text:
Intact social cognitive processes in outpatients with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study
Katarzyna Kucharska1,
Julia Jeschke1 &
Reza Mafi2
The aim of the study was to assess social cognition in community patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) compared to healthy controls.
25 women diagnosed with AN and 25 women matched for education level and age were involved in the study. Both subject groups were assessed using a set of validated experimental tasks, such as the facial expression recognition test, short recognition memory test for faces, 'Reading the mind in the eyes' test. Patients were assessed for symptoms of: eating disorder (the eating attitudes test—EAT-26), OCD (the Yale–Brown obsessive compulsive scale—Y-BOCS) and depression (Beck depression inventory—BDI). The research hypothesis indicated that patients suffering from anorexia represent no significant difference in social cognitive functioning in comparison to the healthy controls. These assessment scales were used to identify whether there are any problems according to social cognitive functioning especially emotion recognition and theory of mind (ToM). The primary outcome assessment was to identify social cognitive deficits in anorexic outpatients and secondary outcome was to verify whether these problems in emotional functioning found in women in acute phase of AN are state or trait effects.
Anorexic patients showed significantly higher scores on EAT-26, BDI and Y-BOCS. No significant differences were found in performance of social cognitive tests and facial perception test.
No marked alterations were found in social cognitive functioning in community patients with average body mass index (BMI) of 17.6. This may indicate that social cognition is a very complex construct to be reliably measured in anorexia nervosa considering relatively limited psychometric data for many social cognitive tasks. Further longitudinal studies are needed to untangle ongoing controversy whether social cognitive deficits in AN could be state or trait related.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe mental disorder characterised by persistent restriction of food intake leading to significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight gain, and disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced (DSM-5).
Adolphs [1] described social cognition as "the ability to construct representations of the relation between one-self and others and to use those representations flexibly to guide social behaviour".
Social cognition has been defined as the mental operations underlying social interactions, and is thought to represent a specialised domain of cognition, which captures affect perception, social cue perception, "theory of mind", empathy, and attribution style [18]. As far as facial affect recognition is concerned, robust research data seemed to report less accuracy of AN patients at recognising basic facial emotions [7, 16, 21, 33].
Furthermore, previous research has found that individuals with eating disorders exhibit lower emotional awareness compared to normal controls, impaired processes of theory of mind/mentalising, and empathy [2, 17, 20, 33]. Mentalisation plays crucial role in social cognition research and can be seen as a form of mental ability which allows to perceive and interpret human behaviour in terms of intentional mental states [10]. There have been suggestions that difficulties in socio-emotional aspects of anorexia nervosa presentation may be related to autistic type traits [13], and this leads to a hypothesis that impairments in theory of mind/mentalising might be seen [29]. For that reason participant groups were assessed on the 'Reading the mind in the eyes' task, which asked participants to identify a person's mental state from photographs of people's eyes.
In contrast, other studies have found no significant differences in decoding of emotional facial expressions in eating disordered individuals compared to healthy groups [2, 31], and any differences in levels of empathy compared to healthy controls groups [13]. Moreover, there is a growing body of literature showing intact social cognitive functioning in partially remitted patients with AN [23, 24]. However, considerable amount of research work indicates their presence to lesser extent and persistence despite remission of symptoms and normalisation of body weight [5].
Although not central to the diagnostic criteria of AN, emerging evidence suggests additionally deficits in key aspects of social functioning. Patients appear to be socially withdrawn, and they report having smaller social networks, less social interactions [19] and a reduced number of close friends [9].
Most empirical work has emphasised the role of eating in response to changes in affect; this research is focused on the possible role of social cognition in the maintenance of distorted eating [29]. In this particular study the hypothesis states that difficulties in negotiating the unpredictable and affect-laden social milieu may be contributing factor to maintenance of eating disorders.
Primary outcome measures include whether community patients with anorexia nervosa have specific deficits in social cognition per se or present with impaired processing of a more facial perceptual nature.
Social cognition in the anorexic patients was assessed using standardised measures in order to determine whether:
the magnitudes of such impairments in patients were greater compared with healthy controls.
the deficits of social cognition and facial processing were more "trait" rather than "state" dependent (correlational analyses with demographic and clinical factors).
State is a momentary emotional reaction to internal and/or external trigger(s) which also involves physical, behavioural, cognitive and psychological reactions. The duration and intensity of the emotion felt can vary due to various factors such as the level of arousal, frustration level, subjective perception, the context, etc. [30]. Traits refer to the stable, consistent and enduring disposition of the individual [3], which includes emotional reactions and temperament, rather than situational, variable and temporary factors [12].
This study was approved by the local ethics committee in Cardiff, the UK, and all participants gave informed consent.
Participants included 25 British females with anorexia nervosa, age range 16–45, (restricting and binge–purge type) fulfilling both International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV TR) criteria were recruited from Eating Disorder Clinic, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust and compared with 25 healthy participants recruited from students and non-medical staff within Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust (Table 1). Initially 28 patients were assessed from which 28 completed clinical measures alone and 25 completed both clinical and psychological measures. These drop-outs occurred due to a poor treatment compliance. Consensus diagnoses were obtained from senior clinicians who assessed the patients in clinical interviews. Inclusion criteria for control group were British healthy females, age range 16–45, with body mass index (BMI = weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) within normal range 18–26, correct hearing and vision. The exclusion criteria for the comparison group included symptoms of eating disorders, menstrual irregularity, pregnancy, a family history of an eating disorder, habitual drug or alcohol abuse, secondary neurologic disorders (e.g. epilepsy or dementia) and other psychiatric diagnoses. All the participants were native English speakers and were examined once. Patients were assessed at the beginning of the therapy (either at the second or third community appointment).
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients and control group
The subjects completed the Beck depression inventory (BDI), an instrument for the self-rating of symptoms of depression and the Yale Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) allowing to evaluate OCD traits or symptoms. Additionally, the eating attitude test (EAT-26) was used to show eating habits and concerns about body weight and shape (Table 1).
Participants attended once to complete clinical assessments and all perceptual tasks.
All assessments were administered in the same time interval.
Study was conducted with Cardiff University Research Ethics Committee (UREC) approval.
The facial expression recognition test (FERT) is a computerised tool based on 25 facial expressions from a standardised series of pictures of facial affect, POFA [8]. Participants view prototypical facial expressions of the six basic emotions (fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, and sadness) and decide the emotion displayed by each facial expression. Emotion labels were visible when participant were making their decisions.
Short recognition memory test for faces (RMTF) is a forced-choice recognition memory test. It consists of 25 unfamiliar grey-scale male faces, which are presented at a rate of one every 3 s. Recognition memory was assessed immediately after the presentation of the stimuli using a two-choice format, each stimulus item being paired with one distracter item [32]. RMTF was used in the study as a control task for the facial expression recognition test (FERT) to assess whether deficits in emotional perception exist independently or are strongly related to impairments in face processing.
The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test (revised version; RME) [4] is a measure of adult "mentalising" and the assessment of how well the participants can put themselves into the mind of another person, and to "tune into" their mental state. In this test, the participant is presented with a series of 36 photographs of the eye region of unknown faces, and is asked to choose which of four words best describe what the person in the photo is thinking or feeling.
The eating attitudes test (EAT-26) is standardised self-report measure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders. The tests are rated on a six-point scale (always, usually, often, rarely, sometimes, and never) in response to how often the individual engages in specific behaviours.
A power analysis performed using NQuery suggest that a minimum experimental sample size of N = 25 would be sufficient to detect the differences in task performance.
Descriptive data are presented as individual values, mean, and standard deviation. Socio-demographic and clinical data and task performance differences between groups were compared using the independent samples t test. Pearson correlations were used to investigate correlations between factors. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software for Microsoft Windows.
Demographic data and clinical measures
Socio-demographic and clinical data of participants are included in Table 1.
There were no statistically significant differences between the group with anorexia and healthy controls for age and years of education. However, anorexia group had significantly lower BMI compared to control group (t = −6.77; df = 48; p < 0.001) and presented with significantly higher level of both OCD (t = 9.48; df = 48; p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (t = 6.69; df = 48; p = p < 0.001) (Table 1).
Social cognition and face recognition
In comparison with controls (using t test) individuals with anorexia showed no statistically significant differences in their performance of all facial tests used in the study (Table 2).
Table 2 Results of facial tasks in subject groups
The effect of clinical and demographic variables on task performance
Pearson correlations were performed between mean accuracy scores and clinical variables (e.g. Yale–Brown and BDI, EAT-26, years of education, illness duration and current BMI). Interestingly, in the patient group, there were no statistically significant effect of depression, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, severity of eating problems, chronicity, and current BMI on social cognitive/cognitive tasks performance.
In the patients with anorexia a statistically significant correlation was found between mean score of 'Reading the mind in the eyes' test and mean age (r = −0.47; p < 0.05). In the control group statistically significant correlations were found between mean score of BMI and mean score of RMTF (r = −0.60; p < 0.01) and additionally between mean age of controls and mean score of RMTF (r = −0.42; p < 0.05).
The anorexic group was mildly older than healthy controls, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups. Groups were homogeneous in terms of years of education—approximately 16 years of education for both groups included in the research. Highly statistically significant differences between groups were obtained for mean BMI and mean Yale–Brown, BDI and EAT-26 scales scores (all with p < 0.001).
Despite significant clinical pathology, the group of individuals with anorexia nervosa did reveal neither deficits in emotion recognition nor in theory of mind compared to the healthy individuals. These results are compatible with those combined by Cardi et al. [6] which claim that participants with EDs did not display specific abnormalities in emotional processing, recognition and empathic response to others' basic discrete emotions. However, they had poorer facial expressivity and a tendency to turn away from emotional displays. We did not find that individuals with AN had a specific impairment in the recognition of facial expression of emotions, which is in line with some previous studies [2, 17, 20, 21, 33]. Our results correspond with Phillipou and others' research (2015) that shows participants with AN did not differ from healthy control participants in the areas of attentional focus when viewing the Ekman face stimuli, nor did they differ in emotion identification of these stimuli. Phillipou et al. study encourages idea of intact emotion identification of facial affect stimuli and distinct hyperscanning behaviours when viewing faces in AN [25]. Our service users were similarly accurate in their detection of facial emotion and faces per se relative to the healthy group which stays in line with results of other authors [20]. Harrison et al. [15] in their study examined whether the problems in emotional functioning found in women in acute phase of AN are state or trait effects by comparing women who have already recovered from AN with women with acute AN and female HCs. The results showed that the recovered patients had a significantly higher social and angry-threat attentional bias than HCs, with medium effect sizes, and significantly lower scores on the emotion recognition measure than HCs, with a medium effect size. On the other hand, the recovered group did not significantly differ from the HC group in terms of emotion regulation [15].
Rozenstein et al. [28] have shown that patients with AN are as fast and as accurate in matching both facial identity and facial emotions as their unaffected sisters and unrelated healthy controls.
There have been suggestions that aspects of the anorexia nervosa presentation may be related to autistic type traits [13], and this leads to a hypothesis that impairments in theory of mind might be seen [29]. For that reason participant groups were assessed on the 'Reading the mind in the eyes' task, which asked participants to identify a person's mental state from photographs of people's eyes. Russell et al. [29] found ToM impairments in the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes task" (RME) in a group of 22 patients with AN. These results were not replicated by Oldershaw et al. [23] and Harrison et al. [14] who did not show any alterations in RME performance in AN patients which stays in line with our data.
Unlike Russell et al. [29], this sample was not impaired on the RME tasks which may stem from sampling differences. Our sample included outpatients with mean BMI equals 17.6, whereas in Russell et al. study, the mean BMI of anorexic inpatient sample was 15.2.
First of all, in the study by Russell et al. [29] there was a statistically significant difference between the AN and HC groups on both mean age and years of education. According to Adenzato et al. [2] both age and education have been proven as crucial variables when assessing ToM by RME whilst previous studies pointed out age and education related effect on RME performance. In our study a statistically significant correlation was found between mean score of 'Reading the mind in the eyes' test performed by our patients and their mean age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Adenzato et al. [2] stressed out the potential effect of chronicity on RME performance to test hypothesis proposed by Zucker according to which chronic avoidance of salient social cues in AN may lead to increase dysfunction over time [2]. In our study, the illness duration exceeds 9 years similarly to studies done by Russell et al. [29] and Harrison et al. [14] in which significantly weaker RME performance was found in AN patients. Thus in our study, Zucker's hypothesis was not supported.
These differences can be explained by concluding that autistic type traits are more pronounced in patients with prolonged starvation and lower BMI. Furthermore, these traits may exacerbate factors that maintain the eating disorder rather than being a causative factor.
Patients with anorexia were significantly more depressed than healthy controls, and showed vivid obsessive–compulsive symptoms compared to controls which remain in line with the previous findings.
Undoubtedly, reliable measurement of social cognition per se remains problematic due to relatively limited psychometric results for many social cognitive tasks used widely in clinical research. As part of the social cognition psychometric evaluation (SCOPE) study, the psychometric properties of eight tasks were assessed by Pinkham et al. [26] based upon the following factors: test–retest reliability, utility as a repeated measure, relationship to functional outcome, practicality and tolerability, sensitivity to group differences, and internal consistency. The widely used in clinical studies the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes task" showed weaker psychometric properties in Pinkham et al. [26].
More longitudinal studies are needed to establish specificity (trait- or state-dependent nature) of the concomitant social cognition deficits in anorexia nervosa using the measures with higher psychometric properties and find out if similar findings are observed in other psychiatric cohorts of patients to tailor subsequent AN management to be more successful and promising in future.
The findings of the current study corroborate those of Adenzato et al. [2] and Renwick et al. [27] and state that despite significant clinical pathology, the group of individuals with anorexia nervosa did not show any social cognitive/social perception deficits compared to the healthy control group. We did not find that individuals with AN had a specific impairment in the recognition of facial expression of emotions, which is in line with some previous research [17, 20, 21, 33]. This research states that following other studies [11, 27] social perception in people with anorexia nervosa is largely preserved.
Undoubtedly there are not many research projects conducted among community outpatients which is an indisputable strength of our study. This research results stay in line with the study carried out by Morris et al. which states that the acute AN group reported lower levels of empathy than the recovered AN group and HC, but they also reported less antisocial behaviour. No differences were found in emotional recognition or social conformity [22].
Recruitment criteria in our study were highly selective as research included patients with anorexia nervosa (mostly restrictive type) with no concurrent personality disorders diagnosed which made this group strictly homogeneous. Moreover, the study was conducted using well-known, standardised, cross-validated batteries or measures including RMTF as a control task for the FERT.
Cross-sectional design may be a weak point of this particular study, because it did not take the therapy effect into account in long-term. Another limitation of the study is the relatively small sample size. Further longitudinal studies are needed to assess precisely the dynamic changes in emotional processing at various stages of AN, whether they are state- or of trait related.
FERT:
facial expression recognition test
RMTF:
short recognition memory test for faces
RME:
reading the mind in the eyes' test
EAT-26:
the eating attitudes test
OCD:
Y-BOCS:
the Yale–Brown obsessive compulsive scale
BDI:
Beck depression inventory
BMI:
DSM-5:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
International classification of diseases and diagnostic
DSM IV TR:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision
NHS:
UREC:
Cardiff University Research Ethics Committee
University Research Ethics Committee
POFA:
pictures of facial affect
EDs:
social cognition psychometric evaluation
healthy controls
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KK participated in the design of the study, participated in data acquisition, supervised the study and drafted the manuscript. JJ participated in statistical analysis, preparing the manuscript and publication process. RM participated in data acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors thank Dr. Priya Rangappa Gowda for her involvement in the experimental part of this study.
Research work was performed in Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, Principal Investigator—Prof. K. Kucharska.
This research is partially supported by National Centre of Science (NCN) (Grant No. 2014/15/B/HS6/01847).
Availability of data and supporting materials
https://www.dropbox.com/s/yb0p3h3boho9zl4/anorexia%20data-ANNALS%202016-2.sav?dl=0—authors share the raw data of this research to be available for other scientists.
Ethics section
Study was conducted with Cardiff University Research Ethics Committee (UREC) approval, and all participants gave informed consent. This study was given a favourable ethical opinion by South East Wales Local Research Ethics Committee Panel B on 17 April 2006. REC reference number: 06/WSE02/5. Date of issue: 19 April 2006.
Funder: National Centre of Science. Award Number: 2014/15/B/HS6/01847. Grant recipient: Prof. Katarzyna Kucharska, M.D, Ph.D.
Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
Katarzyna Kucharska & Julia Jeschke
NAVIGO CIC, Grimsby, UK
Reza Mafi
Katarzyna Kucharska
Julia Jeschke
Correspondence to Julia Jeschke.
Kucharska, K., Jeschke, J. & Mafi, R. Intact social cognitive processes in outpatients with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 15, 24 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-016-0108-0
Facial perception


