Insurers ran many more Medicare product TV commercials than PPACA plan commercials.
The open enrollment period for 2015 Medicare Advantage health plans and Medicare Part D stand-alone prescription drug plans ended Dec. 7.
The enrollment period started Oct. 15.
The insurers that sold the Medicare plans probably enrolled or reenrolled more than 13 million people in Medicare Advantage plans during the enrollment period and about 10 million in Medicare Part D plans.
Aetna, Cigna, Humana, UnitedHealth Group and other issuers, brokers and lead generation firms have run many Medicare product television commercials in recent weeks, according to iSpot.tv.
But the enrollment period attracted relatively little attention.
It's not yet clear whether that calm was the sign of a fine-tuned, smoothly running enrollment machine purring along, or whether the calm was a sign of marketing problems.
For more thoughts about the enrollment period, read on.
1. Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), had the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) on her mind.
Managers of the locally based exchange in the District of Columbia complained early in the year, when CMS was scheduling the PPACA public exchange annual open enrollment period for Nov. 15, 2014, through Feb. 15, 2015, that running several open enrollment periods at the same time would strain regulators, exchanges and exchange plan issuers.
Having the Medicare enrollment period overlap with the public exchange enrollment period may have strained regulator and issuer resources this year.
News organizations, including this one, have run many more news articles about the public exchange open enrollment period than the Medicare enrollment period, and members of Congress have complained to Tavenner and other CMS officials mainly about the PPACA exchange program, not about the Medicare Advantage program.
2. The start of the Medicare open enrollment period overlapped with the peak of U.S. interest in Ebola.
One lesson here is that, when helicopters swirl over Dallas because residents face the possible spread of Ebola, that gets more media and social media attention than a Medicare plan enrollment period.
3. Box scores attract eyes.
CMS probably has more information about Medicare product sales at this point than about PPACA exchange plan sales, or could find a way to get sales data, but it's already released two weekly exchange plan activity reports and no Medicare plan activity reports.
Private companies publish Medicare product sales data starting a few months after the enrollment period ends, but no one is publishing the kind of near-real-time activity data that draws so much attention to the exchange plans.
Democratic candidate says she'd cancel up to $50,000 in loans; her plan includes free public college and boosts Pell Grants.


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Rider X-Seam 34" - 34 1/2" Rider X-Seam 34 1/2" - 35" Rider X-Seam 35" - 35 1/2" Rider X-Seam 35 1/2" - 36" Rider X-Seam 36" - 36 1/2" Rider X-Seam 36 1/2" -37" Rider X-Seam 37" - 37 1/2" Rider X-Seam 37 1/2" - 38" Rider X-Seam 38" - 38 1/2" Rider X-Seam 38 1/2" - 39" Rider X-Seam 39" - 39 1/2" Rider X-Seam 39 1/2" - 40" Rider X-Seam 40" - 40 1/2" Rider X-Seam 40 1/2" - 41" Rider X-Seam 41" - 41 1/2" Rider X-Seam 41 1/2" - 42" Rider X-Seam 42" - 42 1/2" Rider X-Seam 42 1/2" - 43" Rider X-Seam 43" - 43 1/2" Rider X-Seam 43 1/2" - 44" Rider X-Seam 44" - 44 1/2" Rider X-Seam 44 1/2" - 45" Rider X-Seam 45" - 45 1/2" Rider X-Seam 45 1/2" - 46"
Both Trident Stowaway Recumbent Trike models use high quality powder coated paint and is constructed from aircraft quality 4130 Cro-Moly Tig welded steel. The Disc brakes are made by Avid and the Promax brake levers have a built in parking brake. Other features include double wall alloy rims with Kenda Kwest 100 psi tires, and Ackerman compensated crossover steering, but that is where the similarities end.
The Trident Stowaway I is our Base Model. It uses a Microshift front derailleur and a SRAM X5 rear derailleur. Shifting is done with SRAM X5 Gripshifters. The brakes are Avid BB5's.
The Trident Stowaway II is our higher spec model. It uses a Microshift front derailleur and a Microshift Marvo XE CNC machined rear derailleur. Shifting is done with Bar End Shifters. The brakes are Avid BB7's and the crankset is a high quality forged crankset with CNC machined chain rings, and an integrated bottom bracket. The seat frame, handlebar and boom are sandblasted and anodized aluminum alloy. For all you short crank aficionados, the Trident Stowaway II will also be available with 160 mm Cranks for an additional $50.
New for 2016!! The new Trident Stowaway II upgraded features include a new Aluminum Seat with Lumbar support, 3 adjustable seating heights, and 4 adjustable seating angles, adjustable handlebars, and an improved chain idler system. The new chain idler system is nicer than most other tricycle brand chain idlers. The Stowaway II come with a high quality mirror, front and rear lights, rear rack, safety flag three fenders along with a new Microshift CNC machined Rear Derailleur.
The Stowaway II Folding trike is shipped to you in 1 box it is 95% assembled. lastly, you always have the option of picking up a fully assembled trike at our Dearborn Michigan trike showroom assemble and fitted free of charge.
Integrated Bottom Bracket 170mm Crankarms Std. 160mm Crankarms Opt.
The Trident Stowaway I and Stowaway II were redesigned in 2014. Both trikes share the same frame, seat and steering components but that is where the difference end. The trike we officially tested, was the Stowaway I but I have rode the Stowaway II as well, just not for an extended length of time. My son Nathan who is 20 years old and is studding mechanical engineering in college, got to be my riding partner for the day. It was a very nice fall day so we loaded up two trikes in my truck and headed out to the metro park by our house. He was riding a trike that was somewhat similar to the Stowaway. I so we got to switch trikes a couple of times on the ride. I was excited to have him on the ride and see what he thought of the Trident Stowaway I as well. Now Nathan is one extremely smart kid, even when he was in grade school and the teacher would see him staring out the window, she would call on him for an answer, thinking she would stump him, it just never happened, he just always had the correct answer. I can see that same thing with him today. I took him to the Recumbent Cycle Con event in Ohio this year and just was in awe of how he could look at a particular trike and pick out the things that was going to make it special or would comment that was not such a good idea they should have made it this way. My dad had some of those same traits, where he could look at someone else's design and within seconds have a modified better design in his head. I feel Trident was thinking like an engineer and a sales person when they designed the Stowaway. So lets run down some of the Stowaway high points. Folding frame makes the trike more marketable – sales person. Indirect steering, more precise steering – engineer. Throw in a bunch of accessories that people would have wanted to buy anyway – sales person. Put the crank to seat relationship at the right height so you can develop a lot of power on the trike – engineer. Make the trike look attractive – sales person. Measure people and make sure the seat fits a wide variety of people and is comfortable – engineer. Give the trike a very aggressive price so a lot can be sold – sales person. Trident is known as a good quality trike at a low price. I think they really do a good job at delivering just that. Trident has their trike manufactured in China, where just about everyone else manufactures in Taiwan, Germany, England or the USA. Currently China labor cost is still low but rising quickly. Other bicycle manufactures are starting to leave China and moving on to Cambodia for lower labor cost. The people at Trident trikes are smart, they are keeping there overhead super low. Trident does not have a big company headquarters. When you call them, you get Tom at his home. Trident does not have the cost of a big warehouse building and people there doing shipping. Those tasks are subcontracted out to the people at FedEx.
Frame: The Stowaway frame is made out of 100% Chro-Moly steel, TIG welded together with a telescoping aluminum boom. The welds are precise and consistent on the Stowaway and better than you would expected on a trike in this price range. Trident, uses indirect steering on the Stowaway rather than direct steering like their Spike. Indirect steering just works better. When you turn sharply on a direct steering trike, you will notice the two front wheels are no longer going in the same direction. Trident refers to their steering as Ackerman Compensated Crossover Steering. Other manufactures simplify that and call it Indirect steering. The Trident Stowaway can be folded very easily by removing the seat with the two quick release levers and then using the quick release lever on the frame. The rear of the frame folds over the top of the front part of the frame. The Stowaway uses more of a traditional fold rather than a flat fold. The advantage of a traditional fold, is that you do not have to remove your rack bag or pannier to fold the trike. I will have to say that the Trident Stowaway folds easier than some trikes costing almost triple the price. The hinge looked to be well made and Trident gives the trike a 275 lbs weight capacity. Trident also makes an extra long boom for the Stowaway.
Paint: The paint is a powder coat that is applied generously and should last the life of the trike. The paint was smooth and had a nice shine.
Stowaway I – is the base model. It uses a Microshift Front Derailleur and a Microshift Marvo LE Rear Derailleur. Shifting is done with Microshift Grip type shifters. The Crankset is a Truvativ 52/42/30 Triple. The Brakes are Avid BB5 Mechanical Disc Brakes.
Stowaway II – is the high spec model. It uses a Microshift Front Derailleur and a Microshift Marvo XE CNC Machined Rear Derailleur. Shifting is done with Bar End Shifters. The Brakes are Avid BB7's.The Crankset is a High End Forged Crankset with CNC Machined Rings, and an Integrated Bottom Bracket. The seat frame, handlebar and boom are Sandblasted and Anodized Aluminum Alloy.
Brakes: Trident chose my favorite mechanical disc brake system the Avid BB7 brakes for the Stowaway II along with locking alloy brake levers. I have no issue with the mechanical brakes that Avid offers, they are simple, reliable and easy to adjust. Trident chose the Avid BB5 mechanical disc brake for the Stowaway I. The Avid BB5 works almost as well as the BB7, just not quite as adjustable. A super convenient feature of the Avid BB7 mechanical brakes are that each brake pad can be adjusted independently so you can really dial in your brake adjustment.
Seat: The seat on the Trident Stoaway is very adjustable. The seat height can be adjusted from 11 3/8 to 13 3/8 inches. The seat angle can easily be adjusted with one quick release lever from 38 – 45 degrees. Trident's new seat frame is made of aluminum and much nicer than their older version that was made out of steel. The new aluminum seat frame received some new shaping and fit my lower back and bottom well. The seat fabric is a padded, breathable fabric that is well made. The seat fabric has a reflective strip across the top and a nice zipper pocket. The seat is a bit wider and taller than most other trike brand seats which is a good thing. The Trident Stowaway seat width measured 16 inches and the height measured 22 inches.
Ride: Both Nathan and I felt that the Trident Stowaway Chromoly frame did a good job at absorbing the road bumps. We also felt the Stowaway has a small enough turning circle and was agile enough to keep us happy. We both thought the Indirect steering was a nice improvement over the direct steering on the Rover. I felt pedal steering was very minimal and I only felt it when pedaling harder than normal, but typically you can get some pedal steering out of most trikes. Overall we both like the Trident Stowaway I, there was never an OMG moment that this trike did that better than any other trike ever made. The Stowaway I and Stowaway II are worth a look at if you are looking for a low price performance style trike.
Accessories: Trident mudguards, neck rest, rear rack are all quality pieces. Pass on the rear light and mirror you can do better.
In Conclusion: Trident has produced a nice trike with a lot of features that you would not expect in such a low price range. Respectable weight at 38 bs.
Pros: A lot of value packed into a trike that had a decent ride and nice handling.
Cons: The Stowaway never wowed me but never dispointed me either. Seat fabric was well made but a little less breathable than others and a bit warmer.


