text:
Places Known For
recordings made
of this by recordings made in the zij of astronomers such as Ibn al-Alam. The great astronomer Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi was patronised by prince Adud o-dowleh, who systematically revised Ptolemy's catalogue of stars. Sharaf al-Daula also established a similar observatory in Baghdad. And reports by Ibn Yunus and al-Zarqall in Toledo (Toledo, Spain) and Cordoba (Córdoba, Spain) indicate the use of sophisticated instruments for their time. The circus of Emerita Augusta was built some time around 20 BC, and was in use for many years before its dedication some thirty years later, probably during the reign of Augustus' successor, Tiberius. It was sited outside the city walls, alongside the road that connected Emeritus in Corduba (Córdoba (Córdoba, Spain)) with Toletum (Toledo (Toledo, Spain)). The arena plan was of elongated U-shape, with one end semicircular and the other flattened. A lengthwise ''spina'' formed a central divide within, to provide a continuous trackway for two-horse (Biga (chariot)) and four-horse (Quadriga) chariot racing. The spina was 223m long and 8.5m wide, substantial and ornate. The track was surrounded by ground level ''cellae'', with tiered stands above. At some 400m long and 100m wide, the Circus was the city's largest building, and could seat about 30,000 spectators – the city's entire population, more or less. Like most circuses throughout the Roman Empire, Merida's resembled a scaled-down version of Rome's Circus Maximus. The Circus Maximus seated approximately 150,000. After a small civil war in the already Christianized (christianism) Visigothic Kingdom (Visigoth) in Hispania, King Roderic (''Rodrigo'' in Portuguese (Portuguese language) and Spanish (Spanish language)) had a strong position in the peninsula. His opponents, exiled in Ceuta, asked Musa ibn Nusair, Umayyad Muslim governor and general, for help. The initially skeptical general sent an experimental expedition mainly consisting of Moors from North and West Africa, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, thus initiating the Muslim conquest of Iberia. Tariq utterly defeated Roderic's Visigothic army in the Battle of Guadalete, and soon after captured Toledo (Toledo, Spain) and Córdoba (Córdoba, Spain). With Tariq's success, Musa joined the expedition and established himself as governor of the new territories. Biography Born to a humble family in Madrid, Muñoz Grandes enrolled at the Toledo (Toledo, Spain) Infantry Academy while in his teens. Upon graduating, he was deployed to Morocco in 1915 and took part in the decisive Battle of Alhucemas. Muñoz Grandes fought for the Nationalists (Nationalist Spain) during the Spanish Civil War and was promoted to General (General officer), taking command in the Army of Africa (Spanish Army of Africa). He led the Spanish Legionnaires in the attack that won Málaga (Battle of Málaga) for the Nationalists in February 1937. Cities that are known for a rich history in Damascening where the technique is still practiced are Toledo, Spain, and Kyoto, Japan. Early career Infantes was born in Toledo on May 18, 1892. In 1907, aged 15, he entered the Toledo (Toledo, Spain) Military Infantry Academy where his fellow classmates included Francisco Franco and Juan Yagüe. Graduating in 1910, he was commissioned as a Lieutenant and was sent to join the Spanish African Army in Morocco. In 1912, at only 20 years of age, he received a meritorious promotion to Captain during combat activity in the prolonged Rif War which lasted from 1909 to 1927. By 1928 he had achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and in that year, following the end of the Moroccan war, was appointed a Professor at the Zaragoza Military Academy by its new director, General Francisco Franco. Furthermore, Sabatini was responsible for building the Arms Factory of Toledo (Toledo, Spain), the headquarters for the Wallon Guarda in Leganés (presently part of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), a convent in Valladolid (Santa Ana) and another one in Granada (Comendadoras of Santiago) and the well-known Chapel of the Immaculate in the Cathedral of Osma, also called of Palafox. History The Benedictine abbey (Benedictine) was founded by Childebert (Childebert I), son of Clovis (Clovis I), in 543 to house relics brought from the siege of Saragossa the previous year. These included the tunic of Saint-Vincent and a cross of gold from Toledo (Toledo, Spain); in consequence, the church and abbey were originally known as Saint-Vincent and Sainte-Croix. The church was founded somewhat later in 557 by Germain, Bishop of Paris, who was buried there in 576. A small market town grew up around the religious centre which became a place of pilgrimage and whose name changed to Saint-Germain-des-Prés ("of the meadows") in the 9th century. The Merovingian kings of France were also buried here — the tombs all disappearing during the French Revolution. Later may be reflected in the presence of Roman roads and irrigation system in the Tajuña Muslim influence, then Christians would consolidate this work . The Christians regained control over that area when Alfonso VI of Castilla took Toledo (Toledo, Spain) in 1085. Until 1480, when it became a dominion granted to the Marquis de Moya thumb right 500px Bullring of Chinchon (Image:Plaza de toros de Chinchón.jpg) He came back to Spain in 1482 and painted in several cities, such as Sevilla, Toledo (Toledo, Spain) and Ávila (Ávila, Spain). He was the father of an important sculptor, Alonso Berruguete, considered the most important sculptor in Renaissance Spain. Furthermore, Pedro Berruguete painted famous paintings of the inquisition. *Rodrigo Lopez de Quiroga, governor of Milan *Gaspar Rodríguez de Quiroga, Archbishop of Toledo (Toledo, Spain), advisor to King Philip II of Spain and Grand Chancellor of Spain *Horacio Quiroga (1878–1937), author of ''The Decapitated Chicken'', ''The Exile'', and others * 990s – Notre-Dame de la Basse-Œuvre, Beauvais constructed. * 999 – Bab-al-Mardum Mosque (Mosque of Cristo de la Luz) built in Toledo (Toledo, Spain), Emirate of Cordoba. * ''Date Unknown'' Meat and Fish There are many local meat dishes, which consist primarily of sheep, goat, and, to a lesser degree, beef. The most important dishes are ''carcamusas'' (typical of Toledo (Toledo, Spain)), ''chanfarina'', roast lamb, ''cuchifrito'', ''migas'', ''gallina en pepitoria'' (chicken a la pepitoria), ''salpicón'', ''paturrillo'', and ''zarajos''. In areas where there is a lot of hunting, a number of game based dishes are also popular, such as ''conejo al ajillo'' (rabbit with garlic), ''liebre a la cazadora'' (hare hunter-style), and ''caldereta manchega''. Pennants of the Champions His ''Rayat al-mubarrizin waghayat al-mumayyizin'' (''Banners of the Champions'', also translated as ''Pennants of the Champions''), published in 1243, is his best known anthology of poetry. About the collection Ibn Said wrote that he wished to include only those few fragments "whose idea is more subtle than the West Wind, and whose language is more beautiful than a pretty face.": ) is a stone fortification located in the highest part of Toledo, Spain. Once used as a Roman palace in the 3rd century, it was restored under Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) and Philip II of Spain in the 1540's. Henry Kamen, ''Philip of Spain'', (Yale University Press, 1999), 184-185. In 1521, Hernán Cortés was received by Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) at the Alcázar, following Cortes' conquest of the Aztecs. ''Toledo and the New World in the Sixteenth Century'', Javier Malagón-Barceló, '''The Americas''', Vol. 20, No. 2 (Oct., 1963), 124. Guillaume's nephew and namesake, Guillaume III de Croÿ (William de Croÿ (archbishop)) (1498-1521), was educated in Louvain (Leuven) with Juan Luís Vives, a great philosopher of the time. As it appeared unlikely that he would succeed to the lands of his grandfather, Philippe I, he was destined to the church. Family interests ensured his rapid promotion: he was elected Bishop of Cambrai at the age of 17. Within a year, Charles V (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) bestowed upon his young Burgundian friend the archbishopric of Toledo (Toledo, Spain), making him a cardinal and Primate of Spain. This unprecedented move brought Spain to the brink of a civil war. Guillaume accompanied his uncle and Charles to Worms, where on January 6 he died aged 22, following a fall from his horse. His tomb is in the Celestin monastery of Louvain, founded by his father.
considerable Persian speaking inhabitants in Pakistan's major urban centres of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. During and after the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and subsequent arrival of millions of Afghan refugees to Pakistan, much of the Afghan (Dari Persian) music industry was kept ''alive'' by performances and recordings made in Pakistan. After more than 20 years, Persian folk music has made considerable and often subtle contributions the overall Pakistani music
recordings made by President Nixon and the testimony of others involved confirmed that Mitchell had participated in meetings to plan the break-in of the Democratic Party (Democratic Party (United States))'s national headquarters in the Watergate Hotel (Watergate complex). In addition, he had met, on at least three occasions, with the president in an effort to cover up White House involvement after the burglars were discovered and arrested.
was having me". Paul McCartney recorded a song entitled Blackpool as a number of demo home recordings made in the years 1971 and 1972. http: www.maccafan.net Vaultquiz SecretVault4 secretVault_q.htm The Jethro Tull (Jethro Tull (band)) song ''"Up the 'Pool"'' from the 1972 Living in the Past (Living in the Past (album)) album is about Blackpool, singer Ian Anderson and other members of the band's childhood home. Another Tull track about the beach attractions of Blackpool is "Big Dipper", from the 1976 album ''Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!''. In the early 1980s the then Blackpool based band The Membranes used the town as the subject matter for their ''Tatty Seaside Town'' 1988 single, which was later covered by Therapy? ''"Elvis Impersonator: Blackpool Pier"'', the opening track of the Manic Street Preachers album ''Everything Must Go (Everything Must Go (Manic Street Preachers album))'', contains the lyrics ''"20ft high off Blackpool Promenade"'' amongst other references to Blackpool. The opening line of Soft Cell's 1982 ''"Say Hello, Wave Goodbye"'' hit (later a hit for David Gray in 1998) "Standing at the door of the Pink Flamingo, Crying in the rain" is a reference to Blackpool's famous gay nightclub The Flamingo. Franz Ferdinand (Franz Ferdinand (band))'s 2013 ''"Love Illumination"'' single was originally called ''"Blackpool Illuminati"''. http: article.wn.com view 2013 07 25 Go_Hear_This_Love_Illumination_by_Franz_Ferdinand # related_news Other songs written about Blackpool include ''Oh Blackpool'' by Beautiful South and several different songs called ''Blackpool'', by Sham 69, Macc Lads, Roy Harper and The Delgados. ''"Blackpool"'' is also the title song from a production co-written with author Irvine Welsh and Vic Godard (Subway Sect) in 2002, later released as a four song EP called ''"Blackpool"''. A song called ''"Blackpool Fool"'' appears on the Frank Sidebottom album A,B,C & D(1997). http: www.last.fm music Frank+Sidebottom _ Blackpool+Fool Folk songs written about the town include The Houghton Weavers anthem ''"The Blackpool Belle"'' ("Oh the Blackpool Belle was a getaway train that went from Northern stations. What a beautiful sight on a Saturday night bound for the illuminations"), Jasper Carrot's ''"Day Trip To Blackpool"'' ("Didn't we have a miserable time the day we went to Blackpool? An 'orrible day, we got drunk on the way And spent our money on chips and bingo...") http: www.leoslyrics.com jasper-carrott day-trip-to-blackpool-lyrics and Mike Harding's single ''"Talking Blackpool Blues"'' ("Well my Mam and Dad and Gran and me We went to Blackpool by the sea It rained and rained for most of the day But we all got tanned in a funny sort of way"). http: mudcat.org thread.cfm?threadid 132648 Notable musicians born in Blackpool Ian Anderson, John Evan and Jeffrey Hammond (of Jethro Tull (Jethro Tull (band))), David Ball (David Ball (musician)) (of Soft Cell), singer-songwriter Roy Harper, Chris Lowe (of Pet Shop Boys), Nick McCarthy (of Franz Ferdinand (Franz Ferdinand (band))), Gary Miller (Gary Miller (singer)) (who had a hit with The Yellow Rose of Texas (The Yellow Rose of Texas (song))), Graham Nash (of The Hollies Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young), Robert Smith (Robert Smith (musician)) (of The Cure) and folk singer Maddy Prior. Victoria Christina Hesketh (Victoria Hesketh), better known as her stage name Little Boots, was also born in Blackpool. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool. Media Newspapers that cover the Blackpool area include the ''Blackpool Gazette'', the daily newspaper covering the Fylde Coast area, known locally as ''The Gazette''. They also publish a free weekly newspaper, the ''Blackpool Reporter (Blackpool Gazette)'', which is delivered to householders in Blackpool. The Gazette also publishes a daily online version in Polish, ''Witryna Polska'' (''Polish Gazette'') to cater for the local Polish (Poles) community. WikiPedia:Blackpool Commons:Category:Blackpool
squares, see: Public place names of Budapest. A national radio station (Hungarian Radio) (Radio Petőfi), a bridge (Petőfi Bridge) in Budapest and a street in Sofia, Bulgaria also bear his name, as well as the asteroid 4483 Petöfi, a member of the Hungaria family. On 20 July 2004, ''604'' was re-released in the US with four bonus tracks, the first three being live recordings made on 16 May 2003 at the Central Military Club in Sofia, Bulgaria. ref name "
that time the new name was adopted. Both Watson Forbes and John Moore, the violist and cellist, had been members of the Stratton Quartet. The Aeolian Quartet leader was Alfred Cave, for recordings made before 1953 of Peter Warlock's ''The Curlew'' with Leon Goossens and tenor René Soames HMV 78 rpm C 7934-7936. and Purcell (Henry Purcell) Fantasias Allegro 10" records which they recorded with future member Emanuel Hurwitz. ref>
;: Antonín Brabec, Jan Macháček, Jan Oswald, Pavel Syrový, Ladislav Vondrášek and Jan Žíla. '''''The Twenty-Seven Points''''' is a double album by The Fall (The Fall (band)), released in 1995. Subtitled '''"Live 92-95"''' the album consists of live recordings made in various locations between 1991 and 1995, but also contains 2 previously unheard studio tracks as well as some mildly diverting interludes. Credits on the album are sketchy but the front cover lists the cities
of Afghanistan and subsequent arrival of millions of Afghan refugees to Pakistan, much of the Afghan (Dari Persian) music industry was kept ''alive'' by performances and recordings made in Pakistan. After more than 20 years, Persian folk music has made considerable and often subtle contributions the overall Pakistani music industry. singers from Afghanistan regularly perform throughout Pakistan particularly at weddings and other formal functions. Singers such as Mehdi Hassan, ustad
by The Fall (The Fall (band)), released in 1995. Subtitled '''"Live 92-95"''' the album consists of live recordings made in various locations between 1991 and 1995, but also contains 2 previously unheard studio tracks as well as some mildly diverting interludes. Credits on the album are sketchy but the front cover lists the cities in which the tracks were recorded; Prague, Tel Aviv, London, Glasgow, New York and Manchester. :'''Leo
through the motifs of Serbian folkloric lullabies, took him to Paris where in 1985 he composed theatre music and at the IRCAM institute he expanded his knowledge in the field of electronic-acoustic music. During his stay in Paris, with Goran Vejvoda he started recording the album ''The Dreambird, in the Mooncage'', which was the last to feature the pseudonym Rex Illusivi, featuring the a combination of bird-twitter recordings, made at Madagascar
was intended to separate the NCAA from direct influence of any individual conference and to keep it centrally located. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically "jazz," in that more space was given to improvised soloing (Solo (music)). This form of music never gained the popularity of the dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in this form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with this music, Johnny Mercer, Harold Arlen and Hoagy Carmichael being notable exceptions. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City (Kansas City, Missouri). In the former, a sophisticated approach to arranging predominated, first in the work of Don Redman for the Fletcher Henderson band, later in the work of Duke Ellington for his Cotton Club orchestra, and Walter 'Foots' Thomas for Cab Calloway's, Charlie Spivak and His Orchestra (Charlie Spivak), and Mel Tormé's Mel-Tones. Some big ensembles, like the Joe "King" Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on "head" arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, in his case Louis Armstrong. There the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry "Red" Allen, J. C. Higginbotham and Charlie Holmes. Others such as Alvino Rey grew popular with shows in New York City and then toured the country sharing their hit songs and new musical styles. Because of her time in North Vietnam, the ensuing circulated rumors regarding the visit, and statements made following her return, resentment against her among veterans and those currently serving in the U.S. military still exists. For example, at the U.S. Naval Academy, when a plebe shouts out "Goodnight, Jane Fonda!", the entire company will reply "Goodnight, bitch!" *St. Paul (w:Saint Paul, Minnesota), Minnesota (w:Minnesota) *Kansas City Assembly (w:Kansas City Assembly) of Kansas City (w:Kansas City, Missouri), Missouri (w:Missouri) *Norfolk Assembly of Norfolk (w:Norfolk, Virginia), Virginia (w:Virginia) Still, Harlan was in attendance at Yankee Stadium (w:Yankee Stadium) during the team's Opening Day series this year. He also drove down to Kansas City (w:Kansas City, Missouri), only three hours away from Lincoln, when the Yankees visited the Kansas City Royals (w:Kansas City Royals). He made the same trips last year when Joba made his much-anticipated Major League debut.
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Last modified: Tue Oct 10 05:56:30 EDT 2017


