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Social Norms, Social Change II
ペンシルベニア大学(University of Pennsylvania)
This course is Part 2 of the Social Norms, Social Change series. In this course, we will examine social change, the tools we may use to enact change, and put into practice all we have learned in Part 1. See Social Norms, Social Change Part I at this link: https://coursera.org/learn/norms This course covers scripts and schemas, the cognitive structures in which social expectations are embedded, and their relationship with social norms. The course then examines the essentials of norm abandonment, including the relations between personal beliefs and social expectations. We will also evaluate existing intervention strategies, including legal reforms, information campaigns, economic incentives, and group deliberations. Finally, we look at a variety of tools policy makers may use to effect change, highlight the role of trendsetters in social change, and explore the conditions under which they can be successful. The course is a joint Penn-UNICEF project." Please see the following link for a 30% discount on the book that accompanies this course: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/9780190622053/?cc=us&lang=en&promocode=AAFLYG6
The course is well structured and informative.
I would appreciate if I may get financial aid on social norms, social change II.
Anticipating for a positive response.
I find the course very significant and helpful to me. But it is great for not only me but also for those who work on and implement a project to tackle social problems.
Norm Abandonment
This module covers the essentials of norm abandonment, including the relations between personal beliefs and social expectations. It also evaluates existing intervention strategies, including legal reforms, information campaigns, economic incentives, and group deliberations.
11.18:10
11.210:34
11.3.16:09
11.7.111:41
Cristina Bicchieri
S. J. Patterson Harvie Professor of Social Thought and Comparative Ethics
言語を選択ptPtスペイン語フランス語ルーマニア語ロシア語英語
[MUSIC] The media are a another popular tool for changing target behaviors. The range of technologies is vast, including broadcast media such as the radio, film, and television, newspaper, Internet, and even public events. Common intervention include information campaigns, entertainment, ranging from soap operas to video games. And other more modest form of collective entertainment such as village theater. The viewers of soap operas, or at a more local level village theater, are driven to discuss the characters and their actions. These discussion create an environment that facilitates changes in beliefs, as well as in social expectations. Soap operas, in particular, have been credited with the induction of considerable belief and behavioral changes. These shows present viewers with characters where easy to identify with, yet frequently deviate from maladaptive behavioural patterns. In many respects, the characters in soap operas are the perfect instances of schema discrepant information. They are largely prototypical to particular social group yet, they often deviate in specific and ambiguous and positive ways. Effective soap opera's should draw upon research on script and schema change. To change people beliefs about what they can and should expect from a particular social group, the character should be prototypical enough so that subtyping is avoided yet deviant enough so that meaningful schema revision is attained. For example, a soap opera centered on a young girl should have her adhere to all the values and the interests that are typical of a girl from such a community. Yet, at the same time, she should also also spouse different aspirations. Perhaps she wants to stay in school longer, marry later, or even choose her own husband. Viewing such an otherwise prototypical character has the potential to cause someone to update their associated social schema. In this case, the schema for a young girl. Recall, the schema defiant instances that are largely prototypical are harder to subtype. As there are many different soap operas that people can watch, that all feature the same relevant qualities, they present relatable characters that deviate from expectation, in similar positive ways. And the schema defiant qualities are repeatedly observed each time one watches an episode. The type of schema change that is occurring would be best modeled by the bookkeeping model of schema change that we discussed in lecture nine. Even though such characters and stories are fictional, they can still feel real enough to the viewer to be persuasive. When viewers identify with particular characters, they see the character perspective as their own, share his or her experience, and therefore vicariously experience their discoveries. The more frequently they encounter particular characters, the more connected to them viewers will feel. Several studies show, that the behavioral impact of soap operas is substantial and positive. They have influenced many social phenomena ranging from fertility rates in Brazil, to appreciation of women rights and doctonomy in India, to family planning and inter group relation in Africa. For example, studies of the effect of the telenovelas in Brazi, show how the independent female characters in these soap operas served as benevolent role models for their viewers. All the female protagonists in these shows rarely had many children, had high divorce rates, and pursued meaningful and ambitious jobs, but were otherwise representative of typical Brazilian women. Once coverage was introduced to a new region, birth rates subsequently dropped and divorce rate rose. Interestingly, birth rates dropped the most for older women who match the age profile of the telenovela characters. All viewers, presumably, updated their beliefs and expectation after watching the soap operas. Yet, it was the older women who found this new expectation to be more self-relevant. Longitudinal survey data in several regions of rural India show an association between the advent of cable television access and lower female acceptance rate of spousal abuse. A diminish preference for sons, greater levels of female autonomy, as measured by levels of household decision making, and lower fertility rates. Indian soap operas typically feature educated urban families and liberated female characters who marry later and have fewer children. Twenda na Wakati, a successful Tanzanian radio soap opera, was designed to promote positive beliefs toward family planning practices. After comparing the behavior of those who listened to the radio show with those who did not, within treatment areas, the differences were evident. 49% of married women who actually listened to the show adopted family planning practices, as compared to 19% of those who did not listen. And adoption rates of female listener increased to 64% if they talked about the family planning content of the soap opera with their spouses. High levels of communication with spouses and friends were also reported. This discussion would help to infer how relevant others feel about family planning, thereby facilitating a shift in normative expectation. Interestingly, exposure had no impact on awareness of family planning methods, which was already high at the beginning of the intervention. Here we see how purely informational campaigns may not be sufficient to change important structural elements of family planning schema's. Indeed, the availability of a long-term show that represented models of action, and characters that easily fit into social roles became crucial in changing the listener empirical expectation about the possibility, and indeed, the advisability of adopting new practices. The public character of these shows helped people realize that many others were listening and stimulate a discussion among friends who followed the same program. Let us now listen to the importance of soap operas as a tool for change. >> Soap operas, related drama performances are also very good at facilitating change because they help to model behavior. People see people like themselves on the stage, their life stories are played out for them and they can see this happening. Soap operas help to desensitize some of these topics. They play on their own, so you can see yourself in it, and you live your decisions through what you're seeing in the drama performance. In fact, this is very useful in Sudan because Sudan is a very oral tradition. We are into poetry, we are into drama, we are into songs, we are into music. This is a very useful way also of putting the issues on the table without going all out to discuss what is right with FGC, what is wrong with FGC. Because people can see it played out before them. So yes, soap operas are very useful. >> It's not that the soap opera or any other intervention is a fantasy and that you'll have norm change and collective behavior change overnight. First of all, it's a slow process. You cannot be in too much of a rush to get your message across. I remember that when we did a soap opera in India called kind of in the style of what we call the shows or the mother in law, daughter in law saga, that's a pretty universal saga. That really cuts across socioeconomic groups. It happens in well to do families. It happens in not so well to do families. So, when we did that, we did not introduce any messaging for the first several months actually, until we had some idea that we were getting our audience hooked because that's really what you need to do. You need to have a certain level of certainty that your audience is already getting interested in your story, to follow your story from episode to episode. And now you can start subtly and gently inserting your content of what you want to say. But if you get too top heavy with this, then again, it's going alienate people because they want to listen to your story. It should, if it's well done, give you a new perspective on certain behaviors. For example, let me tell you that in one of the messages of the storylines dealt with open defecation, I mean, sanitation. And what the story was, was really that the girl who was getting married, the young girl who was about to be married, discovered that there was no toilet in the house of the man she was going to marry and whose house she would be then be living in. She made that a big issue and said, I'm not going to marry this guy if there's no toilet in his house. That's how the whole idea of how important it is to have a toilet and that she was used to having a toilet in her house. She certainly wasn't going to married to a guy who didn't have a toilet. Of course, he was so in love with her and he built the toilet. And then they get married and live happily ever after, presumably.


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Die Wirtschaft in der Türkei erbrachte kaufkraftbedingt 2020 die vierzehntgrößte Wirtschaftsleistung der Welt, hat jedoch eines der weltweit höchsten Leistungsbilanzdefizite (auch in Relation zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt). Istanbul gilt als der größte Markt und Umschlagplatz der Türkei. Das Wirtschaftsleben der Stadt wird dominiert von Börse, Großhandel, Verkehrs-, Bank-, Presse- und Verlagswesen. Es gibt mehrere Basare sowie moderne Geschäftsstraßen im westlichen Stil. Die handwerklichen und industriellen Betriebe produzieren vor allem Textilien und Nahrungsmittel. Auch der Bau von Automobilen, Bussen, Traktoren und Dieselmotoren ist ein bedeutender Wirtschaftszweig.

Seit 2017 häufen sich aufgrund der hohen Inflation, der hohen Auslandsverschuldung des Landes sowie des im internationalen Vergleich unterdurchschnittlichen Bildungs- bzw. Ausbildungsniveaus der türkischen Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitnehmerinnen gravierende Krisensymptome: Mehrere Ratingagenturen stuften die Bonität türkischer Staatsanleihen herab Standard & Poors bewertet die Türkei mit BB- / B - (zwei Stufen unter Investment Grade). Die Herabstufung spiegle ihre Ansicht wider, dass das Risiko einer harten Landung der türkischen Überhitzung und kreditfinanzierten Wirtschaft bestehe. Dies zeige sich ihres Erachtens in den zunehmenden Ungleichgewichten in der türkischen Wirtschaft, insbesondere in dem sich verschärfenden schuldenfinanzierten Leistungsbilanzdefizit und der hohen Inflation. Fitch stufte die Türkei am 13. Juli 2018 von BB+ auf BB herab. Die Entscheidung fiel nach einer harten Woche für türkische Anleihenaktien und die Lira nach der Entscheidung von Präsident Erdoğan, seinen Schwiegersohn Berat Albayrak als Finanzminister einzusetzen. Die Inflation betrug im März 2019 19,71 %. Zudem erreichte der Wechselkurs der Lira seit 2017 zu US-Dollar und Euro vielfach den tiefsten Stand in seiner Geschichte. Des Weiteren liegt die Arbeitslosigkeit bei rund 15 %, die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit bei 26,7 % (Stand: April 2019).

Im Global Competitiveness Index, der die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit eines Landes misst, belegt die Türkei Platz 61 von 141 Ländern (Stand 2019). Im Index für wirtschaftliche Freiheit belegte die Türkei für 2020 Platz 71 von 180 Ländern.

Geschichte

Industrialisierung im Osmanischen Reich

Die industrielle Revolution, die im 19. Jahrhundert in Europa stattfand, erreichte das Osmanische Reich aus mehreren Gründen kaum. Zum einen fehlte es an Kapital und Infrastruktur, jedoch auch an unternehmerischer Mentalität der Bevölkerung. Der Unternehmer war in der Gesellschaft des osmanischen Reiches nicht so hoch angesehen wie eine Laufbahn als Offizier oder Beamter. Eine wirtschaftliche Betätigung außerhalb des Handwerks, der Landwirtschaft und als Großgrundbesitzer fand nicht statt.