Key features of the new Galaxy J2 have been developed in Samsung's Indian R&D facilities, strengthening the company's commitment to 'Make in India' and 'Make for India'. Ranging from India-centric user interface themes to the revolutionary Ultra Data Saving mode, the Indian R&D team has played a key role in the overall development of the device.
The 'Ultra Data Saving' (UDS) mode ensures that the user has access to more internet while using less data. UDS mode provides up to 50% savings in data and also frees up to 11% RAM, thereby refining customer experience on a smart phone.
Samsung Galaxy J2 provides an immersive experience with a large 4.7 inch qHD super AMOLED screen. Whether you are browsing through photos, watching a video or surfing the web at blazing fast 4G speeds; vibrant colours and the larger display brings life to the content and enhances the viewing pleasure. Excellent contrast ratio produces superior imagery with deeper blacks, brighter whites, and more vivid colours while the large display facilitates better viewing of multimedia content.
Samsung is committed to leading the 4G revolution by providing new user experiences and latest technology. For faster 4G speeds, the Galaxy J2 also features Download Booster that combines 4G speeds with Wi-Fi speeds to deliver faster than 4G downloads.
The camera of the Galaxy J2 also has advanced camera features such as quick launch and 'Palm Selfie' mode that automatically clicks a self-timer photo when you show the camera lens the palm of your hands. Samsung Galaxy J2 is a great shooter that takes detailed photos that look professional, in-focus, and well-lit.
The smart phone also comes embedded with an all new 'Smart Manager' that looks after your mobile's operations and settings to ensure optimal performance.
Measuring just 8.4 mm, the Galaxy J2 is a slim device with its soft rounded edges that ensures a comfortable grip. It is available in gold, white, and black colours and is complemented with a premium metallic finish and faux-leather back panel.


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Join us for the Scottish Dental Awards 2018, 27 April at The Hilton Hotel, Glasgow | call 0141 560 3021 for more info
Scottish Dental Awards
The 2018 Scottish Dental Awards Ceremony and Dinner will take place at the five-star Glasgow Hilton Hotel on Friday 27 April. Hosted again by comedian Des Clarke, it promises to be a night to remember whether you are up for an award or just heading along to enjoy the spectacle.
A three-course dinner will be followed by the announcement of the 16 dental award winners, culminating in the final award of the night, the Scottish Dental Lifetime Achievement Award.
The night will be rounded off with music and dancing, allowing the winners to celebrate and the rest of the guests to let their hair down in style!
For more information and to book your tickets, call Ann on 0141 560 3021 or email ann@sdshow.co.uk
Introducing your host
Comedian and radio personality Des Clarke will be returning as the face of the 2018 awards after hosting the 2017 ceremony to a rapturous reception. In 2014, Des performed live to a quarter of a million people during the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow and hosted the closing ceremony to a global TV audience of more than one billion viewers.
He is also a much loved voice on the airwaves and can be heard waking up central Scotland every morning as host of the Capital Breakfast Show. His radio work has earned him widespread industry recognition, winning a British Radio Award and receiving nominations in both the Arqiva and Sony Awards.
Over the years he has interviewed some of the showbiz world's biggest names including Rihanna, Robbie Williams, Britney Spears, One Direction and Katy Perry.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Please anticipate and reserve time to set up and break down for your meeting.
Please notify us if you intend to bring in additional furniture or equipment. The Austin History Center has no audio-visual equipment or writing boards. Please note that the Austin History Center meeting room, formally called the David Earl Holt Photo Gallery, is also a gallery space for Austin History Center visitors. When an exhibit is up in the room, visitors may come in to view the exhibit during your meeting. You may not inhibit access to the room.
Protective mats or tablecloths must be used on tables when refreshments are being served.
All trash generated by your group must be removed from the premises at the end of your meeting.
Do not post notices in the building without advance approval of the Administrator.
Items may not be taped to the walls, drapes or woodwork.
All furniture - chairs, tables, etc. - must be kept at least three (3) feet from the fireplace.
The Austin History Center has minimal kitchen facilities available, including a microwave oven which is suitable for reheating food, but is not suitable for the preparation of food.


What is the most vital cosmetic thing which makes women feel pampered and feminine, I think, there is nothing apart from nail polish. It is like icing on the cake for women's overall look.
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Taking into account all the needs of women's nails I just have to say that wholesale nail polish collections are the best that offer the most comprehensive assortment of different types of nail polish at affordable prices. Women around the world are very passionate about wholesale nail polish, the reasons are: Firstly, wholesale nail polish meets all the quality standards and secondly, the nail polish is inexpensive and does not make hole in the pocket of buyers.
Find designer nail polishes from the top niche brands such as Rock Solid, Deborah Lippmann, Essence, OPI, Rimmel London, Orly, CND, Essie, etc., at unmatched prices. If you are new to the wholesale fashion industry, I must tell you, you won't find such amazing deal elsewhere.
Wholesale fashion industry offers great deals on each fashion stuff that is essential for you, including nail polishes. So, if you want to see your nail polish collection growing without any additional burden on your pockets, I would suggest you to go with wholesale nail polish collections.
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Dip your nails into variety of wholesale nail polishes available at affordable prices in wholesale fashion stores. Find the perfect nail polish you need for the beauty of your hands. However, it is equally important for buyers to make sure that they are dealing with authentic wholesale suppliers.
What would be your clothing style for the upcoming getup party?
© 2013 Apparel Deals Blog.


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Navy relieves 7th Fleet commander over collisions as China calls U.S. ships a 'hazard' in the Pacific
by Alex Hollings Aug 23, 2017
The U.S. Navy relieved the 7th Fleet's commanding officer in the wake of yet another collision between an American warship and a commercial vessel on Wednesday. The most recent crash resulted in ten sailors missing, some of whom have since been confirmed dead.
"Admiral Scott Swift, commander of U.S. Pacific Fleet, today relieved the commander of Seventh Fleet, Vice Admiral Joseph Aucoin, due to a loss of confidence in his ability to command," the U.S. Navy said in a press release.
Since January, there have been four high profile incidents involving U.S. Navy vessels colliding with commercial ships or running aground. The severity of these incidents is compounded by tensions in the 7th Fleet's area of operation, the Pacific Ocean, where relations between the growing Naval power China are strained, and the possibility of war with North Korea remains looming.
Admiral Swift then promoted Rear Admiral Phil Sawyer, the Pacific Fleet's deputy commander, to the command level position. He was already slated to take on the new role, but was not scheduled to assume the post until next month.
The USS John S. McCain collided with a commercial oil tanker early Monday morning, causing severe damage to the warship's rear, port side that resulted in internal flooding that appears to have claimed at least one life. The U.S. Navy announced that they've located some human remains inside the flooded compartments of the ship, and at least one body has been recovered from the open ocean by the Malaysian Navy, but thus far, there has been no official confirmation as to how many of the ten missing sailors are confirmed to be dead. Unfortunately, as the search presses on, bolstered by vessels and aircraft from at least five nations, it grows increasingly unlikely that any of them will be found alive.
Four other sailors required medevac for serious injuries sustained it the collision as well.
This incident occurred on the heels of the Navy's announcement that they were relieving the command of the USS Fitzgerald for another collision with a larger commercial vessel in June that claimed the lives of seven sailors. The bridge and watch crews were both faulted for the incident, which saw a number of administrative and non-judicial punishments levied on lower ranking officers and enlisted sailors as well.
Read Next: US Navy to relieve Commander, 7th Fleet after numerous collisions
One month prior to the Fitzgerald's mishap, the USS Lake Champlain collided with a commercial fishing vessel in the Sea of Japan, and only a few months before that, the USS Antietam ran aground off the coast of Japan. These incidents have drawn international attention, with China's state-owned newspaper "China Daily" publishing a column earlier this week calling the U.S. Navy's presence in the Pacific a "dangerous obstacle."
The US Navy, which likes to claim its presence can help safeguard 'freedom of navigation' in the South China Sea, is proving to be an increasing hindrance to ships sailing in Asian waters," the newspaper wrote. "While the US Navy is becoming a dangerous obstacle in Asian waters, China has been making joint efforts with the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to draw up a Code of Conduct for the South China Sea and it has boosted navigational safety by constructing five lighthouses on its islands."
Earlier this week, the Navy called for an operational pause for all 277 active ships in order to review "basic seamanship, teamwork and other fundamentals."
Image courtesy of the U.S. Navy
About Alex Hollings View All Posts
Alex Hollings writes on a breadth of subjects with an emphasis on defense technology, foreign policy, and information warfare. He holds a master's degree in communications from Southern New Hampshire University, as well as a bachelor's degree in Corporate and Organizational Communications from Framingham State University.
US Navy to relieve Commander, 7th Fleet after numerous collisions
U.S. Navy mandates a 'comprehensive review' of collisions in the Pacific as new commander arrives
Navy relieves command of USS John S. McCain following collision investigation
Navy, acknowledging fault in rash of collisions, begins implementing changes in the Pacific
Sailors remains found in flooded compartments of the USS John S. McCain
Watch: Damaged USS John S. McCain loaded onto heavy transport ship for repairs
Jeffrey L · 3 years ago
...When Admiral Nimitz was a junior officer, he ran his ship aground. Of course in those days the charts in the Philippines tended to be guesswork and no fancy electronic equipment. Also news traveled a lot slower then. The Navy gave him another chance. Not in today's Navy...
https://www.stripes.com/new...
...Couple years ago one observer commented, "The Navy has more command level officers than ships... so one mistake and zap... you're toast..."
...Not all incidents deserve equal wrath. A captain who runs a super carrier into a dock at 20 knots is one thing... A destroyer skipper who winds up on a sand spit and only requires a tug is something else. Circumstances should dictate... reasonable precautions and all that.
...The Army understands (or at least used to) that 2nd Lts. make mistakes. If they don't make mistakes as Lts. they later make them as battalion commanders... so a certain amount of flex built in to the system (or at least used to be...)
...I think that you're right... much of this is CYA. At least they didn't bring in an enemy officer to testify against the guy getting the ax this time around...
-YP-
OldPH2 · 3 years ago
One way to look at this problem I see to view the harsh reality of Naval command. The traditions that go back to 'Rocks and shoals' allow a great deal of latitude for those who command. But they hold a harsh and unbending standard. Officers of the line have been through a good bit of seasoning prior to an at sea command. I mentioned in other comments, I worry about the Surface Warfare badge OJT and signoffs. Back when I was in the fleet you couldn't earn that badge until you reached E-5 or better, I understand that has changed. Loss of confidence has turned into a new code phrase for CYA. I do wonder about how secure our weapons and navigation systems are though...
...Four years ago I showed up at SOFREP. In the time that I've been with this lash-up I have read no end of stories of the Navy relieving officers because of a "lack of confidence in their ability to command..." The stories have begun to take on a surreal edge... sort of like reading that the "Entire College of Cardinals died in its sleep last night..."
...Will the Navy have any officers left above the rank of Lt. Commander to be relieved (and do the relieving?) Will they be forced to induct Sea Scouts to fill the vacancies?
https://uploads.disquscdn.c...
Pat G2 · 3 years ago
I don't know about what happened before, but this sure does seem like too many accidents in too little time to all be the Navy's fault. I'm sure the authorities are looking into this, who knows what will be made public. I read a comment from another member here earlier today about this being what happened when the Iranians boarded and took our sailors prisoner for a few days a while back. I hadn't even thought of it being hacking interference back then, but it sure does make sense now! Thanks, Joy
Joy B · 3 years ago
There's another article cycling around that someone (can't recall the name) in the 7th Fleet command is asking for hacking and the computer systems to be investigated because there have been too many incidents in a relatively short period. That doesn't bring back the men lost or make this any less tragic, but it does make you wonder. Please correct me if I'm wrong, but hasn't the 7th Fleet had a big internet hacking issue about 5 years ago that led to the Navy shutting down internet access and .mil email accounts for every Sailor and Marine?


