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text:
The NBA Is the Opposition Party
A wildcat playoff strike demonstrates there's more to politics than voting.
By Tom Scocca
Aug 27, 20202:13 AM
The Milwaukee Bucks' empty bench is seen on Wednesday. Pool/Getty Images
California and the West are on fire, and have been on fire for a while now. It was possible (if you weren't personally smelling the smoke) to lose sight of that fact Wednesday afternoon, with the news that the person accused of killing two protesters in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on Tuesday night was a teenage loyalist of the president; and with the reports that, with 178,000 Americans dead of the coronavirus, the CDC had evidently pushed out new guidance discouraging people from getting tested in harmony with the president's belief that less testing means less bad news; and with the forecasts predicting that a strengthening hurricane with an "unsurvivable" storm surge was going to slam into the Gulf Coast, under the watch of the president who has no interest in responding to disasters and no ability to do it.
And then the NBA, led by the Milwaukee Bucks and with LeBron James quickly joining in, went on strike. The players were walking out of their carefully rescheduled pandemic bubble playoff games to protest Kenosha, and to protest the months and years of police brutality and impunity that had led up to Kenosha, but their message was something even larger: This can't go on. This won't go on. We won't go on with it.
"FUCK THIS MAN!!!!" James tweeted. "WE DEMAND CHANGE. SICK OF IT."
This is simple, compelling logic: Unprecedented times demand unprecedented actions. Outside the NBA bubble, the logic is just as simple, and a lot more simple-minded. The political world and the media that cover politics are driven by habit and lack of imagination to act as if the processes and outcomes of the American system basically make sense. You could wake up Wednesday morning to this tweet from Politico assessing the Republican National Convention:
Analysis: First lady Melania Trump restored a sense of normalcy Tuesday night, closing #RNC2020 Night 2 with a speech that was remarkable for its restraint and deliberate adherence to etiquette.
More takeaways from @TimAlberta 👇 https://t.co/VIY747dgB2
— POLITICO (@politico) August 26, 2020
And you could find that tweet alongside a flood of videos of a white teenager killing people in the street in Kenosha with an assault rifle, asynchronously interlaced with video of that teen or his fellow Facebook paramilitaries bantering with the Kenosha cops, accepting bottled water tossed out of a hulking police war truck as the Kenosha cops ordered Black Lives Matter protesters out of the street. Or video from after the killings of the shooter walking unrestrained through police lines and off into the night.
Or you could look at an Axios post assuring readers that "Trump could pull off another upset" and that "people in Trump's orbit … feel the operation is becoming more disciplined, and is more centered around a message—that Biden and Sen. Kamala Harris embrace leftist policies, and won't stand up to the violent excesses of the far left."
By the time the convention's third evening of programming got underway, it was no longer the main political event in the country. The Milwaukee Brewers and Cincinnati Reds had refused to take the field for their baseball game; so had the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners, and the San Francisco Giants and Los Angeles Dodgers. Naomi Osaka announced she would not play tennis. The WNBA players refused to play. James was reportedly pushing the NBA to end the playoffs—one of his best, now-limited chances to add another championship to his long career—entirely.
The Democratic Party, having nominated the safest presidential candidate it could possibly think of, has been focused on fretfully running out the clock till the election, hoping its near-certain anti-Trump popular majority will be large enough to overcome the structural and tactical obstacles the Republicans are benefiting from or deploying. Yet here, in professional sports, was a political action that fit the scale and urgency of the crisis—a declaration that waiting was not good enough, that an election would not be good enough.
"If not now, when?" the All-Star turned broadcaster Chris Webber said, sitting beside an empty basketball court. "If not during a pandemic and countless lives being lost—if not now, when?"
Chris Webber dropping bars pic.twitter.com/l1yYL699OY
— Logan Murdock (@loganmmurdock) August 26, 2020
This was the same league that effectively brought on the national pandemic shutdown, canceling games in March at the first sign of positive player tests while federal, state, and local officials were still dithering. Now the players themselves are taking command, risking their contracts and opportunities and a huge pot of playoff money. NBA stars have been fed up with the insults and misery of the Trump era from the beginning, when Stephen Curry and the then-champion Golden State Warriors refused to take the usual White House victory lap and, as the president tried to have a Twitter fight about it, James dismissed him as "U bum."
Recently in Sports
The Golf World Hardly Deserves Praise for "Breaking" With Trump
What's Behind Kyrie Irving's Bizarre Absence From the NBA?
Nick Saban Warned Us That He Was About to Break College Football. We Didn't Listen.
The Cleveland Browns' Cinderella Story Is Brought to You by a Deadly Virus
But rejecting the insults and the violence was never enough. With the whole world spinning out of control, the NBA players recognized they had the power to bring their own part of the globe to a halt, and they did.
"We know it won't end tomorrow," Webber said. "We know that there's been a million marches and nothing'll change tomorrow. We know 'Vote,' we keep hearing 'Vote,' 'Everybody vote.' "
He went on:
We get it. If Martin Luther King got shot and risked his life. Medgar Evers. If we've seen this, and all of our heroes constantly taken down, we understand it's not going to end. But that does not mean, young men, that you don't do anything. Don't listen to these people telling you, "Don't do anything, because it's not going to end right away." You are starting something for the next generation, and the next generation, to take over.
On Wednesday night, basketball players did something. On Thursday, the country will still be burning. Who will keep going along with it? Who will follow the NBA?
Listen to a special episode of Slate's sports podcast Hang Up and Listen about the strike below, or subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Overcast, Spotify, Stitcher, Google Play, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Basketball Labor NBA LeBron James

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{intro}

Millimeter wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) communication systems are essential components of 5G and beyond \cite{6GAndBeyond,HeathJr2016}. To guarantee sufficient received signal power, these systems deploy large antenna arrays and use narrow beams. Due to the high cost and power consumption of high frequency RF chains, however, mmWave and THz communication systems can not use fully-digital architectures that assign an RF chain per antenna, and normally resort to analog-only or hybrid analog/digital architectures \cite{Alkhateeb2014}. Further, because of the hardware constraints on these large-scale MIMO systems, they typically adopt pre-defined single-lobe beamforming codebooks (such as DFT codebooks \cite{HeathJr2016,Hur2013}) that scan all possible directions for both initial access and data transmission. These codebooks have two key limitations: (i) They incur high beam training overhead by scanning all possible directions even though many of these directions may never be used, and (ii) they normally have single-lobe beams which may not be optimal, especially in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios.

\textbf{Contribution:} In this paper, we consider hardware-constrained large-scale MIMO systems and propose an artificial neural network based framework for learning environment aware beamforming codebooks. More specifically, we design a machine learning model that can learn how to adapt the patterns of the codebook beams based on the surrounding environment and user distribution. This is done by developing a novel complex-valued neural network architecture in which the weights directly model the beamforming/combining weights. Further, the developed neural network architecture accounts for the hardware constraints (such as phase-only, constant-modulus, and quantized-angle constraints) that are typically applied on the analog-only mmWave/THz transceiver architectures. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution in both outdoor LOS and indoor NLOS communication scenarios. The simulation results highlight the capability of the proposed solution in learning multi-lobe beams that adapt to the environment geometry and to where the users are. Further, for the adopted NLOS simulation setup, the results show that the learned codebook can exceed the 64-beam DFT codebook with only 16 beams, which can lead to noticeable savings in the beam training overhead.

\textbf{Prior work:} Designing beamforming codebooks has been an important research topic for long time at both academia and industry (see \cite{Love2008} for a good overview).  With large-scale MIMO systems, however, the hardware limitations (especially at mmWave/THz) and the use of analog-only or hybrid transceiver architectures imposed new constraints on the codebook design problems. This motivated the development of new beamforming codebooks \cite{Alkhateeb2014,Hur2013,Mo2019}. These codebooks, however, are generally designed to have single-lobe narrow beams that cover all the angular directions and are not adaptive to the deployment, surrounding environment, and user distributions. This motivated the development of environment and hardware aware codebook learning  strategies, which is the focus of this paper.

\section{System and Channel Models} \label{sec:System}

In this paper, we consider a system model where a mmWave base station (BS), equipped with $M$ antennas, is communicating with a single-antenna user. In the uplink transmission, if the user transmits a symbol $x\in\mathbb{C}$ to the BS, with the power constraint $\mathbb{E}\left[|x|^2\right]=P$, the received signal at the BS after combining can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{sys}
y = {\mathbf w}^H{\mathbf h}x + {\mathbf w}^H{\mathbf n},
\end{equation}
where ${\mathbf h}\in\mathbb{C}^{M\times 1}$ is the uplink channel vector between the mobile user and the BS, ${\bf w}$ is the receive combining vector at the BS and ${\mathbf n}\sim\mathcal{N}_\mathbb{C}\left(0, \sigma_n^2 {\bf I}\right)$ is the receive noise vector at the BS. To reduce the cost and power consumption, the BS is assumed to employ analog-only transceiver architecture \cite{Alkhateeb2014d}, where the beamforming/combining processing is implemented using analog phase shifters. To account for that, each element $w_m$ in the combining vector, $m =1, 2 , ..., M$, is assumed to have the structure $w_m=\frac{1}{\sqrt{M}} e^{j\theta_m}$.

We adopt a general geometric channel model for ${\mathbf h}$ \cite{Alrabeiah2019}. Assume that the signal propagation between the mobile user and the BS consists of $L$ paths. Each path $\ell$ has a complex gain $\alpha_\ell$ and an angle of arrival $\phi_\ell$. Thus, the channel can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{channel}
  {\mathbf h}=\sum\limits_{\ell=1}^{L}\alpha_\ell{\mathbf a}(\phi_\ell),
\end{equation}
where ${\bf a}(\phi_\ell)$ is the array response vector of the BS. The definition of ${\bf a}(\phi_\ell)$ depends on the array geometry.

\section{Problem Definition} \label{sec:Prob}

In this paper, we consider hardware-constrained large-scale MIMO systems and investigate the design of beamforming codebooks that are adaptive to the deployment scenario, environment geometry, user distributions, etc.---which we refer to as environment-aware beamforming codebooks.

