text:
\section{Introduction}
Motile microorganisms swim in a fluid regime where inertia is unimportant and viscous stresses dominate. In this limit the flow field due to a swimmer affects the motility of nearby cells \cite[]{lauga09b}, a fact which is biologically important as  microorganisms such as spermatozoa are often found in high-density suspensions \cite[]{suarez06}. A particular consequence of these fluid-based interactions is the synchronization of the flagella of some spermatozoa observed to occur when these cells are swimming in close proximity \cite[]{woolley09,hayashi98,riedel05}.

G.I. Taylor provided the first quantitative analysis of this phenomenon in his landmark work on the mechanics of swimming microorganisms \cite[]{taylor51}. Using a two-dimensional model of sheets passing sinusoidal waves of transverse displacement, he showed that the energy dissipated by the fluid due to such motions, for two swimmers a fixed distance apart, is minimized if they are in-phase \cite[]{taylor51}. Subsequent computational studies \cite[]{yang08,fauci90,fauci95} have shown that such synchronization can occur due to fluid forces alone.

In recent theoretical analysis it was demonstrated that two infinite sheets passing waves of a prescribed shape, will not synchronize in a Newtonian fluid if the shape of the waveforms $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$ satisfy $\eta_2(x)=-\eta_1(-x+\theta)$ (where $\theta$ is a fixed phase shift and $x$ is the direction along the sheets) because of the kinematic reversibility of the Stokes equations \cite[]{elfring09,elfring10b}. The sinusoidal waveforms of Taylor's swimming sheet clearly fall into this category, and will thus not dynamically synchronize in a Newtonian fluid. It has been observed that excess symmetry similarly curbs synchronization in other models \cite[]{kim04,pooley07,putz09, uchida11, golestanian11}. For a sinusoidal sheet, a geometric perturbation must therefore  be added (for example in the form of a higher order mode) to break the necessary front/back symmetry, and  give rise to a time-evolution of phase toward the synchronized state \cite[]{elfring09,elfring10b}. Alternatively, instead of a geometric symmetry breaking, it has also been shown that synchronization can occur if the kinematic reversibility of the field equations is removed, as is the case for  a viscoelastic fluid \cite[]{elfring10}. In such a scenario the phase always evolves to a stable in-phase conformation where the energy dissipated by the swimmers is minimized.

In this paper we inquire about a physical mechanism responsible for symmetry-breaking in real biological cells. Instead of delineating a fixed waveform for the swimming sheets, we take the more realistic modeling approach of passing internal waves of bending as produced by a flagellum's internal structure (or axoneme) \cite[]{riedel07}. In the case of a single sheet, similar models  have been employed to study swimming \cite[]{argentina07,balmforth10} and peeling \cite[]{hosoi04}. We use this model to show that elastic deformation due to fluid body interactions, with purely sinusoidal forcing, always leads to in-phase synchronization.

Flexibility has long been considered as an avenue for symmetry breaking in Stokes flow. Purcell, in his celebrated talk and paper \cite[]{purcell77}, asserted that while a stiff oar undergoing reciprocal motion would produce no net motion, due to the scallop theorem, a flexible oar would escape this conundrum because of a broken symmetry between forward and reverse strokes. This was first investigated analytically by Machin \cite[]{machin58} while more recently a number of theoretical and experimental studies have further elucidated the effect of flexibility quantitively, both for boundary-driven \cite[]{wiggins98,yu06,lauga07} and internally-driven filaments  \cite[]{camalet99,camalet00,dreyfus05}.

Recently, the analysis of a pair rotating helices as model for bacterial flagella has shown flexibility to be a crucial ingredient for synchronization \cite[]{reichert05}, as was similarly shown for a minimal model of interacting cilia \cite[]{niedermayer08}. Additionally flexibility has been found to be requisite for the synchronization of paddles that would otherwise be too symmetric to yield stable fixed points \cite[]{qian09}. In these models and experiments, the bodies are rigid, but permitted to deviate from their trajectories, in an elastic manner in response to fluid forces. In contrast, here we allow the bodies themselves to deform due to fluid stresses induced by the other swimmer.

Our approach is organized as follows. For a pair of two-dimensional sheets in the lubrication limit, we derive a system of nonlinear equations governing both the fluid stresses and the resulting swimmer shapes. We linearize these equations to produce analytical solutions, and then solve the nonlinear equations numerically. We show that flexible sheets with symmetric sinusoidal forcing will deform when interacting with each other via a thin fluid layer in such a way as to break geometrical symmetry, and to evolve to an in-phase conformation where energy dissipation is minimized. Further, this evolution of phase is shown to be functionally equivalent to that found for prescribed waveforms in viscoelastic fluids \cite[]{elfring10}, illuminating the role of elasticity in symmetry-breaking and synchronization.

\section{Model system}
We consider the dynamics of two infinite two-dimensional elastic sheets which are separated by a fluid layer of mean distance $\bar{h}$ (see figure \ref{system}). The sheets deform due to a balance between an active moment $m$, passive bending (elastic) resistance, and fluid stresses. The positions of the sheets are given by $y_1=\eta_1(x,t)$ for the bottom sheet and $y_2=\bar{h}+\eta_2(x,t)$ for the top sheet. We look to solve this problem in the limit that the fluid layer is thin compared to the wavelength of the sheets, $k\bar{h}\ll 1$, to make use of Reynolds' lubrication approximation for the fluid field equations \cite[]{reynolds86}.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{figure1.eps}}
\caption{System of two infinite two-dimensional sheets, of shape described by the functions $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$, which  are separated by a fluid layer of thickness $h$ (mean value, $\bar{h}$), have a relative phase $\phi$,  and may move relative to each other with a velocity $U_\Delta$. An infinitesimal material element on the top sheet is subject to fluid pressure $p$, normal force $N$, tension $T$ and moment $M$. Inset: schematic representation of in-phase and opposite-phase configurations. }
\label{system}
\end{figure}

An infinitesimal element along one sheet is subject to tension, $T$, normal force, $N$ and moment, $M$ (shown in figure \ref{system}). Since the fluid layer is thin and lubrication forces are singular with the gap thickness, forces from the outer flow are safely ignored \cite[]{balmforth10}. To capture the active bending of the sheet we use a model for the flagella of eukaryotes  introduced by J\"ulicher and co-workers \cite[]{camalet00,riedel07} where the bending of an elastic filament (flagellum) is caused by the constrained sliding of microtubule doublets; the effect of the internal forces which induce sliding are here represented by an active moment density $m$. Given that we are in an over-damped limit we take the equilibrium shapes to arise instantaneously \cite[]{hosoi04}. Assuming reasonably small deflections such that the swimmers are linearly elastic \citep[]{landau86}, force ($\mathbf{F}$) and moment (M) balance on the top sheet yield respectively
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial \mathbf{F}}{\partial x}=-\mathbf{n}\cdot\boldsymbol{\sigma},\quad\quad \frac{\partial M}{\partial x}=-N+m,
\label{balances}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathbf{n}$ is the unit normal and $\boldsymbol{\sigma}$ is the fluid stress tensor. The relation between the moment and the sheet curvature is given by the constitutive relation $M=B\partial^2 \eta /\partial x^2$, where $B$ is the sheet bending stiffness. Combining with \eqref{balances} we obtain the equations governing the shape of the sheets
\begin{eqnarray}
B\frac{\partial^4 \eta}{\partial x^4}=\frac{\partial m}{\partial x}\mp \mathbf{n}\cdot\boldsymbol{\sigma}\cdot\mathbf{n},
\label{beam1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mp$ are for the top and bottom sheets respectively. If resistive force theory is used for the fluid forces then we obtain the governing equation used by \cite{riedel07} for a single filament.

The internal forcing on the sheets is assumed to take the form $m(x,t)=A g(kx-kct)$ where $k$ is the wavenumber, $c$ is the wave speed, $A$ is the amplitude of the moment and $g$ is an arbitrary but $2\pi$-periodic function. Because the forcing is periodic, we will assume the  shape $\eta$ to also  be periodic. We nondimensionalize vertical distances by $y^*=y/\bar{h}$ and horizontal distances $x^*=kx$ ($^*$ indicates a dimensionless quantity). Nondimensionalizing the continuity equation we find that if the horizontal velocity is given by $u=cu^*$ then the vertical velocity must be $v=\epsilon c v^*$ where $\epsilon=k\bar{h}$. The Stokes equations then yield the lubrication equations to leading order in $\epsilon$
\begin{gather}
\frac{\partial p^*}{\partial x^*}=\frac{\partial^2 u^*}{\partial y^{*2}}, \quad\quad \frac{\partial p^*}{\partial y^*}=0,\\
\frac{\partial u^*}{\partial x^*}+\frac{\partial v^*}{\partial y^*}=0.
\label{lubrication}
\end{gather}
where $p^*=\epsilon^2p/ \mu\omega$. Forces (per unit depth) are nondimensionalized as $f^*= f\epsilon/\mu c$, while energy dissipation rate per unit depth is $\dot{E}^*=\epsilon^2\dot{E}/\mu\omega c\bar{h}$.

In the lubrication limit, $\epsilon \ll 1$, the normal force due to the fluid on the beam is to leading order merely the pressure, $-\mathbf{n}\cdot\boldsymbol{\sigma}\cdot\mathbf{n}=p$. Since the field equations for the fluid yield the pressure gradient, we differentiate \eqref{beam1}, and recasting the equation in dimensionless form we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
B^*\frac{\partial^5\eta^*}{\partial x^{*5}}=A^*\frac{\partial^2 g}{\partial x^{*2}}\pm\frac{dp^*}{dx^*},
\label{beam2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $B^*=B\epsilon^3k^3/\mu\omega$ is the dimensionless bending stiffness and $A^*=A\epsilon^2k^2/\mu\omega$ is the dimensionless amplitude of the active bending moment. This equation allows us to solve for the shape of the sheets, $\eta_{1,2}$, and is coupled to the fluid field equations through the pressure gradient. We now drop the $^*$ for convenience.