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Mehran Muslimi
Biden & a Sustainable Investment Boom
On December 17, 2020 By mehranmuslimiblogIn Business, Economy, Governments
Now that the Electoral College has confirmed Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States, businesses can get on with looking to the future under a new administration, one that promises less scorched earth in its policies let's say.
In the months preceding the 2016 election, sustainable investing' was a gathering trend. Larry Fink, Blackrock's CEO sent an open letter to global CEOs, saying, "Generating sustainable returns over time requires a sharper focus not only on governance, but also on environmental and social factors facing companies." Any ambitions on this score were, however, shattered by the surprise election of Trump, whose administration was a threat to goals when investing around climate change and social justice," says Justina Lai, chief impact officer at San Francisco-based Wetherby Asset Management.
The last four years has been a case of missed opportunities thanks to an obstructionist government. However, as it finally drew to an end, the pandemic and the murder of George Floyd, amongst other issues, revived commitment to socially conscious investing.
Peter Krull, founder, CEO and director of investments at Asheville, North Carolina-based Earth Equity Advisors, said: "The reality is we've had more growth over the last four years than we did over the previous 12 years. After the 2016 election, people said that if the government isn't going to work on these issues, we're going to have to do it for ourselves." He added an upbeat thought, "If the last four years of growth were with headwinds, I'm really excited about seeing a tailwind."
How much ESG investment is there?
The United States Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment (US SIF) reports that total Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) investing strategies rose by 42% over the past two years, growing from $17 trillion to $20 trillion. This figure represents 33% of all professionally managed US assets.
It is the view of Forbes writer Jason Bisnoff, and most likely many others, that President-Elect Biden will not have to do too much to encourage more growth in ESG investing. Furthermore, his picks for cabinet positions include several ESG investment supporters, such as john Kerry, who is his choice as special presidential envoy for climate. Allison Herren Lee, the current SEC commissioner may take the position of SEC chair, and she has made ESG and climate change central to her agenda in her time in public service.
Fiona Reynolds, CEO of the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment, commented, "Over the last couple of years, the Trump administration brought a number of policies that made responsible investment more difficult and we hope that we can reverse some of those policies and move ahead." Now, she says, "I've never felt more certain about the future for sustainability than I do at the moment."
This enthusiasm from all quarters, plus Biden's promise to bring the USA back into the fold of the Paris Agreement on Climate, bodes well for the future of this approach to investing.
#Biden#ESG
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


