All good things come to an end. And for me, that means my Big Blog Exchange adventure is finally over. INSERT BIGGEST SADFACE HERE. Ok, I'm not really sad. In fact, I'm happy and thankful for this once in a lifetime experience that has taught me a lot of things about myself and about the world. I believe that this is just the beginning of a new adventure; a new chapter in my life.But that's not what I'm going to talk about, at least, not for now. I shall talk about how I spent the last two days of my BBE adventure in London. So on Sunday morning, I went back to London to enjoy the last few days of the Big Blog Exchange contest. I didn't want to waste any time so right after dropping my bags at YHA Oxford Street, I explored London by foot and, later, by bus. What I love about London is that almost everything is reachable by foot. From Oxford Street, I was able to go to Piccadilly Circus, Leicester Square, Convent Garden and Trafalgar Square. If I walked any further, I'll be able to reach Westminster, Buckingham Palace... but LOL, my legs were starting to give up on me. So, I rode the Original London Sightseeing Tour Bus from Trafalgar Square and listened to the funny, quirky guide until we've reached Tower of London.
Even if I'm a tourist, I just have to say it: The number of tourists in London is stressing me out. I guess it's a wonderful thing to know that there are a lot of tourists visiting London but they're just everywhere, then add a bunch of kids who are on a field trip to the equation. TOTAL MAYHEM. It's absolutely crazy here compared to the countryside, but I still love this city.
Anyway, using the London Pass that the YHA gave me, I went to the Tower of London to see the Crown Jewels. Sadly, I'm not allowed to take photos inside but the jewels were all magnificent. I think the one that made me go "wow" was the Star of Africa, the largest gem-quality diamond ever found, that is attached to the Queen's Royal Sceptre.
So that was the highlight of my first tour in London. To be honest, the crowd and the bipolar weather drained my energy a lot. I decided to just go home right after (with a lot of detours though).


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NASA Education Express — Feb. 20, 2014
"Ask NICE" Online Professional Development Series
Next Event Date: Feb. 20, 2014, at 4 p.m. EST
NES Web Seminar — Engineering Design Challenge: Thermal Protection System
Event Date: Feb. 20, 2014, at 6:30 p.m. EST
Call for Abstracts: 65th International Astronautical Congress
Audience: Full-time Graduate Students
Submission Deadline: Feb. 21, 2014
NASA's REEL Science Communication Contest
Audience: 9-12 Educators and Students
Deadline: Feb. 21, 2014
International FameLab Competition: Exploring Earth and Beyond — St. Louis Regional Event
Audience: Higher Education Students — Undergraduate and Graduate Level
Event Date: Feb. 21-22, 2014
Next Lecture Date: Feb. 22, 2014, at 5:15 p.m. EST
2014 Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships
Application Deadline: Feb. 22, 2014
Free Webinar Series — NASA STEM Mania: STEM in Sports
Next Webinar Date: Feb. 24, 2014, at 4 p.m. EST
NES Web Seminar — Properties of Living Things: Searching for Life on Mars
Event Date: Feb. 24, 2014 at 6:30 p.m. EST
Free Education Webinar Series from NASA Educator Professional Development
NES Web Seminar — Engineering Design Challenge: Spacecraft Structures
Event Date: Feb 26, 2014, at 6:30 p.m. EST
Student Presentations to Stream Live From National Space Grant Directors' Meeting
Free Lecture — Probing the Edge of Reality
2014 Presidential Innovation Award for Environmental Educators
NASA's Capillary Effects on Liquids Exploratory Research Experiments
Audience: 5-12 and Informal Educators and Students
Deadline: March 1 and April 1, 2014
Call for Papers: The White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Audience: Principal investigators and Co-Principal Investigators of Federally Funded Project Awarded to HBCUs
Abstract Submission Deadline: March 1, 2014
Workshop: International Space Station Research Results and Post-Graduate Research Opportunities
Audience: Graduate Students and Post-Doctoral Fellows and Advisors
Workshop Date: March 2, 2014
Free Online Course — Space Systems Engineering 101
Course Start Date: March 3, 2014
Call for Papers: 3rd Annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference
MAVEN Workshop — Red Planet: Read, Write, Explore!
Audience: Elementary Educators
Pennsylvania Space Grant Workshops
Workshop Dates: Multiple dates July – August 2014
Application Deadline: March 16, 2014
2014 NASA Unmanned Aerial Systems Challenge
Entry Deadline: May 2, 2014
NASA Exploration Design Challenge
Audience: K-12 Educators and Students
Virtual Crew Registration Deadline: June 30, 2014
Join the NASA Innovations in Climate Education, or NICE, team for a series of GooglePlus Hangout professional development sessions. Planned for the third Thursdays of upcoming months, the sessions will cover a variety of climate topics. This month's webinar topic is:
Earth's Energy Budget — Feb. 20, 2014, at 4 p.m. EST
Review and analyze Earth's energy budget with Dr. Brian Soden and Dr. Julie Lambert from the Florida Atlantic University/University of Miami Climate Science Investigation project. Gain an understanding of how incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy from Earth ultimately drives our climate. Discover teacher resources, including an interactive Web tool, printable worksheets, related background information and additional NASA content that can be used to guide your students through instruction on these topics.
Certificates of professional development hours are available upon request. Additional session dates will be announced soon.
For more information, visit https://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/dln/index.html. Questions about this series should be sent to Bonnie Murray at bonnie.murray@nasa.gov.
This series is sponsored by Minority University Research and Education Program and NICE, and is part of the Digital Learning Network program to expand the reach of NICE projects.
As part of a series of electronic professional development experiences for educators, the NASA Explorer Schools project and the National Science Teachers Association are hosting a 90-minute live professional development Web seminar for educators on Feb. 20, 2014, at 6:30 p.m. EST.
Learn about the science of heat transfer and heat dissipation related to NASA vehicles, and receive an introduction to the associated engineering design challenge, Thermal Protection System. In this activity, students are challenged to design a thermal protection system and test it using a propane torch. The student activity provides opportunities for addressing national science, technology and mathematics standards as well as middle school Next Generation Science Standards.
This Web seminar will be offered again on April 17, 2014.
For more information and to register online, visit http://learningcenter.nsta.org/products/symposia_seminars/NES4/webseminar12.aspx.
NASA announces its intent to participate in the 65th International Astronautical Congress (IAC) and requests that full-time graduate students attending U.S. universities or colleges respond to this "Call for Abstracts." The IAC — which is organized by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), and the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) — is the largest space-related conference worldwide and selects an average of 1,000 scientific papers every year. The upcoming IAC will be held Sept. 29 – Oct. 3, 2014, in Toronto, Canada. NASA's participation in this event is an on-going effort to continue to bridge NASA with the astronautical and space international community.
This "Call for Abstracts" is a precursor to a subsequent submission of a final paper, which may be presented at the 65th IAC. Student authors are invited to submit an abstract regarding an original, unpublished paper that has not been submitted in any other forum. A NASA technical review panel of scientists and/or officials will select abstracts. Many students and professors are involved in NASA-related research. Persons submitting abstracts are strongly encouraged to seek advice from their research advisors, professors who are conducting NASA research, and/or from NASA scientists and engineers.
Abstract Preparation:
— Abstracts must be 400 words or less.
— Abstracts must be written in English.
— Abstracts cannot include formulas, tables or drawings.
— Select the Symposium and Session in which you wish to post the abstract. Please view the IAC brochure at http://www.iafastro.com/index.php/events/iac/iac-2014 and select "IAC 2014 call for papers" for list of sessions and more details.
Abstracts must be related to NASA's ongoing vision for space exploration and fit into one of the following categories:
— Science and Exploration — Systems sustaining missions including life, microgravity, space exploration, space debris and Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
— Applications and Operations — On-going and future operational applications, including Earth observation, communication, navigation, human space endeavors and small satellites
— Technology — Common technologies to space systems including astrodynamics, structures, power and propulsion
— Infrastructures — Systems sustaining space missions including space system transportation, future systems and safety
— Space and Society — Interaction of space with society including education, policy and economics, history and law
The full text of the abstract must be submitted electronically in the prescribed format to the IAC website (www.iafastro.org) no later than Feb. 24, 2014, and to NASA by Feb. 21, 2014.
If you have a question or concern about how to submit your abstract to NASA, please email abstract@nasaprs.com and you will receive a response within two (2) business days.
NOTE: Abstracts are due to the IAF by Feb. 24, 2014. Applicants must be selected by the IAF to be eligible for sponsorship by NASA. However, all IAF accepted applicants may not be sponsored by NASA.
So you want to be a NASA producer? NASA is looking for talented high school students to create videos that engage younger students in earth science.
Students are consuming over 10 hours of media each day, and video is increasingly important to reach and engage this audience about science. NASA is hosting the second annual video contest, challenging high school students to produce a two-minute video for middle school students. The videos should communicate one of the following science concepts: how climate impacts ice and ice impacts climate, forest fire effects on air quality or water of the water planet.