\section{Analysis}
Given the form of the forcing we expect post-transient solutions which are functions of a wave variable $z=x-t$ and thus we write $\eta=\eta(z)$. The top sheet may move relative to the bottom sheet with a horizontal velocity $u=U_\Delta$, hence the boundary conditions for the fluid equations \eqref{lubrication}, in a frame moving with waveform are given by $u(x,y_1)=-1$, $v(x,y_1)=-\eta_1'$, $u(x,y_2)=U_\Delta-1$ and $v(x,y_2)=-\eta_2'$. Given the above boundary conditions the solution for the velocity field is found to be
\begin{eqnarray}
u(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}\frac{dp}{dx}(y-y_1)(y-y_2)+U_\Delta\frac{y-y_1}{y_2-y_1}-1.
\label{u}
\end{eqnarray}
If one integrates the continuity equation one finds
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\int_{y_1}^{y_2}udy=U_\Delta\frac{d\eta_2}{dx}\cdot
\label{flowrate}
\end{eqnarray}
If $U_\Delta=0$ then the flow rate between the sheets is constant. Integrating \eqref{flowrate} and exploiting the periodicity of the pressure  \cite[]{elfring09}, we obtain the equation for the pressure gradient
\begin{align}
\frac{dp}{dx}=\frac{6U_\Delta-12}{h^2}-\frac{12U_\Delta y_2}{h^3}-\frac{(6U_\Delta-12)I_2-12U_\Delta J_3}{I_3h^3},
\label{pressure}
\end{align}
where the distance between the two sheets is given $h=1+\eta_2-\eta_1$ and $I_j=\int_{0}^{2\pi}h^{-j}dx$ and $J_3=\int_{0}^{2\pi}y_2 h^{-3}dx$. Then the force on the top sheet is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
f_x=\int_{0}^{2\pi}\left.\left(y_2\frac{dp}{dx}-\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)\right|_{y=y_2}dx
=\int_0^{2\pi} \left(\frac{1}{2}\frac{dp}{dx}(\eta_2+\eta_1)-\frac{U_\Delta}{1+\eta_2-\eta_1}\right)dx
\label{force}.
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{Linear regime: Statics}
We first look at the case where we enforce $U_\Delta=0$ (i.e. we fix the top sheet with respect to the bottom sheet) in order to determine under which condition  a nonzero synchronization force will arise.

If we assume the dimensionless amplitude of the forcing $A$ to be  small, and the dimensionless  bending stiffness $B$ to be large, then the shape amplitude (or maximum value of the shape) $\| \eta \|_\infty$ is expected to also be small. Linearizing the pressure gradient for small $\eta$, with $U_\Delta=0$ gives
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dp}{dx}\approx -12(\eta_2-\eta_1),
\label{linpressure}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have invoked an integrated conservation of mass,  $\left< \eta_2-\eta_1 \right>=0$  (angle brackets $\left< \right>$, denote the average over a period). Our goal is now to determine whether two sheets which are equally and symmetrically forced but with a phase shift $\phi$ will synchronize in time. With this in mind we let $g_2=g_1(z+\phi)$ with $g_1(z)=\cos(z)$, and we set equal for both sheets the bending stiffness $B$ and the forcing amplitude $A$. The linearized governing equations are then given by
\begin{subeqnarray}
B\frac{d^5 \eta_1}{d z^5}-12(\eta_2-\eta_1)&=& -A\cos(z),\\
B\frac{d^5 \eta_2}{d z^5}+12(\eta_2-\eta_1) &=& -A\cos(z+\phi).
\label{linear}
\end{subeqnarray}
To solve these equations we apply periodic boundary conditions.
The solution of this system of equations with the linearized pressure gradient \eqref{linpressure}, can be found analytically to be
\begin{subeqnarray}
\eta_1(z)&=&A\frac{12B \big[\cos(z+\phi)-\cos z\big]
-\big[\left(288+B^2\right) \sin z+288 \sin(z+\phi)\big]}{B \left(576+B^2\right)}+C,\quad\\
\eta_2(z)&=&A\frac{12B \left[\cos z-\cos(z+\phi)\right]
-\left[288 \sin z+\left(288+B^2\right) \sin (z+\phi)\right]}{B \left(576+B^2\right)}+C.
\label{eq:shapes}
\end{subeqnarray}
Note that nothing prevents the solution from including a uniform shift $C(A,B)$; however, the relevant physics of the problem are invariant under such a shift hence and hence the value of  $C$ is irrelevant (equivalently, we place our $z$-axis at $\left< \eta_1 \right>=0$).

Both shapes in \eqref{eq:shapes} are delineated by the competition between bending rigidity, the pressure gradient in the fluid, and the internal forcing (with $\phi$ dependence). In this linear limit we note that the sheets are linear in the forcing amplitude $A$, and when $A=0$ then as expected they become straight, {\it i.e.}~$\eta=0$. In the limit where rigidity dominates, $B\rightarrow \infty$, then the sheets also tend to become straight,  $\eta\rightarrow 0$. If the rigidity and forcing amplitude are both very large ($A,B\gg 1$) then we can scale out the contribution from the fluid forces in \eqref{linear} and we are left with $\eta_1\approx -(A/B)\sin z$ and $\eta_2\approx -(A/B)\sin (z+\phi)$ as might be expected. Note finally that the solutions in \eqref{eq:shapes} are only valid when $B\gg A$ as otherwise unphysical solutions may arise with the sheets overlapping; this is  prevented when the full nonlinear form of the pressure gradient is kept, as it diverges when $h\rightarrow 0$.

Solutions to \eqref{eq:shapes} for $A=1$, $B=10$, and three values of the phase difference ($\phi=\pi/4, \pi/2, 3\pi/4 $) are plotted in figure \ref{shapes} (left). We observe that the shapes are sinusoidal and hence individually remain symmetric both about the vertical axis and the horizontal axis. The global asymmetry that arises however is that the amplitudes of the two waveforms are not equally modulated by the fluid pressure, as shown in figure \ref{shapes}  (right). We see indeed that the top sheet has smaller amplitude for positive $\phi$ (and by symmetry, this is reversed upon changing $\phi\rightarrow-\phi$).

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{figure2.eps}}
\caption{Left: Solution shapes, \eqref{eq:shapes}, for various phase differences $\phi=\pi/4$ (solid lines), $\pi/2$ (dashed lines), and $3\pi/4$ (dash-dot lines), with $A=1$ and $B=10$. We observe that the amplitude is not evenly affected by the pressure (the plot is shown here with $\bar{h}=0.2$ rather than $\bar{h}=1$ for display purposes only). Right: Shape amplitude, $\| \eta \|_\infty$, vs.~phase difference, $\phi$ (bottom sheet: solid line;  top sheet:  dashed line). Lines are reversed upon the change $\phi\rightarrow-\phi$.}
\label{shapes}
\end{figure}

The phase locking force on the top sheet is, at leading order, given by
\begin{eqnarray}
f_x=-6\int_{0}^{2\pi}(\eta_2-\eta_1)(\eta_2+\eta_1)dx
=2\pi\alpha\sin\phi.
\label{linforce}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha=144 A^2/(576 B+B^3)$. Equation \eqref{linforce} is the main result of our paper.
The phase locking force is proportional to the sine of the phase, meaning that the only stable fixed point is expected to occur at $\phi=0$, and hence all initial conformations will evolve to the stable in-phase conformation. We thus see that the elasticity of the swimmers, and thus fluid-structure interactions, can introduce the geometrical symmetry-breaking necessary to develop a nonzero phase locking force. The force is found to be quadratic in amplitude, reminiscent of viscoelastic symmetry-breaking \cite[]{elfring10}; by comparison, the phase-locking force arises at fourth order in amplitude for prescribed asymmetric waveforms in a Newtonian fluid. The reason for the difference is that with elastic deformation, the sheets are ultimately not the same shape, despite having identical mechanical properties, and hence $\left<\eta_1^2\right>\ne\left<\eta_2^2\right>$; for prescribed waveforms this is different as the same waveform is prescribed for both sheets, and the quadratic term of the force vanishes.

The energy dissipated by the fluid between the two swimming cells to leading order is
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{E}=12\int_{0}^{2\pi}\left(\eta_2-\eta_1\right)^2dx
=\frac{24\pi A^2}{576+B^2}(1-\cos\phi).
\end{eqnarray}
We see that the energy dissipation is a global minimum when $\phi=0$ and global maximum when $\phi=\pi$. It follows then that the cells will always evolve to a state of minimum energy dissipation. We observe that the form of the energy dissipation is precisely the same as that for  fixed shapes (and taking the fixed wave amplitude $A_{fixed}^2=A^2/(576+B^2)$ they are equal) \cite[]{elfring10b}. It is important to note that waveforms with a prescribed broken symmetry may evolve to either the in-phase or opposite-phase conformation \cite[]{elfring09}; in contrast, the natural symmetry-breaking due to elasticity of the bodies, or in the fluid, leads to a conformation of minimum energy dissipation.

\subsection{Linear regime: Dynamics}
When the sheets are permitted to evolve in time in force-free swimming, the relative velocity $U_\Delta$ will thus be nonzero. In order to determine the leading order component of the pressure field we must first find out how the relative velocity scales with the sheet amplitudes. Given that the net force on the sheets in the dynamic case must now be zero, we obtain at leading order the relative speed as given by
\begin{eqnarray}
U_\Delta=-\frac{3}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}(\eta_2-\eta_1)(\eta_2+\eta_1)dx.
\label{linvelocity}
\end{eqnarray}
We see that the velocity is quadratic in amplitude and indeed is proportional to the static force $U_\Delta=f^s_x/2\pi$ (we use here the superscript \textit{s} to indicate the static force given by \eqref{linforce} to avoid confusion). With this we thus know that at leading order the pressure field (for a given $\phi$) is invariant between the static and dynamic case, and since the beam equation couples via the pressure field, our instantaneous shapes are found to be the same.
The only difference is that now the phase difference changes in time (geometrically) due to the presence of a nonzero relative velocity, according to ${\rm d} \phi/ {\rm d} t=-U_\Delta$. Using \eqref{linvelocity}, we find the rate of change of the phase at leading order to be given by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{diff}
\frac{d\phi}{dt}=-\alpha\sin\phi.
\label{phasede}
\end{eqnarray}
Equation \eqref{diff} can be integrated analytically, leading to a time-evolution of the phase given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi(t)=2\tan^{-1}\left[\tan\left(\frac{\phi_0}{2}\right)e^{-\alpha t}\right].
\label{phasetime}
\end{eqnarray}
All initial conformations, $\phi_0$, decay in time to the stable in-phase conformation, $\phi=0$. Notably,  the time-evolution of the phase for a sinusoidally forced elastic sheet we obtain here is mathematically similar to that for a fixed sinusoidal waveform in a viscoelastic fluid \cite[]{elfring10} and for rigid bodies with flexible trajectories \cite[]{niedermayer08}, emphasizing therefore the crucial role of elasticity in synchronization.