Given the system and channel models in \sref{sec:System}, and due to the hardware constraints on the BS transceiver, the BSs normally adopt pre-defined beamforming codebooks. If $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}=\left\{{\mathbf{w}}_1, ...., {\mathbf{w}}_N\right\}$ denotes the BS beamforming codebook,  then the maximum beamforming/combining gain of user $u$ can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{single_snr}
\gamma_u=  \max\limits_{{\mathbf{w}}_n \in \boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}}\left| {\bf w}_n^H{\bf h}_u \right|^2.
\end{equation}

Our objective in this paper is then to design the beamforming codebook $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}$ to maximize the maximum  beamforming gain $\gamma_u$ averaged over the set of users served by this BS in the surrounding environment.  Let $\mathcal{H}$ represent the set of channel vectors for the candidate users, then our objective can be written as
\begin{align}\label{Prob-0}
 \boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}_{\mathsf{opt}} = \argmax\limits_{\boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}} & \hspace{2pt}  \frac{1}{|\mathcal{H}|}\sum_{{\bf h}_u\in\mathcal{H}} \left[  \max\limits_{{\mathbf{w}}_n \in \boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}}\left| {\bf w}_n^H{\bf h}_u \right|^2 \right], \\
 &\hspace{-30pt} \operatorname{s.t.}  \hspace{2pt}  \left|w_{m n}\right| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}, ~ \forall m\in [M], ~ \forall n\in [N], \label{unit}
\end{align}
where  $| \boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}|=N$ is the codebook size, and $[N]$ is the shorthand for representing set $\{1,2,\dots,N\}$. The constraint \eqref{unit} is imposed to uphold the phase-shifters constraint.

Constructing efficient beamforming codebooks has attracted significant interest from both academia and industry for the last two decades (see \cite{Love2008} for a good overview). With large-scale MIMO systems, however, the hardware limitations, such as the constant modulus captured by \eqref{unit} and the quantized phase shifters, add hard and non-convex constraints to the beam codebook optimization problems and make them difficult to solve \cite{Alkhateeb2014}.  In this paper, we make an initial step into leveraging the learning and optimization capabilities of neural networks to learn beam codebooks that are adaptive to the environment geometry, user distributions, etc., and that respect the hardware constraints on the large-scale MIMO systems. We believe that this direction of using neural networks to develop  environment and hardware aware beam codebooks could lead in the future extensions to interesting solutions, especially when considering more complex system models such as interference-limited and multi-user MIMO.

\section{Proposed Machine Learning Solution} \label{sec:Sol}

In this section, we present our proposed beam codebook learning solution for hardware-constrained large-scale MIMO systems. First, we explain in \sref{sup_arch} the proposed neural network architecture  and its relation to the optimization problem \eqref{Prob-0}-\eqref{unit}, before going into the details of how a codebook is learned in \sref{sec:CB_learn}.

\subsection{Model Architecture} \label{sup_arch}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{supervised_model.pdf}
	\caption{This schematic shows the overall architecture of the neural network used to learn beamforming codebooks. It highlights the network architecture and the auxiliary components, equal-gain-combining and MSE-loss units, used during the training process. It also gives a slightly deeper dive into the inner-workings of the cornerstone of this architecture, the complex-valued fully-connected layer.}
	\label{Arch}
\end{figure}

This proposed neural network architecture consists of three main components, as depicted in \figref{Arch}. Those components are the complex-valued fully-connected layer, the power-computation layer and the max-pooling layer. A forward pass through these three layers is equivalent to evaluating the objective function of \eqref{Prob-0} over a single user's channel $\mathbf h$.

\subsubsection{Complex-valued fully-connected layer}

The first layer consists of $N$ neurons that are capable of performing complex-valued multiplication and summation. Each neuron, as shown in \figref{Arch}, learns one beamforming vector and performs inner product with the input channel vector. Formally, this is described by the following matrix multiplication
\begin{align}\label{fc_1}
  \mathbf z &= \mathbf W ^H \mathbf h,
\end{align}
where $\mathbf W = [ \mathbf w_1,\dots,\mathbf w_N]\in \mathbb C^{M\times N} $ is the beamforming codebook matrix,  $\mathbf h\in \mathbb C^{M\times 1}$ is a user's channel vector, and $\mathbf z \in \mathbb C^{N\times 1}$ is the vector of the combined received signal. \eqref{fc_1} could be re-written in the following equivalent real-valued block matrix form
\begin{align}\label{fc_2}
	\left[ \begin{array}{l}
		\mathbf z^r \\
		\mathbf z^{im}
	\end{array}\right]
	&= \left[\begin{array}{cc}
  	\mathbf W^r & \mathbf {-W}^{im} \\
  	\mathbf W^{im} & \mathbf W^{r}
  \end{array} \right]^T
  \left[ \begin{array}{l}
  	\mathbf h^r \\
  	\mathbf h^{im}
  \end{array}\right],
\end{align}
where $\mathbf z^r$, $\mathbf z^{im}$ are the real and imaginary parts of $\mathbf z$, $\mathbf W^r$, $\mathbf W^{im}$ are matrices containing the real and imaginary components of the elements of $\mathbf W$, and similarly, $\mathbf h^r$, $\mathbf h^{im}$ are the real and imaginary components of the channel vector $\mathbf h$.

Contrary to the norm in designing neural networks, the elements of the beamforming matrix $\mathbf W$ are not the weights of the fully-connected layer. Instead, they are derived from the actual neural network weights, which are the phases of the phased arrays. This is done through an embedded layer of phase-to-complex operations, as shown in \figref{Arch}. This layer transforms the phased arrays into unit-magnitude complex vectors by applying elements-wise $\cos$ and $\sin$ operations and scaling them by $1/\sqrt{M}$ as follows
\begin{align}
  \mathbf W &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}\left( \cos\left( \mathbf \Theta\right) + j
  \sin\left( \mathbf \Theta \right) \right),
\end{align}
where $\mathbf \Theta = \left[ \boldsymbol{\theta}_1, \dots, \boldsymbol{\theta}_{N} \right]$ is an $M \times N$ matrix that includes the phases of the beamforming codebook, and $\boldsymbol{\theta}_n = \left[\theta_{1n}, \dots, \theta_{Mn}\right]^T$, $\forall n \in \{1,\dots, N\}$ is a single phase vector. The use of this embedded layer is the network's way of learning beamforming vectors that respect the phase shifter constraint.

\subsubsection{Power-computation layer}

The output of the complex-valued fully-connected layer is then fed into the power-computation layer. It performs element-wise absolute square operation and outputs a real-valued vector ${\bf q}$ given by
\begin{equation}\label{powOut}
  {\bf q} = \left[q_1, q_2, \dots, q_N\right]^T = \left[ |z_1|^2, |z_2|^2, \dots, |z_N|^2 \right]^T,
\end{equation}
which contains the received power of each beamforming vector in the codebook.

\subsubsection{Max-pooling layer}

The power of the best beamforming vector is finally found by the last layer, the max-pooling layer. It performs the following element-wise $\max$ operation over the elements of $\mathbf q$, that is
\begin{equation}\label{maxOut}
  g = \max\left\{q_1, q_2, \dots, q_N\right\},
\end{equation}
where $g$ is the power of the best beamforming vector. This value is used to assess the quality of the codebook by comparing it to a desired receive power value. In the following subsection, we describe the details of the desired value and how the quality is assessed.

\subsection{Learning Codebooks} \label{sec:CB_learn}

With the learning architecture in mind, it is time to delve into the details of how a codebook is learned. Our proposed solution follows a supervised learning approach. In such approach, a machine learning model is trained using pairs of inputs and the desired responses, which constitute the  dataset.

\subsubsection{Dataset Description}

The inputs to the model are the users' channels as they are the communication quantity that drives the beamforming design process. For labels, there are many possible desired responses that could be used for training, and the choice between them should be made based on what the model needs to learn. In this paper, we adopt the equal gain combining (EGC) as the model label. This choice is based on the facts that EGC respects the phase shifters constraint and it is the beamforming strategy that achieves optimal beamforming gain  when there are no restrictions on the codebook size or the quantized phase shifters. The EGC beamforming vector is constructed by using the phase component of every user's channel as  $ {\bf f}_\mathrm{EGC} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M}} e^{\angle {\mathbf{h}}}$, where $\angle {\mathbf{h}}$ stands for the vector of phases of a complex vector ${\mathbf{h}}$. Using EGC beamforming vectors, the desired response for each user can be computed as follows
\begin{equation}\label{EGCgain}
  p = \left| {\bf f}_\mathrm{EGC}^H{\bf h} \right|^2 = \left\|{\bf h}\right\|_1^2,
\end{equation}
where $\|\cdot\|_1$ is the $L_1$ norm of a vector.
Putting the users' channels and their EGC gains together provides the training dataset $\mathcal S_{t}$. This is formally given by
\begin{equation}\label{t_set}
  \mathcal S_t = \left\{ (\mathbf h_1, p_1), \dots,(\mathbf h_U, p_U) \right\},
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf h_u \in \mathbb C^{M\times 1}$ and $p_u \in \mathbb R$ are the channel vector and EGC gain of the $u$-th user respectively, and $U=|\mathcal{H}|$ is the total number of collected data pairs.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.57\linewidth]{LOS_O1_28.png}}
	\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.40\linewidth]{sup_beams_5dB_LOS_64.pdf}}
	\caption{The demonstration of (a) the adopted LOS scenario and (b) the 64-beams codebook learned for the scenario in (a). It shows how the learned codebook adapt its beams to the user distribution, instead of evenly spreading beams in the whole space like DFT codebook.}
	\label{LOS_beam}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Model Training} \label{sup_model_training}