La Trappe is the elder of Netherland's two Trappist breweries with over 130 years of brewing experience. Zundert, on the the other hand, has only been brewing for a few years. La Trappe was one of the founding members of the International Trappist Association although they have at times run afoul of the ITA since then and lost their designation for a time. Today, La Trappe is fully within the Trappist fold and is continuing to drive the category with some fun and interesting beers.
La Trappe's Isid'or beer is named after Brother Isidorus, La Trappe's first Master Brewer. Isidorus is considered the founding father of La Trappe's brewery. The beer was originally created in 2009 to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the founding of La Trappe's brewery. The beer proved so popular that they decided to produce it full time.
Appearance: Hazy amber, tan head, good retention.
Aroma: Caramel, clove, banana, spicy, toffee.
Taste: Clove, caramel, banana, nutty, nutmeg, toffee.
Overall Impression: Isid'or trends towards the slightly sweetish side and has a medium finish. Visually, it has a super nice, fluffy head. While La Trappe is famous for its Quad, which is often imitated by American breweries, Isid'or is a really nice beer from the Dutch Trappist; one that should be on your list of beers to try. The lower ABV, compared to the Quad, makes it a nice alternative when you want that classic La Trappe yeast flavor.
Availability: La Trappe's beers are readily available where Artisanal Imports's beers are sold.
You can read more about La Trappe and their beers on my page dedicated to them.
If you'd like to know more about the history of the Trappist Order and their breweries, you can ready my history of The Brewing Monks.
Hey man, great work as always. Can you talk a little more about La Trappe running afoul of the Trappists? I was in Amsterdam drinking at The Eagles Nest, they claimed to have every Trappist beer but when I tried to order La Trappe they scoffed at me and said "we don't carry that one" Demeanor was as though I tried to order a Bud.


text:
A novel initiative in Karur 'fuels' strong resolve to shun liquor
A fuel station in Karur doles out two litres of petrol to those reciting all 10 couplets of Kal Unnamai (shunning liquor) Adhikaram of Thirukkural
January 22, 2023 06:29 pm | Updated January 26, 2023 10:11 am IST - KARUR
C. Jaisankar
A college student filling petrol after reciting Thirukkural couplets at a fuel station near Aravakurichi in Karur district
In a small, but powerful attempt to wean away the young generation, particularly school and college students, from the danger of alcohol addiction, a fuel station in Karur has come out with a novel scheme of doling out two litres of petrol to those reciting all 10 couplets of Kal Unnamai (shunning liquor) Adhikaram of Thirukkural composed by Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar.
Ever since the announcement was made by K. Senguttuvan, proprietor of the fuel station named after Thiruvallur near Aravakurichi on Karur-Madurai highway on January 15, on the occasion of Thiruvalluvar birth anniversary, college students have been making a beeline to the fuel station and reciting the couplets in front of a jury.
Recite Thirukkural to get a litre of petrol free at this fuel station
The moment they explain the meaning of the couplets, the staff members of the fuel station fill two litres of petrol worth about ₹207 in their vehicles.
A total of 240 students, most of them studying in colleges, recited all 10 couplets of Kal Unnamai Adhikaram within the first three days of the announcement.
Though the scheme was originally meant for a period of three days from January 15, when sale of liquor in outlets owned by Tasmac peak, the overwhelming response has prompted Mr. Senguttuvan to extend the scheme until January 31.
"It is painful to notice the growing influence of alcohol among the students. It is an evil that has potential to ruin the future of youth. We will be immensely happy if at least one student takes a conscious vow against consuming alcohol by understanding the meaning of the couplets," says Mr. Senguttuvan, who runs an electric store, a hotel, restaurant and a few educational institutes in Karur. All of them are named after Thiruvallur.
During the life span of the Tamil poet, toddy drinking was commonplace. On seeing the pathetic life of those addicted to the habit, Thiruvalluvar dedicated an Adhikaram to Kal Unnamai. He eloquently and efficiently explained the importance of shunning liquor.
'If anyone understands the meaning of the couplets with an open mind, he will surely say goodbye to liquor," Mr. Senguttuvan feels.
Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi
Posthumous Padma Vibhushan for Mulayam Singh Yadav, ORS pioneer Dilip Mahalanabis
Jaishankar slams Pompeo for 'disrespectful' comments on Sushma Swaraj


text:
Dr Alireza Jamshidi (or Ali-Reza Jamshidi) is an official spokesman for Iran's judiciary, headed by Mahmoud Shahroudi. In that capacity he holds regular news conferences. As he has little other public presence, his name is associated mainly with stories he has promulgated:

Imprisonment of members of the Bahá'í Faith because of their religion

 Prosecution of doctors carrying out HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs, apparently because of links with the United States

Executions of juvenile offenders such as that of Mohammad Hassanzadeh for a crime committed at the age of fourteen years.

 Denial of punishments such as stoning which he claimed were falsely attributed to Iran by Western media
 Capital punishment for "insulting religious sanctities and laws, and homosexuality."

References

External links
 Iran Daily picture of Alireza Jamshidi

Iranian Islamists
Shia Islamists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


CMS flagship lockbox applications have been helping some of the largest lockbox operations service customers for more than 20 years. With over 45 installed sites, CMS software helps our customer process anywhere from 1,000 items to over four million payments a month. All because the unique scalability of our solutions.


