text:
Q: Can a Table iterator "leak" into a Module? I want to repeatedly call a module by using a Table statement.  When I use an i iterator in the Table command calling the module, I receive the error message "Table::itraw: Raw object 1 cannot be used as an iterator. >>"  The module also contains a separate Table statement with the i iterator.
I noticed that when I change the iterator in the Table statement calling the module to something else, say v I no longer get the error message above.  This makes me think the i iterator is leaking into the module, so ....
Question 1: Am I correct that the value of the i iterator from the Table statement calling the Module is leaking into the module?
Question 2: Is this expected behavior?
Question 3: Why does this happen?
Question 4: Is there another way to solve this problem, other than to avoid the use of i as an iterator in both the Table calling the module and the module itself?
Thank you for any advice!
Todd

Here is a snippet of the offending code:
errorcorrection[signaltype_,chipid_,probesetpostocheck_]:=Module[{clusters,positions,loopindex,groupminuscurrent,similarprobesets},

loopindex=1; (* initialize while loop index to 1; this loop continues for the length of the number of probesets that need checked for unusual signal - which is the length of the probesetpostocheck *)

While[loopindex<=2(*Length[probesetpostocheck[chipid]]*),

clusters=Flatten[Drop[Sort[FindClusters[signaltype[chipid][[probesetpostocheck[chipid][[loopindex]]]],3,DistanceFunction->EuclideanDistance,Method->"Agglomerate"]],-1]]; (* locate probe signals within the current probeset being evaluated that are unreliable and need replaced *)

Print[clusters];

With[{i=i},positions=Flatten[Table[Position[signaltype[chipid][[probesetpostocheck[chipid][[loopindex]]]],clusters[[i]]],{i,1,Length[clusters]}]]]

Print[positions];

If[MemberQ[controlchips,chipid],

(groupminuscurrent=DeleteCases[controlchips,x_/;x==chipid];
similarprobesets=Table[signaltype[groupminuscurrent[[i]]][[probesetpostocheck[chipid][[loopindex]]]],{i,1,Length[groupminuscurrent]}]),

(groupminuscurrent=DeleteCases[experimentchips,x_/;x==chipid];
similarprobesets=Table[signaltype[groupminuscurrent[[i]]][[probesetpostocheck[chipid][[loopindex]]]],{i,1,Length[groupminuscurrent]}])]

Print[similarprobesets];

loopindex++]]

run2 = Table[
  errorcorrection[pmsignal, experimentchips[[i]], pmpostocheck], {i,
   1, 1}]

{11719.,1567.,2149.,2001.,1781.,1693.}

Table::itraw: Raw object 1 cannot be used as an iterator. >>

Table[Position[pmsignal[GSM356796][[pmpostocheck[GSM356796][[loopindex$112290]]]],clusters$112290[[1]]],{1,1,Length[clusters$112290]}]

run3 = Table[
  errorcorrection[pmsignal, experimentchips[[v]], pmpostocheck], {v,
   1, 1}]

{11719.,1567.,2149.,2001.,1781.,1693.}

{7,6,8,9,17,20}

After considering everyone's responses below, I have been able to get my code to work better by replacing the With[{i=i},positions=Flatten ....  statement inside the errorcorrection module with Module[{i=i},positions=Flatten ....   As noted Block also works fine.
I am still puzzled, however, why i takes on a value of 1 inside the errorcorrection module, when the module is called by this statement:
run2 = Table[errorcorrection[pmsignal, experimentchips[[i]], pmpostocheck], {i, 1, 1}]

An example of output showing the iterator i is here:
run2 = Table[errorcorrection14[pmsignal, experimentchips[[i]], pmpostocheck], {i, 1, 1}]

{11719.,1567.,2149.,2001.,1781.,1693.}

i equals 1
{7,6,8,9,17,20}

Question 5: (continuing from numbering above): Doesn't the Table command in run2=Table[errorcorrection14[pmsignal, experimentchips[[i]], pmpostocheck], {i, 1, 1}]   localize the iterator?
Question 6: If so, why does that value show up in the errorcorrection module?
Question 7: If i did NOT take on the value of 1 (or any value) in the errorcorrection module, would my original With[{i=i},positions=Flatten statement have worked ok?
It seems to me (in my naivety) that the problem with using With in this case, is that i is taking on a value in the module from the Table statement calling the module .... but I thought Table should localize i and prevent its value from going into the module??
Thank you again, as I struggle to understand at a "deeper" level.

A: I know the reason for the second giving you the error: i has been set to 1. Under normal operations, this will not happen as Table has the Attribute HoldAll, so even if i has a value, Table should be shielded from it. For example,
i = 5
Table[ i, {i , 3}]
(* Out[1] = 5
   Out[2] = {1, 2, 3}
*)

However, in the large block of code, you use this construct:
With[{i = i}, Table[ ..., {i, ...} ]

So, it is likely that the second Table is executed in a similar manner, and that is where the problem lies. For instance,
With[{i = 1}, Table[i, {i, 5}]]
(* Table::itraw: Raw object 1 cannot be used as an iterator. >>
   Out[3] = Table[1, {1, 5}]
*)

With operates by replacing i in Table with its value prior to Table doing anything which circumvents the HoldAll.  Neither, Block nor Module have the same effect, so I would advise using them, instead, for this type of thing.

In your code for run2, you effectively have this code
Table[ With[{i2 = i1}, Table[ ..., {i2, ...}]], {i1, ...}]
(* I have renamed the variables for clarity, but the results are the
   same with them all set to i*)

Here, i1 is localized to the outer Table and the With sets i2 to the value of i1 which causes the error you're seeing.  The reason this shows up inside errorcorrection is that i1 is not localized to errorcorrection, but takes on the global (to it) value.
Incidentally, this reveals that Table is using Block or Internal`InheritedBlock to perform its scoping. Consider,
f[x_] := {x, i}
Block[{i = 3}, f[q]]
Internal`InheritedBlock[{i = 3}, f[q]]
Module[{i = 3}, f[q]]
With[{i = 3}, f[q]]
(*
Out[131]= {q, 3}
Out[132]= {q, 3}
Out[133]= {q, i}
Out[134]= {q, i}
*)

which reveals one of the key differences between the different scoping constructs. Here i in f is interpreted as Global`i, but Module and With effectively use Unique[i], instead. So, they return Global`i unevaluated.  (With actually performs a rewriting operation, but the effect is the same.) Block and Internal`InheritedBlock effectively define Unique[]`i and without any context qualifier on i in f, it is subsumed into the new context. The difference between them is that Block assumes that no definitions of i exists. But, Internal`InheritedBlock pulls in the global definitions into Unique[]` allowing for small changes to be made easily.
In the code, if i was not specified in the outer Table (as in the code for run3), then yes With would work as expected. But, the moral of the story is that Table need not be wrapped in any of scoping constructs as it does the scoping itself.


