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A Wing and a Prayer: Rescuing More than 100 Parrots
By	Wayne Pacelle	on	May 14, 2012	with	1 Comment By Wayne Pacelle
Our Animal Rescue Team works with local law enforcement and humane agencies to help and rescue animals in distress, whether from puppy mills, animal fighting rings, natural disasters, or other cruelty and neglect situations. Our team is used to dealing with all kinds of challenging scenarios, and last week was no exception.
Kathy Milani/The HSUS
Many parrots form strong bonds; this conure refused
to leave his crippled mate.
In this case, the great folks at the Humane Society of Greater Dayton called The HSUS in to help seize more than 100 parrots and other birds from alleged neglect and cruelty in Moraine, Ohio―a suburb of Dayton. The birds were living in filthy, nearly barren cages in a rodent-infested storefront. Many lacked access to clean water and fresh food; others appeared to suffer from chronic illness and injury.
Adam Parascandola, director of animal cruelty investigations for The HSUS, told me that the air inside Wings Over the Rainbow was so noxious that he had difficulty breathing. Parrots have extremely sensitive respiratory systems―it's hard to imagine how they could live in this kind of filth and squalor, day in and day out.
HSUS rescuers worked with volunteers to carefully remove each of the birds from the building and load them onto our rescue vehicle for transport to the emergency shelter, where they're now receiving veterinary care. Adam described several heartbreaking scenes from the several hours they spent inside that store: a mitred conure who would not stray from his severely crippled mate; a parakeet with what appeared to be a tumor half the size of her body; dozens of nearly featherless birds; and one cockatoo missing her entire upper beak.
How many of these conditions and ailments were due to neglect or cruelty at Wings Over the Rainbow is still unknown. But it's fair to say that many were the unfortunate outcomes of a life in captivity.
When I visited the Central Virginia Parrot Sanctuary in 2009, I met several birds who habitually plucked their feathers from psychological stress they'd endured at some point while someone's pet. Sanctuary executive director Matt Smith (also on the scene at the Ohio rescue last week) says that parrots are highly intelligent and social. They have complex language and problem-solving skills and form deep emotional bonds with other birds.
It's their beauty and their keen minds that capture the imagination of would-be owners. Yet these birds often live in terrible conditions even with a well-intentioned caretaker. Without adequate psychological and emotional stimulation, parrots frequently develop psychological disorders. Frustration, feather-picking, and other behavioral issues are common.
The presence of bird-mills and bird sellers catering to an expanding market for exotic birds has resulted in a large-scale animal welfare and practical challenge for the humane movement. Parrot rescues and sanctuaries are overwhelmed with birds relinquished by owners who had no idea about what they were taking on in getting a highly intelligent, demanding animal with a life expectancy of 80 years. Wings Over the Rainbow brands itself as a sanctuary, and Matt believes that many other similar operations exist around the country: independent groups that may have begun with the best of intentions, but they lose control of the situation and things turn for the worse. In just a few years, it has become a problem of epidemic proportions.
"Part of the answer is accreditation," according to Matt. "Because the number of parrots in need has grown exponentially in the past decade and because there is comparatively very little financial support for even the best of organizations operating in a limited capacity, parrots will continue to find themselves languishing in cruel and neglectful situations."
You can help parrots by supporting carefully vetted sanctuaries and rescues. And if you're interested in providing a home to a parrot, consult with a reputable rescue group.
Animal Rescue and Care, Companion Animals
What a blessing to be able to give these beautiful babies a new life


Mens King Size Comforter Sets Tags : California King Bed In A Bag Sets Color Block Curtains. White Linen Curtains.
By Ambra Gaudin. Bedding. Published at Wednesday, February 21st, 2018 18:03:21 PM.
By Ambra Gaudin. Curtain. Published at Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 08:23:07 AM.
By Ambra Gaudin. Curtain. Published at Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 08:33:37 AM.
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By Ambra Gaudin. Curtain. Published at Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 08:23:01 AM.
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By Ambra Gaudin. Curtain. Published at Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 08:25:12 AM.


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Latin American History
Natural Hazard Science
https://oxfordre.com/search;jsessionid=9D2E130BA61372CA61E3424B1564DE99?f_0=keyword&pageSize=20&q_0=policy+underreaction&sort=relevance
Keywords: policy underreaction x
Disproportionate Policy Response
Moshe Maor
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
Disproportionate policy response is understood to be a lack of 'fit' or balance between the costs of a public policy and the benefits derived from this policy, and between policy ends and means. The study of this phenomenon and its two anchor concepts, namely, policy over- and underreaction, has been inspired by the insight that inefficiencies in the allocation of attention in policymaking leads policymakers to react disproportionately to information. This theory of information processing appears to be broadly accepted and has generated a large body of research on agenda setting. However, little attention has been devoted to actual policy over- and underreaction and how it affects the public. The latest developments are conceptual in nature and include a conceptualization and dimensionalization of policy over- and underreaction, as well as an early-stage development of a preference-driven approach to disproportionate policy response. These issues are fundamental to developing understanding of the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of disproportionate policy response. They are also valuable to those who want to better understand the processes through which policy over- and underreaction occur and are of considerable interest to practitioners who want to understand how to manage disproportionate policy responses more effectively. Although disproportionate policy response poses methodological challenges because it is time-bound, context-sensitive and has a problematic counterfactual (i.e., proportionate policy response), it deserves academic attention. This is because the insight of the punctuated equilibrium theory—that policy responses oscillate between periods of underreaction to the flow of information coming from the environment into the system and overreaction due to disproportionate information processing—implies that policy oscillation is the norm rather than the rarity. To probe research questions related to the topic at hand, disproportionate policy response can be measured as individuals' perceptions of what they think about the proportionality of policy. Alternatively, scholars may employ vignette survey experiments, sophisticated cost-benefit analysis and a comparison of policy outcomes with (national or international) standards developed by experts. Scholars may also undertake experimental manipulation using risk unfolding over time, combined with varying types of warnings. The study of disproportionate policy response is a gateway to some of the most significant aspects of public policy. Global and domestic threats coupled with relatively skeptical publics about politicians and political institutions and rising negativity and populism in democratic politics imply that policy overshooting is increasingly required for the public to perceive policy action as sufficient and politicians as competent, at least in the short term. Not only has disproportionate policy response been a focal point for political actors seeking decisive and swift policy change in times of real or manufactured crisis or no change at all, but such action has time and time again also made a dramatic impact upon the direction and the character of policy and politics. Classic examples are the U.S. response to 9/11 and the federal response to Hurricane Katrina. So far the literature on policy change has not responded to the emergence of the stream of research aimed at fully understanding the complex phenomenon of disproportionate policy response, but a robust research agenda awaits those answering this article's call for action.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Myrrh Essential Oil has a number of wide-ranging applications and uses, including aromatherapy, in do-it-yourself cosmetics, and even for scenting candles. Its musky aroma makes it an excellent natural fragrance to add to soaps, lip balms, toothpaste, natural perfumes, and salves.
Coop Coco is a Canadian retail and wholesale supplier of Myrrh Essential Oil, a therapeutic grade essential oil that is steam distilled from the resin of the Myrrh tree. It is then diluted with food-grade fractionated coconut oil to ensure accessible pricing. Our bulk Myrrh Essential Oil is sourced from Somalia, and has a woody, smokey aroma. Soap makers should note that it may accelerate trace.
Myrrh essential oil has been known to cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. All essential oils should be used only after being diluted in a carrier oil. Do not take internally unless under the direct supervision of a qualified practitioner. Always perform a small patch test (with the diluted essential oil) before using on skin, to check for compatibility. We strongly advise caution when using essential oils around children and pregnant women.


Via telepresence, Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Canberra.
The Chair welcomed attendees to the meeting and noted that future Commission meetings would focus on the Review of Mental Health Programmes and Services . No apologies were noted.
Commissioners NOTED and AGREED the Register of Interests would be updated.
Action: Secretariat to circulate the Register of Interests.
Commissioners ACCEPTED the notes for the Commission discussion held via tele-presence in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth and NOTED Actions Arising.
Commissioners DISCUSSED the draft Terms of Reference and NOTED that they would be publicly released by the Minister at his discretion.
Commissioners NOTED and DISCUSSED governance and planning processes and the work undertaken to date, including the draft Review Project Plan.
Commissioners NOTED and DISCUSSED the timeframes for reporting to the Minister and the Minister's expectations.
Commissioners NOTED and DISCUSSED the timeframes for reporting to the Minister.
Commissioners NOTED the update on projects provided by the Director Policy Strategy and Projects and DISCUSSED the 2014 Report Back in lieu of the National Report Card on Mental Health and Suicide Prevention.
Commissioners DISCUSSED the Minister's expectations on the undertaking of the Review and its report to Government and that this was a task that was to be delivered and governed differently to the Commission's other business. As such, the Commissioners NOTED that in these circumstances the Commission's current Operating Principles may not be applied in full to the conduct of the Review.
Commissioners AGREED to a Review meeting schedule for the remainder of the year.
Commissioners DISCUSSED other business including the implementation of Activity Based Funding and the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
Commissioners NOTED that the date and location of the next Review Commission meeting will ideally be a face-to-face meeting; date in February to be confirmed.
- Monday, 24 November 2014.


