text:
Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests
E. Vidal, M. Márquez, M. Ordóñez, A. J. Raeber, T. Struckmeyer, B. Oesch, S. Sisó, M. Pumarola*
Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery
Department of Economics and Economic History
Centre for Animal Biotechnology and gene Therapy (CBATEG)
Centre for History of Science (CEHIC)
Institute of Neuroscience (INc)
The distribution of PrPBSE in the brain of nine confirmed BSE field cases was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and compared to the levels of PrPBSE determined by two rapid tests (Prionics®-Check WESTERN and Prionics®-Check LIA). Each brain was dissected into 16 areas: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis, cerebellar medulla, cerebellar hemispheres, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, striatum, frontal cortex, piriform lobe and olfactory bulbs. The highest levels of PrPBSE were detected in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and pons, and correspondingly both rapid tests showed 100% correlation with the immunohistochemistry with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Some inconsistencies between the levels of PrPBSE determined either by immunohistochemistry or by the rapid tests were found in brain areas with medium to low levels of PrPBSE. These brain areas included the cerebellar hemisphere, olfactory bulb, and the temporal and parietal cortices. A brain PrPBSE distribution curve (BPDC) was designed by plotting the PrPBSE signals obtained from the two rapid tests versus the anatomical region along the caudal-rostral axis of the brain. Comparison of the BPDC of the nine BSE cases showed that all cases had a similar PrPBSE distribution in the brain but with variable intensities, which could be explained by different stages in the progression of the disease. We propose that the BPDC could be used as a tool to differentiate classical cases of BSE from the recently identified atypical BSE cases.
Journal of Virological Methods
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005
BPDC
PrPres
10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Medulla Oblongata Medicine & Life Sciences
Pons Medicine & Life Sciences
Olfactory Bulb Medicine & Life Sciences
Temporal Lobe Medicine & Life Sciences
Spinal Cord Medicine & Life Sciences
Vidal, E., Márquez, M., Ordóñez, M., Raeber, A. J., Struckmeyer, T., Oesch, B., Sisó, S., & Pumarola, M. (2005). Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests. Journal of Virological Methods, 127(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005
Vidal, E. ; Márquez, M. ; Ordóñez, M. ; Raeber, A. J. ; Struckmeyer, T. ; Oesch, B. ; Sisó, S. ; Pumarola, M. / Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests. In: Journal of Virological Methods. 2005 ; Vol. 127, No. 1. pp. 24-32.
@article{f29c8c1ef7be49eeb25f22d3822c0b89,
title = "Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests",
abstract = "The distribution of PrPBSE in the brain of nine confirmed BSE field cases was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and compared to the levels of PrPBSE determined by two rapid tests (Prionics{\textregistered}-Check WESTERN and Prionics{\textregistered}-Check LIA). Each brain was dissected into 16 areas: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis, cerebellar medulla, cerebellar hemispheres, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, striatum, frontal cortex, piriform lobe and olfactory bulbs. The highest levels of PrPBSE were detected in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and pons, and correspondingly both rapid tests showed 100% correlation with the immunohistochemistry with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Some inconsistencies between the levels of PrPBSE determined either by immunohistochemistry or by the rapid tests were found in brain areas with medium to low levels of PrPBSE. These brain areas included the cerebellar hemisphere, olfactory bulb, and the temporal and parietal cortices. A brain PrPBSE distribution curve (BPDC) was designed by plotting the PrPBSE signals obtained from the two rapid tests versus the anatomical region along the caudal-rostral axis of the brain. Comparison of the BPDC of the nine BSE cases showed that all cases had a similar PrPBSE distribution in the brain but with variable intensities, which could be explained by different stages in the progression of the disease. We propose that the BPDC could be used as a tool to differentiate classical cases of BSE from the recently identified atypical BSE cases.",
keywords = "BPDC, BSE, LIA, PrPres, Western blotting",
author = "E. Vidal and M. M{\'a}rquez and M. Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez and Raeber, {A. J.} and T. Struckmeyer and B. Oesch and S. Sis{\'o} and M. Pumarola",
note = "Funding Information: The financial support of the Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social (DSSS) and Departament d{\textquoteright}Agricultura Ramaderia i Pesca (DARP) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
doi = "10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005",
language = "Ingl{\'e}s estadounidense",
journal = "Journal of Virological Methods",
Vidal, E, Márquez, M, Ordóñez, M, Raeber, AJ, Struckmeyer, T, Oesch, B, Sisó, S & Pumarola, M 2005, 'Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests', Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005
Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests. / Vidal, E.; Márquez, M.; Ordóñez, M.; Raeber, A. J.; Struckmeyer, T.; Oesch, B.; Sisó, S.; Pumarola, M.
In: Journal of Virological Methods, Vol. 127, No. 1, 07.2005, p. 24-32.
T1 - Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests
AU - Vidal, E.
AU - Márquez, M.
AU - Ordóñez, M.
AU - Raeber, A. J.
AU - Struckmeyer, T.
AU - Oesch, B.
AU - Sisó, S.
AU - Pumarola, M.
N1 - Funding Information: The financial support of the Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social (DSSS) and Departament d'Agricultura Ramaderia i Pesca (DARP) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
N2 - The distribution of PrPBSE in the brain of nine confirmed BSE field cases was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and compared to the levels of PrPBSE determined by two rapid tests (Prionics®-Check WESTERN and Prionics®-Check LIA). Each brain was dissected into 16 areas: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis, cerebellar medulla, cerebellar hemispheres, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, striatum, frontal cortex, piriform lobe and olfactory bulbs. The highest levels of PrPBSE were detected in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and pons, and correspondingly both rapid tests showed 100% correlation with the immunohistochemistry with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Some inconsistencies between the levels of PrPBSE determined either by immunohistochemistry or by the rapid tests were found in brain areas with medium to low levels of PrPBSE. These brain areas included the cerebellar hemisphere, olfactory bulb, and the temporal and parietal cortices. A brain PrPBSE distribution curve (BPDC) was designed by plotting the PrPBSE signals obtained from the two rapid tests versus the anatomical region along the caudal-rostral axis of the brain. Comparison of the BPDC of the nine BSE cases showed that all cases had a similar PrPBSE distribution in the brain but with variable intensities, which could be explained by different stages in the progression of the disease. We propose that the BPDC could be used as a tool to differentiate classical cases of BSE from the recently identified atypical BSE cases.
AB - The distribution of PrPBSE in the brain of nine confirmed BSE field cases was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and compared to the levels of PrPBSE determined by two rapid tests (Prionics®-Check WESTERN and Prionics®-Check LIA). Each brain was dissected into 16 areas: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis, cerebellar medulla, cerebellar hemispheres, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, striatum, frontal cortex, piriform lobe and olfactory bulbs. The highest levels of PrPBSE were detected in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and pons, and correspondingly both rapid tests showed 100% correlation with the immunohistochemistry with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Some inconsistencies between the levels of PrPBSE determined either by immunohistochemistry or by the rapid tests were found in brain areas with medium to low levels of PrPBSE. These brain areas included the cerebellar hemisphere, olfactory bulb, and the temporal and parietal cortices. A brain PrPBSE distribution curve (BPDC) was designed by plotting the PrPBSE signals obtained from the two rapid tests versus the anatomical region along the caudal-rostral axis of the brain. Comparison of the BPDC of the nine BSE cases showed that all cases had a similar PrPBSE distribution in the brain but with variable intensities, which could be explained by different stages in the progression of the disease. We propose that the BPDC could be used as a tool to differentiate classical cases of BSE from the recently identified atypical BSE cases.
KW - BPDC
KW - BSE
KW - LIA
KW - PrPres
KW - Western blotting
U2 - 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005
DO - 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005
M3 - Artículo
JO - Journal of Virological Methods
JF - Journal of Virological Methods
Vidal E, Márquez M, Ordóñez M, Raeber AJ, Struckmeyer T, Oesch B et al. Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests. Journal of Virological Methods. 2005 Jul;127(1):24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.005


text:
Le elezioni presidenziali in Finlandia del 1994 si tennero il 16 gennaio (primo turno) e il 6 febbraio (secondo turno); videro la vittoria di Martti Ahtisaari, sostenuto dal Partito Socialdemocratico Finlandese.