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" Pharaohs"
Sports - Omni Sports
Handball: Egypt open 2020 African Men's Championship with big win over Guinea
The Pharaohs will face Kenya on Friday, and their last match in the group stage will be against DR Congo on Sunday
Sports - National Teams
2019 sports year-ender: Pharaohs await change
In a series of stories, Ahram Online compiles the remarkable sporting events of 2019
Liverpool's Salah optimistic to see Egypt at 2022 World Cup
Club World Cup best player Mohamed Salah seeks fan support for the national team as the Pharaohs build a squad under new coach Hossam El-Badry
Squash: Egypt beats England to claim its 5th WSF Men's World Team title
The Pharaohs dropped only two games in the whole championship, with a 2-0 rout in the final
Egypt maintain 51st position in FIFA's 2019 final football ranking
The pharaohs come in 4th position among Arab countries
Al-Ahram Weekly - Focus
Textiles from the pharaohs to today
The history of Egypt's traditional textiles goes back to Pharaonic times, especially those made in the Upper Egyptian town of Akhmim, writes Mina Adel Gayed
No new faces from domestic league suitable for Pharaohs; 'the best is yet to come': Egypt Coach
El-Badry faced criticism due to a disappointing start of the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying campaign after the Pharoahs drew in two matches against Kenya and Comoros respectively
Al-Ahram Weekly - Heritage
The curse of the Pharaohs?
Despite the willingness of some people to believe in it, there is no curse of Tutankhamun, writes Zahi Hawass
Egypt U23 team to play eight friendlies in 2020 Olympic Games warm-up
The young Pharaohs ensured a place at the Olympic Games for the 12th time after defeating South Africa 3-0 in the semi final of the U-23 Africa Cup of Nations in Cairo last month
Al-Ahram Weekly - Sports
Tokyo and the title
After being crowned the Under-23 African champions and securing an Olympic ticket, the young Pharaohs are now looking to the challenges ahead
Heritage - Ancient Egypt
Giza tombs of Qar and son Idu open after restoration
The tombs have rock-hewn structures found at the edge of the Eastern Cemetery
South Africa coach optimistic about Egypt clash in U23 Nations Cup semis
Notoane promised that his players could repeat the achievement of the senior team against Egypt when the Bafana Bafana knocked out the Pharaohs in the last 16 of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations
Egypt's national team travel to Comoros for 2021 AFCON qualifier
The Pharaohs started their campaign with a 1-1 draw against Kenya on Thursday in Alexandria
'I hope the Egypt-Cameroon game will be worthy of African football,' says Gharib
The Pharaohs managed to win their first two matches against Mali (1-0) and Ghana (3-2), while Cameroon tied with Ghana (1-1) and defeated Mali (1-0)
Egypt enters game on Thursday with 'advantage,' but we'll play hard to win: U23 Cameroon coach
Cameroon needs a draw against the Young Pharaohs to reach the U23 AFCON semifinals; Egypt has already qualified for the final four
One foot in Tokyo
For hosts Egypt, two wins out of two means the young Pharaohs are inching towards their Olympic dream after sealing their place in the semi-finals of the Under-23 Africa Cup of Nations, reports Marawan Zayed
Salah joins Pharaohs for 2021 AFCON qualifiers
Trezeguet, Hegazi, and Elneny have joined the national team camp and participated in Monday's training sessions
'Our main target is to qualify for the 2020 Olympics,' says Egypt's U23 coach
The young Pharaohs are scheduled to face Mali on Friday in the opening game of the U23 AFCON
Ahly players depart UAE camp to join national team ahead of Kenya, Comoros matches
The Pharaohs are scheduled to face Kenya and Comoros in the beginning of their campaign on 14 and 18 November respectively
Debutant Hamdi Fathi gives coach El-Badry Egypt's winning start
Without inspirational forward Mohamed Salah, Egypt beat Botswana 1-0 in Hossam El-Badry's first game as the Pharaohs coach, courtesy of a Hamdi Fathi goal.
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Home » Mobile, Students & Alumni
Haverhill Woman Finds Success with ESL Program
Submitted by Ellen Small-Davis on October 25, 2019 – 2:38 pm
Kiara Santana Rosario took ESL courses to prepare to enter an associate degree program.
When Kiara Santana Rosario came to the United States from the Dominican Republic, she was 18-years-old. She lived in Mattapan for five months, and then moved to Haverhill. She spoke only basic English, and was a bit anxious about learning the language as the English spoken in in her country was different than what she was hearing here, but she knew she wanted to learn. When a social worker told her about Northern Essex Community College, she decided to check it out – and then things started to change.
She enrolled at Northern Essex in the ESL program, testing into Intermediate ESL. Then she took classes in reading, listening/speaking, and writing/grammar. "I still practice English, by listening to music in English, watching movies in English, and speaking English with my brother and sister," she says.
The best things about Northern Essex, Santana Rosario says, are the teachers, and the skills it gave her to find a job. "The teachers were excellent, they were always pulling for us, and they were very helpful,"she says. "Northern Essex helped me a lot with my English, and it also gave me the opportunity to work," she adds. Santana Rosario works part time as an administrative assistant at The Scrubbing Company, a cleaning company in Lawrence, while also attending Northern Essex.
Her studies and hard work have paid off, and this fall she is taking college-level courses, including accounting, her first class in her future career field. She wants to complete her associate degree, and then transfer for her bachelor's degree. She hopes to one day help people translate documents and tax forms and work as a tax accountant.
For more information on the college's ESL Program, visit the website or contact Amy Cameron, ESL curriculum coordinator, 978 655-5815 or acameron@necc.mass.edu.


text:
Upcoming art veloce show
Announcing my upcoming art show at ME Gallery, St Leonards – 21-25 May 2019. It is a collection of 30 faces to focus on men's mental health. The show is called 'Old man, take a look at my life'.
All works are the result of painting 'veloce' style. Veloce is a term I've used to describe the all prima impasto style where all paintings are completed in one session, usually in only an hour or two. Veloce means 'fast' or 'quick'.
The theme of the show is a close up on expression and character through impasto. Each image is captured viscerally – images frozen in moments of contemplation, absurdity and disconnection. It discusses men's mental health and moments of laughter and self reflection.
'Painting, to me, is an energy exchange to capture expression through gestural brushwork with a limited palette.'
#artexhibition #artshow #portraits
The complexities of complex character
This is my entry into the Bald Archy Prize 2019. It is a complex piece, borne out of a necessity to see how many expressions and essence of character I could get in to one picture while still maintaining integrity with a holistic picture. A PM Pastiche. I wanted viewers to stop and look at this and use their hands to block out sections of the work to see who they can see.
I wanted it to look like one of the portraits in the Parliament House Gallery and added an extra element of a thin wooden frame stuck onto the canvas.
The result is intriguing and thankfully has received some press within the Capital's writers. The Prize this year opens in the ACT on Feb 4 and travels around the eastern seaboard, with the winner announced in Sydney in March.
#bladarchyprize #caricaturepainting #parliamenthouse #artprize
Archibald Entry 2018
MY entry this year into the Archibald Prize is my first in four or five years. MY work is based on my admiration for OzHarvest's CEO, Ronni Kahn, and the work her and her team do in providing food for Australia's homeless and underprivileged. The work is called 'The Powerhouse and the Passion' which sums up the energy and self, belief and motivation of Ronni, both as a businessperson and entrepreneur in this much-needed space.
Photo below that is my meeting and being interviewed by Jessica Ridley from Seven News upon submitting my entry last week.
Expressionism 2018
I have an exhibition coming up in March at Gallery371, 371 Enmore Rd Marrickville (Sydney). The show dates are 12-16 March with an Open Night Wed 14 March 6-7.30pm (RSVP 6 March on 0423 130 959). The show will host up to 25 pop icon impasto paintings, each for sale.
A5 flier 2up v1