Winning videos will be posted on NASA's website. Winners will also get the opportunity to be a NASA producer working with NASA scientists and communication experts in July 2014 to produce an earth science feature video.
The deadline for submitting videos is Feb. 21, 2014.
For more information and instructions for submitting a video, visit http://reelscience.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
Questions about this contest should be emailed to Tassia Owen at tassia.owen@nasa.gov.
NASA and National Geographic are hosting a FameLab: Exploring Earth and Beyond regional competition in conjunction with National Geographic's Young Explorers Workshop on Feb. 21-22, 2014, at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo.
Are you passionate about science? Do you love to communicate?
At regional competitions throughout the U.S., early career scientists from numerous disciplines are competing to convey their research and related science concepts. Each contestant has the spotlight for only three minutes. No slides or charts are allowed. Contestants may only use the power of words and any prop that can be held in their hands.
Winners from each of the regional competitions will compete at National Geographic headquarters in Washington, D.C., in April 2014. Contestants will compete for a grand prize and the opportunity to compete with peers from around the world at the FameLab International Final in the United Kingdom in June 2014.
For more information and to register to take part in the competition, visit http://famelab-eeb.arc.nasa.gov/.
Questions about this competition should be emailed to Daniella Scalice at daniella.m.scalice@nasa.gov.
Feb. 22, 2014 — How to Color the Universe
Pink planets? Green galaxies? Purple blobs? Take a colorful tour of the multiwavelength universe with telescopic data. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Kim Arcand and Megan Watzke will discuss how images are made, and how we perceive and understand them.
March 8, 2014 — Rediscovering the Milky Way
We know more about the structure of other galaxies than our own. Alyssa Goodman, professor of astronomy at Harvard University, will discuss how the Milky Way would look if viewed from another galaxy and why this is important.
Caltech's Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships, or SURF, project introduces undergraduate students to research under the guidance of seasoned mentors at Caltech or NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, or JPL. Students experience the process of research as a creative intellectual activity and gain a more realistic view of the opportunities and demands of a professional research career.
SURF is modeled on the grant-seeking process. Students collaborate with potential mentors to define and develop a project and to write research proposals. Caltech faculty or JPL staff review the proposals and recommend awards. Students work over a 10-week period in the summer, mid-June to late August. At the conclusion of the project, each student will submit a technical paper and give a SURF Seminar Day oral presentation.
All application materials must be received no later than Feb. 22, 2014. For more information, visit http://www.sfp.caltech.edu/programs/surf.
Please email any questions about this opportunity to the Caltech Student-Faculty Programs office at sfp@caltech.edu.
Kickoff your classroom activities with NASA STEM Mania: STEM in Sports! This series of free virtual educator professional development webinars will help you hit an education homerun. Discover ways that sports and NASA connect and energize your classroom with free student engagement opportunities.
Upcoming webinar events include:
Digestion in Space
Feb. 24, 2014, at 4 – 5 p.m. EST
Learn about some of the key physiological changes the human body goes through as it acclimates to microgravity and how astronauts eat healthy while living on the International Space Station.
Spaced Out Sports
"Spaced Out Sports" is a unique program that uses a variety of sports clips, filmed on Earth and on the International Space Station, that will challenge your students to explore Newton's Laws of Motion.
Remotely Operated Vehicles on a Budget
Excite your students in STEM by designing, building and testing underwater remotely operated vehicles, also known as ROVs.
Drag Race to Mars
Understand the science of racing and forces of flight and motion by designing a capsule to land on Mars, just as NASA engineers have.
To register for these webinars, and to see a full list of webinars taking place through March 20, 2014, visit https://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/dln/webcast/webcast.html.
Questions about this series of webinars should be directed to Marilé Colón Robles at marile.colonrobles@nasa.gov.
As part of a series of electronic professional development experiences, the NASA Explorer Schools project and the National Science Teachers Association are hosting a 90-minute Web seminar for educators on Feb. 24, 2014 at 6:30 p.m. EST. This web seminar features two lessons: one on extremophiles and the other on searching for life. Review criteria for determining if something is alive and learn how students apply the criteria in a hands-on activity. A video will be shown that connects the activity to a NASA mission. Collaborate with other participants about ways of using and adapting the activity. Extension activities for students interested in the topic will be provided.
These lessons provide many opportunities for addressing national science, technology, and mathematics learning standards as well as Next Generation Science Standards.
This is the last time this Web seminar will be offered during the current school year.
NASA Educator Professional Development is presenting a series of free webinars open to all educators. Join NASA education specialists to learn about activities, lesson plans, educator guides and resources to bring NASA into your classroom.
NASA Literature for K-5 Students
Audience: Grades K-5 Pre-service and In-service Educators
Event Date: Feb. 25, 2014, at 4 p.m. EST
Attend this 60-minute seminar and discover NASA literacy resources that can be used with K-5 students.
NASA Quest: Mystery of the Microbes
Audience: K-12, Education Administrators, In-service, Pre-service, Informal and Home School Educators
During this 60-minute webinar, you will discover life as an astrobiologist, learn about the diversity of life in the microscopic world and explore the microbes in your kitchen and in extreme environments using hands-on activities and demonstrations.
How High Are Vertical Distances?
Audience: Grades 4-8 Pre-service and In-service Educators
During this 60-minute webinar, participants will create a vertical model of the Earth's atmospheric layers. Applicable national science standards and Next Generation Science Standards will be explored and aligned to this lesson.
For more information about these webinars and to register online, visit https://paragon-tec.adobeconnect.com/admin/show-event-catalog.
Questions about this series of webinars should be directed to John Entwistle at john.d.entwistle@nasa.gov.
As part of a series of electronic professional development experiences for educators, the NASA Explorer Schools project and the National Science Teachers Association are hosting a 90-minute live professional development Web seminar for educators on Feb 26, 2014, at 6:30 p.m. EST. Learn how to incorporate the excitement of rocketry into your classroom and receive an overview of the engineering design challenge, Spacecraft Structures, where students design and construct a strong, but lightweight, structure that can withstand the launch of a water bottle "rocket."
The National Space Grant Directors' Meeting will be streaming students' presentations live through the NASA Digital Learning Network, or DLN. Anticipated topics include ballooning and beginning a career in aviation, rocketry and robotics.
Live streaming of the presentations will take place Feb. 27, 2014, at 3:03-3:50 p.m. EST and Feb. 28, 2014, at 1:10-1:55 p.m. EST.
These meetings are held to highlight the accomplishments of the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program and its 52 consortia, and will represent institutions of higher learning from all across the country. NASA Space Grant's goal is to provide opportunities in aerospace education and awareness.
To view these presentations live, please access NASA DLN at http://dln.nasa.gov.
Questions about this event should be directed to Aleksandra Korobov at aleksandra.korobov@nasa.gov.
The search for a deeper understanding of the universe has revealed a wealth of highly speculative but startling concepts, such as the possibilities that there are extra dimensions of space, that reality is closely akin to a hologram and that there may be more than one universe. On Feb. 28, 2014, Brian Greene will share his insights into these ideas and offer a critical assessment of their scientific merits.
The lecture begins at 7:30 p.m. EST at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. For those unable to attend in person, the lecture will be webcast live.
For more information, visit http://airandspace.si.edu/events/detail.cfm?id=9119.
Questions about this lecture should be directed to nasmpubliclectures@si.edu.
The Presidential Innovation Award for Environmental Educators recognizes outstanding K-12 teachers who employ innovative approaches to environmental education and use the environment as a context for learning for their students.
Applicants must teach full time in a K-12 public school, hold a current teaching license and have a minimum of five years of K-12 teaching experience, including at least three years of teaching environmental education and/or an environment-based curriculum.
Teacher awardees receive a commemorative plaque and an award of $2,000 to be used to further the recipient's professional development in environmental education. The awardee's local education agency also receives an award of $2,000 to fund environmental educational activities and programs.
The deadline for applications is Feb. 28, 2014.
For more information, visit http://www2.epa.gov/education/presidential-innovation-award-environmental-educators.
The White House Council on Environmental Quality, in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency, administers this award to nationally honor, support and encourage educators who incorporate environmental education in their classrooms and teaching methods. Questions about this award should be directed to education@epa.gov.
NASA and Portland State University are seeking participants for a new educational program called Capillary Effects on Liquids Exploratory Research Experiments, or CELERE. This program enables students to participate in microgravity research on capillary action, similar to that conducted on the International Space Station.
Teams or individuals create their own experiment using computer-aided design, or CAD, with a provided template. Short experiment proposals are submitted, and test cells are manufactured by Portland State University using the CAD drawings and a computer-controlled laser cutter. Each experiment is conducted in a drop tower. Video of the drop is provided for student analysis and reporting of results.
