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Loan Sharks, Microloans and the Highest Interest Rates Around (they aren't on Kiva)
By Kate Bennett (KF15)
Small business owners in Ecuador, like Marcia Suqui in the video above, can use their microloans to move forward with their businesses and improve their quality of life. After all, this is the idea driving Kiva- that small loans can change lives. But not all small loans can improve a business owner's standing, because the darker side of the "little loan" market in Ecuador is dominated by loan sharks. Taking a loan out from a chulco, Marcia explains, is actually taking few steps backward.
A particularly infamous group of chulcos in Ecuador operates out of Guayaquil, where they're known for their motorcycles, their Colombian origin, and their 20 percent compounded monthly interest rate. This group of chulcos is as efficient as any financially self-sustainable microfinance organization: they promote their services with fliers, divide up the city into quadrants, each with its own assigned chulco, and they police their quadrants on motorcycles for new or delinquent borrowers. They are much like any reputed microfinance institution… except for the fundamentally exploitative, violent, and illegal nature of their work.
Guayaquil is the biggest and most dangerous city in the country, and a high number of local crimes are attributed to this type of organized predatory lending. The trouble with illegal lending is that wronged borrowers are powerless to report chulco misbehavior to the authorities. And unfortunately, it's more than a fear of reprisal that keeps these crimes from being reported: it's a need for continued access to credit, at any price.
Just what is a loan shark? In short, an illegal moneylender who charges exorbitant interest rates to borrowers unable to obtain a loan elsewhere. And for lenders concerned about Kiva Field Partners' high interest rates (which at Fundación Alternativa, for example, due to transportation and administration costs discussed in this article, top out at 21.09% percent annually), the reality is that the alternative is much worse. Here in Ecuador, loan sharks- or as they're called locally, chulcos or chulqueros- charge annual interest rates as high as 150 percent (and in the case of our chulco friends in Guayaquil, 791.61 percent annual compounded), imposing truly unfair and abusive loan terms on borrowers.
The danger of borrowing from these loan sharks is twofold. First and foremost, they take advantage of vulnerable small business owners, simultaneously depriving them the benefits of lending from accredited institutions while engaging in exploitative and illegal practices. Chulcos lack all the benefits of legitimate microlending institutions, such as establishing a credit history to ensure continued access to credit in the future. Furthermore, the inordinately high interest rates tend to trap borrowers in a cycle of debt, borrowing repeatedly only to pay off their existing loans. Like Marcia said, lending from chulcos means a life of repayment; the capital never even pays off.
Marcia Suqui in her internet cafe, which she started with loans from Fundación ESPOIR several years ago
When starting a business, it can only expand "poco a poco," as Marcia says- profits don't come instantly, they only come little by little, until entrepreneurs get their businesses on stable ground. But the cycle of debt and usurious interest rates that come from chulco lending will only driving a budding business into the ground. Not to mention the inherent dangers of lending from loan sharks, who take drastic measures to ensure they collect on their money, whether through threats, public humiliation, leaving pigs' heads on doorsteps, seizure of other family members' assets (all of their assets), or outright violent and illegal actions.
Considering loan sharks' interest rates and share of the market, their profits make up a considerable proportion (up to 40 percent) of the gross profits of the microfinance market. These illegally-obtained profits are untaxed and go directly and fully into the pockets of the often dangerous individuals that make them. But costs of loan sharks in a credit market end up being much more than the high interest rates: loan sharks can distort the market and in some extreme cases have crashed it altogether.
So why then would anyone borrow from a chulquero, when clearly microfinance organizations are the optimal choice? Ecuador experienced a series of economic shocks throughout the last decade, consequences of an unstable political system, an oil-dependent economy, and the adoption of the U.S. dollar. Extreme figures illustrate this downturn: between 1998 and 2000 alone, the number of families living under the poverty line rose from 35 percent to 68 percent, real wages fell by 40 percent, and unemployment jumped from 8 percent to 17 percent. During this period of severe economic crisis, the large percentage of the population who lost steady jobs really had only one viable option — to start their own small businesses.
At the time, there was not an availability of microloans to absorb this sudden demand. These days, approximately 88.8 percent of those microentrepreneurs, or 702,000 families, still are not serviced by formal financial institutions in Ecuador. Unfortunately, a large percentage of these entrepreneurs borrow and are in debt to chulqueros. Marcia explained that, though she personally has never borrowed from chulqueros, she knows a number of people that do- and that for them, the cycle of debt and repayment for this microentrepreneurs is perennial.
Loan sharks in Ecuador also have a massive market in immigrants, who make up a significant portion of the population. Immigrants tend to be lower-income, less financially-stable, and with no credit histories in their country of destination, and therefore are excluded from the traditional credit market. But the usual safety net- microfinance organizations that require little collateral and offer small loan sizes- are also inaccessible to immigrants in Ecuador. Why? Many Ecuadorian microfinance organizations, even large ones with 15-20 year histories like Kiva Field Partners Fundación ESPOIR and Fundación Alternativa, receive a considerable amount of their funding from the Ecuadorian federal government (anywhere from 30 to 70 percent). Non-Ecuadorian citizens, therefore, are ineligible for loans. But loan sharks are ready and waiting, and susceptible groups like immigrant populations have no legal redress for the often violent and extreme actions of loan sharks.
On the other side of the coin, Ecuadorian emigrants (migrating from Eucador) are also targeted by the chulqueros, who often work hand-in-hand with coyotes, or human traffickers. Since the 1980's coyotes have charged emigrants fees as high as $6000 for their passage to the United States. To fund such an expensive (and illegal) activity, emigrants turned to chulqueros for loans in spite of their usurious interest rates. According to studies, up to 66 percent of illegal Ecuadorian emigrants to the United States turn to loan sharks to finance their undocumented migration. While most emigrants to the United States are able to repay this loan, should they default, their family in Ecuador pays an extremely high price.
Loan sharks will be continue to be successful in Ecuador as long as the microfinance sector is unable to absorb all of those borrowers who turn to chulqueros in their time of need. What can we do to counter this effect? Simply supporting existing accredited microfinance institutions in Ecuador, like Kiva's five current Field Partners Cooperativa San Jose, Banco D-MIRO, Fundación ESPOIR, Fundación Alternativa, and the MicroEnterprise Development Fund (FODEMI), goes a long way. Empowering lawful and upright microfinance organizations with social missions can ensure that access to affordable and fair microcredit continues to spread far and deep into the sectors that need it. And instead of trapping borrowers in a cycle of debt and moving them further from success, microfinance institutions can help them move forward to a better quality of life.
Kate Bennett (KF15) is thrilled to be working in Quito, Ecuador with new Kiva field partner Fundación Alternativa. To support Fundación Alternativa in its pilot phase, check out its partner page, its recently created lending team, or its very first loans on Kiva! For more on Kate's experiences with Fundación Alternativa or life in Ecuador, follow her work here.
Kate Bennett
Prior to working with Kiva, Kate lived in Quito, Ecuador working in environmental management as a consultant for USAID implementing partners in the global south. After earning her B.A. in Political Economy, Postcolonial History, and Development from New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study in January 2010, she pursued a practice-based understanding of effective tools in development through work with New York based social change organizations and grassroots nonprofit organizations in Guatemala. Kate worked previously with Kiva as a Kiva Fellow in Ecuador and Peru, which fomented her commitment to microfinance as a tool for poverty alleviation.


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The International Ecological Economic Promotion Association (IEEPA) has been devoted to promoting the sustainable development of environment and economy. It has held many conferences, research, pilot project in cooperation with the United Nations, the World Bank and other relevant international organizations. IEEPA strives to promote member enterprises to become the kick-starting player for sustainable pilot projects, contributing to the SDG set by the United Nations.
In order to strengthen interaction and explore a more efficient cooperation model so as to promote China''s ecological economic development, on August 17, 2018, Mr. Li Junyang, the Vice-President and Secretary General of IEEPA, paid a visit to the United Nations Office in China. Mr. Li met with Mr. Nicholas Rosellini, the new United Nations Resident Coordinator and the Chief Representative of the United Nations Development Programme in China.
Vice-President Li Junyang reviewed the interaction and cooperation between IEEPA and UN agencies in the past. He pointed out that IEEPA has been paying attention to parallel development in ecology and economy in its past projects, in order to better preserve our environment while promote economic growth at local scale. As we all know, most of the environmental pollution problems do not occur naturally, but associated with economic development. Solution to this problem has become a persistent problem in many developing countries in the course of economic transformation after first stage of industrialization. Sustainable development is the answer to that.
Mr. Li Junyang pointed out that the IEEPA is currently carefully selecting projects for short term works, such as coal mine methane power generation projects. It produces clean energy while tackle with air pollution emissions control, significantly reduce PM2.5 emissions in coal mining areas, and actively combines economic and ecological benefits. On the other hand, IEEPA is also conducting research on eco-bank mechanism, with the research result to be published in academic journals soon. It provides an answer to China's call to make "green mountain and blue water as our treasure" by integrating market mechanism with environmental protection at micro scale.
Mr. Nicholas Rosellini briefed Vice-President Li Junyang on the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2030. He commented that the work of IEEPA overlaps with the goals of the United Nations and he sees IEEPA's work as a positive contribution. IEEPA's work is of profound significance and value to the implementation of SDG 2030. We hope that both sides can have more cooperation and joint exploration.
Mr. Li Junyang also introduced the development of IEEPA in recent years, especially under the leadership of President Hao Jiming. New work plan, methods and concepts are implemented. IEEPA has involved academicians from the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in recent works, and jointly promoted and brought into full play the policy research and project demonstration of the IEEPA's top-level design function.
Mr. Li Junyang also formally presented to Mr. Nicholas Rosellini the invitation to 2018 World Economic and Environmental Conference (WEC). Mr. Rosellini expressed his best wish to the success of WEC and willingness to support the WEC.
Mr. Wan Yang, Assisstant Country Director of UNDP, also attended the meeting. Mr. Wan Introduced to IEEPA recent focus of UNDP's work in China, including cooperation with Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) in Taiyuan, Guilin, Shenzhen and other cities. Both sides have agreed to strengthen interaction to consolidate concrete collaborations.


