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Episode 37 Dr. Gussie Maccracken – Fossil Insects
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Hello listeners! Welcome back to the next episode of Ask a Scientist. Our guest today is Dr. Gussie Maccracken. She is a paleontologist and National Science Foundation post-doctoral fellow specializing on how plants and insects interacted in the fossil record.
Gussie, thank you so much for being here today.
Dr. Maccracken:
Thank you Vikki for having me on your show. I'm so excited to get to talk with you about my research on insect damage on fossil leaves.
Awesome. Well, I, and I'm sure the listeners are so excited to hear all about it. Before we get to the questions, do you want to just explain a little bit about yourself and your work and some of your current projects?
Absolutely! So, I specialize in looking at the types of damage that herbivorous insects make on plants in the fossil record. So whether that's the holes that they're chewing in the leaves, or maybe even galls or leaf mines. I try to figure out either what kinds of insects made the damage in the past, or perhaps things like how intense damage in ancient ecosystems was. And this can tell us a lot about ancient ecology, and it can tell us about what kinds of insects were around in the past, because the damage that insects make is often way more abundant than the actual fossils of their bodies. Since insects are pretty squishy and they take very specialized environments to become fossils. So, so we kind of use insect damage on fossil plants as a good indicator of what kind of bugs were around in the past.
(Did the insects look different than today?)
That is awesome. Well, we have so many questions about insects of the past today, and all of these questions were written by fourth grade students from Bromwell Elementary in Denver, Colorado.
And we will get right into these questions with this first question: did the insects look different than today?
That is a great question. So insects in the past have looked different than they look today, in some ways, but in other ways, not so much. So, in the Carboniferous, around 350 to 300 million years ago, insects for actually most of them are much larger than they are today. And we would get things like giant dragonflies that had up to a three-foot wingspan. And so we get these kind of familiar looking insects, but they would just be at a scale that we're not really used to today.
(Were there giant insects back then? How big did they get? (Another question was specifically about big dragonflies.) What was the biggest bug back then? Were there big enough flying insects so you could ride them?)
That is so cool.
Our next question builds really well on that. The students want to know how big did these big insects get, and what was the biggest bug back then? And then also, this is a very fun part of the question: were there bugs big enough that you could ride them?
Well, I would not try or ride any of these bugs. I don't think they would be able to support you, and you might end up squishing them.
But they did get extremely large in the Carboniferous. One of my favorite ancient creatures was this millipede like animal, called Arthropleura. And so imagine a millipede, but imagine it's about seven feet long. And it's just crawling along the floor of a forest. You know, I'd love to think back into time and think that there was a time on earth when millipedes were, you know, longer than most humans are tall. I mean, these were enormous critters.
(How did they talk or sound or make noise? What sounds did they make?)
Oh, wow. Giant millipedes. That would be crazy.
This next set of questions is about these giant insects making noise. And so the questions are, how did they talk or sound or make noise? And what sounds did they make?
I love that question. It's so imaginative. And we have to use our imaginations when we're looking at these fossil insects, ancient insects, because we can't actually hear them. And so what we do is we look at their structure. We look at the different kinds of body parts that they might have, and try to infer when we think that insects might've started making noise and for what purposes and what they would have sounded like.
So since we don't know for sure what they sounded like, you know, our best guess is that they sound similar to what insects sound like today. You know, you'd hear that buzzing. You'd hear the flapping of the wings. And we know that things like grasshoppers are really ancient, and because they also have what we call a tympanic ear, structures for hearing, in these ancient grasshopper fossils, we can infer that they probably made that chirping noise, that kind of singing noise that they make today. And we know that they were listening to each other.
And so overall I'd say insects probably are making similar noises in the past as they did today. But, you know, we just, we have to learn more about ancient insects sound to come out with, you know, more detailed response. And that's one of the cool things about studying fossil insects and also the behaviors of insects, is that there's a lot of work that still needs to be done. Especially by people like, you know, kids like you that are coming up in our educational systems and choosing, you know, paths, you know, career paths that might one day end up in the sciences.
(Were there mosquitoes or other predator insects?)
Yeah. So if you're interested, you can read the scientist that figures out how they sounded.
All right, this next question is, were there mosquitoes or other predator insects?
There were definitely mosquitoes and other predaceous insects in the past.
One of my colleagues, a scientist who I actually used to share an office with, found a mosquito preserved in amber that had a blood meal, that had blood in its stomach. And so it was just like Jurassic Park. Although he really hates that reference. But you're not allowed to publish a discovery like that and not see the, you know, the parallel between finding a mosquito in amber with blood and, you know, Jurassic Park which is a movie that, you know, I'm sure a lot of us all, all love and have watched, you know, bunches of times.
As far as other predaceous insects, we think that there were loads of them, because we have insects that are eating plants. And then we also have a lot of insects today that are eating those other insects. And so, things like dragonflies, we know that they are predators today, and that was likely the case in the past.
And so insects have all of these different, what we call niches, all of these different roles in the ecosystems. Some were eating plants, some were eating other insects, some are helping dead things to decompose, and some are pollinating. So there, there are just a lot of different ecosystem services that insects do today, and that insects likely did in the past.
All right. So I have to ask because of Jurassic Park. Is your colleague going to try and clone dinosaurs from the blood of the mosquito?
I don't think so. I don't think they could recover DNA from that mosquito. They could only see the presence of blood cells of, I believe red blood cells. But you know, maybe in the future, let's, let's try to figure it out. In the meantime, we have birds, which are technically dinosaurs. So I guess, you know, we do have, we have some dinosaurs around today.
(Did the insects have homes like beehives or termite mounds? Were the insects loners, or did they have groups or packs? Did the insects have society like the bees?)
Yes, we do.
And speaking of, of different roles that the insects have in the communities, this next set of questions is all about insects living together. The first question is, did the insects have homes like beehives or termite mounds? And were the insects loners, or did they have groups or packs? Did the insects have society like the bees?
That is a fabulous question. Yes. Ancient insects are known to have lived in colonies. And this is really fascinating because in fact we've found evidence of these colonies because we found little mounds with these very intricate tunnels in them.
A colleague of mine actually described 75-million-year-old insect mounds. And we don't know if they're ants or possibly termites, but it's one of the, it's some of the first evidence for what we call a sociality of insects, or the socialness of insects. Because in order to have a termite mound or an ant's nest or a beehive, you know, the insects have to, you know, be, be working together, they have to be getting along. A lot of these mounds are actually very closely, you know, it's a family unit, they're very closely related, they're clones of one another in a lot of instances. And so, there was a point in time, you know, hundreds of millions of years ago, when scientists don't think that, or we don't have evidence of social insects. And so the evidence is really more recent, geologically speaking, you know, perhaps within the last a hundred or 2 million years, whereas the whole record of insects, we think goes back, you know, over 400 million years in the past.
So, it's really, it's a great question because it's really interesting to think about how socialness in insects might've evolved, in what groups that might have evolved in first.
(Were there massive worms and did their tunneling cause collapses in the ground?)
That is really fascinating.
And speaking of places where insects lived, and how they lived, this next question wants to know, were there massive worms and did their tunneling cause collapses in the ground?
That is very funny. I like that question. So, I have to say, I do not know of any terrestrial worm fossils. I'm not saying that they haven't been described by other scientists, but that's just not my area of expertise. So I don't, I don't know.
But what I can say is that there are enormous worms that live in Australia today, and they can get incredibly long. I'm trying to remember exactly how long they can be. I think they can be up to 10 feet long and when they stretch out, you know, how worms kind of moved by, you know, stretching and being like an accordion a little bit. I think you can actually stretch them longer than 10 feet. And these worms are not so much, you know, thick. They don't have a huge diameter. But they're just incredibly long, and that's how they've maintained that size. It's just being incredibly long. And so I don't think they actually are really able to move a lot of earth that would cause a collapse, for instance. And, you know, they're consuming and they're excreting. And so you don't get, you wouldn't get these like big, vast tunnels in the earth that, you know, you'd step onto and, you know, fall down 10 feet or whatever. But you know, perhaps there were, you know, lots of enormous worms in the past or perhaps they were, you know, pretty small like they are today. That's another question that, you know, you can look into, or you can study it yourself and try to make discoveries.
(Were there any poisonous insects that were around back then?)
Wow. 10-foot-long worms! That's crazy. But yes, we can have a whole group of, of future fossil worm scientists.
Okay, this next question, again this might be something difficult to tell from the fossil record, but this next question is, were there any poisonous insects that were around back then?
There were likely lots of poisonous insects around in the past. You were absolutely right. This is going to be difficult to measure using the fossil record, but what we can do is to look around at insects that we see today and try to plot them on the tree of life, what we would call a phylogeny, and then you might have this whole group of insects that has a certain type of poison. And you might be able to kind of guesstimate hypothesize when that group of insects evolved. And you might hypothesize that that poison was utilized, or those insects had adapted to have that poison in the past.
So it's really a question where you, you know, you might be able to find something like that in the fossil record, but really you have to look at the earth today, you have to look at the insects that are around today.
And what's really interesting about insect defense is that they actually can do it in a lot of different ways. And some of it is actually stolen from plants that they eat. So things like the monarch butterfly, when they're caterpillars, they're eating milkweed, which is extremely poisonous. It can kill a lot of animals on earth today. And so they're taking that poison from the milkweed and sequestering it, they're storing it in their own bodies and using it as a defense for themselves. And so it's pretty interesting to think about how that might've evolved when it could have evolved, and, you know, what sorts of creatures might've had that in the past.
(What were the insects called?)
Wow. That is very cool.
All right, this is getting into some of the specifics of insects of the past. This question is what were the insects called?
What were the insects called? Well, we are still naming them. There are an unimaginable amount of insects that need to be formally described and classified by paleontologists. But there were called all sorts of things. I mean, in general, we categorize them using mostly, you know, groups that are around today. For instance, the grasshoppers would be in Orthoptera, the order of Orthoptera. And so we use the kind of a taxonomic classification. We use a formal classification scheme to organize and name insects.
And so, you know, fossil insects, you can, if you find a new one, you can name it yourself. There are rules you have to follow and naming them. But you know, if you find, if you find a new fossil insect or any new fossil organism, you can name it. So the names, you know, range from descriptions that are Latin or Greek in origin that described maybe the look of a fossil insect or a fossil plant or a dinosaur or whatever you're naming. And then sometimes you name them after an important person to you or an important scientist in the field, or sometimes you just have fun with it. For instance, I know a fossil plant that's named Lebowski after the Big Lebowski or, you know, there are fossils named after Lady Gaga.
So, what are the names of fossil insects? Well, they are, you know, there are so many, they're incredibly varied, and they're still happening. And it's all just down to using the Linnaean taxonomic structure.
That's awesome. Lots of very fun names. And this isn't one of the questions, but I'm sure the listeners are curious. Have you ever named anything and what did you name things?
Well, I am in the process of naming a fossil plant that dates to about 75 million years ago. So the plant that I'm describing, it was growing in what is today Utah. And this plant is about 75 million years old. And so it was growing in this really lush ecosystem where there are large dinosaurs, you know, trumping about. There are loads of different insects flying around and other kinds of vertebrates that are, you know, turtles and crocodiles and all sorts of things. And it's growing in this swamp essentially. And we named it Kitula gettyi. And Kitula basically the root of it is for a puppy, and it's the puppy of our friend, Mike Getty. And that's where we get the word gettyi. And Mike Getty was a really wonderful friend and colleague who was at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science as the fossil preparer, and sadly, he passed away. So we named it in honor. We named this fossil plants in honor of Mike and his puppy Javalina.
Oh, that is really wonderful.
(Did the insects pollinate plants back then?)
Okay. And speaking of plants, the next question is, did the insects pollinate plants back then?
Insects did pollinate plants in the past. This is a really kind of fun part of the field that I studied. Because you can look at the structures of plants and hypothesize that there were insects pollinated, and you can also look at insect body fossils and try to find grains of pollen on their bodies and also in their gut contents or their stomach contents.
And so there's great papers out there describing, for instance, beatles trapped in amber that are covered in pollen, or have pollen in their stomachs. And so you can hypothesize that right before the beetle was trapped in amber and died, it was actually moving from flower to flower.
And it's also kind of fun to think about pollination, not just to flowers, but of other kinds of plants in the past. So up until about 140 million years ago, there were no flowering plants. And pollination happened on things like conifers or, you know, what are similar to pine trees today, a group called the cycads. And so we actually look at different structures on these ancient plants and, look at the mouth parts of ancient insects, and we can hypothesize about how they were being pollinated by insects.
(How many other insects that were around back then are still around today?)
Okay, this next question is how many other insects that were around back then are still around today?
That is a fantastic question. And it's a hard one to answer. But, we know that based on the fossil record, a lot of the major groups of insects that were around, say in the Jurassic period between 200 and 145 million years ago, a lot of those major groups, those families of insects, are still around today.
There are some lineages of insects that have gone extinct in the past. There's one with the, I know a funky name, palaeodictyoptera, which was a clade of insects that had kind of mosquito-like mouth parts that they would use to stick into plants and suck out the juices and all the nutrients. When you see them a lot in very old fossil deposits in the Permian and in, you know, 275-million-year-old deposits. And we know that they went extinct, and we don't see them anymore today.
But a lot of insects are actually still around today. Maybe not the identical species, but the lineages of insects have made it through to today. You know, if we think about big things like, dinosaurs or some of the very early mammals, like they looked much different in the past and they went to extinct and then new things kind of rose up to prominence. But within insects, you know, they're incredibly abundant, they're incredibly diverse and they just haven't changed through time too much. I think if you were in an ancient forest, say a hundred million years ago, and you kind of squinted and looked around at the insects, you would recognize a lot of the forms, you know, they wouldn't look too dissimilar to insects that you've seen today. But they might just not be the same species that we're seeing today.
(Did these insects survive the giant asteroid that wiped out dinosaurs?)
This is a good follow-up to that, speaking of different groups of insects and what we see today. This question is, did these insects survive the giant asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs?
Well, some did. So insects made it through the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event, because we saw insects in the fossil record right before and right after that asteroid impact. And obviously we see insects today. So, some groups of insects made it through.
Now, there were a lot of extinctions among different species of insects, and that's going to be really hard to figure out with just the body record, the body fossil record of insects. But what we know from the traces of their feeding on plants, remember those holes and the punctures that insects make in plants when they're eating them, we can actually use those to tell us what sorts of insects survive that mass extinction.
And so, my PhD advisor and colleagues did this great study looking at insect damage before and immediately after the asteroid impact. And what they found was that if you're an insect and you're incredibly specialized on what type of plant you eat, so let's say you only eat one species of plant, or maybe a few species of closely related plants, that made you more likely to go extinct. Because of the thing that you eat gets killed off by the asteroid, the mass extinction event, then you might also go extinct. It's sort of like if you only eat Cheetos and that's all you'll eat and you can't and won't lead to anything else. And asteroid like destroys the Cheetos factory, then you might die. If you have to, if you can't switch to another food source, say cheese-Its, then you'll die. Maybe you do switch to a new food source and you survive. And so in general, what we found was the more specialized your diet, the likelier you were as an insect to go extinct during that extinction event.
Oh, man. I should probably eat something besides Cheetos then.
Yeah. Yeah. For many reasons, probably.
Not enough nutrients in Cheetos.
I don't think so. No.
(Did the insects have bones? Teeth?)
All right. Let's see. We've got some more questions coming up about insects of the past. This question is, did the insect have bones or teeth?