CELERE is open to individuals and teams in grades 9-12 as well as mixed-grade teams, of grades 5-12, which include at least one student in grades 9-12. Teams may be of any size and can include, for example, an entire class or science club. The program is limited to students from the United States, but is open to all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Design proposals are now being accepted. Deadlines for submissions are March 1 and April 1, 2014.
For more information about this opportunity, visit http://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/CELERE/.
If you have questions about this opportunity, please email your inquiries to the CELERE team at celere@lists.nasa.gov.
Strategic partnerships between Historically Black Colleges and Universities, or HBCUs, and the federal government have led to bold and innovative scientific discoveries and mechanism for student development that have far-reaching implications for the future. Recently, the White House Initiative on HBCUs released reports that provide details on the billions of dollars that 31 federal agencies have provided to HBCUs over the last five years to support federal agency program priorities. Although the revenue to HBCUs from Federal agencies is only a fraction of total revenue provided to all institutions of higher education, HBCUs individually and collectively have developed many cutting-edge initiatives and student-centered programs though federal partnerships. The editors of this compendium seek to publish high-quality empirical studies from principal investigators and co-principal investigators of federally funded projects at HBCUs.
Manuscripts acceptable for this volume will include the following:
— The author is a principal investigator or co-principal investigator of a federally funded project awarded to an HBCU;
— The manuscript focuses on science, technology, engineering and mathematic; social sciences; arts and humanities; program evaluation; or needs assessment;
— The project received federal funding within the past three years or has been completed within the past two years;
— The manuscript uses an objective and widely established quantitative or qualitative research methodology.
For initial consideration, please submit an abstract no longer than 500 words and a brief biographical sketch from the primary author via email by March 1, 2014. All inquiries regarding submissions should be directed to Dr. Ivory A. Toldson at ivory.toldson@ed.gov. Invited authors will need to submit completed manuscripts by May 31, 2014.
For more information, visit http://www.ed.gov/edblogs/whhbcu/2014/02/04/call-for-papers-%E2%80%90-the-white-house-initiative-on-historically-black-colleges-and-universities/.
NASA's Space Life and Physical Sciences Division and the International Space Station Program Office are sponsoring a workshop at the American Physical Society's March Meeting 2014 in Denver, Colo. The workshop, titled International Space Station Research Results and Post-Graduate Opportunities in Physical Science, will take place on March 2, 2014, from 1:30 – 6 p.m. CST.
The purpose of this workshop is to allow members of the American Physical Society, and in particular, students and post-doctoral students, to gain some familiarity with the interesting gravity-dependent phenomena that have been discovered from physical sciences research carried out on the International Space Station, or ISS. Presenters will cover recent results from experiments in fluid physics, complex fluids and combustion science.
The workshop will provide a better understanding of existing and planned ISS research capabilities and current funding opportunities for graduate students. Attendees will have an opportunity to interact with NASA flight experiment principal investigators and ISS Program Office staff in a panel discussion at the conclusion of the session. A noteworthy participant will be an ISS astronaut with experience in operating physical sciences experiments on the space station.
For more information, visit http://www.aps.org/meetings/march/events/iss.cfm.
This event is free for attendees and registration is not required.
Questions about the workshop should be directed to Dr. Camille Alleyne at camille.alleyne@nasa.gov or Dr. Fred Kohl at fred.j.kohl@nasa.gov.
Space Systems Engineering 101, a new massive open online course from NASA and the Saylor Foundation, launches on March 3, 2014. The six-week general-audience course is free to the public and provides a unique opportunity to learn from and alongside NASA's engineers. Students who participate can earn a free certificate.
The course will feature lectures from NASA scientists and engineers and Google Plus Hangouts with NASA personnel. Winners of an optional project competition will receive a chance to tour NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
For more information and to register for the course, visit http://www.saylor.org/2014/02/blog-announcement-space-systems-engineering-course-starts-march-3rd/.
Questions about this opportunity should be directed to http://www.saylor.org/feedback/.
The annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference will be held June 17-19, 2014, at the Hyatt Regency McCormick Place in Chicago, Ill. NASA is seeking abstracts and poster proposals under the categories of discoveries in microgravity science; discoveries in space science, earth science, engineering and education; applications benefiting earth; applications enabling Exploration; applications in technology; commercial applications; and opportunities. Topics should relate to science, exploration and technology activities (past, present, planned or under development) on the International Space Station.
Due to the large number of expected submissions, presenters are encouraged to submit abstracts early; the deadline is March 3, 2014.
For more information about the conference and how to submit and abstract for consideration, visit http://www.astronautical.org/.
Questions about this opportunity should be emailed to Dr. David Spencer at dbs9@psu.edu.
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN, or MAVEN, mission will explore the planet's upper atmosphere, ionosphere and interactions with the solar wind. Set to arrive at Mars in September 2014, the mission will provide invaluable insights into the history of Mars' atmosphere and climate, liquid water and planetary habitability.
Join the MAVEN education team for a one-day workshop on the MAVEN mission and the accompanying elementary program, Red Planet: Read, Write, Explore! This program features six standards-based lessons that combine science, literacy and art to help students understand planetary habitability and the MAVEN mission. The workshop will introduce participants to these lessons and concepts. The workshop will also have a session devoted to Spanish-speaking English Language Learner and English as a Second Language students. Attendees will receive free classroom materials.
The workshop will take place on March 8, 2014, in Chicago, Ill. Registration is $15 and includes a continental breakfast and lunch. Applications are due March 4, 2014, but space is limited so interested educators are encouraged to apply early.
For more information about the workshop and to apply online, visit http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/education-outreach/for-educators/red-planet/chicago-workshop/.
Please email any questions about this opportunity to epomail@lasp.colorado.edu.
Keep pace with the latest science research, engage in standards-based classroom activities and explore ways to make science fun while working with Penn State faculty during these summer workshops for in-service science, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, educators. Network with peers and earn graduate credits. Workshops are aligned with the national science education standards and Pennsylvania standards for science and technology.
All workshops take place on Penn State University Park campus facilities in Pennsylvania. Grants are awarded to all participants to cover lodging, parking and partial tuition.
Applications for all workshops are due March 16, 2014.
The Origins and Fate of Our Cosmos: Understanding Big Bang Cosmology (Grades 6-12) — July 21-25, 2014
Delve into the field of cosmology, the study of the universe as a whole. Learn what modern observational and theoretical work has shown about the origin, fate and nature of the universe. The pillars and successes of the Big Bang model will be examined in detail. Modern ideas about gravity, space and time will also be explored.
http://teachscience.psu.edu/workshops/cosmology.html
Hands-On Particle Astrophysics (Grades 9-12) — July 28 – Aug. 1, 2014
Participants will get a brief overview of modern particle physics and explore various astrophysics topics. Instructors will help participants build and use devices made from household materials to detect air showers generated by cosmic-ray protons.
http://teachscience.psu.edu/workshops/particle_astrophysics.html
Questions about the Pennsylvania Space Grant workshops should be directed to Alli Fox at spacegrant@psu.edu.
NASA invites college teams to take part in the 2014 NASA Aeronautics Mission Directorate's Unmanned Aerial Systems Challenge. Students are invited to propose a high-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial system to track hurricanes. Design assessment will be based on projected effectiveness, cost, innovation and ease of use and operation inside the National Air Space.
The contest is open to teams of full-time students enrolled in higher education institutions of the United States or its territories. This category includes universities, colleges, trade schools, community colleges, professional schools, etc. Multidisciplinary teams are encouraged.
A notice of intent will be accepted through March 1, 2014. Final entries are due May 2, 2014.
For more information and a complete list of rules, visit http://aero.larc.nasa.gov/university-contest/.
Questions about the challenge should be directed to Elizabeth Ward at Elizabeth.B.Ward@nasa.gov.
Students from Kindergarten through 12th grade will have the opportunity to play a unique role in the future of human spaceflight through participation in NASA's Exploration Design Challenge, or EDC. NASA EDC invites students around the world to think and act like scientists in order to overcome one of the major hurdles of deep space long-duration exploration — the dangers associated with space radiation. Students taking part in the challenge will discover how to plan and design improved radiation shielding aboard the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, currently being developed by NASA, Lockheed Martin and other partners to carry astronauts to space, venturing farther than humans have ever gone before.
Through a series of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, engagement activities, students in grades K-8 will analyze different materials that simulate space radiation shielding and recommend materials that best block radiation and protect astronauts. Students in grades 9-12 will think and act like engineers as they apply what they learn to design shielding to protect a sensor on the Orion crew module from space radiation. After a review of the design solutions submitted by teams in the grades 9-12 challenge, five finalist teams will be selected and matched with a mentor from NASA to test their designs in a virtual simulator. The winning team will build a prototype radiation shield that will be analyzed and submitted to Lockheed Martin for flight certification on the inaugural flight of the Orion Exploration Flight Test, or EFT-1.
