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Tag Archives: MK handlers
Muse's The Handler is one of the most obvious music videos about Monarch mind control ever created. However, it takes some basic knowledge on the subject to understand the true meaning of the video. Here's a closer look at The Handler.
Muse's lead singer Matt Bellamy was never a stranger to themes relating to the occult elite and mind control. The band's 2009 album The Resistance contained titles such as Uprising and MKULTRA which alluded obscure topics relating to conspiracy theories. After the success of that album, Muse obtained some music industry recognition, participated in the 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremonies (which were a big occult elite ritual – read article about it here) and, since then, the band's message somewhat shifted. Indeed, Matt Bellamy went from stating in 2006:
"September 11 is clearly an inside job, there's massive evidence that suggests that it was either allowed to happen or even worse, deliberately made to happen"
– Drowned in Sound, Muse's Matt Bellamy: "September 11 is clearly an inside job"
To flip-flopping on the subject in 2012 :
"I don't believe that anymore, although there are lots of questions to be answered. I still read a lot about political history, the influence of corporations and the military but I make sure I'm reading from credible sources. I think my political views are bit more nuanced now."
– Metro, Muse's Matt Bellamy: It's only now I feel comfortable singing about love
These kinds of statements, combined with a more subdued second album lead fans to wonder if the band "sold out" to the music business.
However, the band's latest album, Drones, brings Muse back to its "Resistance" roots, and goes even further down the rabbit hole. Drones is indeed a concept album that "follows the protagonist's journey from abandonment to indoctrination as a "human drone" and eventual defection".
Matt Bellamy described Drones as an album about the dehumanization of modern warfare:
"To me, drones are metaphorical psychopaths which enable psychopathic behaviour with no recourse. The world is run by drones utilising drones to turn us all into drones. This album explores the journey of a human, from their abandonment and loss of hope, to their indoctrination by the system to be a human drone, to their eventual defection from their oppressors."
– Gigwise, Muse announce Drones album and UK Psycho tour
The album cover of Drones depicts an unseen puppet master controlling a drone who is controlling masses of drones.
The sixth song of the album, entitled The Handler, describes the protagonist's indoctrination … and this indoctrination is clearly accomplished through Monarch mind control (if you don't know what I'm referring to, read this article first). The vocabulary of the song and the symbolism of the video could not be clearer, making The Handler one of the clearest references to Monarch programming in popular culture to date. Let's look at the video.
The song is about an MK slave singing to his handler. Right from the start, the lyrics refer to trauma-based mind control.
You (you, you)
Were my oppressor
And I (I, I)
I have been programmed to obey
And now (now, now)
You are my handler
I will execute your demands
The handler was first the "oppressor" as he subjected the slave to unbearable pain, torture and trauma in order to induce dissociation. Once that is accomplished, the oppressor becomes the "handler" who programs an alter-persona that can be controlled at will.
In the video, a shady figure in a black hood plays the role of the handler. He's sticking out of a strange structure which appears to be the brain of the slave. While the handler acts as the master of ceremonies, symbolic images rotate around the slave's brain. All of them refer to Monarch programming – and many of them are actual MK trigger images.
As Muse sings about the Handler, a bunch of symbolic characters move in front of him. Here, a moon crescent inside a cage represent the imprisonment of the MK slave.
Then Alice in Wonderland appears. This fairytale is used by MK handlers to program slaves as they are encouraged to "follow the white rabbit through the looking glass" towards dissociation.
Here we see Minnie Mouse (a reference to Mickey Mouse programming) and, left of it, a chest full of Monarch butterflies flying around. Pinocchio also later makes an appearance. The story of the wooden puppet created by a puppeteer who turns into a "real boy" resonates deeply in MK programming.
Another item waltzing in front of the handler is a teddy bear. Plush toys and pets are often given to slaves so they can bond with them and get some comfort … have them live the trauma of losing a loved one. We'll later see how this plays out in the video.
The lyrics of the song mention the key steps of Monarch programming. The chorus alludes to the ultimate goal of Monarch programming: dissociation.
I must disassociate from you
The word "dissociate" appears in large letters above a shady handler while Alice in Wonderland twirls around. This could not be more MKULTRA-related.
After being subjected to intense trauma and torture, MK slaves are pushed towards dissociation – it is a natural defense mechanism of the brain when faced to unbearable trauma. After dissociation, handlers have "access" to the slave's brain and can create programmable alter-personas.
The second verse of the song relates to the state of the slave after programming.
Behold my transformation
The video spells out "transformation" as Trance Formation. It is a reference to the book Trance Formation of America by Cathy O'Brien.
Trance Formation of America is one of the first books ever to reveal the Monarch mind control system used by the occult elite. In her biography, O'Brien writes:
"I have prepared this book for your review and edification concerning a little known tool that "our" United States Government is covertly, illegally, and un-constitutionally using to implement the New World Order (One World Government). This well documented tool is a sophisticated and advanced form of behavior modification (brainwashing) most commonly known as MIND CONTROL. My first hand knowledge of this TOP SECRET U.S. Government Psychological Warfare technique is drawn from my personal experience as a White House "Presidential Model" mind-control slave."
The rest of the second verse describes the powerlessness of a programmed MK slave who cannot help but to obey to the handler's orders. The slave is a stranger in his own mind.
And you are empowered to do as you please
My mind was lost in translation
And my heart has become a cold and impassive machine
The third verse is about the slave rebelling and attempting to break from his programming.
I won't let you control my feelings anymore
And I will no longer do as I am told
And I am no longer afraid to walk alone
I'm escaping from your grip
You will never own me again
During the third verse, things change in the mind of the slave: The moon is free from its cage, the Monarch butterflies are free from the chest and the handler is dead.However, like most stories about Monarch programming, victory is mere illusion.
However, like most stories about Monarch programming, victory is mere illusion.
As the camera zooms out, we see another, larger handler above the dead handler. In the MK system, there are multiple levels of handlers. Most MK handlers are slaves themselves who are used to carry out the dirty work as superior level handlers oversee the entire process. Notice how the teddy bear now hangs upside down.
The Handler is one of the most blatant music videos about Monarch mind control in popular culture. However, contrary to other MK-themed pop videos described on this site, the narrative of Muse's story does not glorify Monarch programming, it goes against it. Does that mean that, despite being signed to a major label, Muse is anti-elite and anti-establishment?
Well, that's not clear. As stated in an article in Pseudo-Occult media, there's a duality that permeates the message and the symbolism of Muse's works. On one hand, some of their work has a rebellious and revolutionary message but, on the other hand, the band ultimately just adds more occult elite noise in mass media, albeit with a slightly different perspective. While the symbolism of The Handler could not be clearer for someone who knows about Monarch mind control, it still goes way above the heads of regular viewers (read the YouTube comments of the video, you'll understand).
In the end, the work of Muse accomplishes what symbolism does best: It reveals to those in the know and conceals from those who are not. For this reason, it is up to us to be vigilant citizens and understand what mass media is trying to sell us. Otherwise, we will turn into drones who are controlled by other drones.
By Unwitting Experimentee • Posted in Mind Control, New World Order, Occult Knowledge, Secret Societies	• Tagged 2012 Olympics Closing Ceremony, Alice in Wonderland, brainwashing, Cathy O'Brien, dehumanization, dissociation, Drones, Fritz Springmeier, handler, Manchurian Candidate, Matt Bellamy, Mickey Mouse, mind control, Minnie Mouse, MK handlers, MK slave, MK triggers, MKUltra, Monarch butterflies, Monarch programming, Muse, NWO, oppression, Presidential Model, programming, psychopath, secret societies, The Handler, The Resistance, top secret, torture, Trance Formation of America by Cathy O'Brien, transformation, trauma, trauma-based mind control, Uprising


Calatayud's continental climate is typical of other Aragonese growing areas although some of the vineyards here are among Spain's most arid.
Summer temperatures are mild, kept down by the winds which blow through the vineyards at the foot of the Sierra de la Virgen, where there is snow for five to seven months of the year. The significant differences in temperatures during the day and at night, particularly during the ripening period, have a decisive influence on the grapes. These show a remarkable balance between acidity and alcohol, giving rise to wines that are unique in Aragon.
Rainfall varies considerably from 300 - 550 mm, depending on the location of the vineyard. Frosts and high winds, very common in this area, have been known to cause problems in certain years.
The grape varieties authorised in this DO have broadened considerably in the last twenty years. They now include imported varieties alongside the traditional Garnacha Tinta, Mazuela, Viura and Garnacha Blanca. Replanted Tempranillo now occupies 16% of the vineyards and the most innovative growers are also experimenting with Syrah, Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot.


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Q: How to kill and remove docker containers using puppet I would like to add a scheduled job (fortnightly) to a machine using puppet to remove all containers on machine.
Currently I need to do sudo docker rm -f $(sudo docker ps -a -q) manually after sshing to that machine, which I want to automate.
Preferably using module: https://forge.puppet.com/puppetlabs/docker.
Can't see any option to kill and remove containers (also new to puppet). Even using docker-compose using puppet is fine.
Any ideas? Thanks.

A: The docs you linked say:

To remove a running container, add the following code to the manifest file. This also removes the systemd service file associated with the container.
docker::run { 'helloworld':
 ensure => absent,
}

Regarding the docker command sudo docker rm -f $(sudo docker ps -a -q) to remove containers via ssh, you have a better one:
$ docker container prune --help

Usage:  docker container prune [OPTIONS]

Remove all stopped containers

Options:
      --filter filter   Provide filter values (e.g. 'until=<timestamp>')
  -f, --force           Do not prompt for confirmation

So the equivalent would be:
docker container prune --force

And you can automate this ssh command via puppet, no need to manually ssh into the machine. Check their docs to run shell commands without installing an agent, or use Bolt command if you already have an agent installed on the remote host.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Over this Christmas break I made this little dress, using this great two faced fabric I posted in my first blog post. I used the ever so inspiring & mentally stimulating book, Pattern Magic. For the pattern I started with a simple short bodice block and transferred the darts into the circle & center front seam. Then I just added diagonal lines from the hip to shape the skirt. It took three few days, two muslin samples and a lot of coffee to complete!