text:
Noncommutative measure and integration refers to the theory of weights, states, and traces on von Neumann algebras (Takesaki 1979 v. 2 p. 141).

References
I. E. Segal. A noncommutative extension of abstract integration. Ann. of Math. (2), 57:401–457, 1953. MR # 14:991f, JSTOR collection. 2.0(2)
.

Operator algebras
Noncommutative geometry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Asus K55V Drivers Download - The market value of the Asus K55V of this specification is with Intel Core i3-3110M and Core i5-3210M, also with dedicated graphics cards, Nvidia GeForce GT 630M (Asus K55VM) and GT 610M (Asus K55VD). Asus K55V not captivates design, again opted for brown and quite practical, matte finish. Whole looks fine, but has lost its former freshness and breathes a little boredom. In addition, she gave of himself to know the policy of cutting production costs, since abandoned the aluminum cover for the plastic. The metal remained only the palm rest.
The rest is made of plastic, which can be considered as good species, but not paramount. The fitting housing parts Asus K55V is mostly correct. Only the optical drive tray is clearly not in line blends into the side of the computer. In terms of stiffness of the central unit it does well. Only around a tray DVD recorder slightly subside under pressure. Definitely worse it looks flap. It is clear deformation under the influence of some larger force, mainly in the central area (near the manufacturer's logo). The pressure on the lid results in interference on a displayed image. The LCD panel on the notebook Asus K55V deposited on 2 small hinges, which put quite moderate resistance and allow the screen variation is max. 150 degrees.
As a result, larger shocks manifest themselves vibration and, sometimes, change the display settings. Traditionally, you have to be careful during transportation to between the desktop and the matrix does not enter the body obce.Asus K55V not the best-equipped laptops in its class. The purchaser has at his disposal a relatively small peripheral ports (3 USB suddenly, out of which 2 version 3.0, HDMI and VGA outputs). Memory card reader, Gigabit LAN (Realtek RTL8168 / 8111), modules WiFi 802.11a / b / g / n (Intel Centrino Wireless-N 2230) and Bluetooth 4.0 + HS is basically a standard in this price segment. we provide download link for Asus K55V Drivers. you can download for Windows 7 32bit/64bit, windows 8.1 64bit and windows 10 64bit.


I know what you have been thinking up to this point, 'Laser is racist!' I understand your frustrations and that is why I have this one for you. This Tanda Me my Elos Syneronis a special kind of laser hair removal at home tech that is called ELOS. It has been used extensively for all the skin types that you can think of.
This is the 'color blind' version of IPL. The work the same as this one with the exception that this one will work on any skin.
Can you believe that? This is a quartz flash that will give you half a million flashes and that is how you will be able to get what you need in a timeline that you can be comfortable with. With the head that it has, it can be used for so much work.
When you have most of the ones that you have seen above, they do not work on your face and that is the reason why you will have to find something that does. With this one, you will be able to work on both the face and the rest of the body.
With the large head that it has, you will find it easy to get what you need in terms of results.
*You have to know that men should not use this Tanda Me my Elos Syneron is for their facial hair removal.
When you buy this one, you will find that it has the clearest instructions on the cover and the box. This way, you will have no problem knowing the details of how it works and how you can utilize it for your laser hair removal at home.
This model has a warranty of two years and that is how you will get to have what you need in terms of risk reduction. This will ensure that you get your money's worth with no worries that you may be getting swindled out of anything.
Like I said, there was a surprise at the end and this is it. The machine that will work for you in your laser hair removal at home without discriminating the skin color. Technology will get better, hold on.


Carolina to support and promote this observance.
Full Text BEVERLY EAVES PERDUE GOVERNOR WATER SAFETY MONTH 2011 BY THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA A PROCLAMATION WHEREAS, swimming and aquatic-related activities encourage good physical and mental health and enhance our quality of life; and WHEREAS, understanding and adhering to water safety rules and regulations is critical to preventing drownings ·and recreational water-related injuries; and WHEREAS, the State ofNorth Carolina is committed to educating citizens about water safety at private and public pools and spas, as well as on our beaches and in other bodies of natural water and during water-related recreational activities; and WHEREAS, the State ofNorth Carolina encourages citizens to abide by the rules set forth by trained and certified aquatic professionals who help develop water safety rules and regulations; NOW, THEREFORE, I, BEVERLY EAVES PERDUE, Governor of the State of North Carolina, do hereby proclaim May 2011~ as "WATER SAFETY MONTH" and urge all those in the State of North Carolina to support and promote this observance. BEVERLYEAVESPERDUE IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina at the Capitol in Raleigh this twenty-ninth day of April in the year of our Lord two thousand and eleven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-fift~ .


