fun and great for invigorating the mind, body and soul. All ages and fitness levels welcome. Times: Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays 7am – 7.45am and Mondays 6pm – 6.45pm, Amphitheatre or River Terrace, Federation Square.
Monday 1st - Classics at Fed Square. These free monthly concerts offer something for everyone, from classical and swing to big band, jazz and even contemporary pop! Today see Princess Hill Secondary College in the Deakin Edge 12noon-1pm.
Monday 1st – Embroidery, The Atrium, Fed Square, 12noon – 2pm. Discover the creativity of embroidery with free monthly demonstrations in The Atrium at Fed Square. Join members of The Embroiderers Guild, Victoria to watch them demonstrating their various techniques or stitch up a piece yourself in these friendly and interactive sessions.
Tuesdays 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd and 30th - Tai Chi in Main Square at Federation Square 7.30am – 8.30am.
Tuesday 2nd till August - Winter Discovery Tour, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Warm up this winter on a walk with one of our knowledgeable guides. Discover the history, cultural significance and stunning beauty of the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Royal Botanic Gardens, Alexandra Avenue. Meet at the Visitor Centre at Observatory Gate on Birdwood Avenue, 10.30am – noon or 2pm – 3.30pm every day except Mondays.
Tuesdays 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd and 30th - Lunchtime Meditation in The Atrium at Federation Square 12.30-1pm.
Tuesdays 2nd, 9th, 16th and 23rd – Yoga, The Atrium, Federation Square, 1.15pm – 2pm. Improve your physical, mental and spiritual well-being with free lunchtime yoga classes.
Tuesday 2nd till 21st July – Run Melbourne Training Runs, Federation Square, 6pm-8pm. Get your training on track for The Age Run Melbourne at Fed Square. The Age Run Melbourne 2015 will take place on Sunday 26 July. Entering is a great way to keep fit and healthy, participate in a major community event, and raise funds for your chosen cause. You can enter the 3km Kids event, TeamUp 5km run/walk, 10km run or Brooks Half-Marathon! Build up to your distance with weekly training runs starting from Fed Square. Each week runners are led on training runs over two different distances, incorporating various pace groups that cover from beginners all the way through to speed work groups. Session are free for Run Melbourne entrants, but if you haven't signed up yet there's a $5 fee, which goes directly to the charity of the week.
Wednesdays 3rd, 10th, 17th and 24th - Baby Bounce, (for baby to 2 year olds), The Courtyard, State Library of Victoria, 328 Swanston Street, 10.30am – 11.00am. Join in a fun session of stories, songs and rhymes designed for children aged 2 and under to explore language.
Wednesdays 3rd, 10th, 17th and 24th - Storytime for Pre-Schoolers, (3 to 5 years) The Courtyard, State Library of Victoria, 328 Swanston Street, 11.30am – 12.30pm. Have fun with stories, songs, rhymes and creative activities brought to life by the Library's Chief Storyteller. Stay and explore or read a book of your own!
Wednesday 3rd - Yidiki (Didgeridoo) Workshop. Enjoy the unique sounds of the yidiki (didgeridoo) with a traditional and contemporary solo performance. Learn about the yidiki's place in Aboriginal culture, and the health benefits it can bring to those who play this beautiful instrument.
This interactive workshop will be delivered by established Aboriginal education consultants 'Aldara Consultancy'.
Presented by the City of Melbourne as part of National Reconciliation Week. Melbourne Town Hall, 90-130 Swanston Street, Noon – 12.45pm.
Wednesday 3rd - Aboriginal Song and Dance Workshop. Both forms of cultural expression, Aboriginal song and dances teaches the participant and observer cultural knowledge, and is a means of bringing people together in celebration.
This is an interactive workshop where participants will have the opportunity to learn about Dreaming song and dance and understand the uniqueness of being able to keep these songs and dances for life.
Presented by the City of Melbourne as part of National Reconciliation Week. Melbourne Town Hall, 90-130 Swanston Street, 1pm – 1.45pm.
Wednesdays 3rd, 10th, 17th and 24th - Mundo Lingo Language and Culture Exchange, Melbourne, European Bier cafe, First Floor, 120 Exhibiton Street, 7.00pm-11pm. Mundo Lingo Melbourne is a social project for language and cultural exchange. In a forever more international society it's not difficult to observe the growth in the industries of tourism and language learning. With this in mind, Mundo Lingo events help foment a network between locals and foreigners in a given city through free events. These 'Multilingual Cultural Exchanges' take place in the tranquil atmosphere of a bar or pub on a weekday night. We use a unique system in which the participants arrange small flag stickers on their chest from top to bottom according to ability and sit down or stand up to show their willingness to engage in conversation with new people. This allows people to proudly show where they're from as well as quickly identify potential exchange partners. While the primary focus is on exchanging languages, participants will have the opportunity to exchange cultures with people from around the world. We talk in small groups and the topic of conversation is as much your choice as is the language. You can stay with the same group, or chat a little and move on to meet more people. It's a very warm and friendly environment.
Wednesdays 3rd, 10th, 17th and 24th - Queen Victoria Winter Night Market is back for 2015 bringing the best of Winter food, design and theatrics to the Market every Wednesday night till August 26th. This season you will be welcomed with crackling fires, mulled wine and Melbourne's most talented craftspeople. Foodies won't be disappointed either as the Winter Night Market will be bursting with flavour featuring over 30 street food vendors offering cuisines from around the world. Along with whimsical interruptions from stilt walkers, short films at the new Market Cinema and beer education from the folks at Little Creatures, there will be plenty to make the Winter Night Market a mid-week highlight. 5pm - 10pm.
Wednesdays 3rd, 10th, 17th and 24th – Nike Run Club – one of the largest free training run clubs held globally bringing together fellow runners from all over Melbourne. Meet at the Amphitheatre in Federation Square 5.30pm till 7pm.
Thursdays 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th - Morning Meditation, Federation Square, 8am-8.30am. Enjoy a calm, focused and empowering start to your day with Morning Meditation at Fed Square. You will soon feel the benefits of meditation in these free half-hour sessions run by Calm in the City. Classes incorporate gentle commentary, soothing music and a bit of quiet, and are suitable both for experienced meditators and those new to meditation.
Thursdays 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th - Feel Young - Drawing from ancient Chinese traditions this combines gentle exercise and dance – The Atrium in Federation Square 10.30am – 12.30pm.
Thursdays 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th – Organ Recital at St Michaels Church at 120 Collins Street. 1pm-1.30pm. A good chance to see the inside of this really unusual church which looks more like a theatre.
Thursdays 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th - Lego Squad at East Melbourne Library, 122 George Street, East Melbourne, 4pm – 5.30pm. Calling Lego enthusiasts! If you're 7- 13 years and love Lego, show off your skills in our weekly Lego Squad. Projects include stop motion, iMovie, book trailers and more. We have the Lego, you bring the skill. Beginners most welcome.
Thursday 4th, Friday 5th and Saturday 6th - Blondie Jazz Jamming Sessions. Coinciding with the Melbourne International Jazz Festival, Blondie Bar at the Melbourne Recital Centre in Southbank is providing live and free jazz jam sessions.
Come and enjoy the resident jazz trio, Sway Ensemble, as they play with special guests including VCA students and lecturers.
Musicians welcome to join in. Base equipment will be provided. Dress warm as some sessions may be outdoors. Blondie Bar, 140a Southbank Boulevard , located on the left hand side of the Southbank Blvd entrance to the Melbourne Recital Centre. Thursday and Friday: 5.30pm – 8.30pm, Sat: 6.30pm – 9.30pm www.blondiebar.com.au
Thursdays 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th - A Secret Place. If you fancy a 1950s New York vibe on your Saturday night, complete with romantic and spirited jazz, ice-cold cocktails, tapas and even a cigar room, then A Secret Place is for you. This members-only club opens to the public every second and fourth Saturday of the month for a high-end experience at a low-end price. A Secret Place will feature the Connie Lansberg Quartet. It's at Regent Club, 206 Bourke Street, Melbourne. It's only a free event if you book in advance though, otherwise it's $20 on the door. Contact Connie at connie@jazznshiraz.com. This is an over 18s event. 8pm – 11pm.
Fridays 5th, 12th, 19th and 26th – Qigong (a sort of Tai Chi combining integrated movement, mental cultivation and regulated breathing) – Main Square at Federation Square 8am – 9am.
Friday 5th and Saturday 6th - Close Encounters at Artplay, Birarrung Marr, behind Federation Square, 10am to 4pm each day and Saturday also 5pm to 8pm. Age: For age 5+. View over 240 lanterns lighting up the ArtPlay space in a beautiful display, drawn from the Japanese obon festival tradition, where the lanterns (toro) guide the spirits of the dead to their worldly home, and then back to their resting place. In the month of May, children at ArtPlay have constructed hundreds of Japanese lanterns from shoji paper and wood; each with the name and drawing of a species of plant or animal that has become extinct in Australia since colonisation (1788); according to the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and other state-based legislation. This breath-taking installation will pay respect to the extinct species of Australia, in a timely reminder of the extinction crisis that we currently face on a global scale.
Fridays 5th, 12th, 19th and 26th - Mundo Lingo Language and Culture Exchange, Platform 28, 82 Village Street, Docklands, 7.30pm-11pm. Mundo Lingo Melbourne is a social project for language and cultural exchange. In a forever more international society it's not difficult to observe the growth in the industries of tourism and language learning. With this in mind, Mundo Lingo events help foment a network between locals and foreigners in a given city through free events. These 'Multilingual Cultural Exchanges' take place in the tranquil atmosphere of a bar or pub on a weekday night. We use a unique system in which the participants arrange small flag stickers on their chest from top to bottom according to ability and sit down or stand up to show their willingness to engage in conversation with new people. This allows people to proudly show where they're from as well as quickly identify potential exchange partners. While the primary focus is on exchanging languages, participants will have the opportunity to exchange cultures with people from around the world. We talk in small groups and the topic of conversation is as much your choice as is the language. You can stay with the same group, or chat a little and move on to meet more people. It's a very warm and friendly environment.
Sundays 7th and 21st – Laughter Club at Federation Square by Swanston Street 11am – 11.30am. Join in this free laughter session and experience the benefits of a good old chuckle. In fact Sunday 3rd will be from 11am-12noon as it's World Laughter Day and clubs from around the state will be taking part in various laughter competitions.
Sunday 7th - A Taste of Portugal 10am – 4pm. The 'A taste of Portugal Festival' is organised annually by the Portuguese speaking communities (CLP Inc.) to coincide with the Portuguese National day. It is a cultural festival which celebrates Portuguese culture and showcases Portuguese cuisine, music and dance, history, language and tourism. The Festival unites all the Portuguese speaking communities, including Portugal, Brazil and East Timor, to celebrate their historical ties. Participate in zumba and samba dance classes, experience tourism and cultural displays and the art and photographic exhibition. There will be activities for the kids – including puppets, face painting, drawing competitions and book readings, handcraft demonstrations and a diverse entertainment program headlined by international Portuguese artist, Jorge Martinez! - It's a day of fun, food and entertainment Portuguese-style! Queen Victoria Market, 65-159 Victoria Street, Melbourne.
Sunday 7 June - The Big Family Sing (group singing & show) at Artplay, Birarrung Marr, behind Federation Square. This event is part of the Melbourne International Jazz Festival. Workshop 2pm to 2.45pm; Show 3pm to 3.30pm.
Everyone's invited to join the artist All Day Fritz for the Big Family Sing! Explore the basics of group and harmony singing in a playful and inclusive atmosphere where you will learn some easy songs. Then (if you choose) perform one or two songs live with the band, as part of the Fritz Family Sing Choir. All Day Fritz's eclectic repertoire includes extremely groovy music (for humans of all ages) that is swingy, jazzy, rocky and funky! All Day Fritz are Karen Davitt (Madcows), John Fleming (Scared Weird Little Guys), Boris Conley (Spaghetti Western Orchestra/Play Me I'm Yours), Jane Bayly (Crying in Public Places) and Donald Stewart (flap! The peanuts).
Monday 8th – Saturday 13th - Experience Antarctica - Augmented Reality. Collins234 is helping shoppers to experience Antarctica through an augmented reality experience, where people can interact with penguins, orca whales and seals in a realistic projected display. Footage can be filmed and photographed to share with friends and is an exciting way to experience Antarctica without even leaving Victoria! Collins, 234 Boutique Place, 234 Collins Street, Mon: 10am – 6pm, Tue: 10am – 6pm, Wed: 10am – 6pm, Thu: 10am – 7pm, Fri: 10am – 8pm, Sat: 10am – 5pm, Sunday 12- 5pm.
Monday 8th - Learn Crochet at The Atrium in Federation Square 12-2pm. Learn the old craft of crochet at this workshop. You'll be 'hooked' before you know it!
Thursdays 11th and 25th – Belly Dancing – The Atrium at Federation Square 12.30pm-1pm. Shimmy and shake at Fed Square with free Belly Dancing classes led by a professional instructor.
Sunday 14th - Learn French. (Every second Sunday of the month) noon – 1pm at St Michael's Uniting Church 120 Collins Street. Did you ever want to learn French? Join a French native speaker for a fun, free class. The classes allow those who have wanted to speak French to gain some pointers in basic French conversation and to practise their French in a fun, themed French conversation class. Sessions offer some notes and instructions, followed by conversation on a theme in small groups or pairs as the teacher assists.
Monday 15th - Basket Making at Fed Square, The Atrium, 12noon - 2pm. Learn the simple but intricate craft of basket making with free monthly workshops led by Basketmakers of Victoria.
Monday 15th - Sounds of Harmony. To celebrate Refugee Week 2015, Adult Multicultural Education Services (AMES) is proud to present a captivating array of musical talent from around the globe.
From moving and soulful traditional folk songs to upbeat Asian pop music and an inspiring asylum seeker choir, the 'Sounds of Harmony' event promises to be an enthralling concert of music, culture and fun.
Entrance is free and all are welcome. Federation Square, Main outdoor stage, 1pm - 2pm.
Monday 15th and Tuesday 16th - Millionaire Hot Seat Studio Audience. Come along to a taping of 'Millionaire Hot Seat' and enjoy all the fun of being part of a live studio audience. It's a great day out with family and friends to see Australia's favourite game show come to life.
Audience members can be winners too, receiving special discounts at Harbour Town as well as free ice skating entry to Ice House.
Audience members are also entered into the draw to win tickets to a taping of The Footy Show and could win up to $700 cash.
Docklands Studios, 476 Docklands Drive, Docklands , 5.30pm.
Wednesdays 17 and 24th - Ned Kelly Tour - State Library of Victoria, 328 Swanston Street, 1pm – 2.30pm meet in front foyer. Ned Kelly has split public opinion for over a century. Hero or criminal? Decide for yourself as you read Kelly's famed Jerilderie letter and sift through eyewitness photographs from the siege of Glenrowan on this tour in The changing face of Victoria exhibition. 1:00pm–2:30pm.
Sunday 21st - Men's Health Week Dragon Boating with the Melbourne Flames. Join the 2015 Australian Dragon Boat Champions, for a paddle around Docklands, finishing up with a hearty BBQ breakfast. Dragonboat Victoria, 2 North Wharf Road, Docklands VIC 3008. Parking available below Bolte Bridge. 8.15am – 11.30am. Please register online at enquiries@melbourneflames.com.au
Sunday 21st - Free Family Fun Day from 11am at 1st Scout Hall, Kellett Grove and Kilby Road, Kew 3101 organised by Single Parents Active Kids which is a non-profit organisation run by single parents for single parents and their kids. There will be a free sausage sizzle, face painting, ball games, children's entertainment, loads of fun, and it's a great way to meet other single parent families. RSVP a must as this is a catered event. Contact them on info@singleparentsactivekids.org, or phone Moush on 0430 504 119. They look forward to meeting you! See www.singleparentsactivekids.org for more details.
Monday 22nd – Knitting, The Atrium, Fed Square, 12noon – 2pm. Knit one, purl two at Fed Square with free knitting workshops. Whether you're a beginner seeking your first lesson, a Fair Isle queen or a cabling crusader, the experts from The Handknitters Guild will welcome you with open needles.
Monday 22nd and Tuesday 23rd - Millionaire Hot Seat Studio Audience. Come along to a taping of 'Millionaire Hot Seat' and enjoy all the fun of being part of a live studio audience. It's a great day out with family and friends to see Australia's favourite game show come to life.
Docklands Studios, 476 Docklands Drive, Docklands, 5.30pm.
Wednesday 24th - See students from St. Andrew's Anglican College performing in a lunchtime concert at Fed Square. The concert will be a showcase their string orchestra, wind ensemble, jazz orchestra, college choir and symphony orchestra.
The school, based on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, is a leading independent Anglican College renowned for its excellent music program. While on their week-long music tour, St. Andrew's Anglican College will be working with some of Melbourne's top schools as well as presenting concerts and working with various artists.
Come down, bring your lunch and enjoy the music from these fabulous young musicians. Noon – 2pm.
Saturday 27th - Crafternoons with the Melbourne Origami Group. Join the Melbourne Origami Group for a monthly 'crafternoon' at Library at the Dock.
Suitable for all levels, from complete beginners to advanced, the members of the Melbourne Origami Group seek to further the art and enjoyment of paper folding and would love to have you along to help!
Bring your own craft project to work on or to share with others.
Basic paper and light refreshments will be provided. Fancier paper will be on sale, or bring your own. Library at The Dock, 107 Victoria Harbour Promenade,Docklands VIC 3008, noon – 2pm.
Sunday 28th – Classic Car Club featuring Volvo Car Club of Victoria 11am – 2.30pm on Flinders Street section of Federation Square by ACMI entrance.
Sunday 28th - Animake workshop. Come along to Library at the Dock as Melbourne Library Service gets animated with the Animake program.
Come and create some magic in an all-day workshop with Oh Yeah Wow, as they make a video of everyone and animate it! Wow indeed.
Join in the Alina and the Phonotrope workshop, from 10am to 1pm. Phonotrope means something that turns, and this workshop is all about DIY animation. Phonotrope just needs your eyes; no computers, no cameras – just paper, scissors and you. Learn to animate a sequence of images and make your world come alive.
The Isobel Knowles – Paper animation workshop runs from 1pm to 5pm. Learn how to make paper into your own animated movie with music, with award-winning artist and animator Isobel Knowles. Location 107 Victoria Harbour Promenade,Docklands VIC 3008, 11am – 5pm.
Monday 29th - Construction Story Time. Come along to a special story time with all your favourite construction experts, including Rosie Revere and of course Bob the Builder. City Library, 253 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, 10.30am – 11.30am.
Monday 29th - Building Blocks Stompers. Who can build the tallest tower? Join in songs, games, stories and a fun half-hour playing with blocks. Library at The Dock, 107 Victoria Harbour Promenade,Docklands VIC 3008, Mon: 10.30am – 11.30am.
Friday 29th - Projector Bike Friday Night Ride. Grab your bike and your love of film and ride along with Projector Bike, a bike ride through the city, stopping at screening locations along the way to watch a range of award-winning short films and video clips. Projector Bike will be leaving Testing Grounds at 8:30pm and returning for a drink from the Testing Grounds bar, 1 City Road, Melbourne. Testing Grounds is behind the Arts Centre. 0422 221 072, www.projectorbike.com.au.
Note: All events believed to be correct at time of editing newsletter however it would be sensible to double check before you turn up in case of any changes or errors.