Detailed diagrams, color photos, videos, step-by-step building instructions, and tips will help you build a safe and sturdy tree house that your kids or grandkids can enjoy for years.... Step 4: Finish the Exterior Now is the time to add a roof and walls to enclose the nesting and roosting area. Any weatherproof material may be used, but tin is an easy, yet fashionable, choice for the roof, and wood siding makes a quaint exterior for the walls.
How To Build A Pole Barn House Step By Step Shed From Eye How To Build A Pole Barn House Step By Step Garden Shed Greenhouse Combination Kit easy.way.to.build.block.shed 86 Shelly Lane Lone Grove Ok Backyard Sheds At Menards Double Insulated 8 X 8 Shed There are usually various techniques employed within the building of the shed. how to say you too in italian Step 8: Make the Roof Fancy The original house I saw had a one block deep overhang on the roof - I've done that here as well. Bring the plank and stairs out one block, and then add an upside down stair to the bottom of the each of the blocks.
How to Build a Treehouse in the Backyard. First, find your tree. Then make your plan. Then be ready to adapt that plan.
How To Build A Pole Barn House Step By Step Shed From Eye How To Build A Pole Barn House Step By Step Garden Shed Greenhouse Combination Kit easy.way.to.build.block.shed 86 Shelly Lane Lone Grove Ok Backyard Sheds At Menards Double Insulated 8 X 8 Shed There are usually various techniques employed within the building of the shed.


The Wolverine starring Hugh Jackman is set to debut on July 26th, and it looks like the movie has teamed up with Red Robin to provide patrons with a tasty treat that is sure to awaken the Weapon X within us all. I recently took a trip with my father to Red Robin and, being an avid fan of Wolverine, I was obligated to get the limited Berserker Burger.
The Berserker Burger is a fire-grilled burger topped with aioli, spicy pickles, Sriracha onion straws and cheddar cheese on a brioche bun. I was quite pleasantly surprised to see that the bun had three indentations on it, which, of course, represent marks from Wolverine's signature adamantium claws. The wooden Wolverine pick that held the burger together was also a very nice touch.
Red Robin certainly has a way with burgers, and it was most certainly the case with this invention. The taste and texture of the burger worked out beautifully with a nice combination of spicy and sour flavor. I did expect a little bit more of a kick to the sandwich, though, especially with the Sriracha onion straws. It probably would have been absolutely perfect if they were a little more generous with the sauce. Overall, the burger itself was a very nice and manageable size. It filled me up just fine, and it went great with a bottle of Corona Extra.
So, if you're looking to mix things up or nerd out the next time you're out to eat, I'd definitely recommend the Berserker Burger at Red Robin. You won't flamin' regret it, bub.


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Home > Business > Can meet Apple's wish list on purchase assurance: IESA
Can meet Apple's wish list on purchase assurance: IESA
BY PTI13 Jun 2016 11:55 PM GMT
PTI13 Jun 2016 11:55 PM GMT
"If government says fall in line, industry associations are prepared to enter into agreement with Apple and say tell us what your wish list is, we will fulfill it in next 3, 6, 9 and 12 months," India Electronics & Semiconductor Association President M N Vidyashankar said.
Apple has submitted proposal for setting up single brand retail stores in the country but has sought exemption from the local sourcing norms as the US-based giant makes state-of-the-art and cutting edge technology products for which local sourcing is not possible. The Finance Ministry has rejected relaxing the 30 per cent domestic sourcing norms, as sought by iPhone and iPad maker as a pre-condition for bringing in FDI to set up single-brand retail stores in the country. However, the Ministry of Commerce has taken a line that the 30 per cent local sourcing requirement can be waived off for high-end technology products and will again try for exempting Apple from this norm.
"If you make an exception to Apple, everybody will come and ask for similar differentiation. Such kind of request will only multiply. Any kind of dilution will adversely affect us," Vidyashankar said. He said that industry associations have met all concerned ministries at high level in Finance, Commerce, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotions and Communications & IT.
"Industry bodies have expressed their views that there should be no dilution on this," Vidyashankar said. He, however, said that Apple entry in India is very important for industry and country.
"Their coming is very important for us. If we can say we are supplying to Apple, all the leading players will fall in line. With China saying that they are supplying to Apple, the credibility touches sky high. We need to be almost equal to that kind of dispensation but there should be no dilution," he said.
He said that industry can cater to need of Apple if business is assured from the iPhone maker. "If someone is heading an organisation who has 200 companies and now these 200 companies are given an order with assurance that components will be sourced from them for next three years. It can be easily done ...that's what we are looking at," Vidyashankar said.
When asked that India still does not has electronic chip manufacturing plant which is a very key component for making smartphones, Vidyashankar said that industry can start with some percentage and then ramp up. "We need not start with semiconductors. There are hundreds of item where we can satisfy. Out of over 2,000 item required in an iPhone, we can start with 200. Starting from packaging, PCBs, battery to what not but as I said it will take sometime," Vidyashankar said. He added that even in Indian automobile sector not 100 per cent of vehicles are made in the country and same is the case with China.
"Even in China, they also source components from various locations," Vidyashankar said. Apple's products are made Taiwanese electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn in China. Foxconn has set up its manufacturing unit in India but it is engaged in making mobile phones of mostly China-based companies here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The reaction is initiated by addition of peracid to the ketone. The addition is catalyzed by protons originating from the peracid or the carboxylic acid formed during the reaction.
At the same time, the peracid functions as a nucleophile by attacking the carbonyl carbon with the terminal oxygen atom, thereby forming an α-hydroxyperoxy ester.
Contrary to the behavior of peracids and simple hydroperoxides, hydroxyperoxy esters spontaneously decompose already at room temperature. 1,2-Migration of the the substituents R' or R" produces an ester and a carboxylic acid derived from the peracid.
Migration of the substituent takes place with retention, i.e. a pure enantiomeric ketone produces a pure enantiomeric ester.


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Q: Is there a function like ''AsDateTime'' that converts retrieved data from SQL Server to time? In a particular table, I have a type time(0) for a particular column in Microsoft SQL Server.
I am trying to retrieve a data from that column and convert it to a c++ type that would only have time parameters.
As for now, my chosen Type on C++ is TDateTime which has AsDateTime to convert retrieved data to this particular type, but as I'm compiling, Field 'x' not found appears as the error that concerns me.
I have found that TDateTime as a special type TTime that would fit my requirements but it doesn't seem to have a converter.
Is there any type that I could use or a function that I don't know that would do what I'm looking for?
The code looks like this.
Class