Das Handwerk geriet im 19. Jahrhundert in immer größere Schwierigkeiten, da es nicht mit den industriell produzierten Waren konkurrieren konnte. Die europäischen Mächte hatten nämlich durch Verhandlungen (Kapitulationen) eine weitestgehende Zollfreiheit für Manufakturprodukte erzwungen und "überschwemmten" den Markt mit billiger Massenware. Finanzielle Abhängigkeiten, wirtschaftliche Schwäche und kostspieligen Kriege führten das Osmanische Reich in immer größere Abhängigkeit von Europa. 1875 erklärte das Reich aufgrund der Zinsbelastung infolge der hohen Verschuldung den Staatsbankrott. Das Reich musste seine Finanzhoheit an die Gläubigerländer abtreten, um zahlungsfähig zu bleiben. Die finanzielle und wirtschaftliche Souveränität wurde erst nach der Republikgründung wieder erlangt.

Es existierten nur wenige industrielle Betriebe im Reich. Die meisten waren in Istanbul, İzmit, Eskişehir, Bursa, Manisa und Izmir angesiedelt und befanden sich zumeist in staatlicher Hand. Die wenigen privaten Unternehmen waren hauptsächlich im Besitz von Minderheiten wie Armeniern, Griechen und Juden. Die Landwirtschaft und das Handwerk bildeten so das Rückgrat der osmanischen Wirtschaft.

Staatliche Planung in der Türkischen Republik
Das Erbe der osmanischen Vergangenheit lastete schwer auf der neu gegründeten Republik. Das Handwerk, die Kreditwirtschaft und der Außenhandel litten an dem Verlust des Know-hows der Armenier und der sozialen Tätigkeit der Griechen. Mit dem Weggang der Mehrzahl dieser vormals wirtschaftlich dominierenden Minderheiten im Verlauf des Völkermords an den Armeniern und der Vertreibung der Griechen ging nicht nur Kapital verloren, sondern auch weiche Faktoren wie kaufmännische Erfahrung und internationale Handelsbeziehungen. Nachdem viele nichtmuslimische Armenier und Griechen getötet wurden oder flohen, wurden ihre Besitztümer enteignet. Diese Aneignung und Plünderung von Eigentum, Vermögen sowie Ländereien formte die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Türkischen Republik und füllte die türkische Wirtschaft wieder mit Kapital.

Die Landwirtschaft fiel als Finanzquelle für Investitionen aus, weil sie uneffizient organisiert war. Das Land gehörte größtenteils Großgrundbesitzern, die ihr Land an Kleinbauern verpachteten oder bewirtschaften ließen. Es fehlte der Anreiz, die Erträge zu steigern. Auch waren die Rahmenbedingungen für einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung nicht vorhanden. Es fehlte an einem modernen Wirtschaftsrecht, Verwaltung, Steuersystem und einer ausgebildeten Bevölkerung (1927 waren 90 % der 14 Mio. Türken Analphabeten).

Die Regierung unter Mustafa Kemal setzte in ihrer Entwicklungspolitik ab 1923 auf die Industrie und vernachlässigte die Landwirtschaft. Um die private Wirtschaft anzuregen, investierte der Staat in den Folgejahren in die Infrastruktur, vor allem in das Eisenbahnnetz (Gründung der TCDD 1927). Ansonsten betrieb sie eine liberale Wirtschaftspolitik. Die private Wirtschaft kam aber in den frühen Jahren der Republik aufgrund der schlechten Rahmenbedingungen nicht im gewünschten Rahmen in Gang, obwohl die türkische Wirtschaft zwischen 1923 und 1930 durchschnittlich um 11 % wuchs. Für ausländische Investoren war die Türkei aufgrund des kleinen Marktes nicht interessant genug. 1927 waren in der Türkei schätzungsweise nur 27.000 Menschen in der Industrie beschäftigt.

Nach dem Ende der Wirtschaftskrise der 1930er Jahre ging die Türkei dazu über, die Industrialisierung durch staatliche Investitionen und Firmengründungen zu forcieren. Der Etatismus wurde zu einem der sechs kemalistischen Prinzipien erhoben. Hierzu wurden "Fünfjahrespläne" aufgestellt und in Branchen wie z. B. Textil, Zement, Keramik, Banken investiert. Zur Schaffung des Investitionsvolumens nahm die Türkei einen Kredit von der Sowjetunion auf. Die Politik verfolgte nun eine Strategie der Importsubstitution. Dennoch waren 1953 gerade einmal 26.000 in privaten und 86.000 Arbeiter in staatlichen Industrieunternehmen beschäftigt.

Import-Substitution nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Die Phase zwischen 1945 und 1980 kann als eine binnenorientierte Import-Substitutions-Wirtschaftspolitik bezeichnet werden. Die inländischen Unternehmer wurden durch Schutzzölle vor der ausländischen Konkurrenz geschützt. Weil die staatliche Bürokratie gleichzeitig die Exporte hemmte, fehlten in der Folge notwendige Devisen, um die für die weitere Industrialisierung notwendigen Investitionsgüter und Vorprodukte zu importieren. Der Großteil der staatlichen Wirtschaftsunternehmen war ineffizient organisiert. Die Staatsbetriebe wurden von der Politik für politische und soziale Ziele instrumentalisiert. Zum einen mussten sie zu politisch motivierten Festpreisen ihre Waren verkaufen, zum anderen wurden sie als Auffangbecken für Arbeitslose genutzt und stellten daher Personal über ihren Bedarf ein. Um die hochgesteckten Ziele der Fünfjahrespläne zu erfüllen, musste der Staat mehr investieren, als er einnahm. Das Haushaltsdefizit stieg und mit ihm die Schulden, bis die Inflation zweistellige Werte erreichte (erst 2004 wurden wieder einstellige Inflationszahlen erreicht).

Die neue DP-Regierung unter Menderes nahm ab 1950 die Landwirtschaft in den Mittelpunkt der Entwicklung auf. Mit Subventionen und Garantiepreisen wurde die Landwirtschaft unterstützt. Die populistischen Maßnahmen führten zu einem hohen Staatsdefizit, durch die Mechanisierung wurde außerdem mehr als eine Million Landarbeiter arbeitslos, ab Mitte der 1950er Jahre begann damit eine massive ungeplante Landflucht und Verstädterung.

Die steigende Abhängigkeit durch die Auslandsverschuldung führte in den 1950er, 1960er und 1970er Jahren zu drei Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrisen die soziale und politische Krisen nach sich zogen und in Militärputschen endeten. Vor allem in den 1960er Jahren wanderten viele Türken als Gastarbeiter vor allem nach Mittel- und Westeuropa aus. Dadurch sank der Druck auf den Arbeitsmarkt, der durch ein starkes Bevölkerungswachstum hervorgerufen wurde. Die Geldüberweisungen der "Auslandstürken" waren in den folgenden Jahrzehnten einer der wichtigsten Devisenquellen der Türkei. Trotz der beschriebenen Schwierigkeiten war das durchschnittliche wirtschaftliche Wachstum der Türkei recht hoch. In den 1950er Jahren betrug es 6,7 %, in den 1960er Jahren 5,6 % und in den 1970er Jahren 4,1 %. Die Wachstumsraten reichten allerdings nicht aus, die Lücke zu den Industrienationen zu schließen.

Liberalismus nach dem Militärputsch 1980
Ab 1982 vollzog sich eine wirtschaftspolitische Wende in der Türkei hin zu einer Liberalisierung. Dieser Wandel fand unter Turgut Özal (Ministerpräsident von 1983 bis 1989) statt und kann als exportorientierte Industrialisierung bezeichnet werden. Unter Özal wurde die Geld-, Finanz-, Außenhandels- und Devisenpolitik radikal verändert. Um die türkische Wirtschaft konkurrenzfähiger zu machen, wurden Importverbote und -beschränkungen abgebaut und der Export gefördert. Damit ging ein weiterer Abbau der Bürokratie einher (z. B. Erleichterung ausländischer Investitionen). Während dieser Zeit stieg der Anteil der privaten Wirtschaft stark an, auch wegen der zunehmenden Privatisierung von ehemals staatlichen Unternehmen. Das durchschnittliche Wirtschaftswachstum in den 1980er Jahren betrug 4,8 %. Industrie und Dienstleistungen verdrängten die Landwirtschaft als größten Wirtschaftssektor: 1980 trug der Industriesektor 14 % zum BIP bei, 1988 dagegen 32,4 %. Die türkischen Exporte stiegen von 2,9 Mrd. im Jahr 1980 auf 14,7 Mrd. 1992. Allerdings verteilte sich das Wachstum ungleichmäßig innerhalb der Regionen der Türkei (West und Ost) und zwischen den Bevölkerungsschichten. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte sich mit den Auseinandersetzungen im Südosten ab 1984 (Siehe: Kurdenkonflikt in der Türkei).

Durch die zunehmende Senkung der Importbarrieren stieg der Konkurrenzdruck auf die türkischen Betriebe. Den Höhepunkt dieser Entwicklung bildete 1996 der Beitritt zur europäischen Zollunion. Das befürchtete Zusammenbrechen der türkischen Wirtschaft trat jedoch nicht ein. Aber auch die erhoffte Zunahme der ausländischen Investitionen blieb aus. In den 1990er Jahren wuchs die türkische Wirtschaft mit einer durchschnittlichen Wachstumsrate von über 5 %, und das, obwohl es immer wieder zu schweren Wirtschaftskrisen (1994, 1999 und 2001) kam.

Die letzte Krise im Jahre 2001 wurde durch ein steigendes Leistungs- und Handelsbilanzdefizit, verbunden mit einem maroden Bankensystem und einer Staatskrise ausgelöst. Aufgrund dieser Probleme kam es zu Spekulationen und Kapitalflucht, was die türkische Zentralbank dazu zwang, die türkische Lira freizugeben. Durch den starken Wertverlust der Lira (innerhalb weniger Stunden 40 %) stiegen die ausländischen Schulden (in Lira gerechnet) in unbezahlbare Höhen, woraufhin viele Unternehmen Konkurs gingen und die Arbeitslosigkeit stark anstieg. 21 Banken meldeten Insolvenz an. Die Einlagen wurden vom türkischen Staat gesichert. Resultat war eine der schwersten Rezessionen der türkischen Geschichte (die türkische Wirtschaftsleistung schrumpfte um über 8 %). Um einen Staatsbankrott abzuwenden gewährte der IWF der Türkei im Zeitraum von 2002 bis 2004 einen Kredit in Höhe von insgesamt 31 Mrd. $. Aufgrund der strikten Austeritätspolitik der Regierungen seit 2001 und der Auflagen des IWF hat die Türkei die schwere Finanzkrise von 2001 überwunden. Die damalige Reform des Banken- und Finanzsektors brachte für die Türkei in der Weltwirtschaftskrise ab 2008 eine stabile Ausgangslage. Kein türkisches Kreditinstitut ist bisher wirtschaftlich angeschlagen.