text:
The Elite Montana Club Not For Montanans
Tammie Toren Published: November 29, 2022
What's more Montana than an elite club, in the mountains of Big Sky with former Secret Security officers as security for wealthy out of staters? Almost anything.
I don't ski. I don't care about skiing or ski hills or ski bunnies or ski stuff. However, I'm smart enough to know that skiing is a large part of Montana's economy. I also don't hate private clubs in MY state. I just hate private clubs WHERE I LIVE that are designed to keep Montanans out.
Let's talk about The Yellowstone Club.
Here's what it takes to be a member of the Yellowstone Club:
Purchase property. Prices range from 2.5 million for a condo to over 25 million for a "ranch". (I'd bet a year's salary that those ranches don't raise anything more than a ruckus. Making it a nice chunk of land in the mountains, but nowhere near a ranch.)
After you purchase the property, you must pay initiation fees, $400,000.
Pay a yearly due of over $40,000
What are member benefits:
No one is allowed in except members, their families and their guests. (None of the poors to drag down your winter wonderland vacation.)
Over 2,400 acres of "private powder" (a term they bought a trademark for), 18 ski lifts, a private golf course, numerous restaurants and other amenities like it's own private security staff, fire department and emergency medical team. (God forbid they'd have to go to the hospital in Bozeman like a regular Montanan.)
You're thinking "Why is she so pissed off about this?"
Because Montana has always been free and open with public access everywhere.
Now with the Yellowstone Club and Spanish Peaks Mountain Club we have out of state owners who are keeping residents out of areas of their state. It's disgusting. I won't even go into the being sued for unfair labor practices, which they settled, the water pollution lawsuit, which was withdrawn and the original owner spending time in prison and suing the State of Montana for unfairly forcing him into bankruptcy. Can I get an eye roll?
This is right along the same lines of everyone and their dog and 2 cats moving here in the pandemic then complaining and trying to change our home.
I love people who come to Montana for a vacation. I want them to enjoy their trip to the fullest and make memories for a lifetime. I hate people who come in and try to buy up my home and change it.
We have to do something about being "the places where the cool kids go". They're going to ruin everything.
Here's a gallery of the Yellowstone Club, in case you're curious how the 1% vacations in Montana.
Yellowstone Club
Filed Under: Big-Sky-Montana, Private-Clubs-Montana, Tammie Toren, Yellowstone-Club-Montana