The five U.S. finalist teams from the grades 9-12 challenge will be invited to attend the EFT-1 launch, currently scheduled for November 2014. The names of all students, grades K-12, participating in the NASA EDC will fly aboard the spacecraft as honorary virtual crewmembers for Orion's first flight. The deadline to register students for the virtual crew is June 30, 2014.
For more information and to register online, visit https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/spacelife/explorationdesign/overview/index.html#.UdLvoBZU3dI.
For more information about Orion, visit https://www.nasa.gov/orion.
Email any questions about this opportunity to nasaedc@nianet.org.
Author Mindi CappPosted on February 20, 2014 Categories EducationTags Educational Resources, Opportunities for Educators, Student Competitions, Student Internships, Webcasts
2 thoughts on "NASA Education Express — Feb. 20, 2014"
Great Post and highly appreciated for such an informative post
Patricia Lusi says:
Really a nice post.
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Regulators in Minnesota made the bone headed decision to approve the building of a new natural gas plant on the Minnesota-Wisconsin border near Duluth. They are idiots. There is no calculation that requires or even strongly suggests that this is a good idea. It has already been determined that this plant is not necessary. This is just the petroleum industry getting its way. I call for an investigation of the three (out of five) individuals who voted for this lame brained scheme. I want to know what stocks they own, and I want to see their bank records for the last, and next, five years.
Meanwhile, I call on Legislators in Minnesota to pass a law stating that we can not add any more fossil fuel sources into our energy mix, in utilities within or overlapping with the state of Minnesota. We need that bill passed during the next legislative session, to stop this plant and similar ideas in the fiture.
Methane is not a bridge fuel. It is a fossil fuel, and a greenhouse gas.
The study has shown that the economy in Minnesota can decarbonize by 80% (from 2005 levels) by 2050. All the decarbonization pathways involve deeper energy efficiency of existing electric demands (particularly in the industrial sector), heavy electrification of transportation, transitioningheating of space and water from natural gas and resistive heating to heat pumps, building new zero-emission generation technologies, and retiring fossil-fuel generation.
The electrification of other sectors provides the electricity sector with new demands, which have different load profiles to existing demands and have greater flexibility potential. These new loads provide increasing sales for the electricity sector to invest against. Further, the greater flexibility allows the electricity grid to incorporate more variable resources, which are low-cost and nearzero emissions. Further, the electrification provides net cost savings for consumers because the reduction in spending on other energy supplies (natural gas for heating and gasoline for transportation) outweighs the additional spending in the electricity sector for the electrified loads.
The law works differently in different countries. If you commit a crime in one country, and jump over the border to an adjoining country, what can or might happen to you depends on the arrangements that have been made between the two countries.
Similarly, the law that applies, and the actual application of the law if any, is complicated when it comes to non-natives committing crime on native lands, which are separate nations, within the United States. I am very far from an expert on this. What I know about it comes from conversations with my friend Shawn Otto, who wrote a novel set in this boundary space between native and non-native lands (Sins of Our Fathers: A Novel , excellent story, go read it).
PZ Myers commented on something related in a recent blog post in which he notes a recent study suggesting that nearly half of non-Native Americans do not believe that Native people exist.
Recently, a host on a wildly popular podcast, who is Indian (as in from the Indian subcontinent, in Asia) took to referring to himself and his compatriots as "real Indians," a reference to the idea that Columbus got it wrong when he referred to the indigenous people he ran into in the Caribbean as "Indians," thinking he was in Asia while at the same time not having a very clear concept of what "Asia" might actually be.
I found that reference deeply offensive and I'm neither Asian-Indian or American Indian. Its just that Native Americans have enough trouble being taken seriously that I'm pretty sure they don't need some over privileged Hollywood type from California suggesting that Native Americans are in some way non-real.
I grew up in Upstate New York, and later moved to the Boston area. That was, in a sense, going backwards in historical time in relation to Indians. From my own studies of regional history and archaeological work in the time period, I knew that a very large percentage of the Native cultures near Boston, and anywhere near Boston, were wiped out way early in the Colonial Period, while Native groups played a more persistent role in US history in New York and nearby areas of Canada. Putting this another way, we are not even quite sure of the full range of tribes that existed or what they called themselves, along the Massachusetts coast, while the New York area Haudenosaunee and some Algonquin groups are well known in history, and very much present both on and off reservations.
I remember moving to Milwaukee for a year, and discovering that Wisconsin had what was referred to as the "Indian Problem" by some people. It sounds a little more obnoxious than it actually was. The problem was disagreement over fishing rights and regulations in commonly held territories, and it was a problem that involved claims by Indian groups vs. claims by the state. I heard the term "Indian Problem" later, and read it in older documents, when I moved to Minnesota. The process of taking land from Indians, and otherwise pushing them out, moving them aside, or starving them off, was very recent in Minnesota. There are living people who's grandparents had artifacts from the Dakota War(aka "Sioux Upraising" or "Little Crow's War"). Some of those artifacts may have been body parts from Native Americans executed after the uprising was put down. In historic documents, the "Indian Problem" seems sometimes to refer to the constant threat of Indian attack in areas near Minneapolis or Saint Paul, well within the current boundaries of the Twin Cities metro area, early in the 20th century. These attacks are memorialized in stories and newspaper accounts, way post-date the Dakota War, and I'm 100% sure they never ever happened. They were used as a publicity stunt to make the idea of traveling out to the Twin Cities to stay in a hotel and take in the fresh air more exciting for New Yorkers and others out east.
The study mentioned above is described here. The study shows that Native American erasure from common or popular understanding in the United States is partly due to the way Native people and issues are treated by the media. Also, Natives are largely underrepresented, or absent, in educational programs, or where they appear, it is as historical figures or factors as though they existed in the past, but not necessarily now.
I actually don't see this as a huge problem in Minnesota, and I assume it is more of a bi-coastal and possibly Southern thing. Native American presence in Minnesota is pretty out front, and I think it would be very difficult to find that more than a tiny percentage of Minnesotans think Native Americans don't exist. Of the several individuals running for Governor or Lt. Governor in Minnesota this year, at least one is a Native American. This does not mean that the attitude about Native people is good. It probably isn't on average. Native American reservations are often discussed in the same light as really bad urban neighborhoods, as places to avoid. At best, Native Americans are interesting or quaint.
A few years ago there was an effort by the state, I think through the Department of Education, to have more reference to Native peoples in schools. The way they did this was, in my view, not smart. Although the standard itself was somewhat better defined, they essentially required that every core course taught in the schools incorporate something about Native Americans. That's it. Simple. This, of course, required that, say, the physical science teacher, or the math teacher, be sufficiently expert in Native American studies of some sort, to come up with something, and sufficiently enlightened to not end up doing something harmful, misleading, or hateful. There are a lot of ways to get a key bit of subject matter into a curriculum. Telling each teacher to come up with ten minutes on that topic no matter what they are teaching has never been done before, for any topic. Why this topic? Clearly, the mandate was not being taken seriously.
When exposed to narratives about Native people that included factual information about present-day Native life, more accurate history, positive examples of resilience, and information about systemic oppression, respondents from all demographics showed more support for pro-Native policy and social justice issues. Information that was shared with respondents included simple statements such as "The government signed over 500 treaties with Native Americans, all of which were broken by the federal government. From 1870 to 1970, the federal government forcibly removed Native American children from their homes to attend boarding schools." On key issues such as the Indian Child Welfare Act, racist mascots, and tribal sovereignty, 16-24 percent more people supported the position of tribes after being exposed to these new messages.
Photo above: Minnesotans learning about Native Americans at the Mille Lacs Indian Museum, in Minnesota.
Ollie Andersen and his wife lived much of the summer in a cabin in northern Minnesota,where Ollie fished, watched birds, and spent considerable effort keeping his boat in repair, while his wife made canned goods and embroidery to bring to the market a few times a year down in Walker, not to make money, but to sell for the Leech Lake Area Benefit Association, her favorite local charity.
One day Ollie came up to the cabin after a couple of weeks down in the cities, and his mail box, out on the county road, was full of junk mail and a few good pieces of mail. Ollie had noticed over recent months that more and more mail was coming to the cabin address, and on more than one occasion he found several days worth either soaked because a bad rain had blown into the box, or found the mail knocked out by the wind and strewn around in the ditch by his drive. So, he decided, about mid August, on a plan to do something good and healthy for himself and deal with the mail box problem at the same time. Every evening, after dinner, Ollie would walk up the drive, out to the county road, and check on the mail.
I call it the Minnesota scowl. It is a little like a Minnesota "stern look" but the latter is wielded as necessary and on demand. The scowl is always there, as a gumpy resting face. You've heard of Minnesota nice. This is the Minnesota scowl. Same thing, just more honest.
Every single place that Copper-Nickle-Sulfide mining has been done — every. single. location. — the mining companies left behind a destroyed landscape. There have been no exceptions.