Seit dem Jahr 2000

Zwischen 2002 und 2005 wuchs die Wirtschaft jährlich mit einer durchschnittlichen Wachstumsrate von ca. 7,2 %. Der Export konnte sich in demselben Zeitraum mehr als verdoppeln.
Die Inflation wurde 2005 mit 7,7 Prozent angegeben (in den Jahrzehnten davor erreichte sie teilweise dreistellige Werte).

2004 betrug das Haushaltsdefizit 7 %. 2005 wurden Staatsunternehmen privatisiert.

Vom Wirtschaftswachstum (2002: 7,9 % 2003: 5,9 % 2004: 9,9 % 2005: 7,6 %) profitierte nur ein Teil der Bevölkerung.
Die Wirtschaftsstruktur der Türkei hat sich seit den 1990er Jahren stark gewandelt. Der dominante Agrarsektor verlor an Bedeutung, insbesondere was die Zahl der Beschäftigten angeht. Dominant wurde der Dienstleistungssektor, der derzeit ca. 60 % des BIP aufbringt. Auf die Industrie entfallen 30 % des BIP und auf die Landwirtschaft nur noch etwa 10 % des BIP.

2014 wurde die Hochgeschwindigkeitsstrecke Ankara–İstanbul eröffnet.

Aktuelle Situation
Die Ratingagentur Moody's stufte im Frühjahr 2017 die Bonität der Türkei von "stabil" auf "negativ" herab. Im Jahresbericht, der im November desselben Jahres veröffentlicht wurde, bezeichnete man die politischen Risiken und die hohe Verletzbarkeit durch äußere Einflüsse als große Schwächen des Landes bzw. ihrer Wirtschaft. Moody's stufte die Türkei 2018 weiter auf das Rating "Ba2" (im Ramschpapierbereich) herab. Der Wechselkurs der Türkischen Lira (YTL) erreichte am 21. November zu Dollar und Euro zeitweise den tiefsten Stand in seiner (YTL-)Geschichte, mit 4,67 Lira für einen Euro und 3,97 Lira für einen US-Dollar. Dies bedeutete zwischen Ende Oktober und Ende November 2017 einen Wertverfall von acht Prozent.

November 2017 betrug die Inflation der Türkei 12,98 %, was dem höchsten Wert seit 2003 entspricht. Zudem wurde die Rendite für türkische Staatsanleihen mit einer Laufzeit von zehn Jahren auf 12,74 % erhöht (zuvor zwölf Prozent). Recep Tayyip Erdoğan kritisierte die leichte Zinserhöhung der Zentralbank und sprach von einer "Zinslobby", die sich auf Kosten der Türkei bereichere. Im Zuge dessen forderte er – entgegen der (übereinstimmenden) Meinung der Volkswirtschaftslehre – niedrigere Zinsen gegen Inflation. Im 3. Quartal 2017 wuchs die Wirtschaft mit über 11 Prozent.

Seit Frühjahr 2018 hat sich in der Türkei eine Währungs- und Schuldenkrise entwickelt. Diese ist charakterisiert durch hohe Inflation auf Grund übermäßigen Wachstumes der Geldmenge, als Konsequenz einen beschleunigten Verfall des Wertes der türkischen Lira, Abzug ausländischen Kapitals und stark ansteigende Kreditkosten sowie entsprechend wachsende Zahlungsausfälle sowie schließlich eine Kontraktion der Volkswirtschaft. Die Krise wurde durch exzessive Leistungsbilanz-Defizite ermöglicht und verursacht durch wachsenden Autoritarismus von Präsident Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sowie dessen unorthodoxe Ideen zur Zinspolitik der Zentralbank, welche die Geldmenge übermäßig anwachsen ließ.

Struktur

Industrie

Dominiert wird der private Industriesektor durch Industriellenfamilien wie Sabancı und Koç.

Textilindustrie war 2004 der wichtigste Industriesektor der Türkei und die größte Exportbranche. 2004 exportierte die türkische Textilindustrie Waren im Wert von ca. 20 Mrd. $ (2003 waren es noch 15 Mrd. $). Die Türkei war der sechstgrößte Baumwollhersteller der Welt.
Die Textilindustrie konzentrierte sich überwiegend um die Städte Istanbul und Bursa. Insgesamt beschäftigte sie circa 4 Millionen Menschen. Im Jahr 2006 geriet die türkische Textilindustrie in eine Krise und musste mehrere 100.000 Menschen entlassen, weil sie mit den Billiglöhnen in Ostasien nicht konkurrieren konnte.

Daneben haben die Automobilindustrie und die Elektronikbranche eine gewisse Bedeutung. 2004 wurden in der Türkei 862.000 Autos produziert, von denen 519.000 exportiert wurden. 2007 stieg die Produktion auf 1,1 Mio. Zentren der Automobilindustrie sind die Städte Bursa und Adana.
2004 betrugen die Exporte auf 10,7 Milliarden und 2005 13,7 Milliarden Dollar. In der Türkei werden viele Busse produziert. Die Hauptexportziele sind Europa und die Golfregion. Toyota, MAN, Daimler AG, Ford, Fiat und Renault haben (Stand 2005) Produktionsstandorte in der Türkei. Dazu kommen die türkischen Automobilhersteller wie Tofaş, Karsan, Temsa, BMC. Etwa 500.000 Menschen arbeiten in dieser Branche. Gründe für das Interesse ausländischer Automobilkonzerne an der Türkei sind niedrige Löhne bei hoher Qualität, Marktwachstum und die geostrategische Lage.

2005 wurde ein Drittel aller in Europa verkauften Fernseher in der Türkei produziert.
Im Jahr 2012 betrug das Produktionsvolumen der türkischen Elektroindustrie 12,5 Milliarden Dollar nach 9,5 Milliarden 2009, Waren im Wert von 16,1 Milliarden Dollar wurden importiert (2009: 12,2) und im Wert von 6,8 Milliarden exportiert (2009: 4,9).  Unternehmen wie die Robert Bosch GmbH und Sony hatten 2004 Produktionsstandorte in der Türkei und fertigten Haushaltsgeräte.
Die Nahrungsmittelindustrie konzentriert sich auf Westanatolien.

Landwirtschaft

Etwa ein Drittel der Fläche wird landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Die Türkei gilt als Weltmarktführer beim Anbau von Haselnüssen. Wichtig sind zudem Baumwolle, Tabak und Oliven. Seit 1980 gewinnt der Weinbau wieder an Bedeutung.

Das gigantische Südostanatolien-Projekt soll die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung eines Gebietes der Größe der Benelux-Länder ermöglichen.

Tourismus

Der Tourismus ist ein wichtiger Wirtschaftssektor der Türkei und gilt als eine ihrer größten Devisenquellen. Touristische Zentren sind die südliche Ägäis-Küste und die "türkische Riviera" zwischen Antalya und Kap Anamur. 2008 erzielte die Türkei mit dem Tourismus Einnahmen von ca. 21 Milliarden Dollar und 2018 26,2 Milliarden Dollar. Durchschnittlich gaben die ausländischen Touristen 800 $ pro Kopf aus.

Der türkische Tourismus steuerte im Jahr 2015 noch 13 Prozent zum Bruttoinlandprodukt bei. In den ersten neun Monaten des Jahres 2016 ging die Zahl der ausländischen Touristen um ein Drittel zurück. Viele Hotelbetreiber mussten unter dem Eindruck von Terroranschlägen und dem autokratischen Gebaren von Präsident Erdogan seit dem Putschversuch vom Juli 2016 Konkurs anmelden. Die Deviseneinnahmen aus dem Tourismus gingen von 24,9 Milliarden US-Dollar (Januar bis September 2015) auf 17,3 Milliarden Dollar (Januar bis September 2016) zurück. Das halbstaatliche Unternehmen Turkish Airlines (THY), mit 60 Millionen Fluggästen die zehntgrößte Fluggesellschaft der Welt, verbuchte im 1. Halbjahr 2016 einen Verlust von 647 Millionen Dollar.

2017 stieg die Zahl ausländischer Urlauber im Vergleich zu 2016 wieder an.

2018 erreichte die Zahl der ausländischen Touristen mit 39,5 Mio. Urlaubern einen neuen Rekordstand.

Im Jahr 2019 wurde der Rekord vom Vorjahr erneut gebrochen, mit über 45 Mio. ausländischen Urlaubern (2000 waren es noch etwa 10,4 Mio.). Die größte nationale Gruppe unter den Türkei-Touristen stellten mit ca. 7 Millionen Russen, gefolgt von Deutschen (5 Mio.), Bulgaren (2,7 Mio.) und Briten (2,5 Mio.).

Aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie ein Jahr später ging die Zahl der Touristen deutlich zurück (etwa 12,7 Mio. Urlauber). Ein Jahr später stiegen die Touristenzahlen mit über 29 Mio. wieder stark an.

Bankwesen
2001 deckten Wirtschaftsprüfer Ungereimtheiten bei vielen Privatbanken auf. Dieser Wirtschaftsskandal war damals eine der Ursachen für die schwere Wirtschaftskrise. Daraufhin wurden viele Banken unter staatliche Kontrolle gebracht und nach der Sanierung privatisiert. Die größten Banken des Landes sind die staatliche Ziraat Bank und die privaten Banken Türkiye İş Bankası und Akbank.

Bergbau
In der Türkei werden Chrom, Steinkohle, Braunkohle, Eisen und in geringeren Mengen Blei, Zink, Gold, Kupfer und Silber gefördert. 2004 wurden Produkte im Wert von ca. 1,08 Milliarden $ exportiert. Mit den neuen Bergbaugesetzen und privaten Abbaugebieten rechnet die Regierung 2006 mit einem Exportvolumen von 2 Milliarden $. Die Türkei ist in Besitz der weltgrößten Reserven von Bor.

Energie

Den Großteil der Energie bezieht die Türkei über Importe von Gas und Öl. Der Anteil der Stromproduktion aus Erdgas ist seit 1990 massiv angestiegen und stellte 2012 mehr als 40 % dar. Hauptlieferanten sind der Iran und Russland. Seit Februar 2003 wird über die Gaspipeline Blauer Strom Erdgas aus Russland in die Türkei geliefert. Es gibt Pläne, diese Pipeline bis zu den südeuropäischen Staaten zu verlängern. Ungefähr 20 % der Energieproduktion wird durch Wasserkraftwerke produziert. Der größte Staudamm ist der seit 1992 in Betrieb befindliche Atatürk-Staudamm, der Teil des Südostanatolien-Projekts ist. Dabei soll durch den Verbund aus 17 Wasserkraftwerken eine Energiemenge von bis zu 27 Mrd. kWh geliefert werden können. Diese Projekte sollen dem Osten helfen, sich besser zu entwickeln.