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Qatari emir al Thani not to join the Gulf summit in Saudi Arabia
Arab Gulf
Are Qatar and the Saudi-bloc on the brink of a new understanding?
The Gulf crisis won't be ending anytime soon
If true, MBS ruling to behead Saudi scholars marks new realms of oppression
US, Russia call for diplomatic resolution to Gulf crisis
How the Arab world abandoned Muslim causes
Israel to 'strengthen' illegal Jewish settlements in occupied West Bank
Tens of thousands of Israelis protest against Netanyahu's judicial overhaul
Injuries reported in second gun attack in old city of Jerusalem
Israeli settlers blame far-right Ben-Gvir for Jerusalem attack
Saudi, Kuwait call for EU action over repeated desecration of Quran
In June of last year, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE and Bahrain collectively severed ties with Doha, accusing it of supporting terrorism.
In this file photo, Qatar's Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani arrives to attend the Paris Peace Forum in Paris, France, November 11, 2018. (Reuters)
The Qatari emir will not join a Gulf summit to be held in Saudi Arabia on Sunday, a Qatari official told Anadolu Agency late Saturday.
The official, who asked not to be named, said that Tamim Bin Hamad al-Thani won't be in the 39th Gulf Cooperation Council summit in Saudi Arabia and only state ministers will represent Qatar in this meeting.
Qatar News Agency (QNA) said in a story that an official invitation was sent to al Thani by Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz for this summit.
The invitation was presented to Sultan Bin Saad al Muraikhi, Qatar's State Minister for Foreign Affairs.
A six-nation bloc of oil-rich Arab Gulf states, the GCC is composed of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain and Qatar.
The Saudi-led axis also imposed an air/land/sea embargo on Qatar, which continues to vociferously deny the terror allegations.
Source: AA
Cristiano Ronaldo blamed for loss in his second match with Al Nassr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Having moved to a nice new house, starting the expand my collection beyond a few cacti and my salvia divinorum. Recently acquired some mitragyna speciosa, a few other salvias, morning glories and catha edulis.
Looking forward to chatting, learning and perhaps even sharing some seeds.
Hi I just posted for the first time in ages. Got some seeds to give away, not the psychoactive kind though. Wohld be interested in hearing of your experience growing cacti in the UK. Are they outdoors/indoors/greenhouse? Natural or artificial light? Fertilizer? Mine are 3 years old in an unheated greenhouse and still only 3" tall!
Good to see another StSer from the UK.
Sorry for the very late reply, been moving. So currently, my cacti have been grown either in a south facing window, or in a greenhouse. All natural light, and I use cactus fertiliser every other watering. In the winter, I leave them dry basically. Then I water about 1 every 3 weeks in spring and autumn, and once a week or so in summer. Maybe more when they were in the greenhouse. They really thrived in greenhouse conditions and shot up quite a bit. This year, I'm going to put them outside during the summer, maybe in one of those fruit and veg small freestanding greenhouses. Hopefully I can get similar growth, but we'll see.