text:
Home From AEJ-Bulgaria The new code of ethics is an attempt to privatize media self-regulation
The new code of ethics is an attempt to privatize media self-regulation
The Code of Professional Ethics of the Bulgarian Media, drafted by the Bulgarian Media Union is an attempt at privatizing media self-regulation in Bulgaria. After a prolonged period of refusing to sign and abide by the Ethical Code of Bulgarian Media, representatives of the media outlets in the orbit of New Media Group (owned by Irena Krasteva, mother of the Member of Parilement of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms Delian Peevski) issued their own document. It appears that behind this seemingly commendable initiative lies an attempt to impose a monopoly on yet another area of the media environment.
The new Code is essentially not much different from the current document, but the actual problem with it is not what it says but who ordered its drafting and who will monitor compliance with it.
It is significant that on the exact day of the publication of the Code, Monitor, the flagship newspaper of the media empire of New Bulgarian Media Group, has already violated its provisions. The unbiased observer will notice that the material "Plevneliev with commissions from KRIB" violates Art. 1.1 and Art. 1.6 of the Code. It does not become apparent in the cited article that the media has made efforts to verify the accuracy of the information, whose source is the leader of a newly established party. There is also no attempt to present the position of the other party concerned.
Art. 1.1. The media should provide the public with reliable and verified information without distortion or obscuring of the facts and circumstances, and without manipulation of public opinion using deceptive or misleading information, by requiring journalists' and editors' compliance with these rules.
Art. 1.6. In their work the media should distinguish facts from assessments, comments and / or suggestions, should strive to provide different views and positions in seeking the truth and should communicate and / or accurately and professionally reflect events in order to create an objective public opinion.
These two articles could be related to the materials "Borisov colluding with Goce since 2006 ", whose source is again the same politician as mentioned above. Moreover, this article does not show even the slightest desire to search for an alternative position to cover the minimum standards of objectivity.
The article "Killer of taxi driver stands in front of Themis" blatantly violates Art. 1.14. of the Code, which reads: Media outlets are required to respect the constitutional presumption of innocence by refraining from the use of qualifiers against individuals accused and / or individuals on trial before a judgment of the court has been made with an effective legal act.
It would be naive, however, to expect that the committee that will be formed within the Bulgarian Media Union would reach the same conclusion.
Curiously, one of the articles of the new Code relates to cases for which Monitor has gained international notoriety – namely censoring an interview with the German ambassador:
3.2. Abbreviated or amended texts that change the basic meaning of the original text may be published only with the approval of their author.
Whoever enters the committee that will monitor compliance with the Code, it cannot be expected that these people will be beyond the control of Peevski-Krasteva. Due to the inherent conflict of interest, the new Code could be available for internal use in their media, but cannot be imposed as a national model of self-regulation.
The Association of European Journalists-Bulgaria has repeatedly criticized the shortcomings of the existing system of self-regulation. Unfortunately, instead of this model being reformed and expanded, an attempt is made for it to be destroyed and replaced by self-regulation for private benefit. Since the new Code refers to the public interest, we would like to recall that last year the Bulgarian citizens have clearly shown that putting more and more spheres of public life under the control of the circle behind New Bulgarian Media Group does not sit well with their perceptions of public interest.
AEJ-Bulgaria will continue to carry out independent monitoring of the content of all media, regardless of which media union its owners belong to and which Code they have signed.
Association of European Journalists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mission SPLS (Stichting Protestants Luchthavenpastoraat Schiphol)
SPLS, the Foundation of the Protestant Airport Chaplaincy at Schiphol, offers pastoral and diaconal support, based on a Protestant Christian identity, to passengers and staff at Schiphol Airport. It is for this purpose that a pastor is assigned, who, jointly with two pastors from different Christian backgrounds, give the Airport Chaplaincy an ecumenical identity. The airport pastors will assist any individual in need of support, regardless of religion or personal belief. This is based on the Christian values of respect, dialogue, reliability and compassion.
Airport Chaplaincy Services
The Airport Chaplaincy is predominantly called upon when people are in visible distress in which case the Airlines, the Royal Military Police, Information Desks, Medical Services and Emergency Centres, generally involve the Airport Chaplaincy as a normal course of routine.
The primary objectives of the Airport Pastors are:
Assistance and Support to passengers and staff in case of bereavement or other crisis;
Support and advice to stranded passengers;
Support Medical Services in special cases;
Assist refugees with practical matters (a bed for the night, food and referrals to relevant authorities);
Visiting people in temporary custody;
Assisting Airport Staff with the relief of victims in case of a disaster;
Selecting, recruiting and managing volunteers who assist passengers and manage the Meditation Center;
When necessary, support airport staff.


Did You Hear What Happened to Lester Holt?
RUSH: Did you people hear what happened to Lester Holt at NBC? Now, NBC is over there and they're gonna cover the Olympics in South Korea. So Lester Holt got permission to go do a story in North Korea, and he went to a ski resort in North Korea and thought they actually had one — and they do. They built the ski resort not long ago, but it is a ghost town. There's nobody that ever goes there! Except Kim Jong-un brought in a bunch of people to pretend they live there and to pretend to be using the ski lifts and so forth.
And there's Lester Holt reporting on what a great place North Korea is and how much fun the citizens have there — and they go on vacation like Americans do, and they go skiing! And the whole thing was a propaganda setup and Lester Holt fell for it. And they pulled him out of there, and I think they brought him back to New York, and everybody at NBC now is supposedly profoundly embarrassed over this.


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text:
package de.mrapp.android.tabswitcher.model;

import android.view.View;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import de.mrapp.android.tabswitcher.R;
import de.mrapp.android.tabswitcher.TabSwitcher;
import de.mrapp.android.util.view.AttachedViewRecycler;

/**
 * An item, which contains information about a button a {@link TabSwitcher}, which allows to add a
 * new tab.
 *
 * @author Michael Rapp
 * @since 1.0.0
 */
public class AddTabItem extends AbstractItem {

    /**
     * Creates a new item, which contains information about a button of a {@link TabSwitcher}, which
     * allows to add a new tab. By default, the item is neither associated with a view, nor with a
     * view holder.
     *
     * @param index
     *         The index of the item as an {@link Integer} value. The index must be at least 0
     */
    private AddTabItem(final int index) {
        super(index);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new item, which contains information about a button of a {@link TabSwitcher}, which
     * allows to add a new tab.
     *
     * @param viewRecycler
     *         The view recycler, which is used to reuse the views, which are used to visualize
     *         tabs, as an instance of the class AttachedViewRecycler. The view recycler may not be
     *         null
     * @return The item, which has been created, as an instance of the class {@link AddTabItem}. The
     * item may not be null
     */
    @NonNull
    public static AddTabItem create(
            @NonNull final AttachedViewRecycler<AbstractItem, ?> viewRecycler) {
        AddTabItem addTabItem = new AddTabItem(0);
        View view = viewRecycler.getView(addTabItem);

        if (view != null) {
            addTabItem.setView(view);
            Tag tag = (Tag) view.getTag(R.id.tag_properties);

            if (tag != null) {
                addTabItem.setTag(tag);
            }
        }

        return addTabItem;
    }

    @Override
    public final String toString() {
        return "AddTabItem [index = " + getIndex() + "]";
    }

    @Override
    public final int hashCode() {
        final int prime = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = prime * result + getIndex();
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public final boolean equals(final Object obj) {
        if (obj == null)
            return false;
        if (obj.getClass() != getClass())
            return false;
        AddTabItem other = (AddTabItem) obj;
        return getIndex() == other.getIndex();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » December 2022 – Cooper Lake State Park
FeaturedLocal News
December 2022 – Cooper Lake State Park
by Taylor Nye December 2, 2022
December at Texas State Parks is special! Imagine a cold night huddled around a roaring campfire roasting marshmallows and listening to tales of Christmas past as lonesome wails of coyotes sing in the distance. You look up just in time to see a shooting star framed in the protected dark skies at the park. The fire warms your face as you sip a hot chocolate. You see the reflections of the flickering fire in your friend's and family's eyes. You immerse yourself in this magical moment being grateful. This could be you! Camping and December are not usually thought of together but here at Cooper Lake State Park, they should be! The park has a variety of overnight camping accommodations from cabins nestled on the banks of the lake, cottages, RV campsites, and tent sites too. Start making your own outdoor memories at a Texas State Park!
"Christmas in the Park" is our highlighted event for the month. This traditional celebration will be held at the Doctors Creek Unit on Friday, December 9th and Saturday, December 10th f from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. nightly. Festive campers will decorate their campsites for all our visitors to see and enjoy. Camping is free for all holiday decorators! We may have a couple of campsites available due to late cancellations. If you are interested in joining in the holiday FUN, please contact Doctors Creek at 903-395-3100. We are waiving all entrance fees and camping fees for this "give back" event; for entrance into the park, we are asking each visitor to donate a nonperishable food item. All donated food items will be given to the nonprofit Delta Hope House for distribution within Delta County.
To kick off a healthy and happy 2023, both Cooper Lake State Park Units will host a First Day Hike on January 1st, 2023! Are you ready for an adventurous hike winding through a post oak forest? Park Rangers will guide you along the trail, stopping often to tell stories about our park and the natural world. This is a Must to get 2023 started off right! Your health and wellness journey begins with your first step. Keep it going throughout 2023 hiking and walking in the outdoors. The South Sulphur Unit First Day Hike will begin at 10 a.m. Please meet the Park Ranger at the Coyote Run Trailhead. The Doctors Creek Hike will start at 2 p.m. Please meet the Park Ranger at the Pelican Point Day Use Area near the playground.
Normal Park entrance fees are $5 for adults, with kids 12 and under always free. Senior Texans 65 or older will only pay $3 to enter the park daily with a Bluebonnet Pass. Unlimited Park entrances for you and everyone in your vehicle can be accomplished with the purchase of a Texas State Park Annual Pass for $70 which is good for over 12 months. All programs are free with paid entrance fees. For more information on this or other events and programs at Cooper Lake State Park, please visit and like our Facebook pages (Cooper Lake State Park – South Sulphur 903-945-5256 and Cooper Lake State Park – Doctor's Creek 903 395-3100).
Recreational and Educational Programs Upcoming
Doctors Creek Unit
Saturday, December 3 – DC
Country Christmas – Make and take home a country Christmas inspired ornament. Meet at Pelican Point Pavilion at 10 a.m.
Friday, December 9 — DC
Christmas in the Park – a drive through experience! Escape the hustle and bustle of the city and kick off the holiday season viewing the decorated campsites. Bring your camera and join the fun starting at 6 p.m.
Saturday, December 10 – DC
Master Naturalist – 10 a.m. Meet at Pelican Point Pavilion. Enjoy a discussion with a Master Naturalist, topic to be announced.
Sunday, December 11 — DC
Rain Deer – 10 a.m. Meet at Doctors Creek Pelican Point Day Use Area. Watercolor painting – create a winter themed inspired landscape painting.
Saturday, December 17— DC
Stargazing – Join us as we explore the night sky. We'll have the telescopes out for viewing a planet or two, viewing starts at 6:30 p.m. at Pelican Point Swim Beach. We'll also be on the lookout for a meteor or two from the Geminids meteor shower.
Self-guided Stargazing – Ursids Meteor Shower – pick up an informational flyer at Headquarters.
Kid's Fishing – 9 a.m. – 11 a.m. Meet at the Bluebonnet Fishing Pier and Day Use Area. Bring your own fishing gear. No pole? No bait? No worries. We have fishing poles available to borrow. No experience needed!
Saturday, January 1st – DC
First Day Hike – Meet at 2 p.m. at Doctors Creek Pelican Point Day Use Area. Begin your 2023 health and wellness adventure!
South Sulphur Unit
Saturday, December 3 – SS
Country Christmas – Make and take home a country Christmas inspired activity. Meet at Heron Harbor Day Use Area at 2 p.m.
Sunday, December 4 — SS
Mr. and Mrs. Claws – 10 a.m. at Heron Harbor Day Use Area– Learn about talons of various animals – dare to complete this matching game.
Saturday, December 10 — SS
Roving with the Ranger – Starting at 1:30 p.m. Stop our ranger as she roves around the park to discuss the interpretive item(s), she's carrying around with her.
Saturday, December 17— SS
Gems of the Universe – 2 p.m. at Heron Harbor – Learn about the Geminids Meteor Shower, where, when, and how to view them. Create your own Gem of the Universe make and take.
Kid's Fishing – 2 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. Meet at the Heron Harbor Fishing Wall.
Saturday, January 1st – SS
First Day Hike – Meet at 10 a.m. at South Sulphur's Coyote Run Trailhead. Begin your 2023 health and wellness adventure!
Contributed by Steve Killian
The Seasons of Your Cycle by Dr. Hailey Jackson
Obituary for Nancy Herman
Halving and Wholeness by Dr. Juan Harrison
John Vance Retires after 27 years as a Texas Ranger
Sulphur Springs Lady Cats Cruise Past Mount Pleasant
Hopkins succeeds at Fort Worth stock show in 2023
CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital News for 1/24


