text:
\section{Introduction}

Nowadays, spoken language understanding (SLU) systems are crucial for daily life communication, where they can provide the crucial vocal user interface to home-controller devices and other appliances. The role of an SLU system is to convert a given speech signal to a structured representation, such as in the form of intent/slots classes, that could be interpreted  by a software and application to ultimately perform an action on the target device  \cite{tur2011spoken,bapna-etal-2017-sequential}. For example, a speech signal like `set an alarm for 5 p.m.' might have the following representation \{intent: `SET\_ALARM', data\_time: `5 P.M.'\}.

In classical SLU systems, an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model is first used to transcribe speech signals to a word string, followed by a natural language understanding (NLU) model that classifies this word string to the target intent representation. While this approach works well in various scenarios, there are a number of problems. For instance, as mentioned in \cite{8461718, ghannay:hal-01987740}, the two models, ASR and NLU, are often trained independently and not jointly optimized. Most ASR systems in themselves consists of a number of dis-jointly trained components. These issues can affect the overall performance of the SLU systems. Furthermore, these models often have high data and computational requirements, limiting their applicability to a handful of use-cases and languages.

The number of recent end-to-end and ASR-free SLU systems show promising results \cite{haghani2018audio, lugosch2019speech, 8268987,Serdyuk2018TowardsES}. These SLU systems map a speech signal directly to the speaker's intent without explicitly recognizing the corresponding text. As with the conventional ASR+NLU systems, the end to end SLU systems are often computationally demanding. For example, the SLU systems presented in \cite{haghani2018audio, lugosch2019speech, 8268987,Serdyuk2018TowardsES} give good performance in terms of the recognition accuracy, however, they are a combination of several neural networks with each having hundreds of millions of parameters. Running such systems in real-time on low-power devices is not feasible.

In this work, we present an efficient and compact end-to-end SLU system. The proposed system is targeted at low-footprint devices, where the entire speech data is processed on the device without the need to send any data to a cloud server. By processing the entire speech data on the device, such a system provides increased privacy for the user. Furthermore, such a system can enable voice user interfaces for a number of use-cases and applications that would not have been possible in an always-connected scenario.  There are a number of technical contributions in this work that provide the aforementioned advantages. These are summarized below.

\begin{itemize}
    \item In order to have the low latency property, the proposed model process a given input speech signal segment-by-segment. Here, the processing of one segment is done while receiving the upcoming one. The processing begins even if the speech signal is not entirely received.

    \item The proposed model is built using convolutional layers, which are less computationally expensive than recurrent layers \cite{gao2019edgedrnn, zhang2015characterlevel,bai2018empirical}.

    \item The proposed model can process speech signals of variable duration without requiring any padding or cutting of the incoming speech.

\end{itemize}

\section{Related work}

In this section, we present the current state-of-the-art of the end-to-end SLU systems.

In \cite{8461718}, the proposed SLU system is a speech-to-intent approach tested for semantic classification in dialog systems. In this system, the given speech signals are mapped directly to semantic meaning. This has several advantages. First, richer information than words can be extracted from speech. Second, the ability to extract semantic meaning from mixed language speech. The model proposed in \cite{8461718}, is composed of an acoustic model pre-trained with CTC loss to predict graphemes, and a semantic model pre-trained with the outputs of the acoustic model to predict intents. Once the two models are pre-trained, a full pipeline training (i.e., a fine tuning) is done on the entire architecture.  In \cite{lugosch2019speech}, a similar framework to \cite{8461718} is proposed, which is composed of three models. The three models are pre-trained respectively with phonemes, words, and intents. Then, they are fine tuned by training them together.

As opposed to \cite{8461718, lugosch2019speech}, in \cite{Serdyuk2018TowardsES} no pre-training is used, which is similar to our model. Here in \cite{Serdyuk2018TowardsES}, an encoder-decoder framework is proposed. The encoder is a multi-layer bidirectional recurrent layers. The decoder maps the output of the encoder to its corresponding intent class. To reduce the computational time, Serdyuk et al. used a sub-sampling for the Hidden activations along the time domain \cite{bahdanau2014neural, 44926}.

Recently,  Haghaniet et al. \cite{haghani2018audio} proposed and compared four different SLU encoder-decoder based approaches, which are augmented by the attention mechanism \cite{bahdanau2014neural}. In all these proposed approaches, the mapping of speech signals to intents is formulated as a sequence-to-sequence problem \cite{SutskeverVL14, ChoMGBSB14}. The first approach maps audio features directly to their corresponding semantic sequence (domain/intent/arguments). In the second approach, the decoder outputs, for a given speech signal, not only its corresponding semantic sequence, but also its sequence of graphemes. The third has two decoder models: one outputs its semantic sequence and another outputs its sequence of graphemes. In the last one, called a multistage model, two stages are used where, in the first stage, the transcript is predicted, and in the second stage, the semantics are predicted. Here, the two stages are independently optimized and afterwards the whole system is fine tuned together. Haghaniet et al. \cite{haghani2018audio} conclude, after evaluations on real-world scenarios, that having an intermediate text representation and jointly optimizing the full system improves the overall accuracy of prediction.

In all these approaches \cite{8461718, lugosch2019speech, Serdyuk2018TowardsES, haghani2018audio}, the proposed network architectures are heavily based on recurrent layers, which may not be well suited for low-power devices \cite{Amoh2019AnOR}. These types of layers are slower and less computationally efficient than convolutional layers \cite{gao2019edgedrnn, zhang2015characterlevel,bai2018empirical}.

\section{Proposed Approach}
This section presents the proposed architecture along with problem formulation and the relevant implementation details.
\subsection{Problem formulation}

The speech-to-intent model proposed in this work is composed of a sequence of convolutional layers followed by a global max-pooling layer and few fully connected layers that output the intent class (see Table \ref{table_CNN_arch}). Here, the global max-pooling layer has crucial importance since it allows processing any given input speech signal segment-by-segment without the need to have it entirely at the moment of processing. In addition, this layer allows to process speech signals with different variable length, where no padding or concatenating is demanded.

In Figure \ref{fig:tradvsseg}, we show the difference between processing a full speech signal versus segment-by-segment speech signal processing (i.e., the proposed scenario). As is shown, in the full-signal scenario, we wait till receiving the full speech signal then we process it (i.e., forwarded it through the model). However, in segment-by-segment signal processing scenario, each segment is forwarded separately through the convolutional layers and the global max-pooling layer. Then, all the outputs of all segments are stacked together and we again apply the max-pooling through them and we forward the resulting vector through the fully connected layers to classify the intent. Here, the advantage is that we can process one segment, while we are receiving the upcoming one. This results in less processing time, since a large part of the processing is done while receiving the speech signal.

For example, let $\{I_0,\ldots,I_T\}$ be the input acoustic features sequence for a given speech signal.

\begin{itemize}
    \item In the full-signal processing scenario, the convolutional layers output a sequence $\{f_0,\ldots,f_N\}$ then the global max-pooling layer pool this sequence of outputs to one vector $R$, which is mapped by the fully connected layers to the intent class.

    \item In the segment-by-segment speech signal scenario (i.e., Algorithm \ref{algoTra}), the input acoustic features sequence can be viewed as two segments $\{I_0,\ldots,I_T\}= \{I_0,\ldots,I_s\} \cup \{I_{s+1},\ldots,I_T\}$, (i.e., in this example, there is no overlapping between segments). The convolutional layers output two sequence $\{f_0,\ldots,f_n\}$ and $\{f_0,\ldots,f_m\}$ for the two segments. Then, a global max-pooling layer pool the two sequences of outputs to two vector $R_1$ and $R_2$. In the last step, we apply again the global max-pooling for $\{R_1,R_2\}$ and outputs one vector $R$, which is mapped through the fully connected layers to the intent class.
\end{itemize}

\begin{algorithm}[h]
\SetAlgoLined
	\KwIn{A stream input speech signals.}
	\KwOut{The intent class.}
	$T$=[]\;
    \While {waiting the upcoming segment ($S_{i+1}$)}
    {
    $R_i$=global-max-pooling(Conv-layers($S_i$))\;
    $T$=[$T$,$R_i$]\;
    }
    $R$=global-max-pooling(T)\;
    output=fully-connected($R$)\;
	\Return{output}
\caption{The segment-by-segment speech signal processing algorithm.}
\label{algoTra}
\end{algorithm}

The segment by segment processing is only used in the inference time. However, in the training time, the complete signal is processed at once. In the full-signal processing scenario, we need a total time of $T + \beta$ (seconds), where $T$ is the time to receive the speech signal and $\beta$ is the processing time. However, in the segment-by-segment speech signal scenario, the proposed approach needs less processing time. Since a part of the processing is done when receiving the speech signal. Here, the exact processing time depends on the two hyper-parameters: segment size and step size; these represent the size of the segment to process it each time and the size between the beginnings of two consecutive segments, respectively.