Risultati

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

1994
Finlandia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


SSC completes a comprehensive vetting process to ensure that each project has student involvement, positive environmental impact, and an ability to spark change. We receive more proposals than we are able to fund, currently awarding about 40% of the submissions. As a public university, we make our records, including contact information, available to the public. Additionally, SSC retains the right to defer projects to the next semester. If you have any questions about the application and/or evaluation process, please email sustainability-committee@illinois.edu.
Read our Funding Criteria: The SSC fee mandates exclude certain items from funding eligibility. Review our funding criteria to ensure your project is eligible for SSC funding.
Submit Step 1 Application: Complete the SSC Step 1 Application and submit it to sustainability-committee@illinois.edu no later than 11:59 PM on the designated date.
Attend a Working Group Meeting: SSC offers working group meetings where applicants can present their projects to a few voting members. These presentations are optional, but strongly encouraged.
Submit Step 2 Application: Complete the Step 2 Application and the Supplemental Budget, then submit these two documents to sustainability-committee@illinois.edu no later than 11:59 PM on the designated date.
Sign Funding Agreement & Request C-FOAPAL: Once SSC funds a project, each stakeholder signs a funding agreement. The financial manager will request a new C-FOAPAL string where the money will remain for the duration of the project. SSC funding lasts for two years.
Submit Semesterly Reports: Each semester, project leaders will submit the semesterly report to sustainability-committee@illinois.edu no later than 11:59 PM on the designated date.
Submit Final Report: Once the project is completed, project leaders will submit a final report to sustainability-committee@illinois.edu in lieu of a semesterly report.
If a student-led project costs less than $10,000, applicants will go through a one step process. We expedite student proposals to better serve student leadership. We realize that students, with their load of responsibilities, may feel more inclined to undertake a smaller project that can be started by a sooner date. Most applicants follow the sequence below.
Projects led by students must have a faculty/staff sponsor and a department sponsor to receive funds. The Student Sustainability Committee is unable to provide funding directly to students or registered student organizations. Projects without necessary sponsors could experience delays in the funding process or be denied funding.
Attend a Working Group Meeting: SSC encourages applicants to attend a working group meeting so they can receive feedback directly from voting members, ultimately strengthening project proposals. These meetings occur regularly and are posted on our calendar.
Submit Student-Led Application: Complete the Student-Led Application and submit it to sustainability-committee@illinois.edu no later than 11:59 PM on the designated date.
Mid December, 2018: Committee Decision Released – Applicants receive notice if they are funded, rejected, or deferred. Actual award of funds may take 1-2 additional months pending university accounting processes.
Early May, 2019: Committee Decision Released – Applicants receive notice if they are funded, rejected, or deferred. Actual award of funds may take 1-2 additional months pending university accounting processes.
October 22, 2018: Committee Decision Released – Applicants receive notice if they are funded, rejected, or deferred. Actual award of funds may take 1-2 additional months pending university accounting processes.
March 4, 2019: Committee Decision Released – Applicants receive notice if they are funded, rejected, or deferred. Actual award of funds may take 1-2 additional months pending university accounting processes.


Dulcie Schwartz feline-filled mysteries volume 6.
When grad student Dulcie Schwartz thinks she hears a wolf late one night, on her way to pick up some forgotten papers from her departmental office, she tries to dismiss it -- but it's too late for her peace of mind. The noises, the dark building and an unnerving sighting of her adviser -- looking strangely unhuman in the moonlight -- all combine to thoroughly give her the creeps. But it is not until the next morning that Dulcie learns the disquieting truth: she was right to be spooked. A woman worryingly close to the university was savagely attacked, that very night. A woman who looks like Dulcie. Aided by the cryptic advice from her kitten Esmé and the ghost of her late, great cat Mr Grey, Dulcie can't stop herself from investigating, just a little . . .
Gilbert, Tavia,narrator., Gilbert, Tavia., hoopla digital.
Aided by the cryptic advice from her kitten Esmé and the ghost of her late, great cat Mr Grey, Dulci can't stop herself from investigating a savage attack on a university student.
hoopla:MWT10993656|eAudiobook|Audio Books|Unabridged.|English|Dreamscape Media, LLC ,|2013.|1 online resource (1 audio file (8hr., 55 min.)) : digital., hoopla:MWT12209849|eBook|eBook||English|Severn House Publishers,|2013.|1 online resource, ils:.b38197340|Audio CD|Audio Books|Unabridged.|English|Dreamscape Media,||7 audio discs (8 hrs., 55 min.) : digital ; 4 3/4 in., ils:.b38206808|Book|Books||English|Severn House,|2013.|213 pages ; 23 cm.


Another Drug Bust in Pensacola!
Once again, in Escambia County—another drug bust! On May 5, 2003, Trooper Brian Davis stopped a 1978 Buick for following too closely at the 3-mile marker on Interstate 10. After becoming suspicious of the driver, Trooper Davis walked K-9 Chaos around the vehicle.
After Chaos alerted, a search revealed three pounds of marijuana hidden in a shoebox on the rear passenger floorboard.
One adult and one juvenile were taken into custody.


Contemporary Political Philosophy has been revised to include many of the most significant developments in Anglo-American political philosophy in the last eleven years, particularly the new debates on political liberalism, deliberative democracy, civic republicanism, nationalism, and cultural pluralism. The text now includes two new chapters on citizenship theory and multiculturalism, in addition to updated chapters on utilitarianism, liberal egalitarianism, libertarianism, socialism, communitarianism, and feminism. The many thinkers discussed include G. A. Cohen, Ronald Dworkin, William Galston, Carol Gilligan, R. M. Hare, Catherine Mackinnon, David Miller, Philippe Van Parijs, Susan Okin, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, John Roemer, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer, and Iris Young.


text:
1.3 Proper noun
1.3.2 Translations
1.4 Anagrams
2 Cebuano
English Wikipedia has an article on:
The name of a river in Scotland, from the Gaelic name Cluaidh, of uncertain origin. Possibly influenced by clut ("the cleansing one").
IPA(key): /klaɪd/
Rhymes: -aɪd
Homophone: clied
Proper noun[edit]
(chiefly US) A male given name transferred from the place name (the River Clyde in Scotland).
A major river in Scotland, flowing from South Lanarkshire council area, past North Lanarkshire council area, through Glasgow council area, and past Renfrewshire council area and West Dunbartonshire council area, to the Firth of Clyde.
A suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
A suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
A village in northern Alberta, Canada.
A community in the township of North Dumfries, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
A small town in Central Otago, New Zealand.
A census-designated place in Contra Costa County, California.
An unincorporated community in Imperial County, California.
A ghost town in Bryan County, Georgia.
A small city in Cloud County, Kansas.
An unincorporated community in Highland Township, Oakland County, Michigan.
A census-designated place and unincorporated community in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey.
A village in Wayne County, New York.
A town in Haywood County, North Carolina.
An unincorporated community and ghost town in Cavalier County, North Dakota.
A city in Sandusky County, Ohio.
An unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania.
An unincorporated community in Darlington County, South Carolina.
A small city in Callahan County, Texas.
A small town and unincorporated community in Iowa County, Wisconsin.
An unincorporated community in the town of Ahnapee, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.
Clydebank
Clydeside
Translations[edit]
suburb of Sydney
German: Clyde
Romanian: Clyde
Anagrams[edit]
decyl
Cebuano[edit]
From English Clyde, from Celtic. Often humorously used as an anglicisation of Claudio.
a male given name from the Celtic languages
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Clyde&oldid=65326506"
Rhymes:English/aɪd
English terms with homophones
English lemmas
English proper nouns
English male given names
English male given names from place names
en:Rivers in South Lanarkshire, Scotland
en:Rivers in Scotland
en:Rivers in North Lanarkshire, Scotland
en:Rivers in the City of Glasgow, Scotland
en:Rivers in Renfrewshire, Scotland
en:Rivers in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland
en:Places in South Lanarkshire, Scotland
en:Places in Scotland
en:Places in North Lanarkshire, Scotland
en:Places in the City of Glasgow, Scotland
en:Places in Renfrewshire, Scotland
en:Places in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland
en:Suburbs in New South Wales
en:Places in New South Wales
en:Places in Australia
en:Suburbs in Victoria
en:Places in Victoria
en:Villages in Alberta
en:Villages in Canada
en:Places in Alberta
en:Places in Canada
en:Villages in Ontario
en:Places in Ontario
en:Towns in New Zealand
en:Places in New Zealand
en:Census-designated places in California, USA
en:Census-designated places in the United States
en:Places in California, USA
en:Places in the United States
en:Unincorporated communities in California, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in the United States
en:Ghost towns in Georgia, USA
en:Places in Georgia, USA
en:Cities in Kansas, USA
en:Cities in the United States
en:Places in Kansas, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in Michigan, USA
en:Places in Michigan, USA
en:Census-designated places in New Jersey, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in New Jersey, USA
en:Places in New Jersey, USA
en:Villages in New York, USA
en:Villages in the United States
en:Places in New York, USA
en:Towns in North Carolina, USA
en:Towns in the United States
en:Places in North Carolina, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in North Dakota, USA
en:Ghost towns in North Dakota, USA
en:Places in North Dakota, USA
en:Cities in Ohio, USA
en:Places in Ohio, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania, USA
en:Places in Pennsylvania, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in South Carolina, USA
en:Places in South Carolina, USA
en:Cities in Texas, USA
en:Places in Texas, USA
en:Towns in Wisconsin, USA
en:Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin, USA
en:Places in Wisconsin, USA
Cebuano terms derived from English
Cebuano terms derived from Celtic languages
Cebuano lemmas
Cebuano nouns
Cebuano given names
Cebuano male given names
Cebuano male given names from Celtic languages
Cebuano male given names from English