text:
Patient Care, Press Releases
Renowned Psychologist & Anxiety Specialist Joins the Department of Psychiatry at NYU Langone Health
Thea Gallagher, PsyD
Photo: NYU Langone Staff
Nationally recognized psychologist and anxiety specialist Thea Gallagher, PsyD, has joined the Department of Psychiatry at NYU Grossman School of Medicine as clinical assistant professor and digital mental health, outcomes, and wellness coordinator.
Dr. Gallagher previously held several positions at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, including assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry, clinic director and clinical psychologist at the Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, and clinical director of COBALT, a digital wellness platform for employees at the University of Pennsylvania.
"Dr. Gallagher is a highly respected psychologist, educator, researcher, and communicator whose expertise will help advance the goals of the institution and add to the collective talents of our already distinguished faculty," says Charles R. Marmar, MD, the Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Psychiatry and chair of the Department of Psychiatry at NYU Grossman School of Medicine. "We are thrilled to welcome Dr. Gallagher to NYU Langone and eagerly look ahead to witnessing her continued success in implementing digital wellness strategies for employees on top of providing the highest-quality mental healthcare for patients."
Dr. Gallagher specializes in prolonged exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, also called PTSD; exposure and response prevention for obsessive–compulsive disorder, or OCD; cognitive behavioral treatments for other mental health conditions such as social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder; eating disorders; insomnia; and depression.
"I focus on evidence-based psychotherapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, as most of what is known about mental health indicates that there is a strong connection between our thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and environment," says Dr. Gallagher.
In addition to her clinical work, Dr. Gallagher will further enhance mental health support and resources for NYU Langone's healthcare workers through digital content. This is especially important when many healthcare workers are experiencing various levels of burnout due to the strains of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of healthcare professionals and frontline workers will be felt for many years to come. We need to provide our employees with effective tools to take care of themselves but in a way that seamlessly integrates in their daily lives," explains Dr. Gallagher. "Providing curated mental health and wellness content can help reduce the friction and stigma in accessing mental healthcare, and provide timely and targeted support and treatment."
About Dr. Gallagher
After obtaining her PsyD in clinical psychology at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dr. Gallagher completed her postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Psychiatry at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania before joining the faculty where she worked for the past seven years. During her time at the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Gallagher also taught and supervised medical residents, receiving the Martin P. Szuba Award for Excellence in Clinical Teaching and Research in 2021 for her focus on translating research concepts and findings into clinically useful teaching.
Over the course of her career, Dr. Gallagher has presented at several national and international conferences; participated in various speaking engagements on wellness, mental health, and anxiety-related disorders; and led dozens of cognitive behavioral therapy trainings. She is an active researcher and has authored and coauthored numerous journal publications, review articles, and book chapters.
Dr. Gallagher is regularly featured in national and local media outlets, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and HuffPost, as a trusted resource on mental health–related topics. She also hosts a mental health–focused podcast called Mind in View.
"I'm honored to join such an incredible and accomplished group of clinicians and researchers at NYU Langone, where we are committed to both the research and clinical care of mental health treatment and therapies to better the lives of patients and our community," says Dr. Gallagher.
Dr. Gallagher's office is at NYU Langone Psychiatry Associates, located at One Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan.
Katie Ullman
kathryn.ullman@nyulangone.org
NYU Langone Psychiatry Associates
Need help finding a doctor?
Search all doctors or call 844-698-7243.
Patient Care, In the Media
TODAY: Obstetrician Didn't Realize She Was Struggling with Postpartum Depression, Now She's Making It Her Mission to Help New Moms
Dr. Jessica Vernon and the Perinatal Mental Health Program treat perinatal mood and anxiety disorders.
The New York Times: Look Out for These Signs of 'Worry Burnout'
Clinical psychologist Dr. Thea Gallagher shares ways to break the COVID-19 news fatigue cycle.
Filter News by Category
Leaders in Medicine
Complex Cases
Translational Medicine


text:
Download outpost in malaya 1952 hd
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Claudette colbert publicity portrait for the film outpost in malaya, 1952. Most restaurants that we been to and we were early, we tend to see the waiters and staff be loud however at the malaya, the waiters were respectful. This violence led to a state of emergency being declared in malaya in 1948. Vijaya bhaskar has composed the soundtrack and the background score. During the 1950s, in britishcontrolled malaya, rubbertree planters.
Pekka ja patka sammakkomiehina 1957 stream deutsch. Malaya is a singer, songwriter, producer and multiinstrumentalist. If these actresses didnt want to go for the character roles, as bette davis did, they were for the most part out. The helicopters are from 848 squadron and are being sent to help the fight against rebels in malaya. Outpost in malaya was originally released in great britain as the planters. Released 1952, outpost in malaya stars claudette colbert, jack hawkins, anthony steel, ram gopal the movie has a runtime of about 1 hr 28 min, and received a score of out of 100 on metacritic. Under constant threats of bandit attacks and concerned with the safety of his plantation and the people on it, jim spares no time for. Courtesy of the national film development corporation malaysia finas. Cheah boon kheng, the masked comrades, singapore 1979, pp. See also tilman remme, britain and regional cooperation in southeast asia 194519, london 1995, pp.
Goods are transported by native canoe and foot across new guinea to an australian outpost. Made in the closing months of 1952, operation malaya was one such propaganda effort coming from the colonial incumbents. Media in category japanese governmentissued dollars in singapore, malaya, north borneo, sarawak and brunei the following 43 files are in this category, out of 43 total. Malaya better days are coming related music beta questiondark. Its world war ii, and uncle sam needs a man of carnahans bold talent to. British imperial policy and decolonization in malaya 19431952, journal of imperial and commonwealth history, 1, october 1984. In 1949, the mpaba was renamed the malayan races liberation army and by 1951, their force was 8000 people strong. Under constant threats of bandit attacks and concerned with the safety of his plantation and the people on it, jim spares no time for his marriage. Outpost in malaya 1952 ganzer film deutsch film online. Pranaya daham hd full hot malayalam masala movie ing shakeela,sindhu sabitha,ravani low 62 min milkyboy29 6. Operation malaya 1953 singapore film locations archive.
Malaya is a 1949 mgm war film set in colonial malaya during world war ii directed by richard thorpe and starring spencer tracy and james stewart. Its world war ii, and uncle sam needs a man of carnahans bold talent to sneak vitally needed rubber out of japaneseheld. The planters wife is a 1952 british drama film directed by ken annakin, and starring claudette colbert, jack hawkins and anthony steel. Watch outpost in malaya now on your favorite device. A shared ordeal reunites a rubber planter in malaya and his wife. The malayan emergency 194860 was one of the few successful counterinsurgency operations undertaken by the western powers during the cold war. Claudette colbert publicity portrait for the film outpost in. We were actually quite early, so early it was 20 minutes before the restaurant opened however we were shown to the waiting area. The film was produced with excellent graphic quality, best ear busting sound quality and finest starring actors. History of the us marine corps in wwii vol v victory. If these actresses didnt want to go for the character roles, as bette davis did. I watched it because i lived in malaysia for several years and this gives a good look at the way things were in malaya near the end of british colonial rule. Yet against this terrible background, malayans from all races and classes joined together to form a new nation independent malaya.
206 52 1047 1486 365 803 1310 1647 829 884 631 277 1573 864 190 1262 887 922 1405 1119 236 215 443 142 699 155 1492 172 1166 416 59 1114 1041 604 1134 236 9


text:
(function () {
  "use strict";

  angular
    .module('mnPromiseHelper', [
      'mnAlertsService',
      'mnHelper'
    ])
    .factory('mnPromiseHelper', mnPromiseHelperFactory);

  function mnPromiseHelperFactory(mnAlertsService, mnHelper, $timeout, $rootScope) {

    return mnPromiseHelper;

    function mnPromiseHelper(scope, promise, modalInstance) {
      var spinnerNameOrFunction = 'viewLoading';
      var errorsNameOrCallback = 'errors';
      var pendingGlobalSpinnerQueries = {};
      var spinnerTimeout;
      var promiseHelper = {
        applyToScope: applyToScope,
        getPromise: getPromise,
        onSuccess: onSuccess,
        reloadState: reloadState,
        closeFinally: closeFinally,
        closeOnSuccess: closeOnSuccess,
        showErrorsSensitiveSpinner: showErrorsSensitiveSpinner,
        catchErrorsFromSuccess: catchErrorsFromSuccess,
        showSpinner: showSpinner,
        showGlobalSpinner: showGlobalSpinner,
        catchErrors: catchErrors,
        catchGlobalErrors: catchGlobalErrors,
        showGlobalSuccess: showGlobalSuccess,
        broadcast: broadcast
      }

      return promiseHelper;

      function getPromise() {
        return promise;
      }
      function onSuccess(cb) {
        promise.then(cb);
        return this;
      }
      function reloadState(state) {
        promise.then(function () {
          spinnerCtrl(true);
          mnHelper.reloadState(state);
        });
        return this;
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      function closeFinally() {
        promise['finally'](closeModal);
        return this;
      }
      function closeOnSuccess() {
        promise.then(closeModal);
        return this;
      }
      function showErrorsSensitiveSpinner(name, timer, scope) {
        name && setSpinnerName(name);
        maybeHandleSpinnerWithTimer(timer, scope);
        promise.then(clearSpinnerTimeout, hideSpinner);
        return this;
      }
      function catchErrorsFromSuccess(nameOrCallback) {
        nameOrCallback && setErrorsNameOrCallback(nameOrCallback);
        promise.then(function (resp) {
          errorsCtrl(extractErrors(resp));
        });
        return this;
      }
      function showSpinner(name, timer, scope) {
        name && setSpinnerName(name);
        maybeHandleSpinnerWithTimer(timer, scope);
        promise.then(hideSpinner, hideSpinner);
        return this;
      }