Finally, if we allow a small difference in the wavespeeds of the sheets, $\Delta\omega$, then to leading order we have the same evolution of phase, \eqref{phasede} and \eqref{phasetime}, but now the rate of change of phase is defined as $\dot{\phi}=-U_\Delta-\Delta\omega$ and hence we see a synchronization of shape but not of material points.
\subsection{Nonlinear Case}
\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=.75\textwidth]{figure3.eps}}
\caption{Top: solution shapes, $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$, for bending stiffness $B=10$, phase difference $\phi=3\pi/4$, and amplitudes $A=\{1,5,10\}$ (left: $U_\Delta=0$;  right $f_x=0$);  linearized pressure approximation: solid lines;  full pressure gradient: dashed  lines. Bottom left:  phase locking force, $f_x/A^2$, vs.~phase difference, $\phi$, when $U_\Delta=0$;  bottom right:  relative velocity, $U_\Delta/A^2$, vs.~$\phi$, when $f_x=0$. Both plots are for numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations with $B=10$ and $A=1$ (circles), 5 (squares), and 10 (diamonds);  linearized solutions are shown as solid lines. Away from the linear  regime, the rate of change of the phase is affected while the forces are not.}
\label{shapeslarge}
\end{figure}

To move beyond the linear regime, we now solve the nonlinear equations for the shapes $\eqref{beam2}$ numerically, together with  \eqref{pressure}, using Matlab's  boundary value problem solver \texttt{bvp4c}, both for the static case, $U_\Delta=0$, and the force free case, $f_x=0$ using \eqref{force}.

We find the linearized pressure gradient to be a capable approximation, particularly when the bending is of the same order as the pressure $B\sim1$ and the phase difference is small; however, when $A,B\gg1$ the linearized pressure may lead to unphysical solutions particularly if the sheets are near opposite-phase as the divergent nature of the full form of the pressure gradient is required to deform the sheets from contact.

In figure \ref{shapeslarge} we illustrate  the breakdown of the linear regime. We plot the static shapes ($U_\Delta=0$, top left), and dynamic shapes ($f_x=0$,  top right), both with a phase difference of $\phi=3\pi/4$, bending stiffness $B=10$, and with forcing amplitudes $A=\{1,5,10\}$. We see that for increasing amplitude the shapes predicted by linearized equations (solid) and nonlinear equations (dashed) begin to diverge. In particular the nonlinear equations lead to a pronounced left-right asymmetry in the individual shape.
In the lower left plot of figure \ref{shapeslarge} we display the phase locking force vs.~phase, while in the lower right plot we show the relative velocity vs.~phase, both with $B=10$ and $A=\{1,5,10\}$ (circles, squares and diamonds respectively) for the numerical solutions to the nonlinear equations; the analytical solutions for the linear equations are shown solid. The synchronizing hydrodynamic force, $f_x$, found by either method remains remarkably consistent even for very large forcing amplitude, $A$. In contrast, the rate of change of the phase decreases markedly from the linear approximation for large amplitude waves. Because the force is virtually unaffected we know therefore that the resistance to motion is dramatically increased by the change in shape.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{figure4.eps}}
\caption{Time-evolution of the phase difference, $\phi$,  in the  nonlinear  problem for $B=10$ starting from an initial angle of $\phi/\pi=.99$ and with forcing amplitude $A=1$ (circles), 5 (squares) and 10 (diamonds); the linear estimate is shown solid. As the forcing amplitude increases, the linear solution increasingly underestimates the time scale to synchronize.}
\label{dynamics}
\end{figure}

In figure \ref{dynamics} we integrate the instantaneous relative velocity to obtain the evolution of the phase in time. We show solution to both the linear equations (solid) and nonlinear equations (dashed) for $B=10$ and $A=\{1,5,10\}$ starting from an initial phase difference of just less than $\pi$. We see that, as the forcing amplitude increases, the nonlinear equations yield an increasingly slower evolution to a synchronized conformation than that predicted by the linear regime; however, the general behavior remains qualitatively unchanged.

\section{Conclusion}

In this paper we inquired about a physical mechanism responsible for symmetry-breaking and synchronization in the flagella of biological cells such as spermatozoa. In a Newtonian fluid, two swimming sheets passing waveforms of a prescribed sinusoidal shape will not synchronize due to an excess of symmetry; however, here we have demonstrated that identical flexible sheets with symmetric sinusoidal forcing will deform, when interacting with each other via a thin fluid layer, in such a way as to systematically break the overall geometrical symmetry. This system will always evolve to an in-phase conformation where energy dissipation is minimized, in contrast to a prescribed asymmetry, which may maximize energy dissipation. In addition, this time-evolution of the relative phase is shown to be equivalent to that obtained for prescribed waveforms in viscoelastic fluids \cite[]{elfring10}, emphasizing the crucial role of elasticity in symmetry-breaking and synchronization --  be it that of the fluid, or the swimmers themselves.