7,700 sqm of event area, a 2,400 sqm large exhibition, more than 2,000 guests and the brand-new CE solutions of Panasonic – that was the European Panasonic Convention 2016. At the Kap Europa at the Frankfurt Fair the brand Panasonic set an example with its inspiring exhibition.
The five-day event, to which Panasonic invited its guests exclusively – the press, trading partners and resellers from more than 40 countries – ended with great success on 4th March. The exhibition that Dart developed for that purpose offered an interactive experience space, in which visitors could touch and test the products. Fulfilling the objective "Customer Centricity" – the focus on the European expert press and CE specialist retailers – the exhibition focuses on the presentation of solutions and products for the next season. "Trading partners are nowadays more and more demanding and ask for more opportunities to experience the products", says Jochen Hoeffler, managing director of D'art Design Gruppe from Neuss. This is why the direct experience of its products and its brand is the core objective of the Panasonic Convention.
The trader's event began in the auditorium with a stage show and a media-supported product introduction of all the novelties. After being tuned in for the brand experience, visitors were lead in country-specific groups into the event's heart – the brand exhibition. It was arranged on in total three floors, which visitor groups got to know in individual tours.
"This year, the link between architecture and exhibition design was especially well achieved. Panasonic's appearance presented itself with a strong corporate atmosphere. Current space requirements were neatly embedded into the existing spatial structures."


text:
English private schoolboys? Soft as butter.
'if you can't stand the heat ...'
I was asked to write something for the Radley College 2011 rugby tour brochure to Australia. My envy of a trip like that just about allowed me to say yes. Maybe there's a spot for a physio's assistant? I have experience in this field.
Radley College RUFC in Australia 2011
There's an old joke in Ireland about a tourist asking for directions to a well-known local attraction. 'Aye,' says the local sage. 'I know where it is. Only I wouldn't start from here.'
The same might be said of a rugby tour to Australia. A visiting side from England can expect the sporting welcome to be more traditionally Australian than for anyone else. Australians hate to lose. They hate to lose even more to the English. Most chastening of all, and only in their severest nightmares, will they lose to English private schoolboys.
I know this. I have the T-shirt.
A few years ago, I wrote a book about why Australia excels at sport. The first edition of this book was called Manly Pursuits, because all my research took place in the Sydney coastal suburb of Manly. However, for the paperback edition the publishers decided to change the title to How To Beat the Australians. This was because beating Australians at sport, in the first decade of the century, was among the foremost challenges on earth.
The statistics speak for themselves. At that time Australia had world champions in twelve team sports and twenty-one individual sports (including eight-ball pool and orienteering). At the 2002 Winter Olympics the gold medalist short track speed-skater hailed from Brisbane, which summed up how the Australians had developed athletic talent to ridiculous extremes: ice-skating is not a popular sport on Queensland's beaches.
In the book's final chapter I tried to summarise the reasons for Australian sporting prowess, most of which I'd witnessed from a distant second-place in Manly. In brief, along with the weather, there are historical factors like the terms and conditions for licensed premises (read the book!). The New World porousness of class barriers helps with talent identification, and the absence of embedded Puritan guilt allows Australians to take sport far too seriously. At the same time, at a social level, they stay fit and ambitious because their domestic television is rubbish.
I found more reasons than I'd expected. In a small population, most people either know or are related to someone who has lived the sporting dream. And if your neighbour or cousin has reached the top then so, conceivably, can you. The culture of the beach has also played its part, providing a model for the accessibility of all public space. The federal and local councils support open-access municipal facilities that make it easy for anyone to walk round the corner and try a different sport. Anything else? Lots more, but I'll end with probable genetic strengths like immigrant get-up-and-go (or as the Scottish rugby authorities sometimes moan: 'everyone with get up and go got up and went'.)
Despite these advantages, I suspected even at the time that sporting Australians had hit a lucky streak. They had reasons for their special feel for physical activity, just as the German-speaking peoples once had a genius affinity for music. All the same, Mozart and John Eales come round once in the history of existence.
I may have been right about that, because the Australians are not as sportingly dominant as they once were. I have a 12-year-old son who watched his first Ashes match in 2005 and now expects England routinely to win the urn three times out of four. In rugby, the green and gold of Australia hasn't decorated the Tri-Nations rostrum since 2001, and the quarter-finals were the end of the line at the last World Cup.
Don't be fooled. I always enjoy an Australia defeat, in any sport to any opposition at any time, but in rugby the fact that Australia competes at all is in itself a sporting miracle. Rugby is not the biggest winter ball-sport in Australia; it's not even the most popular form of rugby. In every State, rugby union ranks as the third football game, surpassed everywhere by two out of Australian Rules, Rugby League and Soccer.
This fact might give the touring Radley team grounds for complacency. Big mistake. The Australian competitive spirit is eternal and awesome, as different yet undeniable as stars in the Southern Hemisphere sky. Radleians can expect the Australian teams to be organized, and on the physical side they may well be partly Samoan. They are likely to have a highly-developed sense of the directional concept known in rugby as forward.
This touring Radley squad can expect their Australian opponents to contest every tackle, every breakdown, every half, every game. If the red shirts leave any Australian field as victors, they will have earned our congratulations and will deserve a fitting celebration. The Australians will be searching out arrogance and softness. Be confident and strong. And remember, afterwards, to be grateful for every minute of what I hope will be an experience this group of players will treasure for the rest of their lives.


text:
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Inductees
After the surprisingly wonderful Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Concert presented on HBO over the weekend (review to follow), Bruce Springsteen said, "if there is any justice at all, my next guest will be inducted to the RRHOF in 2010! Ladies and Gentlemen, Darlene Love!"
Darlene Love? You serious Boss?
On that note I'd like to consider this years list of potential inductees while reviewing the criteria the RRHOF uses for inductions.
Darlene Love
This list, while an accomplished list of artists, is not among rock and rolls "A" list. Most of the "A" artists are already in.
What is the RRHOF's criteria anyway?
The Hall is concerned with, "recognizing the contribution of the those who have had a significant impact on the evolution, development and perpetuation of rock and roll." Pretty broad criteria. What is the calculus for measuring significant impact?
As you would suspect there is no empirically justifiable calculus for admission to the Hall; it's all up to the discretion of the induction voters. In fairness, with only one major exception and a few minor ones, the committee has done a terrific job with the inductions. The RRHOF's inductees provide a broad and fairly complete pastiche of what you would put under the umbrella of Rock and Roll. It's an awesome accomplishment and far from the "joke" some naysayers claim it is.
What is of concern to me are the forces that come into play when the committee must choose from a list of "B" players like the one in 2010. This tacit mandate to induct five per year forces a bad hand. Can't the Hall make inductions every couple years now rather than each year? This would ensure only "A" players get inducted thereby maintaining the significance of those already in the RRHOF.
This forced hand created the Hall's most troubling induction, Madonna. While Madonna may strap on a Les Paul and strum a few barre chords on her recent tour, in no universe is she rock and roll. Yet there she is, crawling through the door of the RRHOF, on the floor, with her bustier and man biceps – paving the way for the consideration of other marginally rock and rock artists like this years shoe in, Abba.
Abba's music is just weird. They are weird. While Agentha's spandex is slightly rock and roll, the music most certainly isn't. It's ersatz show tunes as evidenced by the success of Mamma Mia. While they've sold more records than all the other nominees combined, voting them in paves the way for who, Andrew Lloyd Webber? I guess once you let Madonna in, you have to seriously consider them.
I suspect they'll be inducted.
Red Hot Chili Peppers, while not an "A" list act are THE only deserving act on this years list. Does anyone doubt they are Rock and Roll? They perform with their shirts off, they have tattoos, and have a bass player named Flea. They continue to produce great music, listen to Stadium Arcadium. They totally rock!
They will be inducted, #2.
Donna Summer sold 130 records, and created some of the very best Disco music. If there is room for Madonna, there is room for the queen of disco. Plus, Jeff "Skunk" Baxter's solo on Hot Stuff, is totally rock and roll!
She will be inducted, #3.
Before becoming a hit machine for Phil Collins, Genesis was a pioneer in progressive rock. While the Hall ignores prog-rock, Collin's recent bout with a disorder that ends his drumming career ensures their induction – only if they promise to keep Peter Gabriel and his flower costume home.
Induction #4.
That's it. No one else.
The only possible exception is Laura Nyro. A savant at songwriting and pioneer in the singer/songwriter movement of the late 1960's, she penned many hits for other artists. One of David Geffen's earliest clients, I suspect she'll be voted in, despite her annoying voice and stage fright. The Hall loves this type of artsy artist.
The rest, forget 'em.
The Kiss army will of course be offended and assault me with makeup, but other than Rock and Roll All Night, their music never even rises to the level of decent. Bad singers and bad songs. No!
Jimmy Cliff is more a movie star than an artist. Bob Marley is already in.
The Hollies recording of All I Need is the Air that I Breath disqualifies them. This despite Long Cool Woman rocking very hard!
LL Cool J has great abs and mediocre songs.
Chantels? Really?
Darlene Love? Ronnie Spector already represents Phil Spector. Enough with the Wall of Sound already.
Finally the Stooges. Only if Shemp is included! Ba-dump-bum! Were it not for Iggy Pop's agelessness and perpetually shirtless body, no one would pay attention to these guys. That alone does not make them rock and roll. Their music is terrible.
I still hold hope for the reconsideration of Chicago and Yes.
The Yes Album, Fragile, and Close to the Edge is an amazing hat trick. Forgive them for Trevor Horn, and Owner of a Lonely Heart. Don't lump Jon Anderson with Geddy Lee. Induct them!
Similarly, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago,and Chicago III is a similar hat trick. These guys pioneered jazz rock and horn infused arrangements. Terry Kath's guitar startled even Hendrix. Forgive them for Peter Cetera and David Forster. Wait, check that, no forgiving David Foster.
Comments Welcome!
Five Great Comedies to Stream
Inglorious Basterds – Film Review
Seawind? Ever hear of them? Unless you are a very serious music fan, I suppose not. Well let me tell you a little about them. Seawind was a band formed in Hawaii in the mid-seventies that prominently featured a horn section of University of Indiana alums. The horn sections leader, Jerry Hey, would go on…
Read More SeawindContinue
In a just world all lovers of blues-based guitar would know Robben Ford. Sadly they don't. Allow me to introduce him to some of you, while reviewing and updating for the rest. Robben is one of the dozen absolute finest guitarist playing today. On paper, he has had a remarkable career from the blues of…
"Nights in White Satin" is a truly timeless classic rock ballad. It will be played until the end of time. The Mellotron, second only to the Theramin as Rock's most curious instrument, was never more tastefully integrated into song than through the masterful playing of Mike Pinder on mostly ethereal compositions that were frequently weighted down with…
Read More Moody BluesContinue
24 – Season 8
For those unfamiliar with 24, here's the plot: Counter terrorist super-agent Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland) reluctantly gets pulled into yet another plot against the United States often involving the president and national security. Frustrated by the bureaucracy of his employer CTU (Counter Terrorism Unit), Jack eventually breaks all the rules, thwarting the crisis within 24…
Read More 24 – Season 8Continue
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2011
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame yesterday announced what very well may be the least exciting batch of inductees in recent memory. In the performer category, the inductees are: Alice Cooper Band Neil Diamond John Darlene Love Tom Waits In the non-performer, Ahmet Ertegun Award category: Jac Holzman Art Rupe And in the renamed…
Read More Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2011Continue
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Broadcast 2012
This picture says it all. Bette Midler, yes, Bette Midler is on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee stage next to Alice Cooper, Neil Diamond and someone else I can't recognize. This is just wrong. On what planet does "The Wind Beneath My Wings" singer – who once boasted having Barry Manilow as a music…
Read More Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Broadcast 2012Continue


