text:
\section{Introduction}

The study of the sub-Riemannian area functional in three-dimensional pseudo-hermitian manifolds and in other sub-Riemannian spaces has been largely investigated in the last years, see \cite{Am-SC-Vi, MR2831583, BA-SC-Vi, MR2600502, MR2583494,  ChengHwang2nd,  CJHMY2,  CJHMY, CHY, DGNAV, DGNnotable,  Da-Ga-Nh-Pa, MR3044134, MR2979606, Ga-Nh,  Hl-Pa2, Ri-Ro-Hu,  Hu-Ro, Hu-Ro2, Ri1,  Ri-Ro, Ro,      Sh}, among others.

One of the more interesting questions concerning the sub-Riemannian area functional is:

\begin{problem}\label{domanda1}
\emph{Which are the area-minimizing surfaces in a given three-dimensional contact sub-Riemannian manifold?}
\end{problem}

A surface $\Sigma$ is \emph{area-minimizing} if $A(\Sigma)\leq A(\tilde{\Sigma})$, for any compact deformation $\tilde{\Sigma}$ of $\Sigma$. To answer the previous question, a natural preliminary step is the study of the \emph{area-stationary} surfaces, the critical points of the area functional.

\begin{problem}\label{domanda2}
\emph{Which are the area-stationary surfaces in a given three-dimensional contact sub-Riemannian manifold?}
\end{problem}

We will consider these questions in the class of $C^2$ regular surfaces. For a general introduction about the study of the area functional in sub-Riemannian spaces, we refer the interested reader to \cite{CDPT} and \cite{Gaphd}, that treat the case of ${\mathbb{H}}^n$ and  the contact sub-Riemannian manifolds respectively.

In Sasakian space forms, the classification of $C^2$ area stationary surfaces was given in \cite{Ri-Ro-Hu} in the case of the Heisenberg group ${\mathbb{H}}^n$ and in  \cite{Ro} for the Sasakian structures of  $S^3$ and $\widetilde{SL}_2({\mathbb{R}})$.   In the case of pseudo-hermitian three-manifolds that are not Sasakian, the only known results concerning Problem \ref{domanda1}  and Problem \ref{domanda2} are given in \cite{MR3044134}, where the group of the rigid motions of the Euclidean plane $E(2)$ is studied.

Concerning the three-dimensional pseudo-hermitian manifolds, we have the following classification result, \cite[Theorem~3.1]{Pe}, in terms of the Webster scalar curvature $W$ and of the pseudo-hermitian torsion $\tau$

\begin{proposition}\label{classification} Let  $M$ be a simply connected contact 3-manifold, homogeneous in the sense of Boothby and Wang, \cite{MR0112160}. Then $M$ is one of the following Lie group:
	\begin{itemize}
	\item [(1)] if $M$ is unimodular
	         \begin{itemize}
	         \item the first Heisenberg group $\mathbb{H}^1$ when $W=|\tau|=0$;
	         \item the three-sphere group $SU(2)$ when $W> 2|\tau|$;
	         \item the group $\widetilde{SL(2,\mathbb{R})}$ when $-2|\tau|\neq W<2|\tau|$;
	         \item the group $\widetilde{E(2)}$, universal cover of the group of rigid motions of the Euclidean plane, when $W=2|\tau|>0$;
	         \item the group $E(1,1)$ of rigid motions of Minkowski 2-space, when $W=-2|\tau|<0$;
	         \end{itemize}
	\item [(2)] if $M$ is non-unimodular, the Lie algebra is given by
	        \[
	        [X,Y]=\alpha Y+2T ,\quad  [X,T]=\gamma Y, \quad  [Y,T]=0, \quad \alpha\neq 0,
	        \]
	        where $\{X,Y\}$ is an orthonormal basis of $\mathcal{H}$, $J(X)=Y$ and $T$ is the Reeb vector field. In this case $W<2|\tau|$ and when $\gamma=0$ the structure is Sasakian and $W=-\alpha^2$.
	\end{itemize}
\end{proposition}

About the models of the unimodular case, Problem \ref{domanda1} and Problem \ref{domanda2} are not investigated only for the case of the Sol geometry, modeling by the space $E(1,1)$, and its study is the aim of this work.

After some preliminaries, the paper is organized as follows.

In Section \ref{sec:carcurves}, we compute explicitly the coordinates of the characteristic curves with given initial conditions. These curves play an important role in the study of area-stationary surfaces, since the regular part $\Sigma-\Sigma_0$ of a surface $\Sigma$ is foliated by characteristic curves, that are not in general sub-Riemannian geodesics, since $E(1,1)$ is characterized by a non-vanishing pseudo-hermitian torsion.

Section \ref{sec:stationary} is the core of the paper. We first characterize the $C^2$ complete, area-stationary surfaces immersed in $E(1,1)$ with singular points or singular curves that are sub-Riemannian geodesics. On the other hand, for the first time in the three-dimensional pseudo-hermitian setting, we also find examples of area-stationary surfaces that are not foliated by sub-Riemannian geodesics. We stress that these examples form an infinite family, i.e., given an horizontal curve $\Gamma$, we can construct an area-stationary surface having $\Gamma$ as singular set $\Sigma_0$.

Finally in Section \ref{sec:minimizing} we prove that complete area-stationary surfaces with non-empty singular set, whose characteristic curves are sub-Riemannian geodesics, are stable. We also find three families of non-singular planes that are area-minimizing, using a calibration argument.

We remark that Section \ref{sec:minimizing} opens two interesting questions. Is a stable complete area-stationary  surface in $E(1,1)$ with a singular curve  always foliated by sub-Riemannian geodesics in $\Sigma-\Sigma_0$? Do some  other complete stable area-stationary surfaces in $E(1,1)$ with empty singular set exist?

\section{Preliminaries}
\label{sec:preliminaries}

\subsection{The group $E(1,1)$ of rigid motions of the Minkowski plane}
We consider the group of rigid motions of the Minkowski plane $E(1,1)$, that is a unimodular Lie group with a natural sub-Riemannian structure.  As a model of $E(1,1)$ we choose as underlying manifold ${\mathbb{R}}^3$ with the following orthonormal basis of left-invariant vector fields
\begin{equation}\label{def:basis}
\begin{split}
X&=\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\
Y&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\bigg(-e^{z}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}+e^{-z}\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\bigg)\\
T&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\bigg(e^{z}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}+e^{-z}\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\bigg).
\end{split}
\end{equation}
We have that $\{X,Y\}$ is a orthonormal basis of the horizontal distribution $\mathcal{H}$ and $T$ is the Reeb vector field. The scalar product of two vector fields $W$ and $V$ with respect to the metric induced by the basis $\{X,Y,T\}$ will be often denoted by $\escpr{W,V}$. This structure of $E(1,1)$ is characterized by the following Lie brackets, \cite{MR0425012},
\begin{equation}\label{liebrakets}
\begin{split}
[X,Y]=-T \qquad [X,T]=-Y \qquad [Y,T]=0.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
In fact, applying \cite[eq.~9.1 and eq.~9.3]{MR3044134} we obtain that the Webster scalar curvature is $W=-1/2$ and the matrix of the pseudo-hermitian torsion $\tau$ in the ${X,Y,T}$ basis is
\[
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
0 & -\frac{1}{2}& 0 \\
-\frac{1}{2} & 0& 0\\
0 & 0 & 0 \end{array} \right).
\]
The following derivatives can be easily computed
\begin{equation}\label{Gchistoffel}
\begin{split}
&\nabla_{X}X=0, \quad  \nabla_{Y}X=0,  \quad    \nabla_{T}X=\frac{1}{2}Y,    \\
&  \nabla_{X}Y=0, \quad    \nabla_{Y}Y=0, \quad    \nabla_{T}Y=-\frac{1}{2}X,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\nabla$ denotes the pseudo-hermitian connection, \cite{Dr-To}.
Furthermore we have the characterization $-2|\tau|^2=W<0$ peculiar of $E(1,1)$, \cite{Pe}. We also define the involution $J$, the so-called complex structure, on $\mathcal{H}$ by $J(X)=Y$ and $J(Y)=-X$.

\subsection{The geometry of regular surfaces in $E(1,1)$}
We consider a $C^1$ surface $\Sigma$ immersed in $E(1,1)$. We define the \emph{sub-Riemannian area} of $\Sigma$ as
\[
A(\Sigma)=\int\limits_{\Sigma}|N_{H}|\, d\Sigma,
\]
where $N_h$ denotes the projection of the Riemannian unit normal $N$ to $\mathcal{H}$ and $d\Sigma$ denotes the Riemannian area element on $\Sigma$. In the sequel we always denote by $N$ the inner unit normal. The singular set $\Sigma_0$ is composed by the points in which $T\Sigma$ coincides with $\mathcal{H}$. Outside $\Sigma_0$, we can define the \emph{horizontal unit normal}
\[
\nu_h:=\frac{N_h}{|N_h|}
\]
and the \emph{characteristic vector field} as $Z:=J(\nu_h)$. It is straightforward to verify that $\{Z,S\}$ is an orthonormal basis of $T\Sigma$ outside $\Sigma_0$, where
\[
S:=\escpr{N,T} \nu_h-|N_{H}| T.
\]
Finally, outside $\Sigma_0$, we define the \emph{mean curvature} of $\Sigma$ by
\begin{equation}\label{def:H}
H:=-\escpr{\nabla_Z \nu_h,Z}.
\end{equation}
Given a surface $\Sigma$ as zero level set of a function $u:\Omega\subset E(1,1)\rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}$, we can express
\begin{equation}\label{eq:nuhexpression}
\nu_h=-\frac{u_z X+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y)Y}{\sqrt{u_z^2+\frac{1}{2}(-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y)^2}}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Zexpression}
Z=\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y) X-u_z Y}{\sqrt{u_z^2+\frac{1}{2}(-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y)^2}}.
\end{equation}
We define a \emph{minimal surface} as a surface with vanishing mean curvature $H$.