text:
Survival: Tales of Hope and Villainy From a Time of Plague
Available soon: an original Mercia Blakewood short novel, first released during lockdown in instalments and now coming to buy as a full ebook with new chapter included!
Lord have mercy upon us…
Summer, 1665. Fresh from her transatlantic adventures, Mercia Blakewood has been restored to her Oxfordshire home, recovering from her ordeals with the help of good friend Nicholas Wildmoor. But the dangers she has faced are about to be eclipsed by a deadlier foe. When a peddler arrives at Halescott Manor bearing news of London's worsening plague, Nicholas returns to his family in the city while Mercia determines she too must help a band of travelling musicians in need. As the summer goes by, she and Nicholas come face to face with the ordinary – and not-so-ordinary – people of England, whose personal stories of hope and villainy ignite a courage that will always thrive amidst even the toughest of days.
As a special release for the lockdown, I wrote an original Mercia Blakewood story that I made available on this website: SURVIVAL, or TALES OF HOPE AND VILLAINY FROM A TIME OF PLAGUE.
Mercia's previous adventure Traitor concludes in June 1665, at the outset of that year's great plague. It seemed fitting for this new story to follow directly on from then, reaching into the lessons of the past to tell a tale that speaks to our own age, uncovering surprising similarities and taking courage from those who lived before us.
In Survival, Mercia is joined as protagonist by regular favourite Nicholas Wildmoor, who travels to his home city of London while Mercia takes charge in the shires. Interspersed throughout, a series of individual characters brings the spirit of those days to life, starting with the elderly survivor of plagues before, with many more of her compatriots to follow.
So rejoin Mercia and Nicholas, or meet them for the first time, and above all, enjoy. The Summer of 1665 was a tough time, but it saw acts of hope shine through the despair, and numerous instances of kindness and self-sacrifice, much as has happened more recently. But who are the strange musicians who appear on Mercia's lands? And with London shutting down from fear of plague, will Nicholas be able to help her discover the truth?
Read Survival, coming soon, to find out!