\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\centerfloat}{%
  \parindent \z@
  \leftskip \z@ \@plus 1fil \@minus \textwidth
  \rightskip\leftskip
  \parfillskip \z@skip}
\makeatother

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
	\centerfloat
	\begin{footnotesize}

	\mbox{
		\shortstack{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Slide1.jpg}} \\[3mm]
		    a) Full-signal processing scenario.
		}

		\hspace{5mm}

		\shortstack{\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Slide3.jpg}} \\[3mm]
		    b) Segment-by-segment signal processing scenario (the proposed approach).
		}
    }
    \end{footnotesize}
	\caption{A comparison between traditional approaches that encode speech signal after receiving it fully and the proposed approach that encodes it segment-by-segment while receiving it. The first approach needs a total time \boldsymbol{$T + \beta$} (seconds) (T is the long of the speech signal), while the proposed approach needs a \boldsymbol{$T + \alpha$} (seconds). Here, \boldsymbol{$\beta>\alpha$} since a part of the processing is done when receiving the speech signal, which gives a low-latency SLU system.}
	\label{fig:tradvsseg}
	\vspace{-1em}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{The proposed network architecture}

Table \ref{table_CNN_arch} presents details about the proposed network architecture. Here, the global max-pooling layer is a critical component. It allows processing speech signals of variable duration segment-by-segment.  The proposed network is composed of 17 layers in total, with 8 convolutional layers, 4 max-pooling layers, 1 global max-pooling layer, and 4 fully-connected layers. All hidden layers use rectified linear units (ReLU) \cite{BengioCV13}. Moreover, as recommended in \cite{IoffeS15}, batch normalization is applied before each activation layer. The 8 convolutional layers with the 4 max-pooling layers can be viewed as 4 blocks. Where, each block is composed of one convolutional layer followed by a max-pooling layer of $(2\times1)$ kernel and a convolutional layer of $(1\times1)$ kernel. The  $(1\times1)$ convolutional layer is used mainly to reduce the number of features and to keep a small-footprint model.

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\caption{The CNN architecture for speech segment of \\ size $100 \times 41$ (1 second).}
\label{table_CNN_arch}
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{tabular}{lc}
\toprule
\textbf{Layer type} & \textbf{Output shape} \\
\midrule\midrule
4$\times$41, Conv2D, 128  & \fsz{128}{97}{1} \\
Max-pooling  &  \fsz{128}{48}{1} \\
1$\times$1, Conv2D, 64  & \fsz{64}{48}{1} \\
\midrule
4$\times$1, Conv2D, 128  & \fsz{128}{45}{1} \\
Max-pooling  &  \fsz{128}{22}{1} \\
1$\times$1, Conv2D, 64  & \fsz{64}{22}{1} \\
\midrule
4$\times$1, Conv2D, 128  & \fsz{128}{19}{1} \\
Max-pooling  &  \fsz{128}{9}{1} \\
1$\times$1, Conv2D, 64  & \fsz{64}{9}{1} \\
\midrule
4$\times$1, Conv2D, 256  & \fsz{256}{6}{1} \\
Max-pooling  &  \fsz{256}{3}{1} \\
1$\times$1, Conv2D, 256  & \fsz{256}{3}{1} \\
\midrule
\textbf{Global max pooling} & \textbf{256} \\
Fully-connected ~(ReLU units) & 256  \\
Fully-connected ~(ReLU units) & 196  \\
Fully-connected ~(ReLU units) & 128  \\
Fully-connected ~(Softmax) & 31$^*$\\
\midrule
\bottomrule
\multicolumn{2}{l}{$^*$ \emph{Number of intents in the Fluent  Speech  Commands dataset}.}
\vspace{-2em}
\end{tabular}
\end{footnotesize}
\end{table}

In Table \ref{table_CNN_arch}, an input of size $(100 \times 41)$ is used. This input represents one second of speech, where the acoustic features are extracted each 10ms for a speech signal frame sized of 25ms. The 41 elements are the 40 filters banks and the energy measure for the corresponding frame. As mentioned in \cite{VIIKKI1998133}, applying the cepstral mean and variance normalization (CMVN) on these 41 features improves speech recognition/classification performances. This normalization reduces the environmental changes and mismatch between the training and the testing conditions, where different background noises or different microphones can be presented.  In full-signal processing scenario, the CMVN is usually applied at the utterance level. However, in the proposed segment-by-segment speech signal scenario, utterance CMVN can not be applied because it requires having received the whole speech signal in the moment of processing.  Instead, we use globally computed mean and variance with all the training data \cite{Zeyer2016TowardsOW, 6707746}.

\section{Results}

 \begin{table}[ht]
  	\centering
 	\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.9}
 	\caption{Information  about  the  Fluent  Speech  Commands dataset.}
 	\label{table_dataset}
 		\begin{footnotesize}
 		\begin{tabular}{lccc}
 			\toprule
 			\textbf{Split} & \textbf{\# of speakers} & \textbf{\# of utterances} & \textbf{\# hours}   \\
 			\midrule\midrule
 			 Train & 77 & 23,132 & 14.7 \\
 			 Validation & 10 & 3,118 & 1.9 \\
 			 Test & 10 & 3,793 & 2.4 \\
 			\midrule
 			 \\
             Total & 97 & 30.043 & 19.0 \\
            \midrule
            \bottomrule
 		\end{tabular}
 		\end{footnotesize}
 \end{table}

This section summaries the experiments conducted in this work. First, we present the performance in terms of recognition accuracy of the proposed approach on the publicly available Fluent Speech Commands dataset \cite{lugosch2019speech}. Table \ref{table_dataset} summarizes some information about the dataset. Next, we evaluated the impact of different CMVN optimizations on the recognition accuracy. Finally, we evaluate the impact of various hyper-parameters on the proposed approach.

 \subsection{Comparison to state-of-the-art}

 \begin{table}[h]
  	\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
  	\caption{ Error rate on the clean testing set comparing to state-of-the-art models using the Fluent Speech Commands dataset.}
  	\label{table_comp}
  	\centering

  	\begin{footnotesize}
  		\begin{tabular}{lcc}
  			\toprule
  			\textbf{Method} & \textbf{clean} & \textbf{Model size}  \\
  			\midrule \midrule
             Lugosch et al. (Full pipeline) \cite{lugosch2019speech} & 1.2\%  & 14.6M \\
             Lugosch et al. (No pre-training) \cite{lugosch2019speech} & 3.6\%  &  14.6M \\
             Poncelet et al. (Capsule net) \cite{poncelet2020multitask} & 1.9\%  &  - \\
             Palogiannidi et al. \cite{palogiannidi2019endtoend} & 1.38\%-5.83\%  &  - \\
            \midrule
             Proposed model & 2.18\%  &  \textbf{1.3M} \\
            \midrule
  			\bottomrule
  		\end{tabular}
  		\end{footnotesize}

\end{table}

Table \ref{table_comp} presents the results in terms of command recognition accuracy on the clean Fluent Speech Commands test set for the proposed approach along with other works from recent research. Lugosch et al. in \cite{lugosch2019speech} used a model composed of a hierarchy of sub-networks. The first sub-network is trained to recognize phonemes from acoustic features. The second one is trained to recognize words from phonemes. The last one is trained to recognize intents from words. In the full pipeline scenario, Lugosch et al. first pre-trained the three sub-networks separately then the entire model is fine-tuned. Our approach can be compared to the approach of Lugosch et al. \cite{lugosch2019speech}, where no pre-trained model is used. We can observer from the table that our approach has better performance (+1.42\%). In addition, our model is only $1.3 MB$ in size compared to $14.6 MB$ for Lugosch's model. The work of Poncelet el al. \cite{poncelet2020multitask} has a comparable performance to ours (1.9\% vs 2.18\%) similar to the work of Palogiannidi et al. \cite{palogiannidi2019endtoend}, which has performances between 1.38\% and 5.83\% depending on the number and the types of the recurrent layers. Our approach is more appropriate for low-power devices since it is built from only convolutional layers, where the models of \cite{lugosch2019speech,poncelet2020multitask,palogiannidi2019endtoend} includes many recurrent layers, which are slower compared to convolutional layers \cite{gao2019edgedrnn, zhang2015characterlevel,bai2018empirical}.