\begin{proposition} Let $\Sigma$ be a minimal surface defined as the zero level set of a $C^2$ function $u:\Omega\subsetE(1,1) \rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}$. Then $u$ satisfies the equation
\begin{equation}\label{eq:minimalsurface}
\begin{split}
u_{zz}(-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y)^2+u_z^2 (-e^{2z}u_{xx}-2u_{xy}+e^{-2z}u_{yy})\\
-u_z (-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y) (-2e^z u_{xz}-e^z u_x +2e^{-z}u_{yz}-e^{-z}u_y)=0
\end{split}
\end{equation}
 on $\Omega$.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof} From \eqref{def:H}, \eqref{eq:nuhexpression} and \eqref{eq:Zexpression} we can find that $u$ has to satisfy
\begin{equation}\label{eq:minimalsurfacehalf}
Y(u)^2 X(X(u))-Y(u)X(u)Y(X(u))-Y(u)X(u)X(Y(u))+X(u)^2Y(Y(u))=0
\end{equation}
on $\Omega$. Now, using \eqref{def:basis}, we can transform \eqref{eq:minimalsurfacehalf} into \eqref{eq:minimalsurface}.
\end{proof}
We will call \eqref{eq:minimalsurface} the \emph{minimal surface equation}.

\begin{remark}\label{immediateminimaremark} From \eqref{eq:minimalsurfacehalf}, it  is immediate to note that a surface $\Sigma$ satisfying $u_z\equiv 0$ or $-e^z u_x+e^{-z}u_y\equiv 0$ is always minimal.
\end{remark}

In the following Lemma, we compute some important quantities related to the torsion and the geometry of a surface. It follows from \cite[eq.~9.8]{MR3044134},

\begin{lemma}\label{lem:calcolotausullasuperficie}
Let $\Sigma$ be a $C^1$ surface in $E(1,1)$, then we have
\begin{equation*}
\begin{split}
\escpr{\tau(Z),Z}&=-\escpr{Z,X}\escpr{Z,Y}=\escpr{\nu_h,X}\escpr{\nu_h,Y}=-\escpr{\tau(\nu_h),\nu_h},\\
\escpr{\tau(Z),\nu_h}&=\frac{1}{2}(\escpr{Z,Y}^2- \escpr{Z,X}^2).
\end{split}
\end{equation*}
\end{lemma}

\section{Characteristic curves in $E(1,1)$}\label{sec:carcurves}

In this section we will study the equation of the integral curves of $Z$ on $\Sigma$, that are known as \emph{characteristic curves}. It is well-known that a surface with constant mean curvature $H$ is foliated by characteristic curves in $\Sigma-\Sigma_0$. In general, a \emph{characteristic curve} is an arc-length parametrized horizontal curve $\gamma$ in $E(1,1)$, that satisfies the equation
\begin{equation}\label{eq:carcurves}
\nabla_{\dot{\gamma}} \dot{\gamma}+HJ(\dot{\gamma})=0,
\end{equation}
where $\dot{\gamma}$ denotes the tangent vector along $\gamma$ and $H$ is the (constant) curvature of $\gamma$.
We stress that a curve $\gamma$ satisfying  \eqref{eq:carcurves} is not a sub-Riemannian geodesic. In fact a characteristic curve $\gamma$ is a sub-Riemannian geodesic if and only if $H=0$ and $\dot{\gamma}$ satisfies the additional equation
\begin{equation}
       \escpr{\tau(\dot{\gamma}),\dot{\gamma}}=0,
\end{equation}
see \cite[Proposition~15]{Ru}, that forces $\gamma$ to be an integral curve of $X$ or $Y$ by Lemma \ref{lem:calcolotausullasuperficie}.

\begin{proposition}\label{lemma:carcurves} Let $\gamma$ be a characteristic curve in $E(1,1)$ with curvature $H=0$. Then $\gamma$ belongs to the family of curves
\begin{equation}
\gamma(t)=(x_0+\dot{x}_0 t, y_0+\dot{y}_0 t, z_0)
\end{equation}
or to the family
\begin{equation}
\gamma(t)=\bigg(x_0+\frac{\dot{x}_0}{\dot{z}_0}(e^{\dot{z}_0t}-1), y_0-\frac{\dot{y}_0}{\dot{z}_0}(e^{-\dot{z}_0t}-1),
z_0+\dot{z}_0t\bigg),
\end{equation}
where $\gamma(0)=(x_0,y_0,z_0)$ and $\dot{\gamma}(0)=(\dot{x}_0,\dot{y}_0,\dot{z}_0)$.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof} We consider the curve $\gamma:I\rightarrow \Sigma$, where $I$ denotes an interval. We express $\gamma(t)=(x(t),y(t),z(t))$ and we get
\begin{equation}\label{eq:gammadot}
\begin{split}
\dot{\gamma}(t)&=\dot{x} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}+\dot{y} \frac{\partial}{\partial y}+\dot{z} \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\
&=\dot{z} X+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\dot{y}e^z-\dot{x}e^{-z})Y+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\dot{y}e^z+\dot{x}e^{-z})T,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
since
\begin{equation*}
\begin{split}
\frac{\partial}{\partial x}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}e^{-z}(T-Y)\\
\frac{\partial}{\partial y}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}e^{z}(Y+T).
\end{split}
\end{equation*}
From \eqref{eq:gammadot} and the fact that $\gamma$ is horizontal, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq:horcondgamma}
\dot{y}e^z+\dot{x}e^{-z}=0.
\end{equation}
Now $\nabla_{\dot{\gamma}}\dot{\gamma}=0$ is equivalent to the system
\begin{equation}\label{eq:nablagaga}
 \begin{cases}
\dot{z}=\dot{z}_0 \\
\dot{y}e^z-\dot{x}e^{-z}=c_0
\end{cases},
\end{equation}
where $\dot{z}_0$ and $c_0$ are constants. We distinguish two cases. The first one corresponds to $\dot{z}_0=0$. This means that $z=z_0$, with $z_0\in{\mathbb{R}}$, and so \eqref{eq:horcondgamma} and \eqref{eq:nablagaga} are reduced to
\begin{equation}\label{sistemadaintegrare}
\begin{cases}
2\dot{y}=e^{-z_0}c_0 \\
2\dot{x}=-e^{z_0}c_0
\end{cases},
\end{equation}
that implies $\gamma(t)=(x_0-e^{z_0}(c_0/2) t, y_0+e^{-z_0}(c_0/2) t, z_0)$, where $c_0\neq 0$ and $x_0,y_0\in{\mathbb{R}}$.

The second possibility is $\dot{z_0}\neq 0$, that implies $z(t)=z_0+\dot{z}_0 t$, with $z_0\in{\mathbb{R}}$. In this case integrating \eqref{sistemadaintegrare} we obtain
\[
\gamma(t)=(x_0+\frac{c_0 e^{z_0}}{2\dot{z}_0}-\frac{c_0}{2\dot{z}_0}e^{z_0+\dot{z}_0t}, y_0+\frac{c_0 e^{-z_0}}{2\dot{z}_0}-\frac{c_0}{2\dot{z}_0}e^{-(z_0+\dot{z}_0)t},
z_0+\dot{z}_0t),
\]
where $\gamma(0)=(x_0,y_0,z_0)$. Finally, to conclude the result, we note that
\[
\frac{c_0}{2}=\dot{y}_0e^{z_0}=-\dot{x}_0e^{-z_0}.
\]
\end{proof}

\section{Complete area-stationary surfaces with non-empty singular set in $E(1,1)$}\label{sec:stationary}

\subsection{Complete area-stationary surfaces containing isolated singular points}

The local structure of a $C^1$ surface $\Sigma$ with prescribed mean curvature $H\in C$, in a neighborhood of an isolated singular point, is well understood, \cite[Theorem~D and Corollary~E]{CJHMY2}. In the less general case of a bounded mean curvature surface of class $C^2$, applying  \cite[Theorem~B and Section~7]{CJHMY}, we have

\begin{lemma}\label{singularsetthpoint} Let $\Sigma$ be a ${C}^2$ oriented immersed surface with constant mean curvature $H$ in $E(1,1)$. If $p\in\Sigma_{0}$ is an isolated singular point,  then, there exists $r > 0$ and $\lambda\in
\mathbb{R}$ such that the set described as
\begin{equation*}
D_{r} (p) = \{\gamma^{H}_{p,v}  (s)| v \in T_{p}\Sigma, |v| = 1, s \in [0, r)\},
\end{equation*}
is an open neighborhood of $p$ in $\Sigma$, where $\gamma^{H}_{p,v}$ denote the characteristic curve starting from $p$ in the direction $v$ with curvature $H$.
\end{lemma}

First we construct the unique example, up to contact isometries, of a minimal surface with isolated singular points.

\begin{proposition}\label{prop:minimalstationarysingularpoint} Let $\Sigma$ be a $C^2$ complete, area-stationary surface immersed in $E(1,1)$ with $H=0$ and with an isolated singular point $p_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0)$. Then $\Sigma=\{(x,y,z)\inE(1,1) : e^{z-z_0}(y-y_0)+x-x_0=0\}$.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof} By Lemma \ref{singularsetthpoint}, the only possible way to construct a complete area-stationary surface, with a singular point $p_0$, is consider the union of all characteristic curves $\gamma$ of curvature $0$ with initial conditions $\gamma(0)=p_0$ and $\dot{\gamma}(0)\in T_{p_0}\Sigma=\mathcal{H}_{p_0}$, $|\dot{\gamma}(0)|=1$. We can suppose $p_0=0$, since $E(1,1)$ is homogeneous.