      function showGlobalSpinner(timer) {
        var id = doShowGlobalSpinner();
        promise.then(hideGlobalSpinner(id), hideGlobalSpinner(id));
        return this;
      }
      function catchErrors(nameOrCallback) {
        nameOrCallback && setErrorsNameOrCallback(nameOrCallback);
        promise.then(removeErrors, function (resp) {
          if (resp.status !== -1) {
            errorsCtrl(extractErrors(resp));
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        return this;
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      function catchGlobalErrors(errorMessage, timeout) {
        promise.then(null, function (resp) {
          if (resp.status !== -1) {
            mnAlertsService.formatAndSetAlerts(errorMessage || extractErrors(resp.data), 'error', timeout);
          }
        });
        return this;
      }
      function showGlobalSuccess(successMessage, timeout) {
        if (timeout === undefined) {
          timeout = 2500;
        }
        promise.then(function (resp) {
          mnAlertsService.formatAndSetAlerts(successMessage || resp.data, 'success', timeout);
        });
        return this;
      }
      function applyToScope(keyOrFunction) {
        promise.then(angular.isFunction(keyOrFunction) ? keyOrFunction : function (value) {
          scope[keyOrFunction] = value;
        }, function () {
          if (angular.isFunction(keyOrFunction)) {
            keyOrFunction(null);
          } else {
            delete scope[keyOrFunction];
          }
        });
        return this;
      }
      function broadcast(event, data) {
        promise.then(function () {
          $rootScope.$broadcast(event, data);
        });
        return this;
      }
      function spinnerCtrl(isLoaded) {
        if (angular.isFunction(spinnerNameOrFunction)) {
          spinnerNameOrFunction(isLoaded);
        } else {
          scope[spinnerNameOrFunction] = isLoaded;
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      }
      function errorsCtrl(errors) {
        if (angular.isFunction(errorsNameOrCallback)) {
          errorsNameOrCallback(errors);
        } else {
          scope[errorsNameOrCallback] = errors;
        }
      }
      function doShowGlobalSpinner() {
        var timer = $timeout(function () {
          $rootScope.mnGlobalSpinnerFlag = true;
        }, 100);
        var id = "id" + Math.random().toString(36).substr(2, 9);
        pendingGlobalSpinnerQueries[id] = timer;
        return id;
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          $timeout.cancel(pendingGlobalSpinnerQueries[id]);
          delete pendingGlobalSpinnerQueries[id];
          if (_.isEmpty(pendingGlobalSpinnerQueries)) {
            $rootScope.mnGlobalSpinnerFlag = false;
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        modalInstance.close(scope);
      }
      function extractErrors(resp) {
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          return false;
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        var errors = resp.data && resp.data.errors !== undefined && _.keys(resp.data).length === 1 ? resp.data.errors : resp.data || resp ;
        return _.isEmpty(errors) ? false : errors;
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      function clearSpinnerTimeout() {
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          $timeout.cancel(spinnerTimeout);
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      function enableSpinnerTimeout(timer) {
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          spinnerCtrl(true);
        }, timer);
      }
      function maybeHandleSpinnerWithTimer(timer, scope) {
        if (timer) {
          enableSpinnerTimeout(timer);
          scope.$on("$destroy", clearSpinnerTimeout);
        } else {
          spinnerCtrl(true);
        }
      }
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})();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Thank you for being involved and helping us to make this decision!
Before you vote or make any comments below, please ensure you have read the blog post fully. It won't help the discussion if you haven't!
Today, we're coming to our community again to ask for your help with a tricky decision.
Once you've read it, we'd love to hear your thoughts — both as votes and as comments below.
Don't forget, the poll is designed to be indicative — if there is a clear winner, we'll choose that option, but if the results are all relatively close together, we may make a decision taking into account all of the discussion and feedback, as well as our long term vision for Monzo. We'll aim to close voting in a week from today.
Will Monzo Continue To Offer Free ATM Withdrawals Outside the UK?
Will the current account debit account have the same benefits when abroad as the prepaid?
The Next Step: Current Accounts!
Help please! I need my Monzo card ASAP!
A big thank you from Monzo on our 3rd birthday!
How about merging options 1 & 3. Free up to £200, then 2% in Europe and 4% in the rest of the world?
This might prove unpopular, but I'd prefer to pay a small monthly fee to offset the loss to Monzo, to ensure it becomes a sustainable business and offers more features in the future.
I'd go with a reasonable yearly allowance and there after a reasonable percentage.
Personally, £200 / month wouldn't be of much help. I don't travel monthly but when I travel I'll definitely need more than £200.
I think something like first £1500 withdrawn outside the UK free and then a percentage would be awesome.
How about applying a restriction to those who are milking the system? I.e. Taking the top 20% of of overusers and warning them of there abuse of the system. If they continue to abuse it enforce a restriction on them.
I agree with this. I like the idea of a free allowance. But since I'm guessing most people only go abroad on holiday once/twice a year, doing a monthly allowance doesn't quite make sense. Especially since the target audience for the allowance are people who don't go abroad often and abuse the ATM system.
I agree with tudor - a yearly fee-free allowance would make much more sense than a monthly one. After the yearly allowance is exceeded, a lower percentage could be charged for European withdrawals and a higher percentage for non-European withdrawals as in Option 1.
If you're going well above £200/month, then you're already definitely in the 13% of customers statistic!
Sadly £1500 of international ATM withdrawals costs £30. We're trying to figure out the fairest & most transparent way of meeting this cost.
I travel a fair amount, going to Europe and outside Europe. I don't think I've ever withdrew more than $200 in a month so it makes sense that Option 3 works best for myself. But both the USA and Europe support card payments almost ubiquitously so this could be unfair on people who travel to countries that don't readily accept card payments everywhere.
Props to Monzo for leaving this decision to the users if it isn't a close race. That said, preferential voting would've been my preferred voting mechanism! I'd prefer Option 3 then 2 then 1.
I think that a fee free first £200 with anything over is the best option as it rewards the casual user and places the onus to pay on the worst offenders.
I would be interested however to know how you plan to calculate months? i.e. a rolling month or a calendar month?
I'm happy for Option 3 or as an alternative, charge an optional monthly fee for those of us who do Travel a lot.
I use my Monzo card abroad a lot, but I'm pretty much cashless so I tend not to withdraw cash, but I'd still happily stump up a monthly fee to avoid charges and help fund Monzo.
One of the things that I liked the most about your card was no fees for taking out cash. I am not sure if I will continue to use it if you will start charging for this.
In my opinion there should be option 4 with much higher monthly allowance like 400 or yearly allowance like 2400.
Fair enough but wouldn't 200/month be exactly the same in terms of costs for Monzo over the course of a year?
If I had a £200 / month allowance I think I'd use that and then withdraw using another card provider that offers free withdrawals. Or just use a travel card all together.
If you go abroad often, or even live in a european country, you rarely actually have to get cash out, to be honest – a surprising amount can be done card-only in most of europe. Even in the most remote areas in western europe, you wont need that much in cash.
I think this is a good idea, but perhaps the Monzo data guys would be able to figure out what threshold that yearly allowance would need to be at to break even.
If most people only travel abroad 1 or 2 times a year, then this would benefit them. Anyone who travels on a far more regular basis would then need to start paying for these transactions.
I think this logic works if Monzo continues to be a bank and not an international travel card, as it has set out to do.
Option 4: Only allow active UK users free withdrawals outside the UK. charge inactive UK users 2% for overseas withdrawals.