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text:
<?php
/**
 * DateSQL.php
 * @author: jmoulin@castelis.com
 */

namespace FMUPTests\Import\Config\Field\Formatter;

use FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter\DateSQL;

class DateSQLTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    public function testFormat()
    {
        $formatter = $this->getMockBuilder(\FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter\DateSQL::class)
            ->setMethods(array('toDate'))
            ->getMock();
        /** @var $formatter DateSQL */
        $this->assertInstanceOf(\FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter::class, $formatter);
        $this->assertFalse($formatter->hasError());
        $this->assertSame('Champ vide', $formatter->format(''));
        $this->assertTrue($formatter->hasError());
        $this->assertSame("La valeur  n'est pas convertible", $formatter->getErrorMessage());

        $formatter2 = $this->getMockBuilder(\FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter\DateSQL::class)
            ->setMethods(array('toDate'))
            ->getMock();
        $formatter2->method('toDate')->willReturnOnConsecutiveCalls('2010-10-10 10:10:10', false)->with($this->equalTo('test'));
        /** @var $formatter2 DateSQL */
        $this->assertFalse($formatter2->hasError());
        $this->assertSame('2010-10-10 10:10:10', $formatter2->format('test'));
        $this->assertFalse($formatter2->hasError());
        $this->assertSame('test', $formatter2->format('test'));
        $this->assertTrue($formatter2->hasError());
        $this->assertSame("La valeur test n'est pas convertible", $formatter->getErrorMessage('test'));

        $formatter3 = $this->getMockBuilder('\FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter\DateSQL')
            ->setMethods(array('toDate'))
            ->setConstructorArgs(array(DateSQL::DATE))
            ->getMock();
        $formatter3->method('toDate')->willReturnOnConsecutiveCalls('2010-10-10', false)->with($this->equalTo('test'));
        /** @var $formatter3 DateSQL */
        $this->assertFalse($formatter3->hasError());
        $this->assertSame('2010-10-10', $formatter3->format('test'));
        $this->assertFalse($formatter3->hasError());
        $this->assertSame('test', $formatter3->format('test'));
        $this->assertTrue($formatter3->hasError());
        $this->assertSame("La valeur test n'est pas convertible", $formatter->getErrorMessage('test'));
    }

    public function testToDate()
    {
        $formatter = new DateSQL;
        $formatterDate = new DateSQL(DateSQL::DATE);
        $this->assertInstanceOf(\FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter::class, $formatter);
        $function = new \ReflectionMethod('\FMUP\Import\Config\Field\Formatter\DateSQL', 'toDate');
        $function->setAccessible(true);
        $this->assertRegExp('~^2012-11-10 [0-2][0-9]:[0-5][0-9]:[0-5][0-9]$~', $function->invoke($formatter, '10/11/2012'));
        $this->assertRegExp('~^2010-11-12 [0-2][0-9]:[0-5][0-9]:[0-5][0-9]$~', $function->invoke($formatter, '2010-11-12'));
        $this->assertSame('2012-11-10', $function->invoke($formatterDate, '10/11/2012'));
        $this->assertSame('2010-11-12', $function->invoke($formatterDate, '2010-11-12'));
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


RALEIGH, N.C. - NC State men's basketball junior guard Markell Johnson will submit his name for consideration in the 2019 NBA Draft. He will go through the evaluation process while retaining his NCAA eligibility for a potential return to NC State.
"I fully support Markell going through this evaluation process and gathering additional information," said NC State head coach Kevin Keatts. "Given the rules and options available to him, Markell is taking advantage of resources to ultimately make the most informed decision."
Johnson finished second on NC State in scoring in 2018-19, averaging 12.6 points per game while also leading the Wolfpack with 4.2 assists per contest. The Cleveland native hit 42.2 percent on three-point accuracy for the season and was second on the squad with 68 three-pointers made.
Johnson scored a career-high 27 in the Wolfpack's win over eventual Final Four squad Auburn, hitting 9-of-15 shots from the floor while making 5-of-8 three-pointers. He delivered a season-high 10 assists in the Wolfpack's lone matchup with Duke this season at Cameron Indoor Stadium.
He had six 20-point games on the year. Over the past three seasons Johnson has played in 89 games with 57 starts.
Under current rules, student-athletes may declare for the draft without losing eligibility, provided they withdraw by the deadline on May 29.


text:
Dicranidion gracile är en svampart som beskrevs av Matsush. 1971. Dicranidion gracile ingår i släktet Dicranidion och familjen vaxskålar.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Vaxskålar
gracile