Using the set $\mathcal S_t$, the model is trained by undergoing multiple forward-backward cycles. In each cycle, a \textit{mini-batch} of complex channel vectors and their EGC responses is sampled from the training set. The channels are fed sequentially to the model and a forward pass is performed as describe in \sref{sup_arch}. For each channel vector in the batch, the model combines it with the currently available $N$ beamforming vectors and outputs the power of the best beamforming vector for that channel. The quality of the best combiner is assessed by measuring how close its beamforming gain to that of the equal gain combiner, obtained by \eqref{EGCgain}. A Mean Squared Error (MSE) loss is used as a metric to assess the quality of the codebook over the current mini-batch. Formally, it is defined as
\begin{equation}\label{MSE-loss}
  \mathcal L = \frac{1}{B} \sum_{b=1}^B (g_b - p_b)^2,
\end{equation}
where $g_b$ is the output of the max-pooling layer for the $b$-th data pair in the mini-batch, $p_b$ is the desired value achieved by \eqref{EGCgain} and $B$ is the mini-batch size.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.66\columnwidth]{3Dview_I1_28B.jpg}
	\caption{The adopted NLOS scenario, which is chosen to be indoor for the high likelihood of having NLOS connection there. There is no LOS connection between any user in the grid and the antenna array.}
	\label{NLOS_scenario}
\end{figure}

The error signal (derivative of the loss \eqref{MSE-loss} with respect to each phase vector $\boldsymbol \theta_n \in \mathbf{\Theta}$) is back propagated through the model to adjust the phases of the combining vectors \cite{LearningMachines} \cite{EffBackProp}, making up what is usually referred to as the backward pass or \textit{backpropagation}. This is formally expressed by the chain rule of differentiation
\begin{equation}\label{chain_rule}
  \left(\frac{\partial \mathcal L}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}_n}\right)^T = \frac{\partial \mathcal L}{\partial g} \cdot \left(\frac{\partial g}{\partial \mathbf q}\right)^T \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf q}{\partial \mathbf z} \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf z}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}_n}.
\end{equation}
Mathematically, $\frac{\partial \mathcal L}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}_n}$ does not exist for two reasons: 1) the factor $\frac{\partial g}{\partial \mathbf q}$ does not exist since the max-pooling function $g$ is not differentiable, and 2) the factor $\frac{\partial \mathbf q}{\partial \mathbf z}$ does not satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations \cite{Haslinger2017}, meaning that $\mathbf q$ as a function of complex vector ${\bf z}$ is not complex differentiable (\textit{holomorphic}). However, both issues could be resolved to enable backpropagation. The details of that are discussed in \cite{Trabelsi2017}. Computing the partial derivative of loss with respect to phase vector $\boldsymbol{\theta}_n$ allows the backward pass to modify the codebook $\boldsymbol \Theta$ and make it adaptive to the environment. The update equation generally depends on the solver used to carry out the training, e.g., Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and ADAptive Moment estimation (ADAM) to name two, but in its simplest form, it could be given by
\begin{equation}
  \boldsymbol{\theta}_{n_\mathsf{new}} = \boldsymbol{\theta}_{n_\mathsf{old}} - \eta \cdot \frac{\partial \mathcal L}{\partial \boldsymbol{\theta}_n},
\end{equation}
where $\eta$ is the optimization step size, commonly known as the learning rate in machine learning, and $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{n_\mathsf{new}}$, $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{n_\mathsf{old}}$ are the new and current $n$-th phase vector of the codebook respectively.

Through the forward-backward cycles, the model learns to adapt its beamforming vectors according to the channels it experiences in the mini-batch. As mentioned in Section \ref{sup_arch}, a forward pass is equivalent to evaluating the objective function in \eqref{Prob-0}. In a similar spirit, the backward pass through the architecture independently \textit{optimizes} the beamforming vectors based on the \textbf{group of channels} that they receive best. It turns out that such group of channels that are best received by the same beamforming vector contribute only to the update of that beamforming vector and do not affect the others. This mainly comes as a result of the masking role the max-pooling layer plays in the backward pass.

\section{Experimental Setup and Model Training} \label{sec:Exp}

In this section, we describe the adopted scenarios, datasets and the machine learning parameters used in our simulation.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.40\linewidth]{sup_beams_5dB_NLOS_64.pdf}}
	\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.40\linewidth]{sup_beams_5dB_NLOS_single_1.pdf}}
	\caption{The learned codebook for the scenario in \figref{NLOS_scenario}. (a) shows all the 64 beams in the codebook, and (b) demonstrates one of them with multi-lobes adapted for the different NLOS paths.}
	\label{NLOS_beam}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Scenario and Dataset} \label{subsec:Sc}

The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated on two different communication scenarios. The first is an outdoor scenario which addresses the situation when all users experience LOS connection with the base station, named LOS scenario. The second, on the other hand, is an indoor scenario and addresses the case when none of the users has a LOS connection, which is referred to as NLOS  scenario.
Both scenarios are for an operating frequency of 28GHz, and both are part of the scenarios in the DeepMIMO dataset \cite{DeepMIMO} . Using the data generation script of DeepMIMO, two sets of channel data are generated, one for each scenario.
Table \ref{param} shows the parameters of channel data generation.

\begin{table}[t]
	\caption{The parameters of the DeepMIMO dataset}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{|c | c | c|}
		\hline

		Name of scenario & O1\textunderscore28 & I2\textunderscore28B \\
		\hline
		Active BS & 3 & 1 \\
		\hline
		Active users & 700 to 1300 & 1 to 700 \\
		\hline
		Number of antennas (x, y, z)  & (1, 64, 1) & (64, 1, 1) \\
		\hline
		System BW & 0.2 GHz & 0.2 GHz\\
		\hline
		Antenna spacing & 0.5 & 0.5 \\
		\hline
		Number of OFDM sub-carriers & 1 & 1 \\
		\hline
		OFDM sampling factor & 1 & 1 \\
		\hline
		OFDM limit & 1 & 1 \\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\label{param}
\end{table}

\subsection{Model Training and Testing}

The model is trained and tested by using both datasets described in \sref{subsec:Sc}. Prior to any training session, the channels of each dataset is pre-processed to improve the training experience \cite{EffBackProp}, which is a very common practice in machine learning. The pre-processing of choice for these experiments is data sample normalization. As in \cite{Alrabeiah2019, Sub6PredMmWave, zhang2019deep, Li2019,Alkhateeb2018a}, the channel normalization using the maximum absolute value in the training dataset helps the network undergo a stable and efficient training. Formally, the normalization factor is found as follows
\begin{equation}
\Delta = \underset{\mathbf h_u\in S_t}{\max} \ \left|[{\mathbf{h}}_u]_m \right|^2
\end{equation}
where $[{\mathbf{h}}_u]_m$ is the $m$-th element in the channel vector of the ${\mathbf{h}}_u$. Using the normalized channels, the model is trained on portion of the samples of the dataset and tested on the rest. For brevity, the data split percentage between training and testing along with other training hyper-parameters can be found at \cite{myGithub}.

\section{Simulation Results} \label{sec:Simu}

In this section, we evaluate the performance of our proposed machine learning based beamforming codebook design solution on the scenarios described in \sref{subsec:Sc}. The numerical results show that our proposed model can achieve performance that is comparable to EGC and adapt to different user distributions.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{sup_noise_5dB_LOS_quantized.pdf}
	\caption{Achievable rate versus number of beams in the codebook in an outdoor LOS scenario under the receive SNR of 5 dB with different bits of quantization.}
	\label{sup_noise_5dB_LOS}
\end{figure}

\figref{sup_noise_5dB_LOS} shows the evaluation results of the proposed solution in a LOS scenario. With 64 beams, the learned codebook reaches more than $90\%$ of the upper bound, which is achieved by the EGC where the number of beams in the codebook is equal to the number of users (and assuming unquantized phase shifters).  Further, with 128 beams, the developed approach achieves more than $95\%$ of the upper bound. Besides, \figref{sup_noise_5dB_LOS} also exhibits the performance of the codebook with quantized phase shifters. It shows that with only 3-bit phase shifters, the learned codebook can still achieve more than $85\%$ of the upper bound with 64 beams and $90\%$ of the upper bound with 128 beams. This is very important and interesting for cases where the resolution of the analog phase shifters is limited.

\figref{sup_noise_0dB_5dB_NLOS} shows the evaluation result of the proposed solution in a NLOS scenario. This is more interesting and challenging than the LOS case. In a NLOS scenario, each user may have multiple rays reflecting off some scatters and reaching the base station. As depicted in \figref{NLOS_beam}, the learned codebook with the developed approach is capable of learning multi-lobe beams that capture the dominant rays and gather more energy compared to classical DFT codebooks. \figref{sup_noise_0dB_5dB_NLOS} depicts the performance of the proposed solution in this NLOS environment. \textbf{The learned codebook has almost the same performance or even outperforms a 64-beams DFT codebook with only 16 beams, which is one fourth in size}. With 64 beams, the learned codebook achieves almost $90\%$ of the upper bound and noticeable gain compared to the 64-beam DFT codebook.

\section{Acknowledgment}
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1923676.

\section{Conclusions and Discussions} \label{sec:Con}

In this paper, we developed a machine learning framework for learning environment and hardware aware beamforming codebooks for large-scale MIMO systems. In the developed solution, the neural networks incorporate the hardware constraints and learn how to adapt the beam shapes based on the surrounding environment and user distribution. Simulation results confirmed the capability of the proposed solution in learning beam codebooks that are optimized in the size and  beam patterns. This leads to promising gains in terms of the achievable rates compared to classical DFT codebooks. In the future, it is interesting to extend the proposed machine learning framework to address more complicated scenarios such as multi-stream and multi-user communications.
\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{sup_noise_0dB_5dB_NLOS.pdf}
	\caption{The achievable rate versus number of beams in the codebook in an indoor NLOS scenario under the receive SNR of 0 and 5 dB.}
	\label{sup_noise_0dB_5dB_NLOS}
\end{figure}

\balance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Wedbush Securities Inc. is a privately held investment firm based in Los Angeles.  As of February 2022, the firm had $4.1 billion under management with 7,460 clients.

History
The firm was founded in 1955 by two high school friends, Edward W. Wedbush and Robert Werner, in Los Angeles, California. They each contributed $5,000 to capitalize their new company, Wedbush & Company. The company was named after Wedbush because neither partner wanted a possible business failure named after them and Wedbush lost a coin toss.

Wedbush opened its first office in 1957 located in the Crenshaw district of Los Angeles.  Three years later, Robert Werner decided to sell his interest in the firm to Ed Wedbush. In 1972, the firm began offering correspondent clearing services, providing trade execution for other brokerage firms.