This sort of mining can not be done without destroying the landscape.
It is quite possible that Minnesota's boundary waters are not saving, and we should just mine out the copper.
Today, Rebecca Otto, Minnesota Auditor, suspended her campaign for Governor of Minnesota.
Rebecca had run to seek the endorsement from the Minnesota DFL (that's what we call Democrats in Minnesota). The state convention, at which endorsements are determined by a large collection of dedicated delegates and alternates, was held in Rochester. (Note: candidates can still run in the August primary, but it is often considered bad form to ignore the endorsement process.) I was there as a delegate. I'd never been to a state convention before, though I've been to plenty of state Senate District and Congressional District ones. The state convention was similar but ten times bigger, twice as loud, three times as long, and doubly exhausting.
Rebecca lost the endorsement process with a gut-punching and unexpected low number of votes on the first ballot, followed by a long period of chaos, followed by the exuberant endorsement of candidate Erin Murphy. Congratulations to Erin, who has doubled down on this process with her choice of picking a second Erin, Erin Maye Quade, as her running mate. That was a stunningly excellent choice.
But back to the Otto campaign. I was truly expecting the numbers to be different in this endorsement process. I was not personally privy to the detailed data on this campaign, but I had seen the top-line analyses. I expected Murphy, not Otto, to be in distant third. Clearly the numbers were wrong!
It feels really, really, bad.
I don't feel it is my place to relate how things were in the war room after the end of the process. That is private. But I was struck by one thing I'll leak out. The people in the room, all of whom I have great love and respect for, exhibited the full range of expected emotional states from quietly stunned to liquefied-in-place, except for Rebecca Otto herself. Rebecca was the strength in the room. That was not unexpected, but I think it is something that should be said. I know she felt just as bad. I know her just enough to have sensed that. But she was not the quivering bowl of jelly I would have been.
I helped Rebecca in her campaign for two reasons. One is simply that she and her husband, Shawn, are my friends. But I've had a lot of friends run for office for whom I offered only perfunctory help. In the case of Rebecca Otto, there was another reason. I knew that Rebecca was blindingly smart, and a deeply good and honest person, and ever thoughtful. I know that for each area of policy, Rebecca would assemble her best assets and then ask them to assemble their best assets. These teams would then develop details and try ideas, in order to ultimately advance well developed proposals that could be brought to fruition in the State House to change the fundamental nature of economy, society, and culture in Minnesota, all in good ways. I was at the tail end of at least one of those assemblies, and contributed a bit to the policy development. There was a fact Rebecca often repeated in her stump speeches that I had worked on. I was proud to hear it mentioned again and again.
The other candidates are great people, great democrats, any one would be great as a governor, but I was supporting Rebecca Otto because I knew her approach and her results would be uniquely and powerfully transforming. People around the country were going to look at Minnesota, and go, "Wow, what the heck was that??? Why can't we do that? Who did that? Let's do that!" And the answer would be Rebecca Otto and the team she leads.
In the end, we are all Democrats. Just as importantly, those other guys? They are all Republicans. So, we have work to do. I like Erin Murphy. I will support her and her campaign, as the endorsed candidate. I'll support all the endorsed candidates. I've been working on the campaign of our local Minnesota House, where my friend Ginny Klevorn hopes to unseat Representative Sarah Anderson, who is is a less religious but just as tea-happy mini-me version of Michel Bachmann, and leader of the evil Republican redistricting ploy in our state.
But I'll be standing by for future versions of a Rebecca Otto campaign, should that happen, and I hope it does, somehow, sometime, somewhere.
A few notes about the other events at the convention.
The first one is a major piece of news that is still unfolding even as I write this.
Lori Swanson is the Minnesota Attorney General. Swanson has been the perennial heir apparent for that job forever. What I mean by that: everybody always assumed she'd be endorsed, then win. She has a great reputation and everybody likes her, etc. etc.
But this year, Matt Pelikan ran against Swanson for AG. Everybody seemed to like Matt, but everybody also said this about that race: we need Lori, she's been great, Matt is great, but he has no experience, maybe he can run for something else someday.
Meanwhile, Swanson made a nuisance of herself at the very beginning of the pre-election season, last summer, telling everyone she might or might not run for Governor. This moved several good people into the position of running for the AG seat, but promising to pull out if Lori gives the governor's race a pass. She pulled that trick (do I sound annoyed? sorry!) for way too long, using the fact that she was a state AG but also, not really an actual candidate, to exploit her moves along with other state AGs against Trump for positive Democratic Party cred.
At the convention, two things happened, then the boat tipped over.
First, Matt Pelikan, who is one very impressive young man, gave a speech that in my view was in the top three given at the convention, maybe the best one. He had the crowd on their feet. He also landed about eight good punches on the Swanson campaign, including noting Swanson's NRA endorsement over the years, and her stand on various other issues that have become highly questionable even though everybody loves Lori and assumes she's the automatic candidate.
Then, the Swanson campaign totally messed up their own presentation. Each campaign gets a certain number of minutes, then they have to get off the stage. Most campaigns have a short video, a person or two talk in favor of the candidate, then the candidate gives a rousing speech. Swanson had a mediocre video. Then, some dozen or so people lined up to each speak on her behalf. They were mostly unpracticed and poor speakers (including at least one who is an experienced politician who simply had not woken up that morning, it seemed). Each one spoke for 3-5 minutes. But they were supposed to speak for one minute! SO, half way through that awkward and embarrassing event, the whole lot of them got thrown off the stage, and Swanson never got to speak.
When the delegates voted, Pelekan had denied Swanson the endorsement. A very large number of delegates had probably figured, "OK, Lori is the obvious candidate, but Imma cast this one vote for Pelikan because he is so impressive." The outcome of that vote was so astonishing, they had to bring in a special sweeper device to remove everyone's jaws from the floor.
Before the second vote, Swanson dropped out. Ear shattering collective gasp.
My first thought? She'll run in the primary for the AG slot!
My second thought, seconds later? No, wait! She's running for governor!
And, low and behold, seconds ago as I write this, the news has leaked out: Swanson is running for Governor with Congressman Nolan as her Lt Gov.
In a less dramatic and less complicated event, former Republican and Bush ethics lawyer Richard Painter ran against Senator Tina Smith for the endorsement. Smith got the endorsement, but Painter got a surprisingly large number of votes.
And, finally, another sad thing. I've always supported Jon Tolefson in his political career, and I wanted him to be endorsed for auditor. He had a lot of support, including the endorsement of the Environmental Caucus. In something of a surprise, Julie Blaha took the majority of votes on the first round, and Jon stepped away, allowing Julie to be endorsed by acclamation. That was sad for me, but more sad for Jon's Mother, who was sitting with me in my unit delegation at the event.
That's all I have for now, but later, there are some people I want to thank. First, some dust has to settle and and I have to go through some photos and videos I may post.
OK, everybody, get to work!
ADDED: Keith Ellison, US Congressmember and Democratic Party co-head, considering running for Minnesota AG? This makes no sense! The world is spinning in the wrong direction!
In a year in which Democrats show up, like they did in 2012, Trump would have been trounced in Minnesota. Instead, he barely lost. It was a very very close call, just a couple of percentage points.
One thing this means is that the Democrats, in putting up candidates in Minnesota, are not trying to win back Republicans or Trump voters. They are simply trying to win back their own.
Many months ago I coined the term "snowflake" to refer to liberals, progressives, or Democrats, who felt that since their own personal point of view is not perfectly represented in the mind of each and every other liberal or progressive or Democrat, that they should therefore complain incessantly, stay home from the polls, and sit there in a funk hoping someone like Trump wins the election in order to show the rest of them how bad they are being.
Unfortunately, the snowflake moniker has been co-opted, without my permission, by others! But, here, I revise it for the special purpose of talking about this graph.
Roughly six percent of Minnesotans are snowflakes.
This year, dammit, show up.
Also, in the coming convention, if you are a DFL delegate, vote for Otto because you don't need a medium size male with a lumberjack shirt and a booming voice to win in this state.
Congratulations to citizen Adam Jennings for running a fantastic campaign in the Third Congressional District DFL!
Adam reminds us of the essential nature of the Democratic Leader. He embodies the spirit of Lettered Democrats and Progressives Past (JFK, RFK, FDR, and even TR and possibly LBJ on a very good day). The Jennings campaign did not prevail at today's Congressional District convention, but they made an excellent showing, and many left the hall thinking, "Adam's got to run for something important, soon." My recommendation for a future run: Start calling yourself AJ. It flows.
Sorry for the inconvenience, this post has been moved HERE.


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"We're coming for everything" – Centre Chiefs society warns team
By Patience Lephogole
Mochudi Centre Chiefs society has lost the first round against their company namesake, but the war for the life and soul of Magosi may be just beginning.
Recently, the society lost an emergency motion filed before the courts pertaining to the ownership of Centre Chiefs. The society has now sent an ominous warning to its company version.