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Suppose we have stationary univariate time series data but are uncertain about the order of the regressive relationship. You may wish to first use the sample autocorrelation function to help identify the general structure of the model. This can be achieved in GAUSS using the autocormt and autocovmt functions.
The autocormt function computes the autocorrelations for each column of a matrix. It assumes that all data has been demeaned and produces an output matrix containing the autocorrelations for each column of an input matrix.
An N x K data matrix.
A scalar denoting the last autocorrelation to be computed.
An N x 1 data vector.
A scalar denoting the maximum number of partial autocorrelation to compute.
A scalar denoting the order of differencing.
Note that this function can only be used to estimate models with a specified number of sequentially ordered lags. For example, it will estimate the parameters for the first through fourth lag but will not estimate a model that includes ONLY the first and fourth lag. In addition, note that this arimamt will produce an error if the data is not stationary and invertible.
This structure handles the matrices and strings that control the estimation process such as specifying whether to include a constant, output appearance and estimation parameters.
This appropriately passes to arimamt that the model is an AR(2) model and includes a constant. The remaining control elements (the ones that we did not set above), left at the default values, specify preferences for output display and estimation.
An arimamtControl structure which, as we saw above, contains the AR and MA order of the model.
A vector of parameter estimates, possibly returned by arimamt.
A time series vector from which to produce forecasts.
A vector of errors, possibly returned from arimamt.
Forecasts for ARIMA(2,0,0) Model.   95% Confidence Interval Computed.


text:
Biografia
Papalia nacque il 18 marzo 1924 a Hamilton, in Ontario. Suo padre, Antonio "Tony" Papalia era un contrabbandiere di rum immigrato da Delianuova, Calabria, verso il Canada nel 1912 e si stabilì in quello che veniva chiamato l'"Italian Ghetto" attorno a Railway Street ad Hamilton, Ontario nel 1917. Suo padre divenne socio nell'attività di contrabbando del connazionale Rocco Perri che operò anche in Speakseasy. Fu sospettato di aver giocato un ruolo nell'omicidio della moglie di Perri, Bessie Starkman, nel 1930.

Si pensa anche che Antonio e suo figlio Johnny Papalia, insieme a Stefano Magaddino di Buffalo furono responsabili della scomparsa di Perri nel 1944 dopo che lo stesso li abbandonò. Entrambi i casi sono rimasti insoluti, anche la madre di Papalia, Maria Rosa Italiano, veniva da una famiglia mafiosa, il clan Italiano, che fece parte della banda di Perri.

Papalia rimase coinvolto in piccoli crimini sin dalla tenera età. Fu arrestasto nel 1949 e condannato a 2 anni di carcere per possesso e spaccio di droga. Quando fu rilasciato nel 1951, si trasferì a Montréal dove lavorò con Luigi Greco, rappresentante della famiglia Bonanno di Carmine Galante  di New York per il traffico di eroina.

Si trasferì poi a Toronto gestendo club per il gioco d'azzardo ed estorcendo denaro.
Dalla metà degli anni '50 faceva parte del braccio canadese della famiglia di Buffalo, che era controllata da Stefano Magaddino..

Nel 1974, i mafiosi di Montreal Vincenzo Cotroni e Paolo Violi sono stati registrati da una cimice della polizia in cui minacciavano di uccidere Papalia e gli chiedevano 150.000 dollari, dopo che lui usò i loro nomi per l'estorsione di 300.000 dollari all'imprenditore Stanley Bader senza averli coinvolti.
Bader testimoniò contro di loro, e i 3 furono condannati a 6 anni di carcere per estorsione nel 1975. Violi e Cotroni ebbero una riduzione della sentenza a 6 mesi, e quella di Papalia fu respinta; e ne dovette scontare 4. Nel 1982, dopo che Bader si trasferì a sud di Miami, venne ucciso a colpi di pistola dopo aver varcato la porta d'ingresso. Papalia venne ricollegato alla sua morte, così come alla morte del gangster di Toronto Paul Volpe, accaduta nel 1983, ma non sono state presentate accuse.

Papalia fu ucciso da un colpo alla testa il 31 maggio 1997, all'età di 73 anni nel parcheggio di Railway Street davanti ad un'attività di distributori automatici ad Hamilton.

Il cecchino Kenneth Murdock confessò che gli era stato ordinato di uccidere "Pops" da Angelo e Pat Musitano della 'ndrina dei Musitano che dovevano soldi a Papalia. Murdock, due mesi dopo, uccise anche il braccio destro di Papalia Carmine Barillaro. Nel novembre del 1998, Murdock si dichiarò colpevole di 3 omicidi, e fu condannato all'ergastolo, e furono sempre Pat e Angelo ad ordinarne l'esecuzione; è stato rilasciato sulla parola dopo 13 anni. Nel febbraio 2000, i fratelli furono condannati a 10 anni per l'omicidio di Barillaro in un accordo di patteggiamento. 63/5000
Nessuna condanna è stata ottenuta in relazione all'omicidio di Papalia. Nell'ottobre 2006, i fratelli Musitano sono usciti dal carcere.

Tra le polemiche, a Papalia non è stata data una messa funebre completa a causa della sua storia criminale.

Note

Bibliografia

Colombo, John (1999). Mysteries of Ontario. Dundurn. ISBN 9780888822055.

Voci correlate
Proibizionismo
'ndrangheta in Canada
Criminalità in Canada
Papalia
French Connection

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro} During the last years, atom interferometry has become an
outstanding technique for precision measurements of fundamental
constants~\cite{Wicht02,Bertoldi06} or inertial forces like
accelerations~\cite{Peters99} or rotations~\cite{Gustavson00}. Thanks to
the progress in quantum engineering of cold atoms, the ultimate potential
of matter wave interferometers is still an open
question~\cite{Kasevich02}, and new atom interferometers aiming for
unprecedented sensitivity to be used for improved tests of the fundamental
laws of physics on ground~\cite{Kasevich07} or in microgravity
environment~\cite{Jentsch04,Vogel06,Nyman06} are an exciting focus of
current research. Other activities concern the realization of atomic
quantum sensors employed in metrology or in applied sciences. Fields of
applications are the monitoring of variations of the geopotential or the
earth's rotation~\cite{Schreiber03}. Today, variations of the earth's
rotation are measured globally by Very Long Baseline Interferometry
(VLBI)~\cite{Schlueter07} or locally with large optical ring laser
gyroscopes~\cite{Dunn02}. Optical gyroscopes massively gain in sensitivity
by enlarging the enclosed area up to hundreds of square meters.

In this paper, we present a novel dual atom interferometer for
exploring the potential of cold atoms for miniaturized and stable
high resolution rotation sensors. The sensor is based on a
Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer, where cold atoms are coherently
split, redirected and recombined to interfere by velocity-selective
Raman transitions. Coherent manipulation by Raman processes was
formerly used for atomic gyroscopes using thermal
beams~\cite{Gustavson00} or laser-cooled atoms~\cite{Canuel06}. Our
apparatus aims to combine some of the advantages of the two
aforementioned experiments. On the one hand, the source system
employed for our sensor generates a high effective atomic flux
comparable to thermal beams~\cite{Mueller07}. Moreover, the sensor is
based on spatially separated beam splitters for long baseline
interferometry allowing to strive for a rotational sensitivity of a
few nrad/s/$\sqrt{\rm Hz}$. On the other hand, we employ laser-cooled
atoms started in a molasses, thus permitting a precise control of the
launch parameters~\cite{Canuel06} and allowing for a well-defined
enclosed area in the interferometer. Additionally, it is anticipated
to increase the long-term stability of the rotation measurement by
employing compact gyroscopes with laser-cooled atoms to achieve
resolutions comparable to~\cite{Gustavson00}. This allows for a
highly transportable sensor for comparison campaigns with other
state-of-the-art optical and atomic gyroscopes.

In the description of our novel design of an atomic gyroscope using
ultra-cold rubidium atoms, we briefly sketch the measurement scheme
and then describe the experimental implementation of the
interferometer's key elements and their performance. Finally, we
present elements and techniques for atom-interferometric in situ
diagnostics for such an inertial sensor. In particular, we propose
and investigate a method to pass from a single laser beam
interferometer to a long baseline design.

\section{Mach-Zehnder interferometry based on stimulated Raman transitions for precision inertial sensing}
\label{sec:1}

The principle of the coherent manipulation of atoms by a two-photon
Raman process is described in detail in Ref.~\cite{Berman97}. In the
Raman process, two long-lived hyperfine states $\left|g\right>$ and
$\left|e\right>$ are coupled by two light fields via an intermediate
state $\left|i\right>$ which is off-resonance from the single photon
excitations.

A Mach-Zehnder-type atom interferometer can be implemented with
three such Raman processes separated in time and/or space. The
first one coherently transfers the atoms initially prepared in one
of the two hyperfine states into a coherent superposition of
$\left|g\right>$ and $\left|e\right>$. Furthermore, this so-called
$\pi/2$-pulse generates two spatially separating matter wave
modes, when the two light fields are counterpropagating, similar
to a 50/50 beam splitter in optics. The second Raman process, a
$\pi$-pulse, flips the internal state and the relative momentum of
both matter waves and thus acts like a mirror. Recombination of
the two matter wave modes is achieved by the third Raman process
acting as a coherent beam splitter mixing the two matter wave
modes, similar to the first $\pi/2$-pulse.