Ein weiterer beachtlicher Teil der in der Türkei erzeugten Energie wird mit der heimischen Steinkohle erzeugt.

Von Aserbaidschan führt die Baku-Tiflis-Ceyhan-Pipeline zum türkischen Mittelmeerhafen Ceyhan.

Die Türkei plant den Bau von drei Kernkraftwerken. Das erste Atomkraftwerk in Akkuyu (Mittelmeerprovinz Mersin) mit einer geplanten Kapazität von 4800 MW (4 × 1200 MW) wird von der russischen Gesellschaft Rosatom errichtet und soll 20 Mrd. $ kosten. Dem Vernehmen nach verlaufen die vorbereitenden Arbeiten nach vorgegebenem Zeitplan. Referenzprojekt ist das russische Kernkraftwerk AES-2006. Die Anlage in Akkuyu soll nach Fertigstellung jährlich 35 Mrd. kWh Strom produzieren. Die Elektrizitätserzeugung im ersten Reaktor wird nach derzeitigem Zeitplan Mitte 2020 beginnen. Die gesamte Betriebsdauer wird mit 60 Jahren angegeben.
Das zweite Atomkraftwerk vom Typ Atmea-I der dritten Generation soll in Sinop am Schwarzen Meer durch die französische Firma Areva und das japanische Unternehmen Mitsubishi Heavy Industries errichtet werden. Geplant ist eine Kapazität von 4400 MW (4 × 1100 MW). Mit den Bauarbeiten will das Konsortium 2017 beginnen. Für das dritte Kernkraftwerk wurde noch kein Standort festgelegt.

Strukturelle Probleme
Der Großraum Istanbul erreicht beispielsweise 41 % des durchschnittlichen Einkommens der 15 "alten" EU-Staaten, der Osten hingegen nur 7 %.

Zudem gibt es innerhalb der türkischen Volkswirtschaft erhebliche strukturelle Probleme. So trägt die Landwirtschaft zum BSP lediglich 11,9 % bei, beschäftigt aber 30,6 % der Arbeitskräfte.

Die Industrie trägt 29,6 % zum BSP bei und der Dienstleistungssektor 58,5 %. In der Industrie arbeiten 19,3 % aller Erwerbstätigen und in der Dienstleistung 44,5 %.

Die Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Erwerbstätigen stieg August 2005 gegenüber dem Vorjahr von 44,6 % auf 48,9 %.

Die Türkei litt jahrzehntelang unter chronischer Inflation, die Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingedämmt werden konnte. Die Inflation erreichte zeitweise dreistellige, beinahe hyperinflationäre Zahlen (1994/1995 betrug sie 150 %), 2003 sank sie auf 18,4 %, die Schätzung für 2007 ist 7,3 %. Am 1. Januar 2005 wurde die alte "Türkische Lira" durch die "Neue Türkische Lira" (Yeni Türk Lirası) ersetzt. Damit verlor die Türkische Lira 6 Nullen. Außerdem wurde die Untereinheit der Lira, der Kuruş, wieder eingeführt. Der Kuruş war Mitte der 1980er Jahre abgeschafft worden, weil aufgrund der hohen Inflation die Lira stark an Wert verloren hatte. Auf den Vorderseiten der neuen 20, 50 und 100 Lira-Scheine ist wie bis dahin der türkische Staatsgründer Atatürk zu sehen. Bis Ende 2005 waren beide Währungen gültig. Seit 2016 ist die Inflation wieder stark angestiegen.

Ein großes volkswirtschaftliche Problem ist ein sehr großes Leistungsbilanzdefizit. Im Jahr 2011 hatte die Türkei mit −8 % das größte Leistungsbilanzdefizit (in Relation zum BIP) aller Staaten. Im Januar 2012 war das Leistungsbilanzdefizit sogar zweistellig (−10 %) und das höchste aller G-20 Staaten. Verursacht wird das hohe Leistungsbilanzdefizit dadurch, dass die Konsumausgaben in der Türkei in den vergangenen sieben Jahren (stand 2012) um 5 % stärker gewachsen ist als das BIP. Finanziert wird dies durch eine hohe Kreditvergabe.

Seit 2013 kommt es zu einem verstärkten Kapitalabzug ausländischer Investoren.
Durch die daraus folgende Abwertung der türkischen Lira fällt es auch vielen der teils hoch verschuldeten Unternehmen immer schwerer, Fremdwährungskredite zu bedienen.

Außenhandel
Die Türkei hat mit 8 % des BIP (2013) eines der größten Leistungsbilanzdefizite der Welt. Einer positiven Dienstleistungsbilanz steht eine negative Handelsbilanz gegenüber.
Außenwirtschaftlich sucht die Türkei eine engere Anbindung an die EU und zugleich eine stärkere Einflussnahme auf die Turkstaaten (u. a. Kasachstan, Usbekistan, Kirgisistan, Turkmenistan, Aserbaidschan). Seit 1996 existiert eine Zollunion mit der EU. Daher gilt für die Türkei das europäische Wirtschaftsrecht. Mit 58 % des Gesamtexportaufkommens sind die EU-Länder die wichtigsten Exportländer. 2007 war Deutschland mit 13 % der Importe und 14 % der Exporte größter Handelspartner der Türkei.

46 % der gesamten Importe stammten 2003 aus der EU, dies waren im ersten Halbjahr 2003 11 Milliarden US-Dollar. Auch zur Erschließung der Absatzmärkte in den früheren GUS-Staaten spielen die Niederlassungen der europäischen Konzerne eine bedeutende Rolle. Deutschland ist mit über 13 % (11,9 Mrd. $) der Importe und ca. 17 % (9,4 Mrd. $) der Exporte der größte Handelspartner der Türkei. Weitere wichtige Handelspartner sind die USA (Exporte 3,7 und Importe 3,4 Mrd. $), Großbritannien (Exporte 7,5 und Importe 3,5 Mrd. $), Italien (Exporte 5,9 und Importe 5,4 Mrd. $), Russland (Exporte 4,7 und Importe 5,4 Mrd. $) und Frankreich (Exporte 5,9 und Importe 4,2 Mrd. $).

Die Türkei nimmt als Absatzmarkt für die Europäische Union mittlerweile den sechsten Rang an. Gleichzeitig ist die Türkei zum siebtgrößten Exportland gewachsen. Das negative Handelsdefizit mit der EU konnte 2005 verglichen mit 2004 um 0,4 Mrd. € auf 4,7 Mrd. € gesenkt werden.

Das türkische Handelsvolumen mit Afrika, das 2003 noch rund fünf Milliarden US-Dollar betrug, lag 2020 bei etwa 25 Milliarden US-Dollar.

Die wichtigsten Exportindustrien für die türkische Wirtschaft sind der Fahrzeug- und Maschinenbau sowie die Bekleidungsindustrie. Fahrzeuge leisteten dabei 2019 mit 15,3 % oder 23,4 Mrd. € den größten Beitrag zum türkischen Gesamtexportaufkommen.

Ausländische Investitionen

Das neue Investitionsförderungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2004 stellt in- und ausländische Investoren gleich und zeigt schon erste Erfolge. In den Jahren 2005 8 Mrd. $, 2006 16 Mrd. $, 2007 21 Mrd. $ wurden in der Türkei ausländische Direktinvestitionen getätigt. Demgegenüber lag die Summe der ausländischen Investitionen bis 2002 bei vergleichsweise geringen 5,5 Mrd. $, davon alleine 4 Milliarden aus Deutschland.

September 2007 waren 18.223 ausländische Kapitalgesellschaften (inkl. Unternehmen mit ausländischer Beteiligung) in der Türkei aktiv davon 3.126 Unternehmen aus Deutschland. Alleine in den letzten 18 Monaten kamen mehr als 1000 neue deutsche Unternehmen ins Land.

So lassen die Unternehmen MAN und Daimler Busse in der Türkei bauen. Die BSH (Bosch-Siemens Hausgeräte) stellt am Rande von Istanbul Kühlschränke und Küchengeräte her. Das in İskenderun gebaute Steinkohlekraftwerk ist das größte deutsche Investitionsprojekt, bei dem die Unternehmen Steag und RWE ca. 1,5 Mrd. US-Dollar investiert haben.

Privatisierung

2004 wurden durch Privatisierung der Staatsunternehmen lediglich 1,2 Milliarden US-Dollar erzielt. 2005 kam die Privatisierung von Staatsunternehmen voran. Im gesamten Jahr 2005 wurden 16 Milliarden US-Dollar Privatisierungserlöse erzielt. Rechnet man die Gebühren für die 15-jährigen privaten Nutzungsrechte für den Flughafen "Flughafen Istanbul-Atatürk" hinzu, erzielte der Staat Erlöse von 20 Milliarden Dollar.

Die höchsten Einnahmen erzielte der Staat durch den Verkauf von 55 % ihrer Anteile an der Türk Telekom. Ein Firmenkonsortium (Oger Telecom Ortak Girişim Grubu) bot für die Mehrheit 6,55 Mrd. US-Dollar. Das Konsortium ist ein Zusammenschluss eines libanesischen Familienunternehmens (Saudi Oger) und der Telecom Italia. Am 13. September 2005 erwarb die Koç-Gruppe zusammen mit Shell das Petrochemie-Unternehmen Tüpraş. Für 51 % der Aktien zahlte das Konsortium 4,14 Mrd. $.

Im Oktober erhielt OYAK für 2,77 Mrd. $ 46,12 % der Aktien von Erdemir. Erdemir gehört zu den 50 größten Stahlherstellern der Welt. Oyak ist die Beteiligungsgesellschaft des "Unterstützungsfonds für die Armee" (Ordu Yardimlasma Kurumu). Für 755 Millionen $ ging der Hafen von Mersin an die PSA-Akfen-Gruppe aus Singapur.

Als Nächstes sollen staatliche Energie-, Zement- und die staatlichen Lotterie-Unternehmen privatisiert werden.

Steuerpolitik

Anfang 2006 wurde die Körperschaftssteuer von 30 % auf 20 % abgesenkt. Gleichzeitig wurde der Spitzensatz bei der Einkommensteuer von 40 % auf 35 % abgesenkt, der Eingangssteuersatz lag bei 15 %. Ebenfalls wurde ab dem 1. Januar 2006 eine Kapitalgewinnsteuer von 15 % eingeführt. Vor allem das Absenken der Körperschaftssteuer diente der Stärkung der Konkurrenzfähigkeit der türkischen Wirtschaft gegenüber den Osteuropäischen Ländern.