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Celeriac is (as many of you will know) a variety of celery grown for its edible root. Instead of the luscious green edible and slender stems of celery, all the energy of this verity goes into growing a turnip-sized round root which is juicy and beautiful to eat raw or cooked.
Both plants descend from wild celery and it's a wonder how they came to be so different. Perhaps like two close sisters who travel the world in opposite directions for years and are then reunited only to discover they have grown apart. Similar but different. We grow and change continually, like our vegetable varieties.
In the case of celeriac, we often overlook the tender green leafy tops, going straight for the root of the vegetable. If tender and clean, these tops pair beautifully with white fish, such as hake or Pollock. There is great line-caught Pollock to be had in Ireland now so please give cod a break before it has been fished to extinction.
Perhaps the most famous celeriac dish is celeriac remoulade. Remoulade is a classic French condiment that has a mayonnaise base along with shallots, capers, and plenty of fresh herbs. To make the celeriac version, simply add thinly cut pieces of celeriac to the a very mustardy mayonnaise along with all the above ingredients.
In terms of herbs, I tend to go for tarragon and chervil. In essence, its a posh coleslaw but at least you'll be able to take a step towards becoming a more consummate foodie and eco-warrior as you serve your organic celeriac remoulade with your poached line caught pollock and wild rocket salad.


(15May2011)This issue will start a short series on how I take a stab at determining sail area. The 1 June issue will continue the topic.
THE REND LAKE MESSABOUT WILL TAKE PLACE ON JUNE 10 and 11 AT THE PINTAIL LOOP OF THE NORTH SANDUSKY CAMP GROUND AT REND LAKE IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS. USUALLY THE SANDUSKY CAMP GROUNDS MIGHT BE FULL FOR THAT WEEKEND. BUT SOME OF OUR BOATERS HAVE RESERVED SOME OF THE SITES THEIR SO YOU (AND I) MIGHT PASS THAT WAY FIRST SINCE SEVERAL TENTERS CAN SHARE A CAMPSITE. IF NOT, THEN I WOULD TRY THE WAYNE FITZGERRELL STATE CAMPGROUND WHICH IS ON THE MAIN CAUSEWAY LEADING TO SANDUSKY. THEIR WEBSITE SAYS IT IS STRICTLY FIRST COME FIRST SERVE, NO RESERVATIONS ALLOWED. IT IS A VERY QUICK DRIVE FROM THERE TO SANDUSKY. HOPE TO SEE YOU THERE!
Rene Vidmer's far flung AF4b gets an oversized launching in Pensacola this time. Let's review: New York, up through Canada and the Great Lakes, down the Illinois River, down the Mississippi River, up the Ohio and the Tennessee, down the Tom Bigbee, along the Gulf Coast, then up the Suwannee, a portage across the Okefenokee Swamp, then up the St Mary's to Folkston, Ga where it now awaits a fresh motor!
This essay is based on an old essay, very old by internet standards, written in Feb 1998. I'm changing it around a bit and adding things that were learned over the past 13 years, but the basics are still the same.
The question that always comes up is "How much sail area do I put on a boat??" To me the secret here has nothing at all to do with placing a pretty sail rig on the side view of the hull. That's about the last thing you do. The secret is first to establish the stability of the hull, which is determined almost totally by the cross sections of the hull, their shape and width in particular. So one might ask, "How can you put a Sunfish rig on an 8' Catbox when the Sunfish was twice as long?" The answer is that the Catbox is wider and squarer than the Sunfish and has walk around stability, something the narrower but longer Sunfish doesn't have. In a way I'm thinking the length of the hull has nothing to do with the stabiltiy of the thing except that long hulls are heavier than short hulls and the weight figures directly into the stability. Don't get me wrong - long hulls can be a lot faster than short hulls, more seaworthy and roomier, so think long before you think short. But if you are trying to adapt a certain sail plan to a new hull you don't need to think about length hardly at all.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of how to figure the righting moment of a boat at a certain angle of heel. This is a static analysis which is to say the boat is not accelerating. It can be moving, but all the forces on the boat are in balance. If the boat is being pitched and rolled about in angry seas, a much more complex analysis is required. Also, the distribution of the ballast (as opposed to simply the location of its center of gravity) becomes a factor in a dynamic analysis.
What we have here is the wind's pressure on the sail, up high, and a balancing load on the keel or fin, conspiring to tip the boat over. That "moment" or torque, is counteracted by the weight of the boat pushing down and the buoyancy of the boat pushing up. These last two forces are not in line with each other when the boat heels but are separated by a distance called the "righting arm". If the weight of the boat in is "pounds" and the length of the righting arm is "feet", the righting moment is measured in "foot pounds". Note here that the stability of the boat is a direct function of the weight. So heavier boats are more stable than light boats and could carry more sail in a given wind.
The CG is sort of the "average" location of all the weights. To get stated figuring a CG location, you must have a reference line and in these examples I will use the bottom of the boat as the reference. We're only going to figure the vertical (up and down) CG in these simple examples, but in a complex project you might also figure the location laterally (side to side} and longitudinal (along the length) locations.
Let's say our boat only had two elements, the hull and all its contents weighing 500 pounds with that weight centered 2' above the bottom, and let's say 250 pounds of internal ballast centered 3" (which is .25') above the bottom. So the total weight is 750 pounds.
To find the CG, you multiply each weight by its vertical location, add all those pieces, and then divide that sum by the total weight. So the example calculation would be CG = (500x2)+(250x.25) all divided by (500+250 and that equals (1000+62.5) / 750 = 1.42' above the base line.
So the effect of the 250 pounds of ballast was to lower the CG from 2' to 1.42', a difference of 7".
In this calculation the makeup of the ballast is not a factor. The only factors are the weight and location of the ballast. The only way the ballast material could be a factor is if it were of such density that it could be centered closer to the bottom. For example if the ballast were water inside a rectangular tank 6" deep, 4' wide and 2' long, it would amount to 4 cubic feet of water which is about 250 pounds and it would center at 3" above the bottom and provide the above CG location of 1.42". If we switched to lead which is 11 times denser than water, we might have a plate only .54" thick. We could mount it centered .27" (which is .0225') off the bottom instead of 3". The new CG would be ((500x2)+(250x.0225))/750=1.34'. So the CG of this lead ballasted boat is lower by less than an inch.
This is very hard to do my hand. I'm going to use Hullform6S as a tool to do this. To keep lots of variable from getting in the way, I'm going to use the above pictured "boat" as the example. It is just a box, 16' long, 4' wide, 2'deep. It weighs 500 pounds with its unballasted weight centered on the top of the box, 2' above the bottom. I'm going to ballast the box in four different ways, roll each example over at 10 degree intervals to 90 degrees, and record and plot the righting moments as predicted by Hullform6S.
I should note here that the original essay was steering towards the effect of different sorts of ballast which is interesting in itself. And although the test model was a simple box, programs like Hullform can figure the hydrodynamics of about any shape you care to type into it. If you have a very specific hull shape in mind you need to define it to Hullform essentially by typing in offsets taken from your hull.
So example A will be the above unballasted 500 pound box.
Example B is shown below. It's the same as A exept it has a 250 pound lead fin with the weight of the fin centered 2' below the bottom. So the CG of this combination is .66' above the boat's bottom. But, the 250 pounds of lead displaces some water, right? Its volume amounts to .36 cubic feet of lead displacing the same amount of water which is 22 pounds of water trying to float the lead back up. So the total ballast effect of the lead while it is under water is actually about 228 pounds. If the boat heels to the point where the lead is totally out of the water, it has 250 pounds of ballast effect.
Example C has the same 250 pound fin configuration as example B except a water filled tank, 6" wide, and 4' deep, is used instead oflead. That amounts to 250 pounds of ballast water centered 2' below the hull so the CG of the total boat/ballast combination is the same .66'above the bottom. Again, the 250 pounds of external ballast displaces some water. The water ballast displaces its own weight in water! So the ballast weight is exactly balanced by the buoyancy of the displaced water. So this underwater tank has no ballast effect as long as it is under water. When the boat heels enough to raise it out of the water, it becomes effective.
Example D is really the same as C except the ballast tank has been moved inside the hull. So now it is 6" deep, 4' wide and 2' long. The ballast weight is centered 3" above the bottom of the hull and the overall CG is at 1.42' above the bottom. We don't have a separate external tank displacing water. But compared to example A the hull sinks a bit deeper to float that extra weight so the statics of the Hullforms analysis is a bit different.
Example E has a 250 pound V shaped ballast tank on its bottom. Whether it might be called internal ballast or external ballast is in the eye of the beholder. I included it because I thought it might represent some water ballasted trailer sailers you can buy.
Curve A is, I think, pretty typical of a light flat boat with no ballast. The maximum righting moment of about 450 foot pounds is reached quite quickly although I think a real boat would have the peak at about 20 degrees. The boat looks to capsize at about 45 degrees heel. My experiences with Jinni, about this size and weight, were similar. It capsized twice in the time I had it. Both time it went over well before it shipped any water over the rail.
Curve B shows the how effective metal outside ballast can be. Not only is the maximum righting moment about twice that of example A, it still has substantial righting ability at 90 degrees of roll. It will tend to roll upright at any angle of heel up to about 110 degrees.
Curve C, external water ballasted fin, is an interesting one. Until the fin starts to exit the water as the boat rolls, it has no effect. When fully out of the water (about 80 degrees of roll) it is as effective as metal. In between its righting moment goes to about zero. If rolled to about 50 degrees it might stay there until acted upon by an outside force such as a wave or maybe the crew moving about. If rolled to a greater heel angle it will try to return to 50 degrees. If rolled to a lesser degree it will roll fully upright.
Curve D, internal ballast, has about 50% greater maximum righting power than no ballast or the external water fin. It should easily outsail a water fin boat up until it capsizes at about 65 degrees of heel. At that point the water fin boat gets back on its feet while the internal ballast boat flops over.
Curve E, V ballast tank, cuts across about everything as a compromise. It doesn't have the initial stability of the internal ballast boat, but it has positive stability at high roll angles. I've heard some water ballasted production boats behave this way.
I can't see any obvious winner here. All have advantages and disadvantages. However, if you had a particular type of boating in mind, the chart may help you make a choice. For blue water sailors, the metal fin seems the way to go. Lots of righting ability. For inshore sailors where a rare capsize won't mean death, perhaps the internal water ballast, with its simple trailering abilities due to light unballasted weight and very low draft, will be to your advantage. The V tanked boat might be best for someone who cares a bit more about ultimate stability. A combination of all of the above might be in order for some folks.
Now, given the curve above, you can say that (assuming the height of the sail rig is the same for all cases) in a given wind these boats could carry sail area in proportion to the maximum righting moments shown. A, C, and E should all have the same sail area since they all have a peak righting moment of about 400 foot pounds. The effect of the ballast here is to delay capsize to deeper roll angles. But D, with internal ballast, could carry about 50 percent more sail, and B, with the metal fin, could carry twice as much sail.
...is to relate the stability and wind speed to the sail area.
Mayfly16 is large enough to swallow up three men or maybe a family with two kids. She has two benches that are 7' long and there should be plenty of room for all. I would say that her fully loaded maximum weight might be 900 pounds and her empty weight about 350 pounds, leaving 550 pounds for the captain and crew and gear.
At the same time the Mayfly16 can easily be handled solo, although with just the weight of her skipper she will not be as stable as when heavily loaded. The boat also has two large chambers for buoyancy/storage and I can see her used as a solo beach cruiser because the floor space is large enough for a sleep spot. I've made her deep with lots of freeboard.
Mary and George Fulk built the prototype and passed by here with the prototype on their annual migration north for the summer and I had a chance to see and sail in Mayfly16 for a short bit. Weather was hot and the wind light and steady, perfect for testing. She sailed quite well I thought and everything worked as planned. It certainly was roomy and easy to rig and use.
The balanced lug rig sets on short spars and sails very well reefed, in fact can be set up with jiffy reefing. The spars are all easily made and stowed, the mast being but 14' long setting 91 square feet of sail. In addition there are oar ports for those with lots of time and little money and a motor well for those with lots of money and no time. Two horsepower is all that a boat like this can absorb without going crazy.
Mayfly16 uses conventional nail and glue construction needing six sheets of 1/4" plywood and two sheets of 1/2" ply.
Plans for Mayfly16 are $35.