text:
Vol. 42, Issue No. 38, 22 Sep, 2007
Updated on 22 September 2007
Amita Batra
South Asia's Free Trade Agreement: Strategies and Options
The implementation of the South Asian Free Trade Area agreement in 2006 suggests that regional economic integration is being seriously pursued in south Asia. Given the economic asymmetry in south Asia and the predominant position of India in the region, the article proposes India as an anchor economy that can connect south Asia with east Asia to form an Asia-wide free trade arrangement. It suggests a review of the existing agreements like the Bangkok Agreement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation in terms of membership and sectoral coverage as these can act as potent instruments in facilitating the south Asia-east Asia economic integration.
South Asia's Free Trade Agreement: Strategiesand Options
The implementation of the South Asian Free Trade Area agreement in 2006 suggests that regional economic integration is being seriously pursued in south Asia. Given the economic asymmetry in south Asia and the predominant position of India in the region, the article proposes India as an anchor economy that can connect south Asia with east Asia to form an Asia-wide free trade arrangement. It suggests a review of the existing agreements like the Bangkok Agreement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation in terms of membership and sectoral coverage as these can act as potent instruments in facilitating the south Asia-east Asia
economic integration.
he intertwining of national interests at the multilateral and regional level has acquired a new intensity in the 1990s. A trend that has rapidly gained momentum is the proliferation of regional and bilateral trade agreements among countries that reduce barriers to trade on a reciprocal and preferential basis for each other. With the emergence of powerful trading blocs like the EU and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) group, over 60 per cent of world trade is conducted on a preferential basis rather than on a most favoured nation (MFN) basis. The consequent diversion of trade and increasing intra-regional trade has an adverse affect on the growth process in the regions that are not a part of these trading blocs.
Asian countries have followed multilateralism rather faithfully. In south Asia, while the South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) has been there for some time, the emphasis was on broader issues of regional cooperation rather than concrete measures of trade liberalisation. The stance has now changed. Regional economic integration in the geographical, social, historical and culturally contiguous south Asia is being pursued seriously. The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement was implemented in July 2006.
This article undertakes an analysis of south Asia's free trade agreement (FTA) strategies in the context of the region's potential for trade and investment expansion. The focus of the paper is on regional agreements in south Asia. The paper also highlights India's predominant economic position against a profile of south Asia's economic asymmetry, following which the paper considers the possibility of India as the anchor economy that can connect south and east Asia to constitute an Asia-wide trade bloc that may provide the member countries with a greater economic and strategic advantage than south Asia in isolation.
Intra-Regional Trade in South Asia
For the purpose of this paper, south Asia is defined as comprising the seven South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member nations, i e, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The economic profile of the region is presented in Table 1. It is evident that south Asia compares reasonably well with other regions in terms of GNI purchasing power parity (PPP) and per cent rate of growth over 2002-03. South Asia has the third largest GNI in PPP terms after east Asia and Latin America and has registered the second highest growth rate next only to east Asia.
Given its growing economic strength, south Asia has the potential to form a regional economic grouping. Intra-regional trade in south Asia has however been very low. As a percentage of total trade volume intra-regional trade has remained around 2 per cent since 1980 [Wilson and Otsuki 2004].1 Among all regions, south Asia is the least integrated when measured as a share of GDP (Figure 1). Intra-regional trade in south Asia is only 0.8 per cent of GDP, a fraction of east Asia's – nearly 27 per cent of GDP – and is in fact even below that for sub-Saharan Africa.
Intra-regional trade in south Asia has languished owing to a combination of politics and protectionism. In the late 1940s, when most south Asian countries were part of one political entity – British India – trade among them was sizeable. But owing to ensuing political tensions between India and Pakistan, the trade shares declined in the post-independence era. In addition, for a long time all countries in the region have pursued economic development by adopting import substitution rather than export promotion strategies, thus keeping trade as a proportion of national production low.
Both these factors are changing for the better now and countries of south Asia are willing and ready to increase regional cooperation. India and Pakistan are resolving their differences through diplomatic channels. All countries are opening up their eco nomies to global trade. The import substitution strategy was first abandoned by Sri Lanka and then by others in the 1990s. India has significantly reduced trade weighted tariffs in 2005 and 2006 and aims at aligning its tariff structure with that of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
It has been sometimes argued that the low level of intra-regional trade for south Asia does not augur well for regional economic integration. The intraregional trade level in south Asia does
Figure 1: Intra-Regional Trade as a Share of GDP, 2002 complementarity between India and
0 East Asia Europe and Latin central Asia America
6.4 3.5 0.8 5.3
Source: Roy (2005).
not compare well with other successful regional arrangements such as the EU and NAFTA. These arrangements have had levels of intra-regional trade that help characterise these arrangements as "natural trading partners".2 At the inception of the EU, intra-regional trade was around 65 per cent and for NAFTA it was around 42 per cent. Even for trade blocs that comprise developing countries, such as Mercusor, intra-regional trade stood at 13 per cent prior to the launch of the arrangement in 1991.3
In addition to the fact that there is no a priori theoretical basis to expect that preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with higher initial intra-regional trade are more likely to be welfare improving, there are several other reasons to treat this argument with some caution or maybe even dismiss it. Official trade figures understate the extent of intra-regional trade in south Asia. Several studies point to the considerable amount of "informal" trade taking place in the region not only to evade high tariffs prevalent in the region but also to carry out some trade that would not have been permitted at all. Pitigala (2005) reports that once the informal trade is added, intra-regional trade of Bangladesh jumps from 17.7 to 21.8 per cent in 1995 and for Sri Lanka in the same year the increase is from 11.4 to 14.4 per cent.
Further, Batra (2006a) has used the augmented gravity model to estimate the trade potential for India with its trading partners in the world and specifically within some regional groupings like the SAARC. The model explains bilateral trade as a function of bilateral distance, economic size, contiguity and cultural proxi mity as indicated by a common language and colonial past. The model is estimated using GNP both in terms of PPP and current international US dollar value. For both versions of the model, the estimates indicate positive trade potential for the SAARC region as a whole.
West Asia South Asia Sub-Saharanand Africa North Africa
The positive trade potential is mainly on account of potential trade between India and Pakistan in the former estimation and only on account of India-Pakistan trade potential in the latter. The potential trade between India and Pakistan is estimated to be $ 6.5 billion more than the actual trade between these economies when the model is estimated using GNP current inter national US dollar value.
The success of a regional bloc is also very often considered to be positively related to the diversity in the structure of comparative advantage of member nations. Several earlier studies have analysed the nature and extent of revealed comparative advantage of the south Asian economies. Most of these studies are suggestive of a similarity in the pattern of comparative advantage and export interests across south Asian countries. However, in comparison with other south Asian countries, the range of products over which India has comparative advantage is somewhat broad. According to a Kemal et al (2000) study for the period 1985-95, India has reasonable potential to meet the import needs of countries in the south Asian region. India can export a variety of products ranging from various food items to machinery and transport equipment to other countries in south Asia. The degree of trade complementarity has increased for Bangladesh and India. A reasonable compatibility is also indicated between the trade structures of Sri Lanka and India. Interestingly, relative to other countries in the region,
Table 1: South Asia – Comparative Perspective
Pop(mill) GNI ($bn) GNI (PPP) GNI PC GDP Growth
($) (Per Cent)
East Asia 1,855 1988.2 8542 1070 8.1 Europe and central Asia 472 1216.5 3555 2580 5.8 Latin America 533 1747.4 3801 3280 1.6 West Asia and north Africa 312 744.2 1826 2390 5.7 South Asia 1425 733.2 3761 510 7.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 705 351 1236 500 3.9
Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2005.
Pakistan is higher.
Batra and Khan (2005), show that India has comparative advantage in 41 out of 97 sectors of the HS-2 classification. On analysing the correspondence between the structure of revealed comparative advantage for India and imports of the other SAARC member nations, it is evident that India can meet the import demand for the region. There are ample examples to support this – Pakistan imports cereals, milling products, malts, starches, sugars and confectionary, textiles – all commodity groups where India has a high revealed comparative advantage in the global market and Pakistan high imports. However, none of these products are currently being sourced from India.
Gains from regional economic integration are possible through intra-industry trade. Scope for vertical integration of different stages of production among south Asian nations exists in sectors like textiles, leather goods, light engineering, rubber products, automobiles and exploitation of bio-resources.4 The proportion of intraindustry trade in total trade is however low [Kemal et al 2000]. The exception is India-Nepal intra-industry trade that is about 14 per cent of their bilateral trade.
There is potential for efficiency seeking restructuring in south Asia. Illustrative examples of this potential for restructuring in south Asia are available. A recent study by Das (2004) shows how the free trade regime under the India-Nepal bilateral free trade arrangement has facilitated the restructuring of production by certain companies that have shifted production base to Nepal to serve the north Indian market as also for third country exports. Among others, examples include Dabur, India setting up its production unit for fruit juices in Nepal. Evidence towards efficiency seeking restructuring is also evident from the India-Sri Lanka FTA. These include Ceat India, production of auto motive tyres in Sri Lanka for the markets in south Asia and beyond. While these cases are an outcome of India's bilateral agreements, they help reveal how an FTA with a liberalised investment regime can induce a spate of efficiency seeking industrial restructuring through intra-south Asian foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. Potential for such flows exists in both the textiles and clothing sector.
Regional Economic Integration Attempts
Over the past 15 years, south Asian countries have tried to increase intraregional trade. The increase has, however, been more on account of the changes in the macroeconomic policy of member nations rather than in formal trade agreements. Thus far, there have been two formal agreements at the regional level in south Asia. These are the SAPTA and SAFTA.
South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement
The SAPTA was signed in April 1993. The agreement became operational in 1995. The SAPTA Agreement provided for the exchange of tariff preferences among member nations without commitment that such exchange would be carried out on a scale that turns the region into a free trade area by a specified date. Therefore, the agreement could not be termed as a south Asian free trade area/ agreement. The agreement made a distinction between least and other developing member countries, provided for special and differential treatment for the least developed countries (LDC) members and also included a regional "MFN" provision. The rules of origin (RoO) provisions have been a contentious issue among member nations. After much debate, the RoO allow for 40 per cent local content requirement for non-LDC members and 30 per cent for LDC members and the "cumulative" origin requirement of 50 per cent.
Following SAPTA's establishment, three rounds of preferential tariff reductions were implemented. Concluded in 1995, SAPTA-1 covered only 6 per cent of traded goods (226 products at HS-6 digit level). The important issue of non-tariff barriers was deferred. SAPTA-2 concluded in 1997 and was more ambitious as it covered 1,800 products at the HS-6 digit level. It also incorporated provisions about easing non-tariff barriers. SAPTA-3 was signed in 1998 and was most ambitious, covering 2,700 items. The SAPTA-4 round though initiated was put on hold owing to the political situation in Pakistan.
Despite three rounds of preference negotiations, the arrangement has remained ineffective. Two main reasons have been cited for SAPTA's inability to raise intraregional trade levels by substantial amounts. These are: (a) at the time of implementation of SAPTA, the region was characterised by highly restrictive economic and trading regime; and more importantly (b) the goods for which trade preferences were offered did not constitute a significant proportion of total number of goods traded. Mukherjee (2000) estimates that the proportion of intra-regional imports covered by the SAPTA preferences was the highest for Pakistan (39.6 per cent), followed by Nepal (35.2 per cent), India (30 per cent), Bhutan (17 per cent) and Sri Lanka (12 per cent). The import value coverage for Bangladesh and Maldives was marginal.
Nevertheless, the slow progress of the multilateral negotiation process and the relative success of the India-Sri Lanka bilateral FTA5 has given impetus to a more serious consideration, especially by India, of the regional option for a free trade area in south Asia. The SAFTAAgreement that was ratified in January 2006 and implemented on July 1, 2006 aims at turning the region into a free trade area.
South Asian Free Trade Area Agreement
The SAFTA Agreement covers tariff reductions, RoO, safeguards, institutional structures and dispute settlement. SAFTA members have committed to a 10-year phase out of tariffs beginning July 2006. Reductions will proceed in two stages but at a different speed for the least developed members and non-least developed members. Once the trade liberalisation process is completed, SAFTA shall super-cede SAPTA. Till then, all concessions granted under SAPTA shall remain available to the contracting states.6 The agreement also calls for eliminating quantitative restrictions (QRs) for products on the tariff liberalisation list. No time frame or mechanism has, however, been specified in this regard. While member states have been allowed to develop a list of sensitive items that would not be fully subjected to the stipulated tariff cuts, the number of products would be subject to review every four years.
To achieve its stated objective of strengthening intra-SAARC economic cooperation and realisation of the region's potential for trade and development of their people, however, the scope of the SAFTA Agreement needs to be enlarged to include investment facilitation and provisions for liberalisation of services. Liberalisation of investment will help exploit the possibilities of intra-industry trade and efficiency seeking industrial relocation in the region as also to use the incentive of the larger markets, particularly the Indian market to stimulate investment from within and outside south Asia for small economies with narrow markets such as Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. As far as the services sector is concerned, it has not just acquired increased importance in GDP and exports of member countries but also figures prominently in informal trade in the region. Sectors like education, health and tourism offer considerable scope for cooperation among member nations. Already, health services are being provided on a fairly substantial scale in the region through mode 2 of service provision under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This movement is generally oneway, particularly for India. Until now there are no generally agreed upon rules and regulations and procedures at the regional level, for providing services under mode 2. The movement of people in the social sector, in particular, can be facilitated by the gradual conclusion of mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) on standards, qualifications and degrees as well as harmonisation of standards. For tourism existing mechanisms for coordination among the member countries need to be strengthened through both the joint development of tourist infrastructure and a well coordinated plan for promoting cross-country tourism for specific purposes like pilgrimages, etc.
In addition to the enlargement of the scope of the agreement, it is important for policymakers in south Asia to implement measures for trade facilitation. A review of trade facilitation and transport logistics in the region illustrates the continued weakness of south Asian countries in port and transport infrastructure, regulatory environments and service sector infrastructure. Delays at seaports due to congestion and outdated infrastructure, for example, raise costs for exporters throughout the region. In fact, a well-formulated and broadly defined plan for infrastructure development that will link not just the region's road, rail and port systems but also
Figure 2: India's Share in Intra-South Asian Trade As the only country that shares its land
80 border with all the other south Asian countries, India accounts for 65 per cent of
intra-regional trade in south Asia (2003).
Furthermore India is the major trading
partner for most south Asian countries
$ Billion 8 6 4 2 0 48 per cent 71 73 71 65 per cent per cent per cent per cent Intra Trade India's Share
Per cent
– the top for Bhutan and Nepal and is
among the top 20 for Sri Lanka, the
Maldives and Bangladesh. India already
has bilateral trade treaties with three south
Asian countries – Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhu
Source: UNCOM Trade.
the electricity, gas and oil grids will go a long way towards the maximisation of the region's potential for intra-regional trade. This will be further enhanced if granting of transit rights for inter country commerce in south Asia is depoliticised and not conditioned by narrow country interests.
Finally, it is often said that the success of the SAFTA is contingent upon India's trade policy and its ability to lead the region as has been the case for most successful regional trade arrangements like NAFTA, Mercusor, etc, that have had, at their core, a single large economy. Taking this a little further, in this paper, we propose that India can actually take the SAFTA/south Asia towards a full-fledged Asia-wide FTA. The remainder of the paper explores this option for south Asia.
India-East Asia and Asia-wide FTA
In an economically asymmetric south Asia, India is the predominant economy. India has also, in recent times, emerged as one of the most dynamic economies in the world. Simultaneously, in east Asia, ASEAN has initiated a phase of accelerated economic integration. In the post-1997-98 east Asian financial crisis, ASEAN could actually use the fresh infusion of economic dynamism of India. As it is, trade trends reveal that India is increasingly getting linked with east Asia. In addition, the ASEAN economies are de facto integrated with the plus three economies of China, Japan and Korea through a market-led process of integration. Further, an ASEAN+3+3 economic bloc that is inclusive of India has been envisioned on the lines of the EU as part of the deliberations of Asian leaders at the December 2005 East Asia Summit. And last but certainly not the least, the convergence of economic policies in Asia has led to a rethinking on the earlier strategic assumptions that influenced the emergence of particular regional groupings in Asia. The new world order provides scope for redefining the territorial compass of the groupings of the future. Trade integration between India and east Asia is hence, a practical possibility that we explore in this section of the paper. We suggest that once the dominant south Asian economy is formally integrated with east Asia, the other south Asian economies for which India is the major trading partner may hasten their process of integration with India to gain access to the larger market. An accelerated SAFTA and an eventual south Asia-east Asia trade bloc may emerge. Following a brief profile of the economically asymmetric south Asia, the case for an India-east Asia trade bloc is examined below.
Economic Asymmetry
South Asia is economically asymmetric. India has a central position in south Asia. India is the largest economy with a GDP, which is not just 80 per cent of the south Asian GDP (2003) but also the fourth largest in the world (2004) in PPP terms. Over 75 per cent of the region's population resides in India. The country has a GDP per capita that is second only to Sri Lanka, and that too only on account of the latter's smaller population. With a per capita income (current) of $ 546 as against the south Asian average (excluding India) of $ 462 and a burgeoning middle class, the size of which has increased from 14 per cent (113 million) in 1992-93 to 26 per cent (250 million) in 1998-99, India provides a huge market for the region.
tan and negotiations are on with Bangladesh. India is a member of all regional/ sub-regional groupings in south Asia like the Bangkok Agreement,7 the south Asia growth quadrangle, etc.
India's Growth Story
Over the last decade and a half, India has attained the identity of a dynamic economy in pursuit of a high rate of economic growth through the process of liberalisation and economic reform. The Indian economy has grown at an average rate of
5.8 per cent during the 1980s, at 6 per cent during the 1990s and early years of this decade and more recently at over 8 per cent. India recorded the second highest average growth rate of 6.06 per cent per annum during 1992-2001 after China.
The growth process in India has been accompanied by macroeconomic stability. The coefficient of variation (CV, refer Table 3) in the rate of growth of GDP in India has fallen from 0.4 in 1981-91 to 0.25 during 1992-2005, which is lower than that for other ASEAN member countries like Indonesia (CV = 1.27), Philippines (CV = 0.56), Thailand, etc. The exchange rate in India has also moved within a narrow range. Stability in exchange rate is evident from the coefficient of variation that was 0.33 in the pre-reform period and has since fallen to
0.19 in the post-reform period. Further, the inflationary forces in India have been under control and in fact, inflation has been maintained at single digit levels almost throughout the period of reform and more recently, despite the rise in
Table 2: Economic Profile of South Asia
Country GDP ($ Billion) GDP (PPP) Rog of GDP GDP PC (PPP) Pop (Million)
Bangladesh 51.9 244.4 5.3 1770.2 138.1 Bhutan 0.7 -6.7 0.9 India 600.6 3078.0 8.6 2891.8 1064.4 Maldives 0.7 -9.2 0.3 Nepal 5.9 35.0 3.1 1419.9 24.7 Pakistan 82.3 311.3 5.1 2096.9 148.4 Sri Lanka 18.2 72.7 5.9 3777.8 19.2
Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank 2005.
decade is in contrast with the growth
fluctuations experienced by east Asia and
south-east Asia.
Further, India's growth process is
(Per cent)
18.1 17.217.6 17.6 17.5 15.1 16.9 17.9 19.9
regarded as more sustainable relative to
other emerging economies of the region. Growth in India is an outcome of a ROW