class Test
{
   public:
      TDateTime date;
}

Query line

date = Qry->FieldByName("x")->AsDateTime;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As deadly flooding hits parts of the Midwest and inflicts major damage to its farm economy, one area yet to feel the brunt of expected floods is the Red River basin, including North Dakota, the state with one of the highest rates of weather-prevented planting.
Prevent-planting represents acreage that farmers are unable to sow because of severe weather or overly wet conditions. It not only affects producers forced to forgo revenues from unplanted fields, but also seed, fertilizer, and other input companies that will see reduced demand. Crop insurance companies, whose policies designate final planting dates, also have to make payouts when fields are too wet to plant.
North Dakota's short growing season makes it particularly susceptible to losing acreage to planting delays: Crops are planted later in the spring than other parts of the Corn Belt and frost comes earlier in the fall. Flooding in the Red River Valley, especially when snowmelt empties into tributaries, is often a deciding factor.
Gro Intelligence recently added to its data platform the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN), which allows Gro users to model the impact of weather events on crops. The data, comprising daily weather observations from more than 75,000 stations, shows snow depths in North Dakota and Minnesota to be at their highest levels in the past 12 years.
That much accumulated snow suggests a worrisome spring-thaw scenario that could keep North Dakota farmers from working their fields. Measures of snow depth in North Dakota from past years show a strong correlation with the amount of acreage that is prevented from being planted, as snowmelt raises river levels and causes flooding. (See chart below.) A similar scenario can be expected this year. Even areas that do get planted, if they're delayed, could suffer from lower corn yields, or farmers may choose to forgo corn and plant faster-maturing soybeans instead.
Adding to the concerns about flooding, soil moisture in almost the entire Corn Belt is in the 99th percentile, according to the National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center, suggesting that snowmelt will largely run off from already water-logged soil. On a positive note, waters of the Red River are relatively low, based on readings taken at Fargo, North Dakota, by the United States Geological Survey, suggesting the river may be able to handle some of the snowmelt.
Winter snowpack depths in the Red River drainage basin over the past decade show a strong correlation to how much acreage was prevented from being planted, as snowmelt raises river levels and causes flooding. The above chart of GHCN snow-depth data shows depths in millimeters (colored lines, left hand axis) at the end of February for North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. For 2019, snowpacks in North Dakota and Minnesota are at 12-year highs, pointing to expected flooding as temperatures rise. The number of prevent-planted acres (right axis) are shown in vertical bars.
Last week's "bomb cyclone" brought heavy rains and snow to the central United States. In Iowa and Nebraska, the rains coincided with spring thaw, and many river levels in those states set new records. Livestock was washed away, bridges and roads were wiped out, and thousands of people were evacuated from their homes. At least three people were reported killed as a result of the storm.
It's too soon to know to what extent this year's crops in central states will be affected by the storm damage, since grain farmers in the Corn Belt don't start putting seed in the ground until mid-April. The storm has had other impacts on the farm economy, however. High water levels on the Mississippi River have snarled logistics for processors, including soybean crushers and ethanol producers. Washed out roads and rail lines, along with limited availability of river barges, have frustrated exporters looking to get their product to the US Gulf for shipment.
Farther north, flooding is still expected to come to the Red River basin, which could affect how much acreage is planted and in what crops. The Red River, also called the Red River of the North, defines much of the border between North Dakota and Minnesota, and its northward flow makes it especially susceptible to spring floods. Over 100,000 square miles in North Dakota and Minnesota, along with Canada's Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces, drain into tributaries of the Red River.
Spring snowmelt can push the Red River over its banks when the flow into the still-frozen North is blocked. In 2011, 4.5 million acres in North Dakota were prevented from being planted. Significant spring floods were seen in both 2009 and 2010, when North Dakota lost 1.5 million and 1.3 million acres, respectively, and helped set the stage through increased soil-moisture levels for the 2011 big floods. Although 1 million to 4.5 million acres represent a modest percentage of North Dakota's total acreage, the loss of millions of bushels of corn has an outsize impact on the US supply/demand balance sheet and can affect markets.
The USDA's Farm Service Agency reports prevent-planted acreage data monthly starting in August and ending in January with final figures. In the 12 years since the USDA began releasing the data, prevent-planted acreage ranged from 1.2 million to 9.6 million acres. North Dakota, Texas, and Missouri have been the most significant drivers of acres lost to prevent-planting, with North Dakota leading in four of the top six years.
The left chart above shows the number of acres (left axis) in US states that were prevented from being planted by severe weather or wet conditions, according to the USDA Farm Service Agency. North Dakota stands out for contributing the largest number of prevent-plant acres, usually because of flooding by the Red River. The right chart shows North Dakota's historic agricultural production by crop, measured in tonnes. Wheat, corn, and soybeans, along with hay, are the state's largest crops.
On March 29, the USDA will release its Prospective Plantings report summarizing farmers' early-March planting intentions. How farmers divide their acreage among corn, soybeans, wheat, and cotton will be a key driver of the new 2019/20 marketing year's supply and demand estimates, and whether the past year's price weakness has caused a shift to nontraditional crops or reduced total area planted will be an important focus. Still, these are farmer intentions. Spring weather will dictate whether those plans are carried out.
GHCN's snow-depth data proves to be a strong indicator of prevent-plant acreage in North Dakota. When snowpack gets too high, the amount of water released when temperatures rise can overwhelm the river system. Using end-of-February GHCN snow-depth data in the Red River tributary regions of North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, we charted average snowpack levels for tributary regions in each state and province. The data shows North Dakota and Minnesota snowpack levels at their highest point in the past 12 years. The Manitoba snowpack is in the top three for those years, while the level for Saskatchewan is in the middle of its 12-year range.
River gauge heights provided by the USGS give an indication of how high river levels are before the spring thaw starts. This year, the river gage level at Fargo was at 14.43 feet at the end of February, suggesting there could be fewer acres lost to prevent-planting than in previous years. By comparison, in 2011, when North Dakota prevent-planting reached 4.5 million acres, the river gage height at Fargo was 15.91 feet at the end of February.
Gro Intelligence recently added to its data platform the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN), which allows Gro users to model the impact of weather events on crops based on daily weather observations from more than 75,000 stations. The left chart above shows that snow depths measured at Cavalier, North Dakota, for 2019 (darker blue line) are at their highest levels in years. The right chart shows Red River gage heights in feet, as measured by the USGS at Fargo at the end of February. The river height for the current year was at the low end of the recent years' range, suggesting the river may be able to handle some of the snowmelt.
Even if producers are able to get their seeds sown in time, planting delays can lead to shifts among what crops are planted. Corn, for example, is susceptible to yield losses if it pollinates in hot and dry conditions, so farmers must get the crop planted so that it pollinates before the summer heat. Indeed, the amount of corn ultimately planted in North Dakota fell below farmers' initial planting intentions in each of the state's five major prevent-plant years since the USDA began reporting the data in 2007. In three of those five years, North Dakota's soybean area was flat to higher compared with initial planting intentions. Soybeans have a shorter growing season and don't share corn's sensitivity to heat. Those past crop shifts suggest that a delay in getting corn planted forced farmers to switch acreage from corn to shorter-season soybeans.
Delayed planting also can hurt corn yields, as was seen in four of North Dakota's five major prevent-plant years. Many farmers apply nitrogen fertilizer in the fall, and floods leach that nitrogen from the soil. Yields on soybeans also tended to be below trend in most of the state's five big prevent-plant years. On the other hand, with the exception of 2011, flood years have actually produced strong wheat yields (8 to 16 percent above trend) for the areas that managed to be seeded, suggesting that the additional moisture and delayed planting date may have benefited the crop.
The chart above shows North Dakota's corn yields (bushels per acre, left axis) over the past 30 years. The yield trend is indicated with the dotted line. Corn yields tend to decline in years when floods delay farmers from getting seeds into the ground (indicated by orange dots). Many farmers apply nitrogen fertilizer in the fall, and floods leach that nitrogen from the soil.
As we enter the spring thaw, near-record snowpack covers much of the northern Midwest, and soil moisture is in the 99th percentile in nearly the entire US Corn Belt. As a result, major flooding is almost assured, setting the stage for planting to be significantly delayed this year. States like Iowa and Nebraska, where floods ravaged vast tracts of farm country this past week, may have time to dry out before seeds need to go into the ground. Those states may also be locking in good subsoil moisture levels that will benefit crops in the upcoming season. Spring planting weather will tell. Over the past decade, Iowa and Nebraska have not been big contributors to nationwide prevent-planted acreage. Instead, it's North Dakota that has regularly lost millions of acres to prevent-planting when the Red River floods. That risk is very present for the current year as well.


Part of the coordinated Cadet® collection, this high-efficiency, ultra-low consumption model meets EPA WaterSense® criteria and uses 20% less water than standard toilets. The taller Right Height® design enhances ease of use. The EverClean® surface stays cleaner, longer.
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Cadet 3 FloWise Right Height Elongated Total 1.28 gpf Toilet is rated 3.4 out of 5 by 11.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Keith H from Great upgrade I love the toilet and plan on purchasing another one for my second bathroom.When I unpacked the toilet the tank lid there was a chip in it (pc attached). i didn't report it because I didn't record the serial number from the box.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Mo28 from Good Product We bought our toilet back in March of 2017. It's a great product. Flushes well and is quiet. The self-closing lid is a plus.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Kimo9 from Best Toilet I've Had A couple of weeks ago I replaced an old leaky toilet with the Cadet 3 Tall Toilet. I could not be happier --- this is the best toilet I've ever had. The height of the tall toilet is perfect for me (70 years old) but may be a bit high for young kids. The flush is very strong --- the best I've seen, especially for a low flow toilet.
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Rated 1 out of 5 by Ribby from Splashes water when flushing At first the flush valve mechanism was not properly set from the the manufacturer and I had to call in to support to correct the issue and adjust the settings. I am also experienced splashing when I flush becuase the it seems the water in the bowl drops over time, which then causes a spray issue when flushing. I am not impressed.


From a contractor's point of view, the market should look at developing low income residential projects with costs of construction between Dh200 and Dh250 a square foot, according to Arabtec Holding CEO Riad Kamal.
"For mid-income buildings, again from a contractor's point of view, we could look at a figure between Dh250 and Dh300 per sqft. It is not a risk to quality but it depends on your choice of quality in terms of final finishes. For high-end, you are looking at Dh600 to Dh700 per sqft. Location also has a great impact. But I think people will have to bring down their prices or else sit on their property." He was speaking at the sidelines of the Arabian World Construction Summit 2009.
Arabtec Holding PJSC, the UAE's biggest construction company, recorded a 3.8-per cent decline in fourth-quarter profit as the country's five year-old property boom slowed amid the global financial crisis, said agency reports yesterday.
Net income in the three months to December 2008 fell to Dh184.8 million ($50.3m) from Dh192.1m in the year-earlier period.
Bloomberg calculated the figure by subtracting nine-month data from full-year results reported by the company to the Dubai bourse yesterday. Arabtec confirmed the numbers, according to the agency.
Renegotiations on contracts are in order and Kamal told Emirates Business that situation will only apply to new contracts. "Many of our contracts are coming to an end. But when it comes to contracts that have not yet started, many of our clients are asking for revisions of figures on projects and we are helping them where we can to achieve more competitive budgets for their projects," he said.
Even after the Meydan project contract cancellation in January, Arabtec Holdings order book stands at Dh30bn. "If no projects are cancelled," he added. "This is discounting the Dh10bn rom the Okhta project in St Petersburg, Russia." We will know about the Okhta project in the next few weeks. We have been working with the client in the last couple of weeks trying to achieve the optimum for them in the design and for their budget and now the ball is in their court. As far as we know, the project is going ahead."
He discounted rumours of his stepping down and said that the only change was the designation of the General Manager Thomas Barry at Arabtec Construction to the CEO for that division. "We wanted to give him a bigger share of responsibility. My role is still the same as CEO of Arabtec Holding and Executive Chairman of Arabtec Construction," said Kamal.
Layoffs will come if there is no work, he said. "There will be some job losses. In 2009, we are going to be as busy as 2008. But I cannot predict how 2010 will develop. While we still have a good backlog, I am not sure if projects will move ahead in full or even if there will be some changes in that figure. What we have had to do is adjust our growth numbers," said Kamal. "We are looking to consolidate what we have, keep sufficient staff and cut costs. Earlier nobody was focusing on costs but on delivering a product. Now clients are looking at squeezing their budgets and their prices and we have had to comply by cutting down on the luxury in our staff. We are also looking at our efficiency, productivity and being able to squeeze our suppliers and sub-contractors since pricing is being revised on projects that are underway."
The group sees new markets in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. "We are still strong in the UAE market in terms of estimating new projects and being involved in infrastructure and public projects will hopefully compensate for some of the private real estate developments that will probably dry up in the coming years," he said.
Arabtec operates in the the UAE, Qatar, Jordan, Syria and Pakistan, although Dubai contributes more than 50 per cent of its orders. The group, which includes more than 10 companies including Austrian Arabian Ready Mix Concrete Co, is the contractor for Burj Dubai, the world's tallest tower being built by Emaar Properties.
Arabtec shares rose 2.3 per cent to 89 fils at 12pm in Dubai when they were suspended from trading ahead of the company's board meeting. The stock has declined 61 per cent this year, said Bloomberg.
Developers in Dubai are scaling back projects as demand for property slows. Construction projects valued at $582bn have been put on hold in the UAE. since the onset of the global credit crisis, Dubai-based research company Proleads said last week.