Die Steuerhinterziehungsquote lag, nach einem Bericht des Finanzministeriums, 2005 bei 26,22 %. In absoluten Zahlen verliert der Staat so jährlich ca. 9 bis 11 Milliarden $ Steuereinnahmen.

Wirtschaftsdaten
Die offiziellen Angaben zum BNE sind insbesondere im Falle der Türkei mit Vorsicht zu genießen. Da ein erheblicher Teil der Wirtschaftsleistung in der Schattenwirtschaft (Schwarzarbeit, Schwarzhandel etc.) abläuft, kann diese durch die Behörden nicht erfasst werden. Daher dürfte die "wahre" volkswirtschaftliche Leistung der Türkei höher sein als die offiziellen Angaben. Offizielle türkische Schätzungen gehen für das Jahr 2005 von einem Anteil der Schattenwirtschaft am Bruttonationaleinkommen von 26 % aus, während der ständige EU-Vertreter in Ankara diesen auf 50 % veranschlagt.

Die türkische Wirtschaft wuchs in den ersten sechs Monaten des Jahres 2004 mit einer überraschend hohen Wachstumsrate von 13,5 % und überholte damit sogar deutlich den Spitzenreiter China.

Im Vergleich mit dem BIP der EU ausgedrückt in Kaufkraftstandards erreicht die Türkei einen Index von 30.8 (EU-25:100) (2005).

Im Jahre 2005 wuchs die türkische Wirtschaft im Vergleich zum Vorjahr etwas moderater. Im 1. Quartal konnte das BNE um 5,3 % zulegen, steigerte sich jedoch bis Jahresende. Nachdem der Staat in den Vorquartalen als Wachstumsmotor ausgefallen war (bedingt durch Haushaltskonsolidierung), meldete sich der öffentliche Sektor wieder zurück. Die öffentlichen Investitionen stiegen um über 36 % gegenüber dem Vorjahresquartal an.

Datenblatt
Verschiedene makroökonomische Indikatoren der türkischen Wirtschaft von 1980 bis 2017. Alle BIP-Werte sind in US-Dollar in Kaufkraftparität angegeben. Inflation über zehn Prozent ist mit einem roten Pfeil markiert.

Entwicklung des Außenhandel
Jährlicher Export und Import von Waren und Dienstleistungen in US-Dollar seit dem Jahr 2005 laut Daten der Weltbank.

Siehe auch
 Liste der größten Unternehmen in der Türkei
 Liste der Provinzen der Türkei nach Bruttoinlandsprodukt

Literatur

 Brigitte Moser-Weithmann: Geschäftserfolg in der Türkei. Erfolgreiche Kommunikation mit türkischen Geschäftspartnern. Zürich 2008. ISBN 978-3-280-05270-9.

Weblinks
 Zentralbank der Türkei (in Englisch)
 Investment Support and Promotion Agency of Turkey
 Deutsch-Türkische IHK in Istanbul
 Türkisch-Deutsche IHK in Köln
 gte.business-on.de / German-Turkish Economy forum (Deutsch-Türkisches Wirtschaftsportal)
 Türkischer Verband der Industriellen und Unternehmer (englisch)
 Independent Industrialists and Businessmen Association
 Planungsagentur
 Finanzministerium

 Wirtschaftsdaten für die Türkei Online (englisch)
 Kultur und Tourismus Ministerium der Republik Türkei

Einzelnachweise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of Australia in 1974-75 under the captaincy of Mike Denness was its sixteenth since it took official control of overseas tours in 1903-1904. The touring team played as England in the 1974–75 Ashes series against Australia, but as the MCC in all other games. In all there were 24 matches; 6 Test matches (which they lost 4-1), 9 other First Class matches (which they won 4-1), a One Day International, which they won, another one-day game, which they lost, and 8 minor matches (which they won 3-0).

Travelling to Australia
The tourists flew to Sydney, where Mike Denness held a press conference, then flew on to Adelaide for net practice and their first matches. Here they also saw Dennis Lillee in his first match since his breakdown in 1973, taking 4/82 and 3/40 for Western Australia against South Australia. Frank Tyson noted that the tour was far more hectic than the old days when the team arrived by boat. Instead of having seven first class matches and a similar number of country matches before the First Test they now only had four first class matches, and few of the England players had time to accustom themselves to local conditions. Most of the party only had two games under their belt when they played Australia at the Gabba. Also the country games were no longer two-day occasions for relaxation, but were crammed into a 10-hour, one-day flying visit, which allowed little time to be feted by the locals or for the players to rest.

South Australia Country vs MCC

Mike Denness was affected by a mystery virus thought to be caused by the long flight to Australia and his vice-captain John Edrich led the MCC, but the match was abandoned due to rain, which became a common occurrence as the Australian summer of 1974-75 was rife with heavy rain and floods.

South Australia vs MCC

The sluggish Adelaide pitch had been rendered even more toothless by its new wicket, the fresh soil removing its tendency to take spin after the second day. With five fast bowlers in the touring team there were bouncers aplenty as they vied for a Test place, which slowed down the over-rate to 10 or 11 an hour. Mike Hendrick did best with his 5/68 in the second innings and Derek Underwood took 7/127 in the match with his carefully placed spin. By coincidence the South Australian wicketkeeper was Mike Hendricks and he made 57 in the home side's first innings. The South Australian captain Ian Chappell top-scored with 78 in the second despite hooking early and often, but in the end the over-rate and flat pitch ensured a draw.

Victoria Country vs MCC

The MCC travelled to Warrnambool for the day to play a local Victorian Country XI. The tourists batted first and their 158/4 declared depended almost entirely on Brian Luckhurst's 94 and Mike Denness declared when he was bowled six runs short of his century. Only 65 overs were played in the day and the Victorians survived to stumps with 83/5 before the MCC team rushed to their hotel to see the Rumble in the Jungle between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman.

Victoria vs MCC

John Edrich led the team again against the 1973-74 Sheffield Shield champions Victoria under Ian Redpath, who won the toss and chose to bat. The MCG pitch proved to be as slow and flat at the Adelaide Oval and Victoria struggled to make 293/8 in 6½ hours. The wickets were shared around the English bowlers who struggled to dismiss the tailenders Ray Bright (53), Max Walker (23 not out) and Alan Thomson (11 not out), so in the end Redpath declared on the second morning. Brian Luckhurst carried on from the Victorian Country game with 116 and Dennis Amiss made 158 as they piled up 268 for the first wicket, but nobody else made 20 except for Alan Knott's 48 not out and Edrich declared on 392/9, 99 runs ahead on the first innings. Victoria held out for a draw and though the highest score was only 36 most of the batsmen dug themselves in in good Victorian style. After 333 minutes of batting they had reached 174/8, 75 runs ahead and the game was called off as a draw.

Australian Capital Territory and Southern New South Wales Country vs MCC

In another rain-affected match it was agreed that the MCC could bat first to get some batting practice. David Lloyd (66) and John Edrich (51) made 108 for the first wicket until Edrich "retired out" with a bad back and declared the innings at 159/2 after 34 overs. No England bowler took a wicket in the home innings as the top scorer Brian Kensey was run out for 30 and the game ended with them 58/1.

New South Wales vs MCC

The MCC met New South Wales under Doug Walters. Mike Denness won the toss and asked the NSW team to bat first. After the loss of Marshall Rosen at 7/1, Alan Turner (72) and Rick McCosker (52) added 104 and Test hopeful Ian Davis made a swashbuckling 91 and Gary Gilmour 59 not out as the home team made 338 with Chris Old taking 4/64. Keith Fletcher (79), Tony Greig (70) and Old (48) made quick runs and Denness declared still six runs behind at 332/7.  Though Turner (44) and McCosker (56) held things up with a second-wicket stand of 67 the rest of the team collapsed to the spin of Greig (5/55) and Underwood (3/22) and NSW were out for 174, leaving the MCC 181 to win. This they did thanks to David Lloyd (80) and Fletcher (57 not out) with 6 wickets to spare for their first win of the tour.

Queensland Country vs MCC

The match was abandoned due to rain.

Queensland vs MCC

The MCC arrived in Brisbane to play Queensland prior to the First Test on the same ground. Queensland, yet to win the Sheffield Shield, had taken to importing players from other states to strengthen their side. One was Greg Chappell, who left South Australia (where his elder brother Ian was captain) to take command of the Queensland side. Another was Jeff Thomson, from New South Wales, whose fierce pace was the talk of Australian cricket. Mike Denness won the toss and batted on what was usually a good pitch for pace bowling. Only Geoff Arnold failed to reach double figures, but the top scorer was John Edrich with 48 as the tourists were dismissed on the first day for 258 thanks to Malcolm Francke's 4/93, Thomson taking 1/22 off 11 overs. Queensland's reply depended almost entirely on their captain as Chappell made 122 of their 226 runs with no support except from wicketkeeper John MacLean's 37; no other batsman exceeded 15. Mike Hendrick took 4/49, Bob Willis 2/28 and Alan Knott 4 catches. Returning to bat in the second innings the MCC were out for 175 to the left-arm fast-medium bowling of Geoff Dymock (5/48) with Maclean picking up three catches. Set 208 runs to win Queensland were all out for 161 with Chris Old taking 4/44, Willis 2/27 and only Chappell (51) making any headway. The tourists won by a morale-boosting 46 runs, the first time they had beaten Queensland since the war, and looked set for the First Test.

South-East Queensland vs MCC

In a very short match before the First Test the MCC managed to complete a minor game for the first time on the tour. South-East Queensland were dismissed for 52 thanks to Tony Greig taking 5 wickets for one run off 29 balls. Fred Titmus took 3/12 and Dennis Amiss and Brian Luckhurst knocked off the runs in 11½ overs.

First Test – Brisbane

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

Western Australia vs MCC

A stricken MCC team arrived in Perth, Western Australia after the First Test. John Edrich and Dennis Amiss had had their hands broken from the battering they received from Lillee and Thomson. David Lloyd was recovering from a broken finger that had kept him out of the Test. Keith Fletcher had a bruised arm from the Test, which seemed fine until it was hit by a medium paced delivery in the nets from the assistant-manager Alan Smith and went numb so that he could not bat even though it was too late to change the XI. Smith was a wicketkeeper who had rarely bowled, but had swung the ball so much in the nets at Lords in 1972 that Geoff Boycott asked him to stop before he destroyed the confidence of the batsman who had to face Bob Massie. Bob Willis was nursing a groin strain and Peter Lever strained a side muscle and had to pull out of the state match. As a result, the team facing the Sheffield Shield champions Western Australia was chosen because only 11 players were fit, and as a result included both wicket-keepers Alan Knott and Bob Taylor, with the latter behind the stumps. The 41-year-old batsman Colin Cowdrey joined the party in Perth, but too late to play in the state game.