ASEAN+4 Source: Batra (2006b).
protracted process of liberalisation and economic reform. Domestic private 21 per cent and the share of the proposed the proposed trade bloc is also apparent consumption has been the primary driving ASEAN+4 bloc has increased to about when we look at the increasing divergence force for the growth process. Therefore, 20 per cent. With its share in India's total between the shares of ASEAN+4 and rest the fear of over-heating, as is the case of trade having increased to equal that of of the world (ROW) in India's total trade. export-led growth processes adopted in the EU, ASEAN+4 has emerged as the As is evident from Figure 3, there is a many other countries of the region does other dominant partner bloc for India. clear increase in the share of ASEAN+4 not hold for India. Trade with ASEAN+4 vis-a-vis rest of the in India's total trade at the expense of the
world: India's trade orientation towards ROW. Over the period 2000-2003, the Economic Rationale for share of ASEAN+4 in India's total trade
Table 3: Coefficients of Variation
India-East Asia Trade Bloc has increased from 15 to almost 20 per
Country Exchange Rate Growth Rate
cent and that of the ROW has registered
1980-1992-1980-1992-
For the purpose of the analysis in this a fall from 85 per cent to 80 per cent.
section, east Asia is defined as inclusive of As concerns individual member nations,
India 0.33 0.19 0.40 0.25
the ASEAN 10, China, Japan and Korea, three of the ASEAN+4 countries – China,
Indonesia 0.40 0.58 0.37 1.27
i e, the ASEAN+3. As the first part of our Japan and Singapore – feature among the
Japan 0.26 0.09 0.33 –
proposal for an India-east Asia trade bloc, top 10 trading partners for India in 2003.
Korea 0.11 0.21 0.46 – i e, ASEAN+3+1/ ASEAN+4, evidence in Malaysia 0.08 0.19 0.52 0.78 Singapore and China first emerged among Philippines 0.40 0.32 2.50 0.56
support of India's increasing trade linkages the top 10 trading partners for India in 2000
Singapore 0.07 0.08 0.49 –
with the proposed bloc is presented. and have remained so since then. China
Thailand 0.08 0.23 0.40 1.15Rate of growth of total trade with Vietnam – 0.34 0.32 0.17 has, over the same period, emerged as the
ASEAN+4: The average annual rate of third largest trading partner for India.
Source: International Financial Statistics, IMF 2001,
growth of India's total trade with ASEAN+4 India as a market for the ASEAN+4:
World Development Indicators, Worldover 1999-2003 is 9.5 per cent. It is Bank 2005. Simultaneous with the increase in the
observed from Table 4 that this is close share of ASEAN+4 in India's total trade,
Table 4: Rate of Growth of Total Trade
to the rate registered by China and it is observed that there is an increase
with ASEAN+4
greater than that for Japan and Korea (Per cent) in India's relevance for the ASEAN+4 over the same period. In 2001-03, India nations. Evidence shows that India is
Year India China Japan Korea
has registered the highest annual rate of Rep increasingly being looked at as a marketgrowth of total trade with the proposed for exports (Table 6). Over 1995-2003,
1999-2000 -3.2 33.0 28.3 31.2
bloc in comparison with the plus three India registered the highest rate of growth
2000-2001 11.4 5.4 -9.5 -11.8
economies that are considered as already in the region for Chinese and Indonesian
2001-02 24.8 21.9 5.3 13.2integrated with ASEAN.8 2002-03 37.3 37.4 20.6 23.8 exports. India is second only to ChinaTrade with ASEAN+4 vis-a-vis other re-Average annual as the most attractive market in the gional trade blocs: India's trade with re-rate of growth 9.5 12.7 3.0 5.3 region for Korean, Malaysian and Thai gional blocs presents an interesting picture Source: Batra (2006b). exports.
(Table 5). In 1995, the EU (15/25) was the most significant trading bloc for India Table 5: Shares of Select Trade Blocs in India's Total Trade in terms of its share in total trade. Trade (Per cent)
with the EU constituted 28 per cent of
Year EU15 EU25 NAFTA Mercosur ASEAN ASEAN+4 SAARC
India's total trade. This was followed by
1995 27.4 28.0 14.9 0.8 7.8 18.1 2.9
NAFTA at around 15 per cent and
1999 23.5 24.0 15.2 1.1 8.5 17.5 2.1 ASEAN at 8 per cent. In 2003, the share 2003 20.2 20.7 12.9 0.9 9.3 19.9 3.4
of EU in India's total trade had fallen to Source: Batra (2006b).
Table 6: India as a Market for ASEAN+4: Comparison with +3 Economies
Markets↓ Bru Dar China India Indonesia Japan Republic of Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand
China – – 86.7 13.1 17.9 31.6 27.6 – 29.7 27.5 India – 37.4 – 39.7 -0.6 17.0 22.8 – 7.2 13.5 Japan – 12.1 –2.6 1.2 – 6.1 2.2 – 0.6 2.3 Republic of Korea – 22.3 7.7 5.4 1.3 5.3 9.6 11.0
Note: Figures in the table represent average annual rate of growth of exports to the specific markets over 1999-2003. Source: Batra (2006b).
The fact that India is emerging as an important market for intra-regional exports is corroborated when we look at India's trade with ASEAN+4. It may be seen from Table 7 that the average annual rate of growth of imports of India from ASEAN+4 exceeds the rate of growth of India's exports to ASEAN+4. In addition, when compared with the plus three economies, the rate of growth of India's imports from ASEAN+4 is second to China and significantly higher than that of Japan and Korea.
Having thus presented the case for India's inclusion in an ASEAN+4 trade bloc, we proceed to establish the economic strength of the proposed bloc.
Economic Strength of India-East Asia Trade Bloc
The proposed ASEAN +3+1/ASEAN+4 region comprising two of the most dynamic economies in the world, i e, India and China has been referred to as the "arc of advantage". As may be noticed from the available facts presented in Table 8, the GNI of the countries comprising this regional bloc is over $ 7.6 trillion in 2003 and is comparable to the $ 9.4 trillion gross national income of the EU. In terms of PPP, the national income of ASEAN+4 is $ 16 trillion and is more than the national income of NAFTA, which is $ 13 trillion or of the EU, which is $ 11 trillion. The combined total reserves of this region are about $ 2 trillion, and are much larger than that of the EU. Given that the proposed 14 country singular economic entity of ASEAN+4 has a 19 per cent share in total world trade which is almost as much as that of NAFTA and contributes 21 per cent of the global output and is in addition home to about half of the world's population, it has the potential to impact the global as well as the regional economies.
As evident from Table 9, the trends in intra-bloc trade are encouraging. Intra-bloc trade as a per cent of total trade at an aggregate level for the ASEAN+4 economies along with some selected blocs is shown in Table 9.9 Trade among the member nations of ASEAN+4 as against their trade with the rest of the world has registered an increase in the period 1995-2003 even though there was a fall in 1999, possibly on account of the east Asian crisis. In 2003, intra-bloc trade for ASEAN+4 was 44 per cent. This value of intra-regional trade share is higher than the corresponding share for many of the existing trade blocs in the year of their formation. For example, intra-bloc trade for NAFTA was 42 per cent in 1991 and for Mercusor it was 13 per cent in 1991 [Schiff and Winters 2003].
It is also evident from Table 9 that the potential of ASEAN+4 for regional economic integration is higher than that of the existing regional bloc in Asia, i e, ASEAN. Intra-ASEAN trade is less than that for ASEAN+4. This fact is further corroborated when the trends for intra-bloc exports and imports as shown in Tables 10 and 11 are analysed. There exists a positive difference between the levels of intra-bloc exports and imports for the proposed ASEAN+4 grouping as against the existing ASEAN. In 2003, intra-ASEAN trade – both exports and imports stands at 22 per cent and this is much lower than the 35 per cent and 43 per cent of intra-ASEAN+4 exports and imports respectively.
The strength of the ASEAN+4 as a regional trade bloc may also be inferred from the degree of "trade bias" among member nations evaluated using the index of trade intensity (TI). Table 12 summarises the change in the TI index at three time points and for a comparative picture the TI indices at the same time points are also shown for NAFTA. The TI index as shown in Table 12 exceeds unity. This is indicative of "intense" trade relations within the ASEAN+4 regional grouping. The TI index for ASEAN+4 is comparable to that for NAFTA, particularly at the time of the latter's coming into effect.10
Road Map to India-East Asia Trade Bloc
Having thus established the economic rationale and strength of an India-east Asia trade bloc we examine the most efficient approach to India's entry in this bloc and hence the formation of this bloc. Two alternative approaches are evaluated in terms of their efficiency costs – the merger of ASEAN+1 FTAs of the plus four economies against that of the ASEAN+3+1. In the latter case India enters last in a pre-existing ASEAN+3 arrangement.11
Efficiency Costs for Regional Orientation
To ascertain an efficient path to the formation of an India-east Asia trade bloc, an estimate of the extent of production restructuring/adjustment in response to regional orientation is undertaken. Efficiency costs are measured12 as the percentage of sectors where individual countries, even though not comparatively advantageously placed in the global market, reorient themselves towards these possible trade formations – ASEAN+3
Table 7: Rate of Growth of Exports and Imports of the Plus Four Economies: 1995-2003
India China Japan Korea Rep
Imports from
ASEAN+4 10.8 14.6 4.4 4.8 Exports to
ASEAN+4 7.7 10.5 1.7 5.8
Source: Batra (2006b).
Table 8: ASEAN+3+1 Region: Descriptive Statistics
ASEAN+4 NAFTA EU
GNI (trillion $) 7.6 12.5 9.4 National income
(trillion $)PPP 16 13 11 Population (billion) 3.03 0.42 0.45 Total reserves (trillion $) 1.6 0.25 0.52 Share of world trade
(per cent) 19.22 20.27 38.8
Table 9: Intra-Bloc Trade
Regions 1995 1999 2003
ASEAN 25.5 24.6 25.3 ASEAN+4 42.0 39.5 44.0 NAFTA 45.0 50.1 49.9
Table 10: Intra-Bloc Exports
ASEAN 25.5 22.5 22.4 ASEAN+4 35.2 31.1 35.0
Table 11: Intra-Bloc Imports
Table 12: Intra-Regional Trade Intensity Index
ASEAN 3.9 4.5 4.4 ASEAN+4 2.1 2.2 2.2 NAFTA 2.4 2.3 2.7
or ASEAN in anticipation of potential gains. Our results show the efficiency costs to be lower for alignment with ASEAN relative to ASEAN+3 for all the plus four economies. The cost of alignment with ASEAN is lowest for China among the plus four economies. In comparison with about 67 per cent for ASEAN+3, only 26 per cent sectors require restructuring in response to increased regional orientation. For India, in about 50 per cent of the sectors, increased export orientation towards ASEAN is observed despite a lack of comparative advantage in the world market in comparison with 54 per cent of such sectors in case of ASEAN+3+1. Corresponding figures for Korea are 68 and 78 per cent for ASEAN and ASEAN+3+1 respectively. Clearly, ASEAN+1 is a more cost efficient arrangement for all the economies (Table 13).13
Efficiency Costs vis-a-vis Multilateral Liberalisation
An assessment of the alignment of the structure of a country's comparative advantage in the two markets (ASEAN and world or ASEAN+3) with that in the world market has also been undertaken. Closer the structure of comparative advantage in the global and regional formation, lower will be the costs of participation in a particular bloc. The efficiency costs thus estimated are also indicative of the cost of participation in the regional FTA relative to participation in multilateral liberalisation, which according to conventional wisdom, is considered the "first best" solution for attaining the potential benefits of a more open world economy. The alignment of comparative advantage has been examined at the aggregate level (for all sectors) and separately for the main sectors of an economy, i e, agriculture, manufacturing, minerals and fuels, chemicals and plastics and manufactures chiefly by materials and miscellaneous manufactures.14 In the case of India the comparative advantage is similar in regional and global markets. The similarity index is estimated to be around 0.7 in case for both the world and ASEAN+3 as also the world and ASEAN configurations. For the plus three economies, the alignment of their comparative advantage in the global market is marginally higher with that in ASEAN+3 relative to that in ASEAN. The range is, however, such as to indicate high alignment for all the economies.
Our results (Table 14), therefore, show that India's entry in an ASEAN+4 bloc is efficient and does not imply any major additional costs over and above participation in the multilateral process of liberalisation. A prior alignment with ASEAN in the ASEAN+1 framework is evidently a more efficient or least cost path to entering the ASEAN+4 bloc for all the plus four economies. Regionally oriented export patterns do not imply any significant costs of adjustment of the production structure from those that are consistent with orientation towards the global market. The ASEAN+1 is thus an efficient route towards achieving the India-east Asia trade bloc. The process of ASEAN-India negotiations is already under way. For the south Asian economies for which India is the predominant trade partner, this should lead to an acceleration in their pace of integration with India as this will give them a direct and easy access to the "arc of advantage".
It may, in the meanwhile, also be useful to explore two existing agreements that have the potential to give a concrete shape to the south Asia-east Asia trade bloc, particularly, given the economic advantage of an Asian bloc that spreads across sub-regions of south and east Asia. These agreements are the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and the Bangkok Agreement. A brief description of the agreements is given below. BIMSTEC: At the sub-regional level, the major initiative is BIMSTEC. BIMSTEC comprises Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. This initiative includes countries from both SAARC and ASEAN and in fact, acts as a bridge between the two. The first ever summit-level meeting for BIMSTEC was held in July 2004 when it acquired its new incarnation – the BIMSTEC. This Bay of Bengal initiative is dynamic and offers the prospect of widening the network for outward oriented growth in this part of Asia. It can emerge as a bridge between the more inward oriented south Asia, and the more outward oriented south-east and east Asia. Through this route India, followed by SAARC, can reach out to the south-east Asian region and beyond to the Asia-Pacific community. The BIM-STEC draft FTA agreement provides for, inter alia, a two-track tariff reduction/ elimination programme, liberalisation of trade in services, investment and cooperation in identified sectors of technology, transportation and communication, energy, tourism and fisheries.15 The timeline for negotiations for tariff reduction and investment and services has been pre-specified. The BIMSTEC Agreement, therefore, holds prospects for a much larger pan-Asian economic cooperation in the long run. Bangkok Agreement: The Bangkok Agreement was signed in 1975. Its members are Bangladesh, China, India, Republic of Korea, Laos and Sri Lanka. The agreement is, at present, limited in scope as it covers only tariff concessions on goods. The agreement was revitalised in 2001 with the entry of China. This agreement is a more potent instrument than the BIMSTEC as a facilitator for south Asia-east Asia economic integration. That China, India and Republic of Korea are already members of this agreement is indicative of the huge market potential inherent in the agreement. Further, the agreement is open to all developing member countries of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and is consequently, the only truly regional trade agreement in Asia. In terms of its potential membership, this is the only agreement that has the potential to develop into a regional trade
Table 13: Efficiency Costs* for Regional Orientation
ASEAN ASEAN+4
Note: * per cent number of sectors. Source: Batra (2006b).
Table 14: Efficiency Costs vis-a-vis Multilateral Liberalisation
All sectors 0.66b 0.72b 0.73b 0.63b 0.73a,b 0.84c 0.79a,b 0.78a,b Agriculture and 0.63b 0.60b 0.59b 0.55b allied 0.74a,b 0.81c 0.67a,b 0.74a,b Manufacturing 0.67b 0.74b 0.72b 0.63b 0.73a,b 0.85c 0.78a,b 0.78a,b Minerals and 0.64b 0.44 0.68b 0.48 mineral fuels 0.82a,b 0.85c 0.89c 0.78a,b
Chemicals and 0.70b 0.75b 0.65b 0.67b plastics 0.75a,b 0.86c 0.73a,b 0.82c Manufacturers 0.69b 0.74b 0.71b 0.61b
chiefly by mat 0.74a,b 0.83c 0.79a,b 0.77a,b Machinery 0.55b 0.72b 0.76b 0.65b 0.57a,b 0.82a,b 0.84c 0.79a,b Misc (HS 90-99) 0.38 0.85c 0.73b 0.60b 0.50a,b 0.85c 0.82c 0.75a,b
Note: a italicised: ASEAN+4; b bold: Moderate; c high: All others: low; All significant. Source: Batra (2006b).
agreement leading to regional economic integration in Asia.
To be more useful for the purpose of regional integration both the agreements call for a review of scope – both in terms of member nations and sectoral coverage. It may be an even better idea to work on these two aspects of the agreements while simultaneously considering the merger of the BIMSTEC and Bangkok Agreement. Ultimately it needs to be realised that an Asian bloc will not just benefit the region and its economies as analysed above16 but can be a potential instrument of changing incentives for the trade blocs in the Americas and Europe and actually make possible multilateral freeing of trade.
Email: amitabatra@icrier.res.in
1 Some studies have shown the number to be around 4 per cent. Taking the variation in estimates in intra-regional trade for south Asia across different studies, it can still be said that intra-regional trade as percentage of total regional trade is less than 5 per cent.
2 A series of earlier papers like Wonnacott, Paul and Mark Lutz (1989), Summers, Lawrence (1991), Krugman (1993) and Frankel et al (1995), argue that regional trade agreements with larger pre-trade volumes and geographically proximate countries are likely to be welfare improving.
3 The more robust indicator for intra-regional trade bais like the index of trade intensity (TI) is also very low for the region. However, the TI index for bilateral relationships reveals a positive trend for India and Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka indicating the region's intense and increasing dependence on India as a trade partner. In case of other bilateral relationships, the trend is observed to be asymmetric over the 1990s.
4 Global Economic Prospects, 2004, World Bank.
5 India-Sri Lanka FTA has been a landmark bilateral free trade agreement in south Asia. The agreement came into effect in 2000. It has boosted bilateral trade between the two countries. The agreement led to reducing Sri-Lanka's trade deficit with India from 11:1 in 1999 to 5:1 in 2002. Sri Lankan exports to India accounted for 3.6 per cent of overall exports in 2002 in comparison to 1999, when Sri Lankan exports to India accounted for 1 per cent of overall exports. India has become the fifth largest destination for Sri Lankan exports in 2002 compared to the rank in 20s in the mid-1990s. India is the largest source of imports for Sri Lanka and accounts for 14 per cent of overall imports. Also Sri Lanka has, as a consequence of the FTA become the hot destination for FDI as many countries now see it as door of opportunity to access the huge Indian market. Indo Sri Lanka bilateral FTA has now graduated to an India-Sri Lanka closer economic partnership arrangement (CEPA) where liberalisation of services, more flexible RoO and shorter sensitive lists are to be included.
6 The question of an overlap between the
SAFTA and SAPTA therefore, will not arise. 7 Now the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement. 8 While India's linkages are growing at the
highest rate, the share of the proposed bloc in total trade of the plus three economies is double that of India's and trade intensity is consistently above unity, indicating thus existing "intense" trade relations between ASEAN and the plus three economies [Batra 2006b].
9 Data has been presented at four year intervals to reduce the influence of any annual irregular variations such as those on account of fluctuations in commodity prices.
10 This corroborates earlier evidence in favour of the ASEAN+4. Intra-regional trade shares for ASEAN+4 in contrast with that of ASEAN are comparable to that for NAFTA at the time of the latter's formation.
11 ASEAN+3 has been referred to as the most suitable candidate for east Asian regionalism in the literature [Baldwin 2006; Drysdale 2001]. At this stage, however, the ASEAN+3 group is not a regional trading arrangement. The focus in ASEAN+3 is on financial cooperation only.
12 Over the period 1995-2004.
13 A weak form of this efficiency criterion reveals lower costs of alignment with ASEAN for Japan as well. Refer Batra (2006b)
14 The alignment of the structure of comparative advantage has been undertaken irrespective of the value of the index. Alternately, alignment of only those commodities where countries are comparatively advantageously placed has also been tried. The results do not alter the earlier implications.
15 Economic cooperation in six sectors with designated lead countries: Bangladesh: trade and investment, Sri-Lanka: technology, India: transport and communication, tourism, Myanmar: energy, Thailand: fisheries.
16 This Asia-wide FTA will have many efficient and competitive countries thereby minimising the extent of trade diversion relative to SAFTA.
Baldwin, Richard E (2006): 'Managing the Noodle Bowl: The Fragility of East Asian Regionalism', Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva.
Batra, Amita (2005): 'India-Country Perspectives', South Asian Free Trade Area: Opportunities and Challenges, USAID Publication.
– (2006a): 'India's Global Trade Potential: The Gravity Model Approach', Global Economic Review, Vol 35(3), September.
– (2006b): 'Asian Economic Integration: ASEAN+3+1 or ASEAN+1s?', Working Paper 186, ICRIER, New Delhi.
Batra, Amita and Zeba Khan (2005): 'Revealed Comparative Advantage – An Analysis for India and China', Working Paper 168, IC-RIER, New Delhi.
Das, Ram Upendra (2004): 'Industrial Restructuring and Export Competitiveness of the Textiles and Clothing Sector in SAARC in the Context of MFA Phase-Out', RISDP#85/2004, RIS, New Delhi.
Drysdale, Peter (2001): 'The East Asia Community: What Trade Arrangements Make Sense?' presentation to 'Asian Values and Japan's Options' conference, University of Singapore.
Frankel, Jeffrey, Ernesto Stein and Shang-Jin Wei (1995): 'Trading Blocs and the Americas: The Natural, the Unnatural and the Supernatural', Journal of Development Economics, 47(1), pp 61-95.
Ghani, Ejaz (2004): 'South Asia Regional Integration: Benefits, Opportunities and Challenges', World Bank/IMF Annual meetings.
Kemal, A R, Musleh-ud Din, Klabe Abbas and Usman Kadir (2000): 'A Plan to Strengthen Regional Trade Cooperation in South Asia', study for the SANEI-I Project, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Krugman, P (1993): 'Regionalism vs Multilateralism: Analytical Notes' in Jaime de Melo and Arvind Panagariya (eds), New Dimensions in Regional Integration, CEPR.
Mukherjee, I N (2000): 'Charting a Free Trade Area in South Asia: Instruments and Modalities', paper presented to the second conference of the South Asia Network of Economic Research Institute (SANEI), Kathmandu.
Pitigala, Nihal (2005): 'What Does Regional Trade in South Asia Reveal about Future Trade Integration? Some Empirical Evidence', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3497.
Pitigala, Nihal, Garry Pursell and Tercan Baysan (2000): 'Has Unilateral Trade liberalisation Led to Regional Integration in South Asia?' mimeo.
Roy, Jayanta (2005): 'Potential Consequences and Benefits of Implementing a Multilateral Approach to Trade Facilitation', Trade Facilitation in South Asia seminar.
Schiff, Maurice and L Alan Winters (2003): 'Regional Integration and Development', World Bank, Washington DC.
Summers, Lawrence (1991): 'Regionalism and the World Trading System', paper presented at a seminar for the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
– (2004): 'Trade Facilitation and Regional Integration: Accelerating the Gains to Trade with Capacity Building', South Asia Regional Integration, Annual Meetings, South Asia Region, World Bank.
Wilson, John S, Catherine L Mann and Tsunehiro Otsuki (2004): 'Assessing the Potential Benefit of Trade Facilitation: A Global Perspective', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3224.
Wonnacott, Paul and Mark Lutz (1989): 'Is There a Case for Free Trade Areas?' in Jeffrey J Schott (ed), Free Trade Areas and US Trade Policy, Institute for International Economics, Washington.
Economic and Political Weekly
A H Wheeler Bookstalls
Western Railway Borivli to Churchgate
Read more about South Asia's Free Trade Agreement: Strategies and Options