We consider the initial velocities
\begin{equation*}
\begin{split}
\dot{\gamma}_\alpha(0)&=\cos(\alpha)X(0)+\sin(\alpha)Y(0)\\
&=\cos(\alpha)\frac{\partial}{\partial z}(0)+\frac{\sin(\alpha)}{\sqrt{2}}\bigg(-\frac{\partial}{\partial x}(0)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}(0)\bigg),
\end{split}
\end{equation*}
for $\alpha\in[0,2\pi[$. In this way we obtain as characteristic curves
\begin{equation}
\gamma_\alpha(t)=\bigg(-\frac{\sin(\alpha)}{\sqrt{2}\cos(\alpha)}(e^{\cos(\alpha)t}-1), -\frac{\sin(\alpha)}{\sqrt{2}\cos(\alpha)}(e^{-\cos(\alpha)t}-1),
\cos(\alpha)t\bigg),
\end{equation}
for $\alpha\in]0,2\pi[$ and $\gamma_0(t)=(0,0,t)$ for $\alpha=0$. At this point it is easy show that $\Sigma$ is the zero level set of the function $e^zy+x=0$ (or equivalently $e^{-z}x+y=0$), that satisfies \eqref{eq:minimalsurface}.

\end{proof}

\subsection{Complete area-stationary surfaces containing singular curves}
From \cite[Corollary~5.4]{MR3044134} we have

\begin{lemma}\label{charmeetsingular} Let $\Sigma$ be a ${C}^2$  minimal surface with non-empty singular set $\Sigma_{0}$ immersed in $E(1,1)$. Then $\Sigma$ is area stationary if and only if the characteristic curves meet the singular curves orthogonally with respect the metric $\escpr{\, ,\, }$, induced by the orthonormal basis \eqref{def:basis}.
\end{lemma}

In the following lemma, we prove that a minimal area-stationary surface can not contain more than a singular curve.

\begin{lemma} Let $\Sigma$ be a $C^2$ complete, minimal, area-stationary surface, containing a singular curve $\Gamma$, immersed in $E(1,1)$. Then $\Sigma$ cannot contain more singular curves.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof} We consider a singular curve $\Gamma(\varepsilon)=(x(\varepsilon),y(\varepsilon),z(\varepsilon))$ in $\Sigma$. Then, as $\Sigma$ is foliated by characteristic curves, we can parametrize it by the map
\[
F(\varepsilon,t)=\gamma_\varepsilon(t)=(x(\varepsilon,t),y(\varepsilon,t),z(\varepsilon,t)),
\]
where $\gamma_\varepsilon(t)$ is the characteristic curves with initial data $\gamma_\varepsilon(0)=\Gamma(\varepsilon)$ and
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\dot{\gamma}_\varepsilon(0)&=J(\dot{\Gamma}(\varepsilon))=\dot{z}(\varepsilon)J(X)+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon})-\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)})J(Y)\\
&=  \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(-\dot{z}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)},\dot{z}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)},\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}).
\end{split}
\end{equation}
We define the function $V_\varepsilon(t):=(\partial F/\partial \varepsilon)(t,\varepsilon)$ that is a smooth Jacobi-like vector field along $\gamma_\varepsilon(t)$, \cite[Section~4]{MR3044134}. We have that, in a singular point $(\varepsilon,t)$, the vertical component of $V_\varepsilon$
\[
\escpr{V_\varepsilon,T}(\varepsilon,t)=\frac{\partial x}{\partial\varepsilon}(\varepsilon,t)e^{-z(\varepsilon,t)}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial\varepsilon}(\varepsilon,t)e^{z(\varepsilon,t)}
\]
vanishes. We suppose that $\Gamma$ is not an integral curve of $X$ or $Y$. Then, from the following expression of the component of $F(\varepsilon,t)$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:parametrizzazionecurvaorizzontale}
\begin{split}
x(\varepsilon,t)&=x(\varepsilon)+\frac{\dot{z}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}{\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}(e^{(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})t/\sqrt{2}}-1)\\
y(\varepsilon,t)&=y(\varepsilon)-\frac{\dot{z}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}}{\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}(e^{-(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})t/\sqrt{2}}-1)\\
z(\varepsilon,t)&=z(\varepsilon)+\frac{\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}{\sqrt{2}}t,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
we have
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\escpr{V_\varepsilon,T}(\varepsilon,t)&=\bigg \{\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}+\frac{\ddot{z}(\varepsilon)}{\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}-
\frac{\dot{z}(\varepsilon)\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon}(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})}{(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})^2}
\bigg\}\cdot\\
&\hspace{2cm}\cdot(e^{-(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})t/\sqrt{2}}-e^{(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})t/\sqrt{2}})\\
&+\frac{\dot{z}(\varepsilon)^2}{(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})^2}(e^{-(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})t/\sqrt{2}}+e^{(\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)})t/\sqrt{2}}-2),
\end{split}
\end{equation}
that vanishes only for the values $(\varepsilon,0)$, for positive values of $t$. On the other hand, if $\Gamma$ is an integral curve of $Y$, we get
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
x(\varepsilon,t)&=x(\varepsilon)\\
y(\varepsilon,t)&=y(\varepsilon)\\
z(\varepsilon,t)&=z(\varepsilon)+\frac{\dot{x}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}-\dot{y}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}{\sqrt{2}}t;
\end{split}
\end{equation}
if $\Gamma$ is an integral curve of $X$, we have
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
x(\varepsilon,t)&=x(\varepsilon)-\frac{\dot{z}(\varepsilon)e^{z(\varepsilon)}}{\sqrt{2}}t\\
y(\varepsilon,t)&=y(\varepsilon)+\frac{\dot{z}(\varepsilon)e^{-z(\varepsilon)}}{\sqrt{2}}t\\
z(\varepsilon,t)&=z(\varepsilon).
\end{split}
\end{equation}
In both cases, the singular set is only the curve $\Gamma(\varepsilon)$.

\end{proof}

The vertical component of $V_\varepsilon$ can be computed more directly using \cite[Proposition~4.3]{MR3044134}, since $H=0$. On the other hand, the explicit computation of the components of the parametrization $F(\varepsilon,t)$ allows us to characterize all the $C^2$ area-stationary complete surfaces with a singular curve that is a characteristic curve of curvature $0$. We stress that, when the characteristic curves are sub-Riemannian geodesics, these examples can also be constructed from Remark \ref{immediateminimaremark}.

\begin{proposition} Let $\Sigma$ be an area-stationary surface with $H=0$, with a singular curve $\Gamma$ that is a characteristic curve of curvature $0$. Then, if $\Gamma$ is a sub-Riemannian geodesic, $\Sigma$ belongs to one of the families
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)] $\{ a x+b y+ c=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), a,b,c\in {\mathbb{R}}\}$;
\item[(ii)] $\{e^{z-z_0} (y-y_0)+e^{z_0-z}(x-x_0)=0: (x,y,z)\in E(1,1), x_0,y_0,z_0\in {\mathbb{R}}\}$.
\end{itemize}
Otherwise, we suppose that $\Gamma$ is a characteristic curve passing through $(x_0,y_0,z_0)$ with velocity $(\dot{x}_0,\dot{y}_0,\dot{z}_0)$, $\dot{x}_0,\dot{y}_0,\dot{z}_0\neq 0$. We can parametrize $\Sigma$ by $F:{\mathbb{R}}^2\rightarrow E(1,1)$, with $F(\varepsilon,t)=(x(\varepsilon,t),y(\varepsilon,t),z(\varepsilon,t))$ and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:parametrizationsingularcurvenotgeo}
\begin{split}
x(\varepsilon,t)&=x_0+\frac{\dot{x}_0}{\dot{z}_0}(e^{\dot{z}_0\varepsilon}-1)+\frac{\dot{z}_0e^{z_0+\dot{z}_0\varepsilon}}{\dot{x}_0e^{-z_0}-\dot{y}_0e^{z_0}}(e^{(\dot{x}_0e^{-z_0}-\dot{y}_0e^{z_0})t/\sqrt{2}}-1)\\
y(\varepsilon,t)&=y_0-\frac{\dot{y}_0}{\dot{z}_0}(e^{-\dot{z}_0\varepsilon}-1)-\frac{\dot{z}_0e^{-z_0-\dot{z}\varepsilon}}{\dot{x}_0e^{-z_0}-\dot{y}_0e^{z_0}}(e^{-(\dot{x}_0e^{-z_0}-\dot{y}_0e^{z_0})t/\sqrt{2}}-1)\\
z(\varepsilon,t)&=z_0+\dot{z}_0\varepsilon+\frac{\dot{x}_0e^{-z_0}-\dot{y}_0e^{z_0}}{\sqrt{2}}t.
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\end{proposition}

\begin{remark} We note that the surfaces parametrized by \eqref{eq:parametrizationsingularcurvenotgeo} are the first examples of area-stationary surfaces  that are not foliated by sub-Riemannian geodesics in three-dimensional contact sub-Riemannian manifolds, up to our knowledge. In fact this phenomena do not appear in the roto-translation group, \cite[Lemma~10.4]{MR3044134}, even if its pseudo-hermitian torsion is non-vanishing.  In that case, the presence of two singular curves force the the surface to be foliated by sub-Riemannian geodesics or to be not area-stationary. On the other hand, it is well-known that a minimal surface is foliated by sub-Riemannian geodesics in any three-dimensional Sasakian manifold.

\end{remark}

\begin{remark} Given any horizontal curve $\Gamma=(x(\varepsilon),y(\varepsilon),z(\varepsilon))$ in $E(1,1)$, we stress that \eqref{eq:parametrizzazionecurvaorizzontale} provide a parametrization $F(\varepsilon,t):{\mathbb{R}}^2\rightarrow \Sigma \subset E(1,1)$ of a complete area-stationary surface $\Sigma$ with $\Sigma_0=\Gamma$.