The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge has gone viral. People dumping a bucket of ice over their heads has conquered Facebook. However, there are some who are not convinced by this charity craze and people's motivation for doing it. This video answers those doubters.
Chinua Achebe was born in 1930 and recently died at the of 82. He was an influential Nigerian novelist and poet, and latterly professor and critic. He is perhaps most well known for his first novel entitled "Things Fall Apart". This is still the mostly widely read book in recent African Literature.
In 1990 Achebe was in a car heading to Lagos when the car flipped and the weight of the vehicle landed on Achebe which left his spine severely damaged. Achebe then moved to America where he was to remain. Achebe's accident left him partially paralysed for the rest of his life.
"Nigera is what it is because its leaders are not what they should be."


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Until 12 November, take advantage of Restaurant Week and book a meal at a Michelin star restaurant at a special price with ElTenedor. Influencers from Madrid and Barcelona share their experiences in their favourite restaurants and show us how to earn Avios with daily activities.
Make the most of ClubKviar's recent arrival in the programme and enjoy some special offers for November. You can explore many different dining options in more than 250 restaurants. As well as a 30 per cent discount on your bill, you can earn 50 Avios with every booking you make.


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Fine print, small print, o "mouseprint" è una stampa meno visibile di quella più larga e ovvia che la accompagna reclamizzando o descrivendo diversamente o in modo parziale un prodotto o servizio commerciale. La stampa più grande usata assieme al fine print dal commerciante spesso ha l'effetto di ingannare il consumatore facendogli credere che l'offerta è più vantaggiosa di quanto non sia realmente. Ciò può soddisfare un formalismo giuridico che richiede il disvelamento completo di tutti (anche gli sfavorevoli) i termini o condizioni, ma non specifica il modo (dimensione, tipo di carattere, colore, ecc.) del disvelamento. Vi sono rilevanti considerazioni che suggeriscono che la maggioranza dei consumatori non leggono il fine print. Come meglio precisato in prosieguo, il fine print può avere un suo equivalente "non grafico" negli annunci pubblicitari televisivi o radiofonici, con le avvertenze obbligatorie per legge (ma controproducenti commercialmente) comunicate con astuti accorgimenti per ostacolarne a dir poco l'intelligibilità.

Il fine print può dire il contrario di quel che si legge nella stampa più grossa. Per esempio, se la stampa più grande dice "pre-approvato" il fine print può dire "soggetto ad approvazione". Specie nelle pubblicità farmaceutiche, il fine print può recare un messaggio di avvertimento, ma questo messaggio è neutralizzato da immagini positive più vistose e da piacevole musica di sottofondo. Talvolta le pubblicità televisive mostrano fugacemente il fine print in colori mimetici, rendendo difficile o impossibile la lettura allo spettatore.

L'uso di fine print è una tecnica pubblicitaria in certe nicchie di mercato, specie quelli di prodotti specialistici ad alto margine o servizi non competitivi con quelli del mercato generale. La pratica, per esempio, può essere usata per fuorviare il consumatore sul prezzo o valore di un articolo, o sul contenuto nutrizionale di un prodotto alimentare.

Negli USA, la normativa della Federal Trade Commission (FTC) afferma che, affinché un'offerta pubblicizzata sia legittima, i termini dell'offerta devono essere chiari e ben visibili, non relegati nel fine print. La normativa FTC prescrive che atti o pratiche inique o ingannevoli che interessano il commercio sono illegittimi.(15 USC § 45 (a)) Per quanto di ragione, afferma che le condizioni e gli obblighi contingenti di un'offerta devono essere esposti in modo chiaro e ben visibile all'inizio dell'offerta, e che il disvelamento dei termini dell'offerta esposti in una nota a piè di pagina di una pubblicità a cui si fa riferimento con un asterisco o altro simbolo posto accanto all'offerta, non è considerato al pari di esporre il disvelamento all'inizio. (16 CFR 251.1)

Aspetti controversi
Il fine print è controverso a causa della sua natura ingannevole. Il suo scopo è far sì che il consumatore creda nell'effettiva bontà dell'offerta. Benché la verità sull'offerta sia tecnicamente disponibile al consumatore nella stampa in corpo minore della pubblicità — così rendendo pressoché pacifica la negabilità plausibile se viene denunciata la frode — spesso si fa in modo che passi inosservata. Il consumatore in buona fede, che può subito vedere gli aspetti attraenti dell'offerta, in genere non si curerà, per il suo comportamento impulsivo per natura, limiti di tempo, e/o necessità personale, di valutare le avvertenze, concentrandosi piuttosto sui vantaggi dell'offerta.

Molte offerte, pubblicizzate in caratteri grandi, sono valide solo a certe condizioni. In molti casi, tali condizioni sono difficili se non impossibili a verificarsi.

In molti casi l'azienda dichiara nel fine print che si riserva il diritto di modificare i termini del contratto in qualsiasi momento con breve preavviso, o senza alcun preavviso. Questo avviene ampiamente nei termini di servizio e nelle privacy policy. Tuttavia, agli inizi del 2009, nel caso federale Harris v. Blockbuster Inc. si statuì che queste "clausole unilaterale di modifica" erano ingannevoli e, di conseguenza, non meritevoli di tutela giuridica.

In alcuni casi, il venditore che usa questa tecnica ricorrerà alla pratica del bait and switch. Al consumatore pronto ad acquistare si dirà che per una ragione o per un'altra, non può giovarsi dell'offerta pubblicizzata, e sarà spinto ad un'offerta più costosa (cosiddetto hard sell). I motivi addotti possono riguardare età, razza, religione, rating di credito, dimensione o posizione della residenza, tipo di veicolo posseduto, quantità degli affari già intercorsi con la ditta, o la varietà di articolo che intende acquistare. Spesso quando, ciò avviene, tale limitazioni riguarderanno la stragrande maggioranza di consumatori.

Molto spesso i consumatori, impazienti di ottenere un prodotto o servizio di cui hanno grande bisogno o desiderio, o che erano indotti ad ottenere, firmeranno un contratto vincolante. Una corte può ritenere il consumatore vincolato alle clausole contrattuali, sebbene dichiarate solo nel fine print, e liberarsi da tale vincolo può essere oneroso o impossibile.

Alcuni esempi di situazioni come quella descritta:
 Una carta di credito, pubblicizzata come 0% di interessi nella stampa "grande", viene offerta per un periodo di pochi mesi iniziali. Al termine, il tasso scatterà, ad esempio, ad un valore (ben maggiore) del 19,95%, potendo crescere ancora grazie all'universal default.
 Un contratto può usare testo scritto in piccolo che può passare inosservato per imporre al consumatore o abbonato di pagare vari balzelli che non sono dichiarati nel prezzo riportato in evidenza. Ad esempio un abbonato ad un contratto di telefonia cellulare può essere vincolato ad una durata contrattuale specificata, soggetta a gravosa penale per il caso di recesso anticipato. I biglietti di volo possono escludere tasse, oneri per i bagagli, ed altri "extra" inevitabili. Alcuni contratti — e a volte servizi a pagamento dopo un periodo di prova gratuito — si rinnovano automaticamente se non disdetti entro un termine specificato.
 Polizze di assicurazione: soprattutto le polizze sulla salute e le polizze vita escludono gran parte degli scenari che possono dar luogo a un sinistro. Per esempio le polizze vita escluderanno normalmente il suicidio se compiuto entro un certo termine dalla stipula contrattuale.
 Vendite con rimborso: molti prodotti sono reclamizzati con un prezzo stampato in grosse caratteri. Però è aggiunto un prezzo più alto in caratteri ben più piccoli, e il prezzo scritto in grande vale solo in forma di rimborso. Prima il cliente deve pagare il prezzo più alto. Per ottenere il rimborso, il cliente deve seguire un insieme di regole. In alcuni casi può essere difficile raggiungere tutti i requisiti necessari al rimborso, e di conseguenza sono negati molti rimborsi.
 Programmi TV con inserzioni pubblicitarie: ve ne sono di vari tipi. Spesso, le ditte sovraccaricano di fine print le loro offerte di vendita o più semplicemente non mantengono le loro promesse (quest'ultimo comportamento è illegale, ma molte imprese non se ne preoccupano, visto che di solito gli incassi ottenuti col raggiro compensano le sanzioni imposte dal governo).
 Raggiri del marketing online: molti operatori economici online attraevano consumatori con prove gratuite e chiedevano i particolari della carta di credito per disporre la consegna dei prodotti. Ma la FTC verificò che inserivano addebiti nascosti per togliere soldi ai clienti senza il loro consenso.

Fine print alla TV e su altri canali video
È stata una pratica comune usare il fine print nella pubblicità televisiva. In quel caso il fine print si vede sul fondo dello schermo in un modo che non può essere notato da molti spettatori, o è mostrato per un tempo così breve che nessuno riesce a leggere l'intera frase senza un mezzo artificiale o fermando lo spot, per esempio registrandolo o bloccando il fotogramma, come si può fare con un videoregistratore digitale (DVR), per poterla leggere. L'attenzione è dirottata da tale piccola sezione con la più vistosa descrizione a caratteri grandi, che presa da sola non è veritiera.

Il fine print è spesso illeggibile, per esempio quando l'immagine TV è confusa, a bassa risoluzione, o la vista dello spettatore è ostacolata. Le offerte bancarie sono mostrate su cartelloni luminosi stradali su strade ad alto scorrimento, cosicché i conducenti di passaggio non le possono leggere.

Fine print verbale
Alcune pubblicità televisive e radiofoniche si concludono con un "discorso rapido", a malapena udibile o comprensibile per la maggioranza delle persone. Pur essendo proprio la parte che contiene i disclaimer e le eccezioni al messaggio pubblicizzato, spesso è pronunciato troppo in fretta perché lo spettatore/ascoltatore lo comprenda. Spesso è accompagnato da piacevole musica di sottofondo e immagini positive, che a loro volta distraggono l'attenzione del consumatore dal disclaimer.