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Norilsk Nickel top managers visit Botswana
Top managers of Norilsk Nickel, which is taking-over LionOre International, have praised the relations between Botswana and Russia during their two-day round-up trip of Southern Africa as they prepare to mop-up the remaining shareholder in the next few weeks.
The world's leading nickel producer managed to get close to 98 percent of LionOre International last Monday after an extended deadline but by Friday Norilsk Nickel told The Sunday Standard that it is launching a legal acquisition to get the remaining two percent of the company.
"The intention of the visit to Botswana was to introduce the new shareholders to Botswana authorities," Norilsk Nickel's head for Africa, Peter Breese told The Sunday Standard in a telephone interview from Johannesburg.
The Norislk Nickel delegation included its head for Africa, Peter Breese, Thomas Rodgers, who is the Business and Development Director, and the former LionOre head for Africa, Gerherd Potgieter. The Botswana delegation was led by Minerals, Energy and Water Affairs Minister, Ponatshego Kedikilwe.
Breese said the visit was motivated by the fact that they have acquired almost 98 percent of the company but stressed that Norilsk Nickel does not intend to change any agreements made between LionOre International and the Botswana government.
"We are not intending to change anything," Breese said, adding that "since we have acquired 98 percent of the company and now we are proceeding with the legal acquisition which should be completed in a month or so."
The move is expected to set in motion the automatic delisting of LionOre International from the four bourses of Australia, Botswana, London and Toronto stock exchanges.
"After the legal acquisition has been completed then the delisting of LionOre will be automatic, but, there is no definite answer as to whether we will be able to list on the Botswana Stock Exchange.
"However, we have engaged our advisors regarding the possible listing on the Botswana Stock Exchange right now they have now come back to us on that," Breese said immediately after landing at Johannesburg International Airport from the inspection of the Activox at Tati Nickel mine in Botswana.
LionOre International became attractive because of its rich nickel resources at Tati Nickel mine ÔÇösome 45 kilometers south-east of Francistown and its reserves in South Africa and Australia and its trailblazing technology Activox.
The technology Activox which uses leaching technique that eliminates the traditional and costly smelting process and also makes the previously small ore that was considered unprofitable to the commercial viable.
The technology ÔÇö- the first of its kind in the world ÔÇô is currently under construction at Tati Nickel mine and was tightly held under LionOre International's intellectual property and patent rights. It is expected to be completed by 2009.
Norilsk Nickel, which became the world's leading nickel miner following the bid for LionOre International is named after the town of Norilsk located 300 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, and began life as a Soviet forced labour camp under the rule of Stalin in 1935. The company is one of the very few giant Russian operations which does not have direct government control following its privatization in 1997 has a market value of US $ 36 billion.
Norilsk is involved in the production of a number of minerals such as nickel, palladium, platinum and copper. It also owns cobalt mines, rhodium, silver gold, tellurium, selenium, iridium and ruthenium.
Norilsk Nickel wants Botswana to fork out P2,5bn for dishonoured deal
British Foreign Secretary on visit to Botswana
Botswana name among top three reformers