text:
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House of Lords Library
Co-location of the Houses of Parliament
Published Thursday, 09 June, 2022
Charley Coleman
In January 2020, the government suggested that the House of Lords could be moved out of London, possibly to the city of York. In May 2022, Michael Gove wrote to the Lord Speaker saying he would not support the QEII Centre as a decant location for the Lords during restoration and renewal, suggesting Stoke among other places as alternatives. The government has framed the proposal of moving the Lords as part of its levelling up agenda, but some commentators have expressed concern about the practical implications of the Commons and Lords being located in different cities. This article highlights commentary on these viewpoints.
1. Background: The restoration and renewal programme
2. Location of the Lords: A move out of London?
3. How many bicameral chambers are co-located?
4. Commentary on co-location
4.1 Recent discussion in the House of Lords
4.2 Consideration of co-location by the restoration and renewal programme
4.3 Academic and other responses
On Thursday 16 June 2022, the House of Lords is due to consider the following motion:
Lord Norton of Louth (Conservative) to move that this House takes note of the case for both Houses of Parliament to continue to be co-located in the same city.
Recent discussion about the location of the House of Commons and House of Lords has largely been centred around the restoration and renewal of the Palace of Westminster. In January 2020, the government suggested that the House of Lords could be moved to York or Birmingham. In July 2020, the prime minister wrote to the restoration and renewal sponsor body and delivery authority to suggest that they examine the case for decant locations outside of London as part of a strategic review that was being conducted of the programme.
The Palace of Westminster requires substantial repair and restoration work. Following years of exploratory investigations, in 2016 a Joint Committee on the Palace of Westminster published a report setting out options for the restoration and renewal of the Palace. This report included some consideration of Parliament's location (see section 4.2 below).
In 2018, the House of Commons agreed a motion approving the next step of work on restoration and renewal. This motion included an endorsement of the joint committee's recommendation for a full decant of the Palace (that is, a total relocation of staff and members to alternative premises during the works).
In October 2019, the Parliamentary Buildings (Restoration and Renewal) Act 2019 provided for a sponsor body to take responsibility for the programme of works. The sponsor body acted in shadow form from July 2018 until April 2020, when it was formally established upon the act receiving royal assent. The sponsor body's strategic review, which also recommended a full decant of the Palace of Westminster, was published in March 2021. The strategic review's remit was to consider what had changed since the independent options appraisal in 2014 and the Joint Committee of the Palace of Westminster report in 2016.
Most recently, in February 2022, the House of Commons Commission proposed replacing the sponsor body with a new department of both Houses which would be accountable to the clerks of both Houses and their commissions.
At a joint meeting in March 2022, the commissions of the two Houses agreed a "new approach" to the restoration and renewal programme. The commissions agreed to seek independent advice and assurance on the new approach to the works, as well as on proposals to take forward the commissions' decision to replace the sponsor body. They said they would seek a revised mandate for the works and changes to the sponsorship function from the two Houses before the summer recess.
In January 2020, the Sunday Times reported that the government was looking at moving the House of Lords permanently out of London to York or Birmingham. The newspaper said that the government also wanted the House of Commons to meet outside of London for "several days of debates" in order to "connect Parliament better to the world outside the Westminster village". The then Conservative Party chair, James Cleverly, told Sky News that the government was looking at "a whole range of options about making sure every part of the UK feels properly connected from politics".
On 15 July 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson wrote to the chief executives of the sponsor body and the delivery authority to suggest that the restoration and renewal strategic review considered locations outside of London for a full decant of both Houses or a partial decant of either or both Houses. He said that the government was considering the establishment of a 'government hub' in York and said York should therefore be considered as a possible location:
There are a number of possible locations, within London, which could be considered, including Richmond house, the QEII Centre and City Hall. However, the review should also consider a possible location outside London. The government is considering establishing a government hub in York and it would therefore make sense to consider this as a potential location. The government does not prejudge any particular outcome.
The sponsor body spoke with the Speakers of both Houses and concluded that this would not be considered as it fell outside of the programme's scope to do so:
As this is a matter for Parliament, the sponsor body consulted the Speakers of both Houses on the possibility of considering the prime minister's suggestion before proceeding further. Both Speakers made it clear in their letters of 27 July [2020] that this option should not be considered as part of the review as it fell outside the programme's scope to do so. As a result, the response to the prime minister on 18 August [2020] confirmed that this option would not be considered as part of the review.
On 19 August 2020, BBC News reported that "the government recently declined to confirm or deny reports that a feasibility study has been carried out in possible sites in the city [of York]".
On 15 May 2022, the Sunday Times reported on a letter from Michael Gove, secretary of state for levelling up, housing and communities, to the Lord Speaker, Lord McFall, in which Mr Gove said that he would not support the QEII being used as a temporary home for the House of Lords during restoration and renewal. The newspaper wrote that, as the minister with responsibility for the government's levelling up agenda, Michael Gove said he could not support a plan under which the Lords would "decamp to a temporary home a mere 200 yards from the Palace of Westminster". The Sunday Times said that Mr Gove's department owned the freehold to the QEII centre and the arm's length body which operated it.
In answer to a written question on 24 May 2022 on the government's assessment of the potential merits of moving the House of Lords to York, the government said:
Decisions on the location of parliament, and how to proceed with the parliamentary restoration and renewal programme, are for parliament.
The government has an aspiration that all parts of the United Kingdom should feel connected to politics and indeed to politicians. Levelling up is a moral, social and economic programme for the whole of government. As part of the place for growth programme, the government has previously engaged with the York Central Partnership and explored whether the space would allow for parliamentary activity, should it be required.
There are 192 national parliaments listed in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's (IPU) Parline database. Of these, 111 are unicameral and 81 are bicameral.
Of the 81 bicameral parliaments, three have addresses for their two chambers in different cities (as recorded in the database). These are Côte d'Ivoire, Burundi and the Philippines. The Philippines' House of Representatives is located in Quezon City and the Senate is located in Pasay City. Both are located in the Metropolitan Manilla region (approximately 12.5 miles apart). Burundi moved its political capital from Bujumbura to Gitega in 2019 (with the former remaining the economic capital). The move would take place over three years and the Senate was the first institution to move (the Parline database records the National Assembly's address currently as Bujumbura).
The government's suggestion that the House of Lords could be located outside of London has generated a range of responses.
On 16 May 2022, a private notice question was asked by Lord Forsyth (Conservative) about the government's consideration of the location of the House of Lords during restoration and renewal.
Lord True, minister of state at the Cabinet Office, said that issues of decant and the locations of the chambers were "a matter for Parliament". He also went on to state that "as far as government property is concerned, obviously that is a matter for the secretary of state".
Several members raised concerns about the House of Lords and the House of Commons being in different locations. For example, Lord Carlile of Berriew (Crossbench) said this "would be a very adverse and unconstitutional act". He indicated that were Parliament to move out of London he believed it should be both Houses together. Baroness Hayter of Kentish Town (Labour) described the location of the Lords as "a really important constitutional issue" and referred to the state opening of Parliament with the Queen's speech delivered from the Lords but with members of the Commons present. She also said that the Lords needed ministers to be close by. Lord True referred to remote participation acknowledging that "those of us who have had experience of a Parliament by Zoom know the importance of personal contact within and across the Houses to the good operation of government and Parliament".
Other members also suggested that moving the House of Lords could have benefits. For example, Lord Austin of Dudley (Non-affiliated) argued "there is a case for looking at whether Parliament's deliberations can take place elsewhere in the country and for moving large parts of government to the regions". Lord Foulkes of Cumnock (Labour) said that, whilst he agreed with many comments, the suggestion of the Lords moving "might make those members who live in London, particularly those on the front bench, realise the practical difficulties and problems of those of us who do not live in London".
Lord True said that he understood that the Commons and Lords commissions were seeking to hold debates in both Houses on the restoration and renewal programme before the summer recess.
On 16 May 2022, the Lord Speaker, Lord McFall, wrote to members of the House of Lords following Michael Gove's letter. BBC News reported that Lord McFall described separating the Commons and Lords geographically as "highly questionable" and that the legislative role of the Lords was "indivisible" from the Commons. The BBC also reported that Lord McFall agreed that politics could be too London-centric, but saying that "I don't believe moving locations in and of itself would address these concerns".
The Joint Committee on the Palace of Westminster's 2016 report on restoration and renewal considered the co-location of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The joint committee said that during informal conversations it had with members of both Houses, co-location was considered to be a "very important factor" in deciding where both Houses could decant to. The committee said that whilst both Houses were independent, there were a lot of links that would be detrimental to lose. It argued that some things could be adapted, for example the physical exchange of messages and bills between the Houses, but it also argued that some interactions could not be replicated if the Houses were not co-located. These included:
joint committee meetings
all-party parliamentary groups
party political group meetings
civil society events held for members of both Houses
The joint committee said it was "clear that the two Houses of Parliament and government need to be located close to each other". It concluded that temporary accommodation for both Houses during restoration and renewal should be located as close to the Palace of Westminster as possible. The committee expressed concern that accommodation "a long way from Whitehall" would "significantly" increase the cost and complexity of the programme and "introduce numerous challenges for the smooth operation of both Parliament and government".
A number of academics and other commentators have responded to the suggestion of the Lords being moved out of London and being located elsewhere from the House of Commons.
In an article from February 2020, Professor of British and Comparative Politics and Director of the Constitution Unit at UCL Meg Russell described moving the House of Lords to the north of England as a new idea in the wider context of Lords reform. She described the objective as similar to that of reforming the Lords as a 'chamber of the nations and regions', in that it would seek to achieve "a kind of territorial rebalancing, and linking other parts of the UK more closely into parliamentary arrangements". Outside of the "short-term upheaval" of moving the House of Lords, Meg Russell argued there were good reasons why almost all bicameral parliaments had both chambers located in the same city:
First, if ministers and government officials are to be held accountable to both chambers (for example answering questions and piloting bills, as happens on a daily basis in the Lords), geographical proximity is important. Second, a great deal of informal politics is done in the corridors at Westminster. If MPs and peers were separated, conflict between the two chambers would likely become much more frequent.
When referring to the use of the 'corridors of Westminster' for informal politics, Meg Russell referenced an article by Lord Norton. Lord Norton, professor of government at the University of Hull, wrote about the importance of informal spaces in legislatures in an article in the journal Parliamentary Affairs in 2018.
Lord Norton defined an informal space as one in which members of a legislature "gather and converse, but where the gathering is not formally scheduled, has no set agenda, is not minuted, and there is no-one presiding formally over proceedings". He argued that there had been limited study on the use of space for informal gatherings of members. Lord Norton argued that informal space was important for a range of processes:
The use of informal space, we argue, is important to the legislature for the process of institutionalisation and, to members, for socialisation into the institution, for information exchange, for lobbying, and for mobilising political support. Institutionalisation and the socialisation of members underpin the stability of the legislature. Information exchange and lobbying can impact on ministerial actions and outcomes of public policy. Mobilising political support can determine who holds office. These are hardly insubstantial consequences.
Lord Norton said that restoration and renewal would result in changes to informal spaces but "the consequences have yet to be fully assessed, not least for informal discourse between members of both Houses".
More recently, in a chapter for the Study of Parliament Group's January 2021 paper on 'Parliaments and the pandemic', Lord Norton referred to the government's suggestion of moving the Lords to York. He said he did not believe there was a clear benefit and that there were potential negatives around informal and formal meetings:
There appeared no obvious benefit to separating the two Houses, not least in reducing the opportunity for members of the two Houses to meet informally, or indeed formally and semi-formally through joint committees and all-party groups, and to making it difficult for members of the public and civil society to engage with the House, York not having the accessibility of the capital.
In an article from January 2020, the Institute for Government (IfG) said that there was "an argument to be made" for the House of Lords moving away from Westminster, but "losing the practical advantages of being just a few hundred steps away from the House of Commons—and most government departments—needs serious consideration".
The IfG set out two arguments from the government for relocating the Lords. Firstly, to save costs, "as fewer London-based peers are likely to claim their £300-a-day attendance allowance", although the IfG stated that costs were likely to be more complicated in the short-term. Secondly, as a symbolic move to "fit with the government's desire to 'level up' parts of the UK—and to solidify its position with voters in traditional Labour areas who moved to the Conservatives at the election". The IfG said such a move would "clearly have significant symbolic importance" but it would also "raise huge questions" about the work of the House and its ability to fulfil its functions. The IfG described these questions as "not necessarily insurmountable", but they would "require serious thought". The IfG identified a number of considerations:
Relocating staff. The IfG argued that consultation would be needed and there could be an effect on the House of Lords' ability to retain and recruit staff in the future. It also raised the question of existing bicameral staff, such as those in the Parliamentary Digital Service and Parliamentary Archives.
Procedural considerations. The IfG asked how events such as state opening would work. Although accepting that such events were "rare", it said there were also more regular issues that would need to be addressed. For example, the availability of ministers to answer questions in the House or the impact on civil servants working on legislation.
Work of committees. The IfG suggested that Lords committees could find it more difficult to get officials based in London to attend as witnesses. Joint committees may also be unable to meet as regularly.
The IfG argued that these questions would need to be "properly addressed" for the Lords to fulfil its role in scrutinising government and holding it to account. However, it said that these questions were not impossible to answer and that "the government might decide that the value of moving a key part of the UK constitutional system outside of London outweighs some of the challenges that it throws up".
Mark D'Arcy, the BBC's political correspondent, has argued that scrutiny suffered when Parliament was physically separated from government. He asserted that one of the lessons learnt from the pandemic was that virtual proceedings "gave ministers a much easier ride":
Those moments in the chamber where a minister faltered and opinion crystallised against them are much more elusive if the minister is on a screen rather than standing at the dispatch box.
Mr D'Arcy also argued that questions with online participants were more scripted and less searching by necessity which led to less effective challenging of ministers.
The Electoral Reform Society has argued that moving the House of Lords to another city, such as York, would be "virtue signalling" without wider reform.
Oral question on 'Parliament: Restoration and renewal project', HL Hansard, 22 July 2020, cols 2212–15
Oral question on 'House of Lords: Relocation', HL Hansard, 14 July 2020, cols 1542–6
Joshua Nevett, 'Parliament must not be divided by relocation, peers argue', BBC News, 16 May 2022
Cover image by Dominika Gregusova on Pexels.
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Oliver Wendell Holmes jr. (* 8. März 1841 in Boston, Massachusetts; † 6. März 1935 in Washington, D.C.) war ein amerikanischer Rechtswissenschaftler. Von 1902 bis 1932 war er Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten. Aufgrund seiner langen Amtszeit, seines kurzen und prägnanten Argumentationsstils sowie seiner ausgesprochenen Überzeugung, als Vertreter der Rechtsprechung die Entscheidungen des demokratisch gewählten Parlaments respektieren zu müssen, wurde er zu einem der am häufigsten zitierten Richter dieses Gerichtshofes. Als Rechtstheoretiker vertrat er eine dem Rechtsrealismus nahestehende Auffassung, der zufolge sich die Aufgabe der Rechtswissenschaft darin erschöpfe, die tatsächlichen Entscheidungen der Gerichte erfolgreich vorherzusagen: "The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law" (Die Vorhersagen was Gerichte tatsächlich tun werden, und nichts Prätentiöseres, ist das was ich mit Gesetz meine).