text:
A service of the ZBW
Intereconomics
Review of European Economic Policy
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You are here: Intereconomics > Volumes > 2017 > Number 5 > The Social Integration of Immigrants and the Role of Policy – A Literature Review
Volume 52, September/October 2017, Number 5 · pp. 285-292
The Social Integration of Immigrants and the Role of Policy –
A Literature Review
Nadzeya Laurentsyeva, Alessandra Venturini
Nadzeya Laurentsyeva, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium.
Alessandra Venturini, University of Torino, Italy; and Migration Policy Centre, Florence, Italy.
This article is part of the Forum Integration of Immigrants in European Labour Markets.
Culture erosion, threats to national identity and notions of "us vs. them" often figure directly or indirectly in the discourse of opponents to immigration. The extent of these non-economic concerns largely depends on how well immigrants can integrate socially, where social integration can be understood from two perspectives. For immigrants, it means developing a sense of belonging to the host society. This often involves accepting and acting according to that society's values and norms and, if necessary, building up the social capital that is deemed necessary by the host country's institutions. The role of the native population is equally important: social integration is only feasible once immigrants are accepted as members of the society. Such mutual recognition, apart from improving individual well-being, leads to better social cohesion and has considerable economic implications, from the provision of public goods and redistribution1 to teamwork and productivity in firms.2 Yet, if immigrants and the native population differ in many social and cultural dimensions, social integration poses a challenge. Understanding the determinants of social integration and how to facilitate it thus represents a policy-relevant research area.
Researchers have considered different measures to proxy the social integration of immigrants, including self-identification, values, marriage and fertility choices, residential patterns, and civil and political engagement. On average, immigrants are found to differ from the native population in these measures.3 There are several explanations for the observed gap between immigrants and the native population. First, immigrants might be different across some fundamental characteristics, such as age or education, which are relevant for explaining social behaviour and choices. Second, in particular upon their arrival, immigrants face different constraints: a lack of language skills, insufficient economic or time resources, uncertainty regarding their length of stay, and direct obstacles to access certain areas of social life, such as voting or political activities. Third, immigrants have been exposed to a different culture either in their country of origin, ethnic neighbourhoods or in families. Culture influences preferences and beliefs and thus affects people's trust, risk attitudes and social preferences, as well as their views on religion, family ties, gender roles and political involvement.4 Differences in preferences and beliefs further translate to differences in observed behaviour and choices. A large body of literature documents the resilience of immigrants' original culture. For example, Alesina and Giuliano, Blau et al., and Fernandez and Fogli show that women from countries with low female labour supply are also less likely to work in their destination countries.5 Giuliano finds cultural influences in the living arrangements of immigrants.6 Another study reports that immigrants coming from countries with traditionally closer family ties, low generalised trust and low civil and political participation are also less politically and socially active in their destination countries.7
Existing research has shown that for economic outcomes the gap between immigrants and the native population reduces over time.8 Does social integration follow a similar pattern? While constraints that immigrants face can be modified over the years of residence in a destination country (e.g. by acquiring the language skills) or by specific policies (e.g. those that extend immigrants' rights), original beliefs and preferences are harder to change, and these might be more important for social than for economic behaviour. This raises two important questions. First, how does the social integration of immigrants evolve over years of residence in a country? Second, can policies in the destination countries influence this process? These are the central questions we try to address in this paper.9
Several conclusions emerge from our reading of the literature. First, there is a gap between immigrants and native-born populations across various proxies of social integration, which persists even when controlling for observable basic characteristics such as age and education. Immigrants do catch up as they spend more time in their host country, but social integration often lags behind economic participation, and the pace of integration differs when different proxies are used. Certain policies can accelerate the social integration of immigrants, with particularly strong effects for more disadvantaged groups. However, more research is needed to understand the mediating channels of these effects.
Proxies of social integration
Table 1 presents proxies of social integration that have been used in the economic literature.10 Similarity between immigrants and the native population across these measures reflects, to varying extents, whether immigrants consider themselves as – and act as – members of the host society, as well as whether they are perceived as such by the native population.
Among these proxies, the measure of self-identification represents the most direct attempt to capture the general idea of social integration, i.e. by asking whether an immigrant feels attached to (or identifies with) the host society. The main sources of information are socio-economic surveys in which immigrants answer questions such as "Do you feel [insert nationality]?", "Do you feel part of society?", and "Do you feel at home?". It should be noted, however, that the connotations of these questions differ. For instance, ethnic attachment is not always a necessary condition for social integration. Furthermore, being self-reported, this measure tends to be statistically noisy and hard/costly to trace over the life course of an immigrant. As an alternative proxy for social integration, Abramitzky et al., for example, suggested using the way immigrants in the US name their children.11 The idea behind this proxy is that immigrants who want to identify themselves and their children strongly with the host society are less likely to use foreign names. The advantages of this measure are its ready availability (in the administrative data) and the fact that naming a child is a choice by immigrants which should not be affected by financial constraints or a lack of certain rights. The results show that with more years spent in the US, immigrants chose more American names for their children.12 While the pace of this "name-based" convergence did not differ by literacy status, it occurred faster for immigrants who were more culturally distant from US natives.
Table 1 (back to the text)
Examples in studies
Self-identification
Manning and Roy (2010)1
Constant et al. (2014)2
(preferences and beliefs)
Trust, social preferences (altruism, fairness, reciprocity, inequity aversion) and risk attitudes
Values: gender roles, family ties, role of religion, political attitudes
Algan et al. (2013)3
Bisin et al. (2008, 2010)4
Cameron et al. (2015)5
Social participation/
(behaviour)
Planned permanent stay in host country
Perceived discrimination
Hobbies, membership in a
local social club, non-immigrant friends, reading local newspapers, residential
location choices
Avitabile et al. (2013)6
Hainmueller et al. (2017)7
Age of marriage, intermarriage, divorce rate, fertility, household structure
Adsera and Ferrer (2014)8 Furtado and Trejo (2013)9 Gathmann et al. (2017)10
Civil and political
Active citizenship: contacting a (local) policymaker, being a member of any political party, working in a political/civil organisation or association, participating in civil activities
Voting, political awareness
Barslund et al. (forthcoming)11
Hainmueller et al. (2015)12
Note: 1 A. Manning, S. Roy: Culture clash or culture club? National identity in Britain, in: The Economic Journal, Vol. 120, No. 542, 2010; 2 A. Constant, S. Schüller, K.F. Zimmermann: Ethnic Spatial Dispersion and Immigrant Identity, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7868, Institute of Labor Economics, 2013; 3 Y. Algan, A. Bisin, A. Manning, T. Verdier: Cultural integration of immigrants in Europe, Oxford 2013, Oxford University Press; 4 A. Bisin, E. Patacchini, T. Verdier, Y. Zenou: Are Muslim immigrants different in terms of cultural integration?, in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 6, No. 2-3, 2008, pp. 445-456. This paper was later updated in A. Bisin, E. Patacchini, T. Verdier, Y. Zenou: Errata Corrige: "Are Muslim Immigrants Different in Terms of Cultural Integration?", in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1012-1019; 5 L. Cameron, N. Erkal, L. Gangadharan, M. Zhang: Cultural integration: Experimental evidence of convergence in immigrants' preferences, in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 111, 2015, pp. 38-58; 6 C. Avitabile, I. Clots-Figueras, P. Masella: The Effect of Birthright Citizenship on Parental Integration Outcomes, in: Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2013, pp. 777-810; 7 J. Hainmueller, D. Hangartner, G. Pietrantuono: Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote the Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants?, in: American Political Science Review, Vol. 111, No. 2, 2017, pp. 256-276; 8 A. Adsera, A. Ferrer: Factors influencing the fertility choices of child immigrants in Canada, in: Population Studies, Vol. 68, No. 1, 2014, pp. 65-79; 9 D. Furtado, S.J. Trejo: Interethnic marriages and their economic effects, in: A.F. Constant, K.F. Zimmermann (eds.): International Handbook on the Economics of Migration, Cheltenham 2013, Edward Elgar, pp. 276-292; 10 C. Gathmann, N. Keller: Citizenship and Social Integration, IZA Working Paper, Institute of Labor Economics, 2017; 11 M. Barslund, L. Ludolph, M. Gerardin, K. Skaaning, N. Laurentsyeva: From workers to active citizens? The link between employment and social integration of immigrants in the EU, CEPS Working Document, forthcoming; 12 J. Hainmueller, D. Hangartner, G. Pietrantuono: Naturalization fosters the long-term political integration of immigrants, in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 41, 2015, pp. 12651-12656.
Source: Authors' elaboration.
We broadly classify other proxies of social integration into four groups: culture, social participation and inclusion, demographics, and civil and political participation.
One approach to capture social integration is by directly measuring immigrants' preferences and beliefs (i.e. trust, social preferences and values) and comparing them with those of the native population. A complementary way is to compare differences in immigrants' levels of trust and social preferences with respect to their compatriots in comparison to the corresponding levels with respect to the native population of their new country. Social integration would imply that immigrants no longer consider the native population as an "outsider" group and that they express trust and willingness to cooperate with them in the same way as they do with compatriots. The same questions can be asked of the native population regarding immigrants. However, as these questions are all personal and subjective in nature, in most cases these measures are only available as self-reported in surveys. As one example of an innovative approach, Cameron et al. measure the social integration of Chinese immigrants in Australia by identifying their trust, altruism and risk attitudes during laboratory experiments.13 The results confirm that the Chinese immigrants exhibit preferences different from those of Australians. However, greater exposure to Australian culture (measured by the share of education received in Australia) is in general related to more convergence toward the norms of the native population.
Other proxies in Table 1 represent the second layer: these measures reveal social integration through immigrants' actual behaviour and choices. These outcomes can be shaped by both immigrants' beliefs and preferences as well as by the constraints they face in the host country. For instance, marriage and fertility decisions could be affected by gender values and by immigrants' career opportunities. Differences in residential patterns between immigrants and the native population could reflect preferences for living among compatriots or could simply be due to financial constraints. Civil and political integration depends on whether immigrants feel like integral members of the society and on whether they have equal access to civil and political activities. While there is some uncertainty regarding the motivations for their behaviour, the advantage of these measures is that they are usually more precisely reported in surveys. Many of these indicators can be observed in the administrative data.
We use data from the European Social Survey conducted throughout the years 2002-15 in the EU member states to illustrate the differences in economic and social outcomes between first-generation immigrants and the native population (see Table 2).
Economic and social outcomes: immigrants vs. native population
Employed1
identification2
Social activities3
Language usage4
discriminated
Active citizen5