John Inverarity's Western Australia were at the peak of their powers, having won the Sheffield Shield in 1967-68, 1971–72, 1972–73 and would win again in 1974-75, 1976–77 and 1977-78. Dennis Lillee had returned to the team after his back injury of 1973 and was joined by the young Terry Alderman, while Wally Edwards and Ross Edwards batted for the team. Inverarity won the toss and batted on a surface that was known for being the fastest in Australia, but straight and true. They made 265/8 on the first day and declared, with Wally Edwards making a crabby 50 in his Bill Lawry style, Ross Edwards a more fluent 40 and Mike Hendrick and Fred Titmus each taking three wickets. In reply the MCC made 314/5 before declaring half an hour before stumps, mostly from Tony Greig (167) with help from Alan Knott (62) and David Lloyd (43). Western Australia made 241 runs on the third day as Bruce Laird (43) and Inverarity (99) made slow going before Rob Langer (Justin Langer's uncle) hit 62 not out and Graeme Watson 86 not out to take their team to 346/5 and a third declaration. MCC was asked to make 298 runs in 248 minutes and Mike Denness decided to go for a win rather than draw. After reaching 125/2 they collapsed to the leg-spinner Bob Paulsen, who took 7/41 to give Western Australia their first victory over the MCC by 120 runs.

Western Australia Country vs MCC

The MCC were still a team of walking wounded when they arrived in Geraldton. Their cause was not helped when Mike Hendrick was hospitalised with a fever during the match, which forced him to miss the Second Test. They borrowed a fast bowler from Perth called Peter Bronsdon who had the unusual distinction of playing for the MCC touring team, but did not bat, but took 1/10 in the Western Australian Country innings. The MCC batted first and Brian Luckhurst kept the innings together as Mike Denness sent in his bowlers to bat; Chris Old, Fred Titmus, Derek Underwood and Geoff Arnold before declaring at 214/6. This left him insufficient time to bowl out the local team as they struggled to 153/9 to save the game., Derek Underwood taking 3/20 and David Lloyd 2/20 with his left arm spin.

Second Test – Perth

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

South Australia vs MCC

The MCC played South Australia en route to Melbourne for the Third Test; Ian Chappell took a pre-Christmas rest and the home team were led by Ashley Woodcock, who won the toss and batted. Woodcock opened the innings and made 62 and Gary Cosier top-scored with 75. Derek Underwood managed to turn the ball and took 5/68 when Woodcock declared at 270/6 just before stumps. Denis Amiss (73) and Colin Cowdrey (78) added 108 for the first wicket and Mike Denness had a welcome return to form with 88 not out before he too declared at 277/2. Woodcock (48) and Rick Drewer (61) made 102 for the first wicket of the South Australian second innings and Gary Cosier made 48. The MCC spinners shared the wickets, Cowdrey's leg-spin taking 2/27, Underwood's slow left arm spin 2/30 and Fred Titmus's off-spin 2/48. They declared at 222/6 setting the tourists 216 to win in three hours. After Amiss (57) and John Edrich (37) made 93 for the first wicket and Denness sent in his bowlers for more batting practice and ended on 210/6, falling six runs short of their target. Gary Cosier had made his highest first class score of 75 in the first innings and now took his best first class bowling figures of 3/41 and Terry Jenner 3/78.

Third Test – Melbourne

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

First One Day International - Melbourne

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

Fourth Test – Sydney

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

On the rest day of the Fourth Test Peter Lever and the assistant-manager Alan Smith played a charity match at Drummoyne in front of a 15,000 crowd against the then ACTU leader Bob Hawke (who made 50) and the comedian Paul Hogan to raise money for the Darwin Disaster Relief Fund after Cyclone Tracy.

Tasmania vs MCC

Tasmania would not play in the Sheffield Shield until 1976-77 and were much weaker than the other states, so the MCC expected some gentle opposition despite the presence of Lancshire's Jack Simmons. The first day of the match was rained off, allowing the tourists some rest, and Dennis Amiss (32). Brian Luckhurst (59), Colin Cowdrey (38) and Mike Denness (42) availed themselves of some batting practice in England's 204/4. Denness declared on the last day and Tasmania made 189/5 in reply with Luckhurst's 1/1 putting him top of the tour bowling averages.

Tasmania vs MCC

The second match against Tasmania was very different as the bowlers were asked to restrain themselves on a green seaming pitch as neither side wanted injuries. Sadiq Mohammad opened for Tasmania after they were put into bat by Denness, but they were all out for 164, with Arnold, Old and Underwood taking three wickets apiece. The left-handed batsman Jim Wilkinson was injured immediately after he came in at 22/1 and returned at 79/5, but the innings relied on Barry Beard's 49. The MCC were 109/3 at the end of the first day and to everyone's surprise Mike Denness made 157 not out, adding 213 with Brian Luckhurst (74). John Edrich retired hurt on 35, when the MCC were 321/4, but Denness declared soon afterwards on 341/4. Tasmania collapsed again in the second innings, with Wilkinson top-scoring with 30 and the MCC won by an innings.

New South Wales vs MCC

The MCC won another victory against New South Wales, though that normally strong state was at a low ebb in the mid-1970s. Doug Walters won the toss and sent the tourists in to bat, but the first four batsmen made 50s, Amiss (52), Lloyd (51), Fletcher (85) and Denness (99) and after being 270/2 at one stage the MCC declared at 315/5. Alan Turner and Rick McCosker added 67 for the first wicket and Walters made 44, but NSW were out for 157 as Chris Old took 7/59 bowling at medium pace. This was enough to forestall the follow on and the MCC made 266/7 with Amiss passing 20,000 first class runs in his 124 and adding 133 with Alan Knott (79). David Colley took 2/64 and ran out Tony Grieg and David Hourn took his then best first class haul of 3/69 with his left arm unorthodox spin. Set 435 to win NSW were out for 237 thanks to Colley hitting 90 after they had been reduced to 141/8.

Fifth Test – Adelaide

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

Northern New South Wales vs MCC

The match against Northern New South Wales at Newcastle was a friendly affair with three declarations and the MCC winning even though both sides lost only 11 wickets. Mike Denness won the toss and put the locals in to bat. They made 251/5 with Ollie Bush making 63 and Charlie Barker 73 not out and declared shortly before stumps. Amiss (74) and Luckhurst (50) added 124 for the first wicket, John Edrich made 66 not out and Tony Grieg 42 to give them 281/5 declared and a lead of 30 runs. Northern NSW were 67/2 by stumps, but Bush (50), Ross Harworth (65 not out) and Geoff Davies (84) took them to 270/6 when they sportingly declared to leave the MCC 241 to win. This was made with four wickets to spare and at six runs an over thanks to Luckhurst (50), Cowdrey (85) and Edrich (40).

New Zealand vs MCC

This match was scheduled in the England tour programme to be played between the touring team and the winner of the Australian Domestic One-Day Cricket Final. In those days New Zealand cricket team played alongside the Australian states and won in 1969-70, 1972–73 and 1974–75, however as they were playing as a domestic side the match was not a One Day International. Denness won the toss and fielded, but saw New Zealand make 262/8 off their 40 overs with most batsmen chipping in and John Morrison top-scoring with 49 and the wicketkeeper Ken Wadsworth making 44. Tony Greig was the best bowler with 2/46 and top-scored in the MCC innings, thrashing 79 off 75 balls after coming in at 47/4 when Hedley Howarth took three top order wickets with his 3/24. Greig added 92 with Keith Fletcher (44), but wickets fell regularly thereafter and when he was out at 192/9 the match was all but over. New Zealand won by 66 runs, but Greig had the consolation of being the man of the match.

Sixth Test – Melbourne

See Main Article - 1974-75 Ashes series

Tour First Class Averages
source

References

Annual reviews
 Playfair Cricket Annual 1975
 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1976

Further reading
 E.W. Swanton, Swanton in Australia with MCC 1946-1975, Fontana, 1977
 Fred Titmus with Stafford Hildred, My Life in Cricket, John Blake Publishing Ltd, 2005
 Frank Tyson, Test of Nerves, Test series 1974-75 Australia versus England, Manark Pty Ltd, 1975
 Peter Arnold, The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World of Cricket, W.H. Smith, 1985
 Ashley Brown, A Pictorial History of Cricket, Bison Books Ltd, 1988
 Greg Chappell, Old Hands Showed The Way, Test Series Official Book 1986-87, The Clashes for the Ashes, Australia vs England, Playbill Sport Publication, 1986
 Ian Chappell, Austin Robertson and Paul Rigby, Chappelli Has the Last Laugh, Lansdowne Press, 1980
 Colin Cowdrey, M. C. C. The Autobiography of a Cricketer, Coronet Books, 1977
 David Gower, Heroes and Contemporaries, Granada Publishing Ltd, 1985
 Tom Graveney and Norman Miller, The Ten Greatest Test Teams, Sidgewick and Jackson, 1988
 Brian Luckhurst and Mike Baldwin, Boot Boy to President, KOS Media, 2004
 Mark Peel, The Last Roman: A Biography of Colin Cowdrey, Andre Deutsch Ltd, 1999
 Ray Robinson, On Top Down Under, Cassell, 1975
 E.W. Swanton(ed), The Barclays World of Cricket, Collins, 1986
 Derek Underwood, Beating the Bat: An Autobiography, S.Paul, 1975
 Bob Willis, Lasting the Pace, Collins, 1985

Videos and DVDs
 Allan Border and David Gower, The Best of the Ashes - 1970 - 1987, 2 Entertain Video, 1991

External links
 CricketArchive tour itinerary

1974 in Australian cricket
1974 in English cricket
1974–75 Australian cricket season
1975 in Australian cricket
1975 in English cricket
English cricket tours of Australia
International cricket competitions from 1970–71 to 1975
Australia 1974–75