\subsection{Comparison of using different CMVN normalization}

\begin{figure}[h]
	\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{Figure_1_small.png}
	\caption{Validation loss for no CMVN, Global CMVN and Utterance CMVN models.}
	\label{CMVN}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{CMVN} shows the validation losses for the three models trained respectively, with global CMVN, utterance CMVN and without any CMVN (No-CMVN). We can see that applying the global CMVN and utterance CMVN has almost the same performance. However, in the segment-by-segment processing scenario, we cannot apply utterance based CMVN, therefore, our only options are either applying the global CMVN or no CMVN at all. It is evident from the results in the Table \ref{table_cmvn} that applying the global CMVN leads to a higher performance. In the table, the column labeled `5dB' represents the testing case when the Fluent dataset is enhanced by augmenting with a mix noise types with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5dB. The `5dB + ff' scenario refers to the `5dB' set that is further augmented by a set of real Room Impulse Responses (RIRs). For the rest of this paper, all the experiments are performed with the global CMVN model. This is also true for the results presented for the proposed algorithm in Table \ref{table_comp}.

 \begin{table}[H]
  	\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
  	\caption{ Error rate on the testing set for no CMVN, Global CMVN and Utterance CMVN models.}
  	\label{table_cmvn}
  	\centering

  	\begin{footnotesize}
  		\begin{tabular}{lccc}
  			\toprule
  			\textbf{Method} & \textbf{clean} & \textbf{5dB} & \textbf{5dB + ff} \\
  			\midrule \midrule
             no CMVN & 2.18\%  & 10.23\% & 19.11\% \\
             Global CMVN & \textbf{2.18\%}  & \textbf{9.96\%} & \textbf{18.98\%} \\
             \midrule
             Utterance CMVN & 2.48\%  & 9.1\% & 18.4\% \\
  			 \midrule
  			 \bottomrule
  		\end{tabular}
  		\end{footnotesize}

\end{table}

\subsection{Hyper-parameters analysis}

There are two main hyper-parameters in the segment-by-segment signal processing scenario. The first is the segment size, $S$, that represents the size of the audio segment to process. The second is the step size, $T$, that represents the amount which the window is moved between two consecutive segments. This means that each $T$ seconds, we process the last $S$ seconds till the ending of the speech signal. When, the step size is less than the segment size, this means that there is an overlapping between the segments.

\begin{table}[H]
  	\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
  	\caption{Mean Error rate on the (clean, 5dB and 5dB+ff) testing set for the segment-by-segment signal processing scenario using different hyper-parameters values.}
  	\label{table_hyper}
  	\centering
  	\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{
  	\begin{footnotesize}
  		\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
  			\toprule
  			\textbf{(Step $T\downarrow$ / Segment $S\rightarrow$)} & \textbf{1s} & \textbf{1.25s} & \textbf{1.5s} & \textbf{1.75s} & \textbf{2s}\\
  			\midrule \midrule
            \textbf{0.25s}  & \textbf{10.47\%}  & 10.61\% & 10.81\% & 10.81\% & 10.8\%\\
            \textbf{0.5s}   & 10.57\%  & 10.64\% & 10.54\% & \textbf{10.51\%} & 10.53\%\\
            \textbf{0.75s}  & 24.38\%  & 10.81\% & 10.47\% & \textbf{10.26\%} & 11.07\%\\
            \textbf{1s}     & 46.63\%  & 17.53\% & 11.43\% & 10.54\% & \textbf{10.53\%}\\
            \textbf{1.25s}  & 61.49\%  & 34.67\% & 20.85\% & \textbf{17.43\%} & 13.95\%\\
            \textbf{1.5s}   & 69.42\%  & 49.56\% & 38\%    & 15.93\% & \textbf{11.49\%}\\
  			\midrule
  			\bottomrule
  		\end{tabular}
  		\end{footnotesize}
    }
\end{table}

Table \ref{table_hyper} shows that smaller step size, and hence the overlapping between segments, is crucial. A small step size means more information to encode, while information can be seen in different segments. This results in a better and richer representation. On the other hand, a higher step size means less computation. However, since a segment is processed while the system is receiving the next segment, having a high step size is not beneficial. Furthermore, we can observe that using a high segment size is not always beneficial. A small segment size also is not preferred since it can effect the overlapping. To conclude, the best hyper-parameters combination is the one that preserve a higher overlapping between segments.

\begin{table}[H]
 	\caption{Mean Error rate on the (clean, 5dB and 5dB+ff) testing set for the segment-by-segment signal processing scenario versus the full-signal processing scenario.}
  	\centering
  	\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{
 	\label{table_segvsfull}
 		\begin{footnotesize}
 		\begin{tabular}{lcc}
 			\toprule
 			\textbf{hyper-parameters } & \textbf{Mean Error rate} & \textbf{\thead{Time of processing needed\\ after fully receiving the speech signal (\%)}}  \\
 			\midrule\midrule
 			 (Segment, Step)=(1.75s, 0.75s) & \textbf{10.26\%} & 43\% \\
 			 (Segment, Step)=(1s, 0.25s) & 10.47\% & \textbf{25\%} \\
 			 \midrule
 			 Full signal speech & 10.37\% & 100\% \\
            \midrule
            \bottomrule
 		\end{tabular}
 		\end{footnotesize}
 }
 \end{table}

Table \ref{table_segvsfull} shows the difference in performances between the segment-by-segment signal processing scenario and the full signal processing scenario. We can see that the segment-by-segment processing not only reduces the time of processing but also improves the performance (10.26\% vs 10.37\%). Here, the time of processing needed after fully receiving the speech signal is represented as a percentage. In full signal processing scenario (Figure \ref{fig:tradvsseg}), it is represented by ($\beta$ seconds) equal to 100\%.  In segment-by-segment processing scenario with the hyper-parameters (Segment, Step)=(1.75s, 0.75s), the time of processing is 43\% of $\beta$. This means that after fully receiving the speech signal, we wait 2.3 times less with the segment-by-segment processing scenario than the full signal processing scenario.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper, we presented a speech-to-intent model for low-power devices. The proposed model has a global max-pooling layer that allows not only processing no fixed-length speech signals. But also, it allows processing any speech signal without the need to have it entirely at the moment of processing. The proposed processing scenario is done segment-by-segment, which means that the processing of one segment is done while we are receiving the upcoming segment. This not only reduces the response time but also improves the performances.

\newpage

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


"I'M NOT READY FOR YOU"
"LOVE ONLY LIES HALF NAKED NEXT TO ME"
"THE MANY FACES OF ESTHER"
"AIN'T NOTHING HURTS LIKE A HEARTACHE"
And send me a line.
The sweetest smile and the gentlest hands I love the ground whereon she stands.
Sweet Virginia why so blue?
There's something else my questions won't reveal.
Maybe I've been away for too long and memories are like footprints in the sand.
Gold and brown stuck on a melody, who's around?
Where's the one cold like the enemy?
"THE SEA IS ME THE SEA IS YOU"
"LOVE IS A TOUGH COMMODITY"
"GOLD'S ALWAYS HARDER TO FIND"