-0.0129**
-0.303***
0.0357***
Immigrant, non-EU
-0.0558***
0.110***
Mean of dependent variable (sd)
Notes: Controls: age, gender, education level, country of residence, survey year. Baseline group: the native-born population. Robust standard errors, clustered at country-year level. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. The sample includes individuals between 20 and 65 years old, residing in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden.
Definition of dependent variables: 1 "Employment status" 1 – Employed or self-employed; 0 – Not in paid work. 2 "Do you feel close to the country?" 1 – Very close; 2/3 – Close; 1/3 – Not very close; 0 – Not close at all. Responses available only for 2014-15 wave. 3 "Do you take part in social activities (compared to others of same age)?" 1 – Much more than most; 3/4 – More than most; 1/2 – About the same; 1/4– Less than most; 0 – Much less than most. 4 "Language most often spoken at home, first mentioned" 1 – corresponds to the official language(s) of the host country; 0 – other language. 5 An index of active citizenship following Hoskins et al. and Barslund et al. 1 – if a respondent participated in any civil or political activities during the last 12 months; 0 – otherwise.
Source: European Social Survey, waves 2002-15; own calculations.
For this descriptive exercise, we selected employment as a measure of economic integration, while self-identification, social activities, language usage, perceived discrimination and active citizenship are used as proxies for social integration. All regressions control for the observable individual characteristics, country of residence and survey year, and they distinguish between EU and non-EU immigrants. With the exception of self-identification, we note a statistically significant gap in the reported outcomes between immigrants and the native population. However, while the results for employment and discrimination are mainly driven by immigrants from non-EU countries, all immigrants on average lag behind the native population in social activities, language usage and active citizenship.
Figure 1 further illustrates how the above outcomes depend on years of stay in the host country. For better comparability, we standardise the variables to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. In terms of self-identification and social activities, the convergence to the native-born population happens relatively quickly. Catching-up in terms of active citizenship or language usage takes more time and is slower than economic integration. Perceived discrimination persists and exhibits a non-linear pattern.
Figure 1 (back to the text)
Economic and social integration of immigrants in the EU, over years of stay
Notes: The figure is based on the same regressions as in Table 2, but it adds dummies for different years of stay: 1-5, 6-10, 11-20 and >20. The plotted coefficients correspond to these dummies and show the gap in a given outcome between a native-born and an immigrant with x years of stay. For comparability, we standardised all the variables to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. The coefficients therefore can be interpreted in terms of standard deviations.
Controls: age, gender, education level, country of residence, survey year. Baseline group: the native-born population. Robust standard errors, clustered at country-year level. The sample includes individuals between 20 and 65 years old, residing in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden.
While Figure 1 suggests that integration outcomes improve over years of stay, the cross-sectional data does not allow us to identify whether the convergence happens because immigrants indeed adjust and are accepted by the host society or because those who can better integrate at the outset stay longer in the host country, while less successful immigrants leave. We now turn to the review of the literature that has tried to identify the role of specific policies for facilitating the integration process.
Policy impacts
This section discusses the effects of two specific policy areas that can affect immigrants' social integration: naturalisation and settlement. We selected these policies for three reasons. First, they are often subject to political debate in the destination countries. Therefore, it is useful to summarise the actual impact they have on society – in our case, by influencing immigrants' integration. Second, while these policies are present in many countries, their design and implementation vary. Although countries develop policies according to their own specific environments, there could be scope to learn from international experiences. Third, all these policies have already been in place for some time and have thus potentially affected the outcomes of several immigrant cohorts. Moreover, some countries have modified their policies, thus generating policy experiments that can be used to identify causal implications.
Naturalisation, i.e. granting citizenship, makes immigrants legally identical in terms of their rights and responsibilities to the native population. These "additional" rights for naturalised immigrants vary from country to country, but usually include full access to employment and job mobility, secured residence status, voting rights and the possibility to run for office. Naturalisation can thus provide immigrants with broader career opportunities and hence increase their income. A more certain residence status and thus a longer "pay-off" period can give immigrants stronger incentives to invest in their human capital, namely language skills or vocational and academic degrees. Removing the constraint on immigrants' political participation is likely to increase their political involvement. Finally, merely by becoming citizens, immigrants can start to feel more welcome and more attached to their host countries and thus more inclined to follow norms and engage in social life. There is, however, an opposing view that citizenship represents a reward for immigrants who have already attained a sufficient integration level. Thus, if anything, granting citizenship can reduce the incentives for immigrants to further invest in their integration.14
Studies evaluating the effects of naturalisation on immigrants' labour market outcomes yield varying conclusions. While some studies do not find any positive effect,15 others report evidence for a "naturalisation premium".16 However, in many cases, researchers acknowledge that this premium is explained by self-selection to naturalisation, i.e. an immigrant's decision to become naturalised depends on his or her individual characteristics, which are also relevant for labour market outcomes.
Gathmann and Keller avoid this self-selection problem by studying the effects of two German naturalisation reforms.17 Regarding labour market outcomes, faster naturalisation has weak effects on employment and earnings for men, but sizeable employment and earnings effects for women due to higher labour force attachment. Furthermore, the authors find that both female and male naturalised immigrants have more formal education, better German language skills and higher quality jobs. In a companion paper, Gathmann et al. proxy social integration using the demographic choices of immigrants.18 They find that access to naturalisation increases the marriage age and the probability of intermarriages. For female immigrants – especially highly skilled ones – it postpones childbirth. The authors also report that non-EU immigrant females, although more different at the baseline, adjust to a greater degree. Finally, the paper shows that higher earnings for women can be an important intermediate step linking naturalisation to marriage and fertility decisions. However, the causality between economic integration and demographic convergence remains an open issue.
In Hainmueller et al., the authors exploit the fact that in certain Swiss municipalities, the granting of citizenship rights to individual immigrants took place through local referendums on a case-by-case basis.19 They then compare the outcomes of winners and losers of these referendums. As a proxy for social integration, they use an index comprising the following characteristics: plan to stay in Switzerland, feeling of being discriminated, membership in a social club and reading Swiss newspapers rather than those from an origin country. The analysis shows that winning the citizenship referendum strongly improves immigrants' long-term social integration, with the returns to naturalisation being much larger for more marginalised immigrant groups. A previous study by the same authors used the same setting to investigate the effect of naturalisation on the political participation of immigrants.20 They found that immigrants also increased their political participation (consisting of formal political participation, political knowledge and political efficacy). However, for political integration, the effects of naturalisation are stronger for second-generation immigrants, those with higher education levels or those coming from richer EU countries.
Another type of naturalisation policy grants birthright citizenship to newborn children of immigrants. Avitabile et al. evaluated the effect of such a policy in Germany and found that foreign-born parents were more likely to interact with the local community and use the German language if their children were entitled to German citizenship at birth.21 A subsequent study by the same authors reports that birthright citizenship reduces the fertility of immigrants, consistent with Becker's "quality-quantity" model.22
Settlement or immigrant dispersal policy
Immigrants – particularly those who are newly arrived – tend to settle close to their former compatriots. This might lead to the ethnic concentration and spatial segregation of immigrants. Policies can influence these settlement patterns, both indirectly, e.g. by offering housing subsidies in certain areas, or in special cases also directly, e.g. by relocating refugees. Such policies have been implemented in countries including Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Canada. The policy-relevant research question is whether these immigrant (ethnic) networks are good or bad for immigrants' integration.
There are several channels through which immigrant networks can affect outcomes. On the one hand, it is easier to preserve the original culture within the immigrant community. By interacting mainly with compatriots, immigrants might face lower incentives to acquire destination-specific skills. On the other hand, immigrant communities may provide a sheltered environment, share experiences and thus reduce the individual costs of economic and social integration.23 Immigrant networks can also affect social integration through the economic channel, for example if the presence of a network helps with finding a job and thus makes more financial resources available for social activities. The main challenge that researchers face in evaluating the effects of immigrant networks is that immigrants choose their residence based on their characteristics and needs: those in need of support or those for whom integration is particularly challenging might prefer to settle close to their ethnic community.
The literature investigating the impact of ethnic networks on the economic outcomes of immigrants has so far produced mixed results. Edin et al. use data from a dispersal policy in Sweden and find that networks positively affect the earnings of less-skilled immigrants.24 They also suggest that networks might have a positive effect on the available information about the destination country but reduce incentives to acquire human capital. Damm studies the effects of a dispersal policy in Denmark and also finds a large positive static effect of ethnic networks on earnings.25 In contrast, Xie and Gough analyse the role of ethnic enclaves on labour market outcomes in the US and find no evidence of a positive effect on earnings of new immigrants.26 In a recent paper, Battisti et al. study the dynamic effects of ethnic networks in Germany.27 They find that in the first years after arrival, ethnic networks increase the chances of being employed, but at the same time they reduce the probability of investing in additional human capital. The initial network effect is in particular strong for low- and medium-skilled immigrants, while it is close to zero for highly educated immigrants. In the longer term, the initial positive effect of a network on earnings disappears. Moreover, exposure to an ethnic network appears to lower wages and increases the likelihood of being mismatched in the job after several years of residence in Germany.
Regarding social integration, the results have been similarly non-uniform. Some research reports lower language skills for immigrants living in ethnic enclaves.28 These studies cannot distinguish between language acquisition before and after migration, however, and can be biased by the fact that immigrants with low motivation to learn the language choose to live in enclaves. Aydemir exploits the random allocation of refugees within Canada and finds that immigrants in ethnic enclaves tend to invest more in language and job-related training.29 These results could, however, be specific to the case of refugees and/or Canadian institutions.
Yet, Bisin et al. use other proxies for the social integration of immigrants in the UK (self-reported importance of religion, attitudes toward intermarriage and the importance of racial composition in schools) and also find no evidence that ethnic neighbourhoods spur intense religious and cultural identification for ethnic minorities, in general, and for Muslims, in particular.30 Constant et al. also connect ethnic clustering with ethnic identity formation.31 The authors employ survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to obtain self-reported measures of immigrants' self-identification. The study suggests that ethnic clustering strengthens immigrants' retention of their original national identity and weakens their identification as Germans. The effects are nonlinear, however, and only become significant at relatively high levels of co-ethnic concentration.