Lotta al fine print
Molti difensori dei consumatori si danno da fare per promuovere l'adozione di normativa che limiti lo "spazio giuridico" di chi fa pubblicità nell'uso del fine print per nascondere la verità, ed espandere i diritti dei consumatori che cadono vittime del fine print. In funzione della libertà di parola concessa ai pubblicitari, l'adozione di siffatte leggi negli Stati Uniti si è dimostrata difficile.

Carte di credito
I difensori dei consumatori hanno ampiamente criticato l'industria delle carte di credito per la crescente spietatezza delle sue pratiche, che lasciano ai banchieri facoltà apparentemente illimitate di mettere in conto qualunque spesa vogliano, riscrivere arbitrariamente termini e condizioni applicati ai consumatori, e non subire azioni dei consumatori finalizzate a contrastare dette pratiche. Il consumatore che ha inizialmente ottenuto la carta è stato inevitabilmente attratto dalle parole scritte in grande, accompagnate da pagine di fine print che pochi probabilmente leggeranno o comprenderanno appieno. Negli anni 1990 la Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti ha sovvertito due leggi contrarie a queste pratiche, e si è detto che tali decisioni hanno aperto le porte a pratiche sempre più efferate.

Sconti
Diversi Stati hanno preso in considerazione leggi che richiederebbero ai rivenditori di concedere ai consumatori senza imporre vincoli gli sconti reclamizzati al momento dell'acquisto. Queste leggi sono state ampiamente contrastate dalle imprese, e non sono state ancora approvate in alcuno Stato, a parte Connecticut e Rhode Island, in cui gli sconti sono permessi solo se non pubblicizzati.

Attività bancarie
La pubblicità da parte delle banche convenzionali è normata abbastanza rigorosamente, imponendo dichiarazioni che in genere vengono compiute, ma appaiono in caratteri piccoli. In alcuni casi è disciplinata la misura minima dei caratteri piccoli, come nelle regole dichiarative Schumer box per la pubblicità/sottoscrizione di carte di credito. Una banca offriva certificati di deposito con rendita 10% non assicurati FDIC in lettere alte quasi 3", mentre la mancanza di assicurazione era esposta in piccoli caratteri alti 1/16".

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 mouseprint.org, una raccolta di pubblicità con fine print
 PBS Frontline - The Secret History of the Credit Card
 AOL "health food" claims
 Fine print tricks used by car dealerships