\end{remark}

\section{Complete area-minimizing surfaces in $E(1,1)$}\label{sec:minimizing}

\subsection{Complete area-minimizing surfaces with empty singular set}

In \cite[Proposition~9.8]{MR3044134} is shown a general necessary condition for the stability of a non-singular surface in pseudo-hermitian Lie groups. This condition states that the quantity
\[
W-\escpr{\tau(Z),\nu_h}=\escpr{\nu_h,Y}^2-1=\escpr{Z,X}^2-1
\]
has to be always non-positive.  This condition is trivial in $E(1,1)$ due to the negativity of the Webster scalar curvature. On the other hand it has been used strongly in the classification of the stable, area-stationary surfaces without singular points in the manifolds ${\mathbb{H}}^1$, $SU(2)$ and $\widetilde{E(2)}$, see \cite{MR3044134,Ri-Ro-Hu, Ro}. In any way, we can prove the following

\begin{proposition}\label{lemmapianiminimizzanti} The families of planes
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)] $\{ x+c=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), c\in{\mathbb{R}}\}$;
\item[(ii)] $\{ y+c=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), c\in{\mathbb{R}}\}$;
\item[(iii)] $\{ z+c=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), c\in{\mathbb{R}}\}$;
\end{itemize}
are area-stationary, foliated by sub-Riemannian geodesics, and area-minimizing.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
We prove the result for $\Sigma=\{ x=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1)\}$, since all the cases are similar. In this case, from \eqref{eq:nuhexpression} and \eqref{eq:Zexpression}, we have
\[
\nu_h=Y \qquad Z=-X.
\]
So the integral curves of $Z$ are sub-Riemannian geodesics and $\Sigma_0=\emptyset$. Now Remark \ref{immediateminimaremark} implies that $\Sigma$ is area-stationary. Finally we can foliate a neighborhood of $\Sigma$ in $E(1,1)$ simply translating $\Sigma$. We obtain a foliation by area-stationary surfaces and a standard calibration argument imply that $\Sigma$ is area-minimizing, see for example \cite{BA-SC-Vi}, \cite{Ri1} or \cite[\S~5]{Ri-Ro}.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}
The family of planes $\{ ax+by+cz+d=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), a,b,c,d \in{\mathbb{R}}\}$ are not minimal, since they do not satisfy \eqref{eq:minimalsurface}.
\end{remark}

A very natural question is: are the planes in Proposition \ref{lemmapianiminimizzanti} the unique complete area-minimizing surfaces with empty singular set in $E(1,1)$?

We have only been able to find the following sufficient condition

\begin{lemma}\label{lem:sufficientstabilityempty}  Let $\Sigma$ be a $C^2$ complete oriented minimal surface immersed in E(1,1), with empty singular set $\Sigma_0$. If on $\Sigma$ there holds $\escpr{N,T}\leq 0$, then $\Sigma$ is stable.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof} Taking into account the expression for stability operator for non-singular surfaces in \cite[Lemma~8.3]{MR3044134}, we only need to show that
\[
2Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2\leq 0
\]
on $\Sigma$. Given a point $p$ in $\Sigma$, let $I$ an open interval containing the origin and $\alpha:I\rightarrow \Sigma$ a piece of the integral curve of $S$ passing through $p$. Consider the characteristic curve $\gamma_\varepsilon(s)$ of $\Sigma$ with $\gamma_\varepsilon(0)=\alpha(\varepsilon)$. We define the map $F:I\times{\mathbb{R}}\rightarrow \Sigma$ given by $F(\varepsilon,s)=\gamma_\varepsilon(s)$ and denote $V(s):=(\partial F/\partial \varepsilon)(0,s)$ which is a Jacobi-like vector field along $\gamma_0$, see \cite[Proposition~4.3]{MR3044134}. Denoting by $'$ the derivatives of functions depending on $s$, and the covariant derivative along $\gamma_0$ respect to $\nabla$ and $\dot{\gamma}_0$ by $Z$. Using \cite[Lemma~3.1, Eq.~4.4 and Eq.~4.5]{MR3044134} we get
\begin{equation}\label{vt0s}
\escpr{V,T}(0)=-|N_{H}|,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{vt1s}
\escpr{V,T}'(0)=-\escpr{N,T},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{vt2s}
\escpr{V,T}''(0)=-|N_{H}| \bigg( Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2   \bigg)
\end{equation}
It is easy to show that $g(V,T)$ never vanishes along $\gamma_0$ as $\Sigma_0$ is empty, see \cite[Proof of Lemma~9.5]{MR3044134}. On the other hand, by \cite[Proposition~4.3]{MR3044134} and Lemma \ref{lem:calcolotausullasuperficie}, we have that $\escpr{V,T}$ satisfies the ordinary differential equation
\[
\escpr{V,T}'''(s)-\escpr{Z,X}^2\escpr{V,T}'(s)=0
\]
along $\gamma_0$. We suppose that $\escpr{Z,X}\neq 0$. Taking into account the initial conditions \eqref{vt0s}, \eqref{vt1s} and \eqref{vt2s}, we obtain
\[
\escpr{V,T}(s)=a \cosh(|\escpr{Z,X}|s)+ b \sinh(|\escpr{Z,X}|s)+c,
\]
where
\[
a=\frac{|N_{H}| \bigg( Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2   \bigg)}{\escpr{X,Z}^2}, \quad b= -\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|\escpr{Z,X}|}
\]
and
\[
c= -|N_{H}| -\frac{|N_{H}| \bigg( Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2   \bigg)}{\escpr{X,Z}^2}.
\]
We have that $\escpr{V,T}(s)\neq 0$ implies
\[
a+b=\frac{|N_{H}| \bigg( Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2   \bigg)}{\escpr{X,Z}^2} -\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|\escpr{Z,X}|}\leq 0.
\]
Then we can conclude
\begin{equation*}
\begin{split}
2&Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2\leq2 \{Z\bigg(\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|} \bigg)+\bigg(\ntnh\bigg)^2\}\leq 2 |\escpr{Z,X}|\frac{\escpr{N,T}}{|N_h|}\leq 0
\end{split}
\end{equation*}
on $\gamma_0$. Now since the choice of $p$ is arbitrary, we get the statement.

If $\escpr{Z,X}=0$, we conclude that $\Sigma$ is stable if and only if $\escpr{N,T}=0$, by \cite[Proposition~9.8]{MR3044134}.

\end{proof}

\begin{remark} We note that the surfaces described in the points (i), (ii), (iii) of Proposition \ref{lemmapianiminimizzanti}, are characterized by $\escpr{N,T}=-e^z/\sqrt{2}$, $\escpr{N,T}=-e^z/\sqrt{2}$ and $\escpr{N,T}\equiv 0$ respectively, where $N$ denotes the inward unit normal on $\Sigma$. In the third family the planes are vertical surfaces and they satisfy $W-\escpr{\tau(Z),\nu_h}\equiv 0$.
\end{remark}

Taking into account the geometric invariants of $E(1,1)$, we expect the existence of other examples of complete oriented minimal surface with empty singular set.

\subsection{Complete area-minimizing surfaces with non-empty singular set}

We consider the stability operator constructed in \cite[Theorem~8.6]{MR3044134}

\begin{lemma}\label{Stability operator II} Let $\Sigma$ be a $C^2$ oriented minimal surface immersed in E(1,1), with singular set $\Sigma_0$ and $\partial\Sigma=\emptyset$. If $\Sigma$ is stable then, for any function $u\in C^1_0(\Sigma)$ such that $Z(u)=0$ in a tubular neighborhood of a singular curve and constant in a tubular neighborhood of an isolated singular point, we have $Q(u)\geq 0$, where
\begin{equation*}
\begin{split}
Q(u):=&\int\limits_{\Sigma}\{|N_h|^{-1}Z(u)^2+|N_{H}|( (1+\escpr{Z,Y}^2)-(|N_{H}| (1/2-\escpr{Z,Y}^2)-\escpr{\nabla_S \nu_h,Z}   )^2  )u^2\}d\Sigma\\
&+4\int\limits_{(\Sigma_0)_c}\escpr{N,T}\escpr{Z,Y}^2\escpr{Z,\nu}u^2d(\Sigma_0)_c+\int\limits_{(\Sigma_0)_c} S(u)^2  d(\Sigma_0)_c.
\end{split}
\end{equation*}
Here $d(\Sigma_0)_c$ is the Riemannian length measure on $(\Sigma_0)_c$ and $\nu$ is the external unit normal to $(\Sigma_0)_c$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{corollary}
Let $\Sigma$ be a plane in the family $\{ a x+b y+ c=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), a,b,c\in {\mathbb{R}}\}$. Then $\Sigma$ is stable.
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof} We know that $\Sigma$ is area-stationary with a singular line, obtained intersecting $\Sigma$ with the plane $z=\log\sqrt{b/a}$.  From \eqref{eq:Zexpression} we get
\[
Z=\frac{-b e^z+ a e^{-z}}{|-b e^z+ a e^{-z}|}X,
\]
which is orthogonal to the singular line. Since
\[
\escpr{\nabla_S \nu_h,Z}=\escpr{\nabla_S Y,X}=\frac{|N_{H}|}{2},
\]
we have that the stability operator
\[
Q(u)=\int\limits_{\Sigma}\{|N_h|^{-1}Z(u)^2+|N_{H}|\escpr{N,T}^2 u^2\}d\Sigma+\int\limits_{\Sigma_0} S(u)^2  d\Sigma_0
\]
is always non-negative for any admisible test function $u$.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark} The planes $\{ a x+b y+ c=0: (x,y,z)\inE(1,1), a,b,c\in {\mathbb{R}}\}$ are also area-minimzing, by calibration arguments.

\end{remark}

\begin{corollary} We consider the surface $\Sigma=\{e^z y+e^{-z}x=0: (x,y,z)\in E(1,1)\}$. Then $\Sigma$ is stable.