text:
A mix of clouds and sun. High 34F. Winds WSW at 10 to 15 mph..
Madison's Taylor Huff and Phyllis Stanfield celebrate after the Rams beat Rocky River 4-2 in the Division II state semifinals Tuesday at Medina's Ken Dukes Stadium.
When the impossible happens, Richland Source is there for you
MEDINA — The photographer positioned just to my right looked at me like I had two heads.
I couldn't really blame him. What I said seemed out of the realm of possibility.
But he hadn't seen Taylor Huff before. I had, many times.
Madison's incomparable senior was standing over the ball 45 yards from the goal and not far from her own sideline. It was an awkward angle and a strong crosswind had the oversized American flag at the west end of Medina's Ken Dukes Stadium standing at attention.
So when I told the gentleman holding all the expensive camera gear he may want to get ready because Huff was in scoring range, all he could do was offer an incredulous laugh.
Then Taylor Huff did Taylor Huff things.
The soon-to-be four-time All-American drove an impossible shot over the outstretched arms of Rocky River goalkeeper Sabrina Rick and just inside the far post for her third goal of the second half of Tuesday's Division II state semifinal match at Medina's Ken Dukes Stadium.
That was the finishing touch that helped the Rams climb out of a 2-0 deficit for a 4-2 victory, advancing to Friday's state championship match against Granville.
I glanced at the photographer to my right, whose jaw was laying on the artificial surface -- and I shot him a knowing smile.
That Huff would do the impossible comes as no surprise to those of us who have had the good fortune to cover her throughout her career.
Richland Source was there on that mid-August evening in 2017 when the then-freshman scored four goals in her varsity debut, a 4-2 win over Richland County rival Clear Fork.
"We didn't have an answer for her," Clear Fork coach Brittany Bechtel told me that night.
Richland Source was there later that year when the Rams fell to Lake Catholic 1-0 in the state semifinals on a cold November night in Macedonia.
We were there last fall when Ashleigh Bechtel exorcised that heartache with a game-winning golden goal in overtime against Chagrin Falls in the state semifinals.
We were there when the Rams ran into juggernaut Kettering Alter in last year's state championship match at MAPFRE Stadium in Columbus, the 2-0 loss leaving a bitter taste in the mouths of Huff and her nine classmates who have made it their mission to cap their careers with a gold trophy.
And we'll be there again Friday at 4 p.m., when Madison tries to finish what Huff and the rest of the ultra-talented senior class started in the fall of 2017.
Since 2013, Richland Source has been there to capture all of the euphoric highs and gut-punching lows. We're dedicated to being Richland County's go-to news source. But we need your support to make that happen.
For as little as $4.99 a month, you can help finance our operation. You can help Richland Source be there to document history. You can go along for the rollercoaster ride the next time Taylor Huff and her teammates do the unimaginable. Click here to get started.
Madison's Huff is national soccer player of year
Madison High School senior Taylor Huff was chosen on Wednesday the United Soccer Coaches National Player of the Year.
Taylor Huff
Brittany Bechtel


Trish and Howard Boyce were keenly aware going into the transplant that a donated kidney rarely lasts forever.
SOUTH PLAINFIELD - Trish Boyce is no stranger to kidney disease. Her brother developed it in his 20s and their sister donated a kidney to him.
So when Trish married Howard Boyce 30 years ago, knowing his family had a history of polycystic kidney disease, she was prepared to do the same if the situation arose.
Howard Boyce's father had died from complications of the disease in 1984, and four of his six siblings received kidney transplants. Howard started developing symptoms when he was in his 30s. By 1998, it had progressed to the point that he needed a transplant or he would have to begin dialysis.
Howard, 61, had both kidneys removed and spent six weeks on dialysis before the March 1999 surgery. Trish's kidney was removed laparascopically at St. Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston.
Family and friends helped care for the couple's daughter, Laura, who was not even 3 at the time.
Howard was home in five days and experienced an episode of rejection, which was corrected with medicine. Since then, the couple has enjoyed life — swimming, boating, motorcycling and spending summers in New Hampshire — with very few limitations.
The Boyces, who have been married 30 years, have repaid their good fortune by volunteering with the NJ Sharing Network in New Providence to get the word out about the importance of organ and tissue donation.
Trish has worked in the office, organized a 5K team and the couple has spoken at events. They plan to help the organization with 5K fundraisers May 20 in Long Branch and June 3 in New Providence.
Trish and Howard were keenly aware going into the transplant that a donated kidney rarely lasts forever.
He was hospitalized last year when his blood pressure spiked and he developed diabetes, which causing his kidney to lose function.
"His condition is stable now, but it could turn at any time and it could decline very quickly," said Trish.
Howard took early retirement from his job as president of a small manufacturing plant.
Howard has been added to the donor list at St. Barnabas Medical Center, awaiting another kidney, although the wait for a donor can often be several years.


Conflict resolution is really a subset of communication, but for most couples, communication does not become problematic until there is a disagreement. Even though conflict may be rooted in poor listening skills, lack of affirmation, or clumsy expression of feelings, it deserves special attention because this is where couples most hurt.
Some couples resolve conflicts easily because they have easy- going personalities. Others have had good modeling from their family of origin. But at some point all couples face an issue, a disagreement, a fight that challenges their calm and their skills. It's connected with the reality that our lives are connected.
When two people share living space, habits, dreams, and often children, there are bound to be times that they think differently and have different opinions on how to handle a situation. If this doesn't ever occur, it is likely that one partner is avoiding a confrontation, submerging his/her identity, or always giving in. None of these is healthy for marriage over the long haul.


Robert Buxton will play his 4th appearance at the Sacred Grounds Coffeehouse as solo piano recital. He will play Classical music, Jazz arrangements, and Southern Gospel music. Robert has his doctorate in music from North Texas State and is a gifted pianist.


text:
Q: Using Gulp to build requireJS project - gulp-requirejs I am trying to use gulp-requirejs to build a demo project. I expect result to be a single file with all js dependencies and template included. Here is my gulpfile.js
var gulp = require('gulp');
var rjs = require('gulp-requirejs');
var paths = {
  scripts: ['app/**/*.js'],
  images: 'app/img/**/*'
};

gulp.task('requirejsBuild', function() {
    rjs({
        name: 'main',
        baseUrl: './app',
        out: 'result.js'
    })
    .pipe(gulp.dest('app/dist'));

});

// The default task (called when you run `gulp` from cli)
gulp.task('default', ['requirejsBuild']);

The above build file works with no error, but the result.js only contains the content of main.js and config.js. All the view files, jquery, underscore, backbone is not included.
How can I configure gulp-requirejs to put every js template into one js file?
If it is not the right way to go, can you please suggest other method?
Edit
config.js
require.config({
    paths: {
        "almond": "/bower_components/almond/almond",
        "underscore": "/bower_components/lodash/dist/lodash.underscore",
        "jquery": "/bower_components/jquery/dist/jquery",
        "backbone": "/bower_components/backbone/backbone",
        "text":"/bower_components/requirejs-text/text",
        "book": "./model-book"
    }
});

main.js
// Break out the application running from the configuration definition to
// assist with testing.
require(["config"], function() {
    // Kick off the application.
    require(["app", "router"], function(app, Router) {
        // Define your master router on the application namespace and trigger all
        // navigation from this instance.
        app.router = new Router();

        // Trigger the initial route and enable HTML5 History API support, set the
        // root folder to '/' by default.  Change in app.js.
        Backbone.history.start({ pushState: false, root: '/' });
    });
});

The output is just a combination this two files, which is not what I expected.

A: My solution works like this:
./client/js/main.js:
require.config({
    paths: {
        jquery: "../vendor/jquery/dist/jquery",
        ...
    },
    shim: {
        ...
    }
});

define(["jquery"], function($) {
    console.log($);
});

./gulpfile.js:
var gulp = require('gulp'),
    ....
    amdOptimize = require("amd-optimize"),
    concat = require('gulp-concat'),
    ...

gulp.task('scripts', function(cb) {

    var js = gulp.src(path.scripts + '.js')
        .pipe(cached('scripts'))
        .pipe(jshint())
        .pipe(jshint.reporter('default'))
        .pipe(remember('scripts'))
        .pipe(amdOptimize("main",
            {
                name: "main",
                configFile: "./client/js/main.js",
                baseUrl: './client/js'
            }
        ))
        .pipe(concat('main.js'));

        .pipe(gulp.dest(path.destScripts));
}
...

This part was important:
configFile: "./client/js/main.js",
baseUrl: './client/js'

This allowed me to keep my configuration in one place. Otherwise I was having to duplicate my paths and shims into gulpfile.js.