text:
Stipa mongholica är en gräsart som beskrevs av Porphir Kiril Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow och Carl Bernhard von Trinius. Stipa mongholica ingår i släktet fjädergrässläktet, och familjen gräs. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Fjädergrässläktet
mongholica


text:
Home » About » Giving » Legacy Society
Born in 1905, Isabel Faucett Okie was the daughter of Linford P. Faucett, a native of Georgetown, Delaware, and Isabel Lyons McAfee of Philadelphia.
The Faucetts faced life with a determination to leave a legacy for future generations. In 1891 Mr. Faucett graduated as valedictorian from Georgetown High School and before the turn of the 20th century, the young businessman ventured to Philadelphia. It was there that he became treasurer for a pharmaceutical company, which was eventually purchased by Merck.
Raised in Philadelphia, Mrs. Okie was a graduate of Friends Central School in 1922. Later residing in Georgetown, she was a homemaker, and a member of Wesley United Methodist Church, the New Century Club, and the Rehoboth Art League.
Mrs. Okie's parents instilled in her the values of education, smart business sense, and giving back to the community. She gave meaning to those values through her philanthropic work.
Mrs. Okie's contributions to Delaware Tech have supported scholarships, the automotive and agriculture programs, and other areas of study at the Owens Campus.
In addition to Delaware Tech, beneficiaries of Mrs. Okie's generosity include the University of Delaware, College of Marine Studies in Lewes, Delaware, The Nature Conservancy, and numerous scholarships, fellowships, and professorships.
Mrs. Okie passed away at the age of 92 in 1997. She leaves a legacy of generosity for the educational world and the preservation of the environment, and her values and foresight will benefit Delawareans for many years to come.
GuideStar Exchange Participant


In return filing, the information given on behalf of the exporters does not match with the actual data, and around 70% of their GST refunds are stranded. The Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) has asked them to make changes to the final returns for the respective months so that the department can process the refund claims till March. CBEC has allocated Rs 4,000 Crore for refund in four months till October, but claims worth Rs 10,000 Crore have been stuck due to irregularities in the information given to exporters by GSTN. It is being told that the GST 1 or Table 6A or GSTR 3B filing did not match the deposited shipping bill with its data and customs.
According to the Analysis of claim data after October 2017, the mistakes in filing returns are decreasing, but many exporters are sending incomplete GST1 or Table 6A in which there is no shipping bill number or date or port code.
According to the CBEC, "Records have not been processed by GSTN. Exports are being emailed to correct the records through the amendment process of Table 9 of GSTR 1 of the next month.
In view of the budget set by the government in the budget 2018–19, the revised collection target of Rs 10.05 lakh crore has been asked by the CBDT to increase its efforts with field officers and focus on better performance zone. In the budget of 2018–19, the government increased the direct tax target, including personal income tax and corporate tax, from the initial estimate of Rs 9.80 lakh crore. CBDT has set more targets for better performance zones in the review meeting this month.
However, with this recovery it will create a great trust among the exporters which will ultimately result into transparent GST filling procedure.