"We want them to know that we are coming for everything, I mean everything that they stole and still continue to steal, including money stolen from National First Division in the amount of 61k and 39k that was fraudulently transferred to a third-party account via a forged resolution," society chairman Victor Kobe warned.
Speaking in an interview, Kobe was adamant that Centre Chiefs, the football club, still belongs to the society. He said the club was fraudulently taken from the society and 'changed into a company' as alleged.
He says Center Chiefs has never registered a company that uses its name ever since the commencement of the transformation process. According to him, it is rather 'a section of stubborn and greedy renegades which fraudulently registered that company without consent from the committee that was sitting then.'
"A lot of people were lied to by the previous committee. They were told that their society has been deregistered or dissolved and therefore the company has taken over the team and other assets and the running of the office. This was confirmed by the previous chairman's letter (Mothulatshipi) and Timothy Sefakwe's letter of resignation which was so misdirected and instructed supporters that should they go ahead to represent the society in any activity would be illegal. This were all threats to intimidate supporters," Kobe says.
The Centre Chiefs society chairman says a lot of illegality happened in between the commercialization process and they seek to tell the truth about it. "The real owners of Mochudi Centre Chiefs are the supporters, fans and the community at large. It does not belong to these two renegades masquerading as company shareholders," he says.
He goes on to say the whole process of the team's transformation is illegal as it was never endorsed by any resolution of society. He says their attempts to engage on the matter were rebuffed by the 'two shareholders.'
"We were told we are not recognized by them, two shareholders. They claimed the society was not in existence. This is where everything fell off. We were even addressed as elements from their press releases, so we then decided to go the legal route after exploring all the possible channels of engagement," he says.
Kobe however as much as a legal route has been taken, the society wishes for an amicable solution. "We are willing to engage in progressive solution that will give society control of its property. And this we shall do in either through the courts of law, or through the table," Kobe says.
Meanwhile, Mochudi Centre Chiefs PTY Ltd Public Relations Officer (PRO, Ontlametse Letsholo is also adamant that all due processes were followed in the transformation process.
"Due process has been followed to transform the team into a company. Guiding documents were drafted and signed by some of those before the courts now. It now pours scorn over their conduct. If ever there was to be fraud, wouldn't one of the regulatory bodies picked it?" he asks rhetorically.
"The BFA has granted permission for the team to be a company. CIPA has authorized the transfer of the team logo to company. Land Board has overseen a flawless transfer of River Plate ground to the company. All this confirms that the legitimacy and control of Centre Chiefs is under the company," Letsholo says.
The Centre Chiefs company PRO says they have tried 'to listen to the society's side of the story. He however says they thwarted all efforts 'insisting that the courts will adjudicate.'
"We respect that position as it is well within their rights. We urge supporters to follow nothing but the truth, and the truth is as I relayed to you that the company is holding forte. However, we respect everyone's choice to associate and cease association at their own determination," he says. While the society rages over the team ownership, Letsholo says they have to come to terms with the fact that 'the locomotive has already left the station.' "We are at an advanced stage to usher in a new era filled with success," he concludes.
Troubled Centre Chiefs heads for high court
Africa adventure beckons for Centre Chiefs and GU
Centre Chiefs wallop Santos
Zebras' youthful exuberance brings cheer to Batswana
What is next for Chiefs?


This summer's minis were awesome! I was able to photograph two new amazing families. I seriously get to work with some beautiful people! The weather behaved just the right amount of time too! It had been raining since around 4:00. When we started it was drizzling- then stopped just a few minutes into the session. It started again right as we finished with my last family and I mean right as we finished. Thank you, Lord! And thanks to my families that rocked the session and were super flexible with the CRAZY weather Colorado loves to throw at me:) Here is your sneak peek- I hope you like what you see. I'll have your galleries to you soon.
If you'd like to know more about mini sessions or a full lifestyle session click the telephone tab at the top- I'd love to chat with you!


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text:
Q: How to find exponent of pow(a,b,c) in python pow(a,x,c) operator in python returns (a**x)%c . If I have values of a, c, and the result of this operation, how can I find the value of x?
Additionally, this is all the information I have
pow(a,x,c) = pow(d,e,c)

Where I know the value of a,c,d, and e.
These numbers are very large (a = 814779647738427315424653119, d = 3, e = 40137673778629769409284441239, c = 1223334444555556666667777777) so I can not just compute these values directly.
I'm aware of the Carmichael's lambda function that can be used to solve for a, but I am not sure if and/or how this applies to solve for x.
Any help will be appreciated.

A: As @user2357112 says in the comments, this is the discrete logarithm problem, which is computationally very difficult for large c, and no fast general solution is known.
However, for small c there are still some things you can do. Given that a and c are coprime, there is an exponent k < c such that a^k = 1 mod c, after which the powers repeat. Let b = a^x. So, if you brute force it by calculating all powers of a until you get b, you'll have to loop at most c times:
def do_log(a, b, c):
    x = 1
    p = a
    while p != b and p != 1:
        x += 1
        p *= a
        p %= c
    if p == b:
        return x
    else:
        return None # no such x

If you run this calculation multiple times with the same a, you can do even better.
# a, c constant
p_to_x = {1: 0}
x = 1
p = a
while p != 1:
    p_to_x[p] = x
    x += 1
    p *= a
    p %= c

def do_log_a_c(b):
    return p_to_x[b]

Here a cache is made in a loop running at most c times and the cache is accessed in the log function.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
What do Fans Like More – the NFL or College Football?
October 14, 2019 January 10, 2022 Jason NFL
Football, or American Football as people away from the US prefer to call it, is a completely American thing. Although many countries have started adopting the sport it still remains a solely American sport ingrained into the hearts and souls of the people in the US.
There's no better feeling than having a viewing party with your friends and supporting your team every week, right? Watching the games, munching on tortilla chips, giving extra-long commentaries on why a certain player deserved more etc. Some people, in addition to watching the games together with their friends, also like using the Betfair Sign up Offer as it also brings them a lot of fun.
But which one do you choose – the NFL or the NCAA?
Even though the NFL is extremely popular, there is a case to be made about college football actually being more interesting to watch. Many people prefer watching the NCAA as opposed to the NFL.
Let's dig into this phenomenon a bit further.
The Talent
When comparing NFL and the NCAA it is clear where all the talent lies. The NFL gathers all the best players from all the colleges in the country and puts them in one place to compete against each other. An NFL team comprises of physical specimens that are specifically trained and prepared to tackle the challenges of an NFL season. One simply cannot argue the fact that all the best talent is there.
On the other hand, college teams can't really say that their entire team is comprised of quality players. Some colleges simply need to add players just so they can fill up a roster. However, there is no denying the fact that college football has its own stars. Some of them reach the heights of the NFL and continue their career among professionals.
Underdog Stories
Although both leagues have their moments, college football has much more underdog stories to tell than the NFL. The NFL is comprised of specifically assembled teams with the aim to reach the goal set before the start of the season. The level of preparation rarely allows for underdog stories to happen. The New England Patriots may be the best and perhaps the only example of the underdog story, as they went on the become one of the most successful teams today and the league's history.
As far as the NCAA goes, underdog stories happen often. In fact, there is one almost every season. Players in college may not be as skilled as the ones in the NFL but they always give their best and play their hearts out. They are playing for glory and not because of money and sometimes this is enough motivation for a win against a bitter rival.
When it comes to fans, college football takes the point. Supporting a local college team is always formed around a close community. Actually, smaller places are the perfect example as people all know each other and want their team to be the best.
NFL fans are sometimes not that motivated to support their teams. They are not as tight as college fans are and have a tendency to turn their back on their team when things are not going well. This is something that you will never ever get to see in college football and their fans.
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http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/TearJerker/DeusExHumanRevolution
Tear Jerker / Deus Ex: Human Revolution
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The game starts with a pretty big one with the attack on Sarif Industries.
Early in the game, if you check the emails on your computer, one email is from your friend Diane had your beloved dog put to sleep because she thought you had died from your injuries. Puts all those shattered mirrors in a very harsh and heartbreaking light.
Even without that email, the mirror counts. It shows that Jensen is clearly not in a happy state of mind about his Augmentations, and the reflection mirror is a constant reminder of what happened (The post it note suggests that this wasn't the first mirror he'd smashed in anger).
Worse yet: If you hack into the computer in Jensen's apartment building's lobby, you can find out the mirror has arrived but no-one's bothered to pick it up yet. Makes you really feel for the guy, huh?
This gets even harsher as no matter what you do, the manager Sherii ter Horst will insist that Jensen's mirror is on back-order for no other reason but to be bigoted towards someone whose augmentations weren't even his choice.
The endings, in which Adam reflects on humankind and his life while real video footage is shown to emphasize his points.