text:
Vol. 1, Issue 14, August 19, 2003
JPL Gets Back To Basics: Jet Packs
Charles Elachi, director of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, announced this morning that the research facility would undergo a substantial shift in the direction of its research and development.
"We have in recent years pursued a number of research programs which have been very successful, including the Mars Rover programs. However, it is time for us to 'get back to basics' and refocus our energies on what we are all about. In short, it's time for us to get back to jet propulsion."
Under the new mandate, every single research project that JPL conducts must include, as a central component, a functional jet propulsion unit. This includes everything from small robots to space apparel to software. In addition, JPL will adopt a new dress code effective October 1, 2003 which will require all personnel to wear jet packs and to travel via aerial propulsion whenever feasible.
Elachi was apparently responding to widespread speculation that JPL's funding would face severe cuts in the 2004-2005 budget. NASA has been accused of poor management in the wake of the Columbia shuttle disaster and has been working to justify its funding. However, the real motivating factor behind the change is alleged to have come from President Bush, who expressed "disappointment" during his recent visit to southern California that JPL didn't have "more jets."
"We are well aware that the current investigations plaguing the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were actually initiated because the President wanted to know why they weren't doing more liver-related research," said White House source Victor Dennehy, who spoke on condition of anonymity. "G.W. is a literal man, and JPL is scrambling to make sure they live up to their name."
In addition, in an effort to address what he called a "low visibility problem," Elachi added that future satellites and spacecraft would be making more dramatic, low flights across the continental United States.
"Taxpayers want more return on their investment," said Dennehy. "If we spend $300 million to shoot something into outer space, I don't think it would kill JPL to let it swoop over some populated areas first, maybe do some loop-de-loops."
Congress Tells National Academies "Quit Writing Stuff, Dammit"
Bush Funds New National Lab In Texas
NASA Redefines Boundary of Space After SpaceShipOne Flights


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text:
Trent Boult likely to miss second Test due to pain in ribs
Trent Boult in action Getty Images
Trent Boult is likely to miss the second Test of New Zealand's series against England after leaving the field due to a pain in the right-hand side of his ribs on the fifth day of the first Test.
Boult, who bowled one over on the final day before going off, will undergo an MRI scan tomorrow to determine the extent of the injury. In his absence, his fellow left-arm quick Neil Wagner stepped up with five wickets to seal an innings-and-65-run victory.
The second Test at Hamilton starts on Friday, and with New Zealand starting a three-match series in Australia soon after that fixture, it seems unlikely he will be risked. Lockie Ferguson and Matt Henry are the other seam-bowling options in the 15-man squad.
Boult has missed only three Tests since 2016, and just six of New Zealand's 70 since his debut.
"A lot was taken out of both teams in this Test," Kane Williamson, New Zealand's captain, said. "It was a really tough effort for long periods. But we have that squad of 15 and all the guys will meet up in Hamilton and we will have to assess the fitness of everybody."


text:
Bing releases new Webmaster Tools built 'from the ground up'
With the Yahoo-Bing transition around the corner, Yahoo officials have predicted the two search engines will account for nearly 30 percent of U.S. searches. Marketers looking to get the most out of search campaigns for the combined portal can take advantage of Microsoft's new Bing Webmaster Tools released this week.
Microsoft announced it has rebuilt "from the ground up." According to the Bing Community blog, the new tools focus on crawl, index and traffic to make each of these areas more intuitive to webmasters. Microsoft says its new tools give marketers unprecedented access to browse through the Bing index in order to understand how their sites are included and give them control over the process.
The Webmaster Tools also offers details on redirects, malware and exclusions encountered by web crawlers as well as the ability to remove URLs from search engine results. Additionally, they run on Microsoft's Silverlight, which the company says will create a smooth experience for understanding visual trends about sites.
Bing's senior product manager, Anthony M. Garcia, says "this is just the beginning" of the features the portal will be offering marketers who advertise on Bing. Garcia encourages webmasters to offer their feedback on how Bing should evolve its tools to best help them.
So far users' feedback is positive and it seems the tools really offer insight into Bing's indexing system. But some webmasters can't get Google out of their minds. Several reference how Caffeine indexes faster than Bingbot, and one indicates the tools are still subpar, saying "I want to love [Bing] as much as I love Google, but you're making it hard."
It remains to be seen whether Yahoo-Bing and the new Webmaster Tools can win the affections – and dollars – of marketers in the long run, but recent ad spend data bodes well for the two search engines as they prepare for their alliance. WebVisible's State of Small Business Online Advertising Q2 2010 showed SMBs shifted their search marketing dollars toward Yahoo, which gained 4 percentage points last quarter. At the same time, Bing remained consistent in Q2 2010 and Google lost 2 percentage points in small business ad spend.