A: gulp-requirejs has been blacklisted by the gulp folks. They see the RequireJS optimizer as its own build system, incompatible with gulp. I don't know much about that, but I did find an alternative in amd-optimize that worked for me.
npm install amd-optimize --save-dev

Then in your gulpfile:
var amdOptimize = require('amd-optimize');
var concat = require('gulp-concat');

gulp.task('bundle', function ()
{
    return gulp.src('**/*.js')
        .pipe(amdOptimize('main'))
        .pipe(concat('main-bundle.js'))
        .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});

The output of amdOptimize is a stream which contains the dependencies of the primary module (main in the above example) in an order that resolves correctly when loaded. These files are then concatenated together via concat into a single file main-bundle.js before being written into the dist folder.
You could also minify this file and perform other transformations as needed.

As an aside, in my case I was compiling TypeScript into AMD modules for bundling. Thinking this through further I realized that when bundling everything I don't need the asynchronous loading provided by AMD/RequireJS. I am going to experiment with having TypeScript compile CommonJS modules instead, then bundling them using webpack or browserify, both of which seem to have good support within gulp.

A: This works for me. I seems that one ought to add in uglification etc via gulp if desired. .pipe(uglify()) ...
Currently I have to duplicate the config in main.js to run asynchronously.
    ....

    var amdOptimize = require("amd-optimize");

    ...

    var js = gulp.src(path.scripts + '.js')
        .pipe(cached('scripts'))
        .pipe(jshint())
        .pipe(jshint.reporter('default'))
        .pipe(remember('scripts'))
        .pipe(amdOptimize("main",
            {
                name: "main",
                paths: {
                    jquery: "client/vendor/jquery/dist/jquery",
                    jqueryColor: "client/vendor/jquery-color/jquery.color",
                    bootstrap: "client/vendor/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap",
                    underscore: "client/vendor/underscore-amd/underscore"
                },
                shim: {
                    jqueryColor : {
                        deps: ["jquery"]
                    },
                    bootstrap: {
                        deps: ["jquery"]
                    },
                    app: {
                        deps: ["bootstrap", "jqueryColor", "jquery"]
                    }
                }
            }

        ))
        .pipe(concat('main.js'));

A: UPDATE
My previous answer always reported taskReady even if requirejs reported an error. I reconsidered this approach and added error logging. Also I try to fail the build completely as described here gulp-jshint: How to fail the build? because a silent fail really eats your time.
See updated code below.
Drew's comment about blacklist was very helpfull and gulp folks suggest using requirejs directly. So I post my direct requirejs solution:
var DIST = './dist';
var requirejs = require('requirejs');
var requirejsConfig = require('./requireConfig.js').RJSConfig;

gulp.task('requirejs', function (taskReady) {
    requirejsConfig.name = 'index';
    requirejsConfig.out = DIST + 'app.js';
    requirejsConfig.optimize = 'uglify';
    requirejs.optimize(requirejsConfig, function () {
        taskReady();
    }, function (error) {
        console.error('requirejs task failed', JSON.stringify(error))
        process.exit(1);
    });
});

The file at ./dist/app.js is built and uglified. And this way gulp will know when require has finished building. So the task can be used as a dependency.

A: Try this code in your gulpfile:
// Node modules
var
    fs = require('fs'),
    vm = require('vm'),
    merge = require('deeply');

// Gulp and plugins
var
    gulp = require('gulp'),
    gulprjs= require('gulp-requirejs-bundler');

// Config
var
    requireJsRuntimeConfig = vm.runInNewContext(fs.readFileSync('app/config.js') + '; require;'),
    requireJsOptimizerConfig = merge(requireJsRuntimeConfig, {
        name: 'main',
        baseUrl: './app',
        out: 'result.js',
        paths: {
            requireLib: 'bower_modules/requirejs/require'
        },
        insertRequire: ['main'],
        // aliases from config.js - libs will be included to result.js
        include: [
            'requireLib',
            "almond",
            "underscore",
            "jquery",
            "backbone",
            "text",
            "book"
        ]
    });

gulp.task('requirejsBuild', ['component-scripts', 'external-scripts'], function (cb) {
    return gulprjs(requireJsOptimizerConfig)
        .pipe(gulp.dest('app/dist'));
});

A: Sorry for my english. This solution works for me. (I used gulp-requirejs at my job)
I think you've forgotten to set mainConfigFile in your gulpfile.js. So, this code will be work
gulp.task('requirejsBuild', function() {
    rjs({
        name: 'main',
        mainConfigFile: 'path_to_config/config.js',
        baseUrl: './app',
        out: 'result.js'
    })
    .pipe(gulp.dest('app/dist'));

});

In addition, I think when you run that task in gulp, require can not find its config file and

A: This is not gulp-requirejs fault.
The reason why only main.js and config.js is in the output is because you're not requiring/defining any other files. Without doing so, the require optimizer wont understand which files to add, the paths in your config-file isn't a way to require them!
For example you could load a main.js file from your config file and in main define all your files (not optimal but just a an example).
In the bottom of your config-file:
// Load the main app module to start the app
requirejs(["main"]);

The main.js-file: (just adding jquery to show the technique.
define(["jquery"], function($) {});

I might also recommend gulp-requirejs-optimize instead, mainly because it adds the minification/obfuscation functions gulp-requirejs lacks: https://github.com/jlouns/gulp-requirejs-optimize
How to implement it:
var requirejsOptimize = require('gulp-requirejs-optimize');

gulp.task('requirejsoptimize', function () {
  return gulp.src('src/js/require.config.js')
    .pipe(requirejsOptimize(function(file) {
      return {
        baseUrl: "src/js",
        mainConfigFile: 'src/js/require.config.js',
        paths: {
          requireLib: "vendor/require/require"
        },
        include: "requireLib",
        name: "require.config",
        out: "dist/js/bundle2.js"
      };
  })).pipe(gulp.dest(''));
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency that was created by Congress as part of the National Housing Act of 1934, and in 1965, the FHA became part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Housing. The FHA does not issue loans itself, rather it insures private loans issued for new and existing housing, and for approved programs for home repairs. It is the largest insurer of mortgages in the world, insuring over 34 million properties since its inception in 1934.
The goals of the FHA are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilize the mortgage market. These goals are achieved by helping borrowers get the amounts they qualify for and by assisting lenders by reducing the risk of issuing loans.
Contact an FHA-insured lender today to get situation-specific information and advice on how you might be able to take advantage of an FHA-insured loan.
For More Information on FHA Programs, click here!