As with economic integration, immigrants' social integration improves along with their years of residence in destination countries. Policies have some potential to influence the process of social integration.
The recent research shows that naturalisation seems to positively impact immigrants' social integration, be it proxied by marriage and fertility choices, social inclusion measures, or political activity. There is some evidence that demographic integration, in particular for women, is mediated by better economic opportunities following naturalisation. The exact channels of the naturalisation effect are yet to be understood.
Overall, existing studies do not report strong negative results for the effect of ethnic networks on the social integration of immigrants. However, several research results warn of possible adverse effects in the longer term due to lower investments in human capital. More research could be undertaken to investigate the network effect on various proxies for social integration (in particular the development of values, trust, or social preferences and the acquisition of human capital), to study dynamic effects (short- vs. long-term outcomes), and to take into account the quality of the network, e.g. the network's level of integration or its cultural proximity to the host culture. While many studies have evaluated the role of the pre-existing network upon the arrival of immigrants, relatively few studies have looked at how the simultaneous arrival of immigrants or the growth of the network over time affects social integration.32 A related study could investigate the effects of family reunion on the subsequent integration of immigrants.
In this survey, we reviewed the research evaluating naturalisation and settlement policies. We acknowledge the growing literature that looks at the effects of other immigration policies: access to work,33 legalisation of irregular immigrants34 and access to voting rights35.
One particularly interesting area of research is to understand the interactions between economic and social integration as well as between different dimensions of social integration. For instance, is employment and, hence, are policies that target economic integration sufficient for the social integration of migrants? Can social integration happen before economic integration and then facilitate the latter? Research investigating these links could contribute to the development of more efficient integration policies.36
Finally, while most of the studies so far have focused on analysing integration from the immigrant perspective, it is also important to understand how the same policies influence the native population and their attitudes and behaviour toward immigrants.
*	We gratefully acknowledge helpful comments provided by Afaf Rahim.
1 See, for example, A. Alesina, R. Baqir, W. Easterly: Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions, in: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, No. 4, 1999, pp. 1243-1284; and A. Alesina, E. La Ferrara: Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance, in: Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2005, pp. 762-800.
2	See E. Lyons: Team Production in International Labor Markets: Experimental Evidence from the Field, in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2017, pp. 70-104.
3	For an overview of studies focused on Europe, see Y. Algan, A. Bisin, A. Manning, T. Verdier (eds.): Cultural integration of immigrants in Europe, Oxforf 2013, Oxford University Press; and C. Dustmann, T. Frattini: Immigration: The European experience, IZA Discussion Paper 6261, Institute of Labor Economics, 2011. For the US, see R. Abramitzky, L.P. Boustan, K. Eriksson: Cultural Assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration, NBER Working Papers, No. 22381, available at https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/22381.html.
4	L. Guiso, P. Sapienza, L. Zingales: Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes?, in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2006, pp. 23-48.
5	A. Alesina, P. Giuliano: The power of the family, in: Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2010, pp. 93-125; F.D. Blau, L.M. Kahn, K.L. Papps: Gender, Source Country Characteristics, and Labor Market Assimilation among Immigrants, in: Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2011, pp. 43-58; R. Fernández, A. Fogli: Culture: An Empirical Investigation of Beliefs, Work, and Fertility, in: American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, pp. 146-177.
6	P. Giuliano: Living Arrangements in Western Europe: Does Cultural Origin Matter?, in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2007, pp. 927-952.
7	A. Alesina, P. Giuliano: Family Ties and Political Participation, in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2011, pp. 817-839.
8	European Commission: Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2016, Chapter 3, Luxembourg 2016, Publications Office of the European Union, pp. 109-147.
9	While acknowledging that second-generation immigrants can also experience integration problems, we focus on the integration of first-generation immigrants, for whom the gap is much wider.
10	We do not aim to provide an exhaustive list of possible indicators, but rather give a number of examples.
11	R. Abramitzky et al., op. cit.
12	Ibid.
13	L. Cameron, N. Erkal, L. Gangadharan, M. Zhang: Cultural integration: Experimental evidence of convergence in immigrants' preferences, in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 111, 2015, pp. 38-58.
14	For a review of this discussion, see J. Hainmueller, D. Hangartner, G. Pietrantuono: Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote the Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants?, in: American Political Science Review, Vol. 111, No. 2, 2017, pp. 256-276.
15	For the Netherlands, see P. Bevelander, J. Veenman: Naturalisation and Socioeconomic Integration: The Case of the Netherlands, IZA Discussion Papers No. 2153, Institute of Labor Economics, 2006, available at https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp2153.html; for the US, see B.R. Chiswick: The Earnings of Immigrants and Their Sons, in: Challenge, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1978, pp. 55-61; and for Sweden, see K. Scott: The economics of citizenship: Is there a naturalization effect?, in: P. Bevelander, D.J. DeVoretz (eds.): The Economics of Citizenship, Malmö 2008, Malmö University, pp. 105-126.
16	For North America, see D.J. DeVoretz, S. Pivnenko: The economic causes and consequences of Canadian citizenship, in: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2005, pp. 435-468; for the Netherlands, see P. Bevelander, J. Veenman, op. cit.; for Sweden, see P. Bevelander, R. Pendakur: Citizenship, Co-ethnic Populations, and Employment Probabilities of Immigrants in Sweden, in: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2012, pp. 203-222; and for Germany, see M.F. Steinhardt: Does citizenship matter? The economic impact of naturalizations in Germany, in: Labour Economics, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2012, pp. 813-823.
17	C. Gathmann, N. Keller: Access to Citizenship and the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants, in: The Economic Journal, forthcoming, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecoj.12546/abstract. The first reform in 1991 defined age-dependent residency requirements for naturalisation to be either 8 or 15 years. The second immigration reform in 2000 equalised and reduced residency requirements for all immigrants to 8 years.
18	C. Gathmann, N. Keller, O. Monscheuer: Citizenship and Social Integration, IZA Working Paper, Institute of Labor Economics, 2017.
19	J. Hainmueller et al., op. cit.
20	J. Hainmueller, D. Hangartner, G. Pietrantuono: Naturalization fosters the long-term political integration of immigrants, in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 41, 2015, pp. 12651-12656.
21	C. Avitabile, I. Clots-Figueras, P. Masella: The Effect of Birthright Citizenship on Parental Integration Outcomes, in: Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2013, pp. 777-810.
22	C. Avitabile, I. Clots-Figueras, P. Masella: Citizenship, Fertility, and Parental Investments, in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2014, pp. 35-65.
23	T.J. Hatton, A. Leigh: Immigrants assimilate as communities, not just as individuals, in: Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2011, pp. 389-419.
24	P.-A. Edin, P. Fredriksson, O. Åslund: Ethnic enclaves and the economic success of immigrants – Evidence from a natural experiment, in: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 118, No. 1, 2003, pp. 329-357.
25	A.P. Damm: Ethnic enclaves and immigrant labor market outcomes: Quasi-experimental evidence, in: Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2009, pp. 281-314.
26	Y. Xie, M. Gough: Ethnic enclaves and the earnings of immigrants, in: Demography, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1293-1315.
27	M. Battisti, G. Peri, A. Romiti: Dynamic Effects of Co-Ethnic Networks on Immigrants' Economic Success, NBER Working Paper No. 22389, 2016.
28	See B.R. Chiswick, P.W. Miller: A model of destination-language acquisition: Application to male immigrants in Canada, in: Demography, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2001, pp. 391-409; and C. Warman: Ethnic enclaves and immigrant earnings growth, in: Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d'Èconomique, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2007, pp. 401-422.
29	A. Aydemir: Ethnic Enclaves and Human Capital Investments: Evidence from a Natural Experiment, mimeo, 2012.
30	A. Bisin, E. Patacchini, T. Verdier, Y. Zenou: Are Muslim immigrants different in terms of cultural integration?, in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 6, No. 2-3, 2008, pp. 445-456. This paper was later updated in A. Bisin, E. Patacchini, T. Verdier, Y. Zenou: Errata Corrige: "Are Muslim Immigrants Different in Terms of Cultural Integration?", in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1012-1019.
31	A. Constant, S. Schüller, K.F. Zimmermann: Ethnic Spatial Dispersion and Immigrant Identity, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7868, Institute of Labor Economics, 2013.
32	Notable exceptions are L.A. Beaman: Social networks and the dynamics of labour market outcomes: Evidence from refugees resettled in the US, in: The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2011, pp. 128-161; and S. Braun, N. Dwenger: The local environment shapes refugee integration: Evidence from post-war Germany, Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business, Economics and Social Sciences 10-2017, University of Hohenheim, 2017.
33	J. Hainmueller, D. Hangartner, D. Lawrence: When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees, in: Science Advances, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2016.
34	See P. Pinotti: Clicking on heaven's door: The effect of immigrant legalization on crime, in: The American Economic Review, Vol. 107, No. 1, 2017, pp. 138-168; and O. Havrylchyk, N. Ukrayinchuk: Living in Limbo: Economic and Social Costs for Refugees, mimeo, 2017, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2880065.
35	M. Slotwinski, A. Stutzer, C. Gorinas: Democratic Involvement and Immigrants' Compliance with the Law, IZA Discussion Paper No. 10550, Institute of Labor Economics, 2017.
36	See, for example R. Koopmans: Does assimilation work? Sociocultural determinants of labour market participation of European Muslims, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2016, pp. 197-216; and M. Barslund, L. Ludolph, M. Gerardin, K. Skaaning, N. Laurentsyeva: From workers to active citizens? The link between employment and social integration of immigrants in the EU, CEPS Working Document, forthcoming.
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Home Countries England McCullum honoured by MCC for fair play
McCullum honoured by MCC for fair play
New Zealand captain Brendon McCullum has been rewarded for his attitude of fair play during the Black Caps' visit to England earlier this year, as he was awarded the CMJ Spirit of Cricket Award.
The gong, announced at Lord's and voted on by members of the MCC and the BBC, was given to McCullum after the Kiwis' enjoyable and conflict-free tour to England, and McCullum was considered vital to the good feeling between the sides.
A statement from Lord's explained: "The panel were particularly impressed with his leadership qualities and the culture of fair play that his team displayed.
"The CMJ Award initiative was created by MCC and BBC in memory of former MCC President and BBC Test Match Special commentator Christopher Martin-Jenkins, who passed away in January 2013.
"There are four awards which are given to the boy, girl, school and professional who have best exhibited the Spirit of Cricket either on a specific occasion or throughout the season, be that through outstanding sportsmanship, fair play or respect for opponents and umpires."
MCC President David Morgan said: "Brendon McCullum's conduct throughout the New Zealand tour earlier this year embodied the 'Play Hard, Play Fair' message MCC champions through the Spirit of Cricket, and it's fantastic to see that culture present within the boys and girls who have been recognised with the other awards."
England latest-news New Zealand