\end{corollary}

\begin{proof} From \eqref{eq:Zexpression} we get
\[
Z=-\frac{(e^z y-e^{-z}x)Y}{|e^z y-e^{-z}x|}
\]
and $\Sigma_0=\{(0,0,z):(x,y,z)\in E(1,1)\}$. From \eqref{Gchistoffel} we have
\[
\escpr{\nabla_S \nu_h,Z}=\escpr{\nabla_S Y,X}=-\frac{|N_{H}|}{2},
\]
which implies
\[
Q(u)=\int\limits_{\Sigma}\{|N_h|^{-1}Z(u)^2+2|N_{H}|^2 u^2\}d\Sigma+\int\limits_{\Sigma_0} S(u)^2  d\Sigma_0+ 4\int\limits_{\Sigma_0} u^2  d\Sigma_0\geq 0,
\]
for all admissible $u$.
 \end{proof}

 \begin{corollary} The surfaces defined in Proposition \ref{prop:minimalstationarysingularpoint} are stable.
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof} For simplicity we will prove the statement in the case of $x_0=y_0=z_0=0$. We note that, since $\Sigma_0=(0,0,0)$, the argument in the proof of Lemma \ref{lem:sufficientstabilityempty} works and  the condition $\escpr{N,T}=-(1+e^z)/\sqrt{2}\leq 0$ is a sufficient condition for the stability in the complementary of any tubular neighborhood  of  $\Sigma_0$. Finally we observe that the stability operator in Lemma \ref{Stability operator II} does not give contributions of the singular set in the case of isolated singular points.
 \end{proof}

\def$'${$'$}
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\providecommand{\MR}{\relax\ifhmode\unskip\space\fi MR }
\providecommand{\MRhref}[2]{%
  \href{http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=#1}{#2}
}
\providecommand{\href}[2]{#2}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Alan Kriegel
Leah Ferguson
Kacey Bills
SEGD Award Winning Projects
de Young Museum
Twitch Headquarters
Virtual Depictions : San Francisco
de Youngsters Studio
REACH Design Guideline for SFO
Gratefish Storm Drain
Jaguar Design Studio, Inc
Appleyard Associates
Matthew Williams Design
FayeWorks Design, LLC
GNU Group
Enlightage Design
Square Peg Design
Media Objectives
Dreyfuss & Blackford Architects
Debra Nichols Design
IA Interior Architects
Clearstory
Kraido
Mauk Design
MSA Planning + Design
Propp + Guerin
Sam Holeman EGD
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Sky Design
Studio L'Image
Tesser
Urbain Design
Shannon-Leigh Associates
Scott AG
Robert Sanders & Co.
Mustard Square
Arrow Sign Company
VKK Signmakers, Inc.
Signs of Our Times
WeidnerCA
Martinelli Environmental Graphics
AccuBraille
Boyd Sign Systems
Thomas-Swan Sign Co.
Design Schools
California College of the Arts
Pacific Union College
UC Davis Department of Design
DeYoung Museum
Okaland Museum of Art
Museum of the African Diaspora
Contemporary Jewish Musuem
Asian Art Musuem of San Francisco
San Francisco Chapter Email: [email protected]
San Francisco, CA Blog
E+E Design Improv
Roll your sleeves up for a Design Improv and get ready to create an exhibit—all from home! Join us for the first online Design Improv of this year's Exhibition + Experience conference. Get ready for some friendly competition as we split into teams to explore experiences that can help us break our unconscious biases.
We'll be joined by Joel Krieger, our Chair of the E+E event and Chief Creative Officer at Second Story, where he focuses on exploring new methods of making that merge the fields of experience design, visual design, animation, visual effects, industrial design, and architecture. His work spans the gamut of both cultural and brand spaces—transforming passive audiences into active participants. This event is free and open to our members, whether or not you're attending the rest of the conference, but space is limited to sign up now!
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About our Speaker
Joel Krieger is Executive Creative Director at Second Story. Here, he leads interdisciplinary teams in a collaborative, lab-based approach to design — centered on the emerging category of responsive environments. As creative lead for the Atlanta studio, Joel is focused on exploring new methods of making that merge the fields of experience design, visual design, animation, visual effects, industrial design, and architecture. His work spans the gamut of both cultural and brand spaces — transforming passive audiences into active participants. Joel Krieger graduated with honors from the University of Georgia, Lamar Dodd School of Art with a BFA in interdisciplinary studies. His work has been recognized for design excellence by The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), Communication Arts, HOW Design, the Society for Experiential Graphic Design (SEGD), The Webby Awards, the Interaction Design Association (IxDA) and The American Alliance of Museums (AAM). View more of Joel Kriegel's work at Second Story. Connect with Joel on LinkedIn and Twitter.
SEGD Origins
Have you ever wondered about how SEGD came together, or the rise of the environmental graphics industry? Join us as we bring together three SEGD Fellows to discuss what it was like founding an industry association when "EGD" wasn't even a term, where we've been as a community… and if they ever expected where we'd be as an industry now.
Rich Burns and John Berry were both co-founders of SEGD and past presidents, and Sarah Speare was the first paid executive director of SEGD. Each, in turn, was recognized for their contributions to our industry as an SEGD Fellow.
The San Francisco Chapter is excited to virtually welcome our Fellows from across the country, and the full west coast region for an intimate virtual discussion with Rich, John, and Sarah.
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June 9, 2020 05:00 PM Pacific Time (US and Canada)
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Recap: SEGD Fellow Jan Lorenc
Thank you to everyone who came out to see SEGD Fellow Jan Lorenc at the Allsteel Showroom. He charmed the crowd with stories from his personal history and his impressive forty years of design experience and innovation. This evening of storytelling, supplemented by the delicious food and drink generously provided by Nova Polymers, was a fantastic cap to our year.
SEGD/SF Presents: An Evening with Jan Lorenc, SEGD Fellow
Join us for an evening with Polish-American designer, SEGD Fellow and author, Jan Lorenc. Jan will take us on a journey from his early life in rural Poland to acclaimed designer, leading a thriving team of architects, graphic designers, sculptors, interior designers, and industrial designers in his Atlanta design firm, Lorenc+Yoo Design. The firm is responsible for award-winning museum spaces, trade show exhibits, sculptures, wayfinding and placemaking for renowned clients including Delta, the Mayo Clinic, Sony, Hyatt, Samsung, UPS, and many others.
Lorenc immigrated with his parents to the United States from rural Poland at age eight. He earned degrees in industrial design and visual design from the Illinois Institute of Technology, and in architecture from the Georgia Institute of Technology. As a professor Jan has taught at the renowned Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD) in Atlanta and has been an adviser to the School of Design at Georgia Tech. He is a frequent lecturer in the United States, China and Korea. Jan is also co-author of the definitive museum and exhibit design textbook — "What Is Exhibition Design?" — which has been translated and published in Chinese, Russian, Korean, and his native tongue Polish.
In 2017, Jan was named SEGD Fellow, sharing the organization's highest honor with the likes of Paula Scher, Massimo Vignelli, Lance Wyman, Deborah Sussman, Robert Venturi, Ivan Chermayeff, and David Gibson, among others.
Join us on Thursday, December 5th at 6:00pm at the Allsteel Showroom in the Maritime Plaza, SF. Light appetizers and beverages will be served.
6:00 – 6:30 Check-in and mingle
6:30 – 8:30 Keynote and Q&A
Tickets available here
7x7 Sense Making Recap
Thank you to all that came out to the Marketplace on Maiden Lane for 7x7!
Seven speakers were each given seven minutes to present how they create sensory experiences within their practice, and the result was inspiring. Our speakers design backgrounds ranged from textile design, acoustic design, culinary arts, interior design, fragrance design, exhibition design, and fashion and home-wares design. Needless to say a diverse range of perspectives was represented and all of the speakers did a fantastic job of educating us in a short amount of time. A big thank you to Alisa Benfey, Pierre Germain, Tanya Holland, Matthew Waslyciw, Jessica Hannah, Bosco Hernández, and Erica Tanov!
We want to give special thanks to our 2019 SEGD SF Sponsor Designtex who sponsored the event and hosted us in the incredible Marketplace on Maiden Lane showroom. We cannot thank Joanne Rarangol and Designtex enough for their continued support of the SF Chapter!
Also, a big thank you to Blue Heron Catering and Fort Point Beer Company for the fantastic food and drinks!
Lastly, thank YOU for attending and supporting SEGD SF!
Andy Chen
Alyssa Teague
Chair of Graduate Exhibition Design Program
Christina Lyons
Anne Wilsey
Shannon Moore
Assistant Professor of Interaction Design
Richard The

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dubai: The Innov8 Talks, a health innovation focused conference, covered topics around how the healthcare industry is changing and evolving at the Arab Health Conference – the largest healthcare event in the MENA region held from 28 – 31 January 2019 at Dubai World Trade Centre.
Our Group CEO, Dr. Sarper Tanli, spoke about "Transforming Healthcare Delivery Through Translational Innovation". Dr. Tanli also shed light upon the new and upcoming innovations that have made a difference in disease management through his learnings and experience of applying them to a panel of industry experts, healthcare entrepreneurs and investors.
The Innov8 Talks took place in the new Innovation Hub that hosted 8 pitches that were 8 minutes long, across each day of the event. An esteemed panel of judges comprising of industry experts from reputed organizations such as Dubai Health Authority, Dubai Future Foundation, Ministry of Health and Prevention, and Etisalat were judging and deciding the best pitch at the end of each day.
Manzil Healthcare Services is committed to bringing scientific studies and technological discoveries that can be used for the care at home. We have successfully adopted many digital health solutions and tailored in the disease management program that focuses on improving the overall health of patients through an integrated care approach and offers an affordable innovative medical care wherever the patient is.