Pubblicità

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Conference Report: The Lasting Effects of Early Modern Cultural Encounters
The fourth and final Marrying Cultures workshop took place in Stockholm from 14 to 16 September 2016, organised by Svante Norrhem with the assistance of Kristoffer Edelgaard Christensen.
The title of the workshop was The Lasting Effects of Early Modern Cultural Encounters and the papers and discussions focused on three main topics: the way in which museums conserve and present the lives of queens consort in various formats; the extent to which these women then become part of national cultural memory; and the afterlives of cultural genres and objects relating to queens consort.
stockholm-kungliga-vitterhetsakademien.jpg
The workshop began in the Livrustkammaren (the Swedish Royal Armoury), one of the museum partners of Marrying Cultures, where the group was welcomed by the Director Dr Malin Grundberg. A tour of the permanent exhibition was led by Ann Grönhammar and Sofia Nestor. They explained that the current display presents the great deeds of heroic Swedish kings such as Gustav Vasa, Gustavus Adolphus and Karl X Gustav. Naturally Queen Christina – a queen regnant - features in the exhibition but it does not focus much on queens consort. The curators want to rectify this in the new permanent exhibition to open in 2018, in which they will use the insights of Marrying Cultures relating to Swedish queens consort.
The workshop proper then began on 15 September at the Vitterhetsakademie (The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities). It was held there by kind permission of the General Secretary, Professor Birgitta Svenson, and the venue was particularly appropriate, as the Academy was founded by Luise Ulrike of Prussia, Queen of Sweden, in 1753 and her portrait looked down on the discussions over the next two days.
After a welcome from Professor Svenson, Joanna Marschner (Senior Curator, Historic Royal Palaces, London) spoke briefly about the planning for the exhibition 'Enlightened Princesses, Caroline, Augusta, Charlotte and the Shaping of the Modern World' which she is organising with the Yale Center for British Art and which will be shown in New Haven and in London. These princesses are Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. They were the consorts of George II and George III, Kings of Great Britain and Ireland, and Frederick, Prince of Wales respectively. Over three hundred artefacts have been secured as loans for the exhibition in its two venues, and include material drawn from the national museums and the Royal Collection in the UK, and also from royal collections in Denmark and the Netherlands and from Germany. A book will be published by Yale University Press.
The first seven papers of the day addressed exhibitions or museums presenting queens consort.
Merit Laine (Curator at the National Museum, Stockholm), in a paper entitled: 'Why Remember? Some Thoughts on the "Hedvig Eleonora Year" 2015', reflected on the challenge of presenting Hedvig Eleonora, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden (1636-1715) to the general public. Married for six years to Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden, and a wealthy widow for fifty-five years, Merit Laine emphasised that her memory was overshadowed by the masculinity of the so-called Caroline Era, that is, the reigns of her husband, son and grandson. It was decided, therefore, to organise three exhibitions in three different palaces associated with Hedvig Eleonora, bringing the period alive with a different theme in each one. At Strömsholm Palace the focus was on horses and riding, at Drottningholm Palace it was on gardens and at Gripsholm Castle on textiles. The organisers aimed to appeal to all the senses, for instance, by including Baroque scents and music in the garden exhibition. Merit Laine emphasised two of the main challenges the curators encountered: first, modern interior design is no longer interested in including historical furniture or pictures but promotes a bare living space devoid of memory or of history; second, there are certain constraints associated with mounting exhibitions of collections in palaces owned and used by a reigning royal family.
Julius Bryant (Keeper of Word and Image at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London) then asked: 'Are Exhibitions or House Museums the best Way to preserve Memories? The Rival Posterities of King Georg II's Wife and Mistress'. The two women concerned were Queen Caroline (Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach,1683-1737) and Henrietta Howard (1689-1767). They had met at Hanover, where Caroline has moved in 1705 when she married the future George II and where Henrietta arrived in 1714. Henrietta became George's mistress and Lady of the Bedchamber to Caroline, but retired in 1734 from her role as royal mistress to the Palladian villa known as Marble Hill House which she had built by the Thames. There she was the patron of an intellectual circle which included Alexander Pope. Julius Bryant described how, when he became responsible for Marble Hill House, the house was empty and Mrs Howard largely forgotten, so he determined to bring her back to the house and set about tracking down furniture, paintings, japanned screens, books, etc. which revealed her taste and intellect. The outcome was his monograph Mrs Howard. A woman of reason. By contrast Queen Caroline as queen consort had a secure place in national cultural memory. Julius Bryant mentioned the Foucauldian notion that museums are power structures, imposing an interpretation on the viewer and exerting control via the wall labels that categorise the objects. He also pointed out that, because of the time it takes to design and mount a display, when it is unveiled it often presents a theoretical concept that was fashionable some years before. He cited the British Galleries at the V&A, devised in 1999 but opened in 2005, as following what he called an 'economic' model which presented the displays from the standpoint of patterns of consumption. The subsequent discussion asked whether a house museum suggests an authenticity that it cannot have, unlike a temporary exhibition which the visitor knows is a short-term construct.
Alexandra von Schwerin, the chatelaine of Skarhult Castle, is the organiser of the successful exhibition: Den dolda kvinnomakten (Power in Disguise: Women at Skarhult Castle through Five Centuries). This presents five of her predecessors, one for each century from the sixteenth century to the present. She summed up her recipe for success as presenting a clear political message through the exhibition - in her case a feminist message about submerged women's lives - and as providing journalists with simple and provocative ideas that they can get hold of. She stressed that the exhibition would not have worked without the historians who were her advisers and the scenographers who designed the five rooms. Her challenge was opening her own house, which had never been open to the public before and is not accessible by public transport.
Nadja Bender, one of the organisers with Alfred Hagemann and Jürgen Luh, of 'Frauensache. Wie Brandenburg Preußen wurde (Women's Business. How Brandenburg Became Prussia)', staged at Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin in 2015, talked about the ideas behind this exhibition. The organisers had presented their concept at the first Marrying Cultures Workshop in Wolfenbüttel in June 2013. The exhibition aimed to redress the balance of the male-dominated conventional Prussian history and introduce some of the important consorts. It first explained the dynastic marital system and the networks it brought into being and provided the visitor with a brief overview of Prussian history, before presenting the various roles a royal consort played during her life: as daughter and bride, wife and mother, queen and first lady, widow and regent, indicating the choices these women had to make - whether to conform or to distance themselves from their marital court, whether to follow duty or love, whether to espouse politics or art and in a few cases whether to become "an idol and an ideal". Nadja Bender explained that the exhibition had been seen by 40,000 visitors over the three months it was open, but that to cover their costs, the organisers had been told their target was 50,000 visitors. The subsequent discussion asked how such exhibitions can impact on permanent collections and how these can be rejuvenated, perhaps by bringing works out from store and presenting them in a new way. The average museum label (e.g. at the V&A) is not allowed to be longer than fifty words, so the question is how to catch the interest of the viewer and make her or him stay longer to follow a theme.
stockholm-lecture-taylor.jpg
David Taylor (Curator of Pictures and Sculpture at the National Trust, UK) has the oversight of 17,000 oil paintings in over 300 properties. The National Trust displays whole houses with their contents. He focused on some of the portraits of Catherine of Braganza and the different representations of her on her arrival as foreign Portuguese princess, the portraits by Dirk Stoop, who came with her from Lisbon to England in 1662, and then her representation by Peter Lely, the king's painter. It was pointed out in the discussion that her patronage of Italian art and Italian music was a statement of her identity and independence at the French-influenced court of her husband.
Max Tillmann (Curator at the Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe, Germany) spoke about the exhibition he mounted in 2014 onKaroline Luise, Princess of Baden (née Margravine of Hessen-Darmstadt, 1723-1783). This exhibition was a collaboration between the Kunsthalle, the Università della Svizzera italiana and the State Archive Karlsruhe, and presented Karoline Luise in her various roles as art patron, collector and painter herself. She had been taught by Jean-Etienne Liotard and collected works by him and by Boucher. She was herself a very good painter in various media. She was also an intellectual who corresponded with 750 important figures of her day. All 10,000 letters are digitized and available online at: http://www.karoline-luise.la-bw.de/
stockholm-lecture-tillmann.jpg
Joanna Norman (Curator, Victoria and Albert Museum, London) spoke about her work on the recently opened permanent European Galleries at the V&A, which cover the period 1600-1815. This display presents 1100 objects relating to continental European as opposed to British art and design. The display was dictated by the V&A's remit from its foundation to improve design in manufacture. She showed four objects to illustrate the kinds of work on display: the so-called Endymion Cabinet which came into the collection in 1850 without any provenance and may be associated with the French court and Anne of Austria; a silver casket from Alto Peru; a steel fireplace dating to 1800 made in the Armoury in Tula, Russia, and given by Princess Dashkova to Edwin Wilmot of Cork; and a Würzburg writing cabinet. She spoke about the different ways of presenting objects in an engaging manner, for instance by demonstrating their function (a linen cupboard with hanging sheets, for instance). She also mentioned the way the exhibition charts the development of taste throughout the period. The Heritage Lottery Fund of Great Britain, which had given substantial funding to the display, wanted it to think beyond western Europe and to present Europe in the context of the world as a whole. Families were also a major focus and technology was used in a number of interactive displays and in the website.
The last two papers of the day addressed questions of consorts and texts.
James Daybell (Plymouth University) gave a paper entitled: The Archival Afterlives of Cultural Encounters: The Correspondence of Henrietta Maria (Queen of Britain). He mentioned that there is a modern edition of her letters, though not a historical critical edition and distinguished between what he called the 'letterness' of letters - i.e. their immediate function in communicating with the addressee - versus the afterlives of letters, when they are read later in different contexts. He also discussed preserving documents as cultural assets, for instance, in the letter book in the Bodleian Library in Oxford of about 80 leaves containing about 15 holograph letters by Henrietta Maria to Charles I, including one from her to him on their wedding day. Here the personal and the private are filed together with the public and the state. In contrast to these intimate letters, the printed collection from 1645: The King's Cabinet Opened, or Certain Packets of Secret Letters & Papers Written with the King's Own Hand. Printed letters captured at the Battle of Naseby by Sir Thomas Fairfax was conceived as a polemic against Henrietta Maria.
stockholm-lecture-daybell.jpg
Jill Bepler (Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel) spoke about 'Tracing Books and their Movements: Dynastic Women and Cultural Transfer in Early Modern Europe'. Her focus was on the use of devotional books in a political context. She pointed to the differing uses of books in the self-fashioning of the consort in portraiture of the 16th and 17th centuries, where the emphasis was on confessional probity and intensive reading, and in the eighteenth century, when this ideal was replaced by the enlightened Princess and extensive, effortless reading for personal improvement and conversation. She discussed the use of inventories as sources for reconstructing female books ownership and patterns of female inheritance that led to the dispersal of women's chamber libraries, in contrast to the relative stability of the male dynastic library handed down over generations. She discussed the marriage in 1577 of Sophie Hedwig, the daughter of Duke Julius of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, to Ernst Ludwig of Pommern-Wolgast and how the young princess was given a chest of richly bound Lutheran works to take with her to Pomerania, where she was expected to support the confessional stance of her birth dynasty, reminding us of barely perceptible but highly political confessional borders crossed by young brides, even those whose husbands were ostensibly of the same confession. Looking at the marriage between a Lutheran and a Calvinist that took place in 1667 when Christian (V) of Denmark married Charlotte Amalie of Hessen-Kassel (1650-1714) she discussed a later example of the use of books as a confessional arsenal. At a time when she was struggling against Lutheran attacks on her right to worship according to reformed ritual in Copenhagen, Charlotte Amalie inherited the complete book collection of religious and political texts belonging to her mother, Hedwig Sophie, Landgravine of Hessen-Kassel née Princess of Brandenburg (1623-1683), whose court was a centre of Calvinist devotional book production and translation. Charlotte Amalie went on to found the first Reformed Church in Copenhagen. That evening the conference participants enjoyed the hospitality of the Vitterhetsakademie at dinner.
Friday, 16 September began with a paper by Eva-Lena Karlsson (Gripsholm Castle) on 'Queens in the National Portrait Gallery'. She explained how the Gripsholm collection has its origins in the dynastic portrait gallery or Ahnengalerie of the Swedish kings, in contrast, for instance, to the British National Portrait Gallery in London founded in 1856. As her main example, she discussed Hedvig Eleonora's collections of portraits of her own German relatives, their iconography and reception.
Elise Dermineur (Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study and Umeå University) spoke on the topic of her forthcoming monograph to be published in 2017 by Routledge: Luise Ulrike and her Political Legacy. She stressed that, while Luise Ulrike's visible cultural legacy is relatively well known today, what is often ignored is the extent to which she was an active political agent. Elise Dermineur asked how we can assess her political legacy and how we can distinguish mere activity from actual legacy. She emphasised that Luise Ulrike was a political catalyst, an instrument and an agent. She wanted to increase royal prerogatives, though her attempt at a coup failed. At the same time, her brother, Frederick II, King in Prussia, used her as an unofficial diplomat and lobbyist.
Maureen Meikle (LeedsTrinity University) spoke about Anna of Denmark (1574-1617), Queen of Scotland and later Queen of England. She had grown up in Germany and Denmark and married James VI of Scotland in 1589 at the age of 14. James and Anna began their married life in Kronborg, arriving in Scotland in May 1590. Anna was interested in theatre (e.g. the well-known court masques of Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones performed between 1604 and 1611), was a lutenist and played the lyra viol and the virginals and learned Italian from John Florio who dedicated his dictionary to her. On her death in 1619 she had an extensive art collection at Greenwich, Denmark House and Oatlands. Her most lasting legacy, apart from the masque texts by Ben Jonson, is the architecture she commissioned from William Schaw and Inigo Jones. Inigo Jones built Denmark House (now Somerset House) and the Queen's House at Greenwich, though she did not live to see the latter completed.