AllosTech specializes in 3D printing from standard prints to crafting prints with "some assembly required". We have been hard at work using 2 different 3D printers and expect to order and test more printers in the near future.
Our business model is very different from a traditional business of this kind. Here is why; a lot of models we use are provided free by the community under a free-use license. However, we believe that artists should be rewarded for their hard work. That is why a portion of the profits will go to those artists. That's right – even though they expect no payment for using their models, we want to do our part to give back to the community and encourage those artists, and others as well like them to create more and better models for 3D printing that will make the industry better for everyone.
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text:
Here's what it was like to find Kirtland's Warbler in Michigan and the Bahamas in the same year
There were only a few hundred of these "jack pine birds" left as recently as the late 1980s.
A Kirtland's Warbler peers at the camera with a bill full of insects. Photo by Kristin Sanders.
This post appeared in The Chicago Birder in November of 2018.
Though I've seen wintering Kirtland's Warblers on the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas, until recently I hadn't seen them on their breeding grounds in Michigan. For those who don't know, Kirtland's Warblers are one of the rarest birds in North America. The vast majority of their species breeds in one small section of Michigan.
I was excited to possibly achieve a rare double by viewing Kirtland's Warblers on their breeding grounds in Michigan in the same year as seeing them in the Bahamas. Though I've spent quite a bit of time in Michigan, and my wife hails from there, I had never made it to the famed stands of jack-pine near Mio, Michigan, where the bulk of the world's Kirtland's spend their summers.
When we won a weekend at a northern Michigan golf resort as part of a school silent auction, we began to hatch a plan to include a stop to see the warbler. We strategically scheduled our trip for late June to leave open the possibility of latching onto a Kirtland's tour leaving from Hartwick Pines State Park, near Mio (pronounced MY-o). But between dropping off our daughters at my mother-in-law's and making the most of the discount golf, we weren't even certain we would have time to see the warbler. Manistee, where we were staying, was essentially on the other side of Michigan, about two hours from Hartwick Pines, and the tours started at 7:30 a.m., a daunting time for two parents who typically savor every moment of sleep away from the kids.
After two beautiful days of golf, we steeled ourselves for an early morning and committed to rising pre-dawn for the trip toward Hartwick Pines. A stunning sunrise greeted us as we made our way east through the bogs and deep woods of the northern part of the Lower Peninsula. It was just getting light when we pulled into the lot at the park visitor center, along with about 20 other Kirtland's Warbler hopefuls. After watching a short film about warbler habitat preservation efforts, a Michigan Audubon Society guide led us in a caravan toward an off-the-grid location several miles away, eventually pulling off the road near a sandy two-track that led into the pines. The skies were clear and the temperature was comfortable. At first glance, the habitat was eerily like that of the Bahamas 1,500 miles and an ocean away. The sandy soil harbored blueberry bushes similar in morphology to the shrubs of the Bahamas, and the stunted jack-pines were reminiscent of the low forests of the islands. Soon enough two warblers appeared, though their white outer tail feathers and yellow patches gave them away as Yellow-rumped Warblers, a much more frequently seen Setophaga species and one of the more common warblers. Within a few minutes, though, a larger warbler appeared at the top of a dead sapling: this one was unmistakably a Kirtland's Warbler, blue-gray above, broken eye ring and yellow breast, with a bill full of insects no less. As we watched, the bird landed close to the road and disappeared into the brush. When we looked down into a gap in the brush we realized what were seeing. A nest. With fledglings.
We gave the nest a wide berth and began to head back down the road, snapping off photos of two more birds and scanning the unique landscape for a handful of other species. Before long, we were back at the main road and saying farewell to the others in our group. We got in our car and made our way south down I-75 toward a rendezvous with our girls. We were perhaps a little weary from our early morning (4:30 Central wakeup time!) but content in our knowledge that we had tracked Kirtland's Warblers from the Bahamas to Michigan.
Postscript: We unexpectedly made it back to Hartwick Pines for a second time that summer, when on a family trip we were searching for a place to camp. This time we had more time to explore the state park itself, thoroughly enjoying its beauty and hiking through some of the oldest groves of white pines in Michigan. It was an appropriate coda to our travels in 2018—this time with more sleep.
And, in case you missed it, here's a look at some of the 34 warbler species that made their way through Chicago in May (no Kirtland's here, though!):
Clean energy redux
Legislators in Springfield reconvened last week, and the thought was they'd take up a major clean energy bill that would wean Illinois from coal by 2035. The Senate Energy Committee met and never addressed the bill so negotiations are continuing with the thought that legislators might return again next month. The reality is that closing coal plants also means that some will be out of the job (as much as there are bill provisions to aid plant workers). Still, this is a highly complex bill. As accommodations are made for the coal and natural gas lobbies, that means it begins to drift from its fundamental green energy principles.
If you care about birds, if you care about climate change, this is a bill to keep tabs on.
In other news, whether coincidence or not, coal-fired plants in Romeoville and Waukegan last week announced they would shut down by next year. Progress.
Re-visit a plover story
On Saturday, I have a screening of "Monty and Rose" including a Q&A with actor/artist Tony Fitzpatrick afterward. Tony appears in the film and has been a great supporter of Chicago's Piping Plovers. You can register for the screening, which is sponsored by Redstart Birding and Bird Watcher's Digest, by clicking here.
This post was emailed to the free list as well as paid subscribers. You can ensure you never miss a post by becoming a paid subscriber. Ten days ago, paid subscribers read about my visit with Piping Plovers Nish and Nellie on the first morning after they completed their clutch in Ohio. By becoming a paid subscriber, you support local storytelling and advocacy for birds and their conservation, while covering a portion of the costs of creating this newsletter each week.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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In 1986 the Consumer Product Safety Commission conducted a survey of 2,015 accidental ingestions of oral prescription drugs by children under five that had been reported to 9 Poison Control Centers around the country. The findings of this study indicate that all consumers regardless of whether they have young children of their own or not, should always take care to obtain their prescriptions in child-resistant packaging, to close the caps tightly, and to keep medicine stored out of sight and out of reach.
Thirty-one percent of all medication involved in the reported accidental ingestions belonged to someone other than the child's immediate family, such as grandparents and other older adults. The medicines belonging to this group were some of the most toxic in the study and therefore presented the greatest potential for real tragedy. In addition, these individuals may not always think about taking extra precautions to keep their medicine out of reach when young children are around.
According to the survey results, many of the ingestions involved non child-resistant containers that had been dispensed to parents with young children. For example, plastic vials with child-resistant caps to contain pill medicine and liquid ovals to contain liquid drugs. This indicates that some pharmacists are not aware that all oral prescription drugs must be dispensed in child-resistant packaging unless non child-resistant packaging is specifically requested. These parents were dangerously unaware that the packaging provided no child-resistant protection.
Just prior to the accidental ingestion, most medicine was stored where it was convenient to take, which made it readily accessible to children. Kitchen counters, kitchen tables, and kitchen cabinets were some of the most common storage places.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission the American Association of Poison Control Centers, and the Poison Prevention Week Council urge all consumers to use child-resistant packaging and to store medicines out of sight and out of reach whenever young children are around.
These plastic vials with child-resistant caps or call vials with push and turn caps for pills drugs and ovals with child-resistant cap for liquid drugs are very popular in pharmacutical packing industry nowdays.


text:
Gang Wars Review
Pat Gibbons on August 13, 2012
I'm a little embarrassed to say this, but I've never been a fan of SNK. Not that I don't like their games, far from it in fact, I just haven't played many of them. For whatever reason, they never caught my eye while I was growing up and only in the last few years have I grown to appreciate the works of SNK. Some friends at the Vision of Anime Club in Milwaukee are big fans of some of the old Neo Geo Arcade games, and they introduced me to classics like Metal Slug and Final Fight. So when Marcus assigned me two old SNK titles first my first SelectButton reviews, I thought, "Great!"
It turns out that my excitement was somewhat misplaced. Gang Wars was published by SNK in the late 1980's. They have recently been re-released as downloadable Minis on PSN. However, now that I've had the chance to play the game, I really can't understand why they did it. I really feel that they are subpar by SNK's standards. One could argue that this title simply didn't age well, but it's much worse than that. There are flaws present that I think would have ticked gamers off when the games were new. Moreover, Gang Wars is not really any fun to play, and I don't think it could stand up against other games of the time, let alone those we have today.
I feel the need to seriously talk about Gang Wars. If you have played Double Dragon, or any other side scrolling brawler made in the past 25 years, than you've already played Gang Wars. This one is as generic as they come in both story and gameplay. Two players can take control of street brawlers Mike and Jackie as they fight to save a young girl from the notorious Jaguar Gang. Essentially, this game shares its plot with just about every B grade action flick made at the time. The story is advanced through may be the crudest cutscenes that I have ever laid eyes on. The images used are quite poor, even for the time. The first one you see is that of a mobster Freddy Krueger look-a-like whose eyes seem to be very surprised for some reason. This person also speaks using very awkward lip flaps that would even look strange on a ventriloquist's dummy.
The rest of cutscenes don't have this issue since they only use still images, though I find it ironic that those are the ones that incorporate voice-overs. One would think voice-overs would be an impressive feat for a game this old, but it's really nothing to get excited about. Each cutscene after the first features the same monotone, computer generated voice, that probably couldn't convey emotion if you set its pants on fire. I have to give SNK props for trying something new, but the end result is still bad any way you look at it.
The controls are simple, using only three buttons and the D-pad. The player can punch, kick, and jump – the last of which is good only for flying kicks and dodging the occasional projectile. There is very little skill involved as the only real trick is to hit enemies before they hit you. Doing so will stun lock most foes to the point where they are virtually helpless. Getting hit yourself, however, is annoying as hell. Not only does it not take much to knock down your character, but the enemies also burst out laughing every time it happens. I can't tell you how much their laughter infuriates me. Plus, they laugh so often that this game might as well be a sitcom. I wish these morons would take a cue from "Who Framed Rodger Rabbit" and laugh themselves to death.
Much like Double Dragon, there are weapons that you can pick up throughout each stage. Unlike Double Dragon however, these weapons are practically useless. It's nearly impossible to swing a melee weapon without getting hit, which then causes you to drop it. The only weapon that's worth picking up is the machine gun, but that makes everything far too easy. A single burst is enough to knock down most foes, meaning that they will never be able to close the distance and attack you. At that point, the game is so easy there is little point in playing.
The only thing that I find interesting about Gang Wars is that it incorporates a leveling system. At the end of each stage, the player can receive one or more skill points to improve one of three attributes: Power, Speed, and Guard. These upgrades greatly affect the player's abilities in the game. Speed is probably the most important stat, since it allows you to strike your enemies before they can strike back. Since there is no way to block in this game, I would have to guess that Guard provides passive damage reduction. The points gained are based on experience that the player earns through each stage. One trick I've learned is that XP is greatly dependant on the players remaining health, so it might be worth taking a dive just to come back fully healed before the stage ends.
Gang Wars is a poor example of a concept that has been done to death. With so many better side-scrolling brawler games in existence, this game doesn't even make par. SNK's later side-scroller, Final Fight, is far superior to Gang Wars in just about every way. In fact, Final Fight: Double Impact, is also available through PSN, thus eliminating any reason to play Gang Wars at all.
Note: The Gang Wars review was written based on the PS3 version of the game.
Gang Wars Pat Gibbons 4.5


text:
National seminar told of 'paralysing' impact of corruption
Graphic: Large sum of Indian rupees in a box
India Published 20 Aug 2016
The National Human Rights Commission has hosted a two-day national seminar on "Good Governance, Development and Human Rights".
National Human Rights Commission of India
Chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission Justice H.L. Dattu has told a national gathering that good governance and development was being hindered by the systemic corruption prevalent in the country.
The former Chief Justice of India was speaking at the inauguration of the Commission's two-day national seminar on "Good Governance, Development and Human Rights", held at the National Law University.
While there had been some improvements in terms of transparency through the Right to Information Act, Justice Dattu said that corruption had the potential to paralyse a nation.
Resources that should have been deployed towards realising human rights were being diverted due to corruption, he said.
Justice Dattu added that India would find it difficult to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations without improving efficiency.
Good governance cannot be achieved if there was corruption and a rapidly growing population, he said.
Also speaking at the event, National Law University vice-chancellor Professor Ranbir Singh highlighted the increasing link between crime and politics.
He questioned how human rights could be protected when a growing number of people with criminal backgrounds were being elected as Members of Parliament.
The seminar was divided into four sessions which explored:
Accountability, transparency and human rights
Identifying challenges to good governance and development
Creating digital democracy through e-governance
Identifying challenges to good governance and development and the road ahead.
The objective of the national seminar was to raise awareness about the importance of good governance in relation to human rights and development and to identify the challenges and opportunities for progress.
Source: National Human Rights Commission of India
Large sum of Indian rupees in a box - Aschevogel, Flickr; http://bit.ly/2bUlmKa