The Central Regional Forensic Adult Mental Health Service covers Wellington, Manawatu-Wanganui, Hawke's Bay and Gisborne districts. The forensic mental health services operate between the criminal justice system and general mental health services. They focus on managing and giving expert advice about people who present with serious mental health conditions in a variety of settings including prisons, courts, specialised inpatient units and the community. The forensic service works closely with the justice system to provide secure assessment, treatment and rehabilitation services for mentally ill offenders, alleged offenders, or adolescents who pose a high risk of offending.
We have forensic adult community teams based near the courts in the main cities in each district and near the the 5 prisons in the central region of the North Island.
Referrals are accepted for clients who come through a forensic inpatient pathway. The service is primarily for Special or Restricted patients who are transitioning from hospital or who are continuing to reside in the community on short or long leave but who remain under the care of the Forensic Service because of their legal status.
Mental health referrals are sent to the forensic community team for all prisoners who have been screened positive for mental health illness on entry to the prison.
Referrals can be sent via prison GPs or health units, justice liaison nurses, community mental health services and other regional forensic services.
Referrals are accepted for clients who come through a forensic inpatient pathway. The service is primarily for Special or Restricted patients who are transitioning from hospital or who are continuing to reside in the community on short or long leave and who remain under the care of the Forensic Service because of their legal status.
All young people entering these facilities are seen by the forensic youth team.
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(see Exhibit 6 and Exhibit 7).
hibit 9 and Exhibit 10).
like a roller coaster. On August 21, 1992, the composite index bottomed out at 460.
11. James M. West, "Korea Stock Exchange," Korea Herald, August 30, 1998.
satisfaction some recent developments in this direction.
more stringent International Accounting Standards.
There was also a change in the process through which accounting standards were set.
quired to examine corporate books was reduced from 3 percent to 1 percent.
stitutional investors' voting rights were eliminated.
12. Louis Kraar, "Korea's comeback . . . Don't expect a miracle," Forbes , May 25, 1998, p.120.
failure to perform due diligence.
Mr. Hong was convinced that a lot of progress had been made in the past few months.
also aware that much more needed to be done.
pushed forward without adequate attention paid to minority shareholder responsibilities.
by courts hamper the restructuring process?
market should pursue to attract foreign investment.
1. What are the merits and demerits of a stock versus a bank system of financing?
porate finance? Is it a good idea from the perspective of the chaebols?
4. How long do you think it will take South Korea to develop a vibrant stock market?
ment of a vibrant stock market? What other steps would you recommend?