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So.2d
226 So.2d
226 So.2d 198 (1969)
GAUCHE v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY
No. 3472.
Raymond GAUCHE v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY et al.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Fourth Circuit.https://leagle.com/images/logo.png
On Rehearing July 31, 1969.
Gauche, Wegener & Oster, Robert J. Oster, New Orleans, for plaintiff-appellant.
Lemle, Kelleher, Kohlmeyer, Matthews & Schumacher, David L. Campbell and John William Futrell, New Orleans, for Ford Motor Co., defendant-appellee.
Clay, Coleman, Dutrey & Thomson, Louis J. Dutrey, and Jones, Walker, Waechter, Poitevent, Carrere & Denegre, Frank C. Allen, Jr., New Orleans, for Clay-Dutton, Inc., defendant-appellee.
Before SAMUEL, BARNETTE and GARDINER, JJ.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Fourth Circuit.
BARNETTE, Judge.
This suit was instituted by plaintiff, Raymond Gauche, purchaser of a 1965 Lincoln Continental automobile, against the vendor, Clay-Dutton, Inc., seeking a rescission of the sale and damages because of alleged redhibitory vices and defects in the braking system of the automobile. Plaintiff also joined as a defendant the manufacturer of the automobile, Ford Motor Company, alleging breach of warranty. General denials were filed by both parties with affirmative allegations that if plaintiff experienced any difficulty with the brakes it was the result of "negligence" of the driver of the vehicle, plaintiff's wife, from the abusive manner in which she drove the car. This alleged "negligence" was specifically pleaded as a bar to recovery.
The defendant Clay-Dutton filed a third-party demand against Ford Motor Company and its insurer, Insurance Company of North America, seeking indemnification from Ford as manufacturer of the automobile for any amount for which it might be cast to plaintiff. It pleaded the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur and warranty against hidden defects. Judgment was rendered in favor of defendants, without written reasons, rejecting plaintiff's demands and in favor of the third-party defendants rejecting the demands of the third-party plaintiff. The plaintiff has appealed. Clay-Dutton, third-party plaintiff against Ford Motor Company and Insurance Company of North America, did not appeal the judgment rejecting its third-party petition.
The record reveals that plaintiff purchased a new 1965 Lincoln Continental automobile from defendant Clay-Dutton, Inc., in January 1965 for $7,412.25, of which $5,800 was paid in cash and the balance of $1,612.75 was paid by a trade-in of plaintiff's 1960 model Lincoln. He received delivery on February 1, 1965. The automobile was driven exclusively by plaintiff's wife, Mrs. Julia M. Gauche; Mr. Gauche does not drive an automobile. It had been driven only 491 miles by April 5, 1965, the date of the first incident of brake failure.
On the morning of April 5, 1965, plaintiff and his wife were returning to their home in New Orleans from a trip to Pascagoula, Mississippi. Upon reaching the crest of the Elysian Fields Avenue overpass in the City of New Orleans, and while driving at the rate of 30 to 35 miles per hour, the power brakes of the Lincoln failed when Mrs. Gauche attempted to check the speed of the automobile down the incline of the overpass. From the momentum of the vehicle and the additional velocity gained by the descent of the overpass, the car travelled through eight street intersections. It was losing momentum but Mrs. Gauche was unable to stop it. In an effort to avoid a possible more serious accident, Mrs. Gauche ran into the rear end of a parked New Orleans Public Service bus, causing slight damage to both vehicles.
The police officer investigating the accident tested the brakes of the car and found they would stop the vehicle at slow speeds although the pedal went to the floor. On his instructions the car was towed to the City Pound for a brake inspection by Warren Labiche, brake inspector for the New Orleans Police Department, who concluded the brakes were not functioning properly. The automobile was then returned to Clay-Dutton for repair of the damages resulting from the accident and for a brake inspection. It was Clay-Dutton's conclusions that the brakes were functioning properly, but at plaintiff's insistence that the brakes be replaced, Clay-Dutton installed new brake rotors and pads in the front wheel brake units.
On July 3, 1965, plaintiff and his wife left their home near the intersection of Carrollton and Claiborne Avenues for the Vista Shores Club of New Orleans on St. Bernard Avenue, a distance of some five or six miles. As Mrs. Gauche was attempting a turn from Robert E. Lee Boulevard onto St. Bernard Avenue, the brakes failed again. On this brakeless trip, the Lincoln ran on its own momentum down Robert E. Lee Boulevard until Mrs. Gauche made a "U" turn across the neutral ground separating the lanes of traffic, sending the automobile back in the opposite direction, then onto St. Bernard Avenue until finally, through loss of momentum, it came to rest approximately one-half block from the entrance to Vista Shores Club.
Plaintiff, by letter to both defendants, dated July 14, 1965, made a demand for rescission of the sale, for the return of the $5,800 paid to defendant Clay-Dutton, and for the return of the 1960 Lincoln or, in the alternative, the sum of $1,612.17 as damages. On July 19, 1965, a second letter was sent to both defendants which stated, in effect, that plaintiff was offering the automobile for sale to two automobile dealers and to a second-hand car dealer and that he would consider any offers from defendants along with the other offers, if received before August 1, 1965.
When defendants failed to respond to his demands, plaintiff offered the car for sale to two automobile dealers in New Orleans. On July 26, 1965, plaintiff accepted an offer of Pattison Pontiac Co. for $4,500, of which $877 was in cash and the balance was by way of a new Pontiac Catalina in exchange. Three days later Pattison Pontiac sold the car to one Richard E. Veasey for $5,400 without making any changes whatever in the vehicle and without informing him of the two previous brake failures. Mr. Veasey operated the automobile without incident thereafter. However in November 1965, the car was returned to Clay-Dutton pursuant to recall orders from Ford Motor Company to have the brake fluid in the braking system replaced with a new type fluid made available by Ford Motor Company to withstand higher degrees of temperatures. Certain hose connections were also replaced.
The primary question which must be resolved before the other issues are reached is whether the plaintiff has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that a defect existed in the braking system of the automobile. This has given us a great deal of difficulty, and we concede that it is a very close question. The factors which we have considered as being of particular significance both for and against a conclusion of latent defect are fairly summarized as follows:
Mr. Gauche has never driven an automobile and his wife was the exclusive driver of the Lincoln Continental in question as well as automobiles previously owned by them. She was past 70 years of age and had been driving more than 50 years. She had driven a 1960 model Lincoln automobile prior to the purchase of the 1965 Lincoln Continental in question. It is reasonable to assume that her driving habits were the same, and if she was a "brake-rider" in 1965, she must also have been a "brake-rider" from 1960 to 1965. Never before had her alleged brake-riding habits caused a brake failure. She had never previously had brake failure for any cause.
All experts are in agreement that brake failure can occur as a result of overheating of the brakes. Their explanation for this is that when pressure is applied to the brake pedal while the automobile is in motion, friction created by the contract of the brake pads or shoes against the rotating discs or drums generates heat which is transmitted to the brake fluid, causing it to reach a boiling point. This produces "vapor locks" or "air pockets" in the fluid lines, thus reducing the resistance to pressure, causing the brake pedal to go to the floor without stopping the automobile. The fluid initially used in the 1965 Lincoln Continentals had a boiling point of 300 degrees Fahrenheit. The improved fluid later used has a boiling point of 500 degrees.
The Ford Motor Company expert, William J. Pfander, testified that prior to 1965, Lincoln Continentals employed drum type brakes on all four wheels, and except for the difference of the disc type on the front wheels introduced in the 1965 model, there was no essential difference. He was asked specifically if the condition which (according to his theory) caused the brake failure on the 1965 Lincoln in question was less likely to occur in the drum type models. He answered: "No, these things happen in drum brakes too." He also testified that as long as he had been with Ford Motor Company, about 25 years, brake failure attributed to "riding the brakes" had been experienced. This he said can be compensated to some degree by putting in a higher boiling point fluid, but always some driver will exceed that. We therefore question why, with the same driving habits, Mrs. Gauche had never before experienced brake failure unless the new type disc brakes were more sensitive to overheating.
On the occasion of the second episode of brake failure, Mrs. Gauche had driven the car an estimated distance of five or six miles. Mr. Pfander was asked if in this relatively short distance at a speed of 30 to 35 miles per hour, it was possible for the brakes to be heated to the boiling point of the brake fluid thus causing the brake failure in accordance with his theory. He answered, "Yes, if they are abusively used.
By that—you have one proposition, of course. There is this, have your left foot on the brake while you are running the engine and you have got to fight the engine too and that's an abusive situation." This raises the question then, if Mrs. Gauche was a consistent "brake-rider," why had there not been more frequent incidents of brake failure, i. e., every time Mrs. Gauche drove the new car five or six miles?
After the first brake failure and the collision with the Public Service bus, there was a lapse of some 45 minutes before the investigating officer arrived on the scene. We must assume that a few more minutes were consumed in getting a report of the accident before testing the brakes. When he tested them the pedal went to the floor and he found them so defective that he ordered the car impounded for brake inspection by the Police Department brake inspector. We question whether this was not a sufficient lapse of time for the brakes to have cooled to restore the braking power of the system.
After the car had been impounded two or three days, within which time cooling surely took place, the Police Department brake inspector found the brakes defective and described a soft pedal, a "spongy" "mushy" pedal, meaning that the required pressure for effective braking was wanting.
The circumstance of the Ford Motor Company recalling all 1965 model Lincoln Continentals (about 40,000) for certain "modifications" of the braking system is particularly significant. The Ford Motor Company expert, Mr. Pfander, was asked to state the "occasion" which prompted the Ford Motor Company to call back all these cars. He testified:
"A Well, as I understand it there were some allegations on the part of people who were riding the brake with the left foot that they experienced a brake failure. This—when something better was available, some higher temperature fluid was available Ford immediately made it available to all 1965 Lincoln Continental owners. I don't know of anything showing any high incidents whatsoever. "Q I don't understand. "A I don't know of any indication where there was high incidents indicating loss of brakes in 1965 Lincoln Continentals. "Q There was enough complaints that would cause Ford to call in 40,000 vehicles? "A In my experience Ford has been very sensitive to customers' satisfaction and relies on anything to try to improve the product. When it is ready they will do it."
In answer to interrogatories propounded by plaintiff, Ford Motor Company admitted also that approximately 15 thousand 1965 Lincoln Continentals, being of the "early" production of that model, had been recalled by Ford for inspection because of a "possible weakness" in the master brake cylinders. It asserted that the "approximately 15,000 vehicles" were "potentially" within the group in which inspection had indicated a "possible weakness" but that this related only to those manufactured prior to December 7, 1964, and "as plaintiff's vehicle was manufactured after that date, it was not even conceivably within the scope of said recall campaign procedure." There is no evidence in the record before us indicating the date of manufacture of the automobile in question. We only know that it was in the hands of Ford's retail dealer for sale in January 1965.
Leo J. Rome, shop foreman for Clay-Dutton, testified:
"The brake modification was to flush out the other type of fluid which they introduced a fluid which would take— would have a higher heating—a higher boiling point and the hoses—replace the front brake hoses which I think the fluid was the most important thing in this modification and in so doing they flush out all existing brake fluid and install this new brake fluid. "BY MR. DUTREY: "Q You did do this on this car? "A We did. "Q On whose instructions was that done? "A Ford Motor Company. "Q Is this an instruction you had for this particular automobile? "A No, sir, for all the 1965 Lincolns, all the 1965 automobiles with disc brakes."
Walter A. Daniel, Jr., service manager for Clay-Dutton, testified:
"A The purpose of the modification was we were running across a boiling point—if a person would ride the brakes or drive abnormally we were experiencing some difficulty in our fluid boiling even though our fluid at that time met Federal specifications. "It is my understanding that this modification was a new type of brake fluid that Ford Motor Company devised with a higher boiling point to eliminate the problem of persons that are riding the brakes."