This is all sounding even more suspicious. How do you know your mobile homes are insured? Site fees are typically £2K to £5K per annum depending on the location of the site and the facilities it has. There is water, electricity, gas, communal areas maintenance, staff, etc to account for.
If you are not being asked to pay an annual fee for this .... then how can years of site fees be covered out of your original purchase price?
and you have been repaid 18 / 60 payments, so you have received £39k back so far?
Yes, we have received back around £40K.
In terms of due diligence, when we invested the company back in late 2016, the company' financials were okay. It showed reasonable profits to make one believe that the business model was viable.
However, at present, it shows its current accounts are late. But due date was 31 March 2019. Ill keep an eye out, as they may file soon.
I'm not sure if screen shots are allowed here, as it my expose the company and name...and I don't want to get into trouble just yet. But if allowed, admins can drop a message and Ill paste screen shots what I can see on companies house and filings.
It's perfectly okay to post screenshots to substantiate anything being discussed. In fact, we encourage it.
Which County are these mobile homes in?
A look on Rightmove will show in Surrey they can cost well over £100k each - ie on sites which do allow 12 months pa occupation. Ditto on South Coast.
When the Company suggested local Council was on board at outset - I imagine they meant that private tenants claiming LHA could expect Council to pay 1 or 2 bed rate of LHA as applicable.
As you know it is challenging nowadays to get a new Council tenancy and many households therefore need to look at private rentals - where mobile homes would sit at bottom of market.


text:
Quantum field theory of gravity with spin and scaling gauge invariance and spacetime dynamics with quantum inflation
Lectures on conformal field theory and Kac-Moody algebras
Scale invariance vs conformal invariance
Renormalization and Gauge Invariance
Fermions, differential forms and doubled geometry
Background Independence of Closed Superstring Field Theory
EPFL Lectures on General Relativity as a Quantum Field Theory
Aharonov-Bohm protection of black hole's baryon/skyrmion hair
Dark energy from modified gravity with Lagrange multipliers
Review and Update of the Compactified M/string Theory Prediction of the Higgs Boson Mass and Properties
Living with infinities
+ 0 - 0
Referee this paper: [arXiv:0903.0568] by Steven Weinberg
Please use comments to point to previous work in this direction, and reviews to referee the accuracy of the paper. Feel free to edit this submission to summarise the paper (just click on edit, your summary will then appear under the horizontal line)
(Is this your paper?)
This is the written version of a talk given 2009 by S. Weinberg in memory of Gunnar Kallen on February 13, 2009.
''I discuss some of Kallen's work, especially regarding the problem of infinities in quantum field theory, and recount my own interactions with him. In addition, I describe for non-specialists the current status of the problem, and present my personal view on how it may be resolved in the future.''
hist-ph
review-papers
summarized by dimension10 , Arnold Neumaier
paper authored Mar 3, 2009 to hep-th by (no author on PO assigned yet)
[ revision history ]
recategorized Aug 27, 2014 by Arnold Neumaier
This is a review, so I suppose originality is not a concern. But it would be nice to have the original papers referenced here also.
commented Jul 27, 2014 by Ron Maimon (7,720 points) [ no revision ]
edited Jul 27, 2014 by Ron Maimon
We can summarise it like this:
"This is the written version of a talk given in memory of Gunnar Kallen on February 13, 2009. I discuss some of Kallen's work, especially regarding the problem of infinities in quantum field theory, and recount my own interactions with him. In addition, I describe for non-specialists the current status of the problem, and present my personal view on how it may be resolved in the future."
This talk shows the reasonings of different physicists and their attempts to resolve the problem.
commented Jul 27, 2014 by Vladimir Kalitvianski (112 points) [ no revision ]
Your comment on this submission:
To review, leave an review instead. Comments are usually for non-reviews.
This is a reminiscence and review of the central contributions of Gunnar Kallen to the early renormalization program, focusing on some issues important in the 1950s: the Lee model unitarity problem, and the analogous problems in ultra-high energy quantum electrodynamics, which are essentially the problems of Landau-pole/triviality, the breakdown of the theory when renormalization constants run to infinity as you go up to an enormous but not infinite energy scale.
The main conclusion from the early work, which was controversial at the time, was that continuum quantum electrodynamics is inconsistent. Today, this is considered uncontroversially true, because we understand these type of triviality breakdowns from an Ising model analogy: in a 4-d Ising model, the couplng at the lattice scale is effectively infinite, but it slowly runs to zero at longer and longer distances when you consider the effective coupling of spin-fluctuations. If you observe any nonzero value of the coupling of spin-fluctuations this reveals the order of magnitude of the lattice scale, which is roughly at the energy where the one loop coupling diverges. The continuum theory breaks down here, which we know already, because in this case we happen to know it is a lattice theory, because that's what we started out with.
Extending the continuum renormalization program beyond the lattice scale gives nonsensical results, you end up with a continuum description with more degrees of freedom than the lattice theory had to begin with, states in the formal continuum description end up getting a negative norm, and scattering processes at high energies violate naive unitary. I only say "naive", because Bender suggest that it might be possible to define a new inner product to rescue unitarity the Lee model, and perhaps in other cases too. But this doesn't affect the discussion significantly.
The modern understanding is that a theory with a Landau pole is only an effective theory in a range of energies, and a full continuum limit can't be taken. The inconsistency of theories beyond the Landau pole is not controversial anymore, now it is taken for granted. This has no bearing on the consistency of the modern renormalization program, it is a failure of taking a complete continuum limit, it is an argument for effective field theories. This limitation doesn't apply to asymptotically free theories, whose renormalization is fully consistent, all the way to the continuum limit. The same goes for asymptotically safe theories, where the fixed point is not at zero coupling, but at some other value.
In the 1950s, however, there was no idea for what could be going on underneath quantum field theory, there was no more fundamental theory, so these types of in-principle limitations were very worrying. By 1960, due to these worries the S-matrix program was active, and already in 1968, string theory appeared from this line of research. Once quasi-realistic string models began to appear, for the first time you could understand what the ultimate theory looks like, and it is not a field theory at all, and there are no problems of taking a continuum limit on local field operators.
Weinberg, however, was a field theorist, and he wants to fix field theory. So he believes that there is the possibility that there is an asymptotically safe theory of quantum gravity, either a fixed point for the renormalization group at large energies, or a perpetually running coupling that never reaches any problematic point. In line with this program, Weinberg considers seriously the possibility that there is a fixed point for the electromagnetic coupling at large values.
This expectation has no real support, at least not in traditional theories with electric charges. In theories with both electric charges and monopoles, there is an argument for this--- the electric coupling and the magnetic coupling are inversely related, so that the electric coupling can't blow up without the magnetic coupling becoming small, so that perhaps there is a continuum fixed point with both electric and magnetic charges equally strongly coupled. But this idea requires adding monopoles to QED, and it is not clear how to formulate a quantum field theory of fundamental monopoles and charges together.
To add support to the hope that there is an asymptotically safe QED, Weinberg casts doubts on an old great theorem of Kallen's, the demonstration that at least one of the renormalization constants in QED must be infinite. The only argument he gives against the result is that there are some interchanges of integration. But he gives no reason to suspect that the divergence Kallen identified is dependent on orders of integration, this is very implausible for a calculation similar in nature of a Feynman integration, nor does he give a detailed criticism of the original paper which identifies a mistake. The paper is a classic, and is most likely just fine. Still, I should say that Weinberg reviews the argument more than fairly (I personally understood it better after reading Weinberg now than when looking over the original paper some years ago).
Another thing that Weinberg reviews well is Kallen's argument that the wavefunction renormalization for the photon, the "dielectric constant" of the electron-positron vacuum, can only have the effect of reducing the electric charge. This is surely the positivity argument that Schwinger and others advanced in the 1960s against the idea of asymptotic freedom, when it was discovered in non-abelian gauge theories (I personally wondered for a long time what this old argument was, I figured it was some sort of Kallan-ism).
The main motivation for suggesting this paper for review at this early stage of the reviews section seems to be that this paper shows skepticism of the renormalization program. This skepticism is well understood today to have been justified--- renormalization in non-asymptotically-safe theories simply does not work to define a continuum theory. It has no bearing on the correctness of the renormalization procedure in the domain of applicability the effective field theory, and it has no bearing on the correctness of renormalization in asymptotically free theories, where a continuum limit can be taken with no problems of principle at all.
Weinberg's main motivation seems to be in regard to his program of asymptotic safety. I would like to point out something in regard to the asymptotic safety program: it is automatically unnatural. One of the main philosophical shifts in modern renormalization was to stop viewing the running of the coupling to large energies as fundamental and physical, and to attach some mystical significance to where the large coupling ends up. Rather, after Wilson, you view the natural direct of running coupling is toward the infrared, and the starting point in the ultraviolet is generic, not special.
When a theory is asymptotically free (this is a special case of asymptotic safety), and you imagine it close to the continuum limit, you are automatically starting out in the ultraviolet at a value which is finely tuned near zero. For "reasonable" values of the cutoff, like the Planck scale, this is not an issue, because the dependence is logarithmic, and the logarithm is not particularly big at the Planck scale. But Weinberg is suggesting to consider field theories with a continuum limit as fundamental theories, so that the cut off is really going to get pushed to infinity. In this context, the fine tuning problem returns.
To illustrate this, I will give my own pet example of an asymptotically-safe theory--- 5d pure gauge theory. This theory has a lattice coupling which, when small, wants to run to zero in the infrared, because it has positive dimensions, but for large values, on a lattice, it wants to run to infinity in the infrared, due to the confinement. It is possible to choose the coupling at just the magic asymptotically-safe value balanced between the two behaviors, and make the lattice teeny tiny, and keep the coupling from going either way at all for a many decades. It is therefore possible to take a continuum limit. But in this case, the fine-tuning involved is obvious--- if this is coming from something else underneath, the something-else has to have magically chosen the coupling to sit at the magic balance point at short distances.
Of course, with quantum-gravity, presumably Weinberg thinks it is the final theory, and the considerations of continuum limit are somehow philosophically distinguished, and allow you to do this balancing act. I disagree with this position. I think asymptotic safety should be recognized as a fine-tuning.
There are good reasons from string theory not to take asymptotic safety seriously, most significantly holographic degree of freedom counting. But regardless of these other stringy arguments, asymptotic safety is a fine-tuning.
reviewed Jul 28, 2014 by Ron Maimon (7,720 points) [ no revision ]
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I should have said that the stuff about asymptotic safety of 5d gauge theory is AFAIK new, and perhaps requires a review of its own.
Ok, I did a few preliminary calculations some weeks ago to understand what is happening here, but I wanted to do a computer simulation of the thing before saying it in public. I am not sure the continuum theory even ends up rotationally invariant. I'll post when I know a little more.
+1, a very good read for me, thanks.
commented Jul 28, 2014 by Jia Yiyang (2,640 points) [ no revision ]
The argument for our present physical models being effective field theories is usually the Landau pole argument, but what about QCD? Isn't it also a common belief that QCD can be defined in ultraviolet as a field theory?
I figured it might be a good chance to ask since in this talk Weinberg mentioned this again in page 13: "...electrodynamics, the electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics, and even general relativity-are in fact effective field theories." I wonder what the true justification is.
I think it's a stronger argument, because it is physics, and doesn't depend on mathematical details. People applied, not gravity, but muon theory and strong interactions, to conclude that QED is an effective theory already in the 1960s. The reason the Landau pole was worrisome is because Kallen seemed to demonstrate that it was generic behavior, since positivity demanded positive beta function (so it seemed) and generic estimates demanded that the running of the coupling be to infinity in a finite time. That's why asymptotic freedom was so revolutionary--- it was the first time anyone had an example of a 4d continuum field theory.
But it's the quantum gravity arguments, in particular the holography, that requires something other than field theory at short distances, something that is so tightly restricted by holography that I can't imagine it can be anything other than the most general form of string theory. That's physics, it's the real restriction on a continuum limit, and nobody will find a clever mathematical trick around it, as Bender tries to do regarding the non-unitarity in the Lee model.
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Thanks Ron, but I feel it is somewhat a weaker reasoning than Landau pole argument, would you say we can apply the quantum gravity argument to QED and conclude it has to be an effective field theory, with no mentioning of Landau pole stuff?
Thanks again, that clarifies a lot.
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p$\hbar$ysicsOverf$\varnothing$ow