That is a very good question. No. Insects don't have bones, nor do they have teeth, they have what we call an exoskeleton. And so that's that kind of hard kind of shiny layer that you see on the outside of insects. You know, think about how a beetle has kind of hard parts covering his whole body, that's their exoskeleton. And they use that for protection and also to support themselves and for all of their muscle attachments, and all of their, you know, organ systems. Whereas humans and other mammals and other vertebrates have skeleton on the inside, that helps us, you know, stand up and it supports us and, and we attach all of our muscles to it and allows us to move. So they just do it in a different way. And, you know, it's very successful for insects.
And they also don't have teeth. Their mouths are pretty interesting. There are a bunch of different I guess styles of insect mouths. Things like grasshoppers or beetles, they have what we call the mandibles, the chewing mandibles. And so it's sort of like big claws that help them manipulate the food, and they can use, you know, different limbs to move food into their mouths. We also have things like the mosquitoes that have more of a siphoning mouth part, think about butterflies and how their mouths can curl and uncurl and suck up the nectar of flowers. And so they've taken this, you know, mouth part morphology, the mouth part structure, and they've been able to evolve different styles for different food sources. And it's really helped insects become as diverse and as abundant as they are today.
In fact, insects are the most diverse macroorganism or large organism on earth, far, far, far outnumbering the diversity of all the invertebrates and all the plants. Insects are really it when you want to look at a diverse group of organisms.
Wow. That is incredible. I always think about that. Like whenever I see a bug that I don't know what type of bug it is, I always like take a picture. I'm like, what is this? And then I start Googling, and I find that it's something I've never even heard of. It's really cool.
Yeah. Yeah. It's, I mean, it's fun that, you know, even amateurs living in, you know, neighborhoods in Denver or neighborhoods anywhere in the world. You can start to learn your native fauna, your native insect fauna. And often times, if you really know your insects, you might be able to name a new species. There's just so many insects to be discovered, that it's, you know, if that's what you're passionate about, it's definitely one of more fruitful sciences. Today there are almost a million types of insects that have been described, but we think they're up to 30 million or more insect species on earth today. So, you know, you could run out to the desert or, you know, run down to the tropics and just start naming species, if that was really your passion.
(Where did they live?)
Wow. That is awesome. Yeah. So, if any of the listeners want to name insect species, sounds like there are many opportunities to do so.
Okay. This next question. You've touched on this a little bit, but if there's anything else you want to add or elaborate. This question is where did they live?
Well, insects lived everywhere, everywhere on Earth.
In fact, today you don't really find insects in Antarctica, but in the past, they were certainly there. There were jungles covering Antarctica when the Earth was warmer than it is today. And so there's lots of evidence of insects in those fossil deposits, whether it's their bodies or the damage that they've left on things like fossil leaves.
And, you know, insects today, you find them in some of the most Northern latitudes and obviously down into the tropics where they are super diverse and abundant. And so this was probably the same as in the past, as in deep time.
Insects were likely the most diverse and abundant animals in ancient ecosystems like they are today. And so. Where did they live? They lived everywhere. They lived, you know, from the sky they're flying around all the way buried into the ground and everywhere in between. Just like today, especially I it's kind of cold where I am right now. But when it's a little bit warmer here, you just, if you're looking for insects, you find them everywhere. And I think that's what it would be like in the past as well.
That's very cool. Yeah. It's a little cold here too. So sometimes on cold days I find more insects in my house than I expect to.
Yeah. Yeah, exactly. I do remember though. I was up in Winter Park a few years ago, Winter Park Colorado. And I saw this type of insect on just like walking around on a lodgepole pine and there was about three feet of snow on the ground. And I was like, how in the world is this thing out and about right now? But it's actually evolved to not let its, you know, essentially blood freeze. And so, even in cold environments, sometimes insects can be out and about. So, you know, keep an eye open. You will, you know, outside of your home, even, you know, you can find insects pretty much all the time if you're really looking for them.
(What did insects eat? What did the insects eat besides plants? Did they eat dead animals?)
That is incredible. Ooh. Maybe, maybe next time I'm going for a walk when it's snowy or I'm up in the mountains and it's snowy. I'll definitely keep an eye out. That's amazing.
Alright. And this next question, you've already answered it in part, but again, if there's any more details that you want to add. What did insects eat? What did the insects eat besides plants? And did they eat dead animals?
They absolutely ate dead animals. Insects are very important in the decomposition of dead animals and dead plants and, you know, whatever dead material is kind of rotting. And so you get things like carrion flies, flies that lay their eggs into a deceased animal, and the eggs hatch, and you get the fly larva. And so, you know, we found things like botflies in the fossil record. So we know that there are lots of flies around that are probably living off of decaying material.
What else did they eat? Well, we know that there were things like mosquitoes and biting midges that fed on the blood of ancient animals. And then there are the predators, like we were talking about, things that are eating other insects.
And so insects fill, you know, a huge range of ecosystem services. And, and we know that they were doing that in the past as well.
(Did the insects eat more plants than now?)
Super cool. Speaking of insects eating, this question is, did the insects eat more plants in the past than now?
Wow. That is a really insightful question. So the long and short answer was, yes, it depends. So it depends on what time period you're looking at.
One thing that I do with my data collection is I measure how intensely insects are eating plants. And that gives us an idea of, you know, how much of a forest might be consumed by ancient insects. And what we found is that the amount that insects eat is a direct result of essentially the climate, the temperature. And that's related to the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, because the more carbon dioxide you have in the global atmosphere, the higher the temperature of the earth is. And what we found, and this might be getting a little too into the details of this, but insects are eating plants for nutrition. And one of the elements that they need is nitrogen. And so, there's this ratio between carbon and nitrogen, and that ratio changes when you have more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it actually decreases the nitrogen in the plant. So essentially when you have more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the plants are a little bit less nutritious, so insects have to eat a little bit more. And so what we find is that when the atmosphere at carbon dioxide goes up, the intensity of herbivory also goes up.
And this is really important for us today because we are changing the climate. We, as humans, are changing the climate; we are introducing a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. And why should we care about, you know, insect herbivores in the past? Well, we have to worry about them potentially eating more. And one insect eating a little bit more isn't a big deal, but think about our entire agricultural system, you know, we spend billions of dollars each year trying to stop insect pests from eating the food that we're growing. And so, you know, this is something that we have to understand better about the past, so that we can prepare ourselves for the future. And also, you know, so that we can try to mitigate our release of carbon dioxide so that we, you know, we take better care of the earth and, and we, also in turn, take better care of ourselves, and make sure that we don't have to spray as many pesticides or have to cut down as much forest to expand our crop lands. And so it's, it's really interesting how carbon dioxide can, you know, can change the insect plant relationships so much.
(What did those insects do back then, besides eat?)
Wow. That is incredible. I never thought about that aspect of climate change in insects before. That's, that's crazy.
Okay. Let's see. this next question is a good follow-up to that. What did those insects do back then, besides eat?
Well, they likely were interested in mating. And so they're making displays with their bodies or making different noises and trying to attract, you know, a mate to produce, you know, little insect babies.
And then they're probably flying around, they're probably, you know, sleeping at night. But when you're eating something like plants, you gotta spend a lot of your day eating. So, you know, they're probably not doing, you know, terribly interesting things or I guess to, you know, a general person. They're probably not doing very interesting things other than eating and mating, and just taking care of, you know, making sure they have enough water, and things like that.
(Did any insects live in the water?)
That segues well into this next question. Speaking of water, did any insects of the past live in water?
Yes. Yes. There are fossils of insects that we know today live in water and based on their anatomy, based on their structures, for instance like in their legs, that we predicted they lived on the surface of the water or actually in the water, like diving beetles.
And we also know that insects are basically crustaceans, the group of organisms that live in the oceans, things like crabs and lobsters and all that kind of stuff. And so they're just one lineage from the crustaceans. And so, you know, I guess their relatives and their ancestors were actually from the oceans.
(I want to know how annoying they were to dinosaurs. Did some insects benefit the dinosaurs somehow? Did insects help dinosaurs at all?)
That is super cool.
All right, the next three questions are all about the relationship between insects and dinosaurs. So this first question, the question asker says, I want to know how annoying they were to dinosaurs. Did some insects benefit the dinosaurs somehow? Did insects help dinosaurs at all?
Hmm, that's a great series of questions. So I don't know how annoying they were to dinosaurs. They definitely fed on dinosaurs, things like biting midges. But I can't tell you if the dinosaurs really felt them or did preventative measures. For instance, if you think about things like elephants today, you know, they might roll around in mud, not just for sun protection, but for insect protection. So we don't know if dinosaurs might've done something similar to, you know, ward off biting insects. But I can imagine that they might be fairly annoying, you know, especially if insects are getting around your eyeballs or something like that as a dinosaur, I would, I would be very annoyed.
And then did insects have any mutualism with dinosaurs? Did they help dinosaurs at all? Well, I, you know, ecology is really, it's just so much beyond the scope of what humans can understand. It is very intricate. So I would say probably there are some mutualisms between dinosaurs and insects, some cases where dinosaurs and insects both benefited from each other. But I can't think of any off the top of my head.
What I can say about insects is that they support kind of the lower levels of land-based ecosystems. So they're eating plants, keeping forests maintained. You know, if you're in a forest, you know, you see lots of different kinds of plants because insects are specialized on different plants and they're eating constantly. And so, you know, you don't just get one plant taking over an entire forest, insects help maintain the diversity of plants and keep the earth from becoming, you know, overwhelmingly green. They just help regulate plants on earth. And so, you know, they help the ecosystems that these bigger carnivorous dinosaurs are living in, these bigger herbivorous dinosaurs are living in.
And they also are the food source for a lot of things. And so maybe if you have T-Rex, it's not interacting as much with insects, but it might be, you know, sometimes eating the things that eat insects or, you know, eating things that ate plants and the plants were in turn, you know, in part related by insects.
And so, you know, insects are this kind of corner stone, this really important puzzle piece in a lot of ecosystems. And so even if, you know, there aren't these direct relationships between dinosaurs and insects, you know, if you took away the insects, then the ecosystems would collapse and it would be hard for anything to live.
So just like today, you know, you've got to love the insects because so much of the life that we depend on on Earth is in some way tied to insects.
(Could bugs kill big dinosaurs like a T-Rex?)
Wow, that first part of the question about them being annoying to dinosaurs, it gives me a mental image. You know how cows flick their tails back and forth when there's flies that are flying near their butts. It kinda just gives me an image of dinosaurs tuning their tails as flies go by.
Here's another dinosaurs insects question. Could bugs kill big dinosaurs, like a T-Rex?
Hmm, that's an interesting question. I'm not sure. I don't know the answer to that. I would imagine that no, insects probably won't be killing dinosaurs. A lot of insects might be parasites. They might harm dinosaurs, but hopefully not kill them, because if you're a parasite and you rely on dinosaurs for a food source, you don't want to be killing off your food source.
(Did any dinosaurs eat the insects?)
Yeah. That makes sense.
And this is our last dinosaur question. Did any dinosaurs eat the insects?
Yeah, dinosaurs definitely ate insects, starting with the herbivorous dinosaurs, which, you know, they're so large and they're eating such big quantities of plant material that they're definitely consuming insects all over the place, but they're not targeting that, they're just sort of an oops in their diet. But yes, herbivorous dinosaurs are eating insects on accident.
And then probably some of the smaller, more like bird-like dinosaurs, were eating insects. They were, you know, some of them were likely insectivores, eating insects , or at least, you know, some dinosaurs might've been insectivores, or insect eaters , at some point in their life, maybe when they were smaller and then they graduated to larger and larger prey.
So, yeah. Yeah. I think some dinosaurs did eat insects at different stages and for different reasons, or accidentally,
(Would they eat us?)
One time I was riding a bike and I accidentally ate a bug. So I guess I'm like a dinosaur too.
Okay. Speaking of insects eating things, or dinosaurs eating things, this question is, would insects eat us?
Well, they'll definitely take bites out of us or suck our blood. And that probably would have happened in the past as well. And, you know, this is a little bit creepy, but you know, if we were to die in an ancient ecosystem, they would eat our remains and we would get cycled back into the ecosystem, and our nutrients would live on forever.
That's awesome. I'd like my nutrients to live on and be part of the ecosystem.
Yeah, I would too.
(What insect was the scariest?)
So we're down to our last three questions. This question is what insect was the scariest?
Hmm. What insect was the scariest? Well, I don't really see any of the insects as being particularly scary. I guess, since I study them, I just think that they're all very, very cool. But I think if I were back in the Carboniferous and, you know, being potentially dive bombed by those giant dragonfly-like insects, that might be pretty startling, for sure.
Yeah. I was thinking about that earlier with the question about what is insects sound like. And I was trying to imagine that sound of the dragonfly wings and magnifying that by a lot. I expect that they would be pretty loud too.
Oh yeah, for sure. And based on how modern dragonflies are so agile, you know, they can, they can, you know, essentially go forward and backward and they can seem to hover. And they're just really quick predators. And I would imagine that seeing something that's two or three feet in diameter that is so agile and quick, would be startling. Yeah, I agree.
(Were they gross?)
And this next question, bit of an opinion question. Were they gross?
Were they gross? No, no. I don't think insects are particularly gross. I think they're very, very interesting. And I think that the more you study them, the more you come to appreciate them, and you can kind of see the beauty and things that a lot of people might consider to be speak gross or scary.
(How did you know you wanted to study fossil insects?)
And this is our very last question. This is a question about you. How did you know you wanted to study fossil insects?
Wow. That's a really nice question. How did I know I wanted to study insects? Well, I didn't always want to study insects. But when I was a little kid, like really little toddling around in diapers, I remember picking up rocks and looking under them to find all of the insects and other, you know, bugs that live under rocks and in decaying wood. And so it's always kind of been a fascination with me. But for a long time, I thought I might want to study vertebrates or things with backbones, because you know, they're so charismatic. I mean, you got to love things like gorillas and pandas and, you know, thinking into the fossil record, dinosaurs are amazing. And so are, you know, wooly mammoth, and there's just, there's so many really cool creatures.
But my main love was ecology. It was looking at nature as a whole and seeing how things interacted. And so over time, I started getting more interested in plants, but I realized I didn't want to be just a straight paleobotanist. It didn't feel right. My gut was telling me I needed to do something else.
And that's when, you know, I, I took a class in college on entomology, and I fell in love with learning about the insects. There's just so much going on with them, and they're so diverse and they're so beautiful. And they're just infinitely amazing. But they just will always amaze you with the more you learn about them.
And so I remember reading a paper by my PhD advisor at the time I was working after college. And, you know, he was talking about insect damage on fossil leaves and kind of opening up this whole snapshot of ecology that you wouldn't have ever been able to see just from the body fossils, just from the fossils of insect bodies. And at that moment, I fell in love with it, and I've been doing it ever since.
So it was really a progression of being interested in a million different things and then kind of following my passions to where they lead.
That's an incredible story.
That is all of our questions, but do you have any questions of your own for the listeners?
Oh, that's great. So, I have a question and a piece of advice.
So my question is what was the last insect you saw? And I guess spinning off of that, what do you think it was doing? Was it a predator? Was it an herbivore? Did he eat plants? Just think about what it might've been doing in that moment.
And then as far as looking at, or thinking about what I study, and then trying to detect it in your daily lives, the next time you go outside and you're walking around the neighborhood and maybe you see leaves on the ground, or still in the trees, if it's warmer, just look at the leaves or the bark, look for signs that an insect has been there. And when you start noticing it, you find that it's everywhere, and you'll start noticing it more and more and more, and you'll see all these different great patterns of insect herbivory.
And if the listeners want to get in touch with you, do you have a website or a professional social media page that you would want to direct them to?
Sure. I am on Twitter. My handle is @Gussie_Mac, that's at G U S S I E underscore M A C.
Well, be sure to check out Gussie @Gussie_Mac and send in the answer to your questions.
Awesome. Well, thank you so much for doing this interview today. I really enjoyed talking to you. I learned so much about insects. I thought I knew a lot about insects, but turns out I didn't. So thank you so much.
Oh my gosh. Thank you for having me on your podcast. I've really had a wonderful time.