Pursuant to instructions from Ford Motor Company this Lincoln Continental in question, which was then owned by Mr. Veasey, was returned to Clay-Dutton for the brake "modification" on November 23, 1965. The brake fluid was replaced with the new type and the brake line hoses to the front wheels were replaced. The most significant factor in support of the contention of defendants that Mrs. Gauche abused the brakes is the fact that the car was sold to Mr. Veasey in July 1965 without anything being done to the brakes and thereafter was driven by him over 4,000 miles to November 1965 without incident.
In further support of defendants' contention of overheating caused by the alleged brake-riding habit of Mrs. Gauche, the brake pads and discs removed from the Lincoln after the April 1965 failure were filed in evidence. They bear physical signs of overheating which was pointed out by the experts. These parts were not seriously damaged, however, and might have been continued in use indefinitely except for the insistence of Mr. Gauche that he have new brake parts.
One other factor pointed out by defendants has not been overlooked, namely, the questionable accuracy of the testimony of Warren A. Labiche, the Police Department brake inspector. He testified about his examination of the brake "drums" on all four wheels, whereas there are no drums, but discs, on the front wheels of the automobile in question. The plaintiff seeks to explain this inconsistency as being an inadvertent use of the wrong terminology. We do not think so because Mr. Labiche was questioned closely enough on this point to have corrected an error in this respect. He claimed to have made a thorough inspection and to have found all brake "shoes" and "drums" in good condition; no evidence of leaks in the fluid system; wheel cylinders in good condition, etc., and concluded that there was some fault in the power unit because of an improperly fitting diaphragm. He testified he inspected the external parts of the diaphragm, but admitted that he did not examine the internal parts of the mechanism. In general his testimony indicates some inconsistency and a conclusion which is largely speculative insofar as the cause of the brake failure is concerned.
Whether or not Mrs. Gauche was a consistent "brake-rider," and if so that she kept enough pressure on the foot pedal to activate the power braking system thus causing intense heat to be generated from the friction of the brake pads, is largely a matter of speculation. Her testimony in chief was to the effect that she drove with her left foot on the brake while her right foot was on the accelerator. At one point she used the expression that she kept her left foot "over" the brake. On rebuttal she attempted to qualify her earlier testimony by saying she kept her left foot by the side of the brake pedal.
Testimony of the experts was that some seven or eight pounds is all that is required to activate the power brakes. We think it is entirely possible and more probable than not that Mrs. Gauche did, without awareness, keep enough pressure applied to the brake pedal to activate the power system. This is more believable in view of Mr. Veasey's having driven the same automobile over 4,000 miles without a brake failure.
Our conclusion is that the braking system on the 1965 Lincoln Continental, which for the first time employed the disc type brake in front wheels, was perhaps more sensitive and therefore more susceptible to the possibility of overheating to the point of causing fluid boil and brake failure. This imposes upon the manufacturer the duty to provide compensating safeguards.
The evidence preponderates that the possibility of brake failure from overheating caused by "brake-riders" was well known to Ford Motor Company even though the known instances were relatively rare in the drum type systems prior to 1965. The evidence also preponderates that there was some experience with the 1965 models which indicated to Ford the possibility of brake failure. In those manufactured prior to December 7, 1964, there was a possibility of master cylinder weakness, and in all 1965 models the need of a fluid with a high boiling point. It is not unusual in the manufacture of automobiles for new models employing some change from the conventional system that defects or weaknesses referred to in common parlance as "bugs" do appear. Only experience in the hands of the motoring public can reveal certain weaknesses which the most skilled laboratory technician may not discover. We think this is demonstrated by the recall by Ford of the approximately 15,000 early production 1965 Lincoln Continentals for master brake cylinder inspection and the recall of some 40 thousand 1965 model cars for brake fluid substitution. Certainly Ford Motor Company would not have recalled those cars at tremendous cost except for a substantial reason involving the element of safety. The intimation that the 40 thousand 1965 models were recalled for brake fluid substitution merely because Ford had discovered this new and improved fluid and wanted its customers to have the benefit of it is incredible.
We do not have the benefit of reasons for judgment of the trial judge and do not know if the plaintiff's suit was dismissed for failure to prove a defect or for failure to prove the damages. There is a conflict among counsel in their statements in this respect. At any rate it is our opinion that the plaintiff has discharged the burden of proof that there was a defect or weakness in the braking system of the Lincoln Continental automobile in question. While the defect proven was not one likely to cause brake failure in the hands of an average conventional driver, it was susceptable to failure in the hands of a so-called "brake-rider," and to this extent the defect or weakness was proven. We conclude that if Mrs. Gauche was a "brake-rider" her driving habits were not so abnormal or unusual as to be beyond the experience of Ford Motor Company.
The Court will take judicial notice that Lincoln Continental automobiles are among the finest automobiles produced by the industry. It is not unreasonable to impose upon their manufacturer a high duty of care in engineering design to the end that a near perfect performance may be assured to any potential driver within its wide range of experience.
By its own expert witness, Ford concedes that it has had previous experience with so-called "brake-riders." It should have devised compensating safeguards to protect such potential purchasers of its automobiles against the danger of brake failure which their driving habits were known to produce.
The automobile in question was not safe for the purpose intended and the defect was such as to render it imperfect and so potentially dangerous to plaintiff as to be useless to him. It must therefore be supposed that he would not have purchased it had he known of the vice. LSA-C.C. art. 2520.
By the foregoing conclusion we do not mean to imply that a manufacturer of automobiles or other complicated machines should be required to anticipate every known or potential abuse to which its manufactured article may be subjected and to design a product capable of withstanding such abuse. We are in complete accord with the decisions which have denied recovery in cases where the facts indicated that the thing had been subjected to excessive abuse. Ditta v. Polk Chevrolet, Inc., 196 So.2d 672 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1967); Tri-State Tractor Company v. Nethercutt, 168 So.2d 855 (La.App.2d Cir. 1964); Bickham Motors, Inc. v. Crain, 135 So.2d 649 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1961). We held in a recent case that there is ample authority for the application of the codal articles on redhibitory vices to the sale of automobiles and that it is a question of fact whether the imperfections are such as to bring the particular case within the authority of those provisions. See Stumpf v. Metairie Motor Sales, Inc., 212 So.2d 705 (1968), and cases there cited.
The plaintiff seeks recovery from Ford Motor Company, relying on the doctrines of res ipsa loquitur, strict liability as the manufacturer, and warranty against hidden defects. As against Clay-Dutton, Inc., he pleads the resolutory condition as defined in LSA-C.C. arts. 2045-47 and error as to the thing and quality of the object of the contract as defined in LSA-C.C. arts. 1842-45. He concludes his petition with a prayer for judgment against the defendants in solido for $2,912.72, which represents the loss or difference in value of the automobile on account of the defect and certain items of special damage. It will readily be seen that he seeks recovery from the defendants on two distinctly different alleged causes or rights of action. We will address ourselves first to his action against Clay-Dutton, Inc.
LSA-C.C.P. art. 2164 confers upon us the right and duty to render any judgment which is just, legal, and proper upon the record on appeal. It repudiates the "theory of the case" doctrine insofar as the procedural law of Louisiana is concerned. We are therefore not bound by the theory implied by the codal articles specifically pleaded by plaintiff and are free to apply to the facts before us the codal articles which are more relevant and upon which plaintiff is, in our opinion, entitled to recovery.
We have held that there was a redhibitory vice in the automobile purchased by plaintiff from Clay-Dutton, but there can be no avoidance or rescission of the sale for the reason that the parties cannot now be restored to their status quo. This will not however preclude recovery in quanti minoris, which in reality is the object of plaintiff's suit as against Clay-Dutton. LSA-C.C. arts. 2541-44. Bayou Rapides Lumber Co. v. Davies, 221 La. 1099, 61 So.2d 885 (1952); Ehrlich v. Roby Motors Co., 166 La. 557, 117 So. 590 (1928); Papa v. Louisiana Metal Awning Company, 131 So.2d 114 (La.App.2d Cir. 1961); Lemonier v. Coco, 130 So.2d 414 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1961).
The purchase price of the automobile was $7,412.72. It was driven by plaintiff a total of 630 miles during the less than six months in plaintiff's ownership and possession. Plaintiff notified Clay-Dutton and Ford of his intention to sell the automobile on a competitive basis and gave them an opportunity to make an offer of purchase. Receiving no reply from defendants, he proceeded to dispose of the automobile in good faith, giving notice to prospective purchasers of the defect. In our opinion he made a reasonable effort to minimize the loss.
He sold or gave the automobile in exchange to a reputable automobile dealer, Pattison Pontiac Co., for which he received $4,500. Within a few days and without incurring any expense for repair, Pattison sold the automobile for $5,400. The price paid by Pattison to plaintiff was the trade-in or wholesale price and did not represent the true value of the automobile on the competitive retail market. It may reasonably be assumed that Pattison sold the car for its full retail value as a used car. There is no other evidence in the record relating to value, and we therefore accept this figure as the basis for computing the reduction of price.
Plaintiff had the use of the automobile approximately six months, and we will take into account also the depreciation of the automobile as a used car. There is no evidence upon which we can rely to determine the depreciation or the amount of credit to allow for plaintiff's use of the automobile. This question was presented in Bergeron v. Mid-City Motors, Inc., 162 So.2d 835 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1964). In that case the trial judge in his reasons for judgment said, "* * * as a matter of my own discretion and what I consider to be fair use for an automobile for nine thousand miles for one year * * *" and allowed $1,000 which he then reduced to $500 for certain offsetting reasons. The Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment giving approval to the trial judge's discretionary action in this respect.
A remand of the case for testimony to be taken on this issue is too impracticable to conduce to the ends of justice. Accordingly we will exercise our discretion on this point and will allow a credit of $500 for depreciation and use of the car for 630 miles over the period of plaintiff's ownership, which was just under six months.
The plaintiff sought recovery of certain items of expense as special damage which he has abandoned and waived in this Court. There are two items not waived for which plaintiff continues to seek recovery. One is reimbursement of the $116.08 paid Clay-Dutton for replacement of brake pads and discs, also referred to as rotors, in the front wheel brake assemblies. Clay-Dutton asserted a lien and refused to deliver the car to plaintiff until this amount was paid. It was paid by plaintiff under written protest.
Clay-Dutton's defense as it relates to this special item is that the parts in question were not damaged and did not need replacement, but were replaced only to placate plaintiff who was demanding that the brakes on the car be replaced. The plaintiff is not required to know the cause underlying the defective condition of which he complains, especially where it relates to complicated machinery. Crawford v. Abbott Automobile Co., 157 La. 59, 101 So. 871 (1924); Bergeron v. Mid-City Motors, Inc., supra; Harris v. Automatic Enterprises of Louisiana, Inc., 145 So.2d 335 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1962). All the plaintiff knew was that the brakes on his Lincoln automobile had failed at just over 400 miles. He assumed, and we think with good reason, that the brakes were defective. He was not unreasonable in his fear to drive the car with defective brakes and his demand that they be replaced. Clay-Dutton's replacement of certain parts of the entire brake system, which they contended were not defective but merely to placate plaintiff and hopefully relieve his fears, can hardly be justified, especially when the replacement of the parts did not correct the defect complained of. It was a useless procedure involving a complicated device for which the defendants, as experts, should be held responsible.