\begin{acknowledgments}
Funding by the NSF (CBET-0746285) and NSERC (PGS D3-374202) is gratefully acknowledged.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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Happy Birthday Regina King: E! News Rewind
Regina King is a workhorse.
There's no more delicate way to describe the sort of person who can sustain a career like hers, one that's not just still surviving some 30 years after it began, but truly thriving. The four-time Emmy winner has spent the last few years raising the game on television in prestige dramas like Southland, American Crime, The Leftovers, and Watchmen and snatched her first Golden Globe and Oscar wins for her work on the big screen in Barry Jenkins' If Beale Street Could Talk. Plus, there's her work behind the camera in One Night in Miami… that earned her a Golden Globe and Directors Guild Award nominations.
Amid all the accolades that have been thrown the actress' way these last few years—and rightfully so, mind you—it's easy to overlook how things could have gone quite differently for King if it weren't for her tenacious commitment to honesty, her unwillingness to settle for the sure thing and her unwavering need to keep the private things private.
Born in 1971 and raised in Los Angeles, King's parents divorced when she was just eight and with her father Thomas, who had two older daughter from a previous marriage, largely out of the picture, it fell to mother Gloria, a special education teacher, to raise her and younger sister Reina on her own. "My parents' conduct during and after their divorce—from the constant fighting to their eventual estrangement— was very disappointing and hurtful to me. I was more disappointed and even more hurt when my father seemed to just drift out of our lives," the actress wrote in an essay for the 2017 book He Never Came Home: Interviews, Stories and Essays from Daughters on Life Without Their Fathers. "I only realized much later that the divorce really had little to do with that. It had more to do with who he was as a man."
While dad was drifting further and further away, mom was encouraging her daughters to follow their dreams, enrolling them in acting classes. "My sister and I were definitely allowed to dream big. My mother put no restrictions on that," King told USA Today in December 2018 before relating her own mom to her character in Beale Street. "As far as that comforting feeling that Sharon gives, my mom definitely had that."
By 1985, she'd gotten her big break, playing the role of Brenda Jenkins in the hit NBC series 227, handpicked by star Marla Gibbs to play her daughter. That same year, her sister landed a gig of her own on the syndicated sitcom What's Happening Now!!, a sequel to ABC's What's Happening!!
"It was an exciting time for us, but our dad wasn't around very much. I can count on one hand the number of times he came to any of our tapings," King wrote. "That was definitely upsetting, but I never spoke up about it. I guess I just hoped things would somehow get better."
Just barely a teenager and with her father becoming less of a presence in her life, King turned to a co-star for the sort of guidance a girl might look to find in her dad. "I credit my former co-star Hal Williams with being a wonderful influence. He played my father on 227, which aired for [five] seasons, and also became a father figure for me when the cameras stopped rolling," she explained. "He'd let me sit up under him and talk about teenage stuff and just be, which was something I no longer did with my dad. Hal is a warm, loving person and I really appreciate him for being there for me."
While she was busy learning from Gibbs—"She taught me how to be a professional. And I witnessed firsthand why it was so important to do so," she wrote in an Instagram tribute to her TV mama last June—and leaning on Williams, King was rocked by news out of her father's new life. "Around that time, I also had to deal with the fact that my dad married a woman who was barely five years older than me," she wrote in He Never Came Home. "At 17, that was a lot for me to process because, more than anything, I just wanted to be closer to him."
In 1990, 227 aired its last episode and King, encouraged by a mother who always insisted she stay in school even while becoming a star—"NBC wanted to put me in one of those schools, with kids from (the network). She didn't want to do that. She kept me in public schools," she told The Chicago Tribune in 2015—enrolled at University of Southern California while she figured out what she'd do next. While finding herself, she was out of work for a little over a year and it was in that time that something crystallized for King.
"It was very frustrating…and maybe that's what helped me decide that I really did want to be an actor as a career choice because of that year of not acting and not knowing what I wanted to do at all," she said. And then came her first feature role in John Singleton's 1991 classic Boyz 'N the Hood. "And after I did that, it became clear as day that this is my career choice…I can ACT like a dentist," she admitted.
From 1991 to 1995, she would star in a total of three Singleton films, which in turn led to work in the '95 hit comedy Friday and the '96 Martin Lawrence film A Thin Line Between Love and Hate. But for King, the half-decade of work began to stick out for its overwhelming sameness. "I saw that I was being stereotyped," she told Vulture in 2015. "I saw that a lot of us were being stereotyped. I didn't want to be part of that—that's not the narrative I was creating for myself."
Around that time, she'd begun dating Ian Alexander and, by 1995, was pregnant with their son, Ian Alexander Jr., born Jan. 19, 1996. And it was her pregnancy that prompted her to seek a shift in her career, going so far as to decline certain auditions. "I started saying no to things if the stories were too narrow, the kind that only depicted women as the kind of woman I was in Boyz 'N the Hood," she told the outlet. "It was a great role for me—I needed to do that to show the difference between what I did in 227—but after that, that was enough."
And then along came Jerry Maguire.
While pregnant with Ian Jr., she began a lengthy audition process for her role in Cameron Crowe's classic 1996 film, playing Cuba Gooding Jr.'s tough and intelligent wife Marcee, starting the process when Robin Williams was attached to the Tom Cruise role and Connie Britton the Renee Zellweger one. "I saw that this was the time to be looked at as a woman, not as this girl," she said. "Some people in our business want to play young as long as you can. I just wasn't interested in being a 30-year-old playing a teenager." Around this time, she also decided to change her agent and manager. "They got me, and understood that [I'm] an actor, not a celebrity. When someone understands that, they generate things that are interesting for you," she explained.
Amy Graves/WireImage
While her career was entering its third phase, she was dealing with a new wrinkle in her relationship with her dad, who'd told her and her sisters years earlier that he'd been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. "By the time the disease really began to take over his mind and body, he was living in Panola County, Texas, with his fourth wife. I was pregnant when my husband and I went to visit him, and I was devastated by what I saw. The house was so unkempt and seeing my dad living in those conditions made me even more emotional than I already was," she wrote in He Never Came Home. "My husband didn't want me to be in that environment, nor did he like seeing me so upset, so he made up an excuse for us to cut the trip short. I couldn't get that whole scene out of my head, though, and once I learned that my dad's son-in-law had stolen a lot of his money, I knew something had to change. That's when Pat [her older half-sister] and I started planning to bring him back home to Los Angeles."
Taking care of the financials while Pat took care of their father, physically, King was struggling. "It wasn't easy for any of us; again, my emotions were all over the place," she wrote. When she married Ian Sr. in 1997, it was her grandfather who walked her down the aisle. "I regretted that he wasn't able to share in the special moments like my wedding…or the birth of my son or any of my professional achievements," she explained.
Her career was continuing apace, with roles in films like How Stella Got her Groove Back, Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde, A Cinderella Story, Ray, and Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous continuing to earn her acclaim, despite the fact that they kept her relegated to the role of sidekick or wife. But two years after that last release, her personal life, which she'd always kept all the way private, began to unravel when she and Ian Sr. divorced in 2007.
"Just as I'd watched my parents arguing and fighting, my son watched his parents arguing and fighting. It was like history repeating itself, and I felt terrible about him having to witness that," she wrote in He Never Came Home. "It was such a stressful time in my life, and although I was thankful to have my mother by my side, I also wished that I could have been able to pick up the phone and talk to my dad. He was just too ill by then, though."
Now a single mom working on co-parenting after a divorce admittedly filled with "messiness"—messiness she and Ian Sr. have since overcome as they put in "the work it took to find our way back to a friendship" for Ian Jr.'s sake, as she explained in the revealing essay—she had a choice to make: follow her ever-expanding film career outside of Los Angeles for months at a time or switch it up. "I did not want to homeschool my son. I didn't want to have to leave him at home and miss out on all those little milestones and triumphs that happen in a growing child's life," she told SheKnows.com in 2018. "So I made the decision to not take any jobs that we're going to be shooting outside of LA, and that's how my TV career started."
Stephen Shugerman/Getty Images)
After a stint on 24 in 2007, in a role specifically written for her, she landed a starring role in the NBC-turned-TBS cop drama Southland, which debuted in 2009. And from there, a career renaissance began, with award-winning roles in American Crime, The Leftovers, and Seven Seconds coming one after the other. But as with all things, tragedy was lurking, too, and the same year that Southland premiered, King lost her father.
"He was eighty years old when he lost his battle with Parkinson's and I think about him often, especially when I hear a Michael Jackson song," she wrote in He Never Came Home. "They died during the same summer, in 2009, just months apart."
Sometime shortly after her divorce, she began dating again, this time with fellow former child actor, The Cosby Show star Malcom-Jamal Warner. And again, she made it a point to keep her private life under wraps. "I have to keep something for me and that has to be my personal relationships," she told The Daily Beast in 2012. "Neither one of us is out there talking about it and we won't be. It's important to keep what we have between us. I respect others who do it differently, but that's just not for me."
By 2013, though, the relationship was over, with a source telling Us Weekly that Warner ended things abruptly and asked King and Ian Jr. to move out of the house the couple shared. However, the actress took issue with the severity of that report, tweeting, "Hey everybody PLEASE don't believe everything you read. Me & [Warner] are good. Life Happens. Forward motion. Godspeed."
Since the split with Warner, King has stayed single, focusing on her craft and becoming a vocal advocate in the push for diversity in Hollywood. And finally, the awards began pouring in. Her first Emmy win, for work in the first season of ABC's anthology series American Crime, came in 2015, with another following suit a year later. At the same time, she began developing a serious passion for directing. Since helming a 2013 episode of Southland, she's gone on to direct episodes of Scandal, This Is Us, Shameless, The Good Doctor and Insecure.
"My career right now is not a transition [away from acting], it's a hyphenate. In a lot of regards, it's just beginning," she told Vulture in 2015. "You guys haven't had a chance to see what I can do yet."
And that included her next major role, a reunion with The Leftovers auteur Damon Lindelof for his ambitious adaptation of the cult comic book series Watchmen, which debuted on HBO in late 2019 to great acclaim. "I'm like, 'I wait until I'm darn near 50 to be a superhero,'" King told USA Today with a laugh. "Thank goodness my body is still fluid, and I can run and jump and do some cool stuff." Her work as Angela Abar in series earned King her fourth Emmy.
After Watchmen, King took her directing career to the next level, stepping behind the camera to direct One Night in Miami…, an adaptation of Kemp Powers' stage play imagining a meeting between Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, Jim Brown and Sonny Liston. The Amazon project was just scenes away from completing filming with the coronavirus pandemic shut down the industry a year ago. As she waited to return to production, the United States found itself in an overdue racial reckoning, which had King itching to return to set even more.
Rich Fury/Getty Images
"That kind of lit a fire under it," she told The Guardian in January. "We always felt like this film would be timely, but we couldn't have predicted the powder-keg moment that was going to be coming. And so I was watching and just like: 'Oh, my God, we have got to finish this film and it needs to come out now.'"
The film clearly resonated, earning three Golden Globe nominations in total, as well as two Screen Actors Guild nods.
One gets the sense that, King, turning 51 Jan. 15, is truly only just getting started. As she told Old Guard director Gina Prince-Blythewood in conversation for The Hollywood Reporter earlier this month, "Something I find often with Black women is that you give us a little window, we're going to kick it all the way open and take that moment. And sometimes it can be perceived as taking all the air out of the room or, 'Wow, she is so big, she's so [loud].' But it's also the very thing that makes us unique; it's the history of what the Black woman has had to endure that has become part of our DNA. So when you see that window just crack open, you push through."
Speaking with Variety in 2018, King said of her Hollywood coronation, "It's interesting because if you would have asked me this question a while ago, I probably would have done something to deflect and not own up to the fact that I've worked really hard, and that I can say that I do deserve to be here without feeling like I'm being an ass. I say that with all the gratitude that the universe has. I say that with all of that in my heart. I think that's what happens a lot of times with women, we deny ourselves the opportunity to receive our flowers because we want to be humble, we want to not seem like we're unappreciative of the moment. But you can appreciate the moment and recognize that you worked hard to get there."
As she told AOL in December 2018, the way she sees it, this latest resurgence is happening at just the right time. "I've been acting for thirty-plus years and the reality is—and I hope everyone feels like this about who's lucky enough to have their career be something that they love—that you're growing," she said. "I feel like I'm growing as an actor as these roles are coming. They're coming at the time that I'm prepared for them; the universe has prepared me for them, so I'm just riding it. I'm listening to the universe, and I'm riding love all the way."
(Originally published Jan. 3, 2019, at 9:47 a.m. PST.)
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Mariah the Scientist emerged into the music scene with her debut studio album in 2019 titled "Master." The singer, who is signed to Tory Lanez's One Umbrella record label, is most notable for her singles, "Not A Love Song," "2 You," "All for Me," and "Always n Forever" featuring Lil Baby.
Recently, the Atlanta native sparked dating rumors with Young Thug after the SLAAT rapper cashed out on a new Porsche Taycan for the singer. The two were also spotted together at the Atlanta Falcons vs New England Patriots game.
The two really sent social media in a frenzy when footage of the two tying the knot surfaced on the internet, but later fans found out that the look was for a music video.
As Mariah the Scientist is making a name for herself, the singer wants people to know that she is not fitness model and adult actress, Brittany Renner.
While the two may look alike, the "Walked In" singer made a post to her Twitter clearing the air on her identity.
"I'm gone say this one time. Me and Brittany Renner r not the same person nor are we related," she stated on Twitter with a laughing emoji.
I'm gone say this one time. Me and Britany Renner r not the same person nor are we related 😂
— Mariah The Scientist (@MariahScientist) January 19, 2022
Even after trying to clear it up, some fans still pick with the singer and insinuate that the two are the same.
I never seen you 2 in the same place at the same time, so nice try Brittany. 😉
— 👹 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐏𝐕𝐑𝐈𝐒 (@omgichangedit) January 19, 2022
But do a good twin bad twin music video with her for All For Me
— Witchdoctoralex (@witchdctralex) January 19, 2022
Can you see the similarities between the two women?
Halle Bailey gives viral TikTok song "Hrs and Hrs" by Muni Long a shot.
Chloe and Halle Bailey have been in the show biz for quite some time. The two talented sisters started making a name for themselves after posting various singing videos of themselves on Youtube.
From youtube to the big screen, the sisters add a new definition to putting respect on their name as they can now be seen in movies, TV shows, dropping albums, and becoming the proteges of Beyonce.
As of lately, the sisters have been showing their talents individually as Chloe Bailey blessed the 2021 VMA Awards with a performance of her single, "Have Mercy" and Halle Bailey has recently wrapped up the live-action version to Disney's The Little Mermaid.
Before Chloe released her own single, fans were begging the star for solo music as she dropped covers of songs to her Instagram where she showcased her voice.
It looks as if Halle Bailey is showing off her talents too as she took to her social media yesterday to post a cover of her singing the viral TikTok song, "Hrs and Hrs" by Muni Long.
Although some social media users thought Halle gracefully covered the song, others criticized the singer, suggesting that she find a song that fits her voice instead.
Halle covering hrs and yall talking bout part of your world in the comments ! She a singer first y'all need to get to the back!
— Vannah🌹| Chlöe Is coming (@psavannahhh) January 19, 2022
Halle later addressed the controversy saying that she loves the song but "sang it an octave higher because it's too low for me!" she stated. "Lol my sopranos can relate."
To anyone that is saying that Halle Bailey's cover of Hrs and Hrs is bad. You don't know real talent. She was singing the song the way she seemed fit AND she was singing better then all of the people that are running there mouths.#Halle #HalleBailey #Amazing #talent
— me (@me39226050) January 20, 2022
Check out the video of Halle Bailey tackling "Hrs and Hrs."
Taylor Swift, who has long supported independent music shops and vinyl culture, will serve as Record Store Day Ambassador for this year's event, set to take place on April 23. The artist is the event's first global ambassador.
Over the years, the singer-songwriter has put out special releases for both RSD and RSD's Black Friday events, and RSD organizers say that Swift's Folklore, Evermore, Fearless (Taylor's Version), and Red (Taylor's Version) are consistently on indie store charts because of her commitment to putting out her albums on CD and LP formats.
"I'm very proud to be this year's Global Ambassador for Record Store Day," Swift said in a statement. "The places where we go to browse and explore and discover music new and old have always been sacred to me. Record stores are so important because they help to perpetuate and foster music-loving as a passion.
"They create settings for live events," she continued. "They employ people who adore music thoroughly and purely. Those people and shops have had a rough few years and we need to support these small businesses more now than ever to make sure they can stay alive, stay eccentric, and stay individual. It's been a true joy for me to watch vinyl sales grow in the past few years and we, the artists, have the fans to thank for this pleasant surprise. Happy Record Store Day, everyone! Stay safe out there."
Swift quietly showed her commitment to independent retail in 2020, when pandemic lockdowns were endangering the futures of small businesses, by sending out signed copies of her albums to specific stores. She also threw financial support behind the scenes at the Nashville outpost Grimey's New & Preloved Music, where she covered three months' worth of health care costs for each employee.
"We're thrilled to learn that Taylor Swift is our 2022 Record Store Day Ambassador!" Grimey's Anna Lundy and Doyle Davis said. "Swift has shown her love and support for independent record stores by not only supporting our shop specifically during the dark, early days of the pandemic, when she directly donated to help us support our staff, but also by steering her eager, excited, and dedicated fans to independent record stores, places that many of them visited for the first time while in search of her signed CDs. As Swift has grown as an artist, we've watched her fans grow with her and have been delighted to see her taking control of her recordings and working with musicians like Jack Antonoff and Aaron Dessner, artists whose music has resonated in shops like ours for years. We can't think of a better choice for RSD Ambassador for 2022!"
"The role of RSD Ambassador is, of course, something we take seriously in the sense that it helps us do our job of shining a light on these special places," RSD co-founder Carrie Colliton said. "We're pretty picky about the people we invite to 'wear the sash,' and we always want to make sure those Ambassadors genuinely love record stores and are creative about ways to celebrate them. But mostly it's a title we want people to have fun with, and we know that our RSD 2022 Ambassador loves having fun, loves music, and loves record stores. For our 15th Record Store Day, we're teaming up with a woman who does all that and just happens to be one of the biggest artists on the planet."
Previous Record Store Day ambassadors include Ozzy Osbourne, Brandi Carlile, Iggy Pop, Jack White, Chuck D, Dave Grohl, Metallica, St. Vincent, Run the Jewels, and Pearl Jam, among others.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are an independent Estate Agent & letting Agent based in Wootton, Northampton. We cover the whole of Northampton and surrounding villages.
'Our Promise' - To make every customer feel like they are our only customer.
From the very start we want to ensure that we offer you the best possible service that we can. We guarantee that the service you will receive will be efficient, professional and friendly. We are a well respected and established Company and have a wealth of knowledge and experience in the Property Industry and we are focused on giving an outstanding service experience. We go the extra mile and put the personal back into letting and selling your property!