Our retreat packages include: beautiful accommodation in our eco retreat centre, 3 delicious organic vegetarian meals with fresh produce grown on our farm, health conscious catering by our amazing chefs, as well as private use of the villa and facilities, including yoga studio, outdoor yoga areas, swimming pool, open plan dining area with views of the Mediterranean and lots of nature! All rooms are twin with private access to gardens and shared bathrooms (4 Moroccan style claystone bathrooms, adjacent to rooms). There is wifi, laundry and teaching equipment including yoga mats, audio-visual/television etc. We can also arrange permaculture activities, mountain hikes, yoga classes, mindfulness and nature awareness activities or trips to local beaches or villages at a small extra fee.
La Loma Viva offers eco-holidays and rental of our villa and retreat centre for groups who enjoy supporting projects which are dedicated to regenerating the environment. La Loma Viva is perfect for escaping with some friends or family to a secluded space in nature for a holiday or having a private retreat experience. Options include self catering or if you really want to relax, unwind and be totally spoilt, we also provide five star organic catering. Most of the produce we use in our delicious menus is grown right here on the farm. You can enjoy a large private pool, beautiful gardens, epic views over the Mediterranean and Sierra Nevada mountains, yoga studio and no neighbours! We can also arrange permaculture tours, nature hikes, yoga classes, mindfulness and other activities as an extra. There are also lovely beaches and mountains nearby for day trips.
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This page provides an overview and the procedure involved in using push notifications in an AEM Mobile app.
If you do not want to use Amazon SNS you can skip this step.
NOTE: Information about Amazon SNS, and a link to create a new AWS account, can be found here. You can get a free account for a year.
Click on Access Keys, and in the space below, click the Create New Access Key button.
Other security related certificates, etc., can be managed on this page.
Click Other Topic Actions -> Edit Topic Policy. Under Allow these users to subscribe to this topic, select Everyone, and click Update Policy.
Note: You can create multiple topics for different uses, i.e. dev, test, demo, etc. The rest of the SNS configuration can remain the same. Build the app with the different topic; push notifications sent to that topic will only be received by the app built with that topic.
Navigate to /etc/designs/phonegap/<app name>/<clientlibs folder>.
If you are using Amazon SNS, you also need to add "cq.mobile.push.amazon".
Click OK and save the changes.
Before building and deploying to your configured mobile device, you must configure the notification settings for the messaging service you are using.
Create the appropriate AEM user-groups for push notifications.
Click on the Settings icon of the "Push Notifications" tile.
From the first drop down list, select Amazon SNS or Pushwoosh as the notification configuration.
Click on the wrench to manage the notification service, this will take you to the Cloud Services page allowing you to create new configurations.
Click on the "+" next to "Available Configurations" and provide the required title, i.e., Amazon SNS Config, and optional name.
You will now be presented with a list of required fields that you got when you configured Amazon or Pushwoosh. Fill them out and be diligent that you are pasting in the correct values.
Go back to the Apps Command Center from which you opened the cloud configuration page. Select the new configuration you just created from the dropdown and click "update".
Clicking "Show me!" takes you to the linked destination.
Congratulations! You've reached the end of the Getting Started with Adobe PhoneGap Enterprise with AEM.


While I was off discovering California's theme parks, playing in places like Disney's Fantasyland and Legoland's Explore Village, my home was being turned into Bachelor Town.
Oh, Husband. Looks like he had a pretty good vacation, too.
I'm sorry to hear we're probably going to be a one newspaper town. I suppose it was a long time coming - another symptom of the troubles of the media industry as a whole - but still, I'm sentimental. In fact, my first ever media appearance was in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin!
I was going through some old photo albums recently and came across this: me at the State Farm Fair. I remember the moment fairly well.
We were with Auntie Bobbie, Uncle Warren, their two kids Shari and Mike, and their niece Melissa. Maybe Auntie Pat, too. In those days, we spent a lot of time with Auntie Bobbie.
We were milling around when a photographer came up looking for a shot. He asked Shari and Melissa to hold each end of the squash. Shari would not. She was - and probably still is - quiet.
I remember adults trying to coax the girls into a moment of fame. I think Melissa wouldn't either, because that's when he turned to me and asked if I would hold it myself.
I was pretty shy, so that began a new round of parental coaxing. "Yes, do it. It'll be fun! Just hold it!" I finally gave in and said OK. I remember feeling self conscious and goofy.
It was on the front page, and my mother bought a dozen copies. I also remember looking at the photo thinking what a dork I looked like!
This was a coincidence. It did not spark an interest in me to work for a news organization. That came a decade later. But, I think it's a fun thing to look back on.
Do you have any personal memories - or favorite memories - of either newspaper?
Thanks, Erika! I'm headlining her Buzz today.
The Emmy committee surprised me by asking me to be a presenter. They specifically said they knew of the mass lay offs, and as the only staffer from the old newsroom who is going to the dinner, they thought it'd be a sentimental gesture. I am humbled by the fact that they'd even take that into consideration. It's a really classy offer. I will be honored to do it! KHNL representin'!
I ended up coming down with a mild cold on Friday, which was the same day Olivia bonked her head. We got home from the ER early Saturday morning, and we were tired. We decided to stay in at Karen's in the morning while everyone else went to Griffith Observatory. Which, by the way, they really liked.
I, however, am glad I did the disciplined thing. We were both sick and tired, and I ended up giving us both a nap in the afternoon, before Val and family returned and we headed home on an evening flight.
I had a very nice time. I would do it again. Val and I both breathed a sigh of relief that it all went well; it was our first time traveling together, and you never know how you'll mesh in different settings.
It's nice to go as a group; you share resources and discounts. You split the costs. You share the chores. You help mind each other's children.
What I also learned was how completely different it is to travel with a gaggle of children. There just isn't time to talk to each other. Days are spent making sure nobody is getting run over by cars, or stolen at crowded parks.
In fact, there was one day when a miscommunication led to some panicky moments of what we thought was a lost child. Now that was not fun. I was constantly counting heads to make sure we had everyone, and I'm sure the other adults were too.
Because we kept such long hours, by nightfall, I'd be too tired to call home. Olivia and I would leave the park at around 8 or 9, and after eating dinner at Denny's next door, then showers and toothbrushing, it'd be 10 or 11 by the time I was ready to think about calling anyone.
Actually, I got her ready first and then put her in bed, on speakerphone with the grandparents or her dad. I'd warn them that I wasn't there to assist the conversation, so if there was a silence on Olivia's part, just work around it. Then I'd continue my own bedtime routine.
When I finally would call Claus, we'd talk for about three minutes. I started the habit of texting or e mailing Claus during the day to share updates or fun moments (photos included) so that I wouldn't actually have to speak to him. My dad isn't as tech savvy, so I would just call home and let my worry-wart mother know we were safely in bed before hanging up.
Put differently: one night, Claus and I started a phone call in which he told me he was spraying some cabinets for termites. Then I had to hang up because it was time for Val and me to walk down and get our laundry. On the way down, Val asked what's new. I relayed the termite information.
"You should tent the house," she advised.
When I called Claus back some 15 minutes later, I told him what Val said, with a revelation: "By the way, that's been our only scrap of adult conversation on this whole trip."
That's not much of an exaggeration. Most of the times that words came out of my mouth, it was to issue commands at short people, or to communicate with military-efficiency about our daily agenda. There just isn't the energy to sit around and converse.
It's actually easier to watch Olivia at home, because here, aside from having some sitter help, she will take naps, in which I can have one blessed hour of peace and quiet.
Previous trips for me have been about relaxation or exploration. Relaxing, it absolutely wasn't. Exploratory, it kind of was, for Olivia and I were able to discover new common ground with our relatives, and explore a deeper connection with family members we love.
We ended our eight day vacation to LA with a late night visit to the West Los Angeles emergency room. The story starts Friday evening, when the Lees wanted to go to Trader Joe's. I put Olivia to bed and left her home with Aunty Karen. This was at 8 pm.
When we got home at 10, the noise and lights woke her up. It was my fault, but having three cousins darting in and out of the room didn't help. I couldn't close the door because the women and some children were sharing a room. The kids always want to play, so in pretty short order, she woke up and they were bouncing around the bed. We were sharing a bathroom so there was a line while people prepared for sleeping.
She and Carson were on the air mattress on the ground, taking turns pushing each other down onto the bed and slapping each other's butts. Harmless enough. Except, this air mattress was six inches away from the real bed, and the kids were at the foot of the bed.
When it was Olivia's turn to get slapped down, she was in the process of moving around, and Carson didn't realize it. He slapped her back, and she lost her balance and fell down. She tried to steady herself on the edge of the bed, but being an air mattress, it collapsed. I have very little experience with air mattresses, but in the two nights I slept on it, I myself fell off it twice because I went to sit at the edge and it gave way. So I know it's totally unstable.
Unfortunately, she fell down, and the left side of her face hit the corner of the metal bed frame. To make matters worse, the frame was not flush with the box spring, so her head was more able to connect with the metal. If there was a box spring there it might have been more of a barrier, you know?
I saw the whole thing. I was too far away to catch her. I suspected she would hit the metal. And in the split second later when she did hit, I heard the thud, and knew it was bad. My heart sank.
There was a pause, and then major crying. I ran over to pick her up, and saw the gash was white. I cussed and picked her up. I ran into the living room where the adults were. "I need a bandage and some ice," I said calmly, while inside I was crying. The gash was bleeding big drops of scarlet down her face. Head wounds always bleed a lot, I told myself. Don't freak.
We iced her down and wiped the blood off. She was whimpering a lot. The other children were crowding around trying to be helpful with offering tissue, holding her hand, or just rubbernecking.
The bleeding didn't stop. We called my friend, who's a nurse. She looked at the photo we e mailed over but couldn't tell how deep it was. She advised us to go in to the ER.
So at 11 o' clock on a Friday night, three women and a toddler checked into the West Los Angeles ER. Pat stayed behind with the other kids. Val drove and Karen navigated. "Karen," I said, "Now you can tell your coworkers you had a wild weekend that ended with a trip to the emergency room!"
It was a fairly quick visit. The doctor, who happened to have worked on Oahu and wants to leave LA for Kauai (can't blame him!), said I could give her stitches or Dermabond. I thought the glue would be less traumatic. We were out by 1 a.m.
Olivia hasn't forgotten about the boo-boo, but it became a source of attention for her. I let her eat chocolate for breakfast. The other kids made a fuss over her. We called it her special Disneyland souvenir. I think she got over it pretty quickly.
You wanna know what's more of a lasting trauma? I stepped on the hospital scale while we were waiting and saw that I had gained five pounds over the trip. AAAAACK. I knew we were not eating healthy, with a steady staple of snacks, desserts, and theme park burgers. I tried to fight it but after a while, I got tired, and plus, everyone else was doing it, so I caved to peer pressure. And now, I pay the price.
But on a serious note. I was really upset by the laceration. I know it was totally an accident and I don't blame anyone. I know every child will get some bumps and scrapes, and this is really just a minor incident. But as my first real mom-trauma, it did affect me.
To complicate things, I was just entering an emotional part of the month. We were at the Ronald Reagan Library that day, and I was tearing up at the beauty of his patriotism. Hello? I'm not even Republican. So this sets the stage. I did what I needed to do but I was weeping inside.
Because of my years of reporter training, I'm excellent at compartmentalizing. I am task-oriented and can get through the crisis, and then fall apart later. Not that I fell apart over news stories, but I've had to use this skill several times during my aging parents' medical issues in the past few years. I found my dad in a diabetic coma and instead of panicking, I did what needed to be done, and then cried later from the stress.
I'm still upset by it. The doctor put a bandage over the wound so that she wouldn't touch it for a few days, and I stalled in removing it. "Aren't you curious to see what it looks like?" Val asked. "No. It hurts me to see it," I responded.
Finally, on the fourth day, my nurse friend told me to take off the bandage to make sure the wound was healing properly. It hurt me all over to look at it.
It's funny, how I thought I was such a tough chick who could handle just about anything. Claus takes all kinds of spills and I tend him. My parents have health crises and I manage that. All those gory news stories. Helping with the corpse cosmetology at Claus' mortuary. Nothing really bothered me. I'm quite matter-of-fact.
Then this. My little girl gets hurt and cries big tears and it just kills me. I remind myself that the guy in the next room at the ER had cut his thumb off in a work-related injury. The adult in me appreciates that perspective. The mom in me doesn't care; all I know is that my baby is hurt and I want to make it better.
"Well, get used to it. There's going to be more bumps and falls in the coming years," Val warned.
If this is any indicator, oh man. Will *I* make it through?!?
Nine year old Donovan picked this one, after doing a school project on it. He wanted to see the Ronald Reagan Presidental Library & Museum. A library?, I thought. But it turns out Presidential Libraries aren't actually libraries. They're archives and museums, preserving the history of our presidents.
It started with President Roosevelt. He raised private funds to build a library, which he gave to the US government through the National Archives. It's so that we can explore our country's heritage by looking at the documents and artifacts that make up our President. There are 13 in all across the country.
So now I've learned something new.
This museum opened in 1991 atop a mountain with gorgeous views of Simi Valley, clear to the Pacific Ocean. It's 100 acres, so allow for at least half a day to meander through the building and grounds, especially if you're going to drive the 45 minutes from LA.
It's pretty much set up like a museum, with rooms that guide you through Ronald Reagan's life, starting from birth. While looking at his old high school photos, I heard a lot of people remarking how handsome and athletic he was. Next, a series of photos and artifacts about his Hollywood years, during which he met Nancy Reagan. Then, visitors can follow his campaign trail, from two-term Governor of California, to 40th President of the United States.
Diane as White House Press Secretary?
There are rooms dedicated to historic periods in his administration, like the Cold War. You can look at his motorcade. You can even tour Air Force One. Yes, there is an ENTIRE JUMBO JET in the building!
No flash photography is allowed, so pardon the yellow and blurred quality of my photos. No photography at all is allowed in Air Force One.
I was very curious about it, having covered many Presidential visits in my time as a reporter. I always wondered what it might be like to be the press on board, but that was always for the national media.
I finally found out. They have a room at the very, very end of the plane. Still, looked pretty comfortable to me. I'll take that over commercial coach any day!
We were lucky to catch a traveling display of the world-famous White House Exhibit, a 20 foot wide by 60 foot long dollhouse of the White House. It's a one inch: one foot scale. Amazing.
It took John and Jan Zweifel over 600,000 hours to create, and it's a replica of the entire house and grounds, from the Lincoln bedroom to the Oval Office. It's only there for a year, so it leaves in March 2011.
There's an actual piece of the Berlin Wall, which was presented to President Reagan on April 12, 1990. The Wall is outside, sitting in a reproduction of the White House South Lawn - except this lawn has great vistas of the Pacific Ocean.
We played out there for the better part of an hour, and this ended up being my favorite part of the tour. There is a little grove of well-manicured trees, which ladybugs apparently really like. The children found them, and we all ended up huddling around the base of the trees to count and admire them. There were dozens on and around each tree.
We met up with a friend, so in all, there were six kids, and I think they needed this outlet. They were starting to bounce off the walls of the museum.
I'm glad I went. It was a compelling, educational experience!