Full green notes. Light floral notes of exceptional seasonal Kenyans. Pungent and spicey with a warmth ending.
50g each Ingredients: Green Tea, Black Tea, Beal Nut, Ginger Pieces, Tumeric, Red and Blue Cornflower Petals, Natural Flavours.


text:
package message_handlers

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	. "github.com/eywa/connections"
	"github.com/eywa/models"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

var SupportedMessageHandlers = map[string]*Middleware{"indexer": Indexer, "logger": Logger}

var DefaultMessageHandlers = []string{"indexer", "logger"}

var channelNotFound = errors.New("channel not found when indexing data")

func findCachedChannel(idStr string) (*models.Channel, bool) {
	id := models.DecodeHashId(idStr)
	ch, found := models.FetchCachedChannelById(id)
	return ch, found
}

func format(tag string, content []byte) string {
	buf := []byte{}
	buf = append(buf, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%-12s", strings.ToUpper(tag)))...)
	formatTime(time.Now().UTC(), &buf)
	buf = append(buf, []byte("  ")...)
	buf = append(buf, content...)
	buf = append(buf, '\n')
	return string(buf)
}

//copied from waterwheel and stdlib
func itoa(buf *[]byte, i int, wid int) {
	// Assemble decimal in reverse order.
	var b [20]byte
	bp := len(b) - 1
	for i >= 10 || wid > 1 {
		wid--
		q := i / 10
		b[bp] = byte('0' + i - q*10)
		bp--
		i = q
	}
	// i < 10
	b[bp] = byte('0' + i)
	*buf = append(*buf, b[bp:]...)
}

//copied from waterwheel and stdlib
func formatTime(t time.Time, buf *[]byte) {
	year, month, day := t.Date()
	itoa(buf, year, 4)
	*buf = append(*buf, '-')
	itoa(buf, int(month), 2)
	*buf = append(*buf, '-')
	itoa(buf, day, 2)
	*buf = append(*buf, 'T')
	hour, min, sec := t.Clock()
	itoa(buf, hour, 2)
	*buf = append(*buf, ':')
	itoa(buf, min, 2)
	*buf = append(*buf, ':')
	itoa(buf, sec, 2)
	*buf = append(*buf, '.')
	itoa(buf, t.Nanosecond()/1e3, 6)
	*buf = append(*buf, ' ')
}


My name is Martin Wolske and I live at 1806 Clover Lane in Champaign, IL. Last week my wife and I sent a note about our 23-year-old son's motorcycle accident this past week and the value of Obamacare that assures he is covered until 26. The response I received from your office begins the second paragraph by stating "I agree with you that we must repeal and defund Obamacare." I am calling first to indicate that I strongly disagree that the Affordable Care Act should be repealed or defunded. As indicated in my first letter, I believe that it is an important first step towards affordable health care for everyone and must be supported. Second, I am calling to express my great frustration with that faction of the Republican party who have worked aggressively at the national, state, and political action committee level to sabotage this act. At the national level I find the votes to repeal the act nothing less than an attempt to cast doubt on the appropriateness of the act. Further, there has been a refusal to work across the isle to make modest changes to the act that would address minor problems that are creating problems, for instance on the part of churches, to provide appropriate care for their employees. At the state level, executive and legislative branches in several Republican-controlled states have found ways to disrupt or stop the work of navigators to help people understand the new act and make appropriate choices to take advantage to receive the care they are now eligible for. At the PAC level, 10's of millions of dollars have been spent to fund campaigns to cast doubt on this important act. So when Representative Davis in his letter suggests this a failed act, I see instead a major effort of sabotage.
There was a time when I voted equally for Republicans and Democrats. However, today I see a major effort by a growing faction of the Republican party that is declaring war on the poor, as suggested by Jim Wallis and his colleagues at Sojourners. As a follower of Christ, I find this completely unacceptable. I ask that Representative Davis instead work to bring the best of Republican ideas to the table to inform better policy instead of joining with those forces that are destroying and sabotaging important programs that build a strong safety net for citizens of our country.
May I just say that I agree with you 100% and find it incredibly frustrating that the one thing he seemed to have taken away from your excellent letter is that you 'want' to "repeal and defund Obamacare".
I would just like to say that my heart goes out to your beautiful son and your whole family.
As a young woman, and mother to a beautiful son of my own, I am so happy to see that the financial aspect of this life-changing event will not be distracting your son from finding the beautiful potential of his new path.


OOH media's market share of total ad spending has increased from 3 percent to 5.2 percent over the past decade. This is due in no small part to the fact that it works brilliantly as a stand alone format; OOH has the ability to capture an audience when they are on the go and can reinforce key messages at times when other formats cannot. However, like many great forces, it only gets better when paired with other key players. When OOH is combined with other advertising in an integrated media plan, it is proven to extend reach, amplify a campaign, and drive consumers to engage with brands online and in-store. Read on to learn more about the opportunity for integrating OOH with other media formats.
So How Does Out of Home Fit Into the Equation?
Broadcast Television: OOH is key to reaching light TV viewers who are younger and constantly on the move versus the older, heavy TV viewing demographic. This medium is able to minimize the instances of wasted coverage (TV is expensive!) and support advertisers' campaigns by giving them precision targeting capabilities to disseminate ads in geographically relevant areas.
Newspaper: It's no secret traditional print publications face the issue of distribution shortcomings; OOH can help by offering selective targeting in areas too large for advertisers to reach with a newspaper audience alone. The shelf life of a newspaper is extended by presenting ad messages in the marketplace 24/7. The very nature of OOH media is means it is harder to avoid and engages otherwise lost consumers.
Mobile: Using location-based technology, advertisers can create virtual perimeters around areas outside of the home to target users on mobile devices. This helps to reinforce messaging with on-the-go consumers both online and off.
Radio: Radio listeners are prone to channel surfing and tuning in and out depending on their current activity. It comes with the territory, since radio is a medium for consumers on the move. OOH can maintain the market presence of a brand featured on radio after listeners have switched stations and this combination of sight and sound delivers a brand's message more robustly.


The official currency of Moldova is the Moldovan leu.
Banknotes of the Moldovan leu.
Moldova is a lower to middle income country which has the smallest economy in Europe. However, in the past two decades, the country has made efforts in curbing poverty and developing its economy. The annual growth of the economy is about 5% which is driven by local consumption and remittance from overseas. According to the World Bank, remittance account for 25% of the GDP. Moldova is benefiting from trade ties with several countries among them a free trade agreement with the EU that was signed in 2014. The political system of the country is considered vulnerable, its society is polarized, and is affected by climatic related shocks such as famine, drought, and floods. Unaccountability and rampant corruption are among the economic problems thriving in the country. A massive public debt and unconducive business environment led to a fallout with the IMF; the relationship was restored in late 2016 after both parties reached an agreement and Moldova was eligible for external funding for its budget. The official currency used is the Moldovan leu.
The Republic of Moldova recognizes the Moldovan Leu (MDL) as its official currency. The National Bank of Moldova is responsible for managing the production, circulation, and stability of the currency, and is answerable only to the parliament of Moldova.
Between 1918 and 1944, Moldova was part of the Romanian territory and recognized the Romanian Leu as its currency. Moldova sought independence from Romania on November 29, 1993, after the Soviet Union collapsed in December of 1991. It successfully replaced the Romanian Leu with the cupon at par between 1992 and 1993 before replacing the cupon with the Moldovan Leu at a rate of 1 Leu = 1,000 Cupon. Transnistria, an autonomous region seeking independence from Moldova, does not use the Leu as its currency but instead uses the Transnistrian Ruble. The state is not recognized by the international community including the world bank, the IMF, the UN, and Moldova.
One Moldovan leu consists of 100 bani (cents). In November 1993, the first coins made of aluminum were minted and circulated in the denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 cents. Nickel-Plated-Steel coins in denominations of 1 and 5 leu coins were also circulated. The 50-cent aluminum coins and the 1 and 5 leu coins were later removed from circulation, and in 1998 a new brass-clad steel 50-cent coin was introduced. The 1- and 5 leu coins were never introduced back into circulation, but they remain legal tender and hard to come by. Since 1996, several commemorative coins have been issued by the National Bank of Moldova for collection purposes only.
There have been two series of the Moldovan leu Banknotes. The first series was in denominations of 1, 5, and 10 lei, and was short lived. The second series of the notes are used today and are in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 lei. The observe side of the note portrays a portrait of Ștefan cel Mare who was the prince of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504.