I'm stabbing sharp headaches in my neck and both sides of my head. My head is pounding and the top of it is very hot.
My head and neck feels heavy. And crawling feelings on my skin. What that mean?
My headache is getting worst by the second i feel a whole lot of pressure on the temples forehead and top back part of my head, is this dangerous?
Headache on the right side of my head. Right arm numb/tingly hearing a rushing sound in my ears. Feeling hot all over especially my face. Normal?
I have alot of pressure in my left eye and temple then the whole left side of my head gets all tingly what causes it?
The hold left side of my body is tingling and tight and my left eye. Do you think my blood pressure is high and head hurting eyes blurry?
Right aide of head hurts left side of body feels tingly and is confused?
My left side of my chest is sore to the touch and feels inflamed, i can feel my pulse throughout my body and my heart rate is 98 at rest. Help?
I have a headache, the entire middle bit of my back is aching and so are my legs. my body's temperature is hot.
So everyday the top of my neck aches and from the back of my head to all over my head hurts. My head feels foggy and simple task are difficult. Ideas?
I Have vertigo khronic later on i have my whole body sshakingMy whole face is nerve pain.It strats from my right ear and travels my whole face. My?
Pulsatile headache on the right part of my head , neck pain and dizziness for over than one month.Pain feels like a pressure when i stay on my pillow.
The left side of my head hurts. And the left side of my body from my face to my feet have a tingly numbing feeling. What dies this mean?
Really bad head ache on the right side. Behind my eye and the side of my head. Feels like someone is stabbing my head. Just a headache?
My body feels shaky and I get heat waves mostly on my legs and the bottom of my back and waist.what could it be?
I occaisonally get one knife like stabbing pain in the same spot of the head. It knocks me to my knees and and my whole body will feel numb and tingly?
What does it mean when your heady headed shakes and body twitches and head pain on top of your head?


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Pinellas news briefs
SHINE seeks volunteers
SHINE is a Florida Department of Elder Affairs program through which volunteers provide free, one-on-one insurance counseling and information about Medicare options and prescription drug assistance for elders and their families and caregivers. The organization is seeking volunteers. For information, contact SHINE program manager Sue Samson at sue.samson@aaapp.or (727) 570-9696 ext. 234, or visit floridashine.org/join-the-team.aspx.
UF/IFAS to host workshop on oil spill research
Monica Wilson, a gulf oil spill research specialist with the UF/IFAS Extension Florida Sea Grant program, will host a public workshop from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. on Wednesday at the Karen Steidinger Auditorium in the Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 Eighth Ave. SE, St. Petersburg. The workshop is designed to bring scientists and emergency responders together to network, communicate and form partnerships. Scientists will share results, and responders will explain their processes and priorities during an oil spill. For information, contact Wilson at monicawilson447@ufl.edu or phone (727) 553-3516.
Dixie Hollins High School hosts 50-year reunion
Dixie Hollins School is holding its 50-year reunion for the class of 1969 at the Hilton St. Petersburg Bayfront, 333 First St. SE, on June 6-7. For information contact fyacko@verizon. All guests must RSVP by May 8.
Treasure Island offers 10-week summer camps
A 10-week recreational summer camp for children ages 5-13 will be held June 3 through Aug. 9 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. Before and aftercare is provided for an additional fee. Family discounts are available. Registration is available in the Treasure Island Recreation Department at City Hall, 120 108th Ave., from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. Activities will include games, sports, arts and crafts, parties, guest speakers, movies, field trips and more. For information, call the Recreation Department at (727) 547-4575, ext 221 or 237 or email recreation@mytreasureisland.org. Additional information is at mytreasureisland.com.
Treasure Bay offers tennis camps for kids
Tennis camps for children ages 5-18 will be held at the Treasure Bay golf and tennis facility, 10315 Paradise Blvd., Treasure Island, from June 10 to July 26 from 9 a.m. to noon, Monday through Friday. For information call (727) 360-6062 or email pgirardi@mytreasureisland.org.
Enrollment for summer classes at Marcia P. Hoffman School of the Arts now open
Enrollment for classes at the Marcia P. Hoffman School of the Arts at Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater is now open. Classes begin June 3.
One-week performing arts camps are available for various ages and experience levels in musical theater, drama, music, dance and on-camera. One week camps inclue Calling All Superheroes!, Camp Catch 'Em All, Mermaids & Pirates, Once Upon a Fortnite, Princesses & Dragons and Sci-Fi Week. Multi-week production camps will include the musical theater class Broadway Bound! and by popular demand, the drama camp Wizards & Wands.
Students ages 14-20 can audition for the performance camp, A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum. The camp will run June 4 – July 17, and no experience is necessary.
Individual instruction is available for any student wishing to strengthen his or her performance skills in the areas of voice, piano, drama, dance, guitar, percussion and violin. Other areas of study can be arranged on request.
For information, call (727) 712-2706 or visit www.HoffmanSchooloftheArts.com.
Largo Recreation offers summer camps
Largo Recreation is offering weekly a variety of summer camps ranging from super sports to jewelry making, and one-day field trips for teenagers, in which campers visit Busch Gardens, Vertical Ventures and more. Camps are open to teens who have completed sixth through eighth grades and will last from 7:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Costs vary based on camp. For information, visit LargoCamps.com or call Southwest Recreation Complex at (727)518-3125 or Highland Recreation Complex at (727) 518-3016.
A pedestrian killed. A sergeant injured. Stolen cars still haunt St. Petersburg.
St. Petersburg police Chief Tony Holloway is frustrated that teen-fueled auto thefts is still taking its toll.
Firefighters respond to gas leak on Central Avenue in downtown St. Petersburg
There were no reports of injuries.
Brothers arrested in connection with Sunday St. Pete shooting
Darrell Simmons Jr., 31, was in critical condition after the shooting.
Editorial cartoons for Tuesday from Times wire services.
Pinellas Juvenile Welfare Board selects new CEO
Beth Houghton, who is currently the head of the St. Petersburg Free Clinic, will take over the board, which has a $93.4 million annual budget.
Suspect in DUI charged with striking deputy, nurse at emergency room, Sheriff's Office says
Deputies believe the man was drunk when he crashed into another vehicle on the Treasure Island Causeway.