In the ideal case, this type of interferometer has two output
ports labelled by the internal states $\left|g\right>$ and
$\left|e\right>$ and different momenta. A varying phase difference
between the matter wave modes leads to a varying population
difference between the two atomic states which is measured by
state-selective fluorescence detection. This means that the
transition probability
$P_{\left|e\right>}=N_{\left|e\right>}/(N_{\left|g\right>}+N_{\left|e\right>})$
of populating the excited state \cite{f1} depends on the relative
phase $\Delta\phi_{\rm{p}}$ of both matter wave modes and the
relative phase $\Delta\phi_{\rm{L}}$ of the light fields between
the first and the second, and between the second and the third
Raman process:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:1}
P_{\left|e\right>} =
\frac{1}{2}(1+C\,\cos({\Delta\phi_{\rm{L}}+\Delta\phi_{\rm{p}}})).
\end{equation}
Here, $C$ is the contrast of the interferometer and
$\Delta\phi_{\rm{L}}=\phi_1-2\phi_2+\phi_3$ is the combined phase
resulting in the interferometer by the interaction of the atom
dipole with the $i$-th Raman beam splitting pulse $(i=1,2,3)$.

Due to its symmetry, the Mach-Zehnder topology is especially
suited for the measurement of inertial forces. In the ideal case,
the phase difference $\Delta\phi_{\rm{p}}$ depends only on the
relative motion of the atoms with respect to the light fields
driving the Raman process. This relative motion is modified by
inertial forces, i.e. rotations and accelerations such that
$\Delta\phi_{\rm{p}}=\Delta\phi_{\rm{rot}}+\Delta\phi_{\rm{acc}}$.

The phase shift induced by rotations
\begin{equation}\label{eq:2}
\Delta\phi_{\rm{rot}}=\frac{2 m}{\hbar}\vec{\Omega}\cdot\vec{A}
\end{equation}
depends on the orientation and size of the area $\vec{A}$ enclosed
by the interferometer, the rotation vector $\vec{\Omega}$, the
mass $m$ of the particle, and Planck's constant $\hbar$. In an
atom interferometer, this phase shift is a factor
$mc^2/\hbar\omega\sim 10^{10}$ bigger than in an optical
interferometer, assuming the wavelength of visible light and the
rubidium mass, as well as an identical enclosed area. This reveals
the high potential of matter wave interferometers as an
alternative to gyroscopes solely based on light waves, despite the
significantly smaller signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and enclosed
area.

An acceleration $\vec{a}$ of the freely propagating atoms relative
to the beam splitting light pulses of the interferometer induces a
phase shift given by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:3}
\Delta\phi_{\rm{acc}}=\vec{k}_{\rm{eff}}\vec{a}T^2,
\end{equation}
where $\vec{k}_{\rm{eff}}$ is the effective wave vector of the
Raman laser beams and $T$ the time interval between the different
beam splitting pulses.

Employing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer as an inertial sensor
requires a distinction between rotations and accelerations. In
order to achieve
this, we operate the interferometer simultaneously with two atomic
sources
injecting atoms with opposing velocity direction from opposite
sides into the interferometer, as displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:1}.
This results in a dual interferometer with two equal, but opposite
enclosed areas $\vec{A}_1=-\vec{A}_2$~\cite{Gustavson00}. The sign
of the phase shift induced by rotations therefore differs between
the two interferometers, whereas the phase shift
due to accelerations is of equal sign, see Eq.~(\ref{eq:2})
and~(\ref{eq:3}). Consequently, subtraction or addition of the two
interferometer signals allows for a discrimination between the two
inertial forces. Additionally, common-mode phase noise of the two
interferometers, for example induced by the Raman laser beams
$\partial\phi_i$, is suppressed by 40 dB due to the utilized
differential measurement scheme~\cite{Canuel07}. The concept of
dual atom interferometry has already been successfully implemented
in two other atomic gyroscopes~\cite{Gustavson00,Canuel06}.

\section{Experimental implementation of atom-optical elements}
\label{sec:2} In this section, we describe the experimental
apparatus of our atomic Sagnac interferometer comprising the
atomic sources, the laser system for the incoherent and coherent
manipulation of the atoms, as well as the state preparation and
detection.
\begin{figure*}[tb]
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!} {\includegraphics{aufbau1.eps}}
\caption{(color online). Schematic of the dual atom interferometer
in top view. The central part shows the interferometry chamber
with three spatially separated atom-light interaction zones. Dual
stage atom sources for the preparation of the cold atomic
ensembles are mounted on both sides of this chamber.}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{The main apparatus}
\label{sec:2a} The differential measurement scheme of the atomic
Sagnac interferometer is reflected by the symmetric design of the
main experimental apparatus shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:1}. It consists of
two identical atomic sources~\cite{Mueller07} generating
counterpropagating pulsed or continuous beams of cold atoms
injected from two opposite sides into the central part, where the
state preparation, the coherent manipulation, and the detection of
the atoms is performed. The vacuum system for the generation and
manipulation of cold atoms is based on custom-designed aluminum
chambers evacuated by a $20\,$l/s ion pump and a titanium
sublimation pump. The main apparatus with an overall length of
only $90\,$cm is placed on a non-magnetic optical breadboard with
a size of $120\times 90\,$cm$^2$. The laser beams for manipulating
the atoms are brought to the experiment via polarization
maintaining (PM) optical fibers, thus decoupling the laser system
from the main apparatus and improving the steady reproducibility
of the atom-light interaction. The main experimental apparatus is
surrounded by a permalloy magnetic shield to suppress stray
fields, and will be put on an active vibration isolation in a
later stage to reduce the accelerational noise from the laboratory
environment.

\subsection{The atomic sources}
\label{sec:2b} The two identical atomic sources will be described
only briefly here, as an extensive description and
characterization can be found in Ref.~\cite{Mueller07}. The atomic
sources consist of a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D-MOT)
loading a subsequent 3D-MOT for pulsed operation of the
interferometer. With the 2D-MOT, we obtain a high loading flux of
more than $5\times10^{9}\,$atoms/s into the 3D-MOT. This allows
for short loading times of the 3D-MOT compared to the measurement
time while still providing atom numbers sufficient to reach a
desirable SNR ($10^8\,$atoms in $20\,$ms loading time).

After loading, the 3D-MOT is switched to a moving molasses
configuration~\cite{Salomon91} launching the atoms into the
central interferometer chamber on flat parabolic trajectories.
Forward drift velocity and vertical velocity can be tuned
independently between $2.5-5\,$m/s and $0-1\,$m/s, respectively,
with a relative uncertainty of $<3\times 10^{-4}$ to realize
perfectly symmetric parabolic trajectories and an optimal spatial
overlap of both interferometers. This permits systematic studies
and optimization of the interferometer sequence with respect to
the suppression of frequency-dependent noise.

Using this technique, the launched atoms, typically started with a
forward velocity of $4.4\,$m/s, reach a temperature of $8~\mu$K.
The precise control of the atomic velocity results in an accuracy
of the enclosed interferometer area sufficient for reaching
resolutions of rotation rates on the order of a few nrad/s with
the completed gyroscope~\cite{Mueller07}.

\subsection{Manipulation of atoms with laser light}
\label{sec:2e} Six diode laser systems are used for the
manipulation of the $^{87}$Rb atoms with light. These are set up
together with further optical elements for frequency stabilization
and beam manipulation on two $60\times90\,$cm$^2$ optical
breadboards. Cooling and trapping of the atoms is performed with
two commercial high-power diode laser systems locked close to the
$\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=3\right>$ cooling transition.
The light for repumping atoms from $\left|F=1\right>$ to
$\left|F=2\right>$ via optical pumping from
$\left|F=1\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=2\right>$, for fluorescence
detection by driving the transition
$\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=3\right>$, as well as for the
state preparation addressing the transition
$\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=2\right>$ is realized with
self-made external cavity diode lasers (ECDL)~\cite{Ricci95}.\\

\emph{State preparation and detection}\\

The two atomic states used for interferometry are the magnetically
insensitive $m_F=0$-Zeeman states of the hyperfine ground states
$\left|F=1\right>$ and $\left|F=2\right>$ of $^{87}$Rb. After the
launch, the atoms populating all $m_F$-substates of
$\left|F=2\right>$ are spin-polarized into the
$\left|F=1,m_F=0\right>$ state by the following procedure: We
apply a $0.4\,$ms long $\pi$-polarized light pulse resonant with
the $\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=2\right>$ transition. The
atoms are thus optically pumped into the $\left|F=2,m_F=0\right>$
ground state which decouples from the light due to optical
selection rules. During optical pumping, we simultaneously repump
atoms decayed into the $\left|F=1\right>$ state by addressing the
$\left|F=1\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=2\right>$ transition. The
repumping light is maintained $0.4\,$ms longer than the pumping
light to completely depopulate the lower hyperfine level. The
optical pump is followed by a resonant $\pi$-pulse with the Raman
lasers at a frequency difference of about $6.834\,$GHz to transfer
the atoms from the $\left|F=2,m_F=0\right>$ state into the
$\left|F=1,m_F=0\right>$ state. The atoms remaining in the
$\left|F=2\right>$-manifold after the $\pi$-pulse are removed by
the light pressure from a $\sigma^+$-polarized light pulse tuned
in resonance with the closed transition
$\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=3\right>$. The spin
polarization of this preparation scheme is better than $99.9\%$.
The optical pumping leads to a slight heating of the atomic sample
to about $10~\mu$K. In the upgraded version of our Sagnac
interferometer, we plan to combine the internal state selection
with a velocity filter by employing velocity-selective Raman
processes~\cite{Kasevich91}.

The detection of the relative atom number
$N_{\left|e\right>}/(N_{\left|g\right>}+N_{\left|e\right>})$ is
performed in a sequence similar to the fluorescence detection
schemes used in atomic fountain clocks~\cite{Bize99}, where our
sequence is pulsed in time rather than in space. In the first
step, we determine the number $N_{\left|e\right>}$ of atoms in the
state $\left|e\right>=\left|F=2,m_F=0\right>$ by applying a
$0.8\,$ms long nearly resonant detection pulse at a detuning of
$\delta=5\,$MHz on the closed transition
$\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow\left|F=3\right>$. The light beam with
an intensity of $I_{sat}$ \cite{f2} is $\sigma^+$-polarized and
retro-reflected to avoid loss of atoms. The induced fluorescence
is recorded on a calibrated photo diode collecting about $1.8\%$
of the isotropically scattered light. This detection step is
followed by a $0.4\,$ms long repumping pulse on the transition
$\left|F=1\right>\rightarrow\left|F'=2\right>$, thus bringing all
the atoms into the upper hyperfine ground state. In the last step,
we repeat the first detection light pulse and by using the same
photo diode we determine the absolute number of atoms
$N_{\left|g\right>}+N_{\left|e\right>}$. We currently reach a SNR
of 30 with the described detection scheme which is mainly limited
by the
frequency noise of the detection laser.\\

\emph{Coherent beam splitting with Raman processes}\\

The interferometer's light pulse sequence is performed by two
digitally phase-locked Raman lasers driving the hyperfine
transition at $\omega_{\rm{eff}}=\omega_1-\omega_2\approx
6.834\,$GHz. The two lasers are tuned off-resonance from the
transitions $\left|F=1\right>\rightarrow \left|F'=1\right>$ and
$\left|F=2\right>\rightarrow \left|F'=1\right>$ by the variable
detuning of $\Delta=0.4-3\,$GHz.