Wuxi Luoshe Jiangnan Fan Factory, established in 1997, is situated in Huishan District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province. It is an integrated enterprise that centers on ventilation equipment and engages in research and development, production, marketing and service.
·What is a centrifugal fan?
WEBSITE © 2011 Wuxi Luoshe Jiangnan Fan Factory All Rights Reserved.


The oldest known mosquito are found to be present on earth 8 Crores years ago. There are around 3500 species found. The Females of maximum mosquito species are blood eaters. A female mosquito can produce 100-200 eggs during her adulthood. A pair of mosquitoes can produce thousands of mosquitoes in several weeks.
A Male mosquito lives around 5-7 days while a Female mosquito can live upto 30 days.
Indoor residual spray helps to reduce the cohabitation of adult mosquitoes inside the houses, offices , factories common areas of the societies etc. This service is done in a proper manner by skilled technicians. Mosquito controlling material is applied on the walls of the property at all places as these are Mosquito's resting sites. As & when mosquito enters the property & rests on the walls , they get died. So they don't accrue inside the house & chances of mosquito biting are reduced.
Treatment is done by trained technicians with all safety precautions aiming for a mosquito less experience.
Thermal & Cold fogging by advanced fogging machines in the evening time to reduce the adult mosquitoes. Fogging is done during the evening hours when the movement of the mosquitoes is highest. The aim is to kill the adult mosquitoes outside before they enter in our houses. This service is effective on mosquitoes who comes in contact with smoke created by fogging machines. Effect of the fogging remains for couple of hours if there is no heavy winds. Fogging is always suggested to be done for outdoor areas.
Generally local bodies like Municipality , RWA , Social Welfare organisations & owners of bigger properties seek for such services.
Larvae is the ideal & easy stage of a mosquito life cycle which result in reducing the breeding & growth of mosquito population. If a Larvae is destroyed than you might be killing thousands of mosquitoes which could have born.