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text:
Budapest Metro Line M4
by DoDo Mon Apr 21st, 2014 at 02:27:19 AM EST
A week before the parliamentary elections in Hungary, Budapest opened its fourth metro line (M4 or Green Line), a 7.4 km, 10-station all-subway connection between two railway main stations. The construction project has a 42-year history, which is explained by the fact that it has been a political pinball for most of the time and has been mismanaged spectacularly.
Station Kálvin tér (junction station with line M3)
Budapest was the second city in the world to open a subway line (built for the 1896 Millenial Exhibition), but then that was it for a long time, until two Soviet-style lines (M2, M3) were opened in sections between 1970 and 1990.
Map of the Budapest metro system (with normal rail and dedicated suburban rail lines also shown) from UrbanRail.Net
Line M4 was first proposed in 1972, but the old regime had no money to launch a third project in parallel. The plans were then dusted off after the first free elections. Between 1990 and 1994, implementation was held up by the tussle between Hungary's centre-right national government and the liberal city government: the first wanted the line as part of a proposed 1996 World Expo Budapest and eyed a specific contractor, the second didn't want either. In the next four years, both governments were socialist-liberal coalitions, but austerity delayed agreement on financing until just before the next elections – which they lost. 1998–2002 were the years of Viktor Orbán's first government, but the capital remained in socialist-liberal hands, thus Orbán "punished" Budapest, chiefly by not respecting the inherited funding agreement for Line M4. From this time, the project also became a focus of capital–countryside tensions.
At Kelenföld vasútállomás (Kelenföld Rail Station), the construction of the metro end station was coupled with a reconstruction of the rail station, with a new concourse below the rail tracks and above the metro platform. This looks nothing special for someone from Western Europe, but in Hungary, this is the first platform tunnel that is not a stinking dark concrete hole
Socialist-liberal coalitions ran both the national and city governments again from 2002, so the project was re-launched in 2004. However, it was mismanaged spectacularly: funding (which included EU funding) was a mess, the construction contractors were selected without care, showed lack of expertise, underestimated geological challenges and their own costs; delays and costs (extra costs due to delays and delays due to extra costs) spiralled, especially when work stopped due to disputes between project management and contractors. On top of all that, Fidesz media added its own spin and made-up stories, but the delays and cost inflation didn't stop after Fidesz took over in 2010. In the end, it opened six years behind schedule and 130% above the original budget, even though some planned parts were dropped to save costs.
Above: a train at end station Keleti pályaudvar. Platform doors were saved, even though suicides aren't infrequent on the Budapest metro
Below: the concrete surfaces of the station roof aren't very appealing, but the combination of natural [from the left] and artificial illumination is special
Trains for the new line and new trains for Line M2 were ordered jointly from Alstom. These became the subject of another controversy when the operator and the Hungarian Rail Authority noted safety-relevant deviations of the design from specifications (even though Alstom's metro trains are built according to international standards). These were solved in part with retrofits and in part with a derogation and tests showing a proper safety level. Some background: there is a regulation on the Budapest metro that trains have to have multiple totally independent brake systems. This is taken seriously since an accident on Line M2, when the last car of the last train of the day decoupled and rolled back several stations, stopping after a number of swings at a low point, because brakes failed. The most discussed problem of the Alstom trains was an interdependence of two brakes. (I must note, though, that from the documents I saw, the interdependence appeared to be safety-irrelevant.)
Above: inside an Alstom metro train on Line M4. For passengers, the novelty of the latest generation of metros is wide door-less passageways opening up the entire length of the train, and handrail "trees" in the middle of the standing room between the doors
Below: Line M4 trains are automated, but operate under supervision in the first six months (the man visible is only a friend talking to the supervising driver, though)
Environmentalists in Hungary weren't exactly in love with metros because the construction of Lines M2 and M3 was coupled with tearing up tram tracks and building 2x2- or 2x3-lane main roads on the surface above. A similar city-planning crime was averted in the end along the route of the now opened first section of Line M4, but the tram along the planned north-eastern extension was discontinued due to lack of track maintenance in 1997 and most of the track has been torn up since. As for extensions, while the line would bring the most benefit if it could serve commuters with extensions at both ends, those are off the table for at least 15 years, I think – in which time the comparable systems of Prague, Warsaw and Bucharest (not to mention Vienna) will continue to grow. The city government now focuses on some tram extensions in other parts of the city.
Above: the name-giver of the eastern end of the metro line, Keleti pályaudvar (East Railway Terminus) and the half-open pedestrian underpass in front of it. The M4 station is directly under the bus stop. The terminus of the tram line that used to run along the road on the left was at the far end of this hole
Below: a train leaves for the setting-back track to change direction at Kelenföld vasútállomás. In some uncertain future, the tunnel will continue into a western part of Budapest where now the only public transport is buses
:: :: :: :: ::
I bring news about three other, more or less troubled projects around the world in the comments.
Check the Train Blogging index page for a (hopefully) complete list of ET diaries and stories related to railways and trains.
Budapest Metro Line M4 | 5 comments (5 topical, 0 editorial, 0 hidden)
Gautrain (4.00 / 3)
My first extra story is on Gautrain, a limited-stop commuter rail system connecting Johannesburg, Pretoria and the airport in South Africa, the first part of which opened for the 2010 World Cup. It was a public–private partnership (PPP) project of the build-operate-transfer (BOT) type with all the typical problems: difficulty to find a contractor, the latter's difficulty to find financing, inflated ridership estimates and a concession period for the private operator much shorter than the lifetime of the infrastructure (requiring quicker return on investment), massive cost overruns and delays, so it was of course attacked as a white elephant.
As often happens with such projects, ridership on the part-opened project started out way below the inflated forecasts (100,000 passengers a day, which was particularly unrealistic given that they didn't order enough trains to carry that much...), but then rose solidly:
in September 2010, after the WC but still not much more than an airport link, it was below 10,000/weekday;
by September 2011, the second month after the completion to Pretoria, it rose to 28,000/weekday;
by October 2012, the system was at capacity during peak hours at 40,000/weekday;
in February 2014, the third month after the introduction of a long overdue toll on the parallel highway, it had a new record of 62,500/weekday.
The operator is now struggling to add more peak hour capacity, and feasibility studies will be launched for 200 km of extensions.
*Lunatic*, n.
One whose delusions are out of fashion.
by DoDo on Sat Apr 19th, 2014 at 02:43:51 PM EST
THSR (4.00 / 3)
Taiwan High Speed Rail was an even better example of an essentially successful system producing a financial disaster due to the BOT project structure. While it achieved virtual monopoly along Taiwan's west coast (eliminating airline links altogether and suppressing conventional rail and highway buses) and boosted urban rail development in the cities served, operator THSRC left the tunnel financially only after some debt restructuring and a change in the depreciation model (turning a profit since 2011).
Last autumn, however, management implemented a classic example of bad fare policy: citing rising energy costs, fares were raised 7–10%, only achieving public outrage and – compared to the prior months' growth trend – a similar drop in ridership (which previously almost reached the original forecast of 140,000 a day). This led to the replacement of the CEO, and now there is talk of righting the again worsening financial situation by capital reduction (to reduce debt and thus the interest load) and extending the concession period (to reduce the depreciation rate).
Source: THSRC's statistics
Spain (4.00 / 4)
In Spain, austerity and recession depressed passenger numbers overall, both over short and long distances. However, thanks to the opening of new high-speed lines and a new fare policy (and in spite the Santiago disaster), long-distance rail bucked that trend, and for the first time in possibly decades, it beat planes in recent months. This breaks down to strong rail domination over relations served via high-speed lines (for example 60% on the Madrid–Barcelona route) and air domination elsewhere.
Diagram from El País (hat tip to Migeru via email)
Re: Budapest Metro Line M4 (none / 0)
Are they planning to run driverless trains without platform doors?
by Gag Halfrunt on Tue Apr 22nd, 2014 at 06:01:55 AM EST
They are already running that way, the drivers on board (and upon checking I corrected the diary with a transition time of just six months rather than one year) are only for the case something goes wrong. There are motion and obstacle detectors, and they think that's safe enough. But IMHO rather than safety, they could have focused on traffic disruption due to suicides as a weighty argument for spending a few Euros more.
by DoDo on Tue Apr 22nd, 2014 at 12:08:30 PM EST
Go to: [ European Tribune Homepage : Top of page : Top of comments ]