Barbara Przybyszewska-Jarmińska (Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) spoke about 'Musicians at the courts of the King of Poland from the Vasa Dynasty both then and today'. In 1587 the Swedish king Sigismund III Vasa was elected king of Poland and Grandduke of Lithuania. He had been brought up as a Catholic in Sweden and married Anna of Habsburg (Duchess of Inner Austria) in 1592. She had grown up at the Munich court where Orlando di Lasso was the kapellmeister. Sigismund wanted musicians from Rome, not Venice as the Habsburgs did, and in 1595 a group of Roman musicians arrived in Cracow, led by Luca Marenzio. There was then an unbroken succession of Roman kapellmeister in Cracow for the next fifty years: Giulio Cesare Gabussi from 1601, Asprilio Pacelli from 1602 to 1623, Giovanni Francesco Anerio from 1624 to about 1630 and Marco Scacchi from 1632 to about 1649 or 1650. This cultural transfer was forgotten for centuries because Polish historiography claimed that Polish culture had exclusively Slav roots. From the 1980s on and thanks to the efforts of the speaker herself, the Italian musical heritage has been uncovered. Alas, it is now in danger of again being obliterated by nationalistic considerations.
In her paper 'The fashion Legacy of Eleonora di Toledo from Renaissance Portraiture to Alta Moda', Ewa Kociszewska (University of Oxford) discussed the famous portrait of Eleonore de Toledo (1522-62) by Agnolo Bronzino painted in 1544-5. She explained who the sitter was and the circumstances of her marriage to Cosimo I de' Medici and she presented what is known about the making of the dress that Eleonore is wearing in the portrait. She then demonstrated how influential this garment has been on Italian and international haute couture, an excellent example of a lasting cultural encounter. She finished with the recreation of the dress by Isabelle de Borchgrave, which, coincidentally, was on show at that very moment in the Livrustkammaren in an exhibition opened the day before!
Finally Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly presented what for her were the research results of the three years of 'Marrying Cultures' in a paper called 'Dynasty, Consortship and Cultural Transfer: Some Conclusions'. She began by saying that the goal of the project had been to investigate the role of the consort within the system of dynastic marriage and to find out to what extent she was a vehicle for cultural transfer between European territories over a period of about three hundred years. Poland and Sweden had been deliberately chosen together the German-speaking world and Britain in order to challenge the often Romano-centric view of court culture focused on Italy and France. A major aim was to see beneath and beyond the modern map of Europe with its nation states and fixed borders in order to arrive at an earlier perception of Europe in which, at the level of elite culture, the linguistic, cultural and political borders were porous and different national cultures were entangled. The three concepts - dynasty, consortship and cultural transfer – provided the parameters for the project and the research undertaken led us to reassess them.
1. Dynasty
Dynasties are familial groupings based on descent from a common ancestor and this line has to be carried on in order to pass land, wealth and power down through the family. Most of the dynasties the project examined adhered to the principle of patrilinear primogeniture, that is, the succession of the eldest son to the throne and title or, failing a son, the closest male relative. Queens consort were necessary instruments in this system, since women were necessary to produce heirs. Consorts, however, had a dual allegiance – to their natal dynasty and to their marital dynasty, which often led to conflicting loyalties. Royal and aristocratic women were also often the memory of the dynasty, preserving and publishing genealogical knowledge. In Poland, by contrast, we had the example of an elective monarchy. The Poles, however, did still have seven Jagiellonian kings elected in succession and the dynasty was important in passing property through inheritance between siblings and their descendants. However, under an elective monarchy the principal duty of the consort in all other territories – to produce the next king – was not urgent in the same way. Britain was another exception to the rule of patrilinear primogeniture. Since it did not abide by the Salic Law, women could and did become monarchs. Nor did Sweden have a simple transition of power from father to son during our period. So dynasties could evolve or be supplanted by others, as the need arose, and this had consequences for the consort who had to adapt to circumstances not of her making.
How were consorts chosen? Political considerations were always paramount, since a royal marriage was an alliance not just between two families but between two territories. Wealth was also a factor and another was the bridegroom's desire to extend his territory. However, no matter how wealthy or how much territory she could command, once mainland Europe had been split after the Reformation into the three confessional blocs, Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed, marriage alliances usually had to be made within the boundaries of whichever confessional bloc a dynasty belonged to.
2. Consortship
What made for successful consortship, since this was necessary precondition for a queen to exert cultural influence? The first criterion is successful biological performance. Providing her husband with legitimate offspring was the pivotal function within the dynastic system that gave the queen consort her importance and this was true even in an elective monarchy. At her marriage, the consort gave her body to her marital dynasty to serve its needs. However, the dynastic system often united marriage partners unable to procreate. They might be too young, for instance, or sometimes even too old. Another factor that could impede the consort in carrying out her biological mission was the inability or unwillingness of her spouse to consummate the marriage or to engage in regular sexual relations with her. Consorts who were not fruitful were censored for failing to 'do their duty'. Whether a consort produced a son or not was the most important factor in determining whether she had any standing at her marital court and therefore whether she could exert political and/or cultural influence. The consort was usually only allowed to attend her husband's meetings with his ministers, for instance, after she had given birth to a son. A childless consort was a nobody and a failure, a consort who had merely given birth to daughters only slightly better.
The consort could usually only legitimately exercise political authority when she was appointed regent on the death of her husband and during the minority of her son or else during her husband's absence abroad, visiting another territory or on military campaign. Even then she usually had a regency council to guide her and sometimes too a male co-regent at her side, but it was often as a widow that a consort came into her own both politically and culturally. A consort could, however, exert considerable influence if she could successfully negotiate certain key relationships. The most important of these was that with her husband. She will have absorbed with her mother's milk the 'job description' for this relationship, based on the division of labour between monarch and consort. The monarch was responsible for war and government, the consort for religion and charitable deeds. He was expected to be a model of courage and fortitude, she of charity and piety. He could philander, she had to be chastity personified. He built fortresses, she founded convents. He conquered territories by force of arms, she connected them by brokering marriage alliances and by using her dynastic networks. He had to be loved and feared by his people, she had to demonstrate love for them. He needed to look well on a horse, she had to impress in the ballroom with her fashion sense and magnificent jewels. Though both could collaborate in commissioning buildings, portraits and operas, he rode in tournaments, she danced in ballets. In this way, her sphere of influence and of action were delimited from the beginning. How this worked out in practice varied greatly and a consort could exercise considerable political influence behind the scenes. When considering powerful figures at court who could make life difficult for a consort and push her to the sidelines, the mistress first comes to mind. The danger was not, however, that a king would find an attractive woman for a sexual relationship but that he would find his mistress a more congenial companion and confidante than his wife. An often underestimated competitor for the consort was her mother-in-law, especially if that mother-in-law had been the regent for her son and was used to ruling the roost.
The consort also had to avoid too overtly foreign an appearance. She was chosen because she came from another territory, because she was a foreigner, but once she arrived at her marital court, the consort's new dynasty wanted her to become absorbed into it as quickly as possible and they therefore often distanced her from her own culture. She was expected to integrate herself visibly and fully and it was fatal for her chances of success in her new environment if she were constantly seen to be 'foreign'. The consort's own family, on the other hand, expected, indeed often demanded, that she further its interests at her marital court, so they therefore wished her to bear in mind at all times the dynasty and the culture into which she had been born. Whether the consort was regarded as too foreign or not, depended on a number of factors, chief among them language. A consort who could not communicate with her new courtiers and subjects in their language could not integrate well into her new environment. However, the consort's sense of self and of self-importance depended on her holding fast to her own dynastic origins, while at the same time absorbing the culture of her new home. The consort had to find her feet at her marital court in a society tightly controlled by ceremonial. To transgress against such rules, even out of ignorance, made the consort the target of gossip and criticism which, because she was under constant observation, immediately did the rounds of the court and were reported to her own family by her physician and her confessor, to foreign courts by the ambassadors and were published in newspapers, broadsheets, and lampoons.
3. Cultural Transfer at Court
Fundamental to our project is an understanding of culture as encompassing a wide spectrum of social practices from food and dress through ceremonial and religious practices to architecture and art, music and literature; as constantly evolving; and as remaining alive and vibrant through transfer from outside. Also fundamental is the notion that transfer is an on-going process, not a finite event, and that cultural transfer takes place in both directions, because the cultures involved become 'entangled'. Three further factors influence cultural transfer between courts: 1. court culture is inherently political; 2. court culture is to some extent transnational culture; 3. objects at court have a particular potency.
Court Culture is Inherently Political
The modern boundary between 'politics' and 'culture' is anachronistic, based on a distinction between the public and the private sphere that was only beginning to emerge in the middle of the eighteenth century. Like the other members of the court, a consort was a public figure, whose every action related to the unique and visible role she played in the polity and at court.
Court Culture as Transnational Culture
Cultural transfer between courts is different from other cases of transfer, for instance between coloniser and colonised, because the two partners in the exchange were equal and symmetrical. Another feature of court culture is that it conformed to an international standard and did so increasingly over the period 1500-1800. Courts everywhere universally admired and sought to import Italian culture throughout the sixteenth and much of the seventeenth century, while, by the mid-eighteenth century, the influence of France was so pervasive that to a certain extent the court had become a transnational space. By that date most persons of royal and princely blood wrote and spoke to each other in French, danced French dances and wore French fashions, while the operas they attended were by German composers with libretti in Italian. In earlier centuries it was far more likely that a consort would bring a distinctively foreign culture with her from her natal court – an outstanding example being the arrival in Poland-Lithuania of Bona Sforza in 1518 as the second wife of Zygmunt the Old, which led to the direct importation of Italian culture on every level from learning to architecture to foodstuffs.
What should also be remembered is that, once two dynasties became connected or entangled, they remained so forever, unless, that is, war or a confessional dispute created a rift. All the members of both dynasties remembered from then on that they were connected and that members of one dynasty had a claim on the members of another. The newly-wedded consort then often went to a foreign court where there might be books in her own language and people who spoke it and where portraits of her relatives adorned the walls.
This leads us to the extraordinary importance and potency of objects in court culture. Objects represented for a consort portable proof of her identity and were usually the only elements of her home culture that she was allowed to keep. Personnel from home was sent back, the objects she brought with her were not. Then there was the presentation of what Maureen Cassidy-Geiger has called 'objects of national identity' as diplomatic gifts – amber from Brandenburg, Meissen porcelain from Saxony. Nor should we forget how essential collecting was to the cultural life and prestige of a court. It was important for the prestige of a prince to have, at the very least, a library, a cabinet of curiosities, a jewel house or treasury and a portrait gallery. Many consorts had their own versions of these collections, often amassed with great knowledge and perseverance and carefully ordered. As well as importing objects which were then copied or emulated, a newly-wedded queen consort could bring a cultural innovation from home which effected an immediate and permanent change in her new territory. A striking example of this is the introduction of Italian opera and ballet to the imperial court in Vienna by Eleonora Gonzaga I (1598-1655).
A consort was not the only person who moved from one territory to another on the occasion of a royal marriage. The negotiations before the marriage involved diplomats going to and fro and, after the marriage, ambassadors from each territory that was party to the marriage were established in the other's capital city. Diplomats shipped objects, books and foodstuffs back home, as did the musicians, artists and actors who went to and fro, taking scores, paintings and texts in both directions. Most numerous of all were the merchants, seeking out knowledge of what goods from their home territory they could sell in a foreign city and what goods they could bring back on the return journey.
Finally, we have seen over the course of the project the extent to which all consorts created their own physical spaces which the same time were cultural spaces: palaces, gardens, libraries, convents or chapels. They express the consorts' personality and identity and at the same time provide them with a refuge.
The political and cultural role that queens consort played in territories as diverse as Poland, Sweden, Britain, Naples, Spain, Brandenburg, Austria and Prussia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries was influenced by the very nature of the dynastic system and the cultural specificities of court culture. No matter how diverse the personalities of individual consorts or of the territories they married into, these factors crucially determined whether their role at their new court in any sphere was that of an active agent, an instrument in the hands of others or someone whose presence made them a catalyst for developments of which they were sometimes not even aware.
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text:
Q: Debian jessie : OpenLDAP Server how to add new schema? The following items are schema of context. I will add
attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.3
  NAME 'CiscoDomain'
  DESC 'Domain for VPN users'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.4
  NAME 'CiscoDNS'
  DESC 'DNS server for VPN users'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.5
  NAME 'CiscoIPAddress'
  DESC 'Address for VPN user'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.6
  NAME 'CiscoIPNetmask'
  DESC 'Address for VPN user'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.7
  NAME 'CiscoSplitACL'
  DESC 'Split tunnel list for VPN users'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.8
  NAME 'CiscoSplitTunnelPolicy'
  DESC 'Split tunnel policy for VPN users'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.9
  NAME 'CiscoGroupPolicy'
  DESC 'Group policy for VPN users'
  EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
  SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
  ORDERING caseIgnoreOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{128}
  SINGLE-VALUE )