text:
Country of the Week: Estonia
In Countries by Continental Staff May 25, 2015 Leave a Comment
The history of Estonia is closely linked with neighbouring great powers, but today it is developing a reputation as one of the most developed and must-see countries in the region.
Capital (and Largest City): Tallinn
Population (2015): 1,313,271 (156th)
Total Area: 45,227 km² (132nd)
Official Language: Estonian
Currency: Euro (€) (EUR)
The famous and atmospheric Old Town in Tallinn
History of Estonia
The earliest years of civilization in the country consisted of a variety of hunting and fishing tribes, with the Roman's even mentioning them in their histories. These tribes faced threats from other Baltic and Scandinavian peoples, though they managed to largely hold their own. During the Viking Age, the Oeselians (a subdivision of Estonians) forged a fearsome reputation as sea raiders, terrorizing neighbouring settlements. The island of Saaremaa was renowned as a major hold of Viking treasures during this time.
By the late Middle Ages, Estonia fell increasingly under the sway of nearby powers, especially during the Livonian Crusade (the German and Danish conquest). After enduring frequent Estonia raids, the powerful nation of Denmark launched an attack on Estonia, claiming it for their king – a claim that was recognized by the Pope. They claimed the city of Reval (now known as Tallinn) as the capital of Danish Estonia. Remnants of Danish influence can still be seen in the city, from the coat of arms to the name itself (Tallinn being a derivative of Taani linna or Danish town). The result of these crusades was strong foreign influence (Danish, Germans, and Teutonic Orders) around the country and conversion to Christianity.
The 1500's brought more conflict to bear on the small country, with the Livonian War. Fought between the Tsardom of Russia and other regional powers (Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Poland, among others), it resulted in Estonia passing to Swedish sovereignty. The time of Swedish rule was believed to be an improvement over previous eras, with the age sometimes referred to as "the Good Old Swedish Time".
Of course, this wouldn't last, as Estonia once again changed hands around the beginning of the 18th century. The Great Northern War had erupted between Russian and Sweden as they fought for supremacy in Northern Europe. After Russia's victory, Estonia was passed to the Tsardom. During the period of rule by the Russian Empire, serfdom was abolished in Estonia, and nationalist movements along with distinct Estonian cultural works began to take shape. This would start rumblings of independence amongst the populace.
In February 1918, the Estonian Declaration of Independence was released, following which a more than year long war against German and Soviet forces took place. With some aid from the UK, Estonia won their independence, which lasted until World War II. The conflict brought great strife to Estonia once again as they were occupied first by the Soviets (under the terms of the non-aggression pact with Germany) and later the Nazis. The country was used for the Nazi war effort and was also subject to the Holocaust. Many Estonians were drafted into the German army to fight against the Soviets (who had been viewed by the populace as an occupying power before the German's even arrived).
Towards the end of WWII, Estonia was once again conquered by Soviet forces. Mass deportations were commonplace as Moscow tried to promote Soviet immigration. The decades long period as a member of the USSR also saw militarization of the region, although economic growth was stunted. Many Western countries never recognized the Soviet takeover of Estonia as legal, and refused to consider it part of the USSR.
When the Soviet Union crumbled, Estonia was finally able to achieve lasting independence for the first time in decades. Since then Estonia has sought to become closer to the West, joining both NATO and the EU in 2004. Estonia today ranks very highly in human development, amount of freedom (press, political, economic, etc.), and is one of the most wired countries in the world.
Two Estonian women using a tablet. The country is one of the most wired in the world
Culture of Estonia
Estonian culture incorporates many elements commonly associated with Europe (especially Northern Europe,) and its many past rulers. Traditions and heritage of Sweden, Russia, Denmark and more can be found as a part of Estonian culture. Society is very liberal and prizes liberty while also retaining many of the egalitarian qualities we've come to expect from the Nordic countries.
To the question of whether Estonia is a Nordic or Baltic country, most of the population consider themselves Nordic. Shared customs (such as the sauna), conquest by the Danes and Swedes, and a similar language to Finnish all compound this viewpoint.
There's has also been a degree of push-pull between Western and Eastern Europe in Estonia, which can clearly be seen in historic religious divisions (Catholicism and Protestantism as opposed to the Orthodox Church).
Sport is also popular in Estonia, with the country finding success in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling, and cross-country skiing. The homegrown sport of kiiking is also widespread. This involves a person strapped into a giant swing and attempting to spin around in a full 360 over the fulcrum.
Geography of Estonia
Estonia shares land borders with Latvia and Russia, the later of which is not well defined owing to the decades of Soviet occupation. Estonia also borders the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Finland. Along the coast, many bays, inlets, and straits can be found. Overall, the climate in Estonia is wet with moderate winters and cool summers. The interior of the country is very flat, and is characterized by a large amount of bogs and lakes. Its strategic location (both on land and on water) is the prime reason for its history of constant struggle between the great powers of the region.
There are only two cities in the country with a population over 100,000 – foremost among which is the capital Tallinn. Located on the northern coast of Estonia, Tallinn (previously known as Reval) has grown into a cultural, historic, and now, a modern hub. With 32% of the population living within Tallinn's borders plus the more 1.5 million visitors each year, the city is truly the centre of life in the country.
An Estonian bog, a common sight in the interior
Skype was created by Estonian programmers, and is a source of national pride
It is the least religious country in the world, with only 14% of the population identifying as such
One of the first Christmas trees was put up in Tallinn in 1441
Internet use is very widespread in the country and the adult literacy rate is very high
There are more meteorite craters in Estonia (per land area) than any other country in the world
Almost 50% of the country is covered by forests
Estonia was the first country to use online voting for elections
Owing to the country's flatness, Nordic skiing is popular
Kaali crater on the island of Saaremaa
Estonia has endured a long history of conquest and reconquest due to its strategic position and more powerful neighbours. Since independence in 1991 however, the country has made great strides and is one of the most advanced, free, and popular countries to visit in Northern Europe.
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Where a Kilowatt Hour of Green Electricity Costs Only Two Cents
Oil and natural gas have made North Africa and the Gulf states rich. Now the region wants to become a supplier of renewable energy; the Ukraine war is accelerating the trend. Exclusive satellite images show the massive expansion of wind power and solar installations in the region.
"Economy from above" is a collaboration between WirtschaftsWoche and LiveEO. This is a translation of the original article written in German by Thomas Kuhn. Access the original article here.
The plan first seemed visionary, then megalomaniacal. A good ten years ago, German and European energy and industrial groups and major banks launched their Desertec Industrial Initiative with the aim of tapping the almost inexhaustible quantities of green electricity from the Middle East and North Africa for the energy transition. Ex-Siemens boss Peter Löscher even spoke of the "Apollo project of the 21st century. Half a trillion euros were to have flowed into the project by 2050, making it the largest global project in the energy sector. Until the plans fell through and the dreams of most of those involved were shattered. In 2014, most withdrew from the project. The Desertec vision seemed to have failed.
Seemed. Because today, the ideas from back then are more relevant than ever, as exclusive satellite images from LiveEO show. In countries like Egypt, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, state and private power plant operators are spending billions of dollars on new power plants and sustainable power generation.
Since 2019, for example, the company Lekela Power has invested around 325 million U.S. dollars, the equivalent of a good 300 million euros, in the construction of the West Bakr Wind Farm, a 252-megawatt wind power plant located around 230 kilometers southeast of Cairo directly on the Gulf of Suez.
West Bakr Wind Power Project, Ras Gharib, Al-Bahr al-ahmar, Egypt
31.01.2020 (left picture): Only a few already leveled circular areas (left side of the picture) indicate the later construction sites for the wind turbines.
14.02.2022 (right picture): A new access road to the wind farm branches off from the highway at the Gulf of Suez (top right). The rows of wind turbines extend into the desert like long, narrow fingers.
Images: LiveEO/Sentinel
The satellite photos show how the long rows of the total of 96 wind turbines extend into the country like gigantic fingers from the coast. The first of the wind turbines supplied by turbine manufacturer Siemens Gamesa was installed at the end of 2020, and commercial operation began in November 2021. The project was officially inaugurated at the beginning of March this year. The wind farm is expected to supply around 1000 gigawatt hours of electricity per year. Enough to supply two medium-sized copper smelters or more than 350,000 households with energy.
The reason for the radical change of course, which gives new momentum to the supposedly already written-off Desertec plans, is the increasingly urgent climate change and the need for many Western countries – above all Germany – to free themselves from dependence on Russian gas.
It is clear that the transformation of the power supply in industrialized countries to renewable energy sources and the development of a climate-neutral economy can only be achieved if North Africa and the Gulf region supply the necessary energy. "Ten years ago, Desertec was seen primarily as a means of supplying electricity to Europe," says Paul van Son, once head of the Desertec Industrial Initiative and now president of its spin-off think tank, DII Desert Energy. "Today, however, the issue takes on more weight than ever in the context of climate change and the hydrogen economy." The immense quantities of sustainably produced hydrogen or methane, without which the sustainable transformation of Europe's industry will not succeed, will have to be generated largely with wind and solar power from North Africa and the Middle East.
Green Power Plants for Europe
Locations of solar and wind entrepreneurs in the desert
Source: Own research Graphic: Patrick Zeh
Fear of Upheavals Like After the Lehman Bankruptcy
The successful transformation of the energy industry will be at least as vital for the buyers of sustainably generated energy as it is for their suppliers. The countries in the region, whose prosperity has been largely based on the sale of oil and gas, urgently need a new business model: If the fossil energy world is increasingly transformed into a hydrogen economy, the region could be threatened with economic and political upheavals comparable to the financial crisis after the Lehman bankruptcy, warns van Son.
This has also long been clear to the political leaders in the region. They are racing to expand green energies. The Roland Berger consulting firm has already calculated that the region could generate up to 200 billion euros in potential sales by the end of 2021 if the desert were to be greened in this way. It would also create around one million new jobs.
Also officially inaugurated in early 2022 and with an installed capacity of 500 megawatts twice as powerful as West Bakr is the Ibri II solar park, located around 100 kilometers as the crow flies west of Oman's capital Muscat. The project, with an investment volume of a good 400 million dollars, had been built by the Saudi Arabian energy and water supplier Acwa Power and the Kuwaiti project developer Alternative Energy Projects since the fall of 2020 and was already technically commissioned last November.
Ibri II Solar Park, Ibri, Oman
14.01.2020: Except for the operational buildings, where the transformers will later be installed (right), the landscape is still untouched.
08.05.2020: First construction roads open up the southern part of the site.
10.09.2020: More and more areas are leveled, first preparatory works show where later supporting structures shall hold the photovoltaic modules.
13.01.2021: The foundations are ready, the assembly of the solar modules begins.
13.05.2021: The modules are mounted on the majority of the power plant area.
10.09.2021: Now also the smaller open areas at the edge of the plant are built with further, smaller modules.
09.12.2021: Work on the approximately 13-square-kilometer site is largely complete, and test operations are underway.
23.04.2022: Since the beginning of 2022, the approximately 1.5 million modules of the solar park have been in regular operation.
The heart of the plant is an approximately 13 square kilometer solar park consisting of around 1.5 million solar panels, which extends around two kilometers west of the technical operating buildings in the desert. This makes the solar field somewhat larger than the Eder reservoir in northern Hesse. Over the course of a year, Ibri II is expected to supply around 1600 gigawatt hours of electricity from solar power and save 340,000 tons of CO2 emissions compared with conventional power plants.
By 2025, Oman aims to cover at least ten percent of its electricity needs from renewable sources and increase the share to up to 40 percent by 2040. Contracts for the next major solar project, the Manah 1 and 2 solar power plants, are to be awarded before the end of 2022 and, with a combined capacity of one gigawatt, are to come on stream by the fourth quarter of 2024 at the latest. This would be equivalent to just under a quarter of the output of Germany's largest coal-fired power plant currently in Grevenbroich-Neurath on the Lower Rhine, with around 4.2 gigawatts of installed gross capacity.
The Largest Solar Energy Project in the World
The huge Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park is expected to significantly exceed this performance. The park has been under construction near Dubai since 2013. By 2030, the plant, the fifth phase of which is currently under construction, is to achieve a total output of five gigawatts. This makes the solar park currently the largest solar energy project in the world.
The plant is part of plans to switch at least three-quarters of Dubai's power generation to renewable sources by 2050. In 2020, seven percent of Dubai's electricity generation came from wind and solar power; currently it is a good eleven percent.
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, Seih Al-Dahal, United Arab Emirates.
09.04.2016: The first, smallest construction phase of the photovoltaic solar park near Dubai with a capacity of 13 megawatts is already in operation.
06.10.2016: In the meantime, work on the second construction phase is underway.
04.04.2017: One year after construction began, the new solar field is also up and running, providing 200 megawatts of power to around 50,000 homes in Dubai.
11.10.2017: Shortly after, work begins on the third section.
04.04.2018: New construction fields are being developed in several stages.
11.10.2018: Back in May, the first sub-area of the third section was commissioned with 200 megawatts.
09.04.2019: While more and more solar modules are being installed in the west, the circular building ground for the fourth section is already being prepared in the east of the site.
16.10.2019: The third section, with 800 megawatts of capacity, is nearing completion.
08.04.2020: While the third section is already providing energy for 240,000 homes in Dubai, the foundation for the concentrator tower of the solar thermal power plant is being built in the east.
15.10.2020: Around the tower, which will be a good 262 meters high when completed, the ground is being prepared for the parabolic mirrors that will focus the sunlight for the solar thermal power plant.
13.04.2021: While numerous parabolic mirrors have already been installed, another field of photovoltaic modules is being built to the south of the plant, already part of the fifth construction phase.
05.10.2021: The parabolic mirrors around the solar tower are finished, and together they will provide around 600 megawatts of power. Thanks to the solar energy stored in the solar tower, electricity can also be generated at night.
13.04.2022: In the south of the plant, the first modules of the fifth construction phase with a capacity of around 300 megawatts are in operation. The plant is already the world's largest solar energy project at present. But by 2030, solar modules for another 600 megawatts of capacity are to go into operation again in the fifth construction phase.
The Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park is remarkable not only for its size. It is also unusual for the combination of generation technologies used there, which have been installed on the huge construction site in several construction stages from west to east over the past few years. While the majority of solar power plants in North Africa and the Gulf region now rely solely on photovoltaics, the fourth, 700-megawatt project phase in Dubai is based mainly on solar thermal energy. Solar heat is used to heat molten salt and drive turbines via generators.
The concentrator for sunlight, onto which the heat from the light is focused, is located at the top of a solar tower that, at a good 262 meters high, is currently the tallest in the world. Because the heat can be stored temporarily, Module 4 of the plant can continue to supply electricity for hours into the night. This advantage compensates for the significantly higher generation costs of solar thermal energy.
This is because electricity from solar thermal power in Dubai, at around 7.3 cents per kilowatt hour, is almost three times as expensive as photovoltaic electricity from the latest, fifth construction phase of the plant (2.5 cents per kilowatt hour). Nevertheless, solar thermal power from Dubai is also at about the same price level as German coal-fired power plants. Their costs per kilowatt hour are between 6.3 and 9.9 cents; lignite-based electricity costs between 4.6 and just under eight cents in Germany.
One Kilowatt Hour of Green Electricity Under Two Cents
Meanwhile, the cost of solar power continues to fall. The solar thermal power plant in Dubai, for example, already produces electricity around 25 percent cheaper than the Noor solar thermal plant in Ouarzazate, Morocco, which is currently considered one of the largest of its kind. Thanks to immense leaps in output, photovoltaic power can even be produced for less than two cents per kilowatt hour under the most favorable circumstances in the region, according to calculations by DII Desert Energy. Wind power costs only two to three cents.
This means that the initially somewhat higher initial costs for CO2-free power generation are no longer too significant. In total, the solar park near Dubai has a planned investment volume of the equivalent of around 13.6 billion dollars. Operator RWE has invested a good 2.6 billion euros in the expansion of the lignite-fired power plant in Grevenbroich-Neurath by two power plant units, each with an output of 1.1 gigawatts. The technology for the solar park in Dubai is thus twice as expensive to build as that for the German lignite-fired power plant.
However, each kilowatt hour of solar energy subsequently costs just under a third of the coal-fired power generated in the Rhineland. And coal will become more and more expensive in the future due to the foreseeable increase in costs for its CO2 emissions of around 32 million tons per year. The solar park in Dubai, on the other hand, is expected to save more than 6.5 million tons of CO2 emissions per year compared to fossil-fuel power plants.