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Most hospitals require employees, doctors, volunteers, medical students and contractors to wear photo IDs. In many cases, patients and visitors receive ID badges as well. Many hospitals and healthcare facilities are now realizing that it makes sense to link hospital ID badges to full access control systems. Access control systems provide healthcare facilities a necessary layer of security by allowing or denying a person's admittance to an area through the use of access cards or biometric recognition.
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We have years of experience installing paging and intercom systems for hospitals throughout Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Paging and intercom systems help hospitals and other healthcare facilities locate employees, notify building occupants of emergencies and broadcast routine announcements to all building occupants quickly and efficiently. We can install simple, one-way paging systems as well as more complex two-way intercom systems depending on a healthcare facility's needs.
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GPS-Enabled PDA has onboard camera, altimeter, E-compass.
Handheld Solution assists package delivery and tracking.
Mobile Digital Assistants support biometric ID abilities.
Ruggedized PDA meets MIL-STD-F requirements.


text:
Q: Is there a way where all the values from a JSON column can be used as query params to fetch values in db? I have a lookup table with columns old_item_code, description, new_item_code.
Now my items is an array of objects.
"items":[
  {
    "code": "OLDCODE1",
    "description": "sample description1",
    "value": "Sample value1"
  },
  {
    "code": "OLDCODE2",
    "description": "Sample Description2",
    "value": "Sample Value 2"
  }
]

Now I want my items array to be replaced with new item code which has to be queried from the lookup table(postgres).
I want my final result to be like
"items": [
    {
      "NEWCODE1": "Sample Value 1",
      "NewCODE2": "Sample Value 2"
    }
   ]

A: In PSQL, using where with array will get you the new code. Use a map to get its values.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Eugyra brewinae is een zakpijpensoort uit de familie van de Molgulidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1960 door Millar.

Molgulidae


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text:
Fox News just tried to blame liberals for inciting the synagogue massacre
You can always count on Fox News to find a way to spew lies better than anyone — except perhaps President Trump and his administration.
How Dogs Cry For Help: 3 Warning Signs Your Dog Is Crying For Help
We Were Speechless when We Found out Why This Dog Threw a Toddler
In the wake of yesterday's tragic shooting at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh by an anti-Semitic right-wing extremist, Fox News host Rachel Campos-Duffy decided that she didn't like the fact that conservatives were being disparaged by their association with murderous neo-Nazi bigots.
So, during her Sunday morning appearance on Fox & Friends, Campos-Duffy decided to unilaterally declare, against all obvious evidence to the contrary, that anti-Semitism is a problem originating in the left-wing.
"There is a rise in anti-Semitism," she pointed out, according to RawStory. "And it's happening in Europe. That's something that hasn't been talked a lot about because it doesn't fit the narrative of the neo-Nazis that we see here, that fringe group here in America."
"And it's infecting our universities," Campos-Duffy continued, "is a very virulent anti-Semitism from the left. So if we're going to have the conversation about the rise in anti-Semitism, we need to talk about where it's being mainstreamed, which is in our universities and some of the fringe of the progressive side."
Campos-Duffy's absurd proclamation seems to falsely conflate left-wing activism against the policies of the current right-wing Israeli government towards the inhabitants of occupied Palestinian land with anti-Semitism, ignoring the fact that many progressive Israeli citizens share the same views as the American progressives.
The Fox News host's claims that the left is responsible for promulgating anti-Semitic views are even more ludicrous considering the fact that President Trump through his tweets and his rantings at his fascist-style bund rallies continues, even after the latest massacre, to send out easily interpreted dog-whistles to his bigoted base.
Trump's despicable fear-mongering over a caravan of Central American refugees sends the right-wing blogosphere into a storm of paranoia, raising lunatic conspiracy theories about how "globalist" (dog-whistle code for Jewish financiers) Democrats are funding the caravan and providing a fertile medium for the growth of a right-wing extremist culture of violence that had been been laying like dormant spores until Trump's verbal manure provided the nutrients it needed to spring to life — and spread death.
With Campos-Duffy and Fox News reaching new heights of Orwellian spin on the truth, it's fairly simple to see where the real source of the rising levels of hatred and bigotry — repackaged under the sanitized label of "nationalism" — truly resides, and, despite their efforts to point fingers elsewhere, it sits squarely in the hands of Trump and his de facto state broadcasters. the right-wing media, from the traditional outlets like Fox News and Sinclair Broadcasting to the darkest corners of social media, who transmit Trump's divisiveness to a foolishly gullible audience.
The solution to fight against the rise of right-wing hatred is two-fold: Vote for progressive Democratic candidates in the midterms, and boycott products by the companies that sponsor the torrent of divisiveness and hatred that the right-wing media promulgate through their advertising dollars. You have the power to help start change. Use it.
Follow Vinnie Longobardo on Twitter.
Original reporting by David Edwards at RawStory.


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Sandane is the administrative centre of the municipality of Gloppen in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. Sandane is 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Nordfjordeid and about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of Byrkjelo.
Sandane is in a central and idyllic location by the Gloppefjord surrounded by hills and mountains. The buildings "Heradshuset" with its bell tower and "Tankeringen" enjoy a central location. The centre of Sandane also has a number of unique, small shops which offer a wide variety of goods.
Travel Links - Sandane Airport, Anda is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of Sandane along highway E39.


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We had the privilege of taking photographs for the A.R. Kennedy Elementary School Cougars on Friday night. Where we can't publish the photographs that parents purchased, here are some photographs showcasing their numbers and uniforms.