objectclass ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.2.1 NAME 'CiscoPerson'
        DESC 'My cisco person'
        AUXILIARY
        MUST ( sn $ cn )
        MAY ( userPassword $ telephoneNumber $ seeAlso
            $ description $ CiscoBanner $ CiscoACLin $ CiscoDomain
            $ CiscoDNS $ CiscoIPAddress $ CiscoIPNetmask $ CiscoSplitACL
            $ CiscoSplitTunnelPolicy $ CiscoGroupPolicy ) )

The ~# vi /usr/share/slapd/slapd.conf command produces the following output:
# Global Directives:
# Features to permit
#allow bind_v2
# Schema and objectClass definitions

include /etc/ldap/schema/core.schema

include /etc/ldap/schema/cosine.schema

include /etc/ldap/schema/nis.schema

include /etc/ldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema

include /etc/ldap/schema/cisco.schema

There were paired every schema ldif that have file ldif for your schema file generation know what way?

A: If you are sure, that your attribute types do not exist in your existing OpenLDAP installation or any that you will connect (look for conflicting OIDs!), you can just add a custom schema. This is a cleaner way than messing around with the core schemas.
You can do this very easily by adding a node to your cn=config backend:
dn: cn=<yourSchemaName>,cn=schema,cn=config
objectClass: olcSchemaConfig
cn: <yourSchemaName>
olcAttributeTypes: ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.500.1.3 NAME 'CiscoDomain'...
Of course you can also use the old config backend and restart slapd.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Ginger Root Extract – In addition to helping to calm the stomach, ginger is also believed to be an effective herbal ingredient that can aid sore muscles and joints.
Black Pepper Extract – Most of the curcumin that is ingested gets metabolised before it can get absorbed. Black pepper aids in improving the effective absorption of curcumin. For this reason, it is almost always included with any supplement that contains turmeric.
Aloe Vera Extract – A member of the Lily family, Aloe Vera is a succulent plant that contains a lot of liquid in its thin, spiny leaves. The gel squeezed from the leaves is 99% water and 1% polysaccharides and glycoproteins. It contains good amounts of manganese, iron, zinc, calcium and B vitamins (B1, B2 and B6), as well as vitamins C and E. It is the oldest and most effective healer since Egyptian times and Queen Cleopatra reportedly used Aloe Vera to treat sores and wounds.
Ceylon Cinnamon Extract – Ceylon cinnamon is different from other varieties. It has a distinctive shape, lighter colour and delicate taste. It has also been known as an antioxidant source.
White Willow Bark Extract – Native to Europe and Central Asia, the bark of the White Willow tree has been used for over 5,000 years as a pain relief remedy. Salicin, the primary active ingredient, has been shown to have effective pain relief properties.
Olive Leaf – The olive leaf was first used nutritionally in ancient Egypt. Compounds found in olive leaves, such as secoiridoid oleuropein, have been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties and to help reduce soreness in the muscles and joints.
None – but has centuries of anecdotal use and is well "tried and tested"
Contains no allergens as per EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation No. 1169/2011
Two capsules provide:
Turmeric (Whole Herb - 400mg & extract – 200mg)
(providing 190mg of Curcuminoids) 600mg
Bromelain (5,000 GDU) 100mg
Ginger Root Extract (Providing 4mg Gingerols) 80mg
(Equivalent to 1,600mg whole ginger)
Cinnamon Extract 74mg
(Equivalent to 1,500mg whole cinnamon)
White Willow Bark Extract 30mg (Providing 4mg Salicin) 30mg
Aloe Vera Extract 20mg
(Equivalent to 4,000mg Aloe Vera Juice)
Olive Leaf Extract (Providing 1.2mg Oleuropein) 20mg
Black Pepper Extract (Providing 10mg Piperine) 10.6mg
Capsule: Vegetable Cellulose
Take 2 capsules daily with a meal.
For maximum support, take up to 6 capsules daily.
Do not exceed the recommended intake.
Store out of reach of young children.
Food supplements must not be used as a substitute for a varied diet & healthy lifestyle
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Lighten-Up! – weightloss
Blue-Green AFA Algae
Super Energy Food
AquaSource was formed in 1994 by David Howell and Robert Davidson, two of the UK's leading homeopaths. Both had experienced challenges in finding new ways to aid their patients. AquaSource is committed to promoting health using natural source ingredients, called superfoods, and making a variety of high-quality nutritional products available to everyone.
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During this presentation I will provide an overview of what is needed to get started using Visual Studio 2010 with the AWS Toolkit & SDK. We'll also cover the basic design ideas behind the do's and don'ts of cloud architecture and development. There will be some hands on coding (if you'd like to bring a laptop to follow along) and we will deploy code (wireless/cat5 connection pending) into AWS Cloud Services & get EC2 instances up and running live!
You can find more on his site.
The source for this presentation can be found on Adron's github account.


text:
Britney Spears Tickets The World Class Mattress Young Music Icon
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You may know actor James Woods from any number belonging to the movies he's been in, most recently starring as a lawyer a TV show Shark. They've the associated with person which takes a confirm the charges on his visa card at the end of the month and saw that there were thousands of dollars in charges they had not put around card. Among the items purchased were a collection of very pricey VIP Concert Tickets.
Groove to Paulinho Garcia's Brazilian Jazz Quartet at the Cuillo Center – 201 Clematis Street, West Palm Beach. Tickets are $35. The music is smooth and sexy making this the perfect date night opportunity! 8 p.m.
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Early puppy obedience training yields the best lifelong results and begins the process of building impulse control in your puppy while you are teaching them "right" from "wrong" helping them gain the ability to make good decisions within our world that make them a pleasure to be around and become dogs we can take with us anywhere. We won't every stick car keys in their hands, but we do want them to eventually make good choices without constant prompting from us.
Training our dogs, just like raising our kids, is a lifelong process. At Unleashed, we will help you start off on the right foot in the early developmental stages with easy to learn handling skills and clear ways of communicating that will help you develop the best dog for your family.
We offer both individual sessions where we can help guide you through your puppy's developmental stages one on one or you can join us in one of our group classes that afford more socialization time. And for those little bitty puppies who will never grow larger than 10 lbs, we offer a safe and fun socialization experience just for them!
Our puppy training classes provide a clear and motivating way for your puppy to learn all the skills needed to live a successful and happy life in a human world.
Private consultations are a great way to address all of your individual needs when it comes to getting your puppy off on the right foot! Consultations are $150 for 75 minutes and are held at our location on Tealtown Rd in Milford or in your home ($25 extra charge for in-home).
Group classes are held three times a month and you are welcome to join in whenever it is convenient for you! You can sign up on our Calendar page. Classes are $20 per class and are 75 minutes long. We work on recalls, leash walking, basic obedience cues along with a little socialization in each class. There will be plenty of time for Q&A for potty training, crate training and troubleshooting techniques as well.
These group classes are a great way to get on the right track with your puppy! We will show you how to begin developing impulse control and teaching your puppy good behaviors with clarity and motivation which will deepen your bond and build a healthy relationship.


text:
MTV Cribs (also known as Cribs) is an American documentary television show that originated on MTV and features tours of the private homes of celebrities. It originally aired from 2000 to 2010. In 2017, MTV produced short-form episodes of the program and distributed it through Snapchat Discover.

MTV rebooted the show for new full length episodes in 2021.

History
The first show aired in September 2000. By 2005, Cribs had featured tours of the homes of over 185 celebrities including musicians, actors, and athletes over the course of 13 seasons. The show was originally narrated by Ananda Lewis, then narrated by SuChin Pak (originally of MTV News).

It was developed by Nina L. Díaz. A short iteration on CMT was titled CMT Cribs. The most watched and replayed episode of Cribs was a special one-hour edition touring Mariah Carey's New York penthouse. In 2005/2006, MTV Canada produced a series of Canadian-made Cribs episodes. A new season of Cribs, filmed in high definition, started in August 2007 with a new format, title sequences, new narrator and on-screen graphics. A "Priciest Pads" special was created to kick off the new season, hosted by Kimora Lee Simmons.

The show was put into syndication in September 2008, to be offered by local television stations on a weekday basis in the United States by Litton Entertainment. However, the Litton versions of the program were severely edited and changed. Any references to MTV were scrubbed out, and the program received a new logo referring to it as just Cribs, while all music that was played in the original episodes was replaced by production music to avoid royalty fees. Although Lewis and Pak were still listed in the episode credits as narrators, all narration was stripped in the re-edited episodes, and 'coming up' segments were either silent or voiced by an uncredited announcer. The syndicated version was unsuccessful and offered in barter form, mainly on the lower-rated stations in many markets in abysmal timeslots, and in September 2009 was removed from the market.