The two self-made high-power diode laser systems~\cite{Voigt01}
have a total laser power of $700$ and $500\,$mW, respectively.
This is sufficient to reach pulse lengths of as short as several
$\mu$s for the realization of the interferometer pulses (at a
detuning $\Delta$ of $1\,$GHz), even for the rather large
diameters of $30\,$mm used for the Raman beam splitters. This
pulse length has been inferred to be optimal with respect to the
matching of the Doppler-broadened transition with the
Fourier-limited excitation profile of the Raman transition, as
well as with respect to the influence of frequency dependent noise
sources in our interferometer~\cite{Cheinet05}.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{strahlteiler1.eps}
\caption{Schematic of the optical realization of the Raman beam
splitters. The two atomic clouds (AC$_{1,2}$) are coherently
manipulated by inducing Raman transitions with the two laser beams
of frequency $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$. The transition can be
induced with equal circular ($\sigma^+-\sigma^+$ or
$\sigma^--\sigma^-$) or crossed linear polarization of the two
lasers. This is used to choose the velocity-selectivity of the
transition by changing the polarization of the incoming Raman
beams. For velocity-unselective transitions, the beams are
absorbed by a beam block (BB) after crossing the atom-light
interaction zone once, while for velocity-selective transitions
they cross the interaction zone twice by using a retro-reflecting
mirror (RM).} \label{fig:1a}
\end{figure}

The phase difference of the two lasers is tightly locked with an
optical phase-locked loop (PLL)~\cite{Santarelli94}. This is
achieved by monitoring the beat note of the two light fields and
comparing the beat frequency and phase difference with a
high-quality crystal oscillator. Our system realizing the PLL is
almost identical to the one described in~\cite{Cheinet05}. We
specify the rms phase error in each of the interferometers caused
by the phase noise of the Raman laser system to be about $1\,$mrad
without common-mode noise suppression. This estimation is based on
the residual phase noise of the Raman laser system and the
weighting function of our upgraded interferometer, where the
weighting function is a measure for the influence of frequency
dependent noise sources on the interferometer's performance. The
interferometer experiences different sensitivities to phase noise
during one experimental cycle, for example the loading time of the
MOT (no sensitivity) compared to the time between the beam
splitting pulses (highest sensitivity).

Both beams are guided to the atom-light interaction zone in the
same PM optical fibre with either identical or crossed linear
polarization for velocity-unselective or velocity-selective Raman
transitions, respectively. A schematic of the optical realization
of the velocity-unselective and velocity-selective Raman beam
splitters, respectively, is depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:1a}. To
drive velocity-unselective transitions, the two beams are blocked
after passing the interferometer once. To implement
velocity-selective transitions, the two beams pass a
$\lambda/4$-wave plate before and after the atom-light interaction
zone and are then retro-reflected to pass the wave plates and the
interaction zone a second time. In this configuration, only
velocity-selective Raman transitions with opposing laser beam
directions are possible due to optical selection rules. By
aligning the laser beams with a small angle offset of
$\theta\approx 12\,$mrad from perpendicular incidence with respect
to the atomic trajectories, a small Doppler shift can be
introduced in the velocity-selective Raman transition. Thus, one
of the (otherwise degenerate) Raman transitions induced by the two
pairs of counterpropagating laser beam pairs ($\sigma^+-\sigma^+$
or $\sigma^--\sigma^-$) can be selected by
compensating the corresponding Doppler detuning by the frequency
difference $\omega_{\rm{eff}}$ of the Raman laser beams. While in
the first case of velocity-unselective Raman transitions only the
photon recoil corresponding to the microwave frequency
$\omega_{\rm{eff}}$ is transferred to the atoms,
velocity-selective Raman transitions will lead to a momentum
transfer of roughly twice the recoil of the optical photon.

For the studies presented in this paper, we used a Raman atom
interferometer with an effective length of about $9\,$mm,
corresponding to a total interferometer time of $2T=2$~ms. The co-
or counterpropagating pair of Raman laser beams is pulsed onto the
atoms, while these cross the Gaussian laser beam profile in the
center of the interferometer chamber. The large beam diameter, as
well as optics with a specified distortion of less than
$\lambda/20$ assure a sufficient quality of the wave front.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{RabiInsen.eps}
\caption{Rabi oscillations between the two atomic states used in
the interferometer induced by velocity-unselective Raman
transitions. The oscillations are observed by varying the pulse
length of the Raman transition.} \label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

\section{Atom-interferometric in situ diagnostics for inertial sensing}

\label{sec:3} Characterization and optimization of the atom
interferometer is an iterative process of various in situ
measurements. The flexibility of the Raman process with respect to
the coherent manipulation of the atoms allows for the
implementation of a variety of atom-interferometric tools to
characterize the performance and systematics of the inertial
sensor. This tool box comprises the individual
velocity-unselective or -selective Raman process as the simplest
element to coherently manipulate the atoms, Ramsey-type
experiments to analyze systematics, as well as Mach-Zehnder-type
interferometry to determine the orientation of the setup or
ultimately to measure rotation rates.

In the following sections, we describe measurements to evaluate
the performance of our sensor including the influence of the
atomic temperature and the effective atomic flux $\Phi_{\rm eff}$.
The effective atomic flux $\Phi_{\rm eff}$ is given by twice the
product of the total number
$N_{\left|g\right>}+N_{\left|e\right>}$ of atoms detected per
shot, the contrast $C$ of the interferometer, and the cycling rate
$\Gamma$ of the sensor:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:PHI}
\Phi_{\rm eff}=2(N_{\left|g\right>}+N_{\left|e\right>})C\Gamma.
\end{equation}
Additionally, we demonstrate tools for proceeding to the finite
interferometer geometry to achieve the ultimate sensitivity.

\subsection{Alignment and contrast of the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer}
\label{subsec:3a}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{RamanAnregungseffizienz.eps}
\caption{Maximum population transfer efficiency as a function of
the diameter of the atomic cloud.} \label{fig:7}
\end{figure}

The achievable contrast $C$ of a Raman atom interferometer is
limited by the parameters of the atomic cloud, such as its spatial
spread in size or its temperature, which have to be compared to
the technical parameters of the matter wave beam splitters. These
are power, detuning, and diameter of the Raman laser beams
determining in combination the length of the $\pi/2$- and
$\pi$-pulses. An upper limit for the achievable contrast can be
inferred from the performance of the individual Raman processes,
i.e. the beam splitting, reflection, and recombination. The
characterization of the velocity-unselective Raman process reveals
the influence of the width of the atomic cloud spread across the
Gaussian intensity profile of the Raman laser beams during the
atom-light interaction. This Gaussian intensity profile leads to
varying Rabi frequencies for the individual atoms manipulated with
the Raman lasers. However, as the length of a beam splitter pulse
is the same for all atoms, this leads to a decrease in the maximum
transition probability being averaged over all atoms. The spatial
spread of the atomic ensemble during the different instants of
atom-light interaction is a function of the distance to the
corresponding atomic source, the drift velocity, the size of the
atomic cloud after preparation, and the temperature of the atomic
ensemble.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{MachZehnderInsen1.eps}
\caption{Interference fringes in the echo-type sequence
(Mach-Zehnder-type configuration) for velocity-unselective Raman
transitions. To observe the fringes, the phase difference between
the two Raman lasers is scanned between the $\pi$- and the last
$\pi/2$-pulse of the interferometer sequence. The reduced contrast
of interferometer~1 in this particular measurement is caused by a
reduced state preparation efficiency due to technical
imperfections.} \label{fig:5}
\end{figure}

In our setup, the atomic cloud has a $1/\sqrt{e}$-diameter of 4.4~mm
in the middle of the interaction zone which is to be compared to a
$1/e^2$-diameter of the Raman laser beams of 30~mm. This leads to a
maximum population transfer efficiency of $85\%$ with a single
$\pi$-pulse, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:2}. The dependance of the
maximum excitation probability, and thus the reflectivity, on the
$1/\sqrt{e}$-diameter of the atomic cloud is displayed in
Fig.~\ref{fig:7}. Further compression of the atomic cloud before the
launch~\cite{Cornell}, a larger diameter of the atom-light
interaction zone and more light power can improve the reflectivity to
about $95\%$. We find that even for the longest flight times of the
atoms the influence of the expansion of the ensemble due to its
temperature is smaller than the initial spatial width.

The synchronization of the Raman pulse with the passing of the
atoms through the center of the Gauss-shaped Raman laser beam is
optimized in situ by minimizing the duration of a $\pi$-pulse by
varying the timing of the pulse. Thus, a precise knowledge of the
start location of the atoms with respect to the Raman laser beams
is not necessary. This method permits to align the
$\pi/2-\pi-\pi/2$-sequence of the dual interferometer with respect
to the atomic parabolas with perfect symmetry.