Would you withdraw $20,000, $50,000 or $100,000 in cash from the bank and light it on fire just to watch it burn? If your company has high worker turnover, you might be doing just that. According to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), the cost of replacing a worker is a minimum of 50% of the position's annual pay with some positions costing over 200%. That staggering figure means that a part-time receptionist making $30,000 per year will cost your company at least $15,000 to replace. If your company loses a high profile management personnel making $500,000 a year, that turnover could cost up to a million dollars or more.
High worker turnover can devastate your business because hiring and onboarding new workers is extremely expensive. While having the right compensation and benefit packages is important, hiring the right people is the single most effective way to reduce worker turnover.
Have you ever wondered why companies take so long to decide which candidate to hire for an open position? Does it seem crazy to have an entire group dedicated to recruiting? It might not seem so senseless if you consider the fact that the cost of selecting the wrong person can easily run well over hundreds of thousands of dollars along with the potential negative impact on the organization's productivity and morale. Workers are the backbone of any company. Hiring good groups of people that will stay with you is one of the best things you can do for your business. Consistently losing workers is one of the worst things that can happen to your business.
Expenses associated with worker turnover include hiring expenses (travel, hotel, meals), orientation and onboarding. There are also expenses that are harder to quantify but could also be lethal to your bottom line. These include low worker morale, lost customers, and low productivity while the position is vacant and while a new worker comes up to speed with the role.
For the sake of an example, let's assume an engineering manager in a mid to large company making $150,000 per year announces that she is leaving her role. From the time she announces her exit, the business starts to lose money. Even though she has given several weeks' notice, her mind and full attention are not on your business anymore. The morale and productivity of her workers immediately plummets. All of the costs associated with the attention this manager has received, the cost of lost knowledge and the possible cost of lost customers the departing manager may take with her are incredible. She may even recruit someone from your company down the road.
We aren't done yet. Unless there is the perfect person to promote, there will be costs associated with finding and hiring a replacement. These costs will include advertising, using a hiring agency and paying someone to sift through all of the resumes that come in. The interviewing process can be tedious and expensive. It takes time away from the interview panel and the human resource department. Once a candidate is found, there is the cost of pre-hire checks (drug screenings, work histories, and criminal background checks). Don't forget that during this time frame (which could take months), there is no manager and the productivity of the workers is dramatically lower.
Once you have finally found the replacement manager, you'll have to onboard the new worker. From new worker orientation all the way to job specific onboarding, it can easily take six months to a year before a new manager is performing well enough to work alone. The amount of lost productivity during that time frame is astonishing.
The total estimated cost of replacing this engineering manager easily surpassed $300,000. Wouldn't you rather have invested that money into new equipment or other strategic business initiatives? Now what will happen if the new manager decides to leave the company after a year? It all starts over again.
The simple truth is that companies cannot afford to make hiring mistakes. Finding the right match is essential because the cost of worker turnover can kill your business. The key ingredient to finding top-notch talent that will stay with you lies within your recruiting method. Are you simply trying to fill a position or are you strategically planning the future of your business?
When you are in the hiring process, it is crucial that you look beyond the functional abilities of potential candidates and include intangible skills such as leadership ability, collaboration, and communication. The most intellectual people in the world may not thrive in your company if they do not align with the culture and values of your business. If you screen for cultural fit in your hiring process, you will hire professionals who will thrive in their new roles. These individuals will drive long-term growth and success in the company because they fit in with the core values of your business. They will be satisfied working with you and have no desire to leave. This means that ultimately hiring the right individual will save you lots of time and money.
The key to a successful hiring process is to provide a clear definition of responsibilities for the job as well as the personality characteristics required for communication and success. You cannot just match keywords on a job description and find the perfect new hire. Specific questions should be part of the interview process to determine whether the candidate will fit within your company's culture.
How would you describe the culture here based on what you have read and seen so far? Do you identify with that culture?
Once you have found and hired the people that fit in best with your business's culture, you want to keep them. People want to work where they are valued and where their hard work drives the success of the company.
Provide challenging and clear career paths. Workers want to know where they are, could be headed, and how to get there.
Respect and recognize hard work. Workers need to be appreciated for their work.
Set the right compensation and benefits packages. Compare often with market trends and competition.
Whether you have a small business with a handful of workers or you are part of a large company with thousands of workers, the most important asset of the business is the people. In today's competitive market, high worker turnover is a real threat to your organization. As you develop your recruitment process, take the time and effort to hire candidates that are likely to match your culture and ultimately stay with your business long-term. Doing so will ensure that you are building a group of world-class workers rather than lighting money on fire as workers walk out the door.