References

External links

Investment banks in the United States
Financial services companies established in 1955
Brokerage firms
Companies based in Los Angeles
1955 establishments in California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Archives|Paid Notice: Deaths SCHERMAN, WILLIAM H.
Paid Notice: Deaths SCHERMAN, WILLIAM H.
SCHERMAN-William H., 85. VicePresident and Promotion Director of Newsweek on September 11, in Hanover, NH. Husband of Gerry (nee Germaine Ganteaume), father of Betsy Smith, Rowland, David, Daniel, Timothy, Thomas (deceased). Also survived by seven grandchildren, daughters-in-law Debra and Pamela and son-in-law Richard Smith. In lieu of flowers contributions may be made to ''The William H. Scherman Fund at Dartmouth College'', c/o Alumni Office, 6068 Blunt Alumni Center, Hanover, NH 03755-3570 or a charity of your choice. Memorial service will be held at The United Church of Christ in Hanover at 12 noon, Sunday, September 20.


text:
All issues Volume 134 / No 2 (April 2021) EPL, 134 2 (2021) 20003 Abstract
Volume 134, Number 2, April 2021
Tsallis uncertainty
H. Moradpour1(a), A. H. Ziaie1(b) and C. Corda2,3(c)
1 Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha (RIAAM), University of Maragheh P.O. Box 55136-553, Maragheh, Iran
2 International Institute for Applicable Mathematics and Information Sciences, B. M. Birla Science Centre Adarshnagar, Hyderabad 500063, India
3 Istituto Livi - Via Antonio Marini, 9, 59100 Prato, Italy
(a) hn.moradpour@maragheh.ac.ir
(b) ah.ziaie@maragheh.ac.ir
(c) cordac.galilei@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Accepted: 8 February 2021
It has been recently shown that the Bekenstein entropy bound is not respected by the systems satisfying modified forms of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) including the generalized and extended uncertainty principles, or even their combinations. On the other hand, the use of generalized entropies, which differ from the Bekenstein entropy, in describing gravity and related topics indicates different equipartition expressions compared to the usual one. In that way, the mathematical form of an equipartition theorem can be related to the algebraic expression of a particular entropy, different from the standard Bekenstein entropy, initially chosen to describe the black hole event horizon, see Abreu E. M. C. et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 35 (2020) 2050266. Motivated by these works, we address three new uncertainty principles leading to recently introduced generalized entropies. In addition, the corresponding energy-time uncertainty relations and Unruh temperatures are also calculated. As a result, it seems that systems described by generalized entropies, such as those of Tsallis, do not necessarily meet HUP and may satisfy modified forms of HUP.
© 2021 EPLA
Black hole thermodynamical entropy
Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73: 2487
Cosmological model from the holographic equipartition law with a modified Rényi entropy
Eur. Phys. J. C (2017) 77: 229
Tsallis and Kaniadakis statistics from a point of view of the holographic equipartition law
Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy is sufficient but not necessary for the likelihood factorization required by Einstein
Thermodynamics is more powerful than the role to it reserved by Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics


You read it right. There is a business card online design tool you can use to create your very own business cards design. And it doesn't require any downloading, installing any new programs or using any compatible software.
The business card design tool is an online feature you can easily use to personalize your own business cards. Now you can explore your imaginative side and dig your hands into crafting your own style of business cards.
The business card online design tool allows you to play with it, tinker with your design and add other details templates in other online printers would not allow you to do. It operates at your command without complicated steps and operations. Unlike professional programs used for creating graphic designs, the business card online design tool will only take you seconds to master. Its user friendly interface allows you to explore and manipulate your design at will.
With the business card online design tool, you no longer have to depend on professional help. You can make business cards expertly by yourself with our easy to follow step by step procedure.
When you click on the online design tool, it will take you to a page where you have to put in your contact details. This, of course, includes your company or line of business, company slogan, name, position, phone numbers, fax number, email address and website address. You can leave out some areas blank and you can still proceed to the next step.
In this area, there are various templates for you to choose from. Templates are arranged in categories depicting images and themes aligned to your career or nature of business. These templates vary from animals, beauty, communications, to spiritual, transportation and weddings. Each template also illustrates the fonts to be used and the entire layout of the design. Both of these however, the fonts and the layout, can be changed later on, in Step 3.
After deciding on which template to choose, you can add more details into your business card design. There are familiar buttons and tools you can click on to change the font color, size and style. There are bold, italics and underline buttons too. As well as left, right and center align to make your texts in properly balanced.
By double clicking, you can also edit your text on the spot. On the other hand, with the click and drag method, you can position the text and other elements wherever you want on the business card design.
However, take note of the red and blue lines that marginalizes your business card. The red line indicates the live area. All images or text should be within the red line and not cross it. The blue line is the trimline where your business cards will be cut according to its size. Therefore, it is never wise to place any object beyond these two lines.
There are other buttons such as insert text, upload image and delete object. Insert text allows you to type in more information which you weren't able to do in Step 1. Upload image allows you to use a personal photo or a logo to insert in the design. And delete object allows you to eliminate anything you want, even the contact details you had put in earlier.
Added to this, you can manipulate the back side of your business card. You can add more text or details that you want to.
This is the final step in getting your business card made. The online proof gives you a reproduction of your final design. By agreeing to the online proof, you verify that the proof will go into production, regardless of any errors such as typos which you may have overseen.
Thus, this is step wherein you have to carefully review your design. You have to commit to the style you have created and seen to it that everything is in proper order. Once you have approved the proof and paid your job order, you can just sit back, relax and wait for your prints to be delivered right at your doorstep.
Unleash your creativity with the business card design online tool. Never has there been a program you can use to so effortlessly to whip up your own business card design than this. What's more, you can design and print your business card at the same time. Business card printing has never been this simple and easy, and it only takes 1-2-3-4 steps.
There was a time when business cards served a very practical purpose, that of letting others know how and where to reach your business. Though that is still the primary purpose of the card, they have become an avenue to enable your creativity to take full rein. With so many options for custom business card design services, everyone can become a designer and create a card that leaves a striking impression in the minds of people who receive it.
Several business owners incorporate handy tools like a match box, a comb, and even musical instruments within the card to make it stand out among all the rest. While there are no rules when it comes to creating card designs, there are a few essential dos and don'ts that business owners can adhere to.
Do incorporate your logo into the visiting card. In the age of personalization, using mundane clip art on your call card is not a salient idea. Designing a logo is simple and there are many professionals out there who can help you design a logo that reflects the ethos of your business. Including your logo on the card is a great idea because it helps to foster a long-lasting connection between your brand and the logo.
Do limit your business card to a couple of type fonts. When it comes to custom business card design, it is easy to get carried away and try to include everything you like on that little bit of paper. Limit yourself to one or two fonts to ensure that the cards are readable and not cluttered.
Do keep it simple. If you have multiple addresses to list or more information to add to the card, consider using the back of the card for the same. A cleaner and simpler card is easy to read and does not cause a visual overload.
Don't use cheap paper. While you are designing your card, put yourself in the shoes of your prospective customers. How would you feel if you got a paper thin card that is easy to tear? A badly designed and executed visiting card will leave the customer wondering whether your services will follow the same quality standard.
Don't be afraid to break the rules. These cards can have pull-out tabs, be of different shapes, colors and materials – the only thing limiting you is your imagination. Let your card reflect who you are in terms of shape, design, and material.
Information: The main purpose of a business card is to make it easy for people to contact you. Include only the contact information that is absolutely necessary. For example, email, phone, cell, website, address, name and job title. You don't need to provide a long list of services or every single mailing address if your company has multiple locations. There is very limited space on a business card, so by limiting the amount of textual information, the overall design will be cleaner and easier to read.
Brand: A business card conveys your brand by introducing brand elements, such as logo, colors and fonts. It is imperative that your card to be consistent with your other branded materials. This helps to reinforce your brands, helping new acquaintances remember you and your company better.
Size: If you've ever thought about making your business cards larger, smaller, or even a fancy die cut to stand apart from your competition, there are advantages and disadvantages to consider. The typically business card size is 3.5″ x 2″ – meaning wallets and card holders are designed to accommodate this size. If you card won't fit into these items, it may get tossed in the trash – making you lose out on potential business. So it's best to create a design that stands out while fitting within those dimensions so that you're newly made contacts can carry and store your information easily.
Paper: There are 3 things you want to consider when choosing the paper stock for your business card – weight, design, and finish. First you need your card to be sturdy so it doesn't get dented or torn in your wallet or business card holder. Just like a flimsy handshake doesn't make a good impression; neither does a flimsy business card. Next, you want to consider the design of the card and what color paper and texture will compliment the design the best. Simple variations such as an off-white linen paper stock verses a bright white smooth paper stock will really impact the final product. Lastly, you want to consider the finish – is uncoated, matte, or glossy the best? That's up to the designer and printer – but it's always nice to be able to jot down some additional information on your card if need be. Certain types of finishes or coats won't allow this – such as glossy and certain matte finishes.
Design: The business card design itself must present both your contact information and brand elements on a very small space. So it is best to keep the design clean and organized. This can be achieved by making sure there is negative space on the card. Negative space allows your eyes to rest and focused your attention on what's most important. Selecting appropriate fonts and font sizes is also important because it impacts the legibility. It's best to select a font that is still legible at a small size – a classic serif or sans serif font would be your best bet. Lastly, you want to organize the content (information and branding elements) so that it's user-friendly and visually appealing.