There was an item of $18.54 representing a wrecker charge paid by plaintiff on the occasion of the second brake failure. This is a legitimate item of damage and will be allowed.
We therefore conclude that the difference between the purchase price ($7,412.72) and the value of the automobile at retail ($5,400), or the sum of $2,012.72, is the amount in quanti minoris which represents the diminution of value and the reduction of price for which plaintiff is entitled to recover. LSA-C.C. art. 2543. This amount will be reduced to $1,512.72 by subtracting $500, which we have determined to be the value of the use of the car to plaintiff. To this figure, we will add $116.08 and $18.54 for the special items of damage, making the amount of recovery to plaintiff $1,647.34.
We will now address ourselves to plaintiff's action against Ford Motor Company. We have held that a vice or defect existed in the automobile for which plaintiff has a right of recovery against his vendor. The defect, however, resulted from the fault of the manufacturer of the automobile, Ford Motor Company. We are fully cognizant of the relatively recent emergence of the theory of products liability and the widespread attention the subject has received from the courts and legal scholars.1 It is not the purpose of this opinion to attempt a dissertation on the subject. There has been some conflict of theory between the contractual concept founded on warranty and the tort concept founded on negligence. The former places much emphasis on the privity requirement between the manufacturer and the consumer. The latter concept is invoked irrespective of privity.
The courts of Louisiana have in many cases involving commodities of food and beverage for human consumption applied the theory of tort-negligence and have held the manufacturer liable for breach of warranty in the fitness of the commodity for human consumption. Le Blanc v. Louisiana Coca Cola Bottling Co., 221 La. 919, 60 So.2d 873 (1952); Reine v. Baton Rouge Coca Cola Bottling Company, 126 So.2d 635 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1961); Morrow v. Bunkie Coca Cola Bottling Company, 84 So.2d 851 (La.App.2d Cir. 1956); and cases cited therein.
More recently the principle has been applied in cases of personal injury resulting from latent defect in automobiles and other manufactured products. Recovery has been denied in some cases because of factual situations peculiar to the case, but the principle has been recognized and applied. Shanks v. Insurance Company of North America, 211 So.2d 729 (La.App.2d Cir. 1968); Arnold v. United States Rubber Company, 203 So.2d 764 (La.App. 3d Cir. 1967); Meche v. Farmers Drier & Storage Company, 193 So.2d 807 (La.App. 3d Cir. 1967); Samaha v. Southern Rambler Sales, Inc., 146 So.2d 29 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1962).
Since the theory of liability rests in tort-negligence, it is incumbent upon one seeking recovery against the manufacturer to prove fault, and this has brought into application the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in certain cases.
If the fault in this case lies in a latent defect in the complicated mechanism of the brake system, the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur would impose on Ford the burden of explaining the cause and the exoneration of itself from the presumption of fault. If, however, the cause of the brake failure lies in the known possibility of failure from overheating due to brake riding, fault would lie in the failure of Ford to foresee the potential danger of injury or damage without intervening negligence and its failure to warn of the danger or take other appropriate measures to avoid injury. From the facts related above, we have shown that Ford knew from its experience that its cars were sometimes purchased by brake-riders and the potential danger from such driving habits.
In the owners manual printed and published by Ford, there is a warning of possible danger of damage to the brakes by brake riding, but there is no warning that such habit could cause a total brake failure with possible tragic consequences. We therefore hold that Ford's fault has been proven and that it is causally connected with the damage sustained by plaintiff.
We can conceive of no sound reason why the principle of manufacturers' liability should be limited to personal injury cases any more than it should have been restricted to commodities of food and beverage. LSA-C.C. art. 2315 certainly places no limit on liability of "him by whose fault" a damage is caused to another. Fortunately, if not by miracle, there was no personal injury to plaintiff or his wife or other persons. He should not be denied recovery from the manufacturer merely because his damage is measurable in terms of financial loss.
It is our opinion that plaintiff was justified in his fears concerning this particular automobile and was not unreasonable in disposing of it. In doing so he sustained a financial loss, which is a damage to him causally connected with the fault of Ford Motor Company. Continued use of the automobile, very conceivably, could have caused grave, perhaps fatal injury and great loss, which under the rationale of this opinion would have been the ultimate liability of Ford. It should not complain that plaintiff chose to follow a course to avoid this potential liability.
We have pointed out the distinct difference of causes or rights of action against the two defendants. Irrespective of the difference, it is our conclusion that the defendants are each liable to the plaintiff for the same thing. They are each liable for the damage sustained, namely $1,647.34, though the bases of their liability may be distinguished legally. This is not a situation where each defendant is liable to plaintiff in an equal amount, but rather one in which they owe the same identical $1,647.34. Therefore, we hold they are liable in solido under the authority of LSA-C.C. arts. 2091 and 2092, which are as follows:
"There is an obligation in solido on the part of the debtors, when they are all obliged to the same thing, so that each may be compelled for the whole, and when the payment which is made by one of them, exonerates the others toward the creditor." LSA-C.C. art. 2091. "The obligation may be in solido, although one of the debtors be obliged differently from the other to the payment of one and the same thing; for instance, if the one be but conditionally bound, whilst the engagement of the other is pure and simple, or if the one is allowed a term which is not granted to the other." LSA-C.C. art. 2092.
We have held that the underlying cause for which both defendants are liable is the defect in the automobile which, in the final analysis, is chargeable to the fault of the manufacturer, Ford Motor Company. Since the defendant Clay-Dutton did not appeal the judgment against it in favor of its third-party defendants, Ford Motor Company and Insurance Company of North America, rejecting its third-party petition for indemnity against them, that judgment is final. We are powerless to grant Clay-Dutton's prayer for third-party judgment against Ford and its insurer for the reason that the issue is not before us on this appeal. LSA-C.C.P. art. 2087; McCoy v. Pacific Coast Fire Insurance Co., 248 La. 389, 178 So.2d 761 (1965). The situation of the defendant and third-party plaintiff in McCoy was identical to that of Clay-Dutton here, except that in McCoy there was no judgment in the trial court specifically dismissing the third-party petition. In this case the judgment expressly adjudicated the third-party issue against the third-party plaintiff, from which it did not appeal.
For these reasons, the judgment in favor of defendants against the plaintiff rejecting his demands and dismissing his suit is reversed. Judgment is now rendered in favor of plaintiff, Raymond Gauche, against the defendants, Ford Motor Company and Clay-Dutton, Inc., in the sum of $1,647.34 in solido, with legal interest thereon from date of judicial demand and for all costs of court.
Reversed and judgment rendered.
ON REHEARING
We granted a rehearing herein not so much because of any uncertainty with regard to our fact finding of a defect in the braking system in plaintiff's automobile, but rather to give further consideration to the legal principles upon which we held Ford Motor Company liable. While we remain convinced that the brakes were defective, we are concerned about our conclusion as to negligence or fault on the part of that defendant.
The brakes completely failed on two occasions, the first time at less than 500 miles and the second time at just over 600 miles. The second failure occurred after the car was driven a distance of five or six miles from plaintiff's home. This is most unusual in a new automobile. The testimony of the police officer who investigated the accident which resulted from the first failure and that of Warren Labiche, brake inspector for the police department, convinces us that the brakes were ineffective after a sufficient interval of time for cooling. Inspector Labiche was speculative as to the cause of the failure but was certain of the brake defect.
Defendants have attempted to attribute the proven brake failures to abusive driving habits of Mrs. Gauche. Their position in this regard is in large measure founded on their theory of overheating. They cannot point to any known cause of failure and resort to the speculative circumstance that Mrs. Gauche must have ridden the brakes excessively.
The circumstance of Mr. Veasey having driven the automobile for 4,000 miles without a brake failure and without repairs or adjustments would certainly tend to corroborate defendants' theory of overheating by brake-riding, but, on the other hand, we have the circumstance of recall of the automobile along with 40,000 others of that model for a corrective modification of the braking system. This circumstance, in our opinion, tips the scales in favor of a preponderance of evidence that the brakes on plaintiff's automobile were in fact defective.
The defendant Ford Motor Company has cited an impressive list of authorities which have applied the principles of law summarized as follows:
"Whilst some courts hold to the contrary * * * the great weight of authority is that evidence of changes or repairs made subsequently to the injury, or as to precautions taken subsequently to prevent recurrence of injury, is not admissible as showing negligence or as amounting to an admission of negligence. The reason for the rule is that the effect of declaring such evidence competent would be to inform a defendant that, if he makes changes or repairs, he does it under a penalty; for, if the evidence is competent, it operates as a confession that he was guilty of prior wrong. True policy and sound reason require that men should be encouraged to improve, or repair, and not be deterred from it by the fear that if they do so their acts will be construed into an admission that they had been wrongdoers. A rule, which so operates as to deter men from profiting by experience and availing themselves of new information, has nothing to commend it, for it is neither expedient nor just. * * *" Givens v. De Soto Bldg. Co., 156 La. 377, 100 So. 534, 535 (1924), citing 29 Cyc. 616 (verbo Negligence). See also Columbia & P. S. R. Co. v. Hawthorne, 144 U.S. 202, 12 S.Ct. 591, 36 L.Ed. 405 (1892); Currier v. Saenger Theaters Corporation, 10 So.2d 526 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1942); Devore v. Louisiana & Arkansas Ry. Co., 178 So. 706 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1938) Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. American Cyanamid Company, 321 F.2d 683 (C.A. 5th Cir. 1963); Cox v. General Electric Company, 302 F.2d 389 (C.A. 6th Cir. 1962); Northwest Airlines v. Glenn L. Martin Company, 224 F.2d 120, 50 A.L.R.2d 882 (C.A. 6th Cir. 1955); Hammill v. Hyster, 42 F.R.D. 173 (D.C.1967).
These authorities clearly support Ford's contention that we were in error in considering the circumstance of its recall of the automobiles as evidence of its "negligence" or actionable fault in the manufacture of plaintiff's automobile. We concede our error in this respect, but we fail to find anything in any of the authorities cited holding that such circumstance cannot properly be considered in corroboration of other evidence of the existence of a defect in the braking system of the particular automobile.
Our judgment insofar as it holds Ford Motor Company negligent and answerable in damages to plaintiff was in error and must be recalled. Our opinion that a redhibitory vice or defect in the automobile was proven remains unchanged, and the judgment against Clay-Dutton, Inc., will not be disturbed. For reasons stated in our original opinion, Clay-Dutton's third-party petition against Ford is not before us on appeal and cannot be considered.
Our original decree is now recalled and set aside. The judgment appealed is reversed insofar as it rejected plaintiff's demands against Clay-Dutton, Inc., and there is now judgment in favor of plaintiff, Raymond Gauche, against the defendant Clay-Dutton, Inc., in the full sum of $1,647.34 with legal interest from judicial demand. In all other respects the judgment appealed is affirmed. The defendant-appellee, Clay-Dutton, Inc., is cast for all costs.
Original decree recalled; judgment affirmed in part; reversed in part and rendered.
1. Among the treatises and cases we have read and considered are the following: Percy, Products Liability—Tort or Contract or What?, 40 Tul.L.Rev. 715 (1966); Torts—The Emergence of Strict Liability in Products Cases, 26 La.L.Rev. 447 (1966); Comments, 19 La.L.Rev. 165 (1958); Warranty of Quality in Louisiana: Express and Implied-in-Fact Warranties, 23 Tul.L.Rev. 83 (1948); Restatement, Second, Torts § 402A, and comments thereunder; Lartigue v. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 5 Cir., 317 F.2d 19 (1963).