text:
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Deen-Gross Eye Centers
At Deen-Gross Eye Centers in Merrillville and Hobart, IN, we provide advanced solutions in a range of specialties. Using the latest technologies and techniques, Dr. David Gross, Dr. Jeffrey Nelson, and Dr. Jamie Taffora can truly transform your vision. Our doctors are affiliated with several notable organizations, including:
The Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
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We are available 24/7 to treat emergencies. To get in touch with us, you can request a consultation online or call (219) 769-8989.
We have 2 locations in the Northwest Indiana area.
"After wearing glasses my entire life, Dr. Gross corrected my eyesight to better than 20/20 vision." Richard B - St. John, IN
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The Montessori Regional Charter School, located in Erie County, is a tuition-free public charter school. We are proud to provide Montessori education to families in the North Western Pennsylvania Region. Although 2004 - 2005 was the inaugural year of the Charter School, the school is rooted in a rich tradition of Montessori education spanning over many years.
Montessori is an educational philosophy and method developed by Maria Montessori more than a century ago. The scientific discoveries she made created far-reaching lessons of observation, understanding and wisdom that had a profound influence on the education of children the world over.
We wholeheartedly believe in the Montessori philosophy and creating a love of learning for a lifetime.
MRCS is affiliated with the American Montessori Society (AMS).


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Air Canada Compensation
Whether you've had a delayed flight or canceled flight, you've come to the right place for information on how to get the Air Canada compensation you deserve. At AirHelp, we strive to take the burden off of air passengers whose flight experience has been disrupted by helping them get the compensation they are entitled to.
Continue reading to learn how we can help you get the compensation you deserve and how to enforce your flight rights.
Air Canada Delay Compensation
Air Canada Cancelled Flight Compensation
How is Air Canada Compensation Calculated?
Why Should I Claim my Compensation with AirHelp?
Delayed or Canceled Flight with Air Canada? Check Your Compensation
In general, Air Canada will do all they can to ensure that any flights they are operating are free of issues – unfortunately, Air Canada flight delays and cancellations happen.
Naturally, the airline tries to make every effort to stick to their advertised schedules, but sometimes things don't go according to plan. When a flight does take an unexpected turn (if it even gets off of the ground, that is), AirHelp is often a negative air travel experience's silver lining. That's because, when you have suffered a flight mishap and the airline is at fault, we help you get the Air Canada compensation you deserve from the airline.
Just enter your flight details into our free flight delay compensation calculator, and it will inform you of whether you are eligible to make a claim. The calculator is also a helpful resource for showing you how much the airline owes you in both Air Canada delay compensation or canceled flight compensation.
Under EU regulation, EC 261 – which protects the rights of air passengers – a good number of flight delays are eligible for compensation, especially if the delay is a lengthy one.
Probably the most important factor, according to the legislation, is that passengers are entitled to Air Canada flight delay compensation if their flight arrived at the final destination 3 hours or more after the scheduled estimated time of arrival.
There are plenty of other factors that also determine whether you are eligible for claiming cash compensation for a flight delay. For instance, certain perks offered by the airline, like a voucher, could actually waive your right to Air Canada delay compensation. This is why it's very important to be careful and not sign any documents offered to you by an airline when there has been a flight issue without first reading the fine print.
If you want to avoid the hassle of working out if your Air Canada flight delay qualifies for delay compensation – our easy-to-use compensation calculator will do all the grunt work for you. And if our compensation checker confirms that you are indeed eligible for compensation for your flight mishap – our team of trusted industry experts can help you with your claim at each step of the way, making your life a whole lot easier.
Delayed Flight with Air Canada? Claim up to $700 Check Your Compensation
When it comes to an Air Canada cancelled flight, under EU regulation, if you are an Air Canada passenger and your flight is terminated, plus:
You were not informed of your flight's cancellation.
You were informed of the cancellation less than 14 days before departure.
You weren't offered a rerouting option.
You could be eligible for Air Canada flight cancellation compensation.
Generally speaking, when Air Canada cancels flights, the airline will attempt to rebook passengers onto another flight at no additional charge. In fact, in most cases of canceled flights, Air Canada will automatically try and rebook you onto another flight. You are entitled to request further changes if the alternative flight doesn't work for you, or if you no longer wish to travel that route.
However, the situation is different if you need to cancel your flight. There is no compensation owed to you if it is your decision to cancel your flight. Tickets can usually be rebooked on Air Canada's website. You may be asked to pay a rebooking fee and a handling charge, depending on the type of ticket you purchased. If you rebook a ticket that turns out to be more expensive than your original flight, you'll need to pay the difference. As a general rule, as long as there are still seats available, you can usually rebook your ticket in the same fare class or higher.
Are You Eligible For Up To $700 Air Canada Compensation? Check For Free
A popular misconception about Air Canada compensation is that the amount of compensation you are owed depends on the price of your ticket. It doesn't! According to EC 261, which protects air passenger rights, the amount of Air Canada compensation you are owed when you've suffered a flight delay is based on the distance of your flight.
Our helpful chart breaks down what you are owed based on the distance of your flight. The currency is given in Euros because EC 261 is an EU legislation.
And remember, when in doubt of how much Air Canada compensation you are owed, you can follow this link to our free compensation checker and find out in just minutes how much you are entitled to for your Air Canada flight disruption.
€250 for flights delayed three hours or more, in which the total flight distance is less than 1,500 km
€400 for flights delayed three hours or more, in which the total flight distance is between 1,500 km and 3,500 km (or more than 1,500 km within the EU).
€300 for flights delayed between three and four hours
€600 for flights delayed more than four hours, in which the total flight distance is more than 3,500 km (or between an EU and non-EU airport)
If your flight is delayed five hours or more, by law, the airline has to give you:
A full refund for the flight
A full refund for other flights in that same reservation which you won't be able to make
A flight back to your original point of departure (the first airport you departed from)
Access to phone calls and e-mail
Accommodation if you're delayed overnight as well as transportation between the airport and the hotel
Each year almost nine million passengers are entitled to compensation for delayed and canceled flights, as well as denied boarding. Yet, 87% of travelers do not know their rights.
Only 66% of these people will file for the compensation that they are legally owed.
68% of travelers feel that they are not informed by airlines following a flight disruption, so AirHelp is the perfect solution for frustrated, time-is-of-the-essence passengers facing delays which are out of their control. AirHelp offers travelers a hassle-free experience for gaining the compensation that is rightfully theirs.
I'm very happy of all your help and…
I'm very happy of all your help and services! Very professional, easy and fast.
- Jorgen
I would fully recommend using AirHelp.
I would fully recommend using AirHelp to anyone who has experienced a cancelled flight. The communication was easy and the money that we were compensated with is now in my account. This is all after the airline refused any sort of compensation or real apology. Excellent work, folks.
Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada by fleet size and passengers carried. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and cargo to 207 destinations worldwide.
Air Canada Headquarters
It is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canada's corporate headquarters are in Montreal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport. The airline's regional service is Air Canada Express.
Airline IATA Code: AC
Website: https://www.aircanada.com/
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/aircanada
Other airlines:
Turkish Airlines • Olympic Air • Wizz Air • United Airlines • TUI Airlines • SmartWings • HOP! • Emirates • Transavia • Croatia Airlines • Wideroe Airlines • Latam Airlines Group • Aeroflot • GOL Airlines • Air India • Norwegian Air • Virgin Atlantic • Ryanair • Icelandair • Air Serbia • Air Transat • Czech Airlines • Royal Air Maroc • Tarom • Brussels Airlines • Aer Lingus • Iberia • Air Malta • Pakistan International Airlines • Adria Airways • Volotea • Air Caraibes • Virgin Atlantic Airways • British Airways • SAS Scandinavian Airlines • KLM • Condor • Air Europa • Delta Airlines • WOW Air • Luxair • Edelweiss Air • Air France - Flight Delays and Cancellations • Flybe • Etihad Airways • Eurowings • Singapore Airlines • Air Italy S.P.A. • EasyJet • Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia


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in: Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, 1834 births, 1917 deaths,
People from Gallatin, Tennessee
Tennessee Democrats
Mayors of places in Tennessee
Confederate States Army soldiers
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
Cumberland University alumni
Beta Theta Pi
George Blackmore Guild
George Blackmore Guild (1834-1917) was an American Democratic politician.[1][2][3] He served as the Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee from 1891 to 1895.[1][2][3]
He was born April 8, 1834 in Gallatin, Tennessee.[1][3] He attended the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama for two years and transferred to Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, where he graduated as a valedictorian.[3] He was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.[4]
He fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861-1865.[4][5] He served as Mayor of Nashville from 1891 to 1895, being elected in 1891 and reelected in 1893.[1][2]
He was married on March 5, 1861 to Georgia Thompson.[1] They had five children, including George M., Maria (Westbrook), Jo Conn and William.[1] He died in Virginia on April 21, 1917.[1] He is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville.[1]
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Friends of Metropolitan Archives of Nashville and Davidson County, TN
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nashville Library Archived October 16, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 William Waller, Nashville in the 1890s, Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970, p. 83 [1]
↑ 4.0 4.1 The Beta Theta Pi, Volume 23, 1895
↑ The Journal of East Tennessee History, issue 76, 2005, p. 113
Political offices
William Litterer Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee
1891-1895 Succeeded by
William Marshall McCarthey


KENZO once again shows its desire to spread a message of love and joy. This limited edition capsule collection is dedicated to Global Love Day and has new artwork: Eye Love KENZO highlighting the iconic Eye.
Let your romantic side show in your outfits by wearing this T-shirt that celebrates love. Featuring the Eye Love KENZO logo, this piece is easy to pair with all your casual looks. Wear this garment with jogging bottoms, a cap and a pair of high-top trainers.
'I ❤ KENZO Capsule' T-shirt.
Short sleeves and round neck.
Eye Love KENZO logo printed on the front.


The club has now recieved a new prebuilt N gauge layout for enthusiasts to work on. Although requiring a little TLC to bring it back to its former glory we are certain it will bring much pleaseure in the future. Please see the initial pictures below. Stay tuned for more progress to follow in the comming months!


Every time I hear someone talk about acceptance whether it's from a negative or positive context, I can't help but think of page 417 in the AA Big Book. I've had a copy for years and have found it to be one of the most powerful texts I own. I don't identify as an alcoholic but I sure can relate to much of what is written.
I've always had good memories of recovery groups dating back to when I was six or seven years old and going to NA meetings with my Dad at the City Road Chapel in Madison, TN. So about ten years ago, after I moved back to Nashville from Montana, I went to a 12-Step meeting to try and understand my own struggle and to heal from a tough family situation.
I walked in and was kind of nervous. I didn't know anyone and didn't really know what to expect. I noticed that it wasn't very clean, like when everyone thinks that the cleaning is someone else's job. The coffee pot was half-full and had that burnt smell and the chairs were mismatched and arranged haphazardly. Someone walked a few seats next to me and as he plopped down I could smell the cigarette smoke being squeezed out of his rugged jeans and old sweatshirt.
More and more people trudged in, many seemed to know one another. I said a few casual hellos but you could tell that most folks weren't too worried about me, to my relief. It was still a few minutes before the meeting started so as I got some coffee in one of those tiny styrofoam cups. I started to examine the room. There were a few bulletin boards with corrugated ribbon around the edges, several Bible verses posted here and there. I remember a bookshelf filled with old hymnals and one corner full of junk. It was one of those rooms that reminded me of a Sunday school classroom that had been adopted by the group because church attendance had dropped... or something like that.
As the meeting started, I quickly changed focus to listen and follow the lead of others. Introductions got to me and I said, "Hi I'm Robert. It's good to be here," and then I forgot to say hi to the fella next to me because I was still stuck in my head from being so self-conscious. Nervous jitters I guess.
At some point during the meeting, I got into a bit of a daze, and started tuning folks out as I read the stuff on the walls more closely. I came across one laminated poster titled Acceptance and it read "Acceptance is the answer to all my problems today. When I am disturbed, it is because I find some person, place, thing, or situation-some fact of my life-unacceptable to me, and I can find no serenity until I accept that person, place, thing, or situation as being exactly the way it is supposed to be at this moment."
Wow. Striking. I had never read anything like that before. How could that be true when so many things in life are unacceptable like poverty, disease, addiction, etc?
However, it has stayed with me all these years as I continue to mull it over from time to time. The craziest thing about it, is that it always seems to work. Acceptance.
My life may not always be the way I want it to be or think it should be, but it's exactly how it needs to be, now. If I can be present, peace and joy are not far away.
Someone I know was recently talking about the idea of acceptance and I happened to have my old paperback copy of the Big Book near by, and sure enough, the only page that I had tabbed to remember was page 417 with the acceptance quote circled. I read the quote aloud then we both sat in silent contemplation for a few moments.
My paperback copy of the AA Big Book on page 417.