You'd be surprised how often we hear that from clients. Especially ad agencies and production houses, who are always dealing with multiple projects.
Sound familiar? In our experience, at least 7 out of 10 agencies and production houses face this exact issue. So you're not alone.
And the good news is, someone else can handle it for you. Us.
One of our agency clients was doing an office cleanup recently. As usual, the whole team was flat out on client projects. No one had the time to review six archive boxes full of hard drives. So we did it for them.
We received, inspected and catalogued 127 hard drives, plus a small number of older format materials.
There were 2 hard drives which had failed completely. There was nothing we could do to recover that content.
11 hard drives held duplicate content (that had already been archived with us).
We created a master list of all the remaining content, sorted by agency client and the specific project. Where possible, we also distinguished masters, project files and camera rushes.
Then we sent the master list back to the agency. A few clients needed to be switched from current to past, or vice versa. Once that was done, we applied all the agency's rules, which were very clear.
The agency didn't want to store anything for ex-clients, so that was set aside. We're now working with those ex-clients and their new agencies to determine what they want to do with the content.
They did want to store content for current clients, but had a clear policy around that too – masters and third party rushes. Since hard drive failure rates mean they're a poor medium for long-term storage, we copied all the relevant content to LTO and stored that way. Restoration from LTO takes a little longer, but in this case the content was not time sensitive so that was not an issue.
What did all this mean for our agency client?
They cleaned out their hard drive stash, without having to take time away from client-facing projects.
They had their past content catalogued and securely stored on a robust LTO solution. Accessible if they ever needed it.
Over the course of the project, we also learned a lot more about how they store and manage all their content. That makes it easier for us to help effectively in the future. So their hard drives won't pile up again.
We've also set up processes to stop the buildup of hard drives from happening again.
Have you got a stack of hard drives hidden in your office somewhere? A cleanup job you'd love to get to but never have time for.
Tidying up your content data needn't be expensive or time-consuming. Just get in touch and let's see if we can help.


What is a Sponsor Advocate?
It's an opportunity to use your God given gifts to help educate, care and disciple children in need through The 410 Bridge Child Sponsorship Program.
Here are a few ways you can use your gifts to serve children in need.
At church or in your home.
At a small group or gathering.
Engage your social media followers.
Write about the need of the children.
Organize a group for a prayer event.
Throw a letter writing party.
Meet to encourage & exchange ideas.
Help spread awareness of the program.
Use your unique gift, share your idea.
Our resource page helps you prepare for an event with checklist, videos, posters and social images!


text: <link href="../node_modules/mocha/mocha.css" rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: WCF or plain old HttpWebRequest to communicate with JSPs? we have a third party web-based content management system written in Java. It has a SDK, a bunch of JSP calls that you can make which return XML.
Now I have to write a wrapper in .NET which will make these calls and return objects in place of XML. This will be a dll which can be added to .NET projects as any other external dlls.
What I want to know is that can it be done using WCF, which will not be a service btw, or am I good with plain HttpWebRequest?
If yes then please give pointers where I can get started with.
Regards.

A: As I get correct jsp is web services, right? There shouldn't be problems.
According to work WCF with different type of source you should check next articles:

*

*Interoperability and Integration

*Creating WS-I Basic Profile 1.1 Interoperable Services
And you can check Sun's Project Tango but it is related for complex solutions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Adding diversity to any collection, these Gold Mexican 5 Pesos carry a legal tender in Mexico and contain .1205 troy oz of Gold. Issued by the Bank of Mexico, these gold coins depict one of Mexico's most historic and controversial time periods.
These .900 fine gold coins are official government re-strikes, first minted in 1955. Made affordable in comparison to other government issued coins, these 5 Pesos are a popular choice when looking to buy gold.
The obverse highlights Mexico's Coat of Arms, with the portrayed Eagle crushing a snake in its beak. The reverse carries the effigy of Miguel Hidalgo, revered as the "Father of the Nation." Paying tribute to Mexico's great revolution, the historic figure is facing left and is encircled by a decorative border, with the coin's denomination and mintage year printed.
Trusted for centuries for its great value, these Mexican 5 Peso Gold Coins stress gold's beauty, allure, and great tradition as the currency of the world.
Coins were shipped 3 days after order was processed and arrived about 6 business days after order was processed. Order/payment process was a bit cumbersome but not bad. The coins are excellent. Received coins from 1906, 1907, 1919, and 1955. All in very good condition. Minor dark spots on a couple but not a material defect. Very satisfied with purchase and would consider buying more with a dip in prices.


text:
Subject Source: Fast (Faceted Application Of Subject Terminology)
Records of Superintendent Edward W. Nichols, 1907-1924
Sub-Group
Identifier: RG-02-03-NicholsEW
Scope and Contents Official records of the Edward W. Nichols Administration, 1907-1924. Includes official correspondence, annual reports, and other material documenting Nichols's years as Superintendent.
Found in: Virginia Military Institute Archives / Records of Superintendent Edward W. Nichols, 1907-1924
Superintendent Edward W. Nichols newsletters and circulars, 1917
Scope and Contents Newsletters and circulars dating from the administration of Superintendent Edward W. Nichols. These relate to military preparation activities during the World War I era.
Found in: Virginia Military Institute Archives / Newsletters and Circulars, Office of the Superintendent.
Virginia Council of Defense Records, 1917 - 1918
File — Box SF073
Scope and Contents Records of Superintendent Edward W. Nichols relating to the operation of the first Virginia Council of Defense during World War I. Nichols was Chairman of the first Council.
Found in: Virginia Military Institute Archives / Office of the Superintendent, administrative subject files
World War I Students' Army Training Corps (SATC) and Training Camps Records, 1917 - 1919
Scope and Contents Records of VMI's participation in a government programs to to provide military training during World War I. The material consists of correspondence, rosters, and financial records documenting operation of summer intensive training camps held at VMI during 1917 and 1918; and of the SATC program. File also includes information about British officer detailed to VMI, 1918.
More about 'World War (1914-1918)'
Names: Nichols, E. W. (Edward West), 1858-1927 X
3 Archival Record


text:
Ismaíl Kadaré (Gjirokastra, Albania; 28 de enero de 1936) es un escritor albanés, galardonado con el Premio Booker Internacional y el Príncipe de Asturias de las Letras.

Las condiciones en las que Kadaré vivió y publicó algunas de sus obras no eran comparables con las reinantes en otros países comunistas europeos, donde se toleraba al menos cierto nivel de disidencia pública. Más bien, la situación en Albania era comparable a la de Corea del Norte, o a la Unión Soviética bajo Stalin. A pesar de todo esto, Kadaré aprovechó cualquier oportunidad para atacar al régimen en sus obras, mediante alegorías políticas.

Biografía
Nacido en Gjirokastra —también llamada Argirocastro, una ciudad-museo montañesa al sur de Albania, en el interior, capital de la antigua región del Epiro—, su familia, de modestos funcionarios, era musulmana laica, de la secta heterodoxo y liberal de los bektashi. Su padre Halit Kadare, un empleado de la oficina de correos, fue muy conservador, pero sus tíos, muy cultos y poseedores de una gran biblioteca, se adhirieron al comunismo; vivió de niño la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en la que su ciudad natal fue sucesivamente ocupada por italianos, griegos, fuerzas reaccionarias albanesas y los nazis alemanes. Finalmente fue liberada por los partisanos albaneses. Su madre, Hatixhe Dobi, era una ama de casa. Asistió a escuelas primarias y secundarias de su ciudad natal y siguió Lenguas y Literatura en la Facultad de Historia y Filología de la Universidad de Tirana, donde recibió en 1956 un diploma de maestro. Estos acontecimientos ha sido narrados— o ha aludido a ellos— en varias de sus obras. Estudió también en la Facultad de Historia y Filología de su alma máter y en el Instituto de Literatura Maksim Gorki de Moscú, hasta 1960.

Ese mismo año, tras la ruptura de relaciones entre Albania y la Unión Soviética, regresó a su país donde ejerció el periodismo en diversos diarios y en suplementos culturales; fue editor en jefe del periódico en lengua francesa Les Lettres Albanaises.

En esa época publicó sus primeras poesías, influidas por el poeta albanés Lasgush Poradeci. Durante un viaje a Praga, pensó en exiliarse, pero se arrepintió a última hora. Con su primera novela, El general del ejército muerto, escrita a los veintisiete años y publicada en 1963, consiguió reconocimiento dentro y fuera de su país como uno de los escritores de mayor talento. Desde entonces ha publicado regularmente numerosos títulos que lo han convertido en uno de los escritores europeos más importantes del . Entre estos destacan El Palacio de los Sueños, Abril quebrado, El monstruo o Los tambores de la lluvia. Su obra ha sido traducida a más de 45 idiomas.

En 1981 publicó "El palacio de los sueños", una novela antitotalitaria escrita y publicada en el corazón de un país totalitario. La novela fue prohibida.

En 1990, Kadaré solicitó asilo en Francia, afirmando que "las dictaduras y la literatura auténtica son incompatibles... Un escritor es el enemigo natural de una dictadura". Kadaré regresó a su patria en 1999.

Kadaré es probablemente el intelectual más importante de Albania y uno de los más activos en Europa; defendió la intervención de la OTAN en la Guerra de Kosovo para detener a los serbios y su compromiso desempeñó un destacado papel en el esclarecimiento internacional del drama de los albaneses de Kosovo.  Está casado y es padre de una bióloga e investigadora, Gressa.

Candidato varias veces al Premio Nobel, Kadaré recibió en 2005 el primer Booker Internacional. En 1992 fue uno de los finalistas para el Grinzane Cavour, uno de los más prestigiosos en Italia, con su obra Crónica de piedra. El 6 de mayo de 1996 fue elegido miembro asociado extranjero de la Academia de las Ciencias Morales y Políticas de París, donde el 28 de octubre ocupó el sillón de Karl Popper. Es miembro de la Academia de las Artes de Berlín y de la Legión de Honor. Eb 2009 obtuvo el Premio Príncipe de Asturias de las Letras en 2009, entregado el viernes 23 de octubre de ese año y en 2015, el Jerusalén.

Obra
En El general del ejército muerto (1963) —novela adaptada al cine 20 años más tarde por el director italiano Luciano Tovoli—, se cuenta la historia de dos militares italianos comisionados para devolver a su patria los restos de los soldados enterrados en Albania durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Dasma (La boda, 1968) y Kështjella (El cerco, 1970), reflejan la época turbulenta e insegura que vivió la población albanesa. Kronikë në gur (Crónica de piedra, 1971) es un relato sobre la hermosa ciudad de Argirocastra, donde el escritor nació poco antes de que el país fuera ocupado por la Italia fascista. También Noviembre de una capital revive la ocupación de Albania que vivió de pequeño. En El Palacio de los Sueños (1981), considerada por muchos como su obra maestra, denunció el régimen burocrático y autoritario albanés fabulando una parábola kafkiana sobre un ministerio cuya función era recoger, estudiar, catalogar y clasificar sueños en función de su peligrosidad.