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#ThrowbackThursday: dBridge & Vegas – True Romance
Originally released back in 2004 and produced by 2 of the then 4 members of Drum & Bass supercrew, Bad Company (the other two being Fresh and Maldini). 'True Romance' was the B side of the debut release on the Metalheadz sub-label, 'Metalheadz Platinum'.
This was originally released back in 2004 and produced by dBridge & Vegas who were, at the time, half of the Drum & Bass supercrew, Bad Company (the other two being Fresh and Maldini). 'True Romance' was the B side of the debut release on the Metalheadz sub-label, 'Metalheadz Platinum'.
If you were going to Drum & Bass raves at the time of the release you'll be familiar with this track and definitely would have noticed it was a staple in pretty much everyone's set. The rolling sub bass, magical lead melody and grinding riff are all sewn together with light and perfectly spaced percussion. Absolute winner. And to this day has never gotten old.
In this article:bad company, bellini, classic, dbridge, Drum and Bass, Metalheadz, true romance, vegas
Our last premiere of 2021 is an autonomics-inspired beauty from Bristol-based Larus coming via Serbian label Nu Kvlture and their forthcoming Various Artists free...
Jon1st releases new two tracker 'Seems Like/Cinnamon'
The Leicester-based artist & former DMC world champion unleashes his brand new & very wicked self released two track single
Breaching the simulation with Conrank
We link up with L.A & Shangai-based artist to get the inside story about his new album 'The Simulations Breached' and much more.
Gavin Brown17 November 2021


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The story of the astonishing voyage of Captain James Cook and the Endeavour, to mark the 250th anniversary of that voyage, and Cook's claim to sovereignty.
In 1768 Captain James Cook and his crew set sail on a small British naval vessel, the boldly named Endeavour, bound for the Pacific Ocean. He was ordered to establish an observatory at Tahiti in order to record the 1769 transit of Venus, and – with the skills of naturalist Joseph Banks and his team – to collect natural history in this far part of the world. But Cook's brief also included a secret mission from the British Admiralty: to discover Terra Australis Incognita, an unknown southern land that might prove to be larger and richer than Australia.
Cook was not alone in this quest, and the Endeavour shared the Coral Sea and coastal New Zealand with an armed French merchant ship commanded by Jean de Surville. Eventually in 1770 Cook's ship crossed the Tasman Sea and reached the southern coast of New South Wales. Sailing north, he charted Australia's eastern coastline and claimed it for Great Britain. It was the most significant of Cook's voyages, transforming the world map and the way Europeans viewed the South Pacific Ocean and its lands and peoples.
On this 250th anniversary of his major discovery, Captain Cook's Epic Voyage reveals the hardships, adventure and achievements of Cook's most important voyage. Reshaping his previous book, Sea of Dangers, Professor Geoffrey Blainey takes us on a vivid journey, challenging accepted views and the intersection of myth, science and exploration.
https://www.penguin.com.au/books/new-releases


– They are in talks with minority stakeholders and its union in South Korea, which may be the next market that GM exits. CEO Mary Barra said GM has to get improved cost performance.
– GM expects to increase spending on transportation as a service, including autonomous vehicles, to $1 billion this year. It now has about 100 electric self-driving cars operating.
–GM is on track to reach its goal of $6.5 billion in annual cost efficiencies this year compared with 2014.
–The company was able to achieve a 10.7 percent pretax profit margin in North America despite sales to dealers and fleet buyers falling over 11 percent. It did so with higher prices mainly for revamped SUVs.


Matt Chinian Painting Blog: From the freezer to the microwave & still half baked.
From the freezer to the microwave & still half baked.
This is on Carney-Cassidy Rd., looking at Maxwell Rd. It's just about noon on Tuesday this week. I had wanted to re-visit Maxwell Rd. but the view was wrong, so I swung around the valley and caught a view looking east. It wasn't quite as hot as today, and the sky was clearer and everything was more crisp.
Here it is after about 1/2 hr. I liked the streak of blue sky, and how it related to the other shapes. this stretch of road was real quiet, maybe one car passed.
Here it is after about 2 hrs. I knew I had a lot more to do and the sun was really starting to move around, and I was getting hot.
Here is a trick I learned from Stapleton Kearns, who has the most awesome blog, I was going to link it but oh well, you can google him and find it that way. This is the "bargain shoppers" way to get rid of the nasty day old 1/2 dried texture that you don't want when you go back out to work again. It's a good idea and it works!
Here is how I save my pallet for a later date, It's crude, cheap, down and dirty, thank you.
It was hot today, 95. Last summer I would try to find places that I could be in the shade, and that's good, but it takes that much longer to find just the right spot. Today was also a lot hazier than Tuesday, but I got some nice clouds on top of the haze, so I went over the sky.
I was determined to start another painting, and wanted something near water, so here I am at Owlkill creek. This is also large (for me, now) @ 16 x 20. I planted myself right on the road, next to the bridge, and there's a fair amount of traffic. ( 7 or so cars).
I did one last month 30' off the road, I was feeling that lazy! This picture has it all, water, subject bush, middle ground field, and far hills!
Here it is after maybe 45 minutes, having it back in the shop I can think about it, and hopefully get it back out there and really paint. I'm gearing up for two things, 1st, Finger Lakes Painting competition, starting next Wednesday and 2nd my show opening the 14th. Wow.


text:
$124.67 0.63(0.5%) Volume: 105,725 12:45PM EST
Guidewire Software Free Cash Flow
Guidewire Software's total free cash flow for the months ended in Oct. 2020 was $-20.2 Mil. Its total free cash flow for the trailing twelve months (TTM) ended in Oct. 2020 was $96.3 Mil.
Guidewire Software's Free Cash Flow per Share for the months ended in Oct. 2020 was $-0.24. Its free cash flow per share for the trailing twelve months (TTM) ended in Oct. 2020 was $1.16.
During the past 12 months, the average Free Cash Flow per Share Growth Rate of Guidewire Software was 47.80% per year. During the past 3 years, the average Free Cash Flow per Share Growth Rate was -15.60% per year. During the past 5 years, the average Free Cash Flow per Share Growth Rate was 0.20% per year. During the past 10 years, the average Free Cash Flow per Share Growth Rate was 19.80% per year. Please click Growth Rate Calculation Example (GuruFocus) to see how GuruFocus calculates Wal-Mart Stores Inc (WMT)'s revenue growth rate. You can apply the same method to get the Free Cash Flow Growth Rate using Free Cash Flow per Share data.
During the past 12 years, Guidewire Software's highest 3-Year average Free Cash Flow per Share Growth Rate was 49.20% per year. The lowest was -15.60% per year. And the median was 23.90% per year.
Guidewire Software Free Cash Flow Historical Data
Free Cash Flow 92.79 132.09 128.45 67.27 87.41
Free Cash Flow -29.11 16.98 -4.20 103.74 -20.20
Guidewire Software Free Cash Flow Calculation
Free Cash Flow is considered one of the most important parameters to measure a company's earnings power by value investors because it is not subject to estimates of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization (DDA). However, when we look at the Free Cash Flow, we should look from a long term perspective, because any year's Free Cash Flow can be drastically affected by the spending on Property, Plant, & Equipment (PPE) of the business in that year. Over the long term, Free Cash Flow should give pretty good picture on the real earnings power of the company.
Note: GuruFocus does not calculate Free Cash Flow when Capital Expenditure is 0.
Guidewire Software's Free Cash Flow for the fiscal year that ended in Jul. 2020 is calculated as
Free Cash Flow (A: Jul. 2020 ) = Cash Flow from Operations + Capital Expenditure
= 113.066 + -25.66
= 87.4
Guidewire Software's Free Cash Flow for the quarter that ended in Oct. 2020 is calculated as
Free Cash Flow (Q: Oct. 2020 ) = Cash Flow from Operations + Capital Expenditure
= -15.707 + -4.488
= -20.2
Free Cash Flow for the trailing twelve months (TTM) ended in Oct. 2020 was 16.981 (Jan. 2020 ) + -4.204 (Apr. 2020 ) + 103.738 (Jul. 2020 ) + -20.195 (Oct. 2020 ) = $96.3 Mil.
Guidewire Software (NYSE:GWRE) Free Cash Flow Explanation
Free Cash Flow is very close to Warren Buffett's definition of Owner's Earnings, except that in Warren Buffett's Owner's Earnings, the spending for Property, Plant, and Equipment is only for maintenance (replacement), while in the Free Cash Flow calculation, the cost of new Property, Plant, and Equipment due to business expansion is also deducted. There, Free Cash Flow is more conservative than Owner's Earnings.
In Don Yacktman's calculation of forward rate of return, he uses Free Cash Flow for the calculation. Yacktman explained the forward rate of return concept in detail in his interview with GuruFocus. Yacktman defines forward rate of return as the normalized free cash flow yield plus real growth plus inflation.
This is what Yacktman said in his March 2012 interview - when the S&P 500 was at 1400:
If the business is stable, this calculation is fairly straightforward. For instance, on the S&P 500 we would normalize earnings. We would then calculate what percentage of those earnings are not reinvested in the underlying businesses and are therefore free. Historically, for the S&P 500, this has been just under 50% of earnings. Currently, we expect the S&P to earn about 70 on a normalized basis, a number which is far below reported earnings due to our adjusting for record high profit margins. $70 X ½ / 1400 gives you a normalized free cash flow yield of approximately 2.5%.
The historical real growth rate of the S&P 500 (companies) is about 1.5%. Assuming an inflation rate of 2.5%, the forward rate of return on an investment in the S&P 500 is about 6.5% today (2.5% free cash flow yield plus 1.5% real growth plus 2.5% inflation).
For the growth part of the Forward Rate of Return calculation, GuruFocus uses the 5-year average growth rate of EBITDA per share as the growth rate, and the growth rate is always capped at 20%. For the Free Cash Flow we use per share data averaged over seven years. The reason we use seven years is because research shows that seven years is the length of the typical business cycle.
Therefore, as of Oct20, Guidewire Software's Forward Rate of Return (Yacktman) % is
Forward Rate of Return (Yacktman) % (Oct20) = Normalized Free Cash Flow / Price + 5-Year EBITDA Growth Rate
= 1.1687619 / 96.11 + 0.0964
Free Cash Flow within a report period can be affected by management's decisions of capital spending. Therefore, it is important to look at long term when it comes to Free Cash Flow.
Guidewire Software Free Cash Flow Related Terms
Guidewire Software Free Cash Flow Headlines


The Knitting Circle meet to chat, drink tea/coffee and of course knit!
If you can't knit and would like to try, someone will teach you. This is a friendly, open group who knit using donated wool. All knitted articles go to a charity called Christian Hope International who distribute them to areas of need throughout the world.
If you would like to join the group, just turn up, or for more information or to donate wool please contact us.