Warm tub immersion, cold tub immersion, delayed onset muscle soreness, intervention, jump height, peak hamstring strength, peak quadriceps strength, rating scale, collegiate athletes, creatine kinase blood levels.
In our study we looked at the effects of warm tub immersion versus cold tub immersion to relieve delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in Division II collegiate athletes. We chose to research this topic because we are a group of three senior Athletic Training students and have seen the use of Cold Tub Immersion in everyday modality interventions to treat DOMS. In recent years there has been controversy over if Cold Tub Immersion is best patient care or if possibly implementing Warm Tub Immersion would be more effective in treating DOMS. Although there is a vast amount of literature examining the effect of Cold Tub Immersion to decrease DOMS, there is very little research comparing Warm Tub Immersion and Cold Tub Immersion. Therefore, we pursued this research project in attempt to discover the possible implementation of Warm Tub Immersion as an alternative or even preferred treatment of DOMS. Our methods included reaching out to Cedarville University spring sport athletes who were currently in their off season to ask for volunteers. We received seventeen volunteers, held an informational meeting, volunteers signed a consent form, then we began our study. We randomly split the participants into three groups; warm tub, cold tub, or control group. Before practice they were pretested with a rating 0-10 scale of perceived level of soreness, jump height, and peak hamstring/quadriceps strength. The volunteers next participated in their workout/practice then came back down for their assigned intervention. We did this routine every day for five consecutive days of pretest, practice, then intervention. The results of our study showed that there are no significant differences between cold tub immersion, warm tub immersion, and the control group in trying to relieve DOMS. In other words, we found no evidence suggesting that cold tub immersion or warm tub immersion had any effect on DOMS. With all this being said further research still should be completed to see about the creatine kinase levels in the blood, which is another factor of DOMS, to determine if either intervention has a greater effect on lowering those blood levels.


An Alder body with Flamed Maple top is finished in a really cool Mysterious Green; it feels great and looks the business too. The neck is crafted from naturally dried 3 year old Maple and is fast, smooth and supremely comfortable. With a zero fret, 11.81" radius and 24 medium frets this thing is built for speed.


Easy to implement and easier to use, IP Telephony or Telephony in the Cloud from Nuvodia includes 4-digit dialing, multiple lines, auto attendant, a company directory and much more. Additionally, Nuvodia represents more than 30 of the top US telecom carriers, cable companies and managed service providers. We compare voice and data services to find the best option on the market for your business—saving you the time-consuming hassle of contacting and researching multiple providers.


text:
Mississippi State Basketball Set to Play in Corpus Christi Coastal Classic
The Mississippi State Bulldogs will participate in the Corpus Christi Coastal Classic over Thanksgiving as part of their non-conference schedule.
Share All sharing options for: Mississippi State Basketball Set to Play in Corpus Christi Coastal Classic
Spruce Derden-USA TODAY Sports
With Florida State, Oregon State, and Tulane already announced on the non-conference basketball schedule, the Mississippi State Bulldogs announced Wednesday that the team will participate in the Corpus Christi Coastal Classic on November 28 and 29 at the American Bank Center in Corpus Christi, Texas.
The Bulldogs will match up against St. Louis in the opening contest and then pair off against either TCU or Bradley in the second game.
The Billikens, who advanced to the second round of the NCAA tournament last year, finished the 2013-2014 season with a 27-7 mark and took the Atlantic-10 regular season crown. The Bulldogs and Billikens have only met once, a game played in 1951 that saw St. Louis win 63-46 in St. Louis.
The Bulldogs and TCU locked up in 2013 as part of the Big 12/SEC challenge in a game that saw the Horned Frogs walk out of Starkville with a 71-61 victory. The teams also met in 1989 with TCU picking up a 66-65 win in Fort Worth, and the Bulldogs won the return game in 1990 64-60 in Starkville.
Mississippi State and Bradley have only met on one occasion. The two teams collided in the second round of the 2007 MasterCard NIT, and the Bulldogs defeated the Braves 101-72 in Starkville. The Bulldogs later defeated Florida State 86-71 in Starkville to advance to the NIT semifinals at Madison Square Garden, where the Bulldogs dropped a 63-62 decision to the West Virginia Mountaineers, who later defeated Clemson to win the NIT crown.


text:
require 'adwords_api'

def get_ad_group_bid_modifiers(campaign_id)
  # AdwordsApi::Api will read a config file from ENV['HOME']/adwords_api.yml
  # when called without parameters.
  adwords = AdwordsApi::Api.new

  # To enable logging of SOAP requests, set the log_level value to 'DEBUG' in
  # the configuration file or provide your own logger:
  # adwords.logger = Logger.new('adwords_xml.log')

  bid_modifier_srv = adwords.service(:AdGroupBidModifierService, API_VERSION)

  # Get all ad group bid modifiers for the campaign.
  selector = {
    :fields => ['CampaignId', 'AdGroupId', 'Id', 'BidModifier'],
    :predicates => [
      {:field => 'CampaignId', :operator => 'EQUALS', :values => [campaign_id]}
    ],
    :paging => {
      :start_index => 0,
      :number_results => PAGE_SIZE
    }
  }

  # Set initial values.
  offset, page = 0, {}

  begin
    page = bid_modifier_srv.get(selector)
    if page[:entries]
      page[:entries].each do |modifier|
        value = modifier[:bid_modifier] || 'unset'
        puts ('Campaign ID %d, AdGroup ID %d, Criterion ID %d has ad group ' +
           'level modifier: %s') %
           [modifier[:campaign_id], modifier[:ad_group_id],
            modifier[:criterion][:id], value]
      end
      # Increment values to request the next page.
      offset += PAGE_SIZE
      selector[:paging][:start_index] = offset
    else
      puts 'No ad group level bid overrides returned.'
    end
  end while page[:total_num_entries] > offset
end

if __FILE__ == $0
  API_VERSION = :v201506
  PAGE_SIZE = 500

  begin
    # ID of a campaign to pull overrides for.
    campaign_id = 'INSERT_CAMPAIGN_ID_HERE'.to_i

    get_ad_group_bid_modifiers(campaign_id)

  # Authorization error.
  rescue AdsCommon::Errors::OAuth2VerificationRequired => e
    puts "Authorization credentials are not valid. Edit adwords_api.yml for " +
        "OAuth2 client ID and secret and run misc/setup_oauth2.rb example " +
        "to retrieve and store OAuth2 tokens."
    puts "See this wiki page for more details:\n\n  " +
        'http://code.google.com/p/google-api-ads-ruby/wiki/OAuth2'

  # HTTP errors.
  rescue AdsCommon::Errors::HttpError => e
    puts "HTTP Error: %s" % e

  # API errors.
  rescue AdwordsApi::Errors::ApiException => e
    puts "Message: %s" % e.message
    puts 'Errors:'
    e.errors.each_with_index do |error, index|
      puts "\tError [%d]:" % (index + 1)
      error.each do |field, value|
        puts "\t\t%s: %s" % [field, value]
      end
    end
  end
end


text:
Q: Nested preferenceScreen store its preference into the different shared preferences files I am now creating a PreferenceFragment with nested PreferenceScreen.
The preferences_layout.xml looks like below
<PreferenceScreen
        xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        android:title="@string/preference_setting_title" >

            <SwitchPreference
                android:key="@string/pref_key_switch"
                android:title="@string/title__preference"
                android:summary="@string/summary_title_preference"
                android:defaultValue="true" />

            <CheckBoxPreference
                android:key="@string/pref_key_auto_enable"
                android:title="@string/title_auto_enable_preference"
                android:summary="@string/summary_auto_enable_preference"
                android:dependency="@string/pref_key_switch"
                android:defaultValue="true" />

            <PreferenceScreen
                android:key="@string/pref_key_enabled_items"
                android:title="@string/title_enabled_items"
                android:summary="@string/summary_enabled_items"
                android:dependency="@string/pref_key_switch" >
            </PreferenceScreen>

</PreferenceScreen>

The nested PreferenceScreen perference items will be dynamically added on that PreferenceScreen onClick.
Due to need to check the items already exist before adding a new one, so i use the following ways to check:
int count = enabledPreferenceScreen.getPreferenceCount();
for (int i = 0 ; i < count ; ++i) {
//Do the check with new one
}

All works ok. But the problem is that when this setting activity is destroyed and relaunch again, enabledPreferenceScreen.getPreferenceCount() will become 0.
So i check with the app/shared_prefs/xxxx.xml, the values are saved, but the problem is that there is no nested screen hierarchy information in that store value xml.
How to solve this issue?  Rebuild the PreferenceScreen from the preference_layout.xml cannot rebuild the daynamic add items preferences.
Is it possible to save the nested PreferenceScreen data into another /shared_prefs/xxx2.xml? How to achieve it?
Thanks a lot.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Converts XML to Microsoft Access (MDB or ACCDB).Elements & Attributes in XML are automatically mapped to tables & columns.Builds relationships between extracted tables to mirror XML structure using primary & foreign keys.Can merge & extract data from many XML files at once.Easily handles large & complex XML files without large memory requirements.No user intervention required for mapping XML to tables.Uses a familiar and easy-to-use Wizard interface which steps you through the conversion.Includes a command line program for batch conversions. Check website http://www.novixys.com/ for updates. Limitations of the 14-day Trial Version: partial conversion of the data in XML. For complete conversion, upgrade to the registered version. Strong and responsive customer support. Includes free upgrades for 90 days.
AdeptMDB is an easy-to-use Wizard Application which helps you convert and import data from one or more XML files to a Microsoft Access Database (MDB). 1. Easily handles elements as well as attributes. 2. Converts complex XML files in a snap. 3. Can process multiple XML files at once.