Tras la llegada de la democracia, vino el desencanto que supuso la instalación del capitalismo en su país, un asunto al que dedicó Frías flores de marzo. En La pirámide, bajo la apariencia de una novela histórica ambientada en el Antiguo Egipto encubre otra parábola kafkiana sobre el sentido de la vida. Los tambores de la lluvia (1970, publicada en España en 1984) es otra novela histórica: ambientada en el , narra el asedio que sufre una ciudadela albanesa por parte de los turcos otomanos cuando estos, en el apogeo de su poder, intentaban conquistar Albania, sublevada bajo el caudillaje de Jorge Kastriota "Skanderbeg". Tres cantos fúnebres por Kosovo es un libro fundamental para comprender el drama que se ha padecido en los Balcanes.

Otras obras suyas son El largo invierno (1977), Viaje nupcial (en el original albanés se titula ¿Quién se ha llevado a Doruntina?, 1980), Abril quebrado (1980). En esta última trata el tema de las vendettas o venganzas por honor, fundadas en Albania en el kanun, un antiguo código de honor; es tema que se repite en varias de sus obras. De 1980 es también El año negro, publicada en España en 1996. Entre las otras novelas disponibles en español pueden citarse El cortejo nupcial helado en la nieve (1986), Frente al espejo de una mujer (volumen compuesto por tres nouvelles: El jinete con halcón, La historia de la Liga Albanesa de Escritores frente al espejo de una mujer y El vuelo de la cigüeña); Vida, representación y muerte de Lul Mazreku (2002), La hija de Agamenón y El sucesor (2003), dos novelas cortas escritas con un intervalo de veinte años pero publicadas al mismo tiempo, donde en clave de intriga y con elementos líricos y humor negro entrelaza, como suele hacer en toda su obra, lo real con lo onírico y la historia oficial con la alegoría, sobre un fondo en el que se entrecruzan los mitos y las tragedias clásicas griegas con las legendarias tradiciones balcánicas.

Kadaré plantea interrogantes sobre las leyendas e historia de Albania. Su universo está lleno de mitos, y asume la rica tradición literaria de escritores como Homero, Esquilo, Shakespeare, Cervantes o Gógol.

Libros
(Cuando el título va traducido entre paréntesis con comillas simples significa que aún no ha sido publicado en español)
 Qyteti pa reklama, novela, 1959 ("La ciudad sin anuncios")
 Gjenerali i Ushtrisë së vdekur, novela, 1963 — El general del ejército muerto, la primera edición española fue la de Plaza & Janés, Barcelona, 1973; después ha habido otras: VOSA, 1987; Anaya & Mario Muchnik, 1991; la última es la Alianza Editorial; trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde
 Përbindëshi, novela, 1965 — El monstruo
 Dasma, novelan 1967 ("La boda")
 Kështjella, novela, 1970 — El cerco, Destino, Barcelona, 1974
 Kronikë në gur, novela, 1971 — Crónica de la ciudad de piedra, Alianza, Madrid, 2007
 Dimri i vetmisë së madhe, novela, 1973 — El gran invierno, VOSA, Madrid 1991
 Nëntori i një kryeqyteti, novela, 1974 — Noviembre de una capital, Galaxia Gutenberg / Círculo de Lectores, Barcelona, 2011
 Muzgu i perëndive të stepës, novela, 1978 — El ocaso de los dioses de la estepa, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2009
 Ura me tri harqe, novela, 1978 — El puente de tres arcos, Ediciones Libertarias,  Madrid, 1989
 Kamarja e turpit, novela, 1978 — El nicho de la vergüenza, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2001
 Prill i thyer, novela, 1978 — Abril quebrado, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Muchnik Editores, Barcelona, 1990, Alianza, Madrid, 2001
 Komisioni i festës, novela, 1978 ("La comisión de fiestas")
 Kush e solli Doruntinën, novela, 1979 — El viaje nupcial, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Ediciones B, Barcelona, 1990
 Nëpunësi i Pallati it të Endrrave, novela, 1981 — El Palacio de los Sueños, Anaya & Mario Muchnik, Madrid, 1994; Cátedra, Madrid, 1999; Alianza, Madrid, 2007
 Dosja H, novela, 1981 — El expediente H., Alianza, Madrid, 2001
 Pasha llë quet e mêdha, novela, 1984 - El nicho de la vergüenza, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Muchnik Editores, Barcelona, 1989.
 Nata me hënë, novela, 1985 ("La noche con luna")
 Krushqit janë të ngrirë, novela, 1986 — El cortejo nupcial helado en la nieve, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2001
 Viti i mbrapshtë, novela, 1986 — El año negro, Anaya & Mario Muchnik, Madrid, 1994; Alianza, Madrid, 2001
 Koncert në fund të dimrit, novela, 1988 — El concierto; trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde (obtuvo el Premio Nacional a la mejor traducción); Anaya & Mario Muchnik, Madrid, 1992
 Qorrfermani, novela breve, 1991 (escrita en 1984) — El firmán de la ceguera, Anaya & Mario Muchnik, Madrid, 1994
 Piramida, novela, 1992 — La pirámide, Anaya & Mario Muchnik, Madrid, 1994
 Hija, novela, 1994 ("La sombra" escrita en lo años 1984-86, fue sacada de contrabando fuera de Albania en aquella década y publicada en 1994 en francés, antes que en el original albanés)
 Shkaba, novela, 1995 ("El aguila")
 Spiritus, novela, 1996 — Spiritus. Novela con caos, revelación y vestigios, Alianza, Madrid, 2000
 Tri Këngë zie për Kosovën, 1998 — Tres cantos fúnebres por Kosovo, Alianza, Madrid, 1999
 Lulet e ftohta të marsit, novela, 2000 — Frías flores de marzo, trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2001
 Përballë pasqyrës së një gruaje, nouvelles, 2001 — Frente al espejo de una mujer (volumen compuesto por El jinete con halcón, La historia de la Liga Albanesa de Escritores frente al espejo de una mujer y El vuelo de la cigüeña),  trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2009
 Jeta, loja dhe vdekja e Lul Mazrekut, novela, 2002 — Vida, representación y muerte de Lul Mazrek, Alianza, Madrid, 2005
 Vajza e Agamemnonit, novela corta, 2003 — La hija de Agamenón (publicada junto con otra novela corta, El sucesor), trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2007
 Pasardhësi, novela corta, 2003 — El sucesor (publicada junto con otra novela corta, La hija de Agamenón), trad.: Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde; Alianza, Madrid, 2007
 Çështje të marrëzisë, novela, 2005 — Cuestión de locura, Alianza, Madrid, 2008
 Aksidenti, 2008 — El accidente, Alianza, Madrid, 2009
 Darka e gabuar, 2008 — La cena equivocada, Alianza, Madrid, 2011
 E penguara: Rekuiem për Linda B.,  2009 — Réquiem por Linda B.,  Alianza, Madrid, 2012
 Bisedë për brilantet në pasditen e dhjetorit, 11 relatos, 2013 — La provocación; trad.: María Esperanza Roces González y Ramón Sánchez Lizarralde, Alianza, Madrid, 2014. Contiene:
 «La provocación», «La lectura de Hamlet», «Conversación sobre brillantes en una tarde de diciembre» (el título de este relato es el que lleva volumen en albanés); «El informe secreto», «El expediente de Orfeo», «Las nupcias de la serpiente», «El último invierno del asesino», «Para olvidar a una mujer», «La muerte de una mujer rusa», «Díptico sobre la gran muralla china» y «En tierra desconocida»
 Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand, motive të Parisit, ensayos, 2014 — Las mañana del café Rostand, trad.: María Esperanza Roces González; Alianza, Madrid, 2018
 Mjegullat e Tiranës, novela, 2014 ("Las nieblas de Tirana"; escrita en 1958)
 Kukulla, novela, 2015 — La muñeca, Alianza, Madrid, 2016
 Koha e dashurisë, nouvelle, 2015 ("El tiempo del amor")
 Kur sunduesit grinden, 2018

 Libros sobre Kadaré
 José Carlos Rodrigo Breto. Ismaíl Kadaré y la gran estratagema. Reflejos literarios del totalitarismo, tesis doctoral, 2015; Ediciones del Subsuelo publicó en 2018 Ismaíl Kadaré: la gran estratagema, basado en esa tesis.
 Peter Morgan. Kadare: The Writer and the Dictatorship, 1957-1990, London, 2010
 Moisés Mori. Voces de Albania: lectura en falso de Ismaíl Kadaré, Losada, 2006.

 Bibliografía adicional
 Elsie, Robert, Historical Dictionary of Albania, New Edition, 2004,
 Gould, Rebecca. "Allegory and the Critique of Sovereignty: Ismail Kadare's Political Theologies", Studies in the Novel vol. 44, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 208–230.
 Morgan, Peter (2011) "Ismail Kadare's Inner Emigration", in Sara Jones & Meesha Nehru (Eds.), Writing under Socialism, (pp. 131–142). Nottingham, UK: Critical, Cultural and Communications (CCC) Press.
 Morgan, Peter (2011) "Greek Civilisation as a Theme of Dissidence in the Work of Ismail Kadare", Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand), 15, 16–32.
 Morgan, Peter (2010) Kadare post Communism: Albania, the Balkans and Europe in the Work of Ismail Kadare, 1990–2008, Australian Research Council (ARC)/Discovery Projects (DP).
 Morgan, Peter (2005) "Ismail Kadare: Creativity under Communism", The Australian Newspaper.