If you choose the self-destruct ending, after the screen goes black, you can hear creaking and groaning as the entire facility gives in to the overwhelming pressure of oceanic water, and unless you mute it, you are forced to listen to Adam's last living moments.
You return to Detroit and the riots have broken out. After playing the first game and reading that aug research had disappeared in the face of controversy, and augmented humans were heavily discriminated against, you realize at this part in the game that it's all downhill from here. You are literally watching the world collapse from within, and it's all a long, slow slide to the first game's Crapsack World.
Malik's murder. You've been depending on her three fourths of the game, and she's killed, execution-style, right in front of you after her Heroic Sacrifice to buy you time to escape.
His reaction as he hears the gunshot and sees her body sink to the ground speaks volumes.
Adam: You bastard! FARIDAH!
Others just accepted the devastating moment and let it flow into the story and Adam's mental state.
Some players didn't even realize that her death was preventable as they had been trading fire with the mercs since the section began.
To add even further insult to injury, you can also find Malik's corpse in an operating table in the Harvesters' hideout, meaning Belltower sold them her corpse to be stripped for augmentations just like they did with Sevchenko.
The other possible way for her to die, namely the explosion of the VTOL once it soaks too much enemy fire, leads to an arguably even more tear-jerking exchange:
Faridah: Hey...Jensen...
Adam: Malik...Malik, you hurt?
Faridah: *gasps in pain* Just a scratch, Spy Boy. But I think...*gasps again* I think you're on your own now...
Adam: Faridah!
Faridah: Give em hell for me. *VTOL explodes*
The battle with Hyron. Or more specifically, the part where if you're not clever enough or packing enough nonlethal weaponry, where you realize you have to kill the Hyron Drones.
You can also use Darrow's code (if you got it) on the console directly in front of Zhao.
In the cutscene before the battle starts, when Adam first sees one of the drones, he's startled at first, but then he gives her a slight caress on the head. He doesn't know that woman, but he must be feeling her terrible suffering.
The entirety of Hyron and its role in the end. Where to even begin?
For one, if you look at the end of many of the messages on computers or pocket secretaries in Panchea, there are small messages at the end referencing a 'mother' and 'father'.
If you listen to the drones' ranting, they frequently spew dialogue about a mother.
And then there's Hyron's original purpose. They created this machine and linked people INTO it, to drive all augs insane and cause widespread panic and bloodshed.
In "The Missing Link" DLC in the secret laboratory area of Rifleman Base, you come across a young woman named Nina Sullivan, who is all of 20 years old and scared out of mind. While you can talk with her to and get information, due to your current circumstances, you're in no position to help her, despite her frantic pleas. Then there's an Oh, Crap! moment when you are on your way back out, and she is gone. Turns out a very speedy guard transferred her back to the main cell block, and she's one of the ones you can choose to save.
In the deepest part of the laboratory, you find one of the women from the prison, already turned into a Hyron drone, begging for a Mercy Kill. If you find the nearby Trauma Kit, you can choose to give her a lethal dose of morphine, thus ending her suffering. Interestingly, this doesn't count against the Pacifist achievement.
In the police station when access to the morgue is needed deciding to be social and getting access through Wayne Haas by choosing mostly Plead and choosing Absolve once was the epitome of a tear jerker.
What must be Faridah (if she's alive) and Frank's reactions if Adam chooses to destroy Panchaea, once the news reports what happened. Their boss is gone, a whole bunch of people are dead — likely some of them were Sarif employees as well — and Adam, whom both of them had grown close to over the course of the game and clearly cared about (whether Frank would ever admit it or not), is gone. Frank had just expressed apprehension over Adam going it alone. And what happened? Adam died, along with hundreds of people. There's no way for them to know that it wasn't Adam's failure, no way for them to know if either of them could have saved him or Sarif or anyone else had Faridah been there with her aircraft, or had Frank been in contact with Adam. ...And they probably won't have jobs anymore, since Sarif will likely go under in short order.
The only consolation, ironically enough, is that they won't ever know that it wasn't Adam's failure, but rather his choice to kill himself, Sarif, Darrow, Taggart, and hundreds of innocent people.
They would also become some of the few people left to actually know something about went on but will also be incredibly vulnerable against the growing conspiracy. Especially with the information that Megan had to have handed to Bob Page, it's likely they didn't survive more than a few months.
Not so much an outright tearjerker as just something that is genuinely saddening is some of the comments people will make toward Adam due to his augmentations. Some aren't outright mean, just misguided. Others... not so much. It's even worse because Adam never asked for this.
"Why did you do it? You were beautiful just the way you were. You poor man."
"I don't mean to judge, but I think that people who choose to augment themselves are rejecting their own humanity."
"Nothing personal, but I don't want to have anything to do with you."
"What are you looking at, pal? Scanning me with those metal eyes of yours?"
"Look, I don't have anything against you, but just stay away, okay?"
"No offense, but if it were up to me, this place would have a No Aug policy."
On the other hand, every single one of those people who said those horrible things to Adam? You can retort.
From The Missing Link DLC, there's Keitner's death. She was trying to protect innocent people, and even at the end begs Adam to save Dr. Kavanaugh so that no one else will be stolen and experimented on.
In a way, the Foregone Conclusion awaiting beyond the endings. If Adam lets Darrow's message out the people will learn of the Illuminati's existence and give up a promising technology in a desperate attempt to keep their freedom...only to be ruled from the shadows twenty five years later. If Adam trusts the Illuminati to be the leaders the world needs, they prove incompetent at their self-appointed task and let the world slide into Hell. If he trusts Sarif to defeat the Illuminati, then his boss fails and the Illuminati's successors find a way to control augmentation after all. If he kills himself and everyone in Panchaea, trusting humanity to make the right choices...it doesn't. No matter who Adam trusts, they will inevitably let him down.
A minor one, but searching the pods in the Alice Garden Pods during the first Hensha visit, you can find a email from a father to his daughter, describing his business trip as glamorous. Presumably not to worry her.
The last exchange between Jensen and Pritchard. He really cared about Adam's well being all along. It gets sadder if you think about the self-destruct option being the real ending
While in the Hengsha Court Gardens, some of the notes you can find in those single-person beds are downright heartbreaking. Particularly the email from a husband to his wife and child talking about how glorious everything is and how well he's doing, and another one that's essentially a suicide note.
Which leads to its own Fridge Horror, as the only way to find these notes are to steal their personal messengers, preventing the users from ever sending the mails before Belltower kills them, anyway.
The first time you visit Jensen's apartment, if you go to the end of the hall you can eavesdrop on an argument between Adam's neighbors. The gist of it is that the wife insisted they both get augmented, the husband only agreed reluctantly, and after it was done the wife was no longer comfortable with being intimate with him and had an affair with a non-augmented man. Making it worse, when confronted over it the wife phrases it as wanting to be with someone "normal" again. The argument ends with the wife sobbing and the furious husband promising never to touch her with his "cold, dead metal hand" again.
TearJerker/Video Games


2016 is just around corner, and most of us are hyped for the upcoming Filem in 2016.
But is all the Filem worth your money? I've been seeing a lot of complains in my blog about the new Dawn of Justice trailer, saying that it revealed too much and it isn't worth the money anymore. The trailer revealed DC's super villain Doomsday and was uploaded to YouTube on 2th December and has hit 4,000,000 views! Not to mention I saw some of the same complains at the komen section, why did they make such a trailer? Just because Marvel's Civil War was one of the most bahagian, atas view trailer in such a short time?
Here's the link for new Dawn of Justice trailer in YouTube for those who haven't seen it, and I'm sure everyone has their own opinion and it will nice to share them. What do anda think about the new trailer?


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ground granulated blast furnace slag cement factor
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag an overview
The use of the GGBFS in the slag cement is starting from 36% in Turkey. Generally, the concretes produced with 70% or more GGBFS cements provide adequate strength to mechanical impacts. Lane and Özyıldırım (1999b) investigated constant water to cement Grade 120 GGBFS-PC binary mixes with 25%, 35%, 50%, and 60% replacement.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Concrete & its Advantages
The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is a by-product of iron manufacturing which when added to concrete improves its properties such as
Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS/GGBS)
Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS/GGBS) Blast furnace slag is a by-product of the steel industry. This cementitious material provides specific characteristics to ready-mix concrete; among other properties, it improves
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag LKAB Minerals
The abbreviation GGBS or GGBFS are interchangeable and mean Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Certified use for in concrete, mortar and
Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag Sharjah Cement Factory
Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag. This material is manufactured to comply with the requirement of BS 6699 : 1992, as well as EN 15167-1 : 2006 and exceeds the minimum strength and fineness requirement by a considerable margin. The
Blast Furnace Slag Cement Manufacture, Properties and
Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture of ordinary Portland cement and fine granulated blast furnace slag obtained as a by product in the manufacture of steel with percent under 70% to that of cement. Ground granulated blast furnace
Prediction of Efficiency Factor of Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace
The relative performance of various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can be compared with that of portland cement using the practical concept of the efficiency factor (or χ value). This study describes the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the prediction of the efficiency factor of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) in concrete based on
Hydration and rheology of activated ultra-fine ground granulated
1 天前 In this study, two different ultra-fine ground granulated blast furnace slag referred to as GS (i.e., by dry-winnowing method) and WS (i.e., by wet-grinding method) were obtained, and the hydration and rheology of activated ultra-fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (activated-BFS) with carbide slag and anhydrous phosphogypsum (AG) as combined activator were
The Length Change Ratio of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Aug 18, 2022 Geopolymer (GP) has been considered a potential material to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) because of its excellent mechanical properties and environmentally friendly process. However, the promotion of GP is limited due to the large shrinkage and the different operating procedures compared to cement. This study aims to reduce the shrinkage
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder.Ground-granulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) which is
Effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag on cement
Jan 10, 2022 The concrete mixes were designed based on the ACI 211.1-91 (reapproved 2009),as shown in Table 3.The reference concrete, named OPC, was made with 100% Portland cement and the designed w/b ratio was 0.42, assuming that full hydration can be achieved based on the Powers-Brownyard model .GGBS replacement levels were set at 15% (G1.5), 30%
Blast Furnace Slag Cement Manufacture, Properties and Uses.