The following sales and delivery terms shall apply exclusively to all business transactions with our customers. Alternative agreements only apply if they are explicitly confirmed by us in writing. In the event of contrary contractual terms, the buyer waives its contrary terms upon acceptance of the delivery. Counter confirmations by the buyer with contrary terms are hereby rejected.
All information and depictions provided in our printed materials are only approximate and are not binding for the performance of the order. In particular, we reserve the right to make changes to the technical design.
The copy of the order serves as a binding order confirmation. The order may not be cancelled. Consumers (private end customers) have a statutory right to cancel within 14 days of receipt of the goods in the case of online purchases. This cancellation right does not apply to goods that have been custom made for the consumer (e.g. custom vacuum bags).
The prices are, where not expressly stated otherwise, ex-works excluding packaging.
Goods are delivered at the expense and risk of the buyer in all cases. This applies even when the goods are delivered using the seller's own vehicles, or if carriage-paid delivery has been arranged. The risk is transferred upon the handover to the shipping company or freight forwarder or upon the conclusion of loading into the vehicle in the case of delivery using the seller's own vehicles. We do not provide any guarantee that we will use the cheapest shipping method. Should the delivery be delayed as a result of actions of the customer, we need only exercise the care that we would normally exercise in our own matters.
Payments are to be made in accordance with the payment terms stated on the order forms or on the invoices. The debtor shall be in default after 30 days of the invoice being due, without any reminder being issued. In the case of payment deadlines being exceeded, statutory default interest shall be charged. Bankable bills of exchange are only accepted in lieu of payment by arrangement, and do not represent fulfillment of the payment obligation. Any bill costs and interest incurred shall be borne by the buyer.
Delivery times are only approximate and are unbinding. The obligation to observe agreed delivery and performance deadlines only applies subject to an uninterrupted operation flow. In particular, cases of force majeure and other disruptive events at our site, at our suppliers' or at transport companies', e.g. operational or traffic incidents, fire, floods, shortfalls in personnel, energy or raw materials, strikes, lockouts and official measures shall release us from our obligation to provide timely delivery or performance and shall also give us the right to cancel our delivery without subsequent delivery. Claims for damages due to a delay or non-delivery are excluded, provided that we are not guilty of intent or gross negligence. In the event of intent or gross negligence, however, we are only liable if a suitable grace period has been specified and then expired.
Claims for damages of any kind and regardless of the legal basis, including those arising from fault upon the conclusion of the contract, from positive breach of contract and from tort in accordance with Sections 823 et seqq. German Civil Code (BGB), including in particular from product liability, which are asserted against us, our legal representatives, vicarious agents and employees, are excluded to the extent permitted by law.
Should the buyer cancel a properly confirmed and accepted order, the buyer must assume any costs incurred in full. It is not possible to cancel the order after it has been confirmed in the case of custom-made products.
Consumers (private end customers) have a statutory right to cancel within 14 days of receipt of the goods in the case of online purchases. This cancellation right does not apply to goods that have been custom made for the consumer (e.g. custom vacuum bags).
The delivered goods remain our property until the purchase price has been paid in full as well as until the final payment of all goods deliveries effected in the past or that will be made subsequently within the context of the business relationship with the buyer, and they must be clearly separated from similar products. In the event of the agreed payment being outstanding, we shall be entitled to take possession of the goods subject to the retention of title without prior notice and to access the business premises of the customer for this purpose. The customer shall not be entitled to pledge the goods or to transfer them as security until our claims have been ultimately settled. The buyer must inform us immediately of imminent or completed pledges as well as other infringements of our rights by third parties.
Upon concluding the contract, the buyer assigns to us all receivables and claims for damages arising from the resale that are asserted against third parties.
The purchasing retailer is entitled to collect receivables and claims assigned to us through the ordinary course of business. The amount paid to it shall become our property without any special agreement, and is to be paid to us.
Claims for defects expire two (2) years after the transfer of risk for the goods. Where second-hand goods are purchased, the limitation period reduces to one (1) year.
Claims for defects expire one (1) year after the transfer of risk for the goods. This assumes that the machines delivered are used under single-shift operation. In the case of multiple-shift operation, the limitation period is reduced accordingly. The commercial buyer bears the burden of proof for establishing that the goods already contained defects upon the transfer of risk.
We provide a two-year (2) guarantee for machines delivered to private end customers (consumers); we provide a one-year (1) guarantee for machines delivered to commercial customers (traders) provided that the machine is used under single-shift operation (in the case of multiple-shift operation, the guarantee period is reduced accordingly). We provide a one-year (1) guarantee for second-hand machines. The guarantee covers proper function and the parts used. The guarantee extends to free-of-charge repair or the replacement of defective parts. Shipping costs as well as the removal of the defective part and the installation of the new part are borne by the buyer. Further claims by the buyer, in particular a claim for compensation for damages that have not arisen on the delivered object itself, are excluded, unless they are the result of intent or gross negligence. In the event of properly raised and justified notices of defects, we are entitled to provide a replacement or perform rework at our discretion. Wear parts are not covered by this guarantee. Damage that arises as a result of improper operation or blunt force is also excluded from the guarantee.
In principle, the buyer must prove that the item contained a defect upon the transfer of risk. This principle also applies to commercial customers. For private end customers (consumers), the burden of proof that the items were defect-free at the time of the transfer of risk is incumbent upon the seller for the first six (6) months and the buyer after the expiry of this period.
Statutory guarantee rights apply to all goods from our online shop.
In the event of complaints regarding vacuum bags or meal trays, the control slips and any defective items should be sent to us for inspection.
The place of fulfillment and jurisdiction is Bad Homburg v.d.Höhe. We shall be entitled at our discretion to refer the matter to the courts having jurisdiction at the headquarters of the buyer. All legal relationships shall be subject exclusively to German law.
Should any provision of these General Delivery and Payment Terms be or become invalid in whole or in part, this shall not affect the validity of the rest of the terms. The content of the invalid provisions is to be reinterpreted in the form of a legally valid provision that reflects the intended economic purpose of the invalid provision as closely as possible.
We are neither required nor willing to take part in mediation proceedings held by a consumer mediation service.


text:
Q: crptopp encryption of long string: message length exceeds the maximum for this public key the code below implements a working example for string encryption using RSA and cryptopp. It is an adaption of the examples available from the crypto++ wiki. The problem is that an exception is thrown if the string is large than 342.
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'CryptoPP::InvalidArgument'
  what():  RSA/OAEP-MGF1(SHA-1): message length of 1000 exceeds the maximum of 342 for this public key

A similar situation arises if the source/sink is a file.
There are at least 3 options to deal with that problem

*

*make the key larger

*slice the string manually before calling the encryption function

*configure/call cryptopp in a way that it can handle the long string.

The latter option would be the most sensible, and I am sure it exists, but I have failed so far to figure out the correct setup.
Any ideas are highly appreciated.
#include <string>
#include <cryptlib.h>
#include <rsa.h>
#include "osrng.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <queue.h>
#include <files.h>
#include "base64.h"
using namespace std;
using namespace CryptoPP;
void b(string plain){
  CryptoPP::AutoSeededRandomPool rng;
  CryptoPP::InvertibleRSAFunction params;
  params.GenerateRandomWithKeySize(rng, 3072);
  CryptoPP::RSA::PrivateKey privateKey(params);
  CryptoPP::RSA::PublicKey publicKey(params);
  std::string cipher, recovered;
  CryptoPP::RSAES_OAEP_SHA_Encryptor e(publicKey);
  CryptoPP::StringSink sink(cipher);
  CryptoPP::PK_EncryptorFilter filter(rng,e);
  filter.Attach(new Redirector(sink));
  CryptoPP::StringSource ss1(plain, false);
  ss1.Attach(new Redirector(filter));
  ss1.PumpAll();
  CryptoPP::RSAES_OAEP_SHA_Decryptor d(privateKey);
  CryptoPP::StringSource ss2(cipher, true,
           new CryptoPP::PK_DecryptorFilter(rng, d,
                      new CryptoPP::StringSink(recovered)
                      ) // PK_DecryptorFilter
           ); // StringSource

  std::cout <<recovered << std::endl;
}
int main(){
  string plain;
  for(int i=0;i<1000;++i){
    plain.push_back('A');
  }
  b(plain);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dedemsvaart és una població del municipi de Hardenberg a la província d'Overijssel, al centre-est dels Països Baixos. L'1 de gener del 2021 tenia 12.840 habitants. El nom del poble ve del canal Dedemsvaart.

Referències

Hardenberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you're vaguely into skincare, you probably know incorporating glycolic acid and other facial acids into your regimen is the best thing you could do for your face. These star formulas keep your face looking supple and radiant by fighting the worst of skin woes like pigmentation, wrinkles, texture and dryness. However, not every acid is for everyone – you have to choose one based on your specific concerns. That's why we've elaborated exactly how each works – so you can find the perfect skin hero for your needs. Ahead, glycolic acid and 4 other acids you should add to your face care routine today.
As far as miracle skincare ingredients go, glycolic acid ranks number one for helping exfoliate skin with literally no abrasiveness. This alpha hydroxy acid, derived from sugarcane, works for all skin types but is particularly beneficial for acne-prone skin. By penetrating your epidermis to loosen dead skin cells, it fights pigmentation, sun damage, age spots and textural issues. If that isn't enough, it also stimulates collagen production, softening existing wrinkles and keeping premature ones at bay. Hello, smoother, brighter skin! Word of warning: if your skin is too sensitive or you have rosacea, consult your dermatologist before topical application. Also, don't do high concentration peels at home.
L'Oréal Paris Revitalift Bright Reveal Cleanser, 5 fl. oz.
You've probably heard of salicylic acid – a beta hydroxy acid with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, and exfoliating properties. Like glycolic acid, it prevents clogged follicles and dead skin buildup by ungluing your skin cells. More importantly, it nips bacterial growth in the bud – so if you're acne-prone, it's a WONDER acid to incorporate in your regimen. However, salicylic acid doesn't go well with retinol/retinoids, so consult your dermatologist before mixing these skincare ingredients. If you have oily skin, try the Neutrogena Clean Facial Cleanser or the Cipla Saslic Foaming Face Wash.
If dry skin is your no. 1 pet peeve, get a skincare product pumped with hyaluronic acid – it's all the buzz in skincare right now. Unlike glycolic acid and other exfoliating acids, hyaluronic formulas work as a humectant – in other words, they help your face retain moisture so it appears plumper and healthier. That means your fine lines, wrinkles and other problems that accompany ageing skin are diminished. Our top pick is winner of numerous beauty awards, the Neutrogena Hydro Boost Gel packed with olive oil extracts, glycerin and purified hyaluronic acid for 48 hour ultra-hydration. Use it morning and evening, with or without makeup, for skin that stays smooth all day long.
Lauric acid, extracted from coconut oil, delivers twofold benefits for blemish-prone skin – it hydrates your skin and combats mild acne with its anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. Try the Neutrogena Deep Clean Foaming Cleanser to incorporate this acid in your regimen – the oil-free formula also contains myristic acid + stearic that help get rid of dirt and grime effectively, without leaving behind any pore-clogging residue. But if your blemishes are on the moderate to severe side, we recommend you try glycolic acid or salicylic acid cleansers instead.
Better known as Vitamin C, ascorbic acid is a powerhouse ingredient for brighter, tighter skin. It helps reduce pigmentation, inflammation and fights sun damage wreaked by harmful UV rays. For mature skin, we recommend the St. Botanica Vitamin C + E + Hyaluronic acid + Retinol serum or the Optimum Organics Vitamin C Serum with Hyaluronic Acid 30%. Your skin will appear more evenly toned, brighter AND plumper. Hooray! Those with younger skin should check out glycolic acid/ hyaluronic acid options listed above.
Tweet to us @HotDeals360 to submit your reviews of facial acid products you've used.