text:
Genghis Khan: The Supreme Warrior
Words by: Ace Accosta
Though archetypical of Genghis Khans images, not much is know about his personal life and physical appearance. Any statues or portraits of him had been destroyed. And what little evidence historians do have for his appearance is contradictory or unreliable to popular belief. Most accounts describe him as tall and strong with a flowing mane of hair and a long bushy beard.
Mongol legend says that Genghis Khan was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist – a sign that he was destined to become a great leader. That legend came true a went on to be foretold. Born Temujin, Genghis Khan grew into an outstanding warrior of the 13th century, and managed to forge the largest contiguous empire in history.
Revered as "The Supreme Warrior", Genghis Khan was known to have a rough childhood. Was it not for that experience, Genghis Khan probably wouldn't have matured as quickly as he did. By his early 20s, he had established himself as a formidable warrior and leader. After amassing his army and alliance with the heads of important Mongolian tribes, in the year 1206, he had turned his conquest to neighboring lands. He was a warrior and genius of a ruler.
Adolescent Years
Temujin was born into a nomadic Mongol tribe in 1162. At a young age, his family suffered a major loss.
One day, while heading home, his father crossed paths with a rivaling neighbor tribe – the Tatars. They fed his father food which they tainted with poison, ultimately leading to his death.
Upon learning this, Temujin choose to rise up and become the new heir following his father's leadership. Refusing to be led by a mere child, they abandoned he and his family and left them to fend for themselves in the harsh Mongolian winters. Though, through sheer willpower and perseverance, Temujin and his family survived.
The brutality and hardships that he lived through at an early age, are what matured him early on and help him become the warrior known as Genghis Khan.
The 'Universal' Ruler
Temujin began his gradual ascent to power by amassing an army of more than 20,000 men. In doing so, his mission was to destroy the various divisions among Mongolian tribes and unify them all under his rule.
Through a combination of his genius military tactics and merciless brutality, Temujin avenged his father's death by decimating the Tatars.
Through the course of his unification, Temujin built an extensive spy network. This allowed him and his army to adapt to the various tactics used by his enemies, and swiftly adopt their technology.
His well trained army coordinated their attacks with precision and sophistication. Using signaling systems of smoke, burning torches, the sounds of large drums to command, and signal flags, it wasn't long until his Mongolian army was going 80,000 warriors strong.
Temujin was also sure to take care of his army and supporters
Every soldier was equipped with a bow, arrows, a shield, a dagger, and a lasso for their artillery. Even necessities were supplied to them such as food, tools, and spare clothes. If his soldiers were in need of restock or supplies, a well-organized supply of ox carts wasn't too far to tag along behind.
Following the victories over the rival Mongol tribes, it was then that other tribal leaders came to an agreement and bestow Temujin the title 'Genghis Khan', which means 'universal ruler'. This title not only played political importance, but also spiritual significance. A leading shaman declared Genghis Khan the representative of Mongke Koko Tengri, meaning 'Eternal Blue Sky' and the supreme god of the Mongols. It was said that to defy Genghis Khan, was equal to defying the will of God himself. Bestowed upon such divinity, it has been said that Genghis Khan stated this to one of his enemies,
"I am the flail of God. If you had not committed great sins, God would not have sent a punishment like me upon you."
Genghis Khan's Death
Genghis Khan died in 1227. The exact cause of his death is unknown. Some say he fell off his horse while on a hunt, and died of fatigue. Other proclaim that he died due to respiratory disease.
It is not known where Genghis body lay.
Genghis Khan was buried in secret according to the customs of his tribe's customs – somewhere near his birthplace.
Legend has it that the funeral escort killed anyone they encountered to conceal the location of the burial site. It has been said that a river was irrigated over his grave.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-genghis-khan
http://inventorspot.com/files/images/0208-genghis-khan-climate_full_600.img_assist_custom.jpg
https://carryingthegun.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/yushan_young_genghis_khan.jpg?w=920&h=334


text:
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals

from jubatus.classifier.types import *

from .generic import GenericCLI
from ..args import Arguments, TDatum
from ..util import *
from ..._stdio import print

class ClassifierCLI(GenericCLI):
  @classmethod
  def _name(cls):
    return 'classifier'

  def _clear_cache(self):
    self._labels = set()

  @Arguments(str, TDatum)
  def do_train(self, label, d):
    """Syntax: train label datum_key datum_value [datum_key datum_value ...]
    Trains the model with given label and datum.
    Bulk training is not supported on the command line.
    """
    self._verbose("datum = {0}".format(d))
    result = self.client.train([LabeledDatum(label, d)])
    if result != 1:
      print("Failed")
    self._labels.add(label)

  def complete_train(self, text, line, begidx, endidx):
    pos = comp_position(text, line, begidx, endidx)
    if pos == 0:
      return filter_candidates(text, self._labels)

  @Arguments(TDatum)
  def do_classify(self, d):
    """Syntax: classify datum_key datum_value [datum_key datum_value ...]
    Classify the given datum.
    Bulk classification is not supported on the command line.
    """
    self._verbose("datum = {0}".format(d))
    results = self.client.classify([d])[0]
    results.sort(key=lambda e: e.score, reverse=True)
    for result in results:
      print("{0}: {1}".format(result.label, str(result.score)))
      self._labels.add(result.label)

  @Arguments()
  def do_get_labels(self):
    """Syntax: get_labels
    Prints the list of currently registered labels and number of instances trained for each label.
    """
    labels = self.client.get_labels()
    for (label, count) in labels.items():
      print('{0}: {1}'.format(label, count))
    self._labels = set(labels.keys())

  @Arguments(str)
  def do_set_label(self, label):
    """Syntax: set_label label
    Registers the new label without training.
    """
    result = self.client.set_label(label)
    if not result:
      print("Failed")
    self._labels.add(label)

  @Arguments(str)
  def do_delete_label(self, label):
    """Syntax: delete_label label
    Deletes the label.
    """
    result = self.client.delete_label(label)
    if not result:
      print("Failed")
    self._labels.discard(label)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
GLOBALIZATION have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to
GLOBALIZATION Globalization is a processof interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments ofdifferent nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on theenvironment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Globalization,while showing itself in new ways, has been a part of the human history.
Withregards to the history of globalization,globalization first took form during the time of initial migration by humansout of the African continent and into other lands. As human history continued,due to local conditions, humans lacking access to hunting and finding food hadto move for new resources. Then, as they continued to spread throughout theearth and establish additional communities, they then started to produce moreadvanced tools, and then, in time, began trading with other communities. Butpolicy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurredincreases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observersbelieve the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economicdevelopment. Since 1950, for example, the volume of world trade has increasedby 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign investment nearlydoubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave ofglobalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that todayglobalization is "farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper." This current wave ofglobalization has been driven by policies that have opened economiesdomestically and internationally.
In the years since the Second World War, andespecially during the past two decades, many governments have adoptedfree-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potentialand creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment.Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers tocommerce and have established international agreements to promote trade ingoods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities inforeign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and establishedproduction and marketing arrangements with foreign partners.
A defining featureof globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financialbusiness structure. There are many types ofglobalization. The four that we shall primarily five on are: EconomicGlobalization, Environmentalism Globalization, Military Globalization, CulturalGlobalization, and Political Globalization.
EconomicGlobalizationEconomic Globalization has been defined by Gao Shangquan as "the increasinginterdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale ofcross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capitaland wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansionand mutual integration of market frontiers". Historically, economicglobalization was barely different from other forms of globalization; ofteneconomic, political, and cultural globalization were interconnected. As we see,economic globalization is happening all around us. Technologies are advancingat a rapid rate, which shapes how we do business.
Transactions can be made withthe click of a button, and markets can be monitored around the clock. Inaddition, companies can set up shop in any part of the world, as well as havinga very established internet presence with extensive online activity. And with economic globalization is alsothe issue of how states and non-state actors can help address challenges suchas economic development.
Here, we see international organizations,as well as non-governmental organizations actively trying to help states interms of building infrastructure, increasing jobs, as well as introducingcapital (Smallman & Brown, 2011). But as we shall see, it is debated as towhether some of these developments are always positive some worry that withglobalization, powerful states and multinational corporations have used thesystem to further their own power and influence at the expense of other weakeractors. The internet and Television has had an important role inthe globalizing the economies of Asia. The ease in which information can bepassed from one person to another has provided many benefits to Asian society.
It has created tighter cooperation within regions dealing with natural disasteras well as improving education and quality of living for children and adults.It is also the case that improved networking and information systems posesignificant risks, such as the spread of dangerous ideologies, such as IslamicRadicalism. The Globalization of media has helped stop thepractice of non-intervention in East Asian countries and instead has sparked anattitude of regional co-operation. This collaborative attitude, provedto be effective in dealing with disease control, in particular the SARSoutbreak in 2003 as well as the bird flu outbreak of 2004. International mediacoverage assisted in publicizing the Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster and madestates more able to react in an efficient and effective manner. CableTelevision has had a massive effect on the spread of information in Asia, andis becoming one of the most important medians of knowledge.
In Pakistan,Television has become the most popular form of entertainment. Now many Pakistanisare able to access scientific information and canbe notified of important events happening all over the globe. These factorshave not only increased awareness, but improved quality of life, as well. Adisadvantage of this heightened availability of knowledge is that it can spreadideas that can be damaging to society. The internet has allowed the spread offundamentalist movements such Islamic Radicalism throughout parts of South-EastAsia, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. These extremistgroups pose a significant threat to the national security to South East Asiancountries.
This was especially relevant to the social unrest in Indonesiaduring the 1990s. Radical groups had become aware of terrorist activities in otherparts of the globe, which lead to copycat methods of terrorism in their owncountries. There is also a lot of evidence that suggests that the internet hasaffected traditional merchandising businesses and services in Asia.E-commerce websites that provide internet users with the luxury of beingable to view catalogues and purchase productsover the internet, pose a massive threat to large portionof the less-developed retail sector. There are even claims that internetcommerce destroys jobs and reinforces inequality in developing nations.
Take web maps for example. Businesses utilizethis popular form of navigation as an advertising platform. Looking at rich,industrialized city on Google Maps, you will notice that the landscape ismarked full of restaurants and places of interest, whereas more impoverished,but no less populated areas show up with nothing. Environmentalismand Globalization Environmentalismcan be described as a social movement or as an ideology focused on the welfareof the environment. Environmentalism seeks to protect and conserve the elementsof earth's ecosystem, including water, air, land, animals, and plants, alongwith entire habitats such as rainforests, deserts and oceans. Concepts dealingwith environmental issues include the management of natural resources,overpopulation, commercial logging, urbanization and global warming. Theeffects of human development ad activity have harmed and altered the earth'snatural state.
Environmentalism works to correct the damage as well as preventfuture destruction. Environmentalism began as a movement in the 1960s and1970s. However, humanity's relationship and dependence on the earth forsurvival has existed since the beginning of time. Many cultures includingNative Americans, Aborigines, Africans and South Americans have understood thisinterconnection with the natural world. Western cultures had a poorunderstanding of this relationship as they separated themselves from the landthrough technology and development. Beginning in the nineteenth century, theIndustrial Revolution caused many changes; Western people realized theirbehavior had a negative impact on the environment (Stradling and Thorsheim1999). In the growing industrial cities of London, New York and Chicago, coalburning factories polluted the air and water while the need for lumber to buildfactories and homes caused mass deforestation and subsequent destruction ofanimal life. In the years proceeding World War II,America experienced an economic boom.
New technologies introduced atomicenergy, synthetic materials and chemicals, such as pesticides, which led to advancementsin agriculture and consumer products. The booming economy allowed the averagefamily to afford a house, automobile and other amenities at soaring rates.Lands outside of cities were bulldozed for suburban development, new factoriesemitted more pollution due to the production of more goods and larger numbersof cars discharged additional exhaust; "pollution was the price ofeconomic progress" (Rome 2003, 525). As the prosperity of the postwaryears continued, the environmental consciousness of Americans awakenedregarding the effects of environmental destruction . Scholars andenvironmentalists believe the beginning of the modern environmental movementcan be attributed to the 1962 publication of Silent Spring , a book by RachelCarson. Carson wrote a stunning cautionary book about pesticides and theconsequences to animal and human life. Today, debate surrounds the line wheregovernment environmental control ends and the beginning of free-marketpractices.
Corporations were blamed as the biggest culprits in pollution anddestruction of land; pressure from the government, consumers and activistsforced corporations to clean up their behaviour and contamination. Costlylegislation imposed changes on corporations, but the consumer triggered a moreefficient market shift for environmentally-friendly companies. After all,corporations depend on the consumer dollar. Negative publicity from activists,increased media coverage and environmental sympathies caused consumers toquestion from which companies to buy products.
Many companies discovered newtechnologies allowed decreased industrial waste and lowered manufacturingcosts; this pleased the consumer and improved the bottom line (Kharif, 2003).While corporate motives to become more environmentally conscious have not beenentirely altruistic, corporate America has advanced the environmental cause. Environmentalism, althoughaccused of using fuzzy math and scare tactics, has become a highly acceptedmovement by the American public.
Fortunately, the advocacy of environmentalismhas evolved from t radical tactics and alienation into a complex andinterdependent relationship existing between environmentalists, corporationsand the government. Willingness of all three groups to cooperate, negotiate anddiscuss solutions to problems has driven innovative concepts such asmarket-based environmental reforms and sustainable economic developments. Environmentalismhas spawned numerous environmental groups in America and around the world. In1972, the first major worldwide discussion on environmental issues was held ata United Nations conference in Stockholm, Sweden, and attended by 114 nations(Encyclopedia.com). The Stockholm conference was followed by The United NationsConference on Environment and Development, or Earth Summit, where discussionsrevolved around the global conflict between economic development andenvironmental protection (ibid.). America is a world role model as a politicaland financial leader and its participation in world environmental efforts isvital to the success of a healthier planet.
Military Globalization Military globalization is the increaseof range within which military power can be projected through the progress ofmilitary organization and technology and the increasing strategic interrelationfirst of regional systems and later of the global system. Similarly, toeconomic globalization, military globalization involves sw integration of asystem as expressed in network of alliances. Contrary to economic andsocio-cultural globalization, strategic integration entails centralizationunder a single command.
Globalization both a positive and negative impact on
Ncm Mutual Fund
Introduction: a company's brand, products, or services to
MGT 448 WK 1 Globalization Questionnaire
"Globalisation the economy has created many challenges around
Globalization: New Form of Colonization
Multimedia Journalism: Problems & Prospects
Globalization of globalization will be affecting to the
Australlian Consumer Act Review 2011
Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in the Philippines
Child abuse and legislation