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Sarah Frances (Fanny) Trevor (1818-1904) and Dr Dorothy May Meads (1891-1958) are being recognised for making a difference to the progression of women in education.
Fanny Trevor and Dr Mead were both principals of Bishop Otter College, now the University of Chichester, at different times in the institution's history. Both also played vital roles in its development over the years.
Fanny Trevor was appointed 'lady principal' of Bishop Otter College in 1872 and supported the construction of a new wing, incorporating a library, classrooms and dormitories.
She represented the college in dealings with government and was even invited to give evidence at the 1886 Royal Commission on the working of the Elementary Education Acts.
After completing her doctorate from King's College London in 1936, Dr Meads was appointed principal of Bishop Otter College, where she quickly established new advanced courses in craft work, gardening and physical education and oversaw the building of a new gymnasium.
The war and illness cut short many of Dr Meads' plans for Bishop Otter College, but she was a pioneer in championing the autonomy of students and teacher training reforms.


This package installs a set of helper tools that integrate your OCaml project with the Travis CI (http://travis-ci.org) online continuous integration system.
It can test several combinations of OCaml and OPAM across multiple Linux distributions, making it particularly handy for testing C linkage or external library dependencies quickly.
See https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml-ci-scripts for more information and usage.


text:
Rediff.com » Getahead » The problem with examinations in India
The problem with examinations in India
By TCA Anant
To understand the problem with public examinations we need to understand the different objectives they serve and how they interact and conflict with each other, says TCA Anant.
Photograph*: Phil Noble/Reuters
Summer brings with it mngos, the summer loo, iced banta and, of course, examinations.
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has released their results; different state boards have been announcing results every other day.
Delhi University is gearing up for its annual admission examinations, and similarly, there is NEET, CLAT, IIT-JEE and so on.
Newspaper columns focus on various issues such as the problem of grade inflation, the impossibly high cutoffs for admission to the good colleges, the conflicting and impossible schedules of entrance examinations and so on.
What is lost in the noise, however, is an understanding of what purpose it is that examinations should serve, what are their inherent limits and what those limits mean for education policy.
To understand the problem with public examinations we need to understand the different objectives they serve and how they interact and conflict with each other.
Broadly speaking examinations are used with three different objectives.
The first is a threshold objective, which seeks to describe the level of attainment of any student, and most importantly this objective seeks to identify those who meet the desired minimum level of attainment at this level of education.
The second objective is for higher level institutions (i.e. colleges and universities) that wish to select from the students who have met the minimum level of attainment. This selection is constrained by the intake capacity of the institution.
Thus, Delhi University or the IITs will seek to admit the best from amongst those eligible to seek admission. They, therefore, are interested in a ranking of students.
Finally, we have the makers and researchers of education policy who seek to evaluate the overall education system by using the performance in these exams as the basis to study how well the system has delivered.
Grade inflation occurs in large part because lower level institutions (i.e. schools) seek to privilege their own students in the entry competition and simultaneously present an attractive performance picture for themselves.
Grade inflation presents a peculiar challenge for the higher institution because it finds its selection being squeezed in an ever narrower band.
The media is routinely full of stories when elite Delhi colleges closed their first lists at 100 per cent marks.
This dilemma of selection, in turn, forces many higher level institutions to device their own entrance tests.
The growth in specialised entrance tests then fuels the growth of a service industry to coach students to prepare solely for entrance tests. This then leads to another perverse cycle of incentives where students focus on the coaching institution, comforted in large part that they will meet the minimum threshold due to grade inflation.
As more institutions adopt entrance tests, it creates issues of multiplicity and conflicting schedules, which then leads to the creation of centralised encompassing tests such as NEET, further privileging the coaching industry.
Since an entrance examination focuses on a limited part of the preparatory curriculum, the higher level institution faces a peculiar paradox that candidates successful in the entrance test often lack the requisite preparatory training.
The response to this problem has been through a variety of ad hoc solutions. Thus, for example, in the case of IIT admissions, it was decided to effectively raise the eligibility threshold in the qualifying examination to be eligible for consideration.
This is done by breaking the exam in two parts, with the top 2,00,000 odd students in the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) main merit list who are also in top 20 percentile of their respective qualifying exam being allowed to take the JEE advanced exam.
In a different way, recently, a similar problem seems to be highlighted with the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) results.
Here the problem appears to be that there is a poor correlation between exam results and subsequent performance in the foundation course.
This has led to a suggested proposal where the ranking of successful candidates is based on a composite of exam scores and post-exam performance in the foundation course. There is a huge debate essentially concerned about the lack of transparency in such a process!
What gets lost, however, in the entire discussion is that exams are, in general, very limited in their ability to assess capabilities.
Composite assessment procedures which combine information from a variety of sources and gathered over a period of time have a much better track record.
The problem is that these are cumbersome to implement and do not lend themselves to simple standardisation. They implicitly require trust in the selection/admission agency and extending to them wide latitude in the process of admission.
It is worth noting that globally such centralised exams are in disrepute and most top-level universities, and for that matter job selection agencies are resorting to composite selection procedures.
It is ironical that while on the one hand, we wish to create institutes of excellence which will rank amongst the best in the world but we do not wish to extend to our own institutions the features which would allow them to replicate practices being followed in these excellent institutions.
In order to truly create centres of excellence in education, there needs to be a paradigm shift in our approach to and expectations of examinations; and more importantly, move to build institutions based on trust.
The writer is former chief statistician of India.
*Lead image used for representational purposes only.
TCA Anant
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text:
Q: Avoiding data copying during a RabbitMQ BasicPublish I have a requirement to use RabbitMQ to send messages in a Java program.  These messages contain 2 fields - A single byte identifier and many bytes of data.  Since the method basicPublish takes a byte[] as the message body I am forced to copy these 2 parameters into a single array.  And then on the receive side, I have to copy again to unwrap this.  Is there any way to do this without the copies?

A: Since the single byte is an identifier, it can be considered as a meta information of the message: therefore I suggest you store it in a header of the message and not in the payload. The payload would then only contain your data.


text:
Q: Hiding two columns of GridView while printing it Asp.net  function printform() {
        var printContent = document.getElementById("<%= PrintPanelID.ClientID %>");

        var windowUrl = "about:blank";
        var uniqueName = new Date();
        var windowName = "Print" + uniqueName.getTime();
        var printWindow = window.open(windowUrl, windowName, "left=50000,top=50000,width=0,height=0");
        printWindow.document.write(printContent.innerHTML);
        printWindow.document.close();
        printWindow.focus();
        printWindow.print();
        printWindow.close();
    }

    function HidColumn() {

        // col_num = document.getElementById("Button").value;
        rows = document.getElementById("<%= GV1.ClientID %>").rows;
        for (i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
            rows[i].cells[8].style.display = "none";
        }

        for (j = 0; j < rows.length; j++) {
            rows[j].cells[9].style.display = "none";
        }
    }

    // change logic to suit taste
    function clicked() {
        var b = HidColumn();
        if (b)
            printform()
        return b;
    }

  <asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton2" runat="server" ImageAlign="Right" ImageUrl="images/printer.jpg"
                    Style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 15px" OnClick="ImageButton2_Click" Width="36px"
                    OnClientClick="return clicked()" Visible="false" />

However nothing is happening when i click the ImageButton

A: This line doesn't make sense:   var b = HidColumn();
The function HidColumn doesn't return anything.

A: AS I said that I agree with the steve answer and you should modify your function HidColumn to return either true or false.
One more point i would like to mention that if you return false from clicked() Then postback will not happen otherwise it will call ImageButton2_Click event on server.
function HidColumn() {

        // col_num = document.getElementById("Button").value;
        rows = document.getElementById("<%= GV1.ClientID %>").rows;
        for (i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
            rows[i].cells[8].style.display = "none";
        }

        for (j = 0; j < rows.length; j++) {
            rows[j].cells[9].style.display = "none";
        }
        if(someCondition)return true;
         else return false;
    }

UPDATE:-
you have set the control visibility to False , hence the control will not be rendered.
Hence you cannot get the Element in javascript because there will be no HTML for that control.
if you want hide the control just use Javascript :-
<asp:somecontrol id="ctrl" style="display:none" />

A: simply put your hide column code in a print function like this:
function PrintPage() {

        rows = document.getElementById("<%= Gv1.ClientID %>").rows;
        for (i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
            rows[i].cells[8].style.display = "none";
            rows[i].cells[9].style.display = "none";
        }
        var printContent = document.getElementById('<%= pnlDtls.ClientID %>');
        var printWindow = window.open("All Records", "Print Panel", 'left=50000,top=50000,width=0,height=0');
        printWindow.document.write(printContent.innerHTML);
        printWindow.document.close();
        printWindow.focus();
        printWindow.print();
    }


Lauren Jauregui was cited for possession of marijuana on Tuesday.
A spokesperson for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority confirmed to ET that the Fifth Harmony star was given a citation at the Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia.
According to Dina LaPolt, attorney for the 20-year-old singer and Fifth Harmony, "Lauren Jauregui was not arrested and detained as reported, but simply given a citation for possession of marijuana and released on her own recognizance."
"She will address the matter appropriately through the legal system," LaPolt continued. "This will not interfere with any future scheduled performances or activities."
Jauregui was most likely en route to Brazil, as Fifth Harmony is scheduled to headline Vevo Brasil's FunPopFun Festival by Fanta on Wednesday.
The girl group -- which is also made up of Ally Brooke Hernandez, Normani Kordei, Dinah Jane and Camila Cabello -- is also scheduled to perform at Power 96.1's Jingle Ball in Atlanta, Georgia, on Friday. ET has reached out to Fifth Harmony's rep for additional comment.
As news broke of Jauregui's citation, which was originally reported inaccurately as an arrest by other outlets/media, Harmonziers took to Twitter to show their support for the Florida native, using the hashtag "#FreeLauren," which quickly became a trending topic. Even singer JoJo weighed in, writing, "#legalizeit."
Back in October, when the girls were performing at the Auditorio Banamex in Monterrey, Mexico, a male fan stormed the stage and attempted to wrap his arms around Hernandez. While a security guard immediately intervened, Hernandez had to pull herself free before falling to the ground.
"I am thankful that I or anyone else was not injured, as these incidents could have gone awry," she told ET following the incident. "I love the fans and appreciate their excitement and love for us, however, these situations could easily escalate in the wrong direction for us and the fans."
Hear more on that mishap in the video below.