text:
An Evasive Quest for Labour Reforms
by lexlifeeditor
Reading time : 8 minutes
India, with the world's second-largest labour population and a youthful demographic profile to boot, is blessed with a wealth of human resources that it can use to its advantage. One of its most enduring, if pitiless, contradictions is that it has a dreadful track record of underutilizing and mistreating its personnel. To date, all attempts to correct this abnormality have yielded mixed results.
In September 2020, the Parliament enacted three labour code bills in what appeared to be a sensible, pro-working-class initiative. These bills – the Industrial Relations Bill, the Code on Social Security Bill, and the Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Bill, as well as the Code on Wages Bill passed in 2019 – are supposed to provide workers with comprehensive legal protection while giving employers the flexibility they need to conduct business in an uncertain and volatile environment.
These proposals, some claim, will enhance transparency, ease of compliance, fair working conditions, and better employer-employee relations by consolidating 29 distinct, often complicated labour rules.
Proponents of economic reform and globalization have long claimed that labour rules are a significant, almost insurmountable barrier to growth. They bemoaned the rigidity of labour rules, their inconsistencies, and the onerous burden they placed on employers. In certain closed circles, the vehemence with which this argument was made elevated labour law change to the level of more vital concerns like attracting foreign investment, acquiring access to advanced technology, and wooing multinational firms.
Even if one accepts that such requests are well-intentioned, one cannot help but wonder if 'reforming' labour laws, especially in the manner in which they have been done, is a step in the right direction. Some could claim that it is, but incorrectly. This is based on the assumption that simpler regulations encourage voluntary compliance, which will benefit employees in the long run. This viewpoint is based on two fallacies. For starters, proponents are adamant that the new measures will effectively promote labour rights. Second, their perceptions of labour issues are shaped by concerns about efficiency, optimization, and profits at the expense of all else.
Since the central government proclaimed its desire to modify labour laws, well-intentioned labour specialists, trade unionists, academics, and legislators have offered realistic measures for improving working-class conditions while also accommodating corporate interests. When the draught bills were being discussed by the Parliamentary Standing Committee, they weighed in. The final version of the labour code bills, however, is replete with flaws, defeating their entire aim. Their anomalies have been thoroughly examined by labour specialists and policy wonks.
FOIBLES OF THE LABOUR CODE BILLS
In general, the four labour bills provide workers with symbolic benefits while giving businesses significant influence. To miss the blatant imprint of the neoliberal agenda scribbled all over the legislation, one must be intentionally obtuse. Scholarly assessments of the proposals have shown a number of critical flaws that thwart their principal goal. For example, the Industrial Relations Code Bill (IRC) allows employers to liquidate businesses and retrench employees without having to pay any compensation. It gives governments at all levels a lot of leeway in implementing the new legislation. The government can exclude any establishment or type of establishments from the law if it is in the 'public interest,' according to the IRC. Businesses with more than 300 employees couldn't fire them without the government's permission until recently. The number of employees allowed has now been decreased to 100. Regrettably, the labour code reform also places considerable restrictions on workers' striking rights. The IRC bill's provision for fixed-term employment contracts, which will allow businesses to recruit and fire workers at will, is one of the most concerning parts.
The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code Bill permits the government to exempt firms from the law for a specified period 'in the sake of encouraging economic activity,' despite the government's commitment to worker safety. To make matters worse, the Social Security Bill does not provide workers with universal social security benefits. It has also limited the bureaucracy's ability to assess how much provident fund and Employee State Insurance dues businesses owe.
The new labour legislation is overwhelmingly pro-business. The lakhs of guest lecturers in colleges earning pitiful wages for their intellectual labour would be unaffected by these much-hyped labour changes. Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) and Anganwadi employees are not covered by social security. They will also not put a stop to the everyday humiliation and sexual harassment of personnel in lower-level positions.
WORKERS' RIGHTS AND THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THEM
To appreciate the limitations of labour reforms, one must first recognize the problem's three irreconcilable dimensions. To begin with, 94 percent of the 520 million workers in the labour force are employed in the unorganized sector. Only 10 percent of the workforce is represented by a union. As a result, workers' bargaining leverage is severely curtailed. Second, no matter how strict the laws are, they are rarely enforced. Their effectiveness must be assessed in the context of the judicial system's severe flaws. In India, we have rule of law rather than rule of law. Furthermore, as former Harvard Law School Dean Roscoe Pound pointed out many years ago, there is a significant gap between law in books and law in practice. Legislation, no matter how strong, will not make a significant change in the daily lives of workers. Third, nearly the entire judiciary, with the exception of a few progressive judges, has a dismissive attitude toward the working class. Remember how even Supreme Court judges have disparaged labour in their obiter dicta. These elements combine to create nearly insurmountable challenges to defending workers' rights in India.
Also read: DARCONIAN LAWS- DEMOCRACY TO AUTOCRACY
A thorough examination of labour reforms must address a number of concerns, including: what are the genuine challenges that the working class faces? Why do labour regulations almost never have an impact on workers' lives? Where should we begin if we are truly interested in labour reform?
The first point to make is that the proposed labour code bills show little understanding of the huge changes that are occurring in the world of work and occupations. We are on the verge of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as described by Klaus Schwab, founder of the World Economic Forum. Others regard the current transformation as the next step of Karl Polanyi's Great Transformation, which he articulated in 1944. Julie Cohen, a law professor at Georgetown University in the United States, has identified three fundamental shifts that will have far-reaching implications for the labour market. They are 'intangible resource prophetization, dematerialization, and datafication.'
While the outcome of these cataclysmic transformations is difficult to foresee, they have resulted in precarity, marginality, disempowerment, insecurity, alienation, and obsolescence in the short term. The working class has become vulnerable as a result of rising inequality, new labor-saving technology, the digital divide, and the ease with which capital may effortlessly obtain labour from many locations.
The degradation of dignity and recognition, personal security, and virtually no possibilities to develop as employees are less evident but far more dangerous concerns. The situation of gig and platform workers, who, according to British labour economist Prof. Guy Standing, are part of the "concierge economy," demonstrates this. Despite being classed as micro-entrepreneurs and independent contractors, they are stuck in limbo.
They are not employees, and hence are not entitled to any of the perks of a regular employment, and they have no capital worth the name to qualify as entrepreneurs, except from their labour and, in some cases, their automobiles. In major cities, gig workers are commonplace. Pizzas and packages are delivered by them. They perform chores that we would rather not undertake ourselves. Platform workers are disembodied creatures who adopt a corporeal shape just to do the jobs they are lucky enough to receive, with no set salary, regular working hours, a workplace, or fellow workers to relate to. We adore the gig economy because it is both inexpensive and efficient. Gig workers, on the other hand, aren't even on our radar.
FEEBLENESS OF LABOUR LAWS
Labor regulations are rarely effective because they do not prioritise two points. First, we deny the personhood of people who work for us by our laws, regulations, and everyday actions. Low-wage labourers are not considered human beings. Farmers, teachers, construction workers, factory workers, and others are thus a nuisance that we unwillingly acknowledge when they agitate and clog arterial streets. Even the courts have recently tried to make them invisible by limiting how and where they can protest. The working class does not exist for us unless we are in such dire straits. To protect ourselves from the nasty issues of the working class, we live in a self-induced slumber. A worldview that refuses to accept workers' humanity will never be able to provide long-term answers to their issues. Consider how common servants are portrayed in movies, soap operas, and popular culture. They are almost always depicted as obedient and dumb factotums with no feeling of initiative. We have little respect for labourers because we do not see them as deliberate human agents. As a result, we enact lousy, tokenistic laws that we call "reforms."
Second, labour laws fail because they are based on the concept that labour is a commodity. This notion has been clearly rejected by the International Labour Organization. We make a fundamental error if we think of labour as a commodity that can be purchased and sold. We witness a mismatch between workers' potential and the demands of their jobs all around the world, to varied degrees. Workers become alienated and unhappy in their jobs when employment is reduced to a mere source of income.
HUMAN DIGNITY & SECURITY
The most gratifying sources of security are a stable, well-defined vocation with solid career possibilities and job we enjoy. Human security is defined by the United Nations Development Program as "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear." In the guise of labour flexibility, a reform programme that supports a hire-and-fire policy without providing dependable alternatives is philosophically incorrect. Similarly, the concept of dignity acts as a guiding principle for remedial actions. Starting with Roman statesman Cicero (44 BCE), a long philosophical tradition has extended the concept of dignity from a marker of aristocratic rank to the most distinguishing attribute of human beings. Humans have dignity, according to Cicero, because of their ability to think rationally. Human dignity was also emphasised by Giovanni Mirandola, an Italian philosopher from the 15th century, who attributed it to the human potential of self-transformation. He claimed that humans' ability to be anything they choose to be gives them an inbuilt feeling of dignity that cannot be violated.