The work Classical harmonies for contemplation, Vol. 1, Sacred music represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Oklahoma Libraries. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Audio, Musical, Music.


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Tom Pelphrey Cradles Kaley Cuoco's Baby Bump in Adorable Photo
By Anna Rumer - November 28, 2022 08:26 am EST
Kaley Cuoco is showing off her growing baby bump as she and boyfriend Tom Pelphrey eagerly await the birth of their first child. The Flight Attendant actress got some support from the Ozark actor over the weekend, posting an adorable Instagram Story showing Pelphrey holding her belly while they smiled for the camera. "M & D," Cuoco wrote simply over the photo of the expectant parents.
The Big Bang Theory actress and Mank star announced last month that they were expecting their first child, a baby girl. "Baby girl Pelphrey coming 2023. beyond blessed and over the moon," Cuoco wrote alongside a photo of herself and Pelphrey holding up cake with pink icing. "... I [love] you @tommypelphrey!!!"
(Photo: Kaley Cuoco)
In her baby bump update from over the weekend, the Meet Cute actress seems to be wearing a ring on her left ring finger, adding fuel to the fire of rumors that the couple has already gotten engaged. This would be Pelphrey's first marriage, while Cuoco was previously married to Ryan Sweeting from 2013 to 2016 and Karl Cook from 2018 to 2021.
Following her split from Cook, Cuoco told Glamour in April 2022 that she was never going to get married again. "Life is really short and you've got to make the move if you're unhappy. You have to move forward," she said of the end of her second marriage as she shut down the idea of ever tying the knot again. "I will never get married again. I would love to have a long-lasting relationship or a partnership. But I will never get married again. Absolutely not," she said. "You can literally put that on the cover."
She didn't swear off love, however. "I want to have a relationship that I give my time to and that the person feels [like they're] really part of my life. I get so distracted with work, and I want to have that in the future," she said. "... I believe in love because I've had incredible relationships. I know that they're out there. I like being someone's partner and having that companionship." The Emmy-nominated actress added, "I do believe there is someone out there. I love love. I'm not someone that wants to be by myself. I just need to figure out my priorities a little bit and make sure now I know that I need to water that relationship."
Why Meghan Markle Has Been Laying Low After Prince Harry's Book Release
Susan Sarandon Offers No Apology After Daughter Eva Amurri Calls Childhood a 'Circus'
Priscilla Presley Responds to Fan Support After Death of Lisa Marie
'Swamp People' Star Pickle Wheat Pregnant With First Baby