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Contributed by the Solar Energy Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING: INCLUDING WIND ENERGY AND BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION. Manuscript received August 12, 2015; final manuscript received March 22, 2016; published online May 23, 2016. Assoc. Editor: M. Keith Sharp.
The objective of the present work is to conduct a worthwhile experimental study of the performance of a parabolic solar concentrator for solar cooking. The literature survey briefly highlights the standard performance tests of solar cookers and gives the experimental studies obtained by some authors. Our experimental device, made from simple means using local materials, consists of a parabolic concentrator having a 0.80 m diameter and 0.08 m depth as well as a cylindrical absorber with a 0.10 m diameter and is 0.20 m long. The testing period started on April 24th, 2014 and continued till July 10th of the same year, in Rabat (33°53′ N, 6°59′ W), Morocco. The average ambient temperature is 24 °C. The results show that using synthetic oil as the heat transfer medium has achieved a maximum temperature of 153 °C against 97 °C with water. The overall heat loss coefficient is estimated to be 17.6 W m−2 °C−1. The energy and exergy efficiencies are, respectively, 29.0–2.4% and 0.1–0.5%. Adding a glass cover on the front face of the absorber improved the maximum temperature by 15 °C. Automatic two-axis sun tracking system also increased the maximum temperature by 13 °C compared to manual tracking system.
Schwarzer, K. , 2004, " Experience With Solar Cookers in Different Countries," PPT Presentation, Solar-Institute Julich, Solar-Global, IBEU, Germany.
Mussard, M. , 2013, " A Solar Concentrator With Heat Storage and Self-Circulating Liquid," Ph.D. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Sedighi, M. , and Zakariapour, M. , 2014, " A Review of Direct and Indirect Solar Cookers," Sustainable Energy, 2(2), pp. 44–51.
Kassem, T. K. , and Youssef, M. S. , 2011, " Solar Cookers and Its Application for Food Cooking in Remote Areas: Review," J. Eng. Sci., Assiut Univ., 39(5), pp. 1033–1042.
ECSCR, 1994, " Solar Cooker Test Procedure," Version 3, European Committee on Solar Cooking Research, Eschborn, Germany.
Shaw, S. , 2002, " Development of a Comparative Framework for Evaluating the Performance of Solar Cooking Devices," Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
Kundapur, A. , and Sudhir, C. V. , 2009, " Proposal for New World Standard for Testing Solar Cookers," J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 4(3), pp. 272–281.
Suple, Y. R. , and Thombre, S. B. , 2013, " Performance Evaluation of Parabolic Solar Disc for Indoor Cooking," J. Mech. Civ. Eng., 4(6), pp. 42–47.
Dafle, V. R. , and Shinde, N. N. , 2012, " Design, Development & Performance Evaluation of Concentrating Monoaxial Scheffler Technology for Water Heating and Low Temperature Industrial Steam Application," Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl., 2(6), pp. 1179–1186.
Mohammed, I. L. , 2013, " Design and Development of a Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Cooker," Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl., 3(4), pp. 1179–1186.
Yahya, D. D. , 2013, " Experimental Investigations of Heat Losses From a Parabolic Concentrator Solar Cooker," Afr. J. Eng. Res., 1(3), pp. 90–96.
Aidan, J. , 2014, " Performance Evaluation of a Parabolic Solar Dish Cooker in Yola, Nigeria," J. Appl. Phys., 6(5), pp. 46–50.
Okafor, B. E. , 2013, " Performance Evaluation of a Parabolic Solar Cooker," Int. J. Eng. Technol., 3(10), pp. 923–927.
Kalbande, S. R. , Mathur, A. N. , Kothari, S. , and Pawar, S. N. , 2007, " Design, Development and Testing of Paraboloidal Solar Cooker," Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 20(3), pp. 571–574.
Gavisiddesha, S. P. , Revankar, P. P. , and Gorawar, M. B. , 2011, " Evaluation of Thermal Performance of Paraboloid Concentrator Solar Cooker," Int. J. Innovative Res. Technol. Sci., 1(3), pp. 58–65.
Kimambo, C. Z. M. , 2007, " Development and Performance Testing of Solar Cookers," J. Energy South. Afr., 18(3), pp. 41–51.
Abdallah, E. , Al-Soud, M. , Akayleh, A. , and Abdallah, S. , 2010, " Cylindrical Solar Cooker With Automatic Two Axes Sun Tracking System," Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng., 4(4), pp. 477–486.
Krishnan, V. K. , and Balusamy, T. , 2015, " Simulation Studies on Concentrating Type Solar Cookers," Int. J. Mech. Aerosp. Ind. Mechatronic Manuf. Eng., 9(6), pp. 1089–1093.
Sharma, U. , Dixit, V. , and Mahindru, D. V. , 2013, " Latent Heat Storage System: A Panacea to Address Energy Needs," Global J. Sci. Front. Res. Phys. Space Sci., 13(5), pp. 33–43.
Abinaya, S. J. P. , and Rajakumar, S. , 2013, " Performance of PCM and Cooking Vessel in Solar Cooking System," Int. J. Eng. Invent., 2(6), pp. 83–89.
Saxena, A. , Lath, S. , and Tirth, V. , 2013, " Solar Cooking by Using PCM as a Thermal Heat Storage," MIT Int. J. Mech. Eng., 3(2), pp. 91–95.
Zeghib, I. , 2005, " Design and Construction of a Parabolic Solar Concentrator," Master's thesis, Universite of Mentouri, Constantine, Algeria.
Newton, C. C. , 2006, " A Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy System," Master's thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
Duffie, J. A. , and Beckman, W. A. , 1980, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley, New York.
Mbodji N, Hajji A. Performance Testing of a Parabolic Solar Concentrator for Solar Cooking. ASME. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2016;138(4):041009-041009-10. doi:10.1115/1.4033501.


text:
package com.charmyin.cmstudio.tzyc._7s.controller;

import java.util.List;

import javax.annotation.Resource;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

import com.charmyin.cmstudio.basic.authorize.vo.User;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.basic.pagination.page.Pagination;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.basic.pagination.page.PaginationResultVO;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.common.utils.UUIDGenerator;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.tzyc._7s.service._7sEvaluateItemService;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.tzyc._7s.vo._7sEvaluateItem;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.tzyc._7s.vo._7sEvaluateItemExample;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.web.utils.ResponseUtil;
import com.charmyin.cmstudio.web.utils.UserSessionUtil;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/7sEvaluateItem")
public class _7sEvaluateItemController {

	@Resource
	_7sEvaluateItemService _7sEvaluateItemService;

	@RequestMapping(value = "/index")
	public String index(){
		return "/tzyc/_7s/7sEvaluateItem";
	}

	@RequestMapping(method=RequestMethod.POST, value="/all")
	@ResponseBody
	public PaginationResultVO findAll(Pagination page){
		_7sEvaluateItem _7sEvaluateItem = new _7sEvaluateItem();
		_7sEvaluateItem.setPageVO(page);

		//COID
		User userInfo = UserSessionUtil.getUserInSession();
		_7sEvaluateItem.setCoId(userInfo.getCoId());

		List<_7sEvaluateItem> list = _7sEvaluateItemService.findAll_7sEvaluateItem(_7sEvaluateItem);

		PaginationResultVO prv = new PaginationResultVO();
		prv.setTotal(String.valueOf(_7sEvaluateItem.getPageVO().getTotalRows()));
		prv.setRows(list);
		return prv;
	}

	public int deleteByPrimaryKey(String id) {

		return _7sEvaluateItemService.deleteByPrimaryKey(id);
	}

	public String insert(_7sEvaluateItem record) {
		return "";

	}
	@RequestMapping(value = "/save", method = RequestMethod.POST, produces = "text/plain;charset=UTF-8")
	@ResponseBody
	public String insertSelective(_7sEvaluateItem record) {
		try {
			//生成主键:UUID
			String uuid = UUIDGenerator.generate();

			record.setId(uuid);
			record.setCreateTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis());
			record.setRecordStatus(0);
			//COID
			User userInfo = UserSessionUtil.getUserInSession();

			record.setCoId(userInfo.getCoId());

			_7sEvaluateItemService.insertSelective(record);
			return ResponseUtil.getSuccessResultString();
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			return ResponseUtil.getFailResultString("保存过程中出错");
		}
	}

	public List<_7sEvaluateItem> selectByExample(_7sEvaluateItemExample example) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return _7sEvaluateItemService.selectByExample(example);
	}

	@RequestMapping(method=RequestMethod.POST, value="/getOne")
	@ResponseBody
	public List<_7sEvaluateItem>  selectByPrimaryKey(@RequestParam("typeId")String typeId) {
		try {
			return _7sEvaluateItemService.selectByTypeId(typeId);
		}catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			return null;
		}