 Rranzi, Paulin. "Personalities – Missionaries of Peace"  publicistic, (2011), Tirana,
 Michel Métais, Ismaïl Kadaré et la nouvelle poésie albanaise, édition Pierre Jean Oswald, 1973.
 Éric Faye:
 Ismaïl Kadaré, Prométhée porte-feu, José Corti, 1991.
 Entretiens avec Ismaïl Kadaré, Paris, José Corti, 1991.
 Ariane Eissen & Véronique Gély (dir.), Lectures d'Ismail Kadaré. Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest, collection "Littérature et poétique comparées", 2011, 372 pp.
 Alexandre Zotos, De Scanderbeg à Ismaïl Kadaré, Publication de l'Université de Saint-Étienne, 1997.
 Les Belles Étrangères, 13 écrivains d'Albanie, ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, CNL, 1998.
 Gilles de Rapper et Ismaïl Kadaré, L'Albanie entre la légende et l'histoire, Actes Sud, 2004.
 Maks Velo, La Disparition des « Pachas rouges » d'Ismaïl Kadaré, enquête sur un crime littéraire, Fayard, 2004.
 Mariam M'raihi, Ismaïl Kadaré ou l'inspiration prométhéenne, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004,
 Shaban Sinani et Stéphane Courtois, Le Dossier Kadaré, suivi de La Vérité des souterrains, Odile Jacob, 2006.
 Jean-Paul Champseix, Ismaïl Kadaré : une dissidence littéraire'', Honore Champion, 2019

Véase también
 Literatura en albanés
 Premio Kadare

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Premio Príncipe de Asturias de las Letras 2009
 Ismaíl Kadaré -- Photos by Mathieu Bourgois.

Escritores de Albania del siglo XX
Novelistas de Albania
Premio Príncipe de Asturias de las Letras
Ganadores del premio Booker Internacional
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Francia)
Ismail Kadare
Naturales de Gjirokastra
Miembros de la Academia de las Artes de Berlín
Cuentistas de Albania
Nacidos en Gjirokastra


text:
Hudkontakt är beröring mellan två individers hud, utan att tyg eller annat material ligger emellan. Det är en form av fysisk intimitet och är en förutsättning för att genomföra ett samlag. Kontakt hud mot hud sker också vid trygghetsskapande och relationsbekräftande intimitet av annat slag. Fysisk intimitet bidrar till frisättandet av det viktiga hormonet oxytocin.

Situationer
Spädbarn har ett stort behov av hudkontakt. Ett sätt att tillfredsställa detta behov är genom amning.

Vuxna som till vardags är fullt påklädda har sällan hudkontakt utom vid handskakning. Kroppsdelar som ofta är lätta att få hudkontakt med är ansikte, nacke, händer och underarmar. Andra tillfällen för hudkontakt är dans, massage och idrott.

Hudkontakt är tabu i vissa kulturer, bland annat för buddhistiska munkar. I västerländsk kultur har hudkontakt mellan vuxna framför allt sensuell betydelse.

Annan betydelse
Hudkontakt är också när huden vidrör en metall, en kemikalie eller en allergen. Vissa ämnen är farliga vid hudkontakt.

Referenser

Mänskligt beteende
Sexualitet


This book is AMAZING, and I'm so excited because Veronica is having her launch party in my area :D Great pick!!
Nice! Never read the first book but I like the covers!!
Awesome pick!!! I'm dying to read this book!!!! I really can't wait to see where Aria & Perry's stories go next!


CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va. -- Nobody was more impressive at the NBPA Top 100 Camp than five-star wing Scottie Lewis. While Lewis was the top performer, who else earned awards from National Basketball Analyst Eric Bossi?
Why him? Talk about coming up big at the right time. Scottie Lewis needed a big time performance to vindicate his lofty national ranking and he came up with one. What I really love is that Lewis admitted he hadn't played up to par during the spring and took getting cut at USA Basketball's 18U trials to heart. A lot of kids say they are in the gym working, Lewis' results proved it.
What was most interesting was that he had the ball in his hands much more than during his junior year or during the spring and he looked way more comfortable. He's a big time athlete with incredible energy, gets to the rim and is an elite defender.
In the mix: Final seven of Duke, Florida, Harvard, Kentucky, St. John's, Stanford and Villanova.
Why him? Greg Brown has always been an impressive bundle of size, athleticism and energy. Now the skill level, confidence and production are starting to match all of those raw, physical tools.
Because of his size and versatility, Brown can play and defend multiple positions and fits the protoype of the modern wing. He's not yet a knock down shooter, but the confidence in his shot is growing and he's not afraid to take open shots like a non shooter would be. Brown is taking big steps forward and for my money he was the best prospect in Charlottesville.
In the mix: Cal, Kansas, TCU, Texas, Rutgers, Texas A&M, Cincinnati, Florida, Memphis and Oklahoma are among his early offers.
Why him? This was the Precious Achiuwa that has had college coaches raving about his potential and earned a top 10 ranking. He was focused, he was active and he was productive.
A few times during the winter and spring, the 6-foot-9 Achiuwa settled for jumpers and made things easier on defenders. At Top 100 Camp, Achiuwa was applying pressure and playing with a motor. He took everything to the rim, was a beast on the glass and looked like the top 10 player that he is ranked as.
In the mix: UConn and St. John's could be ahead of the pack, Louisville, Oregon, Syracuse, Seton Hall, UCLA and others are in the mix.
Why him? The better question would be why not him? Seriously, Tshiebwe is one of the most aggressive rebounders that I have seen in the high school ranks during nearly 20 years in the recruiting business. The speed and aggression with which he attacks loose rebounds is something else and that activity is translating more and more to the offensive end.
In the mix: West Virginia looks to be the leader with Pitt, Illinois, Kansas, Penn State, Virginia, Rutgers and some more giving chase.
Why him? It's an absolute joke how quick Isaiah Jackson is off the floor and how incredible his timing and feel for blocking shots is. He's not exactly short at 6-foot-8, but you don't usually associate elite rim protectors with guys who aren't a little bigger. But make no mistake about it, Jackson is an elite rim protector and as good a straight up shot blocker as I have ever scouted at that age. The offense is coming and he'll be an elite rebounder and rim runner before it's all said and done. Jackson is big time.
In the mix: Florida State, Iowa, Marquette, Creighton, Mississippi State and others have dropped early offers and he'll surely be a major target of home state Michigan and Michigan State.
Why him? First a little background, Spencer Dinwiddie was a guy that we always liked even though he wasn't hugely productive on the summer circuit and lacked strength. But he was skilled, he had a body to grow into and now he's in the NBA. Not saying that Donovan Williams is bound for the NBA, but he found his way into the rankings on a long term hedge and he's paying dividends sooner. He's got good size, is a slick ball handler, has tremendous length and has put himself in line for a nice bump in the 2019 rankings.
In the mix: SMU, Texas, Houston, Arizona State and others are in the mix.
Why him? I really wish that Jahmius Ramsey could enter the basketball court like the Ultimate Warrior used to enter the wrestling ring. The guy has an energy, toughness and swag about him that is all his own and he gives off energy to those who play with him and even those who watch him. It's just fun to watch a guy compete the way that he does.
I felt the same way watching Marcus Smart in high school and though they aren't totally similar players, many of the things that helped Smart become a college star and soon to be mega paid NBA player are what allow Ramsey to stand out.
In the mix: Indiana, Kansas, Louisville, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Virginia, Oregon, Virginia Tech, Texas A&M and Kansas State among others.
Why him? SBD, silent but deadly. That's Walker Kessler. A fluid big man who can run like a wing, has shooting touch and a big frame to build on. He's not loud, he doesn't run his mouth and he doesn't get people buzzing right away. But, keep watching him operate in silence while making things happen and your appreciation will grow quickly. He's ascended way up the class rankings in 2020 without a bunch of buzz, but it's time to start paying a bit more attention. He was one of the best shooters in camp, regardless of position.
In the mix: Georgia, Vanderbilt, Xavier, Texas A&M and others.
Why them? Ok, so there weren't a lot of 2021 prospects in camp but the few who were in Charlottesville really held their own. Especially Patrick Baldwin and Terrence Clarke. They both look like locks to make the top five of first edition of our 2021 rankings after the summer and they are in position to contend for the top spot.
Baldwin is super skilled and can flat out shoot the ball from distance. Many of the things that stood out with Michael Porter Jr. at the same age stand out with Baldwin. Clarke is more of a handler, creator and slasher but his jumper is on point as well. These guys are monster prospects.
Why him? Had 2020 combo guard Jaden Springer been around for more than the first day (he left for USA Basketball's 17U trials) he could have competed with Jalen Lecque, but there's not much question that Lecque was the most explosive athlete in attendance.
The jump shot and decision making as he transitions to the point guard remain works in progress, but there aren't many who can stay in front of him and nobody is more explosive at the rim.
In the mix: Kentucky, Kansas, Louisville, Indiana, NC State, Tennessee, Oregon, Georgetown, Clemson, Providence, St. John's and many, many more.
Why him? You have to credit Donta Scott. The combo forward from Philadelphia fell out of the 2019 Rivals150 after the winter. He didn't complain, he didn't hit social media to talk about being disrespected, he just hit the floor and balled.
Scott had a good spring, was good at the Pangos All-American Camp and backed all that up with a strong showing at Top 100. He doesn't wow with athleticism, he's not freaky strong but he seems to do a little bit of everything and is a crafty, tough and productive player. He could fit anywhere from the A-10 to the Big East or Big Ten.
In the mix: Penn State, Georgetown, Temple, St. Joseph's and others are in the mix.


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Is the real estate market prepared for the moving or downsizing of 10,000 baby boomers retiring each day? What if something happened such as disability or the death of a loved one which results in the sale of a home or business? Imagine if you were responsible for making those difficult decisions on someone's behalf. Please join Maureen Williams of Strategic Hourglass Solutions to discuss problems resulting when a legacy plan is not in place, and to hear the stories and solutions from others who have dealt with moving, downsizing, disability and death.