Fig.~\ref{fig:5} shows a combination of all steps of coherent
manipulation to a $\pi/2-\pi-\pi/2$-sequence, resulting in a
contrast of $72\%$ in our apparatus. The effective atomic flux of
the interferometer is 2.2$\times 10^{7}$~atoms/s. The difference
in contrast between the two atom interferometers is caused by an
imperfect state preparation at the entrance of the
interferometers. The measures for improving the reflection
efficiency of the $\pi$-pulse discussed above would result in a
contrast of the interferometer of more than $90\%$ which may even
be enhanced by an adaption of the length of the beam splitting
pulses, thus compensating the spatially varying Rabi frequency due
to the Gaussian intensity profile of the laser beams over the
whole interferometer region~\cite{Gilowski08}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{MachZehnderSen1.eps}
\caption{Interference fringes in the Mach-Zehnder-type
configuration for velocity-selective Raman transitions. The
oscillations of the transition amplitude are induced as explained
in the caption of Fig.~\ref{fig:5}.} \label{fig:6}
\end{figure}

As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:6}, the atomic temperature, or more
precisely the velocity dispersion along the Raman laser beams is
much more critical in the case of velocity-selective Raman
transitions. Usually, the frequency width of the resonance of the
Raman process is Fourier-limited by the pulse duration and is by
this means adapted to the atomic temperature. The maximum
transition probability amounts to a fraction of $33\%$ of the
$10\,\mu$K cold atomic ensemble in our apparatus for the
individual velocity-selective Raman process with a pulse duration
of as short as $10\,\mu$s. This leads to a theoretical contrast of
the inertial sensor of $20\%$. The observed contrast shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:6} is even further reduced due to vibrational noise
which has to be shielded by an active noise cancellation in the
future. The effective atomic flux in the Mach-Zehnder
interferometer is 6$\times 10^{6}$~atoms/s. A contrast close to
the velocity-unselective case can in principle be achieved by a
further reduction of the atomic temperature down to $1.5\,\mu$K or
by adequate velocity filtering~\cite{Kasevich91}.

The presented temporal Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer can be
used to precisely align the long baseline interferometer
perpendicular to local gravity, as well as to optimize the
relative orientation of the spatially separated beam splitters
with respect to each other. For this procedure, each of the
individual Raman sequences has to be replaced by a full temporal
Mach-Zehnder sequence. We demonstrated this method in the central
viewport of our interferometer chamber. Even for a short total
interrogation time of up to $2T=4\,$ms we can obtain a sensitivity
of $2\times 10^{-3}\,$m$/$s$^2/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$ for accelerations
and $2\times 10^{-4}\,$rad$/$s$/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$ for rotations in
our dual atom interferometer.

The intrinsic atomic accelerometer can be used to monitor the
orientation of our atomic Sagnac sensor with respect to local
gravity by combining measurements in the vertical and horizontal
direction with a local tide model. Monitoring the earth's rotation
rate with a resolution of $10^{-9}\,$rad$/$s corresponds to a
control of the angle between the area normal vector of the atom
interferometer and the local direction of gravity to about
$1\,\mu$rad.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{Ramseyschoen.eps}
\caption{(color online). Typical interference pattern for the
Ramsey-type interferometer. The observed oscillations of the
transition amplitude are induced by scanning the frequency
difference $\omega_{\rm{eff}}$ between the two lasers driving the
Raman transition close to the hyperfine splitting
$\omega_{\rm{HF}}=6.8346826\,$GHz.} \label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Control and evaluation of systematic effects by Ramsey-type
measurements}

Besides inertial forces, the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is also
sensitive to changes in the applied frequency difference of the
Raman lasers from the atomic resonance frequency which can e.g. be
perturbed by magnetic or electric fields. Therefore, these effects
have to be evaluated systematically to minimize undesired phase
shifts caused by frequency-changing effects, such as the Zeeman
effect. Contrary to the Ramsey-type measurement employed in atomic
clocks, the sensitivity to frequency changes in the Mach-Zehnder
interferometer does not scale with the time $T$ between the
pulses, but with the length of the pulses $\tau$. We therefore
investigate frequency shifts with Ramsey-type interferometry based
on velocity-unselective Raman processes. This provides valuable
information on the control of systematic shifts and their
contribution to the short-term sensitivity of the inertial sensor
due to fluctuations of the relevant parameters. The signal of the
Ramsey-type interferometer, i.e. the population of the two
hyperfine ground states separated by an energy spacing of $\hbar
\omega_{\rm HF}$ is sensitive to shifts of the frequency
difference $\omega_{\rm eff}$ between the Raman lasers:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:4}
P_{\left|e\right>}\propto (1+\cos
(\omega_{\rm{HF}}-\omega_{\rm{eff}})T).
\end{equation}
Here, $T$ is the separation of the two Raman pulses in time which
is usually significantly larger than the duration of a single
Raman pulse (some ms compared to some $10\,\mu$s). Shifts of the
atomic resonance frequency are inferred by the determination of
the position of the central interferometer fringe while scanning
the frequency difference $\omega_{\rm eff}$ between the Raman
laser pair across the resonance, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:3}.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm]{Leistungverhaeltnis1.eps}
\caption{Measured differential AC-Stark shift $\delta_{\rm AC}$ of
the atomic resonance as a function of the intensity ratio of the
two Raman lasers for constant total laser intensity. The linear
dependance of $\delta_{\rm AC}$ is shown for two different total
Raman laser intensities.} \label{fig:4}
\end{figure}

We investigated the differential AC-Stark shift, as well as the
Zeeman shift with the Ramsey-type configuration. As the
single-photon AC-Stark shifts of the two atomic levels depend
differently on the intensity of the corresponding Raman laser
($I_{\rm master}$ and $I_{\rm slave}$, respectively), one can find
a ratio of both intensities for which the differential AC-Stark
shift cancels~\cite{Gustavson00}. This ratio is determined by
varying the individual laser intensities for a fixed total
intensity resulting in a linear frequency shift of the resonance,
as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:4}. With two series of such
measurements, we infer the optimum intensity ratio up to an
uncertainty corresponding to a residual AC-Stark shift
$\delta_{\rm {AC}}$ of $150\,$Hz limited by the power stability of
the Raman lasers during the measurement cycle. This corresponds to
a phase shift of about 13~mrad in our interferometer which should
be suppressed in the differential measurement scheme for slowly
varying intensities of the Raman lasers.

The interferometer is operated with a small magnetic bias field of
typically $400\,$mG to lift the degeneracy of the $m_F$-substates
and to establish a quantization axis for the spin-polarized
ensemble. This necessitates the precise determination of the
second order Zeeman effect and possible fluctuations in the
magnetic bias field. The Ramsey-type measurements show that the
frequency shift due to the quadratic Zeeman effect can be
controlled to about $\pm 1.4\,$Hz. With this in situ measurement,
we determine a reduction of unwanted external magnetic fields in
the interferometer to about 10~mG corresponding to a suppression
of the earth's magnetic field by the permalloy magnetic shield of
at least a factor of 50.

\section{Conclusion and Outlook}
\label{sec:4} In this paper, we have presented a novel design of a
compact dual atom interferometer for high resolution rotation
sensing. The apparatus aims to combine advantages of other
state-of-the-art sensors~\cite{Gustavson00,Canuel06}, such as high
atomic flux equivalent to thermal beams and long baseline
interferometry, but with the advantages of cold atoms. We have
presented different measurement schemes for in situ analysis and
optimization of the dual atom interferometer including the
measurement of systematic effects, such as the Zeeman and the
AC-Stark shift. We indicated a concept to pass from a temporal
sequence with one spatial atom-light interaction zone to long
baseline atom interferometry. The measurement of the sensor's
inclination with respect to local gravity also permits to align
the surface orientation of the sensitive axis of the sensor with
the earth's rotation axis with the required accuracy.

The upgrade of the sensor to a long baseline interferometer will
enhance the sensitivity by more than two orders of magnitude
compared to the temporal Mach-Zehnder geometry realized so far.
The present resolution of phase shifts of $100\,$mrad is mainly
limited by vibrations and technical noise sources of the detection
laser. We expect a reduction of this phase uncertainty down to
$1\,$mrad due to several improvements, like a reduction of the
detection noise by using novel laser
systems~\cite{Baillard06,Gilowski07} with a linewidth two orders
of magnitude lower than the previous system used, a reduction of
the atomic temperature by a factor of 4, as well as an enhancement
of the contrast of the interferometer by a velocity-selective
filter for the atoms participating in the Raman process.

By combining all the described measures, a short-term resolution
of rotation rates of several nrad$/$s for one second of
measurement time comes into reach. This will be an interesting
regime to investigate the potential of differential atom
interferometry and the limitations imposed on the suppression of
common-mode noise or the stability of the setup. These studies
will provide insight on the fundamental limitations of atom
interferometers and their potential for miniaturizing today's
active ring laser gyroscopes searching for relative variations of
the earth's rotation rate of 1 part in $10^7$.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We thank Ch. Jentsch for his contributions during the early stage of
the experiment, G. Santarelli and D. Chambon for their support
regarding the Raman laser system, and F. Pereira Dos Santos for
valuable discussions. This work was supported in part by the
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 407) and in part by the
European Union (Contr. No. 012986-2 (NEST), FINAQS). M.G. would like
to thank the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft for financial support.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home Portfolio DVD Comic Book: The Movie
Comic Book: The Movie DVD
Features: David Mack and Anh Tran
Suggested Retail Price: $29.99
Previews Product Code: DEC033944
· Screen captures - one, two
From Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc.! Directed by Mark Hamill, Comic Book: The Movie follows the hilarious antics of the world's biggest comics fan, Donald Swan (Hamill), who has just been hired by a Hollywood Studio to direct a documentary about the great comic book heroes "Commander Courage & Liberty Ladd." Armed with the studio's marketing guru (Roger Rose), a confused cameraman (Jess Harnell), the grandson of Commander Courage's deceased creator (Billy West), and the top comic book icons in the industry, Donald heads to the San Diego ComicCon, the world's largest comic book convention, on a mission to save his beloved Commander Courage from the clutches of Hollywood! Approximate running time: 75 minutes. Scheduled to ship in January 2004.
· David Mack and Anh Tran appeared from 33m:13s - 33m:15s
· According to David Mack (January 27, 2004), the film crew interviewed him at the 2003 San Diego Comic Con


But late in the first half, Di Maria's end was up.
That year was Di Maria's only since 2008 without a trophy; just three league goals and a £60m price tag made him the symbol of a failed regime at United under Louis van Gaal, but Tuesday night only served to remind Old Trafford what they should have had. Di Maria has since thrived in France and enjoyed the best individual season of his career in 2017/18. "Puta!" to the United faithful, captured clearly by TV cameras.
Unfazed, Di Maria picked up the missile and proceeded to pretend to drink out of the bottle, much to chagrin of United fans, but much to the sheer amusement of the Twitterati. Di Maria was handed the famed No. 7 jersey at the club, but the pacey wide man never really managed to live up to the lofty expectations that were placed on him upon his arrival.
In truth, Young was perhaps fortunate to not receive a second yellow for the shove, however he survived and has since been applauded for his efforts by Man Utd fans. "If you tease him, it does not make him weaker", he said, Sky Sports reported.
Di Maria's wife Jorgelina Cardoso was quick to get in on the fun. He [Di Maria] was a bit nervous and needed to be calmer in the first half. 90 more minutes are missing To continue working for what is coming.