Athens, 22 September 2014: EMTech proudly announces the kick-off of new ESA/ESTEC awarded project, "Multi-Magnetometer Methods for Magnetic Dipole Modelling (AO/1-7463/13/NL/GLC)" aiming to perform an instant "snap-shot" of the magnetic signature of an equipment under test (EUT) - as all spacecraft with units or instruments are susceptible to magnetic fields - and resulting in a final proof-of-concept implementation of a multi-magnetometer setup.
- Professor Vassilis Angelopoulos of UCLA.
Vassilis Angelopoulos, the principal investigator for THEMIS, is a Professor of Earth and Space Sciences and a member of the Institute of Geophysics and Space Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has 20 years of experience in space physics with emphasis in magnetospheric processes. His research interests include plasma sheet transport, electromagnetic instabilities in the plasma sheet and its boundary, beam-induced ionospheric low frequency waves, substorm physics, turbulence and self-organized criticality.
Angelopoulos is also a member of the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena California. He has authored and co-authored more than 400 publications in refereed journals on data analysis, plasma theory and space plasma phenomenology, space technology, space instrumentation and mission analysis and design.
"Almost immediately after Mr. Stelios Tsatalas of EMTech - as the proposed project manager, approached me to participate to ESTEC's ITT, I responded affirmatively. Greece needs all of its forces joined together to maximize the possibility of overcoming any existing barriers towards the way of reshaping the country by investing in research and innovation. It will be a pleasure to share my expertise as a consultant to the project's planned activities."
"EMTech strives for research in unexplored areas. This was the company's third effort in participating in ESTEC's activities on magnetic cleanliness, competing amongst Europe's space industry major players. I want to thank especially Prof. Christos Capsalis for believing in the team's abilities and the excellent collaboration within the tight restrains of the ITTs in which we have participated. It will also be a great honor to have Prof. Vassilis Angelopoulos aboard. Accompanied by EMTech's experienced software team and management, the team is anxiously awaiting to take on the project's challenges."
Earlier in July the project's negation meeting took place in ESTEC's headquarters in Noordwijk, Netherlands.
This project adds another building block to EMTech's space focused heritage after the successful and ongoing involvement in spacecraft operational simulators. The company's introduction of a conservative Parallel Discrete Event Scheduler (cPDES) and a Performance Control and Optimization Framework (PCOF) enhances the existing ESOC simulation infrastructure and gradually establishes EMTech as one of Greece's space industry innovative players.


The world is a complicated place. Conflicts occur, in international relations as well as domestically, and they are always multi-causal. As such, there is a plethora of stories to tell about global politics – those untold or less told in the headlines, I try to illustrate here. My writing benefits from my studies at LMU Munich, K-State Manhattan and SOAS London as well as my experience as a Journalist at M94.5 and Perspective Daily. German Law does require me to give an address, so you may send fan mail to Hindenburgallee 35, Bonn. You can contact me below for more urgent questions.
Copyright: Anything I write is published under a "Creative Commons"-license. That means, I don't care what you do with my work – as long as you don't get rich off it without informing me, and give me credit.


What forms of payment does ICA accept?
Home » Faqs » What forms of payment does ICA accept?
We accept either personal checks or wire transfers. We do not accept cash or cash equivalents like money orders, credit cards, or bitcoin as they require additional reporting by the dealer.
How does ICA get paid? What is your fee?


Institute of Telecommunications provides modern laboratories equipped with advanced network technologies, measurement equipment and software tools, all of them in use of highly qualified personnel.
The research infrastructure in Institute of Telecommunication is currently expanded thanks to the Operational Programme Innovative Economy. It allows for implementation of scientific and research objectives in the area of Information and Communication Technologies.


Smart-Bit® Depth Setter | Starborn Industries, Inc.
Smart-Bit® Deck Screw Depth Setter is designed to make fastening decks, drywall, and general screw setting easier and faster, with clean and uniform results: perfectly set screws every time. The tool is adjustable so that it can be used with many different screw types and sizes, and features an Auto-Stop™ mechanism that sets the screw at the target depth without stripping the screw recess. A free spinning stop collar with rubber O-ring protects the work surface from damage or marking.
The Depth Setter works with both Phillips® and Torx® bits and is designed for use with a full range of Starborn fasteners. The Depth Setter also works well with other fastener products.
Once target depth is reached, the Auto-Stop™ mechanism inside the tool disengages the driver bit and stops the screw from driving further - without stripping the screw recess.
Secures the depth setting of the tool for consistent screw depth, every time.
Depth can be adjusted for many different types and sizes of screws, and applications.
The free spinning stop collar is fitted with a rubber O-ring to prevent damage to the work surface once the target depth is reached.
Each tool includes one T-20 bit in the tool and four additional replacement bits: (2) T-20 bits, (1) T-25 and (1) #2 PH.
Loosen Locking Ring (2) and set fastener depth by moving the Adjustment Ring (3) to the desired position. The adjustment ring must engage at least two full threads of the tool body. Secure the Adjustment Ring with the Locking Ring (2). To determine the desired screw depth, practice on scrap material.
Drill in a straight and stable fashion with a standard drill*. The screw is set when the Auto-Stop™ mechanism engages fully. In most decking materials, the tool makes a clear popping sound when the Auto-Stop™ engages.
Disconnect power and retract tool fully; remove bit with pliers. To insert new bit, retract tool fully and insert bit all the way into tool.
*Note: Impact drivers may not set screws to the correct depth and may cause the locking ring to come loose. Standard drills are recommended for use with the Smart-Bit Depth Setter.


Defending champions Germany have been eliminated from the 2018 World Cup in the wake of losing to South Korea in Kazan.
Kim Young-gwon's 92nd-minute goal, granted after a video aide official choice, left four-time champs Germany on the precarious edge of disposal.
At that point six minutes into stoppage time, with Germany goalkeeper Manuel Neuer under lock and key in the adversaries' half, Ju Se-jong picked up control of the ball, propelled it forward and Son Heung-min took advantage of an unfilled net to score the second.
It is the first run through since 1938 that a Germany or West Germany side has not progressed past the main area of the competition, as Joachim Low's side - best of Fifa's reality rankings - complete base of Group F.
Sweden completes best of the gathering, with Mexico second, and South Korea third.
Eighty years prior, Germany lost 4-2 of every a replay against Switzerland to go out in the first round when it was a straight knockout competition, yet their 2018 exit was the first run through Germany had ever neglected to endure the gathering stage.
With Sweden is winning 3-0 against Mexico in the other Group F game, and it being goalless in Kazan, Germany knew they needed to score in an unhinged wrap up.
A win for Germany would have edged Mexico out of goal distinction - yet the dramatization came at the opposite end as Kim put the ball into the net, in spite of the fact that it was at first precluded for offside.
Be that as it may, the VAR audit demonstrated the ball had diverted into Kim's way off of a German player - Toni Kroos - and the goal was given.
With Germany frantically searching for a goal to get back in the match, Neuer joined the assault.
However, he was getting out as a long ball left Tottenham forward Son with the basic errand of strolling the ball into the net to start glad festivals among the Asian side, despite the fact that their disposal had just been affirmed.
South Korea went into the match without any focuses from their opening two games in the wake of losing 1-0 to Sweden and 2-1 to Mexico.
In any case, they had a scientific shot of fitting the bill for the last 16 for just the third time in 10 rivalry appearances, despite the fact that they required Mexico to beat Sweden.
South Korea had the principal chance when Jung Woo-youthful's free-kick was mishandled by Neuer, who punched clear boldly as Son attempted to change over the bounce back.
The Tottenham forward additionally lashed a volley wide when it was goal less, before being reserved in the second half as official Mark Geiger thought he had made a plunge an endeavor to win a punishment.
Despite the fact that the score in Ekaterinburg finished South Korea's expectations of experiencing, regardless they detected an essential prevail upon Germany.
The group positioned 57th on the planet, accomplished that triumph because of the two late goals, both of which were praised as though they had qualified themselves.


The Buddha praised Dhammadinna the nun as the foremost Dhamma teacher among his nun disciples. In this discourse she answers questions put to her by a layman — Visakha — who, according to the commentary, was her former husband, a merchant of Rājagaha, and a non-returner.
[wrrn][chlm][pts][upal] I have heard that on one occasion the Blessed One was staying near Rājagaha in the Bamboo Grove, the Squirrels' Sanctuary.
 Verbal fabrication grows still on attaining the second jhāna; bodily fabrication grows still on attaining the fourth jhāna; mental fabrication grows still on attaining the cessation of perception and feeling.