Did you know that many veterans staying in hospitals and rehabilitation centers can't access greeting cards to send their loved ones? Join us on Saturday, November 10, 10 a.m. – 12 p.m., at the City Building (4310 Gallatin Street) as we decorate blank greeting cards to help veterans send well wishes to family and friends. Veterans who want to share their experiences serving our country are more than welcome at the event. All groups and ages are welcome! Light refreshments will be served. If you are a veteran and want to share your experiences serving our country at this event, or have any other questions about this event, please call (301) 985-5021 or email cverhhart@hyattsville.org.


According to wikipedia, "overdetermination is a phenomenon whereby a single observed effect is determined by multiple causes at once, any one of which alone might be enough to account for ("determine") the effect.That is, there are more causes present than are necessary to generate the effect". In this strictly technical sense Japan's deflation problem is overdetermined - there are multiple causes at work, any one of which could account for the observed phenomenon. Those who have been following the debate can simply choose their favourite - balance sheet recession, liquidity trap, fertility trap - each one, taken alone, could be sufficient as a cause. The problem this situation presents is simply epistemological - in a scientific environment the conundrum could be resolved by devising the requisite, consensually grounded, tests.
But I would here like to use the term "overdetermination" in another, less technical, sense, since it seems to me Japan's problem set is overdetermined in that we always seem to be facing at least one more problem than we have remedies at hand.
But what about deflation? Would having cheaper domestically produced energy help here? Wasn't generating inflation supposed to be the whole point of the Abenomics exercise? Don't rising energy costs constitute the lions share of the country's recent, much heralded, inflation? Damned if I do, and damned if I don't would seem to be the only conclusion to draw. A win-win policy which both closes the trade deficit and foments inflation (if that's what you think Japan needs) doesn't seem to be on the table. The trade deficit could also be corrected by reducing the fiscal deficit, but that would lower domestic demand, possibly send the economy back towards recession and almost certainly ignite deflation yet one more time.


text:
Seda Yıldız (7 de diciembre de 1998) es una deportista turca que compite en golbol. Ganó una medalla de oro en los Juegos Paralímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Jugadores de golbol de Turquía
Medallistas paralímpicos de oro de Turquía


text:
Q: Is there a way to have camera follow g-force in Unity 3D (versioon 2019.3.15f1)? I am making a game where at one point the player flies a plane/spaceship, and was wondering if there is a way for the camera to move slightly up when the player flies down, and vice versa, same for left and right so that it might make it feel better to play, and slightly more realistic then just a static camera movement.
Thanks a lot !
PS: Beginner here, so sorry if it's an obvious answer...

A: You can use Unity Standard Assets script CameraFollowsPlayer (Not sure of the name but it is something like this) and you drag and drop your character to your new Camera. It should do the trick with the delay movements. Alternatively you could use Lerp and transform Cameras Position in LateUpdate() method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Cannabis-induced psychosis has reached crisis levels, forcing the NHS [National Health Service] to open the first clinic specifically treating addicts of the mind-altering drug, The Mail on Sunday can reveal.
The clinic has been launched by a leading psychiatrist who warns that psychosis among users of skunk – a very strong strain of cannabis flooding the streets – has become 'a crisis that we can simply no longer ignore', with tens of thousands of people affected.
Dr Di Forti, a consultant adult psychiatrist and lecturer at King's College London, said she decided to launch the clinic after being overwhelmed by the number of psychosis patients with a history of cannabis use.
'It became ridiculous how many psychosis patients were also cannabis smokers,' she said.
'It got to the point where two-thirds of my psychosis patients had a history of cannabis use.'
Talking about the former trainee teacher, Dr Di Forti said: 'He has a degree and professional skills but because he's stoned all day, he can't even read a book at the moment. He was training to be a teacher before cannabis took over his life but right now his main goal is simply to be able to use his brain again.'
Calls for the legalisation of cannabis for recreational use have grown in the last year, helped by the Government permitting its limited use for medical treatment.
But Dr Di Forti warned against following the lead of Canada and the U.S. states of California and Colorado, where legalisation has seen usage increase.
'My concern is that there is no way you can legalise recreational cannabis without cannabis use going up, as has happened in America, and there is a potential for a lot of people to come to harm,' she said.
Treatment comprises a mix of anti-psychotic medication, sessions with therapists, and motivational meetings to wean patients off cannabis.
Dr Di Forti said: 'The problem has been that while you're trying to do all these things to help patients with their psychotic episodes, they are smoking from half-an-hour after they wake up until just before they go to bed, so they're basically stoned all the time.
'Trying to reintegrate them by getting them to join a local football team or do an art class is very difficult. Often they will be so stoned that they will have no motivation to address their psychosis. That is something we have to work through.'
For complete article - The Mail on Sunday (UK), June 30, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hamo Čavrk was born in 1950 in Sarajevo. He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Sarajevo. He holds a Master`s degree in Graphic Art from the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Ljubljana. At the Academy of Applied Arts in Rijeka works as professor at department of grafic art. Čavrk, has been engaged in the field of graphic art. He participated in numerous exhibitions at home and around the world including Budapest, Pecs, Couvin, Reykjavik, Antwerp, Ottawa, Maastricht, Mannheim, Dusseldorf, Berlin, Paris, Kyo Read Moreto, Seoul, Cairo, Krakow, Varna, Stockholm, Mainz, Athens, Kairo, Washington, Douro. His works of art are found in public and private collections. Čavrk won for his work numerous awards and recognitions.


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The Xploreit Map of County Kerry includes all of the 'Kingdom' of Kerry along with parts of counties Clare, Limerick and a large part of County Cork.
Map of County Kerry quantity
The Xploreit Map of County Kerry includes all of the 'Kingdom' of Kerry along with parts of counties Clare, Limerick and a large part of County Cork. Famous tourist destinations such as Killarney National Park, the Dingle Peninsula, the Skellig Islands (a UNESCO listed World Heritage Site), Derrynane House and the 'Ring of Kerry' scenic route are all shown on one double-sided map sheet. It illustrates a magical landscape of mountains, lakes, woodlands, rivers and streams bordered by a rugged atlantic coastline which is the longest of any county in Ireland. Golf courses, angling locations, beaches for swimming and surfing, historic sites, tourist centres and a host of other points of interest are clearly identified making this map an invaluable tool for both visitors and locals alike. Several scenic drives, cycle routes and waymarked walks are shown. The scale of the Kerry map is 1:100,000.
It has been possible to include all the national waymarked ways in Kerry and many of the routes in Cork. The ways covered are listed below:
The Dingle Way
The Kerry Way
The North Kerry Way
The Beara Way
The Blackwater Way (partly shown)
All the Kerry cycling routes are shown and many of the routes in Cork are also included:
The North Kerry Cycle Route including the Fenit and Kerry Head loops
The Ring of Kerry Cycle Route
The Beara Cycle Route
The Sheep's Head Cycle Route
The Gougane Barra Cycle Route (from Ballylickey to Macroom)
Printed on Polyart – a highly durable synthetic paper which is fully waterproof and rip-proof.
Folded sheet map
1 : 100,000
Map of County Clare
Map of County Cork