On January 24, 2009, Cribs created a separate version specific to CMT (a sister network of MTV), dedicating itself to country music artists, stock car drivers and professional bullriders, and other southeastern United States culture figures. New episodes were taped to air on CMT with the CMT Cribs title. Also in 2009, the MTV format switched to Teen Cribs, which featured the homes of regular teenagers living in large and otherwise notable homes, straying away from the celebrity element.

The main MTV Cribs series restarted in September 2010 with repackaging and updates of its previous visits including such celebrities as Hanson, Twiggy Ramirez and others. The main MTV Cribs series created and broadcast a few new episodes in late 2010 and early 2011, featuring the homes of Penn Jillette, Julie Benz and Manny Pacquiao, and others.

The show was revived again for MTV as a short-form series with new episodes on Snapchat Discover beginning on June 3, 2017 with new episodes every Saturday for a number of weeks and the first episode featuring DJ Steve Aoki in his Las Vegas home. The revival was announced in April 2016 under former MTV president Sean Atkins. The first season was the highest rated premiere for a Snapchat Show ever and a second-season premiered mid-2018.

On July 14, 2021, it was announced that the show would be revived and include the homes of Martha Stewart, Big Sean, Rick Ross, Snooki, and other stars. It premiered on August 11 of that year and Pak returned as narrator. Season 19 aired on October 27, 2022.

Show format
Producers decided not to include a host to make the show feel more intimate. Each 30-minute; documentary-style episodes begins with the celebrity opening the front door, introducing themselves, and saying, "welcome to my crib."

A steadicam follows the celebrity through the home and takes frequent close-ups to make the viewer feel like they are walking through the home themselves.

Controversies
Several celebrities either have been accused or admitted to using other people's property and claimed them as their own.
In 2004, a lawsuit was brought against MTV by the real owner of Ja Rule's house alleging unauthorized taping of the interior and damage to the property caused by Ja Rule's partying.
The first MTV Cribs episode with Robbie Williams showcased actress Jane Seymour's house as his home. In reality, Williams was renting the home from Seymour. In an episode of The Kumars at No. 42, Seymour confirmed that she owned the property. Williams later admitted the con and then showed off his real home in a later episode.
50 Cent's MTV Cribs episode showed him with three Ferraris (a yellow Enzo Ferrari, and red versions of the Ferrari F50 and Ferrari 599) with 50 Cent claiming they were his "whips". All three Ferraris were in fact owned by a private collector who lent out the vehicles for 50 Cent's Cribs episode and related music video work.
Kim Kardashian's episode of MTV Cribs was not filmed at her home. The episode shows her mother's home in Hidden Hills and not Kim's home, which at the time of the episode's production was located in Beverly Hills.
JoJo Levesque had her episode filmed at the home of an uncle, while she and her mother were transient, mostly staying within hotels and without a residence during her tours.

Seasons

Specials

References

External links

 CMT Cribs

2000 American television series debuts
2000s American reality television series
2010s American reality television series
2020s American reality television series
MTV reality television series
English-language television shows
American television series revived after cancellation


If you really like (maybe even love?) Lingvist and our app has been of help in improving your language skills, this is the place to let us know!
Tell us what you liked, why, perhaps what great things resulted in you using Lingvist – did you pass a test?
Feel free to vote in this poll. To vote just click on your choice, then click "vote". Note that only one answer per user is possible for this poll. As always, any comments below are welcome!
I like Lingvist better than any other app of the kind I've tried so far. I like providing words in the context of sentences. Repeating same words in different sentences (actively "under learning" vs "aside in the sentence") is good.
What I do miss is a way to change learning settings, e.g. to "stress more on repeating already 'learned' words and less on new ones" or vice versa.
@Pierre-Warnier there is a way to suggest a new language in the corresponding topic. Though, I haven't seen Dutch to be mentioned anywhere in publicly available road maps, so I wouldn't hold my breath for it.
There is something I really appreciate about a service: the way it cares about the design; Lingvist certainly meets the criteria.
Short movie clips with subtitles in the target language; thus one can learn far better because when we associate a word with something, the memory of such word becomes more enduring; one is able to understand the pronunciation better and also very importantly, it's good for entertainment.
For example, we can learn English by a 30-second movie clip with English subtitles of a Star Wars movie.
You guys would certainly stand out!
@teresa1990w is there anything specific you don't like about Lingvist or it's totally emotional for you?


We are all too familiar with soft drinks like Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Sprite, bottled by Fraser & Neave in Singapore, a household brand that we see almost without fail every festive period, especially occasions like Chinese New Year.
However, there are still some novelty drinks loved among older generation of Singaporeans today, a throw back to the old days, drinks with names like Kickapoo Joy Juice, Sinalco, Sarsi (together with Kickapoo are two of my all-time favourites together with A&W Rootbeer! How i missed the A&W restuarants, BRING THEM BACK!!), Green Spot and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola), the last two now seemingly 'extinct' here in the country.
And to mention Kickapoo, the drink was recently being promoted with ads at bus stop billboards. Doing a little research, we found out there was a backstory to the strange looking cartoon found on the green can. It was introduced by the cartoonist named Al Capp, in a cartoon strip called Li'l Abner.
The characters on the can concocting a brew, were Lonesome Polecat and Hairless Joe, two of the comic strip's backwood poachers. The drink was introduced in 1965 and from the looks of recent advertising; it's still being distributed in Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei and Bangladesh today by Pokka Corporation.
Further research into the history of aerated drinks in Singapore, we discover there were a few companies in the past, two of them are mentioned by Victor Koo (His writeups on Phoenix Aerated Waters and Framroz Aerated Waters can be viewed in the links provided below). The other being the National Aerated Water company, the owners of the nice looking art-deco styled building along Serangoon Road.
National Aerated Water Company was founded in 1929 by Mr Yap Shing Min, Mr Cheng Sze Boo and Mr Tan Kah Woo. The company introduced Sinalco, a soft drink from then West Germany, in 1952 after it obtained exclusive rights to bottle and distribute it in Malaya and Singapore.
Besides the opening of the Serangoon Road factory, National Aerated Water set up another plant in Petaling Jaya. The company's statistics showed sales increased 30 per cent every year and in 1963, 1.3 million bottles of Sinalco were sold in Malaysia. National Aerated Water continued its bottling business till the 1990s.
We couldn't resist making a short visit to the outside of the former bottling plant to capture a few photos for memory's sake. Fearing it might not be there for long if the company decides to sell off their property.
A petrol pump for their own vehicles!
More office space in the building at the back of the compound?
Updates: Added photos of old drink bottles from Singapore Food Trail at the Singapore Flyer.
More photos from our album here.


text: Q: How to Keep Netbeans 10 in Dock in MacOS X I was wondering how I can Keep Netbeans 10 in Dock in MacOS X ( Mojave). After I open the Apache. I click on the icon and set it to "Keep in dock". but when I shut it down and come back to it after closing the NetBeans, it just loads java and does not run NetBeans.


Skin, the videos. Skin, the pictures.
The lovely folks at Sep Stigo Films directed and produced two short films for the photography exhibition and after-party we organised back in April.
The first, shot at Delvaux, was projected during the party, greeting and entertaining guests whilst waiting to get in.
The second, shot during the exhibition's Collectors' Brunch, gets some of the exhibiting artists talking.
And here are some pictures Melika took at both the opening and the party itself.