Leben

Kindheit und Jugend, Erfahrungen im Bürgerkrieg
Holmes war der Sohn des bekannten Schriftstellers und Arztes Oliver Wendell Holmes und der Abolitionistin Amelia Lee Jackson. Holmes interessierte sich bereits frühzeitig für Literatur, insbesondere die Schriften Ralph Waldo Emersons sollten sein Denken entscheidend prägen. Auch schloss er sich der während der 1850er Jahre in Boston prosperienden abolitionistischen Bewegung an. Sein bester Freund zu seiner Studienzeit, der Quäker Norwood Penrose Halliwell, rekrutierte ihn 1861 für die Leibgarde des radikalen abolitionistischen Aktivisten Wendell Phillips, und als im April des Jahres der Bürgerkrieg ausbrach, blieben Homes und Halliwell unerlaubt den Vorlesungen fern, meldeten sich als Freiwillige für den Fronteinsatz und setzten so ihre Berechtigung auf einen Hochschulabschluss aufs Spiel. Da Holmes Regiment jedoch nicht sofort nach Süden entsandt wurde und der Präsident der Universität auf Betreiben von Wendells Vater eine Amnestie für die Absenzler erwirkt hatte, erhielt Holmes am 17. Juni des Jahres seinen Abschluss, vier Tage später trat er den Dienst im 20. Freiwilligenregiment des Staates Massachusetts an als First Lieutenant.

Von 1861 bis 1864 nahm Holmes als Offizier am amerikanischen Sezessionskrieg teil und wurde mehrfach verwundet und entkam mehrfach nur knapp dem Tod (so einmal durch eine Schussverwundung, einmal durch Erkrankung an Dysenterie). Er nahm am Halbinsel-Feldzug,  an der Schlacht in der Wilderness (wo er nicht in seinem Regiment, sondern im Stab des 6. Korps diente – er wurde in der Leitung des Regiments vertreten durch seinen Freund Henry Livermore Abbott, der dabei fiel), beim Gefecht bei Balls Bluff, an der Schlacht am Antietam und der Schlacht bei Chancellorsville teil. Zuletzt war er Lieutenant Colonel und nach Ende seiner dreijährigen Dienstzeit 1864 erhielt er eine Brevet-Beförderung zum Colonel. Eine später oft kolportierte Anekdote besagt, Holmes habe während der Schlacht von Fort Stevens im Juli 1864 dem US-Präsidenten Abraham Lincoln zugerufen "Get down, you fool", als dieser nicht rechtzeitig Deckung suchte. Die Geschichte gilt aber heute als apokryph und auch Holmes selbst konnte sich nicht genau erinnern, wer Lincoln das zurief. Die Kriegserfahrungen prägten Holmes staatstheoretische Grundüberzeugung vom Primat der Gewalt: Sowohl die Staatsgewalt als auch die von ihr erlassenen Gesetze seien ursprünglich auf Gewalt gegründet. Später entwickelte Holmes aus dieser Grundüberzeugung seine positivistische Rechtstheorie, die ihn die Existenz eines vorstaatlich begründeten Naturrechts und jegliche Form von rechtswissenschaftlicher Romantik ablehnen ließ.