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Cowboys-Bucs wild-card game sets ESPN record with 31.2 million viewers
Monday's game was the most watched non-Super Bowl playoff game Disney has ever had.
The Dallas Cowboys' 31-14 win over Tom Brady and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Monday set a new ESPN viewership record.
The wild-card game in Tampa drew 31.2 million viewers, which marks the largest NFL audience on ESPN and ABC since it had Super Bowl XL in 2006. It was the second-most watched non-Super Bowl game in Disney's history and the most watched non-Super Bowl playoff game ever seen on the network.
The numbers are up about 35% from ESPN's wild-card game last year, too.
The game peaked at nearly 36.5 million viewers late in the first half.
"This exceptional number proves once again that live sports are unequaled in amassing large audiences," ESPN chairman Jimy Pitaro said in a statement. "The success is also a clear reflection of how ESPN, working alongside the NFL and our colleagues at Disney, can help attract fans, build anticipation and expand our reach. Even without a dramatic ending, it was an extraordinarily memorable evening."
Troy Aikman, Joe Buck close out first year at ESPN
While the record audience is impressive, it shouldn't be that big of a surprise, considering who was playing in the game.
Pitting "America's Team" against Brady, who might have played his final NFL game, is sure to draw massive numbers — especially when it's the only game of the day.
It did, however, mark a fitting end to Troy Aikman's and Joe Buck's first season in the booth for ESPN.
The longtime broadcasting duo joined ESPN to start the season after a long run at Fox, which gave the network a proven broadcasting crew after years of struggling to get "Monday Night Football" working. The two were on their first playoff game for Disney while working with longtime sideline reporter Lisa Salters, who was calling her ninth postseason game for the company.
In total, ESPN averaged 14.8 million viewers per game this season, the most it has had since it started broadcasting a wild-card game during the 2014-15 season.
Clearly, the decision paid off. While ESPN won't have an NFL game again until next fall, Aikman and Buck certainly ended their first season there on a high note.
Monday's game between the Cowboys and the Buccaneers was the most watched non-Super Bowl playoff game Disney has ever had. (Kevin Sabitus/Getty Images)
OPINION - The Standard View: Lower salaries represent a false economy if we cannot recruit and retain enough teachers
Everton miss out on world-class centre forward as Dyche gets hit by late transfer sucker-punch
How Nick 'Snap' Evans will help England's attack crackle and pop in the Six Nations
Tom Curran taking a break from red-ball cricket 'for my body and for my mental health'
Aryna Sabalenka: Australian Open victory much sweeter after previous struggles
In a battle of two of the biggest hitters in the women's game, Sabalenka seized the initiative after dropping the opening set to win 4-6 6-3 6-4 on Rod Laver Arena. A year ago, Sabalenka exited the tournament in the fourth round having served 56 double faults, and the 24-year-old's success comes after she remodelled her service action and learned to embrace a calmer mindset. "I think it's even more enjoyable, I would say, after all those tough matches," said Sabalenka, who had lost three times in slam semi-finals before making the breakthrough here.
Kelechi Iheanacho on target again as Leicester advance to FA Cup fifth round
The substitute's deflected strike clinched a 1-0 win to send the visitors into the fifth round and spare Youri Tielemans' blushes. The skipper missed a second-half penalty before Iheanacho ended the Saddlers' stubborn resistance. Iheanacho, who also scored the winner in the 1-0 third-round victory at Gillingham, now has 17 goals in 23 FA Cup appearances.
Tennis stars of tomorrow: Featuring Carlos Alcaraz, Holger Rune, Coco Gauff, Emma Raducanu
Annabelle Spiers looks at the new cast of tennis characters for fans to get behind.
Gordon turns off comments on parting message to Everton, who 'got a lot of money for me'
Anthony Gordon has explained his side of the story after sealing a £40m move to Newcastle from Everton, who he wishes well in their relegation battle.
Manchester United vs Reading: FA Cup prediction, kick-off time, TV, live stream, team news, h2h results, odds
United put one foot in the Carabao Cup final with a 3-0 win at Nottingham Forest on Wednesday and this competition represents another realistic target for silverware. Reading, managed by ex-United midfielder Paul Ince, are just five points outside the play-off places in the Championship but come into this match off the back of a heavy 4-0 defeat against Stoke last time out. Manchester United vs Reading is scheduled for an 8pm GMT kick-off tonight on Saturday January 28, 2023.
Pogba set for long-awaited second Juventus debut as Vlahovic also returns
Paul Pogba has not played for Juventus since rejoining the club but will be fit to feature against Monza on Sunday.
Giannis 41-point double-double leads Bucks to victory over Pacers
Giannis Antetokounmpo went all out in Indianapolis, scoring a 41-point double-double against the Pacers.
Teegate boils over! Rebel golfer Patrick Reed labels Rory McIlroy 'an immature little child'
The American LIV Golf rebel labelled McIlroy 'an immature little child' and jokingly flicked a tee at reporters as he spoke out at the Dubai Desert Classic
Nottingham Forest help Felipe fulfil dreams, as fourth January signing puts pen to paper
Felipe has achieved some great feats during his career, including winning La Liga, but the move to Forest has fulfilled a dream for him
Galtier 'disappointed' by PSG's recent performances
The league leaders were held to a 1-1 draw by Reims after a 96th minute equaliser
Bundesliga midfielder 'wants to leave' for Man Utd as Red Devils 'push for late transfer'
Man Utd and Chelsea have both made enquiries on deadline day for the signing of Bayern Munich midfielder Marcel Sabitzer, according to reports.


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Liam Hemsworth Declares Himself "Husband Goals" in Sweet Instagram Post
Liam Hemsworth knows his worth. The actor recently shared several stunning black-and-white photographs of his wife, Miley Cyrus, to Instagram, and boasted about his talents as a photographer and a husband. "Girls got talent. She…
Celebrity, Movies, Style 02/25/2019 at 9:35 AM
Most of Your Favorite Celebrity Couples Attended the 2019 Oscars After-Parties: See the Photos
The best night of the year for celeb-spotting—especially couple sightings—was Sunday, February 24, starting from the Oscars red carpet all the way to the after-parties tied to the 91st Academy Awards. Numerous couples, along with…
Celebrity 02/22/2019 at 12:56 PM
Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth Celebrate 10-Year Anniversary: Look Back At Their Relationship
Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth first met over a decade ago on the set of The Last Song, the film adaptation of Nicholas Sparks's bestselling novel. On the road to personal discovery, however, the now-married…
Miley Cyrus Reveals Why She and Liam Hemsworth Finally Decided to Get Married
It took a fire for Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth to redefine their previously steady relationship. The couple, whose Malibu home burned down last fall, unexpectedly married in an impromptu, holiday wedding on December 23….
Miley Cyrus Shares Her Wedding Album on Valentine's Day: See All the Never-Before-Seen Photos
Somebody must have received her wedding photos! Singer-songwriter Miley Cyrus took to Instagram on Valentine's Day to unveil never-before-seen images from her impromptu, at-home holiday wedding to Liam Hemsworth. Cyrus (who now legally goes by Mrs….
Miley Cyrus Walks Red Carpet on Behalf of Her Sick Husband Liam Hemsworth
No, she can't stop. Miley Cyrus attended the red carpet premiere of Isn't It Romantic on behalf of her husband, Liam Hemsworth, on Monday, February 11. The multi-hyphenate's latest gesture was due to Hemsworth, the…
Miley Cyrus Had Only One Request for Her Low-Key Wedding to Liam Hemsworth
Leave it to Miley Cyrus to not come in like a Wrecking Ball for her own wedding. The pop singer revealed at the MusiCares Person of the Year gala honoring her idol, Dolly Parton, that…
Miley Cyrus Is Taking Liam Hemsworth's Last Name: Here's the Sweet Story
Miley Cyrus has a new name. The multi-hyphenate, who married Liam Hemsworth over the holidays, is taking the actor's last name, he revealed in a new interview with Kelly Ripa and Ryan Seacrest on Friday,…
Liam Hemsworth Jokes He Thought Miley Cyrus's Engagement Ring Was "CGI"
Nothing quite like a chance to brag about doing good by your woman. On Wednesday, Liam Hemsworth sat down with Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show and proceeded to glow with pride when the late…
Miley Cyrus's Birthday Note for Husband Liam Hemsworth Will Make Your Heart Sing
Their marriage was 10 years in the making, but that doesn't mean that Miley Cyrus has lost track of all the little things that make her love her husband Liam Hemsworth every single day. The…
Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth Requested Guests "Please Don't Take Photos" at Their Wedding
So that's what happened. Over the holidays, a close friend of Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth posted a few photos on his Instagram Stories of the couple enjoying what looked suspiciously like a wedding (the…
Everyone Who Got Married and Engaged Over the Holidays: Miley and Liam, Heidi Klum and More
For many celebs, the holidays will be marked by some of the greatest memories of all. The final few weeks of 2018 included numerous surprise weddings and engagements—some at-home and others in dreamy destinations. From…
Celebrity, Movies 01/02/2019 at 10:45 AM
Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth's Movie 'The Last Song' Surged in Views After Their Wedding
Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth's surprise holiday wedding caused views for their film, The Last Song, to spike across streaming and downloaded views. After the songstress confirmed she and Hemsworth had wed in an intimate,…
Celebrity, Style 12/27/2018 at 1:00 PM
Miley Cyrus's Vivienne Westwood Wedding Dress: All the Details
Miley Cyrus and Vivienne Westwood forever. For her wedding to Liam Hemsworth on December 23, Cyrus chose a silk gown by British designer Westwood—a name whose biggest pop culture moment to-date was her contribution as Carrie…
Miley Cyrus Confirms Her Marriage to Liam Hemsworth: See the First Wedding Photos
It was a wedding in the USA! Miley Cyrus confirmed her newlywed status to Liam Hemsworth on December 26, a few days after the couple exchanged vows just in timefor the holidays. The singer shared…
Are Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth Married? It Looks Like They Had an Intimate Wedding
Could it be a Christmas miracle? Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth may have gotten married in a super intimate wedding. The couple appeared to be celebrating and toasting to their newlywed status Sunday, December 23,…
Miley Cyrus No Longer Refers to Liam Hemsworth as Her "Fiancé" for This Reason
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Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth Are In No Rush to Marry, But They're Very Much Engaged
Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth have been the subject of rather pesky split rumors in the last month, so the couple has opted for a low-key strategy to refute separation speculation and to update fans…
Liam Hemsworth and Miley Cyrus Are "Very Much Still Together"
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Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth Topped the Cutest Celebrity Couples at the 2018 Oscars: See Her Ring
On Oscars night, party hopping comes in pairs. On-again couple Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth made several rare red carpet appearances on Sunday, March 4, while jumping from one Oscars 2018 bash to the next….