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7 Fictional Characters You'll Relate to if You're an INTP
Thinking of Quitting Your Job? Here's How to Create a More Meaningful Career, Based on Your Personality Type
The INTP Personality Type
INTPs are philosophical innovators, fascinated by logical analysis, systems, and design. They are preoccupied with theory, and search for the universal law behind everything they see. They want to understand the unifying themes of life, in all their complexity.
INTPs are detached, analytical observers who can seem oblivious to the world around them because they are so deeply absorbed in thought. They spend much of their time in their own heads: exploring concepts, making connections, and seeking understanding of how things work. To the Architect, life is an ongoing inquiry into the mysteries of the universe.
What does INTP stand for?
INTP is one of the sixteen personality types created by Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers, creators of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®). INTP stands for Introverted, iNtuitive, Thinking, Perceiving, which are four core personality traits based on the work of psychologist C.G. Jung.
The INTP type describes a person who is energized by time alone (Introverted), who focuses on ideas and concepts rather than facts and details (iNtuitive), who makes decisions based on logic and reason (Thinking) and who prefers to be spontaneous and flexible rather than planned and organized (Perceiving).
INTPs are sometimes referred to as Architect personalities because of their intuitive understanding of complex systems. Other nicknames for the INTP include:
The Objective Analyst (MBTI)
The Logician (16Personalities)
INTP Values and Motivations
INTPs present a cool exterior but are privately passionate about reason, analysis, and innovation. They seek to create complex systems of understanding to unify the principles they've observed in their environments. Their minds are complicated and active, and they will go to great mental lengths trying to devise ingenious solutions to interesting problems.
The INTP is typically non-traditional, and more likely to reason out their own individual way of doing things than to follow the crowd. The INTP is suspicious of assumptions and conventions, and eager to break apart ideas that others take for granted. INTPs are merciless when analyzing concepts and beliefs, and hold little sacred. They are often baffled by other people who remain loyal to ideology that doesn't make logical sense.
How Others See the INTP
INTPs are often thoroughly engaged in their own thoughts, and usually appear to others to be offbeat and unconventional. The INTP's mind is a most active place, and their inward orientation can mean that they neglect superficial things like home décor or appropriate clothing. They don't tend to bother with small talk but can become downright passionate when talking about science, mathematics, computers, or the larger theoretical problems of the universe. Reality is often of only passing interest to the Architect, as they are more interested in the theory behind it all.
INTPs are typically precise in their speech, and communicate complex ideas with carefully chosen words. They insist on intellectual rigor in even the most casual of conversations, and will readily point out inconsistencies of thought or reasoning. Social niceties may fall by the wayside for an INTP who is more interested in analyzing logic, and they may offend others by submitting their dearly held values and beliefs to logical scrutiny.
Join the Newsletter That's Just for INTPs
Our INTP-only mailing list connects you with articles, updates, and resources to help you understand your strengths and make the most of your potential.
How rare is the INTP personality type?
INTP is one of the less common types in the population, especially for women. Among women, INTP is the fourth rarest type (after INTJ, ENTJ, and INFJ). INTPs make up:
Famous INTPs
Famous INTPs include Albert Einstein, Thomas Jefferson, Kristen Stewart, Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, Socrates, and Abraham Lincoln.
INTP Quotes
"INTPs are perhaps the most intellectually profound of all the types."
"What is important is that the underlying structures of the universe be uncovered and articulated, and that whatever is stated about the universe be stated correctly, with coherence and without redundancy."
"INTPs are free-spirited idea mills and absentminded professors, which makes them fun to be around, easily diverted, and a plethora of unending creativity."
Facts about INTPs
Interesting facts about the INTP:
On personality trait measures, score as Candid, Ingenious, Complicated, Independent, and Rebellious
More likely than other types to study a foreign language
Most frequent type among college students committing alcohol and drug policy violations
Have lowest level of coping resources of all the types (with ISTPs)
One of types least likely to believe in a higher spiritual power
Highest of all types in career dissatisfaction (with INFPs)
In school, have lower grades than would be predicted from aptitude scores
More likely than average to complete engineering programs
Personal values include Autonomy, Freedom, and Independence
Overrepresented among working MBA students
Commonly found in science and technical occupations
INTP Hobbies and Interests
Popular leisure activities for an INTP include reading, art and cultural events, chess and other strategy games, writing, taking classes, working with computers, backpacking, hiking, and meditation.