	}

	@RequestMapping(value = "/update", method = RequestMethod.POST, produces = "text/plain;charset=UTF-8")
	@ResponseBody
	public String updateByPrimaryKeySelective(_7sEvaluateItem record,@RequestParam("RECORD_STATUS") int RECORD_STATUS) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
				try {
					record.setRecordStatus(RECORD_STATUS);
					record.setCreateTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis());
					_7sEvaluateItemService.updateByPrimaryKeySelective(record);
					return ResponseUtil.getSuccessResultString();
				} catch (Exception e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
					return ResponseUtil.getFailResultString("保存过程中出错!");
				}
	}

	public String updateByPrimaryKey(_7sEvaluateItem record) {

		return "";
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Perspectives on grad-student diversity
By W. Raymond Ollwerther '71
Published online December 14, 2011
Current students share their views
René Flores is a third-year doctoral student in sociology and a former president of the Latino Graduate Student Association.
Statistics show that the numbers of applications, offers, and acceptances for Latino/Hispanic students entering Princeton's doctoral programs this year are up substantially from five years ago. How do you look at this change?
I think those numbers are certainly encouraging. The growth in the number of Hispanic graduate students appears to be coming from a higher yield, which suggests that successful Latino students are finding Princeton to be more and more appealing as a place where they can be successful and thrive. You can also see a similar spike in the yield for African-American students last year.
I think part of the reason why this is happening is due to the activities of the graduate school's Office of Academic Affairs and Diversity. In particular, Dean Karen Jackson-Weaver '94 has been a tireless leader in trying to foster a more welcoming environment for talented students of all different backgrounds.
Her office organizes recruitment trips to universities across the country, and also hosts a yearly event where admitted minority students are invited to campus to get more information about the University from current graduate students and faculty members. The message for them is clear and powerful. The idea is that a Princeton education is within reach of all talented and hard-working students, regardless of your background. And that if you come here you will not be "lost at sea," but you will find a support network.
I think sometimes students worry about feeling isolated or not welcome at a place like Princeton. This is probably connected to the common portrayal of Ivy League institutions in popular culture. Sometimes, after attending diversity panels, students have approached me to ask if it would be safe for them to live here. Unfortunately, these are very real concerns for some students.
What about the role of graduate students?
I think that graduate students have done their part. The Black Graduate Caucus has been very active on campus for years, and it served as an inspiration for the creation of the Latino Graduate Student Association (LGSA) a few years ago. Our first name was Princeton University Latino Graduate Association, or PULGA, which means "flea" in Spanish. While it may sound colorful, it also reflects the feeling that some Latino graduate students had of being part of an invisible group on campus. At LGSA, we host events throughout the semester intended to create a friendly atmosphere for graduate students. As you know, life for graduate students can be challenging and isolating, so we try to create a sense of friendship and camaraderie. We believe that if students feel they are part of a community, they will thrive academically.
I also want to say that, while these numbers are encouraging, we also have to keep in mind that out of 623 new Princeton graduate students, there are only 31 Latino and 19 African-American students. In other words, incoming students are still experiencing a campus that does not look like the rest of the country. That's the real challenge for the future: What to do about it, so that all this talent coming out of our country's colleges is not wasted.
How did you come to Princeton?
I graduated from UC Berkeley in 2007 with highest honors with a degree in Interdisciplinary Studies. I wrote my undergraduate dissertation on international migration and political xenophobia. After working as a research assistant for some time, I realized I wanted to go back to academia. I wanted to do rigorous research that had the potential to impact public policy. While I was fortunate to have other options, the sociology department at Princeton was clearly at the top of my list from the beginning. Not only does it concentrate some of the leading scholars in the field, including my adviser Edward Telles, but it also has a strong reputation for having a very collegial environment.
A year before applying to graduate school, I began emailing LGSA members about my intention to come to Princeton. They didn't know anything about me, but from the beginning they took me very seriously and took the time to answer my multiple questions. That really impressed me. When I came to visit the campus, I stayed in the house of the then-LGSA treasurer.
Every year I get a few emails from Latino students scattered across the country who see my profile on my department's website and feel comfortable asking me questions about the application process and my experiences at Princeton.
During my time at Princeton, I have served in different capacities at LGSA: secretary, vice-president, and president. I was the president last year (2010-2011). Without a doubt, I have to say that I have met some of my best friends on campus through the club.
Liz Johnson is a fourth-year graduate student in molecular biology. She is a former president of the Black Graduate Caucus and is vice president of the Wesley L. Harris Scientific Society, a group that focuses on supporting the development of minority scientists.
How attractive is Princeton to graduate students of color, compared to its peers?
I feel that in terms of the Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton is becoming increasingly attractive to graduate students of color. Princeton is becoming more visible to students of color through the efforts of Dr. Alison Gammie's office (Diversity Programs and Graduate Recruiting for molecular biology and the genomics institute). I believe the more students of color that come through Princeton, the more likely the students are to spread the word that Princeton is an accessible place that provides a stimulating intellectual environment with a genuine focus in developing young scientists. Students who participate in the summer program and graduate students currently in the program are able to be ambassadors for the program, and competitive prospective students seem to really trust the perspective of students who they believe to have shared experiences. For example, while recruiting at the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS), I could see the look of relief in a student's face when they could candidly ask me, "Is Princeton really a place that would be supportive for students of color?" and I can tell them from experience that Princeton does provide an excellent educational environment for those that are passionate about molecular biology. They tend to believe you – we have had recruits who were applying to every top-tier molecular biology program except Princeton, and convinced them to add Princeton to the list after face-to-face contact.
How do you view the University's efforts to attract and support a diverse group of grad students?
Although I have a lot of contact with graduate students of color from other departments from serving and leading the Black Graduate Caucus board for my first three years at Princeton, I only have a secondary opinion of the support of graduate students of color across different departments. However, I can say that the commitment and effectiveness of recruiting/support networks is not equal across the graduate school. I definitely have seen struggles and triumphs of my colleagues in different departments in creating environments conducive to diversity at the graduate school.
Our department is truly doing its best in trying to attract and support a diverse group of graduate students. I think it is important to create multiple support networks, and this is apparent now. There is a great deal of support from the faculty, which I believe to be the nature of graduate sciences in our department in general.
Currently there are enough graduate students of color in the department that the younger graduate students have access to advice on how to navigate the day-to-day issues of being a graduate student of color.
There are societies on campus for support of graduate student life, such as the Wesley L. Harris Scientific Society and the Black Graduate Caucus, that have goals to support both the academic and emotional aspects of completing a Ph.D. in the sciences. The department also has supported the gathering of black students in our department in an informal setting (my apartment complex), so that all years of study can give advice to each other and discuss potential issues faced specifically by being a student of color.
Dr. Gammie, my thesis adviser, and the members of my thesis committee are some of the main reasons why I can recommend Princeton to prospective students of color. Their support and dedication to educating students from day one until graduation is key in creating a scientific environment comprised of diverse backgrounds. I can tell a student that once they come to Princeton, they won't be forgotten as they go through challenging times.
How did you decide to come to Princeton, and what has your experience been like since your arrival?
My decision to come to Princeton was highly influenced by a visit that Princeton professors made to Spelman College, my undergraduate institution, where I happened to be giving an oral presentation on my senior thesis project. Professor David Botstein, Dr. Gammie, and science librarian Steve Adams made an excellent case for coming to Princeton. What really spoke to me was that through their words and actions, I knew that the Department of Molecular Biology was committed to training young scientists to become future leaders in their fields. After narrowing down schools, it was the positive feeling I got from the Princeton faculty through subsequent lunches, visiting weekends, and emails that convinced me to attend Princeton over Vanderbilt or Harvard, despite the lack of students of color in the department as compared to other institutions.
When I came to Princeton I was immediately able to develop support networks. Dr. Gammie has served as a mentor to many minority students in the department, and her dedication to teaching and scientific rigor truly has helped me develop in my graduate studies. Faculty members have been wonderful with their time and advice on both science and career development. Additionally, through the support of the Office of Diversity led by Dean Karen Jackson-Weaver '94, I have been able to serve on the board and lead the University's Black Graduate Caucus (BGC). Through the support of the engineering school and Professor William A. Massey '77, I also have had the privilege to serve on the Wesley L. Harris Scientific Society (WLHSS) board – a group that focuses on supporting the development of minority scientists.
The BGC and WLHSS, and the support these groups get from the University, are a great example of how creating networks can really support the development of a rich and diverse intellectual environment. For WLHSS, we have monthly meetings to discuss the research project of one of our members. Periodically, the interactions at these meetings have developed into highly productive collaborations. Moreover, the BGC and WLHSS provide a safe space to talk about the challenges of being a minority scientist in an environment like Princeton, where – when we entered the department – there were few (virtually none) students and faculty members of color.
The number of African-American applicants to the grad school was down this year from the past two years, and the number of offers was as low as any of the past five years, according to graduate-school statistics. The yield – 73 percent – was the highest of any of the past five years, however. How do you look at these numbers?
That is interesting. There are definite disparities in recruiting across departments. I am most familiar with how these statistics have affected students of color in the sciences. In terms of WLHSS, the only members who are first years have come from mainly from the life sciences in the department of molecular biology (1), quantitative and computational biology (1), neuroscience (1), and chemistry (1). Our membership is down from my first year (nine first-year students across the engineering school and the life sciences), and it's a real issue.
How important is it for faculty to get out of Princeton to participate in their departmental recruiting efforts?
It is very important. My decision to come to Princeton ultimately was based on the faculty members that I interacted with at Spelman and faculty interactions during the graduate-program interview process. The interactions I had with the faculty were so inspiring and really got me excited about attending graduate school at a place that had so many resources. I was so excited that I begged the faculty at Spelman to start a journal-reading course based on the discussions I had with Princeton faculty during their visit.
Source URL: https://paw.princeton.edu/article/perspectives-grad-student-diversity


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