The 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant explained the meaning of dignity by connecting it to our status as normative beings. In his formulation of the Categorical Imperative, one of the universal principles compels us to respect people as ends in themselves, not as means to an end. Kant believes that as moral actors, we have the ability to create and bind ourselves to universal laws that cannot be broken. We are entitled to dignity because of our ability to harness the transforming force of reason and morality, regardless of what we do with it.
Workers are treated as cannon fodder under the labour code bill, which desecrates human dignity. Its elements are incompatible with employees' fundamental rights, such as the government's discretionary authority to suspend labour laws on thin grounds, withhold social security benefits, and limit strikes and lockouts. These inconsistencies stem from a conceptual disregard for the sacredness of human dignity in all of its forms. They also show why the proposed labour code bill fails to address one of the working class's most pressing concerns: protecting their dignity from market forces.
TRAVAIL OF A MARKER OF IDENTITY
Our identity is shaped by our work. It provides us a feeling of who we are by defining our personhood. Labor is more than a source of income; it also defines our place in the world. Furthermore, work that is aligned with one's natural human potential and resulting in its efflorescence gives ontological safety. It no longer feels like a chore. Instead, employment becomes a never-ending source of pleasure.
Our community is shaped by the work we perform. It is a source of our perspective and beliefs. A convincing concept of a unified, affirming society is to create a scientific, well-organized workforce where every individual is given the opportunity to develop as far as their talents will allow.
Any serious attempt to modify labour regulations must start with a rethinking of the enterprise's fundamental foundations. This entails acknowledging the inviolability of ideals such as human security, dignity, acknowledgment, human potential, and human happiness. The first issue to examine is whether the proposed improvements will reinforce these fundamental values. All legislation and changes must be viewed through the lens of these ideals and must adhere to them completely.
HUMAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND CAPABILTIES
Nobel laureate Dr. Amartya Sen's insights on human capabilities may have been incorporated into the drafters of the labour code laws to avoid this hideous contradiction. His thesis is the result of a long and complex philosophical debate about equality and human development. Dr. Sen, who views development as fundamentally a means of expanding human liberties, argues that developing human talents is a pre-requisite for achieving genuine equality. Dr. Sen pioneered the basic needs and capabilities approach to equality, going beyond philosophers like John Rawls, Richard Dworkin, and Thomas Nagel, who focused on the equitable distribution of resources. He claimed that freedom entails not only the accomplishment of goals that a person values or has reason to value, but also the ability to do them. The goal of legislation must be to achieve this broad concept of freedom that emerges from the growth of one's human potential. The labour code bills are theoretically brittle when viewed in this light. They give employers' rights precedence over employees. Their underlying premise is that what employees demand as rights is government and employer handouts. The bills' main goal is to control and manage workers' aspirations, not to establish a system that encourages enabling qualities. This is one of the main reasons why none of the proposals do anything to empower workers or increase their negotiating power.
One could argue that the legislation' mandate is to modify labour rules rather than to promote equality and human capacities. This division is unsustainable. Workplace relations do not exist in a vacuum. Workers' rights are intertwined with social perceptions of the working class. One thing nourishes the other. Workers are confined to the periphery because labour rights are feeble and ineffective. As a result, they are plagued by social disapproval. The demands of the working class are not given priority because they are despised. This vicious loop takes on a life of its own over time. As a result, workers face a double whammy: unequal negotiating power and misrecognition, both of which have no end in sight. The relevance of acknowledgment in our lives has been extensively discussed by philosophers such as Charles Taylor and Nancy Fraser. They claim that when people recognise us for who we are, we become completely human through a dialogical process. Misrecognition or refusal to recognise is tyranny. Recognization politics, which is rapidly gaining popularity around the world, aims to reverse this trend. By being fair to the working class, the labour code measures may have supported this process. Instead, they are hardly able to hide their pro-capitalist leanings.
HUMAN BRANDISHMENT
The umbilical tie between dignity and human flourishing is a related, albeit little understood, point. The Aristotelean concept of eudemonia, or trying to be the best version of oneself, is the pinnacle of human existence. Aristotle highlighted the importance of establishing a social structure that allows people to connect with their higher selves. As a result, human flourishing should be at the centre of all our efforts, both in terms of one's own life and in terms of the lives of others. This initiative necessitates that human agency and dignity be respected. Human beings do not flourish when their dignity is compromised. Furthermore, when we establish an ecosystem that recognises and nurtures talent, we strengthen human agency. The most enduring source of happiness is making the most use of one's abilities. Aside from diminishing dignity, the labour code proposals are mute on how to equip and teach people to move up the value chain. They are blissfully unaware that being locked in a low-paying job with few opportunities for advancement is a recipe for labour unrest. It's worth noting that the labour code bills, on the one hand, create conditions for worker discontent while, on the other hand, imposing severe limits on agitation.
REINSTATING WORKERS' RIGHTS
All of the labour code bills' anomalies stem from and are perpetuated by two factors: first, our philosophical errors about labour and its role in promoting the common good; and second, a common sense that denigrates most sorts of work. Dismantling the artificial mental hurdles we've erected is necessary to correct this predicament. This task can be accomplished on numerous levels. To begin, we must discard school and college textbooks that contain fictitious accounts of politicians' childhood encounters with alligators. Similarly, hagiographies of actors and cricketers should be removed. Instead, our children must be taught the value of labour, the significance of dignity, and the obligations we have to one another as human beings. Second, judges, bureaucrats, police officers, politicians, and educators should all be obliged to take sensitivity training regarding the working class and their daily hardships. Third, the dehumanisation of workers in popular culture must come to an end. Denigrating the working class, not some raunchy sequences in movies, is the most repulsive form of vulgarity, contrary to common belief. None of these attempts will succeed until the labour code bills are buried to the depths of the ocean. No one will notice their demise, with the exception of business owners.
THE CHANGING FACE OF RECENT CASE LAWS OF LABOUR LAWS IN INDIA
This Case Update presents a summary of recent Supreme Court of India (SC) and High Court of Bombay judgements on labour and employment issues such as maternity and paternal leave in surrogacy cases, wage claims by absentee employees, and notification of performance ratings to affected employees.
Surrogate Parents are entitled to Maternity and Paternity Leave
The division bench of the High Court of Bombay (Court) reiterated in Dr Pooja Jignesh Doshi v. The State of Maharashtra and Others[1] [Writ Petition No. 1665 of 2015, decided on 3 July 2019] that even if a child is born through surrogacy, the parents who lent the ova and sperm are entitled to maternity and paternity leave, respectively. The Court reaffirmed the legislation established by the Court's division bench in Dr Mrs Hema Vijay Menon v. State of Maharashtra[2] [Writ Petition No.3288, decided on July 22, 2015].
Comment: The above cases involved events that occurred before April 1, 2017, when the government, through the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 (effective April 1, 2017), added an explicit provision to the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, stating that even a commissioning mother (i.e. a biological mother who uses her egg to create an embryo implanted in another woman) is entitled to maternity benefits. In addition, the Bombay High Court has ruled that a commissioning father is entitled to paternity leave. Paternity leave is not statutorily provided in India, and it is widely disregarded.
Also read: Commercial Courts Act, 2015
Clarification on No-work No-Pay Principle
The Supreme Court of India has underlined in Chief Regional Manager, United India Insurance Company Limited v. Siraj Uddin Khan[3] [Civil Appeal No. 5390 of 2019, resolved on 11 July 2019] that no individual can claim remuneration for time spent away from work without leave or justification.
In this matter, the Respondent was transferred from the Appellant's Allahabad branch to the Appellant's Jaunpur branch. However, the Respondent failed to report to the Jaunpur branch on time and was absent from work for four months without authorization. In May 2009, a disciplinary investigation was conducted against the Respondent, and an order for a two-step decrease in basic pay was issued. The Respondent, on the other hand, continued to be away from work until 2012. As a result, in June 2012, the Appellant issued an order terminating the Respondent's employment. The Respondent filed a series of writ petitions against the above-mentioned orders in the Allahabad High Court. The High Court of Allahabad annulled the above-mentioned rulings, citing procedural flaws in the disciplinary investigation, but did not specifically require the Appellant to pay the Respondent back earnings from 2009 to 2012. The Respondent filed another writ suit in the High Court of Allahabad after the Appellant refused to pay back wages from 2009 to 2012. The Appellant was ordered by the Allahabad High Court to pay wages for the years 2009 to 2012, plus 18 percent interest. The Appellant filed this appeal in the Supreme Court against the High Court of Allahabad's ruling.
The SC's two-judge bench decided that reversing the termination order does not automatically entitle the Respondent to his or her income for the years 2009 to 2012. The Supreme Court distinguished the current case from a circumstance in which an employee was fired and then had his dismissal overturned, in which case he would be entitled to back wages. The Respondent was not eligible to claim arrears of wages because he was not kept away from work due to dismissal or by any order of the Appellant, according to the SC. As a result, the SC granted the appeal in part and directed the Appellant to assess the Respondent's claim for back wages and issue appropriate instructions with reasons.