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Alexis Schmidt
TOULON – A Celebration of Life service is being held for Alexis Schmidt at the First Baptist Church of Toulon Saturday, July 6, at 10:30 a.m. The Rev. Al Harmon is officiating.
After the service her ashes will be buried at Evergreen Memorial Gardens south of Kewanee. Calling hours at Haskell Funeral Home in Toulon are Friday, July 5, from 5 to 7 p.m.
Alexis Joy Schmidt was born Jul. 22, 1946, in Kewanee, Ill., the daughter of Roy and Dorothy Appenheimer Schmidt. She passed away Dec. 29, 2018, in Bensenville, Ill., at the age of 72 years.
Alexis grew up in Toulon and graduated from Toulon Township High School with the Class of 1964. She earned bachelor's and master's degrees in education and taught in elementary schools in Phoenix, Ariz., Reykjavik, Iceland, Concord, N.H., Merrill, Mich., and Belvidere, Ill. After retirement Alexis lived in Toulon and in Northlake, Ill.
Alexis married Andrew Costello March 17, 1978, in Midland, Mich. To them were born two daughters, Shannon Raye and Erin Britt Costello. In 1986 Alexis and Andrew divorced. Alexis raised Shannon and Erin as a single mother and was proud of their accomplishments as young professional women and mothers.
Alexis had many interests. She loved children and delighted in helping others. One of her major joys was helping Shannon and Erin plan their weddings.
Alexis is survived by her mother, Dorothy Schmidt of Kewanee; two daughters, Shannon Costello and her husband Tom Altman of Fairfax, Va., and Erin (Tom) Rybarczyk, of Los Angeles, Calif.; two grandchildren, Arden Altman and Theodore Rybarczyk; two brothers, Ron (Margaret) Schmidt of McKinney, Texas, and Don (Bonnie) Schmidt of Toulon; nieces Susan (Mike) Gordon of Arlington Heights, Ill., Rebecca Adair of Toulon, nephew Eric Schmidt of McKinney, Texas, four aunts, Juanita Murray of Bloomington, Ind., Kate Kerr, Tallahassee, Fla., Rose Appenheimer, Dixon, Ill., and Glenna Omanson, Aurora, Ill.; and many Appenheimer, Schmidt and Swango cousins.
She was preceded in death by her father.
Memorials may be made to the Stark County Good Samaritan Fund, P. O. Box 233, Toulon, or to the First Baptist Church of Toulon, P. O. Box 636, Toulon, Ill 61483.
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368,379 people eliminated, 306,096 hurt and over $2,815,931,000 in economic damages Complementary or natural medicine works outside the evidence-based realm of science. This area includes alt-med stories that don't suit any of our other categories. Find out more about alternative medicine Here are 276 people who were hurt by someone not believing critically.
Louis, Missouri January 24, 2007 Age: 76Windsor, Wisconsin May 9, 2005 Michigan March 1996 Age: 9New York 1980 Age: 17Calgary, Alberta, Canada September 5, 2002 Calgary, Alberta, Canada September 5, 2002 April 12, 2002 Age: 40 December 11, 2005 Age: 52Southsea, Hampshire, England April 17, 2007 Age: 15Bungoma, Kenya March 2005 Age: 12Hull, Quebec, Canada March 28, 1994 Age: 36Nine Miles, Jamaica Might 11, 1981 Age: 11North Canton, Ohio Might 17, 2007 Age: 59Seattle, Washington September 3, 2005 Age: 50Jurez, Mexico November 7, 1980 Age: 45Boxmeer, Netherlands August 19, 2001 Cape Town, South Africa October 2005 Orlando, Florida 2007 Du Midday, Cape Town, South Africa October 30, 2005 Age: 33Kansas City, Kansas January 2004 Age: 57Arundel, Queensland, Australia February 2002 - June 2004 Ridgefield, Connecticut December 17, 1987 Janesville, Wisconsin April 2000 Age: 5North London, England 1998 Age: 2 months 1978 Age: 40New York City, New York 1995 Age: 36Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada March 2, 2000 Age: 52Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia March 8, 2003 Age: 68Los Angeles, California March 29, 2003 Age: 42 July 13, 1998 Beverly Hills, California 1989 Boise, Idaho June 25.
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2009 MMM Tulane Green Wave Preview
By umass09 Jul 31, 2009, 8:00am PDT
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Head coach Bob Toledo is spending yet another off-season trying to rebuild the Green Wave's ever struggling defense. To help assist him in his effort, Toledo hired the defensive minded Steve Stanard as defensive coordinator. The hiring of Stanard marks the Green Wave's third defensive coordinator in three seasons. Stanard has 14 years of experience as a d-coordinator, which includes stints at Colorado State, New Mexico State, South Dakota and Nebraska Wesleyan.
Stanard will take-over a defense that ranked 119th just a season ago, 113th against the run and 106th in scoring. However, many believe that the team has many more problems than just the defense. After all, football is a team game and one-side of the team cannot be the sole reason behind a 2-10 record. Toledo intends on using 2009 to disprove all his critics and show that the Green Wave can be a competitive team.
The defense will return six starters from 2008 along with 21 letter winners that give the team a lot of depth and experience. The most notable of all those returning, is red shirt senior Corey Sonnier, who led the Green Wave defense with 86 tackles during 2008. Sonnier is expected to step into the leadership role and will be an essential component of Stanard's defensive scheme.
The Green Wave looks quite impressive on the offensive side of the field. Kevin Moore was very remarkable in the quarterback role last season and hopes to continue to turn heads in 2009. Moore completed 56% of his passes and logged 2,194 yards in the air and 8 touchdowns. He will lose his go-to receiver, Brian King, but it looks as if Jeremy Williams should be able to smoothly takeover King's role. Last year Williams brought down five TD passes.
Toldeo has all the pieces necessary to put together a successful team in the 2009 season. The most important thing the Green Wave must focus on doing is improving their 1-7 conference record from last year. Other than their conference play, they must put up a good showing against the LSU Tigers in order to have any consideration for a bowl game invitation.


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Leopard Cory (Corydoras julii)
(Redirected from Julii Corydoras)
Leopard Cory
Leopard Corydoras
Corydoras julii
5.1-6.4cm (2-2.5 ")
2-20 °d
Other (See article)
Callichthyidae
10 Special notes
11 The Poison of the Corydoras
11.1 Self-Poisoning
Leopard Cat, Leopard Cory, Leopard Corydoras
Origin[edit | edit source]
Found in eastern Brazil, only available during dry season from Belem.
When properly conditioned, the difference between the male and female Corydoras is usually quite evident. Females will look a lot wider when viewed from the top, as they have a larger underbelly. Males are also shorter in length than females.
Very peaceful community fish. Will not intentionally bother tank inhabitants, however their bumbling about the tank may bother more delicate fish or other bottom dwellers. Are best kept in groups of 5-6 or more.
As with most Corydoras, these fish will eat most food which sinks to the bottom of the tank. Sinking algae pellets should be supplemented with flake food or other sinking foods like catfish pellets.
Be aware these fish do have a carnivorous side to them and love foods such as Bloodworm and Brine Shrimp. Vegetable-based foods offer little nutrition to them. They will also eat any dead, dying, or even injured fish, that sit on the substrate too long. They're very opportunistic!
These fish are most active at night, so feeding once before lights out is typically enough. Though they can easily be persuaded to feed during the day. Since they are slower eaters they should be allowed at least 30 minutes to consume their food.
Requires a sand or small gravel substrate and prefers a planted tank. Keeping a cory on sharp or large gravel can lead to damage to their barbels, which when infected will make it hard for the cory to find food.
Corys are sensitive to salt, as with other scaleless fish, adding salt to the tank will cause them harm.
The Corydoras group of fish frequently gulps air. This is normal and is not a cause for concern. If too little room is available between the water surface and the hood (<2") the fish may hit the hood. They hold the air in their stomach and the thin lining dissipates the oxygen.
This fish likes the company of its own kind. It is recommended to keep at least 2, or better yet, several of the same species. The more you have, the more secure they are and the more you will see them.
They are known to 'blink' their eyes to the amazement of onlookers. The Cory has the ability to tilt its eye down to examine the nearby substrate.
This fish has a silver body with lots of interconnected merged black dots. It also has a row of connected dots travelling the length of each side of the body. It has a black flash on the tip of its dorsal fin and the caudal has unconnected black dots on it.
This Cory is often mistaken for species Corydoras trilineatus as they are very similar. C. julii has distinctive black dots on its head and body whilst C. trilineatus has these dots joined up into groups. C. julii is more rare than C. trilineatus, this will be reflected in the price of the fish.
A lot of aquatic stores sell fish marked as C.julii where in fact they are C. trilineatus.
Special notes[edit | edit source]
These fish are incredibly docile, very peaceful and are a wonderfully easy fish to own. However it is a remarkably little known fact that Corydoras species have a very sharp barb just under each eye, one in the adipose fin, and a large one in the front of their dorsal fin.
The fish uses these barbs to protect itself from being swallowed by a larger fish. Therefore when using a net to catch these fish, be prepared for the Cory to become caught up in the mesh of the net. Also, ensure you don't try to catch this fish in your hand!
What is also little known is that most species of Corydoras have a poison gland in their barbs which causes fish which try to eat them to get stung. This causes the attacking fish to suffer a lot of pain rather like a jellyfish sting. Needless to say this causes an annoying, but harmless, irritant to aquarists skin if they get stung also.
The Cory has a sensitive sense of smell and its barbels allow it to taste food hidden in the substrate.
These fish are armoured, not scaled, catfish. They have two rows of overlapping bony plates running down each side and large plates covering their head. Indeed, the name Corydoras is derived from the Greek kory (helmet) and doras (skin).
The Poison of the Corydoras[edit | edit source]
Many species of Corydoras have a poisonous self-defence mechanism against being eaten by much larger fish. All Corys have very sharp fin spines and some seem to give off a low level toxic chemical into the water when frightened or highly stressed.[1] This toxin is believed to be only mildly irritating to people and only if the person is stressing and handling the Cory with their bare hands and is stung.[2] [3]
Self-Poisoning[edit | edit source]
A rare but recorded event is that at least some some species of Corys appear to be capable of releasing a poisonous mucus from its gills when alarmed which causes itself and other fish in confined volumes of water to rapidly die. Species believed to show this trait are C. adolfoi, C. arcuatus, C. melini, C. metae, C. panda, C. robineae', C. rabauti, C. atropersonatus, C. sterbai and C. trilineatus. This ability is poorly researched and other Corydoras species may be affected. [4][5]
Planet Catfish
AquaHobby
↑ David Sands in his 1982 publication "Catfishes of the World" vol. 1. ISBN 0-444-42282-X
↑ Corydoras owners discussing Poisonous spines in Corys
↑ Diversity, phylogenetic distribution, and origins of venomous catfishes by Jeremy J Wright, 2009.
↑ PFK issue 10 Oct 2008:page 26-Ian Fuller
↑ new atropersonatus batch
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Fish Difficulty - Moderate
Fish Availability- Rare
Habitat South America - Fish