Juristische Laufbahn bis zur Ernennung als Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten

Nach Kriegsende ließ er sich zunächst als Rechtsanwalt in Boston nieder. Er heiratete Fanny Dixwell, eine Freundin aus Kindertagen. Die Ehe hielt bis zum Tod seiner Frau im Jahre 1929. Aus der Ehe gingen keine leiblichen Kinder hervor, aber das Ehepaar Holmes adoptierte die Waise Dorothy Upham.

Holmes verbrachte des Öfteren Frühjahr und Sommer in London. Hier baute er sich einen engen Freundeskreis auf und wurde zu einem der Begründer der später so bezeichneten "soziologischen Rechtsschule" Großbritanniens. Hieraus entwickelte sich eine Generation später der amerikanische Rechtsrealismus.

Im Jahre 1870 wurde Holmes Herausgeber der Zeitschrift American Law Review. Er gab eine Neuauflage der Commentaries on American Law des amerikanischen Juristen James Kents heraus und veröffentlichte mehrere Aufsätze, die sich mit dem Common Law beschäftigten. 1881 erschien die erste Auflage seines wohl bekanntesten Buches The Common Law, das seine in den Jahren zuvor zu dieser Thematik entwickelten Ansätze zusammenfasste. Dieses Werk gilt als das einzige bedeutende Werk der amerikanischen Rechtswissenschaft, dessen Verfasser als Rechtsanwalt praktizierte. Holmes erkannte in diesem Werk als einzige Rechtsquelle das richterliche Urteil an. Das richterliche Urteil beruhe in Wahrheit weniger auf korrekten methodologischen Schlüssen und Syllogismus, sondern zu einem nicht geringen Anteil auch auf außerrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten wie den moralischen Überzeugungen und persönlichen Vorurteilen des Richters. Er bezeichnete diese "Entscheidungsgründe" – als Gegensatz zu den offiziellen Entscheidungsgründen – als die "ungeschriebenen Prämissen" des Rechtsfindungsprozesses. Diese Ansichten machten Holmes zu einem Vorläufer des amerikanischen Rechtsrealismus. 1877 wurde er in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt.

Im Jahre 1878 schlug US-Präsident Rutherford B. Hayes Holmes als Bundesrichter vor, wurde aber von einem Senator aus Massachusetts – George Frisbie Hoar – davon überzeugt, einen anderen Kandidaten zu nominieren. 1882 wurde Holmes zunächst Professor für Rechtswissenschaft in Harvard und sodann Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof des Staates Massachusetts. 1889 wurde er als Nachfolger von Walbridge A. Field zum Vorsitzenden Richter dieses Gerichts ernannt.

Während seiner Zeit als Richter in Massachusetts entwickelte Holmes seine Ansichten zum Common Law und wandte diese Grundsätze auch praktisch an, indem er sich bei seinen Entscheidungen strikt an die zur fraglichen Rechtsmaterie bereits ergangenen Präjudizien hielt. In Fällen jedoch, die sich mit den Rechten von Arbeitern beschäftigten, wich er von den Präzedenzfällen ab, indem er Arbeitern das Recht auf die friedliche Bildung von Gewerkschaften zugestand. Es sei sowohl ein Gebot der Fairness als auch ein Ausfluss des Rechts auf freie Meinungsäußerung, den Arbeitern zu gestatten, ihren Arbeitgebern auf Augenhöhe zu begegnen.

Holmes war auch als Redner und Briefeschreiber (ausführliche Korrespondenz mit Freunden in England) bekannt.

Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof
Nach dem Tod des Richters Horace Gray 1902 beabsichtigte der Präsident Theodore Roosevelt Holmes zum Nachfolger zu ernennen. Ausschlaggebend war, dass er einen Richter aus Massachusetts ernennen wollte und jemanden, der seine imperialistische Politik unterstützte, was von Holmes erwartet wurde. Henry Cabot Lodge senior, der jüngere Senator aus Massachusetts, unterstützte die Ernennung, der Senior Senator von Massachusetts George Frisbie Hoar, ein Gegner des Imperialismus und Vorsitzender des Justizkomitees des Senats, war dagegen. Holmes wurde am 2. Dezember 1902 nominiert, am 4. Dezember vom Senat bestätigt und am 8. Dezember eingeschworen.

Holmes bestätigte das Vertrauen von Roosevelt, in dem er die Annexion verschiedener Gebiete wie Puerto Rico nach dem Spanisch-Amerikanischen-Krieg bestätigte (Insular Cases). Allerdings trat er Roosevelt mit seinem Minderheitenvotum bei der Auflösung des Monopols der Northern Securities Company, einem kurzlebigen Eisenbahnmonopolisten unter Leitung von J. P. Morgan und Edward Henry Harriman. Holmes stimmte 1904 als Einziger der Richter gegen die Auflösung des Monopols, was seine Beziehung zu Roosevelt dauerhaft beeinträchtigte. Er war für Minderheitenmeinungen (The Great Dissenter) in Urteilen bekannt, obwohl er in 29 Jahren nur 72 mal in der Minderheit war und 852 mal die Mehrheitsmeinung vertrat.

Zu den von ihm begründeten Entscheidungen gehörte zum Beispiel der Fall Schenck v. United States (1919). Damals ging es um Verletzungen von während des Ersten Weltkriegs und kurz danach erlassenen Gesetzen (Espionage Act 1917, Sedition Act 1918), nach denen zum Beispiel Aufrufe zur Kriegsdienstverweigerung verfolgt wurden. Holmes war der Auffassung, dass das Recht auf Redefreiheit (niedergelegt in der First Amendment) nur eingeschränkt ist, wenn daraus eine klare und gegenwärtige Gefahr entstände (clear and present danger), mit den berühmten Worten, dass der erste Zusatzartikel keine Person schützt, die in einem vollen Theater "Feuer" ruft und eine Panik auslöst. Das wurde allerdings 1969 vom Supreme Court in Brandenburg v. Ohio weiter eingeschränkt auf unmittelbare und eindeutig erwiesene Gefahr. Noch im selben Jahr 1919 formulierte er aber seinen Dissenz (Minderheitenmeinung) bei einer Auslegung dieser Gesetze, die sich gegen Sozialisten richtete, die gegen das Eingreifen der Alliierten gegen die Russische Revolution argumentierten (Abrams v. United States). Er setzte sich für Meinungsfreiheit auch in Kriegszeiten ein mit den Worten, dass der beste Test für die Wahrheit einer Idee die Überzeugungskraft im Wettkampf mit anderen Ideen auf dem Markt ist (When men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe ... that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried out. That, at any rate, is the theory of our Constitution. It is an experiment, as all life is an experiment).

Einige seiner Entscheidungen waren im Rückblick zweifelhaft. Im Fall Buck v. Bell von 1927 ging es um die Zwangssterilisierung einer geistig Behinderten nach einem Gesetz aus Virginia, die Holmes in einer von ihm formulierten Mehrheitsmeinung (8 gegen 1) verteidigte mit dem Argument, das öffentliche Wohl gehe vor dem Recht auf körperliche Unversehrtheit. Danach gab es in mehr Bundesstaaten solche Gesetze, bis diese in der Entscheidung Skinner v. Oklahoma von 1942 vom Supreme Court für verfassungswidrig erklärt wurden.

Bekannt wurde auch seine Formulierung der Mehrheitsmeinung in Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States von 1920, die als Frucht vom vergifteten Baum (Fruit of the poisonous tree) bekannt war und die Verwertung von Beweisen aus illegalen Durchsuchungen verbot, auch wenn sie nur indirekt aus den dabei erhaltenen Informationen erlangt wurden.

Holmes war kurze Zeit vom 3. bis 24. Februar 1930 Chief Justice. Am 12. Januar 1932 trat er – als bis dahin ältester Richter am Supreme Court – von seinem Amt zurück. Er starb 1935 an Lungenentzündung in seinem Haus in Washington und wurde auf dem Nationalfriedhof in Arlington begraben. Sein Sommerhaus in Beverly in Massachusetts wurde 1972 National Historic Landmark.

Ehrungen
Im Jahre 1978 gab die Post der Vereinigten Staaten zu seinem Gedenken eine Briefmarke im Werte von 15 Cent heraus.

Holmes Nachlass ging an die Harvard Law School, blieb aber für Historiker lange Zeit nur eingeschränkt nutzbar. Die erste Biographie von Holmes, die auf den vollen Umfang zugreifen konnte erschien erst 1989.

Film
Das Broadway-Stück (1946) und die Filmbiografie (1950) The Magnificient Yankee beruhten auf seiner Biographie. Im Film von 1950 des Regisseurs John Sturges spielt Louis Calhern Holmes.

Werke

  (erstmals erschienen: Boston 1881); deutsche Übersetzung:  (unveränderter Nachdruck der 1. Aufl. von 1912)

Literatur
 Catharine Pierce Wells: Oliver Wendell Holmes: A Willing Servant to an Unknown God. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020, ISBN 978-1-108-47595-2.
 Stephen Budiansky: Oliver Wendell Holmes. A Life in War, Law, and Ideas, New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 2019, ISBN 978-0-393-63472-3.