Have you looked at PinkBlush? They have tons of beautiful maternity dresses and (the big sell for me) most of them transition into nursing and regular life dresses. I'm in love with the one I have. And I'm so, so happy about y'all's little rosebud.
I do realize how gross this sounds but I wash my hair once a week! My parents are both serial hair washers on the daily so that's what I grew up doing. In high school I caught on that I could stretch it to every other day and save myself some time since I am neither gifted nor speedy in the hair styling department. When I switched to a gentler shampoo I stretched it to twice a week and after a while my hair didn't feel greasy or like it needed washed on hair washing day so I eventually made it to a week and typically I can hold out longer than that. And yes, my hair looks normal, and even pretty good – at least for someone whose styling skillset is limited to straightening – I am not sporting dreadlocks or baseball caps to get away with it after day five. My hair is super thick so maybe that's why it works well for me. But if you're finding your hair is greasy after a day try switching to a gentle/natural shampoo and seeing what happens. Harsh chemicals throw off the equilibrium of our hair. So go Lindsay with your shower cap!
This is my hair dream!
I found some cute maternity dresses at H&M. They even look cute not pregnant (just with an empire waist)! They are typically kind of hit or miss for me, but they have really basic stuff that can match with anything. My maternity uniform was plain/solid maternity top + cardigan + pants with the Bella Band on. Eventually fell in love with my maternity leggings and never wanted to move out of them.
I always felt like the maternity dresses made me look like a circus tent or really oddly proportioned. For someone who has no booty, I looked really awkward in the bodycon maternity dresses.
Pink Blush was awesome for me last summer. Cute dresses to wear for casual events and dressier ones too! I wore the same dress for my baby shower at the end of June and at a friend's wedding at the end of July. They always have sales too!
I love your coffee dates! I liked Storq and MineforNine for dresses – Storq is super simple and comfortable and MineforNine is a website you can rent dresses from – I liked not buying them and sending them back after a few weeks. I use a shower cap too – I find washing less is better for my hair so I try to do just twice a week.
Department of Redundancy Department, may I help you?
I don't know how you do it, but you make these coffee dates feel so special each time. I really look forward to them! So excited for your family. And your fridge picture has me feeling inspired to start seriously meal planning (even with a wedding on the horizon). xo!
Have you considered renting maternity clothes? I am due tomorrow (!!) and rented through Le Tote from the second trimester onward. It was nice because I got to try a bunch of fun styles and clothes but didn't have to buy any of them. It felt special to receive the clothing in the mail, and I didn't feel tempted to purchase anything because I knew that I'd need it for such a transient period of time. Just an idea!
I just suggested Le Tote too, haha. I am not pregnant but really enjoy the regular tote. Glad to know it actually is awesome for Maternity as well.
I totally get what your saying about maternity dresses either being a tent or skin tight. Not cool! I have had good luck with a few at pea in a pod (NOT the skin tight ones), but they are a little pricier. I love my off the shoulder midi dress from ingrid & isabel, and I've never been an off the shoulder girl. ASOS maternity has been hit or miss for me, but this dress (http://us.asos.com/asos-maternity/asos-design-maternity-mixed-fabric-strappy-maxi-dress/prd/9576973?clr=black&SearchQuery=&cid=5813&gridcolumn=3&gridrow=1&gridsize=4&pge=1&pgesize=72&totalstyles=8) is perfect and I wear it multiple times a week! And I think I can keep wearing it after too.
I am totally with you on the maternity wear. I have a few maternity tanks/tees and shorts. I like having a few go to outfits that are comfy AND don't make me super hot in this Arizona heat.
Hey there Lindsey…I know several young ladies swear by the Carly Dress by Lularoe. Perfect for pregnancy and afterward, wear with a belt. I am on the fluffy side, no need for a belt here, but truly Uber comfy???? I wear with boots in the winter and flip flops in the summer. Not dressy, I wear them almost daily, my go to dress, and No, I am not a retailer. Just love the care free comfy clothes! Good luck in your search????
Thanks for the coffee date! I love it when we can catch up and feed my delusion that we are actually friends. I love everything about your blog. Your beautiful soul just shines through in every word.
Summer pregnancy is no joke . I also achieved above average weight gain. Looking at it as an accomplishment -ha! I lived in a t-shirt style maternity dress from target it was plain black and super simple.
With a couple pairs of shorts and tanks tossed into the mix. If that dress was clean I was in it though. Link below! I love LOVE your monthly coffee date emails. I actually feel like I'm having a nice bevvy with you!
Oh my gosh thank you for calling it an achievement. I love you for that.
My 12 yo daughter got to do a math project on ANW this year where they got to meet one of the ninjas and also learn about physics through what the ninjas do! So cool. She was psyched to take her pic with him. Glad to see you are doing well – maternity clothes are hard to find a good fit for. Good luck! H&M does have some now so you might want to check there. love to you.
Old Navy for maternity wear!! I already like Old Navy for affordable regular clothes but their maternity line has fit me better than anywhere else (even high end places!). Plus, they allow you to return to store so just order a bunch of things online and return what you don't want. They have super cute dresses too.
sooooooo jealous of you getting to see ANW LIVE!!!!! lucky, lucky, lucky! Will definitely keep an eye out for Leif. Love the idea of meal planning . . . just need to get better at it.
I have the Shhhhowercap and I'm obsessed with it! It totally helps now that I am trying to train my hair to not need to be washed everyday. I hated the old showercaps that were so tight until they were too loose to work. Useless. This one is pricey, but I have had it for a good year and a half and it's still perfect.
I also love your tips about the Capsule wardrobe. They are so simple, and seem like no brainers, but I seldom obey them. I keep things that don't fit quite right because I don't want to bother returning them, or think I'll eventually like the way they look. I am with you 100%, only buy things you love and fit you well, and you will have no trouble getting dressed in the morning.
I love your coffee dates, thank you as always for sharing.
The Loft Maternity Sleeveless Swing Dress is super comfy, cute, and casual. Wait until one of the sales Loft has on a very frequent basis to buy it. I live in it! I also love the Gap Body maternity shirts for layering.
Ooh, I have one that is non-maternity but works perfectly for me even at 22 weeks now! I should look at their maternity one too!
Had to comment w/a ANW story – love this show, watch it all the time; after giving birth to my daughter in the hospital last year (yeah little girls!) I was sobbing uncontrollably watching in the hospital bed as they previewed a novice mother's ANW run, inspired by the death of her 5 (!!!) year old son (some tragic illness), and she didn't make it far on the course, maybe 2 obstacles, but I was cheering like a freak, with my own new baby laying in my lap. The competitor's son had been a HUGE ANW fan, and they had b-role of him doing stunts & obstacles, building his own little course (omg, tears whelling up here). Anyways, my nurse came in & was all like, "honey, why are you sobbing?!" and I had to tell her the whole story, and I was laughing like a crazy post-delivery, hormonal mess of a lady. I still laugh/cry telling the story. Can't wait to watch for his cousin!!!
I definitely cry most every episode. It's so inspiring!!
Also cried during the live taping, and they don't even show back stories during that. LOL.
Girl, I wear my shower cap like a champ! Yours is way cuter than mine. Mine is a cheapo package of 3 from Wal-Mart, but I don't care. I couldn't live without it. I wash my hair about every 2 -3 days and it is so much healthier sinceIi started doing that. Plus, my hair is so thick, it cuts way down on my primping time. I say, wear that shower cap with pride.
Hi! First time long time. Love the blog… Made the Short Rib Ragu on Monday and it was a HOME RUN. I'm scared to try the gnocchi as anything I do even remotely like baking never turns out (even with good instructions). In terms of maternity clothes, I highly recommend checking out the maternity selection on ThredUp where I was able to get a bunch of barely used second hand stuff from "classy" brands like Seraphine to wear while growing my most recent little guy (since he is my second I didn't want to buy too much new stuff). Other than that, Old Navy maternity tank tops in every color (online only these days), black maternity leggings from Motherhood maternity, and one nice pair of maternity jeans from Pea in the Pod were my staples. Oh and if you want to splurge a nice maternity dress from Rachel Pally (which you can find every few months during a flash sale on HauteLook). Anyway, excited for you!
Sounds like everyone else said the same thing, but I loved Old Navy. Not the neat quality but they will last you through a pregnancy. I know some people like Pink Blush, too.
Also, I love these posts. Lots of bloggers do this concept, but I really like your coffee dates!
I used to wash my hair every other day. Then I had a baby… Now it's maybe twice a week. Maybe! But I'm treating it as a good break for my hair and it's definitely less oily so maybe that's really true. Another thing for you to look forward to in the months to come . I am so happy for you and your little one on the way.