Lubanza is the premier commercial refrigeration maintenance, repair, refurbish, distribution and asset management expert in Tanzania.
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text:
NB These texts are not complete but are the fullest I can find.
The Provisions of Oxford
It has been provided that from each county there shall be elected four discreet and lawful knights who, on every day that the county [court] is held, shall assemble to hear all complaints touching any wrongs and injuries inflicted on any persons by sheriffs, bailiffs, or any other men, and to make the attachments that pertain to the said complaints [for keeping] until the first arrival of the chief justiciar in those parts: so that they shall take from the plaintiff adequate pledges for his prosecution [of the case], and from the defendant for his coming and standing trial before the said justiciar on his first arrival; and that the four knights aforesaid shall have all the said complaints enrolled, together with their attachments, in proper order and sequence — namely, for each hundred separately and by itself — so that the said justiciar, on his first arrival, can hear and settle the aforesaid complaints singly from each hundred. And they shall inform the sheriff that they are summoning all his hundredmen and bailiffs before the said justiciar on his next arrival, for a day and a place which he will make known to them: so that every hundredman shall cause all plaintiffs and defendants of his bailiwick to come in succession, according to what the aforesaid justiciar shall bring to trial from the aforesaid hundred; also as many men and such men — both knights and other free and lawful men — as may be required for best proving the truth of the matter. [This, however, is to be done] in such a way that all are not troubled at one and the same time; rather let [only] as many come as can be [used in cases to be] tried and concluded in one day.
Likewise it is provided that no knight of the aforesaid counties, by virtue of an assurance that he is not to be placed on juries or assizes, shall be excused by a charter of the lord king or be exempt from [the obligations of] this provision thus made for the common good of the whole kingdom.
Elected on the part of the lord king: the lord bishop of London; the lord bishop elect of Winchester; the lord H[enry], son of the king of Germany; the lord J[ohn], earl de Warenne; the lord Guy de Lusignan; the lord W[illiam] de Valence; the lord J[ohn], earl of Warwick; the lord John Mansel; Brother J[ohn] of Darlington; the abbot of Westminster; the lord H[enry] of Hengham.
Elected on the part of the earls and barons: the lord bishop of Worcester; the lord Simon, earl of Leicester; the lord Richard, earl of Gloucester; the lord Humphrey, earl of Hereford; the lord Roger Marshal; the lord Roger de Mortimer; the lord J[ohn] Fitz-Geoffrey; the lord Hugh le Bigot; the lord Richard de Gray; the lord W[illiam] Bardulf; the lord P[eter] de Montfort; the lord Hugh le Despenser. And if it should happen that of necessity any one of these cannot be present, the rest of them shall elect whom they please in place of the absentee, namely, another person needful for carrying on that business.
Thus swore the community of England at Oxford….
Thus swore the chief justice of England….
Thus swore the chancellor of England….
This is the oath taken by the wardens of the castles….
[Names omitted]
These are the men sworn [to be] of the king's council. [Names omitted]
Fifteen men, of whom eleven were of the twenty-four named above.
The twelve on the king's side have chosen from the twelve on the side of the community the earl Roger Marshal and Hugh le Bigot. And the party of the community has chosen from the twelve who are on the side of the king the earl of Warwick and John Mansel. And these four have power to elect the council of the king; and when they have made the election, they shall designate those [elected] to the twenty-four. And that shall hold on which the majority of these [four] agree.
These are the twelve who have been elected by the barons, on behalf of the whole community of the land, to consider common needs along with the king's council at the three annual parliaments….
These are the twenty-four appointed by the community to consider aid for the king…. And if any one of these cannot or will not be present, those who are present shall have power to elect another in his place.
Concerning the state of Holy Church: — It should be remembered that the state of Holy Church is to be amended by the twenty-four chosen to reform the state of the kingdom of England — at what time and place they think best, according to the powers that they hold by writ of the king of England.
Concerning the chief justice: — [It has been decided] furthermore that a chief justice — or two [chief justices] — shall be appointed; also what power he shall have; and that he shall be [in office] for only one year, so that at the end of the year he shall render account of his term before the king and the royal council and before the man who is to follow him [in office].
Concerning the treasurer and the exchequer: — The same [has been decided] with regard to the treasurer; so that he shall render account at the end of the year. And according to the ordinance of the said twenty-four, other good men are to be appointed to the exchequer, whither all the issues of the land are to come, and not elsewhere. And let that be amended which seems in need of amendment.
Concerning the chancellor: — The same [has been decided] with regard to the chancellor; so that he shall render account of his term at the end of the year, and that merely by the king's will he shall seal nothing out of course,[5] but shall do so by [the advice of] the council that surrounds the king.
Concerning the power of the justice and of the bailiffs: — The chief justice has power to redress the misdeeds of all other justices, of bailiffs, of earls, of barons, and of all other people, according to the rightful law of the land. And writs are to be pleaded according to the law of the land in the proper places. And [it has been decided] that the justices shall accept nothing unless it is a present of bread and wine and like things: namely, such meat and drink as have been customarily brought for the day to the tables of the chief men. And this same regulation shall be understood [to hold] for all the king's councillors and all his bailiffs. And [it has been ordered] that no bailiff, by virtue of his office or of some plea, shall take any fee, either by his own hand or in any manner through another person. And if he is convicted [of so doing], let him be punished; likewise the man who gives [the fee]. And the king, if it is suitable, shall give [fees] to his justices and to his people who serve him, so that they shall have no need of taking anything from others.
Concerning the sheriffs: — As sheriffs there shall be appointed loyal persons, good men who are landholders; so that in each county there shall be as sheriff a feudal tenant of the same county, who shall well, loyally, and justly treat the people of the county. And [it is ordered] that he shall take no fee; that he shall be sheriff for no more than a year in all; that during the year he shall render his accounts at the exchequer and be responsible for his term [of office]; that the king, from the royal income, shall make [allowance] to him in proportion to his receipts, so that he may rightly keep the county; and that he shall take no fees, neither he nor his bailiffs. And if they are convicted [of such wrongdoing], let them be punished. It should be remembered that, with regard to the Jewry and the wardens of the Jewry, such reforms are to be established as shall carry out the oath in this respect.
Concerning the escheators: — Good escheators are to be appointed. And [it is ordered] that they shall take nothing from goods of deceased persons whose lands ought to be in the king's hands; but that, if a debt is owing to him, the escheators shall have free administration of the goods until they have carried out the king's wishes — and this according to the provision in the charter of liberties.[6] Also [it is ordered] that inquiry shall be made concerning the misdeeds committed there by escheators, and that redress shall be made for such [wrongs]. Nor shall tallage or anything else be taken, except as it should be according to the charter of liberties. The charter of liberties is to be strictly observed.
Concerning the exchange of London: — It should be remembered to establish reforms touching the exchange of London; also touching the city of London and all the other cities of the king, which have been brought to shame and ruin by tallages and other oppressions.
Concerning the household of the king and queen: — It should be remembered to reform the household of the king and queen.
Concerning the parliaments, as to how many shall be held annually and in what manner: — It should be remembered that the twenty-four have ordained that there are to be three parliaments a year: the first on the octave of St. Michael, the second on the morrow of Candlemas, and the third on the first day of June, that is to say, three weeks before [the feast of] St. John. To these three parliaments the chosen councillors of the king shall come, even if they are not summoned, in order to examine the state of the kingdom and to consider the common needs of the kingdom and likewise of the king; and by the king's command [they shall come] also at other times, whenever it is necessary. So too it should be remembered that the community is to elect twelve good men, who shall come to the three parliaments and at other times, when there is need and when the king and his council summon them to consider the affairs of the king and the kingdom. And [it has been decided] that the community shall hold as established whatever these twelve shall do — and this is to reduce the cost to the community. Fifteen are to be named by these four men — that is to say, by the earl Marshal, the earl of Warwick, Hugh le Bigot, and John Mansel — who have been elected by the twenty-four to name the aforesaid fifteen, who are to form the king's council. And they are to be confirmed by the aforesaid twenty-four, or by the majority of those men. And they shall have the power of advising the king in good faith concerning the government of the kingdom and concerning all matters that pertain to the king or the kingdom; and of amending and redressing everything that they shall consider in need of amendment or redress. And [they shall have authority] over the chief justice and over all other people. And if they cannot all be present, that shall be firm and established which the majority of them shall enact.
These are the names of the principal castles of the king, and of those who have charge of them…. [names omitted]
The Provisions of Westminster
In the year 1259 from the Incarnation of the Lord, the forty-third of the reign of King Henry, son of King John, at a meeting of the lord king and his magnates at Westminster on Michaelmas fortnight, the provisions hereinunder written, by the common counsel and consent of the said king and his magnates, were enacted and published by the same king and his magnates in this form: —
1. With regard to the performance of suit to the courts of the magnates and of other lords who have such courts, it is provided and established by general agreement that no one who is enfeoffed by charter shall henceforth be distrained to perform suit to his lord's court, unless he is specifically obliged by the tenor of his charter to perform the suit; with the sole exception of those whose ancestors were accustomed to perform suit of this kind, or who themselves [were accustomed so to do], before the first crossing of the said lord king into Brittany — after the time of which crossing twenty-nine and a half years had elapsed down to the time that this constitution was made. And likewise no one enfeoffed without charter since the time of the Conquest, or by other ancient enfeoffment, shall be distrained to perform suit of this kind, unless he or his ancestors were accustomed to perform it before the first crossing of the lord king into Brittany….
4. With regard to the sheriff's tourn, it is provided that, unless their presence is specially demanded, archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, earls, and barons, or other men of religion, or women, shall not of necessity come thither…. And the tourns shall be held according to the form of the king's Great Charter, and as they were customarily held in the time of the kings John and Richard.
5. It is also provided that neither on the eyres of the justices nor in the [courts of the] counties nor in the courts of barons shall fines henceforth be taken from anybody for miskenning, or for avoidance of trouble on that score….
8. Moreover, with regard to charters of exemption and liberty, [to the effect] that those securing them are not to be put on assizes, juries, or recognitions, it is provided that, if their oath is so essential that without it justice cannot be administered … , they shall be forced to swear, saving to them their aforesaid liberty and exemption in other respects….
11. Henceforth no one except the lord king and his ministers shall be permitted, for any cause whatsoever, to levy distraints outside his fief, or on a royal or a common highway….
16. Hereafter no one but the king shall hold in his court a plea concerning false judgment rendered in a court of his tenant; for pleas of this sort especially pertain to the crown and dignity of the king….
18. Without the king's writ, no one may henceforth distrain his free tenants to respond concerning their free tenements or anything that pertains to their free tenements. Nor may he cause his free tenants against their will to take oaths; so that no one may do this without the king's precept….
21. Hereafter itinerant justices shall not amerce vills on their eyres because particular twelve-year-old persons do not come before sheriffs and coroners for inquests concerning a man's death or other matters pertaining to the crown; so long as, nevertheless, enough men come from those vills for satisfactorily carrying out such inquests.
22. No judgment of murder shall henceforth be rendered before the justices in a case that is adjudged merely one of accident; but [a judgment of] murder shall be proper in the case of a man feloniously slain, and not otherwise….
1 Response to The Provisions of Oxford (1258) and Westminster (1259)
Jack Walker says:
Does the Latin version of clause 1 of the 1259 provisions use the term, "Conquest", as your English translation does? Of what does it use?