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The Poetry of Protest
~ covering government and politics in Missouri – since 2007
Tag Archives: wikileaks
WikiLeaks publishes stolen emails from intelligence firm and think tank Stratfor
Posted by Michael Bersin in Uncategorized
anonymous, CIA, secrecy, stratfor, think tank, wikileaks
WikiLeaks on Monday began releasing a trove of 5 million emails from the Texas-based intelligence firm Stratfor. The emails were allegedly stolen by the elusive hacker group known as Anonymous in a penetration of the Stratfor website last December.
Stratfor, a "subscription-based provider of geopolitical analysis" has numerous Fortune 500 corporations as clients, in addition to various governmental organizations around the world.
WikiLeaks shared some of the more provocative stories contained within the email cache, including details about a proposed Stratfor spin-off intended to make financial investments based on pertinent intelligence the firm had gathered.
From Wikileaks website:
"The emails show that in 2009 then-Goldman Sachs Managing Director Shea Morenz and Stratfor CEO George Friedman hatched an idea to "utilise the intelligence" it was pulling in from its insider network to start up a captive strategic investment fund. CEO George Friedman explained in a confidential August 2011 document, marked DO NOT SHARE OR DISCUSS : "What StratCap will do is use our Stratfor's intelligence and analysis to trade in a range of geopolitical instruments, particularly government bonds, currencies and the like".
The emails show that in 2011 Goldman Sach's Morenz invested "substantially" more than $4 million and joined Stratfor's board of directors. Throughout 2011, a complex offshore share structure extending as far as South Africa was erected, designed to make StratCap appear to be legally independent. But, confidentially, Friedman told StratFor staff : "Do not think of StratCap as an outside organisation. It will be integral… It will be useful to you if, for the sake of convenience, you think of it as another aspect of Stratfor and Shea as another executive in Stratfor… we are already working on mock portfolios and trades". StratCap is due to launch in 2012."
FOX News website reported:
"The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment-laundering techniques and psychological methods," the (WikiLeaks) website reads. It cites a Dec. 6, 2011, email from CEO George Friedman to Stratfor analyst Reva Bhalla, on how to exploit an Israeli intelligence informant providing information on the medical condition of Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez.
"[Y]ou have to take control of him. Control means financial, sexual or psychological control … This is intended to start our conversation on your next phase," the email reportedly reads."
A statement published on Stratfor's Facebook page about the WikiLeaks release called the action "deplorable, unfortunate – and illegal – breach of privacy."
Stratfor further advised,
"Some of the emails may be forged or altered to include inaccuracies; some may be authentic. We will not validate either. Nor will we explain the thinking that went into them. Having had our property stolen, we will not be victimized twice by submitting to questioning about them."
The mass release of stolen private property, namely, Stratfor's 5 million emails, might be crossing the line. Releasing documents, like the widely reported WikiLeaks U.S. State Department communiqués, makes up a basic pillar in the "open-source government" concept-that is, sunshine as the best disinfectant to address institutionalized secrecy and corruption.
But if there are no areas in the economy where private property and information is protected, then this precedent could usher in a new era of unbridled corporate warfare and espionage.
However, if there are significant illegalities uncovered, then the act of exposing private information to prevent a greater and continuing harm would justify WikiLeaks actions. In essence, this has been an ongoing criticism of WikiLeaks' strategy-that a shotgun approach to releasing huge troves of secret or proprietary material is overreaching and potentially damages innocent actors in the process.
WikiLeaks would most likely assert that they have conducted copious amounts of due diligence in this regard and contend that the corporations or the governments that they choose to publish information about are in such a state of widespread corruption that there cannot be any "innocent" involvement with or within these institutions.
WikiLeaks: power's legitimacy directly proportionate to its transparency
information revolution, Julian Assange, Pentagon Papers, transparency, wikileaks
How "cablegate" actually works in America's favor and its rollout quite possibly may have been sanctioned by pro-US interests
WikiLeaks is down again-likely the result of multiple denial-of-service cyber attacks. All week it's been on and off. Amazon stopped hosting the site and PayPal dumped their account. The latest has the website adopting a new domain in Switzerland, found at wikileaks.ch or http://88.80.13.160. It's pretty much a case of cyberspace whack-a-mole.
Pitch forks come out
Calls for the scalp of WikiLeaks founder and spokesperson Julian Assange have crowded the airwaves. Sarah Palin wonders why we don't go after Assange and his org like Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda-Huckabee smells treason for whoever leaked and, "anything less than execution is too kind a penalty." On Sunday, Republican Senate leader Mitch McConnell called Assange a "high-tech terrorist", while Newt Gingrich proclaimed that Assange is engaged in "information terrorism and warfare" and should be treated as an enemy combatant. Tough, tough, talk.
Assange has also been hit with an Interpol arrest warrant for an alleged sex crime committed in Sweden during, "consensual, but unprotected sex", possibly due to a condom malfunction. Assange says it's a smear campaign and has claimed being "set-up" by enemies of WikiLeaks.
Amid the international manhunt and calls for assassination, Assange revealed the existence of an encrypted and compressed 1.4 gigabyte "insurance" file as a sort of dead man's switch. He said 100,000 people have downloaded this file, and if WikiLeaks is blocked, the trigger will be pulled on this unredacted chunk of joy guaranteeing the mission of disclosure no matter what strategies are employed to shut Assange's operation down.
Disclosure hall of fame
WikiLeaks Iraq War logs and "cablegate" have been called this generation's "Pentagon Papers":
•Cablegate : 251,287 leaked US embassy cables (only 931 available as of 12/6/2010)
•Iraq War logs : 391,832 United States Army field reports from Iraq War (2004-2009)
WikiLeaks intends to release the entire trove of embassy cables in the coming months, in addition to insider documents from a major US bank. After instigating tens of thousands of unique press reports and articles covering the latest material, WikiLeaks has clearly risen to top the disclosure hall of fame.
It's important to note that WikiLeaks and Assange did not steal the diplomatic cables per se, but were provided the classified documents by a whistleblower-much like what had occurred during the Vietnam War.
Vietnam War and the Pentagon Papers
In 1969, Daniel Elsberg was an analyst working for RAND and the DoD, and leaked a top secret report on the Vietnam War-information that became known as the "Pentagon Papers". The Pentagon Papers clearly showed purposeful deception leveled at Congress and the American people by the Johnson Administration to further prosecute the war. The Nixon Administration attempted to block publication, but the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the disclosure in New York Times Co. v. United States, citing First Amendment protection (viz., freedom of the press).
The Pentagon Papers-on one hand-led to criminal pushback from Nixon resulting in the downfall of the Presidency through Watergate. On the other hand, the Pentagon Papers made a significant contribution to ending the war.
Ellsberg's whistle-blowing counterpart in today's WikiLeaks controversy is the alleged leaker, US Army analyst, Bradley Manning-not Assange, nor WikiLeaks.
WikiLeaks, like the New York Times 40 years ago, is a media venue releasing information it received, and in as much, is protected by the First Amendment.
So, why the pitch forks?
Maybe in the big picture the WikiLeaks phenomenon is good?
A dissenting perspective
Now I know to some this may seem like a radical notion, but let me explain. First of all, I sympathize with those in Government feeling distraught that confidential communications have been cast into the wind for the entire world to see-I'm sure I would feel just as upset if I were in the State Department. However, I'm not at State, nor work for the government, so my observations are relatively neutral in examining the more over-arching implications of what WikiLeaks represents.
Information and knowledge are the lifeblood of democracy
America and the West are open-societies built on a foundation based upon the free flow of information. Founder, framer, President, James Madison said, "knowledge will forever govern ignorance", and if a people intend to be their own self-governors, they must wield the power that knowledge brings.
Largely, we have a tradition of celebrating democratic, fact-based, and scientifically sound decision making processes-the product of age of enlightenment principles. The decomodification of information is our heritage and America's birthright.
In contrast, secrecy is a form of government regulation that is particularly vulnerable to abuse due to lack of oversight. The overreaching application of secrecy shuts down the free flow of information. There is a role for privacy and confidentiality-but when it becomes a humongous institution generating millions of documents each year on autopilot-secrecy builds a bulwark against democracy, as Daniel Patrick Moynihan says in his book Secrecy: An American Experience, "a hidden metastasizing mass within government itself."
Information-based democracy: power's legitimacy is directly proportionate to its transparency
In 2004, I delved into the subject of Alvin Tofler's Third Wave (the information and communications revolution) and explored its transformative impact on global politics, national security, and the evolution of democracy. I had learned that technological and scientific discoveries throughout history compound over time and once new standards are established, they rarely revert.
Information technology is like an accumulative arms race, and once people become accustomed to new ways of doing things, the cat's out of the bag, so-to-speak.
Established technologies are built upon and improved by additional innovations over time. An example of this process would be the thousands of inventions and innovations that have come together to make the cell phone you hold in your hand. Thousands of inventors and developers, over the decades and centuries, did not speak with one another directly, and yet, through additive synthesis, collaborated with each another to bring us new state-of-the-art technologies. From a million miles away, this extremely effective and penetrating cooperation-beyond the boundaries of time and space-might appear to be an almost hive-like intelligence. 10,000 people made your computer possible, yet never spoke with one another.
How would people's ability to instantly communicate with one another impact the old, artificial, and comparmentalized constraints upon information dissemination? With the presence of these new tools, political or corporate power could not be preserved cloistered away in hidden chamber. It becomes a question of provable trust-and a vibrant information network, comprised of a plugged-in electorate, would eventually demand new levels of accountability, in real time. Hence, "power's legitimacy is directly proportionate to its transparency."
In other words, in an information-based society, where power accumulates, transparency must also. This principle should apply to governmental or corporate entities alike. The larger the potential impact an institution or corporation has, the greater the responsibility to publically fully vet its programs and procedures. Our future success as a society and global community is directly related to the quality of information people have access to-to wit, corruption unseen, is unfixable; and institutional secrecy in the info-age is a force in opposition to progress and the healing properties of cultural evolution. Secrecy is anti-democratic-and according to some scholars-anti-constitutional.
Hidden government and the Cold War national security apparatus
American institutionalized secrecy has grown to massive proportions since the National Security Act of 1947 creating a myriad of intelligence agencies and the current Department of Defense. With billions appropriated in the dark, numerous black-ops, covert acts-all removed from any thorough scrutiny-we quite possibly started down a very unconstitutional path.
From the Constitution, Article 1 Section 9 Clause 7 says,
To quote recently passed Chalmers Johnson in his book "The Sorrows of Empire",
"This article is the one that empowers the Congress and makes the United States a democracy. It guarantees that the people's representatives will know what the state apparatus is actually doing and it authorizes full disclosure of its activities. It has not been applied to the Department of Defense or the Central Intelligence Agency since their creation."
WikiLeaks slogan-"we open government"-suggests a different, yet, very constitutional way of conducting the people's business. Open-source government is a new, and perhaps, inevitable future stage of democracy only made possible through the technological revolution of our digitally interconnected world-ironically, a technology originally created by the United States Department of Defense.
The Intergalactic Computer Network
The internet was created following a vision laid out in a series of memos by J.C.R. Licklider working for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). One memo addressed to "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network", described the principles behind packet switching, and interestingly was opposed by industry stakeholders as pointless and an inefficient use of computer resources. Licklider's point was to make information and knowledge accessible all around the world. He had this epiphany in the early 60s and imagined connecting the user to, "everyday business, industrial, government, and professional information, and perhaps, also to news, entertainment, and education."
Fast-forward to today and we see entire economies, communities and governments transformed by Third Wave technology-I submit, these cultural changes, engendered by the DoD, are inherently based on enlightenment principles, and in essence, operate as the new "arsenal of democracy". And WikiLeaks is actually part of that arsenal.
The Emperor has no clothes
The reality of new media working to unpack totalitarian regimes in a classic "emperor has no clothes" narrative is well-established. The recent civil unrest in Iran saw cell phone cams and creative web workarounds penetrate the veil of suppression. Sites like Twitter and Facebook were thrust into a historic role raising the bar on transparency and carrying forward, the political ramifications are profound. These technologies have proliferated around the world, including into totalitarian-leaning nations, and as a result, amplifying the voice of the people. Is it any wonder China blacked-out coverage of the uprising in Iran, or why they've domestically shut down access to certain ideas, political concepts, or even whole sections of the internet?
Moving past the impasse in Iran and North Korea
The WikiLeaks phenomenon has opened up new possibilities for what many consider intractable foreign policy challenges. Revelations about where certain Chinese officials stand vis-à-vis North Korea (they could see a reunited Korean peninsula under the South's leadership), or where the King of Saudi Arabia stands vis-à-vis Iran (urging US military action to address Iranian nuclear ambitions), have broken open a diplomatic logjam by engaging the court of world opinion.
The leaked diplomatic cables paint the US as less of a lone wolf in regard to its involvement in the Middle East and relatively consistent in what State department officials are saying in private and in public. Indeed, the disclosures are so pro-US, some have speculated that WikiLeaks could be a CIA conduit. Hands-on or hands-off involvement by CIA, NSA is irrelevant; fact is, all possible scenarios of open-source government have been gamed out. These are important possibilities to contemplate when trying to unpack what's really transpired here with WikiLeaks and its founder, Julian Assange.
Open societies (the West) will ultimately benefit from open-source government. Yes there is corruption in the Empire that needs to be rooted out, the folly of endless wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the unholy tryst twixt Washington & Wallstreet-but foreign nations lead by strongman thugs, monarchies, theocrats, narco-neocommunists, will never thrive under sunshine. The West possesses the cultural infrastructure to best metabolize this new "sunshine paradigm" and morph itself into a productive vessel for pier-to-pier democracy. The celebration of knowledge, human ingenuity-not to mention the DoD-have made it possible for billions of people all around the world to be connected with one another, making all this disinfectant (WikiLeaks) possible.
"Singing our space songs on a spider web sitar… Let the sunshine, let the sunshine in, the sunshine in…"
~ from the musical Hair
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