1.) The tests work only on Windows computers. They do not work on mobile phones or tablets. It is your responsibility to use the software on a working computer. Our tests and online software have been sold to thousands of test takers with no technical issues. We will assist you if you have any problems, however, there will be no refunds given if there are any kind of technical issues with our tests and your computer.
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It's been a long standing ambition of mine to climb/trek Kilimanjaro - in truth I'd love to take on the seven summits, but that may be a touch too far! So have finally decided to take this on for a start.
I've managed to self fund the trip, heading off early October, so thought it might be a great opportunity to use it to try to raise funds for a hugely worthy organisation - the Rowans Hospice - with every penny we can raise going straight to them, hopefully enough to refurbish one of their rooms.
Rowans Living Well Centre, supporting people at any stage of their diagnosis providing advice, support and service sign posting.
They rely on donations and fundraising for 85% of their operating costs so every penny does actually count, and anything you can give will be gratefully received.


On this page you'll see a listing of providers from which you can buy FFXIV Gil. This overview not only includes the Final Fantasy XIV Gil prices of every shop, but also a customer rating. Shops listed as trusted sellers have a proven track record and are usually safe to buy from.
Our FFXIV Gil list has been last updated on April 24, 2019. The next update is scheduled for April 26, 2019. As of April 25, 2019 the median price for 5mn is $20.99. Currently there are 584 Final Fantasy XIV Gil prices in our database.
We also offer a comparison of different Final Fantasy XIV powerleveling companies and FFXIV game time card suppliers.
The fourth installment in the Final Fantasy series, and the second MMORPG in the series, with Final Fantasy XI being the first. The game is available in four languages: Japanese, English, French and German. It is developed by Square Enix and was first released in 2010. Due to the negatove reaction it received, it was revamped and re-released on August 2013.
Like with previous Final Fantasy series, the currency used in Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn is called gil. In the game, FFXIV gil is used to buy equipment such as weapons and armors as well as items and other accessories. Gil in Final Fantasy XIV can be used to purchase items from shops as well as from other players who have items up for sale. There are several ways to make gil from completing mini games, fighting and winning battles to selling items that are obtain or crafted. Some classes are more adept in making gil. Those classes are mainly from the Discipline of the Hands which include eight classes; carpenter, blacksmith, armorer, goldsmith, leatherworker, weaver, alchemist and culinarian.
The game economy works around the concept of demand and supply. The price of items would vary year round depending on the demand and supply of that certain item. FFXIV ARR makes selling items more friendly for gamers by the introduction of a retainer who continues to sell items for a certain player even after that player goes offline. Sales of in game currency is prohibited by the game developer.
Final Fantasy XIV's latest patch certainly holds true to its name; with a wealth of subtle tweaks and new content, the Gears of Change patch introduces new story quests, beast tribe quests, brand new dungeons and raids to take on and even a new player vs. player mode called The Feast. In this new PvP mode, not only do players destroy one another, but they must also steal their opponent's medals in order to be victorious. This new game mode has every player of Final Fantasy XIV rushing to take part in it due to its fast action.
With the Gears of Change patch, a lot may change, but one thing remains constant: how to farm for gil. Between Duty Roulette, tokens and working the auction house, you'll have more gil than you can spend! While there's no perfect place to farm massive amounts of gil, some old farming methods will still help you quickly gain riches in no time.
Any level 60 player can tell you the tricks of Duty Roulette. Beginning the daily activity pairs you with other players looking to tackle a dungeon with a random group. At its core, Duty Roulette ensures all roles are available for grouping; to make sure this happens, tank and healer classes receive bonus perks for completing this activity.
Once you've finished the dungeon and ended the daily Duty Roulette, you'll get to reap all the rewards. While part of the prize cache is an array of untradeable items, you'll also get a sizable bonus if you're an "In Need" archetype, such as the underplayed tank or healer. Every completed instance for an "In Need" player rewards you with up to 7,000 gil, and players capable of speed-running the level 60 instances can earn upwards of 70,000 gil over just a few hours.
Unfortunately, DPS classes are hardly ever "In Need," so those classes will need to use an alternate gil farming method.
Materia V is some of the highest level Materia you can slot into your equipment. At lower levels, Materia confers bonuses that are negligible at best, but high-level Materia, such as Materia V, are essential if you plan on raiding or taking part in The Feast. Those extra 10 points of strength you'll get from a Materia V gem could easily mean the difference between killing an opponent or being just shy of lethal damage. With The Feast in full swing and a new raid to conquer, the demand for Materia V is higher than ever.
The best place to start farming Materia V is in the land of the Diadem. By completing missions and exploring the area, you'll find Diadem tokens you can exchange for Materia V gems, which you can then sell on the auction house. For just a few hours of work and some savvy auctioning, you'll soon find your wallet filled to the brim with gil.
The Gears of Change patch, like the others before it, offers a bountiful amount of new equipment. While much of these items are untradable, they can be broken down into crafting components via desynthesis. Many of these high-level crafting components will fetch a tidy sum on the auction house, especially from players looking to make new goods for The Feast. You'll naturally find high-level loot when taking part in the game's new quests or when completing some of the new dungeons, such as The Antitower or the hard mode of The Lost City of Amdapor.
The amount of gil you'll get for any particular crafting component will vary, depending on factors such as how saturated the market is and how currently in-demand the items are. However, one item, the Mastercraft Demimateria, will always fetch a higher than average price. In just a few hours of work, it's possible to make upwards of half a million gil.
The previously mentioned new dungeons, The Antitower and the hard mode of The Lost City of Amdapor, are not just ideal for desynthesis purposes but also make great places to farm gil. Once you've mastered the ins and outs of each dungeon, you can quickly blaze through each one and amass a ton of loot. Rather than destroying your loot for crafting purposes, selling it to merchants will net you a tidy little sum of gil. If you're able to routinely complete the new raid, Alexander: Midas, you'll find the gil will roll in that much quicker as the found items are much better.
While you may want to focus on just one of these gil-making methods, it's best to diversify yourself to have multiple revenue streams at one time. By following these tips, you can quickly go from being a broke citizen of Eorzea to being one of its wealthiest.
Choose 1 gathering and 2 crafting professions.
Not only will this allow you to maximize profits, it will also make sure that there will be materials available for each crafting professions, courtesy of the gathering profession.
Leveling them all the way up immediately is a bad idea.
Switch every time you gain five levels in a job. Not only does this allow you to sell off the items you made, it will also keep you from getting bored.
Spend a lot of gil by buying materials.
Some materials can only be acquired from other professions or by item drops from monsters. Spend 10,000 gil to buy materials, as soon as you reach level 25, in crafting items for your trade profession.
Not only are levequests useful for gathering, but also for crafting. Although it doesn't use many materials for making items, it will also allow you to earn some gil and experience. Turn in only normal items though, and not high quality ones. To earn experience and seals, run grand company quests, although they won't earn you gil.
No matter what level you are on, high quality items will always sell. Therefore, strive to make high quality items. This way, you can earn some of your money back, with extras to boot.
Aside from good old crafting and questing, here are other forms of activities that will allow you to earn gil in FFXIV. Leveling is important but you can do nothing in Eorzea without Gil.
The most opportunity for items to use or sell on the market can be found here. The other level are not so profitable although they also provide some rewards. The items are at battlecraft leves.
Pick a battlecraft leve that rewards items.
That item can be something that you can sell later on in the market although it's not something that you can use. Instead of potions or food, pick the level that rewards a piece of gear.
You may or may not come across a treasure chest while doing leves. Find item, potions, and other stuff by opening it. This helps increase your profit in some ways. Even if you are about to finish the level, try to search all areas.
Set max as difficulty level.
Ideally, you will receive a bonus if you finish the level with all objectives completed. Get more gil and experience by trying to kill any bounty targets as well.
In favor of giving you grand company seals, these will offer less rewards. You can bypass these leves as grand company seals are easy to get through other means.
So here are some ways on how you can buff up your bank balance. However, since every server is different, you'll still need to research which one is most feasible, as these are just rough pointers.
By doing the quest "Rising to the Challenge", you will be able to unlock the Challenge Log when you reach level 15. Coming with a lot of monetary reward, the challenge log resets every week and will give you a lot of little challenges. If at level 50, you can complete all the challenges, that is equivalent to 50,000 Gil extra in your bank.
Final Fantasy 14 A Realm Reborn:Blacksmith, a Proper Disciples of Hand for New Face.
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text:
Episodes: 264 (hour)
Seasons: 17
TV show dates: October 19, 2004 — February 22, 2016
Performers include: Bob Harper, Jillian Michaels, Alison Sweeney, Kelly Fields, Mark Kruger, Roger Shultz, J.D. Roth, Hollie Self, Jay Kruger, Kim Lyons, Vicky Vilcan, Caroline Rhea, Dan Evans, Heba Salama, Brittany Aberle, Maggie King, Renee Wilson, Amy Cremen, Bernardo Salazar, Michelle Augilar, Paul Marks, Coleen Skeaback, Phillip Parham, Trent Patterson, Brady Vilcan, Alison Vincent, Jackie Evans, Amy Parham, Shellay Cremen, Jennifer Widder, and Bette Sue Burkland.
A reality show in which overweight contestants slim down and compete to win $250,000.
Competitors are housed on a ranch, split into two teams, and are assigned a fitness trainer. Each week, the team that loses the least amount of weight must vote one of their members out of the competition. In later weeks, contestants compete as individuals. Each episode features a temptation of some kind, a reward challenge, the weigh-in and the elimination vote.
Creator/executive director J.D. Roth has narrated and actresses Caroline Rhea and Alison Sweeney have hosted.
The 16 contestants from this season return for a special reunion and a chance to weigh in one last time and show America how much weight they've lost since beginning their weight-loss journeys. Those who have been eliminated will compete for the $100,000 "at home" prize. Then it's the moment viewers have been waiting for, when one of the three finalists is named this season's "Biggest Loser" and win the coveted grand prize of $250,000.
First aired: February 22, 2016.
What do you think? Do you like The Biggest Loser TV show? Do you think it should have been cancelled or renewed for an 18th season?
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Best show going. I don't miss it.
If i can't be home to watch it, i record it.
The same with the "Losing it with Jillian
Angel422yrs
This show has helped millions of people…If NBC ever cancels this show I will boycot NBC. Too many shows have been canceled that are worth watching. BL is the best reality show. BL gives us a hope and a realization to what needs to be and can be done about this countries obeseity problem.