Weblinks

 Allgemeine Informationen zu Leben und Werk von Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsphilosoph (19. Jahrhundert)
Rechtsphilosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Richter (Oberster Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten)
Richter (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court)
Hochschullehrer (Harvard University)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1841
Gestorben 1935
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Annual leave loading (usually 17.5%) is an entitlement paid to employees who usually receive overtime or penalty rates as compensation for the loss of wages during annual leave periods.
When Superannuation Guarantee (SG) was introduced, ATO guidance stated that annual leave loading was not ordinary time earnings (OTE) and was not subject to SG.
In Superannuation Guarantee Ruling SGR 2009/2, the ATO adopted the view that the only time leave loading can be excluded from SG calculations is where it can be demonstrated that leave loading is specifically being paid in circumstances of lost overtime or penalty rates while an employee is on leave.
In all other circumstances, leave loading is required to be classified as ordinary time earnings and as such is subject to SG.
The ATO has recently increased its focus on SG with added investigation and enforcement resources. Therefore, employers increasingly need to be able to demonstrate the SG position they are taking is correct.
Employers should pay SG on annual leave loading unless their industrial instrument (modern award, employment contract, or enterprise bargaining agreement) expressly says that the loading is for the lost opportunity to work overtime or receive leave loading during periods of annual leave, or there is other written evidence of a mutual understanding by the parties to that same effect.
Other written evidence may include a documented policy that clarifies the reason for the entitlement, and reflects the mutual understanding of both parties of such agreement.
Should you discover an SG underpayment issue, we recommend early consultation with your tax advisor for advice on rectifying the underpayment.
The ATO website provides a checklist to help you identify what payments are considered part of ordinary time earnings for superannuation guarantee purposes.
In addition, should you have any questions regarding your SG obligations, or would like to discuss this article further, feel free to contact a Hall Browns advisor on 07 3831 1055 or at mail@hallbrowns.com.


text:
New Evening Ferry will Sail around Dubai's Landmarks
The air-conditioned cruise takes in the Burj Khalifa, Al Seef, the Spice Souk and La Mer.
With summer upon us in Dubai, perhaps one of the nicest place to be is by the water. So it's good timing that the Roads and Transport Authority has launched a new evening ferry service to sail travellers around some of the emirate's best landmarks each weekend.
Cruising every Thursday and Friday evening, the ferry departs Sheikh Zayed Road Station on Dubai Water Canal then sails past the towering Burj Khalifa, giving passengers time to take in the epic light show at the world's tallest building. From there, it's on to Festival City to sail past its waterfront skyline.
Next, the ferry crosses to the old city, bobbing along next to age-old dhows and abras as it winds past Dubai Creek, the Old Souq, Al Seef and the Spice Souk. The final point of the tour is La Mer in Jumeriah, before the ferry heads back to Dubai Water Canal.
The ferry operates on demand and requires a minimum of 21 adult passengers. With fares starting at Dh50 for silver class, or Dh75 for gold class, gather a bunch of your friends and family and you could all take a night-time ferry tour at a cost of just over Dh1,000 total, much cheaper than hiring a yacht. It offers indoor seating in a fully air-conditioned environment, making it a comfortable way to sight see during the summer months.
Tickets for children aged two to 10 years old are half price and infants under two sail free of charge. Sailings are available at 9pm and 10pm on Thursday evenings, and from 4pm to 10pm ever Friday. The route is launching on a trial base as a way to help tourists and residents explore Dubai's visitor attractions while increasing the city's marine tourism.
The RTA call centre (800 90 90) can give you more information about the new service.
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Indeed, the problem has been exacerbated in our age of mega-churches serving coffee and with TVs to entertain when the service becomes boring — and the private jets for the preachers. But it's all part of the same problem: people not knowing how, or being willing, to make the sacrifices demanded of them. Go to church one hour a week and the rest of the time do as you wish!
Your last sentence of your comment speaks volumes.
My friend … you are far above my head on this one. I am one who became thoroughly disgusted with 'religion' many, many moons ago. Early experiences taught me that I can never fit into any religion, and I later figured out that I didn't want to anyway. Which is not to say I don't believe in God, for I do. I converse with Him regularly, he answers me, and we have a good relationship. But I eschew the man-made rites and rituals that accompany religion, and the prejudices that I have found built into every religion I have ever studied. I'm not sure which of your categories that puts me in, or perhaps I am simply a strange person who fits into neither. Either way … I have lived my life trying to do the right thing, and at this point, that is all I can do. An interesting aside … years ago, a friend told me that she could no longer be my friend if I refused to convert to Christianity. It is things like this that make me think most religion is not very kind.
You speak to the very point I am trying to make: it's the Church you have a quarrel with, not religion! I need to make my points clearer, apparently. Folks seem to have misread my post on Quixote as well. I need to revisit that one also!
The church is an organized body, at times very political but always social, with an agenda that involves the dissemination of religious dogma. Religion is simply the dogma itself, the doctrine that seeks to reveal to us how we are to go about becoming better persons and why we are not the center of the world, but merely a small part of it. I think you know these things.
The conscience (or "super ego" according to Freud) is a function of repression in our youth — being told what NOT to do by our parents and teachers. As this ceases to be a factor in a permissive society, fewer and fewer people actually have a conscience — a reaction to doing the wrong thing. This is a problem that I have worried about for sometime.
That certainly is thought-provoking, and you make a good point! Especially in this day when many parents seem not to see their role as one of a teacher, but rather of a friend. Rather than tell the child not to stick the spoon handle into the electrical outlet, they use the method of distracting the child with some other activity. Which works fine for that particular moment, but in the long run, the child still does not know that it is NOT okay to stick the spoon handle in the outlet. And then there are the ones who simply cannot make time to be a parent at all.
I don't think there is a religion on earth that preaches hatred and bigotry. It's the people who claim to embrace the religion and in their misguided attempt to apply its teachings get things backwards — they manipulate the teachings of their church to support their own basic desires!


Murdoch House was a great experience because it was the real house where William Murdoch lived when he lived in Cornwall. We learnt what it was like to live in the olden days and learnt about his amazing invention of making gas light by burning coal.
Gareth and Pat Parry speaking to the children from Pennoweth School on their visit to Murdoch House. Accompanied by George Saint, Redruth Town Crier!


It is very common to develop a Big Hairy Audacious Goal (BHAG) for your business. What is not so common is to develop a BHAG for your personal life. Before we get into that, let's define what a BHAG is (pronounced bee hag) for those not familiar with the concept. A Big Hairy Audacious Goal is term coined by the professor, management consultant and author Jim Collins and Jerry Porras. Jim has written several books with the most popular being Good to Great. A BHAG is a 10+ year visionary goal that describes your envisioned future, and is one of the successful habits of visionary companies. A BHAG should stretch you and guide you while unifying on a focal point of effort to help you determine what to say yes and no to as you forge ahead to accomplish your goals.
One of the best articles I have read on Core Purpose is Jim Collins and Jerry Porras article titled "Building Your Company's Vision." The authors explain that a well-developed vision consists of two parts, core ideology and an envisioned future. The core ideology consists of two components, Core Values and Core Purpose. The envisioned future has two elements, The Big Hairy Audacious Goal (BHAG) and a vivid description of what it will look like when you achieve your BHAG. The former should never change, while the latter may, once you have accomplished your long term 10-20 year goal. These should be your guiding purpose to go above and beyond the status quo.
Alan is a Rhythm Consultant. He has years of experience helping clients get into a strong Think Plan Do Rhythm to profitably grow their business with purpose. He is an expert meeting facilitator, critical thinker, lifelong learner and a good listener. He is committed to helping clients reach their business goals by drawing on his experience and family business background.


What is FFO or Funds from Operations?
Funds from operations (FFO), is the actual amount of cash flowCash FlowCash Flow (CF) is the increase or decrease in the amount of money a business, institution, or individual has. In finance, the term is used to describe the amount of cash (currency) that is generated or consumed in a given time period. There are many types of CF generated from business operations.
In order to calculate the FFO, one must add the expenses or losses, which are not actually incurred from the operations, such as depreciation, amortization, and any losses on the sale of assets, to net income. Then subtract any gains on the sale of assets and interest income.
FFO is commonly used by companies that engage in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)FinanceCFI's Finance Articles are designed as self-study guides to learn important finance concepts online at your own pace. Browse hundreds of finance articles and guides to learn about the cost of capital, financial analysis, ratios, multiples, rates of return, profitability metics, and how to evaluate the overall, a business that primarily operates on income-generating real estate transactions. REIT companies are involved in commercial real estate – selling, leasing, and financing of office and apartment buildings, warehouses, hospitals, shopping centers, hotels, and timberlands.
What is the FFO formula?
Big Time Real Estate Company declared a net income of $10M last year, a depreciation expense of $2M, an interest amortization expense of $1M, an interest income of $500,000, and a gain on the sale of various assets of $1M. The actual cash flow from business operations (FFO) for Big Time Real Estate Company was $11.5M.
What are Depreciation, Amortization, and Losses on Sale of Asset?
These finance terms are the costs that need to be added back to net income for the purpose of determining the actual earnings generated from the core business operations. Non-operating expenses are excluded from the main business functions and therefore should be added back to net income.
Depreciation – Depreciation is an expense allocated to cover capital expenditures (the acquisition of Property Plant and Equipment PP&E, or any fixed assets). Depreciation is a non-cash expense because it is only created for accounting purposes and does not match the timing of when cash was used to buy the asset.
Amortization – Loan and capital expense payments spread out over a specific period of time.
Losses on sale of asset – Loss is incurred when an asset is eliminated and the selling price is lower than the net book value of the asset sold. This is another non-cash expense.
What are Gains on the Sale of Asset and Interest income?
Gains on the sale of an asset and interest income are both deducted from net income to calculate the actual cash flow from operations. These earnings are not from the main business.
Gains on the sale of asset – gain obtained when an asset is sold and the selling price is higher than the net book value of the asset.
Interest income – earnings from the interest of marketable securities, long-term investments, or cash maintained in checking accounts.
Why is FFO important in real estate?
FFO measures the business's operational efficiency or performance, especially for most REITFinanceCFI's Finance Articles are designed as self-study guides to learn important finance concepts online at your own pace. Browse hundreds of finance articles and guides to learn about the cost of capital, financial analysis, ratios, multiples, rates of return, profitability metics, and how to evaluate the overall companies. The reason for this is that real estate values are proven to rise and fall with macroeconomic conditions, and any operating results computed when using the cost accounting method do not usually serve as an accurate measurement of performance.
FFO is being used by real estate companies as an operating performance benchmark, while investors use this to determine the financial performance of a real estate company.