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Brazil's police take Bible classes to reduce stress
RIO DE JANEIRO (RNS) — Amid concerns about police brutality, Brazilian military police officers are taking Bible-study classes during their working hours to help them deal with stress and improve their personal and family lives.
The initiative teaches officers how to apply biblical concepts to everyday family matters and encourages them to search for biblical examples that give advice, guidance and solutions about family issues, including how to rear children, handle finances and build personal relationships.
The Moral Education Program was launched as a three-month pilot project in the capital of Brasilia by the Federal District Military Police in partnership with the Sao Paulo-based University of the Family. More than 150 officers applied to join the project but only 70 have been selected to attend the two-hour weekly sessions because of limited space.
The Christianity-based course has hit controversy with critics arguing it is inappropriate for Brazil as a secular state — with a stated policy of neutrality on religion — to promote Christian teachings in a public institution. The military police is the civilian wing of the security forces and responsible for law and order on the streets, attending crime scenes and arresting suspects.
"The constitution clearly prohibits the dissemination of religious doctrine," said Paulo Blair, a lecturer in constitutional law at the University of Brasilia.
But a representative from the military police said while the secular state makes it clear that it will not favor one religion over another, it also means the state will not interfere with the operation of any religion.
"We see this course as a tool that can help our officers," said military police Chaplain Gisleno Farias, coordinator of the program.
The program comes at a time when Brazil's police are under increased pressure to restrain their heavy-handed tactics against anti-government protesters who took to the streets in the thousands this year to demonstrate against government spending policies, political corruption and the excessive amount of public funds invested in the construction of the 2014 FIFA World Cup stadiums and Olympic venues.
Lucia Nader, executive director of Conectas, a Brazilian human-rights organization based in Sao Paulo, said the level of violence displayed by the military police when handling crowd control calls for urgent reforms.
"Military police have not followed the democratization process in the country," Nader said. "They must be able to protect citizens, not treat them as enemies, fulfill their roles efficiently, but also respect human rights."
But as violent bouts of social unrest, such as last week's clashes between protesters and security police in Rio de Janeiro, continue to disrupt major Brazilian cities, authorities say they are trying to find ways to alleviate their officers' stress.
"The police need to be prepared for the worst, because they never know what kind of situation they are likely to face on a daily basis," said Farias.
The chaplain said 90 percent of the officers in Brasilia define themselves as Christian, so the material was designed to reflect that faith.
"In December of this year, when the course finishes, we will do a review and decide after that whether the scheme should be taken nationwide," Farias said. "If this happens, we will also make sure that similar initiatives are adopted based on material from other faiths. But this will depend on the level of the demand."
Police officer Paulo Henrique Silva de Pinho has been with the Federal District Military Police in Brasilia for more than 10 years. He admitted he wasn't religious, but when he heard about the course he decided to sign up because he was having marital problems.
"My wife and I were arguing a lot," he said. "Things were very unhappy. It was affecting our son and having a negative effect on my performance at work. I couldn't concentrate and felt irritable and pressured."
After attending four sessions, the 34-year-old officer says he has already noticed the difference in how he approaches the difficulties at home.
"It has been an excellent opportunity for me to examine who I am and to grow as a man, father, husband and professional," de Pinho said. "I have learned how to show patience and tolerance and I feel the sessions are giving me the qualities to help me grow as a person and to help me play my role fully in my family."
His wife, Ruth, agreed.
"This Bible course couldn't have come at a better time, because I have got my husband back," she said. "He is motivated, loving and the changes in him have helped me to become more understanding. I am excited about our future together now as a family."
— Janet Tappin Coelho
© 2013 Religion News Service. Used with permission.
Tags Brazil
Resources available for 2014 'Life Sunday'
Air Force Academy drops 'So help me God' from oath


On Thursday 15. November 2018 Aalborg CSP had the honor of welcoming her Excellency, the Ambassador of Australia to Denmark, Iceland and Norway, Ms. Mary Ellen Miller to our headquarters in Aalborg.
The Ambassador had expressed interest in meeting Aalborg CSP to discuss to which extend Aalborg CSP A/S could take part in the transition of changing energy; a transition which the world is currently facing.
During the meeting all parties agreed that the solar energy potential in Australia is significant, and that it is a pity not to harvest all the energy, nature is releasing. Aalborg CSP emphasized their strong belief in a step-wise change of energy. A step-wise change of energy can be realized by creating hybrid energy power plants by refurbishing the existing coal and gas fired power plants. This can be done either by adding a CSP plant which provides steam into the existing systems, and/or by installation of large high temperature thermal energy storages. The thermal energy storages are capable of absorbing excess electricity peaks - typically from wind and solar PV farms - and store them as thermal energy. When a demand for electricity occurs, the stored thermal energy can be converted into electricity with the same efficiency as from fossil fuel and supplied to the same grid. In such cases it is important to keep in mind that the existing infrastructure and assets such as grid connections and steam turbines can be reused and as such, reduce the investment considerably. Over time, the plants can furthermore undergo a gradual transition towards using a larger share of renewable energy.
The general fear is that the phasing out coal plants will result in unemployment for many of those working within the coal, mining and handling industry. However, examples from the Danish wind industry as well as the Spanish solar-industry show that a transition towards renewable energy generates a lot more and much cleaner jobs. New businesses are emerging from local production of materials for the renewable energy systems. Moreover, as an extra benefit the renewable systems become a product which holds great potential for export, thereby increasing the chance of potential inflow of foreign currency.
Likewise, solutions can be made for existing industrial applications, which are currently operating on fossil fuel. By adding CSP solar plants to existing energy supply systems, both systems will operate simultaneously, however benefitting from harvesting the free fuel and still having the security of energy supply from the fossil fired asset or from the grid.
Off grid or fringe of a grid locations often face both high energy prices and an unstable energy supply. By adding a solar thermal plant with high temperature storage, the local society can obtain a stable energy delivery as well as a fixed price level. The solar installation will assist in stabilizing the grid and at the same time save infrastructure investments in bringing the energy to the society.
It was discussed why this change of energy is only seen sporadically. Aalborg CSP argued that seen from their point of view, the fact that a change from fossil fuel to green energy does not have a direct (financial) value for the society, is considered the main obstacle. If there is no financial benefit for people/private enterprises making the investments and taking the risk of renewable energy equipment, the change of energy is not likely to happen.


FAQ - Misty Saves the Day!
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I can do a few things: I can take the content that you already have and make it work for you, or I can come in and take content photos for you once or regularly, depending on what the needs are for your business. You can see more of my content photography on the portfolio page.
Having a blog tied into your website is important for a plethora of reasons: not only does it boost your search engine optimization, but it also allows for clients to see that you are invested in your business, your events, and your future clients, while getting to know you at the same time.
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I've built a standard questionnaire that will cover the ins-and-outs of your company, but also the ins-and-outs of your mannerisms and how you speak. Almost acting like a ghost writer, it's important for clients to see a unified front across all social media platforms in order to make sure that your brand is consistent.
We offer packages starting at $350/month. We're excited to meet with you to see how Misty Saves the Day can best benefit your company. We assure you the cost will be a fraction of what you'll make when your business starts to grow by leaps and bounds!


TT Scale, whose name stands for table top, is 1:120 scale. Its original purpose, like the name suggests, was to make a train small enough to be able to assemble and operate it on a tabletop. The gauge of the track, distance between the rails, is 0.472 inches. We have categorized items to make browsing for specific products easier for customers. Should you find something is not in the correct category or encounter an error with the website, please send us a message on the "Contact Us" link so that we may correct the item or problem.


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