The domestic spying simply is the collecting, processing and storing all the data of the country's citizen for the safety upkeep of the nation. Despite the overload of all that information in a given country it is of very great advantage because it is very useful in the dealing of crime actions. The information stored is very helpful to the security department of a given country since it acts as a bridge to other partners in security matters. Therefore by working very closely with other partners there are better and effective means to responding to all of the domestic threats. However in the recent years some of the information stored by the National Security Agency has been leaked posing a great threat (Edward 23). It has also been of great concern to see that some of the individuals in the spying unit tend to act wrongly or even misuse their power bestowed on them and ends up threatening and even harassing the citizens.In America the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has been having a very negative reputation of abusing its power to spy on innocent Americans .They have been to unlawfully spied and harassed them just because of their political or religious views. This is intimidation of the law abiding citizens and therefore legal actions should be taken against these people. This type of spying is highly condemned since it is termed as unconstitutional and violation of human rights (Bennett 65). The church committee did some investigation on domestic spying and found that intelligence collection program generated increased demand of the new data and then much pressure exerted to use it against the target. This shows that the intelligence unit leaks the information which is supposed to be confidential and only used by them to maintain the security of the country or even in cubing crimes. This shows negligence of codes of ethics and fear to lose power to the high principals and therefore spying should not be condoned under these termsThe government is known to secretly spy upon the citizens on basis of their political basis even if no threat or violence if posed by that. Hence if the individuals are of different political views they are harassed and disrupted just because of these differences which is against the constitution which guarantees each and every citizen some freedom of political views provided no violence may emanate from those views or any form of incitement that may lead to violence(Noce 56).The FBI have been known to use so many intrusive techniques such as wiretaps, illegal mail opening and break-ins and recording much information about the personal lives, views and associations of the citizens without their knowledge .This is against the law and poses a question that if someone is a suspect should be interrogated and evaluated by the National intelligence unit. Therefore this type of spying is vague and full of corruption. Intelligence unit have been known to serve the political and personal objectives of the president together with other high officials and through information obtained from the spying units has been used to create rivalries among groups and has even resulted to deaths Pittsburgh post gazette May 15 2006.The FBI went against any reasonable deeds of spying the innocent Citizens deviating from the major obligations where they are supposed to just spy on suspected to be criminals or terrorists. They all allowed attending events that are open to the public and gather some information however; they are not supposed to retain any information obtained from these events unless it relates to potential criminal or terrorist activity. However they do not follow this but instead they obtain information and use it wrongly against the innocent citizens (Johnston 9).It has been noted that despite the increased funding of FBI since 2001 and one the effectiveness of the FBI has tremendously decreased. This is because of their careless spying whereby they have turned attention to spying the law abiding citizens to just violate their privacy making them less safe. Instead of focusing on the information that would lead to catching the bad guys they should be looking for. This is a total wastage of resource s that is just channeled to just spying the good guys. Following that the FBI agents has almost doubled since 2001 one would comfortably expect more and better investigations brought to prosecutors eager to take the trials to the court but this has not happened due to the same weakness of this intelligence unit as discussed before www.globalissues.org › Issues › Articles.Domestic spying is of very great importance in each and every country and should not be assumed as it goes extinction in the fact that it is deviating from its major objective of keeping an eye to all those bad elements in the country that may pose threat to the innocent citizens. To protect and restore back proper domestic spying then the legislature have to make laws that should govern the FBI British Journal of Social. These laws should limits their spying in that they should not spend much of their time and resources to spying innocent citizens just meet personal objectives of the superior officials. They should be limited upon unjustifiable wastage of resources on the investigations where there is no reasonable indication of criminality Los Angeles Times. Legal actions should be taken against all those members of FBI who are found harassing the innocent citizens .Then the president should be warned against using the spying agents to meet his political ambitions. Lastly the FBI should not be leaking their information to any one and should just use their information in the protection of the country against any terror attack.For so many years the FBI have been operating in darkness and an investigative body should formed to from a vigorous and very effective oversight and demand that the Bureau to provide answers to its questions. This is because without a very though oversight the citizens will have no way of knowing to which extent is their taxes being wasted by these agents on obvious things. Also without through oversight there will be no way to tell how many innocent citizens are being spied on besides how much of these law abiding citizens personal information in the government database is shared within state or even foreign agencies. The parliament should pass legislation to permanently end the shortcomings on surveillance power being abused by the FBI. Then the citizens should be once again assured they are free to exercise their political views without becoming targets of the government scrutiny (Westmarland 33). With these put into practice domestic spying will create a proper body in preventing crimes and regaining confidence from people following the previous critics and bad reputation it has shown for the last few years.


Disposable, dry, radiotranslucent electrodes, MR compatible and ideal for EDA/GSR applications. Must apply isotonic electrode paste and use with MR compatible lead cable. Size 27 mm x 36 mm, 100 electrodes per pack.
Disposable, radiotranslucent, pre-gelled electrodes (MR compatible). Round contact on latex-free, vinyl tape backing. These electrodes can only be used with MR compatible cables. 100 electrodes per pack.