Participants use Pinterest's visual eye candy differently than other social media platforms. For marketers looking to use it to build their brand and support the purchase process, understanding this point is key to attracting and engaging your audience on Pinterest.
67% of Pinterest participants use the site to get ideas for special occasions based on research by Annalect. Pinterest tops Facebook, Twitter and Instagram in this regard. For marketers this means your Pinterest audience is in the market for your products. Actionable Marketing Insight: Offer visual content that meets your target audience's needs. This translates to having a well delineated marketing persona and social media persona for each segment along the purchase path to ensure that you create appropriate visual content.
More than two out of five Pinterest users come across a brand either on other people's pinboards or on the Pinterest homepage. Brand discovery isn't limited to brand boards. Actionable Marketing Insight: Encourage visitors and subscribers to spread your content on Pinterest. Incorporate your 360° brand into all of your visual content. Further, make your visual content pinnable and use a contextually relevant call-to-action.
Pinterest users check products they see shared on the platform to gather more information. However, over half of Annalect's respondents would need an incentive in the form of a discount or coupon to follow a brand. This isn't surprising since this behavior happens across platforms. More interesting is the fact that 46% of respondents would follow a brand because it reflected their lifestyle.
About a third of respondents use Pinterest to learn more about brands and products either by seeking out specific brands or via other people's boards. Actionable Marketing Insight: Place visually engaging content that shows off your products. Also, provide how-to information visually so that potential buyers can see your products in action. Remember they may not be able understand how to use or style your products.
Participant pins are an indicator of purchase intent for more than three out of five respondents according to Annalect. Further one out of five had purchased a product or service in the category. (Here's other research that shows that Pinterest supports sales.) Actionable Marketing Insight: Monitor who is pinning images of your product and your competitors' products as well as which products they're pinning since this is an early indicator that these individual are in the market.
70% of brand engagement on Pinterest is generated by users not brands according to research by Digitas and Curalate.
For brands this means that there's an opportunity to increase following and engagement on Pinterest. Here's how engagement breaks out across fashion/retail, automotive and electronics.
82% of fashion and retail-related images are pinned by participants not brands.
Top fashion/retail space brands average 46 repins for every pin. This shows a willingness to engage with these brands.
User-generated fashion pins average 6 repins for every pin.
Friday at 3:00 p.m. ET is the best time to pin to receive more repins than average because similar content competing for attention is limited.
75% of car related conversation and engagement is generated by the community.
Top automotive brands average 3 repins per pin.
Participants average 10 repins per pin.
Fridays at noon ET is best time to publish automotive content.
53% of the electronics industry community generates pins.
Electronics brands receive an average of 5 repins for every item pinned.
User-generated electronics related pins average 14 repins.
Mondays at 10:00 p.m. ET is the best time to post electronics content.
Actionable Marketing Insight: Based on your category focus, target your Pinterest content for optimal distribution, regardless of whether it's when you're working or not to be in sync with your customers and their needs.
Consumers value Pinterest for discovering new brands and how to use them. To this end, make your content easy to share on Pinterest.
What has your experience been building your brand on Pinterest? Do you just do branding or are you leveraging the power of Pinterest.
Tags Actionable Marketing Insights, Annalet, Chart, Curalate, Digitas, Pinterest, Research. Bookmark the permalink.
I have found out that Pinterest is a really powerful social network with a vast potential of hugely increasing your website traffic. Posting images/infographics and other visuals that are a visual aid for your articles, then posting the to Pinterest and adding a link saying "read more at http://…" will eventually drive a lot of people at your blog and this is just one of the many strategies how you can use Pinterest at your advantage.
Very Informative post,gives me a clear "Picture" of how to use Pinterest and engage with other users,thanks!


text:
Sound and vision blog
2 posts categorized "Law"
Beneath the calm exterior: A glimpse into the world of the Crown Court clerk
Michael McKenzie QC, Clerk of the Central Criminal Court 1979-84.
Crown Court clerks are pivotal to administering trials of the most serious criminal offences such as burglary, rape, murder and terrorism. In-depth life history interviews with former Crown Court clerks have revealed how they dealt with listening to harrowing stories day after day. Interviewees spoke about the effort involved in trying to appear expressionless and impartial, as their job demanded, particularly when they may have been feeling incensed by what they were hearing in court, or holding back tears, or trying not to laugh and to keep a straight face. They described taking a verdict in a murder trial, their hearts pounding, palms sweating, absorbing the tension in the courtroom, and feeling nervous about taking the verdict correctly under pressure. Interviewees discussed the emotive moment the foreman of the jury has just announced the defendant has been found, "Guilty", and then the court clerk waits until the shouts and wails from the public gallery have abated before they carry on, seemingly unphased and unflappable, in their measured and controlled 'court voice'. They spoke about seeing photographs of murders and injuries that were so disturbing that they made the conscious decision that they would never look at court photos again; the horror of dealing with child abuse cases especially; having nightmares when they first began clerking; and recounting in vivid detail the cases that they said came back to haunt them. In the following clip, clerk of the Central Criminal Court between 1979-84, Michael McKenzie QC reflected on putting the charges to the notorious serial killer, Peter Sutcliffe, known as the Yorkshre Ripper.
Michael McKenzie reflects on putting the charges to the Yorkshire Ripper
The Crown Court clerk interviews were conducted by PhD student Dvora Liberman and will be publicly accessible towards the end of 2017. This collection was created as part of a collaborative research project between National Life Stories and the Legal Biography Project at the London School of Economics.
By Dvora Liberman
Posted by Emily Hewitt at 12:14 PM
Interviews, Law, Oral history
Recording of the Week: Suffrage for Women
This week's selection comes from John Berry, Technical Services Preservation Assistant.
The recording is poor; a cacophony of background noise, the content speech is quiet. In many respects the speaker, Christabel Pankhurst, is unpolished stuttering and stammering through the speech in a manner that we could not envisage in our highly managed and marketed world of western politicians. But this detracts nothing from the demands which are being made for enfranchisement of women to vote, which are clear, convincing and to the point. It is a highly illuminating glimpse into the justifications and strategies as well as the political aspirations of the women's suffrage movement in the early 20th century.
Christabel Pankhurst_Suffrage for Women
Suffrage poster depicting an issue of the periodical, The Suffragette, with a figure of a woman, "Justice," clad in armour, bearing a banner labeled W.S.P.U. (Schlesinger Library)
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text:
Surgery on the Wrong Patient? It's Still a Problem
By | Reuters
NEW YORK – A new study from Colorado shows surgery on the wrong body part, or even the wrong patient, is still a problem.
Insurance records show that among some 27,000 adverse events reported by doctors, there were 107 cases of procedures done on the wrong part of a patient's body and 25 done on the wrong patient.
"It is a major preventable problem," said Dr. Martin A. Makary, a surgeon at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, who was not involved in the study.
He estimates about one in 75,000 operations go wrong every year in the U.S. -- sometimes with fatal consequences, as in the case of one patient in the new report who died following surgery on the wrong lung.
"In the world of the health care system it ranks low compared to other harms," said Makary, "but it ranks high in terms of preventable harms."
The researchers, led by Dr. Philip Stahel of the University of Colorado in Denver, found significant harm in 43 cases out of 132. Communication errors were involved in all the patient mix-ups; for wrong-site surgery, errors in clinical judgment and lack of a short briefing session before the procedure were the main culprits
That's despite the widespread use of a protocol to ensure such briefings -- called time-outs -- and making sure that doctors are dealing with the right patients.
"It is not as simple as adopting a checklist, it requires a change of culture," said Makary, adding that operating staff used to be afraid to speak up when they perceived an error.
"There is a very strong hierarchy in the operating room," he told Reuters Health. "Orders are passed on in telegraphic manner. You don't see anyone's face. It is known to be a very intimidating environment."
"We do encourage patients to ask their team to have a briefing discussion before their surgery," said Makary.
And they might even want to mark the body part where they are going to have surgery with a permanent marker, he added.


text:
iM4U was just 'I love PM' propaganda, to be rebranded, says Syed Saddiq
Youth and Sports Minister Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman gives a speech at the launch of Impact Malaysia in Spacerubix, Puchong April 19, 2019. — Picture by Miera Zulyana
KUALA LUMPUR, April 19 — Youth and Sports Minister Syed Saddiq Abdul Rahman today said that the government had allocated RM10 million for the revamped version of 1Malaysia 4 Youth (iM4U), the previous Barisan Nasional (BN) government's initiative to encourage volunteerism among youths.
He said the iM4U initiative needed to be reviewed as the platform was used for former prime minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak's administration's "I love PM" programmes.
Syed Saddiq, when met at the launch of Impact Malaysia — the agency taking over from iM4U — said the government needs to move away from the Najib-led agency as it was struggling to find funds to run its various community-based programs.
"That's why we're removing all those elements by having a new board, focus, vision, CEO and we're about to complete the audit reports," he said when asked if his ministry was moving away from the previously named iM4U as it was used as a propaganda tool by Najib.
"The reason we faced financial shortages for iM4U is because it was a direct instruction from the Ministry of Finance (MOF), who said we get zero funds until we show better accounting and governance exercises.
"So this auditing practice is about changing the leadership structure as it was previously led by Datuk Seri Najib Razak."
Saddiq, Malaysia's youngest ever minister at 26, said the RM10 million will be in cash and kind.
His ministry is trying to rope in other NGOs and the private sector as well to help empower youth through its three main programs: Impact Through Technology, Impact Through Community and Impact Through Business.
These programs are meant to enable more youth-led social impact projects to happen with the support of partners in the ecosystem.
As for criticism that the government is wasting its time in rebranding pre-existing agencies, Saddiq said: "We won't just rebrand or rename it without any changes as that's a waste of time and I'm not a big fan of it.
"What we're doing is very different from the past as the focus now is on innovative volunteerism and not just volunteering."
Saddiq gave the example of how the FIT Malaysia programme cost more than RM1 million under the previous government while under him, they've managed to save RM1 million.
"FIT Malaysia programme didn't need rebranding as it's a good programme," said the Muar MP.
"However, it used to cost RM1.3 million under the previous government because they outsourced the projects. Now we can do the same events for just RM300,000 using our very own civil servants.
"While these are just examples of how we manage the various programs, our main focus is on long term results and ensure technology is used within the youth and its communities in resolving conventional problems facing Malaysians," he said.
* The previous version of the article stated that RM10 million was allocated for the rebranding exercise. The Ministry of Youth and Sports has since clarified that the amount allocated is for all Impact Malaysia's programmes and operations, and not limited to the rebranding exercise.


text:
Q: Assigning global variable to a local variable When I assign a Global list to a local list and edit this local list both the list get edited. Is it because list in python are pointer, similar to array in C?
>>> source = [(0, 5), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
>>> def s():
...     source_queue = source
...     while len(source_queue)>0:
...             f(source_queue)
...
>>> def f(source_queue):
...     (x,y) = source_queue.pop(0)
...     print (x,y) in source
...     print source,source_queue
...
>>> s()

Output:
False
[(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)] [(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
False
[(2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)] [(2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)]
False
[(3, 5), (4, 5)] [(3, 5), (4, 5)]
False
[(4, 5)] [(4, 5)]
False
[] []

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for Boatright Ethics and the Conduct of Business Seventh Edition Pearson Education Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River importance of reproductive health pdf Ethics and the conduct of business by John Raymond Boatright, 2009, Pearson Prentice Hall edition, in English - 6th ed.
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