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Barras es un municipio del estado de Piauí, Brasil. Se encuentra en la microrregión de Alto Parnaíba Piauiense, región media del sudeste de Piaui . La ciudad tiene cerca de 5.999 habitantes (censo de 2007) y 5.391 km ².

Construido en 1889, la ciudad surgió de la granja Buritizinho. En el lugar había una capilla dedicada a Nossa Senhora da Conceicao, quien se convirtió en su mecenas. La ciudad fue elevada al rango de ciudad y pasó a llamarse Bares Marataoan , en alusión al río que recibe a los visitantes en su entrada y se encuentra entre las barras de los ríos y arroyos. Cuando fue elevado a categoría de ciudad, la ciudad pasó a llamarse simplemente bares .

Situado en el Bajo Parnaíba Piauiense micro , meso Piauiense Norte . El municipio cuenta con 44 850 habitantes (2010) y 1776 km ².

Localidades de Piauí

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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La Peña Barcelonista Barcilona, o Penya Barcelonista Barcilona en catalán fue un equipo de fútbol femenino de la ciudad de Barcelona, España.

Fue fundado a principios de los años 80 por varias futbolistas veteranas que discrepaban de la dirección de su club de entonces: la Peña Femenina Barcelonista , antiguo precursor del Club Femení Barcelona que más adelante se integraría en la estructura del actual FC Barcelona femenino.

Copa de la Reina
La Peña Barcilona fue uno de los 8 participantes de la primera edición oficial de la Copa de la Reina, que se disputó en la temporada de 1983, tras quedar campeón en la Federación Catalana. En el partido único de cuartos de final eliminó fácilmente al CD CIDE por 3-0, pero en semifinales cayó en la tanda de penalties contra el futuro campeón Karbo Deportivo tras un agónico 2-2.

El equipo blaugrana volvió a disputar la edición copera de 1984, arrollando en los cuartos de final al CD Garrapinillos a doble partido: 0-9 y 8-0, pero volvió a caer en semifinales, esta vez contra la Ikastola Amassorai, ganando el partido de ida por 2-0, pero perdiendo 5-1 en la vuelta.

1985 supuso la mejor actuación histórica en copa para la Peña Barcilona. Comenzó eliminando en cuartos de final al Atlético Baleares por 4-0 y 0-0. Después venció en semifinales a la Unión Risco por 6-0 y 2-2. Pero en la gran final disputada en el Estadio de Riazor el 23 de junio perdió a penalties contra el entonces tricampeón Karbo Deportivo tras un resultado de 2-2 en la prórroga. Las jugadoras barcelonistas que disputaron esta final fueron J. Perales, R. Roura, O. Oller, F. Pubill, N. Bonsom, R. Oller, J. Saña, C. Nobrega, V. Pubill, J. Pascual, N. Ballofré, M. Puig, E. Sánchez, A. López y L. Barragán, con Jaume Pubill como entrenador. Ese mismo año la Peña Barcilona ganó la Liga Catalana y fueron también finalistas de la Copa Catalana.

En la edición de 1986 la Peña Barcilona superó en cuartos e final al Buñola por 0-0 y 5-0, pero cayó en semifinales contra el Oiartzun KE, perdiendo 2-0 en la ida, y ganando 1-0 en la vuelta.

En la copa de 1987 la Peña Barcilona clasificó en 2º lugar en la liguilla del grupo IV, por lo que no pudo acceder a las semifinales.

No fue hasta la edición de 1991 cuando el conjunto blaugrana volvió a la competición copera. En octavos eliminó al Parque Alcobendas por 0-0 y 2-0. Hizo lo propio en cuartos contra el Oiartzun KE ganando por 3-1 y 3-2. Pero en semifinales cae contra el Club Femení Barcelona.

La última edición de Copa que jugó la Peña Barcilona fue en 1992, donde no pasó de octavos de final al quedar eliminada por el Llers por 0-0 y 3-4.

Competición de Liga
La Peña Barcelonista Barcilona entró en la historia del fútbol femenino español al proclamarse como primer campeón de la liga femenina de fútbol, que se estrenó en la temporada 1988/89. Una primera liga de 9 equipos en la que la Peña Barcilona venció en 10 partidos, empató 4, y solo perdió 2. La primera plantilla campeona de liga estaba formada por:

Porteras: Joana Perales y Elena Calviño.
Defensas: Mercé Calduch, Roser Oller, Nuria Sala, Silvia Roca, Esther Sánchez y Carme Nobrega.
Centrocampistas: Francina Pubill, Nuri Bonsoms, Vicenta Pubill, Dotors Oller y Judith Pascual.
Delanteras: Beatriz Campos, Susana Dura, Anna Lluch, Pili Campos y Ligia Barragán.
Entrenador: Jaume Pubill

Aquel fue el mayor hito histórico del conjunto blaugrana, que casi repitió título en la siguiente edición de 1989/90 que quedaron subcampeonas. Sin embargo, en las posteriores ediciones clasificaría en posiciones más discretas: quintas en la temporada 1990/91, y sextas en la temporada 1991/92.

No hay más reseñas del club más allá de 1992, por lo que cabe suponer que aquel año la Peña Barcelonista Barcilona desapareció.

Referencias

Arquero Alba
 Mundo Deportivo
AREFEpedia

Barcelona