I want to intergrate sms alerts on my raspberry-pi using a usb dongle.
Are there any tutorial discribing this operation with node-red.
You should be able to use the Serial node to send it a series of AT commands to send an SMS… typically you need to send one or two at startup to set up the stick into text mode - then you can often just send a single command with the number and text in.
As you have this working from a command line then (imho) it may well be easiest to make that into a simple script that you can call with the message as a parameter then use the exec node to call it.
I thank you but I prefer to use a usb dongle.
I know this was not your question but anyway have you checked the advantages of sending notifications with telegram for instance vs SMS? There are plenty of options but Telegram is very simple and flexible, you can even create your telegram bot to handle a lot of staff and also works simple with IFTT.
I thank you but I want a solution that work without web connection.
ok, but as soon as you need a sim card connected, It makes no difference to send a SMS or connect to internet and do whatever, and without internet the limitations are huge.
at the edges of reception I often find that an SMS will go through ok - but I can't get internet to work in any meaningful manner… so I think SMS still has a place.
Normally my raspberry is connected to the internet through another router.
So among the alerts that SMS must report are network problems.
is there an example that uses AT commands with node-red?


text:
require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../test_helper'

class MonerisRemoteTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
  def setup
    Base.gateway_mode = :test

    @gateway = MonerisGateway.new(
      :login => 'store1',
      :password => 'yesguy'
    )

    @creditcard = credit_card('4242424242424242')
  end

  def test_remote_purchase
    order_id = generate_order_id
    assert response = @gateway.purchase(100, @creditcard, :order_id => order_id)
    assert_equal Response, response.class
    assert_equal     ["auth_code",
     "bank_totals",
     "card_type",
     "complete",
     "iso",
     "message",
     "receipt_id",
     "reference_num",
     "response_code",
     "ticket",
     "timed_out",
     "trans_amount",
     "trans_date",
     "trans_id",
     "trans_time",
     "trans_type"], response.params.keys.sort
    assert_match /APPROVED/, response.params['message']
    assert_equal 'Approved', response.message
    assert_equal true, response.params['complete']
    assert_equal true, response.success?
    assert_equal order_id, response.params['receipt_id']
    assert_equal "#{response.params['trans_id']};#{response.params['receipt_id']}", response.authorization
  end

  def test_authorization_and_capture
    order_id = generate_order_id
    response = @gateway.authorize(100, @creditcard, :order_id => order_id)
    assert response.success?
    assert response.authorization
    response = @gateway.capture(100, response.authorization)
    assert response.success?
  end

  # Void is currently not working
  def test_authorization_and_void
    order_id = generate_order_id
    response = @gateway.authorize(100, @creditcard, :order_id => order_id)
    assert response.success?
    response = @gateway.void(response.authorization)
    assert response.success?
  end

  def test_remote_error
    order_id = generate_order_id
    assert response = @gateway.purchase(150, @creditcard, :order_id => order_id)
    assert_equal Response, response.class
    assert_equal ["auth_code",
     "bank_totals",
     "card_type",
     "complete",
     "iso",
     "message",
     "receipt_id",
     "reference_num",
     "response_code",
     "ticket",
     "timed_out",
     "trans_amount",
     "trans_date",
     "trans_id",
     "trans_time",
     "trans_type"], response.params.keys.sort
    assert_match /DECLINED/, response.params['message']
    assert_equal 'Declined', response.message
    assert_equal true, response.params['complete']
    assert_equal false, response.success?
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


...have been in touch with their comments on the first draft of the form.
One of the more interesting things was how differently each of them approached the task of tearing me a new one.
The Oxbridge Shark tore into every single sentence with detail - perhaps my favourite of his comments was: "Seriously mate, this form makes it look as if you're lost the capacity to function as a human". Dare I say it, but all of his comments were spot on. The original version of my form was littered with exclamations (although without exclamation marks, obviously) along the lines of: "Simply, I believe being a barrister to be the best job on earth". Ignore the alliteration. That was not taken straight from my form, but it might as well have been. The overriding tone of the first draft was: "I DON'T HAVE MUCH OF A BRAIN BUT I REALLY REALLY WANT TO BE A BARRISTER, I'M DESPERATE". The Oxbridge Shark recommended that I keep the passion for the criminal Bar in the form, but not at the expense of my actual abilities.
Ladyfemale's dad was also a bit of a demon, although thankfully didn't reduce the size of the dowry. His approach was to actually focus in on the fine detail of the questions, and my responses. His conclusion was that I wasn't actually answering the questions half of the time - and where I was answering the questions, I was doing so implicitly. He was right. Reading it back, I'd answered the questions in a way that suited me - as a springboard to write down whatever I wanted. Future-FIL's point was that barristers, with about two minutes per form, aren't going to care about the content if it doesn't answer the question.
The practising barristers who read my form had an entirely different approach. Their responses were invariably a maximum of three lines long and sent to me two days later than promised - and some of the time they seemed to be referring to a different person's form entirely. They proved helpful, though, if only to illustrate just how little time I'll have when I'm a proper-grown-up-baby-barrister.
The Judge replied: "Looks fine to me". Which was, at least, reassuring.


Acorns are symbolic making the perfect jewellery for a new mum, or for those celebrating a new start.
The acorn has been sacred and considered lucky to numerous cultures for many, many years. With this in mind we have created a lucky acorn necklace that can be beautifully personalised with your loved ones handprint. A thoughtful gift to celebrate friendship, birthdays, a christenings or just new beginnings.
Whilst the acorn is little, is believed to be very powerful.
Now you have the opportunity to capture your babies or loved ones (even pets) hand or footprint and preserve those gorgeous fingers or toes in a solid lucky acorn charm. This beautiful bespoke acorn necklace is perfectly casted from a real acorn!


Blocked Drains Northampton Provides satisfaction among the UK's top sewer inspection businesses. From Blocked Drains Northampton Northampton, we attempt to provide you with superb sewer study as well as upkeep solutions.
The main reason behind the sewer inspection would be to find out if the actual sewer as well as septic lines inside a building will work completely. These types of assessments are for sale to everybody, from the brand new home owner to the renter. Blocked Drains Northampton helps you to get good value for your money during inspection and the inspection will ensure that you're living in an environment that's safe and healthy.
At Blocked Drains Northampton, all of us rapidly provide you with the information on sewer inspection simply because we all know you have much to gain from it. More often than not, individuals who examine houses because of leasing or to buy don't think to determine the situation of the sewer or even septic lines.
This may be simply because the actual sewer smells and it is subterranean or because individuals believe it is trivial and would rather not have a glance at this when checking a house. The examination associated with septic systems isn't a fundamental part of most home assessments.
In case your purpose would be to lease a house, it's for your own good to examine the actual sewer as well as septic lines and find out if they're in good shape and functioning completely as created. Should you lease a house with a decent sewer as well as septic lines, you'll have excellent bang for your buck.
Having to lease or even buy a home along with sewer systems which are jeopardized could be a headache. Buildings with poor sewers are only going to enhance the expenses associated with upkeep for you personally.
For instance, poor sewers as well as sewer stations can lead to waste water flooding your house. Rats as well as other rodents will also be a danger along with poor sewers causing harm to your home. The actual smell from the broken sewer may also immerse your house. There's also a number of feasible health issues for anyone residing inside a region having a poor sewer.
A person wouldn't want to get ill due to broken drains. That why inspection of your sewer matters. Our assurance is easy. When there is an issue or even possible issue, we'll locate it. We'll repair it!
The specialists make use of small camcorders that they place into sewer pipes for assessments. The CCTV system can allow us to understand the health of the actual sewer system inside your possible purchase. Whenever we're completed with the actual examination, we'll tell you if the actual sewer is in a great situation or otherwise. If there is a serious issue in the sewer, we will provide the comprehensive report that you'll need to ask the current owner to make suitable repairs before you finalise the purchase or ask them to lower the price of the home. This can totally free you against any kind of legal responsibility following the acquisition of the home or building.
Remember that when the sewer inside your rentals are not fit, a potential purchaser will most likely not really purchase it. The price for the home may also drop.
Even if the purchase goes through, the customer might find you accountable for any kind of existing issues in the sewer that you failed to disclose. Along with sewer inspection as well as upkeep, you'll be able to boost the resell worth of your home and steer clear of issues later on.
Blocked Drains Northampton's main target is actually to keep the customer contented. We only feel fulfilled when we know we leave you with results you like. Call us right now so we can work our magic.
All too often house buyers neglect checking the actual drain within their possible new house prior to signing papers, simply to discover the drain may need costly maintenance. The sewer study ought to be a high concern in the before-buy evaluation associated with properties. When you really need to determine if the system within the property is in good shape and operating perfectly, all of us from Blocked Drains Northampton are going to do an extensive evaluation for you personally.
Are you in need of an urgent brain report? Blocked Drains Northampton solutions can offer these efficiently. Following the examination, we'll instantly e-mail a person, as well as the architectural surveyor or even lender so they can go through the drain report quickly before the deal can be completed. There are lots of potential issues within drains that can't be observed other than by specialists which is the reason why the before-buy report for the drain is essential.
At Blocked Drains Northampton, we offer a person with a few of the most versatile repayment plans so you can pay without suffering. Our system of payment is flexible and you'll be comfortable working with us. Don't hold back until it's too late!