Reading time: 3 minutes. Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture of ordinary Portland cement and fine granulated blast furnace slag obtained as a by product in the manufacture of steel with percent under 70% to that of cement. Ground granulated blast furnace slag cement (GGBFS) is a fine glassy granules which contain cementatious properties.
ground granulated blast furnace slag Global Cement
Mar 23, 2022 The cement also has a low clinker factor due to the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)-enriched binders. Cemfree uses 95% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and a 5% alkali activator, removing the need for cement. This gave CO2 emissions of 114kg/t, which the company says is 77% lower than conventional (OPC).
Prediction of Efficiency Factor of Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag
Hydration properties of mixed cement containing ground-granulated blast
Jul 27, 2022 The hydration characteristics of mixed cement containing fine powder of blast-furnace slag and expandable material were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis, heat of microhydration, phase analysis, thermal analysis, and pore structure analysis. Unhydrated alite (C3S, 3CaO·SiO2) and belite (C2S, 2CaO·SiO2) were identified as the main hydrates in the
What is slag cement
What is Slag Cement. Slag cement is a hydraulic cement formed when granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is ground to suitable fineness and is used to replace a portion of portland cement. It is a recovered industrial by-product of an iron blast furnace. Molten slag diverted from the iron blast furnace is rapidly chilled, producing glassy
Hydration and rheology of activated ultra-fine ground granulated blast
The abbreviation GGBS or GGBFS are interchangeable and mean Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Certified use for in concrete, mortar and grout. As a by-product of existing industrial processes, GGBS is even more sustainable than many other cement substitutes such as fly ash. Our products conform to BS EN 15167-1. This is the British standard
A Review on Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag as a Cement
A Review on Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag as a Cement replacing material. E. Garg, Er. Kshipra Kapoor. Published 2016. Materials Science. Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Concrete plays a vital role in the development of infrastructure Viz., buildings, industrial structures, bridges and
(PDF) Durability of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Concrete with
M. Anwar and Dina A. Emarah, Durability of Blast- Furnace Slag Cement Concrete with Different Curing Methods 278 Au stin et al. [34] compared the permeability and strength of OPC and GGBFS-modified
A Review on Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag as a
of concrete. Tests results show that the incorporating 20% The Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is a by-product of iron manufacturing industry. Iron ore, coke and limestone are fed into the furnace and molten slag floats above the molten iron at a temperature of about 1500 0 C to 1600 0 C as a resultant.
The abbreviation GGBS or GGBFS are interchangeable and mean Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Certified use for in concrete, mortar and grout. As a by-product of existing industrial processes, GGBS is even more
What is slag cement or ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Granulated slag is the glassy, granular material formed when molten slag is rapidly chilled. Slag cement or GGBFS is granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement. When slag cement is mixed with water, however, the initial hydration is much slower than portland cement mixed with water; therefore
Jul 13, 2022 Australia: Hallett Group plans to establish a slag cement grinding plant in Port Augusta, South Australia. Magnet News has reported the cost of the project as US$83.9m, towards which the producer has received US$13.4m in government funding. The plant will produce cement using South Australian ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)
What is GGBS? Its Advantages and Disadvantages
Oct 02, 2020 What is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)? The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product of iron manufacturing which when added to concrete improves its properties such as
What is Slag Cement. Slag cement is a hydraulic cement formed when granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is ground to suitable fineness and is used to replace a portion of portland cement. It is a recovered industrial by
Experimental study of replacement of cement with ground granulated
Jan 01, 2022 Due to the slow hardening rate of the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), it must be activated with Portland cement prior to being used in concrete. This is referred to as the "hydration" of the GGBS. Efficiency factor K M−40 grade concrete. Download : Download high-res image (88KB) Download : Download full-size image; Graph 3.
Utilization (recycling) of iron and steel industry by-product
40. Yuksel I, Bilir T, Ozkan O (2007) Durability of concrete incor-porating non-ground blast furnace slag and bottom ash as fine aggregate. Build Environ 42(7):2651–2659 41. Tasong WA, Wild S, Tilley RJD (1999) Mechanism by which ground granulated blast furnace slag prevents sulfate attack of lime stabilized kaolinite. Cem Concr Res 29(7
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complete iron ore crushing circuit stone crusher machine
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BoostCommerce is a team of Shopify experts with deep development experience who are driven by our clients' success. We do what we do best: remove the technical headaches of running an online store so that you can focus on growing your business, increasing conversion rates, and making more sales.
Advanced filters available in both Collections and Search Pages. From basic, must-have filters to advanced, you can filter by brand, product type, price, tags, and much more.
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Have a custom request? We make sure our app works flawlessly with your theme. Just place an order request and tell us your needs. It's that easy.
We've been running the filter app for over 2 months now. We had a bit of a rocky start getting the filter auto sync to work properly due to the size and complexity of our store, but we finally have everything stable and running. Support from Tony and his team has been fantastic. They customized the filters to our exact specifications and they continue to make fixes and changes as they arise.If you want the ability to have product filters that allow you to select multiple attributes at once (ex: show me Small and Large sizes) this is the best app available in my opinion. Solid app, great support, decent price.
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Excellent app and Tony has provided fantastic support that went above & beyond our expectations. Responsive to every need - he made updates, set up customization and fulfilled special requests almost immediately.
The filters look great and load fast. One of the many selling points is the ability to select multiple options in the filters. We tested several other apps and this is the one that checks all the boxes - features, functionality and appearance. I'm Very Happy!
Tony is an absolute star. Extremely responsive and incredibly helpful. Our requirement was extremely unique and in order to save several days of effort, he created 50+ sample filter trees for us with filter options. I'm surprised this app is not as popular! Definitely going to recommend it to all Shopify store owners we know who could benefit from such intense collection-specific filtering.
Great! Most impressive is the AMAZING support to make filters work perfectly. Above and beyond anything else we've tried. Really, thanks Tony & team!
The prefix-based tag filters are really useful for our big store. For example, tags like "department-shoes", "department-shirts" can be automatically selected into a "Department" filter, no need to add each tag manually.
This app about Filters was not perfect, we had quite many custom needs to make our filters perfect, and the most fantastic thing is that Tony from BoostCommerce was able to solve all our issues, responding and solving things quickly within 1-2 days.
You are highly reliable Partner.
By far the best app to give you a professional looking and performing filter in your store. Easy to set up and integrates perfectly with the store. Tony from the team offers great service and fast replies. Easy 5 stars!
We have been using this product for over a year now and would recommend it to anyone looking for this type of feature. They are very responsive whenever we have a question or need help with a filter. Response time is usually within 24 hours and often with complete resolution - not just a reply to your inquiry! Very happy with them.
This is a fantastic app and the service has been amazing. I had a lot of requests to get everything looking just right and they have delivered everything I have asked for. I would highly recommend this app!


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Betty Pat Gatliff Death | Obituary: Betty Pat Gatliff Has Died
Betty Pat Gatliff death & obituary:In 1967, a young Native American man was murdered while hitchhiking. Authorities were unable to identify his remains—until Betty Pat Gatliff stepped in, producing a facial reconstruction so accurate that the victim was finally positively identified.
The case marked Gatliff's first foray into forensic sculpture. She would go on to pioneer a new technique for facial reconstruction, helping law enforcement identify "scores" of people who had been killed or gone missing, according to Richard Sandomir of the New York Times.
"In solving a homicide, you first have to know who the victim is before you can know who the perpetrator is," Gatliff told the Oklahoman's Brandy McDonnell in 2002. "So it can be a key to solving the crime."
Gatliff, aged 89, died of complications from a stroke on January 5.