Comment: While the SC did not rule definitively on whether the Respondent was entitled to wages in this case, it did refer to legal precedents dealing with the idea of "no work, no pay." The SC cited the Supreme Court's ruling in Airports Authority of India and Others v. Shambhu Nath Das[4] [(2008) 11 SCC 498], which found that if a person was absent from work without authorization or reasonable justification, he was not entitled to pay for that time. The SC, on the other hand, has cited the case of Shobha Ram Raturi v. Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited and Others[5] [(2016) 16 SCC 663], in which the SC decided that an employer cannot claim "no work, no pay" if the employee has been prohibited from working. As a result, the Supreme Court has endeavoured to reaffirm that the 'no work, no pay' principle only applies when an employee has willingly absented himself from work, rather than when the employer has kept the employee from attending work.
Mandatory Communication of Annual Performance Appraisal Reports to Public Servants
The Supreme Court ruled in Pankaj Prakash v. United India Insurance Company Limited and Others[6] [Civil Appeal No. 5340-5341 of 2019, resolved on 10 July 2019] that all government employees have the right to know their grades in an annual performance review report (APAR).
The Appellant was aggrieved by the fact that his APAR entries for the previous two years were not disclosed, preventing him from submitting a representation for promotion at the time. The Appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court of Allahabad in response to the Respondent's actions. In the absence of an adverse entry or an entry below the benchmark, the omission to transmit the grade in an APAR did not result in an actionable grievance, according to the Allahabad High Court. The Appellant filed an appeal against the High Court of Allahabad's decision.
According to the Supreme Court's judgements in Dev Dutt v. Union of India[7] [(2008) 8 SCC 725] and Sukhdev Singh v. Union of India[8] [(2013) 9 SCC 566], every entry in a public servant's APAR must be disclosed to him or her within a reasonable time. Aside from maintaining system transparency, such disclosures also ensure that a public servant has a reasonable opportunity to object to the gradings if he or she is unhappy with the outcomes. In addition, on 14 May 2009 and 13 April 2010, the Union of India issued Office Memoranda requesting compliance from all ministries and departments. A special communication was also sent to public sector insurance companies on October 19, 2012.
As a result, the Supreme Court disagreed with the rationale of the Allahabad High Court, holding that non-communication of entries in an APAR, whether good or bad grades, is a subject about which the Appellant has a legitimate grievance. As a result, the SC ordered that the Appellant submit the specifics of the APAR to the Respondent within one month of receipt of this judgement.
Comment: While performance appraisals are necessary for every organisation to function effectively, the public and private sectors use distinct procedures. Performance evaluations in the public sector are governed by specific procedures and directives issued by the respective government and agencies, which do not apply to private sector businesses. While there have been no judicial precedents dealing with similar issues in the case of private sector employers, private establishments may use performance appraisal procedures to ensure transparency in recording and communicating employee comments, as well as compliance with natural justice principles.
[1] Dr Pooja Jignesh Doshi v. The State of Maharashtra and Others [2019] SCC Online BOM 1433
[2] Dr Mrs Hema Vijay Menon v. State of Maharashtra AIR [2015] BOMBAY 231
[3] United India Insurance Company Limited v. Siraj Uddin Khan AIROnline [2019] SC 408
[4] Airports Authority of India and Others v. Shambhu Nath Das AIR [2008] SUPREME COURT 2896
[5] Shobha Ram Raturi v. Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited and Others AIR [2016] SUPREME COURT 157
[6] Pankaj Prakash v. United India Insurance Company Limited and Others AIR [2019] SC (Civil) 2679
[7] Dev Dutt v. Union of India AIR [2008] SUPREME COURT 2513
[8] Sukhdev Singh v. Union of India AIR [2013] SUPREME COURT 2741
Author: Abhishek Bhardwaj, Amity Law School, Noida
Editor: Kanishka Vaish, Senior Editor, LexLife India.
Posted in Policy AnalysisTagged Quest for Labour Reforms
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Shakya Shri Bhadra
Posted on July 3, 2012 in Incarnation Lineage · 301 Views · 1 Comments
The Kashmiri Mahapandita
In the year 1127, one of Dorje Shugden's previous incarnations took rebirth in a Brahmin family in Dasobhara, Kashmir. Little is known of Shakya Shri Bhadra's family except that he had a brother by the name of Buddhacandra. He was given the traditional Brahmin education of the time, studying grammar under the Brahmin Laksmidhara at the age of 10. When he turned 23, Sukhasribhadradeva bestowed upon him the novice vows and the name Subedha.
In fulfillment of a prophecy, Shakya Shri Bhadra traveled to Magadha, the heartland of ancient Buddhist India, when he was 30. There, he met and received many initiations and full ordination from Santakaragupta alongside other gurus like Dasabala and Dhavaraka. He practiced intensely and had visions of deities like Tara, Cakrasamvara and Kalachakra. He even travelled as far as Bihar in order to receive Dharma teachings.
In this manner, Shakya Shri Bhadra mastered the five sciences (language, science, logic, art and Buddhist philosophy) and established himself as a great master. He was awarded the title of Mahapandita and ascended the Abbot's throne in Nalanda Monastery and later Vikramashila, following a long line of illustrious Abbots including Atisha over 150 years before. He was highly sought after as a teacher and would give teachings to over 12,000 monks at Odantapuri. While on pilgrimage through Bodhgaya and Varanasi, he had visions of Buddha Shakyamuni, Tara and Chenrezig.
At the turn of the twelfth century, Turkic invaders were encroaching on Eastern India over Bihar and Bengal. Eventually, the invaders overran the ancient city of Varanasi and consequently, Vikramashila Monastery was completely obliterated and the entire sangha community of Odantapuri was slaughtered mercilessly. In the onslaught of the invasion, the Mahapandita Shakya Shri Bhadra had to flee eastwards but soon returned to Bihar to continue spreading the doctrine despite the risk to his life.
Shakya Shri Bhadra was invited to Tibet by Tropu Lotsawa Rinchen Sengge when he was seventy-seven. The young translator travelled to the Chumbi Valley and when he finally met Shakya Shri Bhadra in a town called Vanesvara, he made his request. Shakya Shri Bhadra was surprised to see how young the translator was and was inclined towards remaining in India. However, he changed his mind upon hearing the young translator debate with the other panditas that accompanied Shakya Shri Bhadra. The grand old master finally arrived in Tibet in the year 1204.
Several Indian companions accompanied Shakya Shri Bhadra on his journey to Tibet. They were all great masters including the likes of Sugatasri, Jayadatta, Vibhuticandra, Danasila, Sanghasri, Candavyakaraṇa, Jivagupta, Mahabodhi and Kalacandra. Each master was an expert in the field of Madhyamaka, Prajnaparamita, Vinaya, Sanskrit Grammar, Abhidharma, logic, Maitreya's treatises, Bodhicaryavatara and Kalacakra. Besides his companions, Shakya Shri Bhadra also brought to Tibet the relics of the Buddha that his brother, Buddhacandra, had received from a Sinhalese master. These relics were meant for a Tibetan master, Jikten Gonpo Rinchen Pel.
While in Tibet, Shakya Shri Bhadra traveled to various monastic seats to give teachings during every summer retreat including Tropu, Lemoche, Sinmori, Solnagtang, Gyangong, Nyangme, Rinchengang, Sakya, Luggudong in Shang and Purang. While at Tropu, he taught Prajnaparamita, Pratimoksa and Mahayanasutralamkara. He also taught the Mahayanasutra again at Nartang and travelled to Samye, Tsurpu, Reting and Tangpoche in order to give extensive teachings.
While he was at Samye, Shakya Shri Bhadra requested the local chieftain, Jowo Lha, for access to the Sanskrit texts within the vaults of the monastery. While going through the various texts, he was reported to have seen a Sanskrit text of the Guhyagarbha Tantra. This was taken to be an important validation for the Nyingma tradition as the text affirms the Indian source of its lineage. Shakya Shri Bhadra is also widely regarded as having validated the lineage of the Vajrakilaya practice.
During the first decade of the 13th century, the Nyingma lama Drogon Namkha Pel had invited the Kashmiri master to preside over the consecration rituals of the funerary stupa of the Nyingma lama's late father, Nyangrel Nyima Ozer.
In his early travels through Tibet, Shakya Shri Bhadra met a young man who was travelling with funerary offerings following the passing of his father, Pelchen Opo. This young man would eventually become known as the great Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen. Shakya Shri Bhadra was said to have given him teachings on logic. From this connection, Shakya Shri Bhadra is often credited with introducing the Indian lineage of logic into the Sakya School.
Shakya Shri Bhadra also had a strange connection with the Drigung Kagyu School. It was said that Vibhuticandra, one of Shakya Shri Bhadra's Indian attendants, was against the idea of accepting an invitation to teach at Drikung and was reprimanded by his master. The previous year, a student of Drikung requested ordination from Shakya Shri Bhadra but was refused. However, the man continued to hold on to Shakya Shri Bhadra's robes, pleading to be accepted. In the end, Jose Nyima, one of the Tibetan attendants, had to forcibly push him aside and the ensuing scuffle left the man with a bloody nose.
Later, when Shakya Shri Bhadra propitiated Tara (which he did on a daily basis), Tara appeared to him in a vision with her back facing him. He enquired the reason for this and she replied that one of his attendants had mistreated a disciple of Nagarjuna. This anecdote supports the Drikung Kagyu claim that Jikten Gonpo was a reincarnation of Nagarjuna. Shakya Shri Bhadra was also said to have heard Nagarjuna's name mystically emanating from a small stream near Drikung Monastery.
Over the course of his travels, Shakya Shri Bhadra had accumulated a vast amount of offerings only to donate the considerable amount solely to the construction of a large statue of Buddha Maitreya at Tropu, for which he also performed the consecration ritual. He also delivered the Buddha's relics from his brother to Jikten Gonpo at Drikung Monastery. Throughout his travels, Shakya Shri Bhadra ordained innumerable monks into the Kashmiri Vinaya system that eventually became prevalent in the Sakya, Kagyu and later Gelug traditions.
Despite repeated requests to remain in Tibet, Shakya Shri Bhadra decided to return to Kashmir, his homeland. On the journey homewards, he spent some time in Lato with Tropu Lotsawa and offered him much gold as a parting gift. After that, he travelled to Ngari, spending the summer retreat in Purang, and finally left Tibet's borders in 1214. Shakya Shri Bhadra spent the remainder of his life in Kashmir repairing temples, ordaining monks, and giving teachings. In 1225, he entered clear light at the age of ninety-nine and was widely believed to have reincarnated in Tibet as Buton Rinchen Drub (1290-1364).
Related Topics: incarnation, incarnation lineage, lineage, sakya, sakya pandita
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1 comment on this postSubmit yours
Thank you for this beautiful biography of Shakya Shri Bhadra! We are so blessed to come across such holy name. His lifestory is awesome and so inspiring!
May we be close to the lineage of Lama Tsongkhapa always!
May the Dorje Shugden Ban be lifted quickly and smoothly!
May we be protected by holy Dorje Shugden always!
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