text:
How to treat an infection with a mosquito in a hospital
In a hospital in northern Ireland, an infection has been diagnosed after a mosquito was infected by a man who had bitten a nurse.
The infection is being treated at the Northeast Veterinary Hospital in Cork.
Dr Mark McGowan said the patient was in a critical condition when he was admitted last week.
He said it was unclear whether the mosquito had been previously treated or had been in the patient's home.
Dr McGowan told the Irish Independent: "It was a little bit like an insect bite, but it's been treated."
It was just a little over a week ago and it's in the intensive care unit where we're treating it and we're very happy with it.
"The man has been a patient at the hospital for a number of years and he had bitten several other patients."
He is now a bit more alert and he is aware of the fact that there's an infection in his system.
"I don't know how long he has been in that condition and we are going to be monitoring him closely."
We have been looking at how the virus is spread, but I think the best way to do that is to get in close to the patient and give them a dose of medication and if that does not work, they can go to the clinic and get treatment.
"They have been given antibiotics to combat the infection."
The infection has also been brought into the hospital's paediatric unit and Dr McGowan said it would be a few days before the patient is discharged.
The virus has been circulating in the Irish Republic and is believed to have originated in eastern Europe, but has spread rapidly to Northern Ireland, where it has been particularly devastating.
By : admin Tags: jefferson veterinary hospital northeast veterinary hospital
How Westside Vet Hospital closed after an investigation


10/7/2018 - Early voting will begin October 15, and you will see five Constitutional amendments on the ballot. As your State Representative, I feel I should try to give you a fair and balanced explanation of the proposed amendments. Over the next few weeks I will go over them and give you the facts about what they will do, who was for the amendments, and who was against them. Of course if you have a question,	please contact me.
This article is for Amendments 3 and 4; 1 and 2 were in last week's paper. If you need a copy, please contact me. Thanks for all the kind comments this week for writing this overview. I thank the newspaper for printing it.
Amendment 3 would remove the constitutional requirement that the Georgia State Legislature use a "formula based on current use, annual productivity, and real property sales data" to calculate the tax on forest land conservation use property (FLCUP).
Amendment 3 would authorize the legislature to create a new class of property, titled timberland property, for tangible real property used for growing trees for commercial timber. The legislature would develop an ad valorem taxation assessment for timberland property.
VOTING YES means you support allowing the legislature to change the formula used to calculate the tax on forest land conservation use property and create a new land designation for commercial timberland. This also allows the state to establish a percentage of local grant assistance funding that could be retained by the state for administration.
VOTING NO means you oppose allowing the legislature to change the formula used to calculate the tax on forest land conservation use property and create a new land designation for commercial timberland.
The bill is supported by the Georgia Forestry Commission and Governor Deal. Rep. Jay Powell (R-Camilla), a primary sponsor of Amendment 3 in the legislature, said, "Our private forest owners are consistently supporting our state's economy and environment, using their own resources. This legislation helps to address several issues in the conservation use assessment of timberland to create a fair system for forest landowners while maintaining funding for counties throughout the state."
I didn't see any opposition to the legislation.
The implementing legislation is HB 85 if you want to know how this will actually work.
Amendment 4, known as Marsy's Law, addresses rights of victims of crime. It is part of a national effort to add additional rights and privileges for victims of crime. You may have seen this advertised on TV and online.
The amendment allows, upon request, crime victims to have specific rights, including the right to be treated with "fairness, dignity, and respect;" the right to notice of all proceedings involving the alleged criminal; the right to be heard at any proceedings involving that release, plea, or sentencing of the accused; and the right to be informed of their rights. The amendment also explicitly stated that the legislature was able to further define, expand, and provide for the enforcement of the rights.
VOTING YES means you support adding more rights of victims of crimes to the State Constitution, known as Marsy's Law.
VOTING NO means you oppose adding more rights of victims of crimes to the State Constitution, known as Marsy's Law.
Supporting Marsy's Law for Georgia is a special advocacy organization created just for this bill and is the main sponsor. The amendment is endorsed by a number of victims' rights groups.
The bill implementing the amendment is Senate Bill 127.
Well, I think two amendments are all I can do this week, as I am at 1000 words already... I know some may want a paper copy of the real bill that these two amendments come from if you don't have Internet. Please don't hesitate to contact me at home: 770-893-2039; Capitol: 404-656-7857, or rick.jasperse@house.ga.gov, or 401 State Capitol; Atlanta, GA 30334.


Access to healthcare is often overlooked when are just trying to survive in a war. Data from surgeries conducted by Doctors Without Borders show that women in war-torn countries do not have much access to surgical intervention.
Carrie Underwood strutted on the 2017 Academy of Country Awards, looking all toned up and fit. The singer reveals her diet and fitness routine for everyone to know.
Foods that contribute to bloating and how to avoid them.
Uterine Transplantation clinical breakthrough for women with damages uterus and possibly for transgender women.
According to Danish researchers, women diagnosed with high blood pressure or mild hypertension benefitted from doing Football Fitness.
January National Cervical Cancer Awareness Month: How To Prevent This Deadly Disease In Women?
Since it's National Cervical Cancer Awareness this month, women are advised on how to prevent this type of deadly cancer.
A new DNA test may help detect cervical cancer and may replace pap smear testing.
A new study says that mammograms are tied to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments among women.
A survey on Drug Use and Health from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration estimated that 11.5% of adults have reported taking prescription drugs to deal with problems such as mental health and emotions. Newly gathered data reveals a much more overwhelming number of American Adults who rely heavily on Prescription Drugs. The figure could significantly be higher because these prescriptions were self-reported.
During the months between September to January, there is a different kind of rush that sweeps people into a gloomy state of doom and depression.
Does your height tell you something about your health? Read on to know more about it here.
Are Men Responsible for Menopause in Women?
The AHA-led annual National Wear Red Day kicked off last Friday in an effort to educate more American women on the dangers of cardiovascular diseases.
A New York-based study by Roswell Park Cancer Institute linked fertility and early menopause issues in women to destructive firsthand smoking habits and exposure to extremely high levels of secondhand smoking.


text:
We Share the Same Sky
audio title
A Memoir of Memory & Migration
Rachael Cerrotti
In 2009, Rachael Cerrotti, a college student pursuing a career in photojournalism, asked her grandmother, Hana, if she could record her story. Rachael knew that her grandmother was a Holocaust survivor and the only one in her family alive at the end of the war. Rachael also knew that she survived because of the kindness of strangers. It wasn't a secret. Hana spoke about her history publicly and regularly. But, Rachael wanted to document it as only a granddaughter could. So, that's what they did: Hana talked and Rachael wrote.
Upon Hana's passing in 2010, Rachael discovered an incredible archive of her life. There were preserved albums and hundreds of photographs dating back to the 1920s. There were letters waiting to be translated, journals, diaries, deportation and immigration papers as well as creative writings from various stages of Hana's life.
Rachael digitized and organized it all, plucking it from the past and placing it into her present. Then, she began retracing her grandmother's story, following her through Central Europe, Scandinavia, and across the United States. She tracked down the descendants of those who helped save her grandmother's life during the war. Rachael went in pursuit of her grandmother's memory to explore how the retelling of family stories becomes the history itself.
We Share the Same Sky weaves together the stories of these two young women—Hana as a refugee who remains one step ahead of the Nazis at every turn, and Rachael, whose insatiable curiosity to touch the past guides her into the lives of countless strangers, bringing her love and tragic loss. Throughout the course of her twenties, Hana's history becomes a guidebook for Rachael in how to live a life empowered by grief.
Rachael Cerrotti:
Rachael Cerrotti is an award-winning photographer, writer, educator, and audio producer. In 2019 she released her critically acclaimed podcast (also titled We Share the Same Sky) about her grandmother's war story. The show was the first-ever narrative podcast based on a Holocaust survivor's testimony and was listed as one of the best podcasts of the year by Huffington Post.
Publisher Name Blackstone Publishing
Imprint Blackstone Publishing
Publication Date Nov 16, 2021
Extent 410.0 Minutes
Health, Diet & Fitness » Family & health » Coping with personal problems » Coping with death & bereavement
History & Archaeology » History » History: specific events & topics » Social & cultural history
Social Sciences » Society & culture: general » Social groups » Gender studies, gender groups » Gender studies: women & girls
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