Good Morning! Welcome to week #7 of Tuesday Morning Sketches. As the weeks pass the list of wonderful sponsors grows! I love this - this has been the best adventure. Besides having the time to spend this summer with the kids, that is.
So let's just jump on into this week's sketch. We have the wonderful and amazingly talented digi-designer Dustin Pike sponsoring our challenge this week. Whoo-hoo!!
Now let's look and oooh and aaaah over what the design team made to share with you.
Jingle bells, jingle bells... Tammy's paving the way... Oh what fun it is to gaze at Christmas cards when it's still 80+ degrees outside! OK so my song didn't quite work... uh, it bombed, I admit it. Heehee. But Tammy did create an adorable Christmas card with one of Dustin's images.
Up next is Rose with this lovely owl from Unity Stamps - the June KOM, I believe. This is just so pretty and I love all the elements to this card!
Ahh - Joni will keep us in the reality of August! This bear is a Dustin Pike image and he's just having a ball building his sandcastle. Super cute, Joni!
Theresa is showing us how well this sketch can adapt to any style. Her card holds romance of the Victorian age with the scroll work and the beautiful pearls. Nicely done, Theresa.
And here's my card. I'm not ready for winter but when this little guy was offered as a freebie, I knew exactly what he was saying, well at least to me. The sentiment fits, right? Some time back I had received a wintry package in a swap and in this package were these really cool Raindrops snowflakes and the charms. I did cut the charm part off and attached with a glue dot over the ribbon.
Well I hope you enjoyed today's line up from the Design Team. They did an awesome job! We can't wait to see what you do... remember pull out all the stops 'cause we're checking closely for the next featured stamper. It could be you.
Fabulous cards by the TP~love them all!!
I'm gonna give this one a go! ;) Adorable samples!
Ooh such lovely cards - I especially love the ones with the bear!
great cards and a great sketch:) glad i could play!
hi melissa! uess what i got time to play AND remembered to post my link!!!!!
Thanks for more inspiration, Melissa!
Thanks for inspiring! I went fairly clean & simple =) Posted in Mr Linky!
OK stampers - this challenge is now closed. Thanks for joining us this week. We'll see you tomorrow when I announce the winner.


text:
topic: "Maven: Javadoc"
desc: "Generating javadoc when using Maven"
indent: true
---

# Preliminary advice (see "Work in Progress" below)

It appears that the way to generate to generate Javadoc with Maven is to:

* make sure the javadoc plugin is in your pom.xml
* use the command: `mvn javadoc:javadoc`
* find the javadoc under `target/site/apidocs`

More detail below.

# Work in Progress

Some clear instructions on how to generate Javadoc when using Maven is also something that is a "work in progress" for this site.

Here are a few candidate links for looking up how to do it:

* <https://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-javadoc-plugin/usage.html>
* <https://www.mkyong.com/maven/generate-javadoc-jar-for-maven-based-project/>
* <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9971219/generate-javadoc-html-using-maven>


SOUTH FLORIDA – Music plays a central role in Miami Carnival. South Florida Caribbean News caught up with one of Miami Carnival's pioneering DJ, Dlife who will take center stage on Sunday, October 7, 2018.
Q: Did you always want to be a DJ?
A: As far back as I can remember yes, I always wanted to be on radio.
Q: Favorite type of music to mix or sample?
Q: Where do you find your new music?
Q: What fuels your creativity? How do you fuel your own creative energy?
A: Traveling and not necessarily anywhere far but getting out and about. By staying positive at all times.
Q: Who is on your current playlist?
A: Davido, Nikki Minaj, Kiprich, Kes, A Boogie, Nailah Blackman, Popcaan, Erphaan Alves.
Q: What's a creative accomplishment you're particularly proud of?
Q: What are you plans for the Miami Carnival season?
A: To enjoy doing what I love to do, DJ& TV host.
Favorite Caribbean Island? – Too many to choose just one.
Favorite Caribbean dish? – Palau and Caribbean style Chinese food.
If I weren't a DJ, I would be? ….. In some form of entertainment and technology.
Not limited to soca, however, he has been put to the test with the best reggae and hip-hop sound systems in New York City. He played for years alongside Massive B on Hot 97. More recently, he mixed for the legendary Doug E. Fresh on 107.5 WBLS.
You can catch Dlife at Miami Broward Carnival on Sunday, October 7th at the Miami-Dade County Fairgrounds, 10901 SW 24th St. Miami.


text:
Canada Day in Surrey: Celebrate the Nation's Birthday with a Day Full of Family-friendly Events and Fun
WRITTEN BY mike • 17 June 2018
The annual Canada Day festivities put on by the City of Surrey are always an event to remember. Each year, Surrey plans a picture-perfect and fun-filled day for families to celebrate our nation's birthday. This year is no exception. Surrey Canada Day will be a day packed full of entertainment, arts and crafts and much more.
Musical Entertainment for Everyone
Surrey Canada Day features artists from all genres of music. They even have included lead children's music artists! Be sure to get a seat near the Chevron Main Stage early as it will be packed throughout the day.
Matthew Good is a multi-platinum award winning Canadian musician. He will be performing his many hits to headline Surrey Canada Day, right before the fireworks show. Country fans will enjoy the down home sounds of Country Divas and Ray Gibson as they perform their hits and select covers from country music's rich past. Daniel Wesley, a local White Rock native, will rock out with his awesome original rock and roll music. Kyprios, a hiphop MC from North Vancouver, and DJ Flip-Out, the Canada Day DJ, will astound with snappy smooth and flowing mixture of rapping and harmony.
There will also be a selection of eclectic acts will make you laugh and clap. Get a glimpse of history with Cedar Hills Caledonian Pipe Band. These local highland dancers and pipe players include several generations of family members. The DRS 'B-Boy' Crew brings the funk with their energetic breakdancing routines. The Vancity Bhangra performers bring their creative takes on traditional dances to the stage.
Kids in particular will be entertained. Don't miss the famous North American ventriloquist Norma McKnight and her puppet pals as she'll bring out the kid in everyone. Matt Henry, a fine practitioner of the juggling arts, will amaze with his juggling tricks. Will Stroet, a children's educator and entertainer, will delight both the young and young at heart with his award winning music.
The night will of course end with a wonderful fireworks show, planned to start at 10:15pm. Visitors are advised to watch from the field in the Cloverdale Millennium Amphitheater. The show for this year is expected to be even bigger and better than last year, so be sure you get there early and source out a good viewing area.
A Great Day to Get the Family Together
Surrey Canada Day is the perfect reason to take a family bike ride, and the festival planners have great biking route maps available for download on their website. And after your ride, simply lock your bikes up at the provided bike racks and step right into the heart of the festival. Walk around and enjoy the festivities at your leisure, and head home at your convenience without spending time in traffic.
Experience Surrey for Yourself
Surrey Canada Day showcases some of the best that the Surrey area has to offer – diverse multiculturalism paired with natural beauty and a bit of fun. This is Canadian living at its best. Your family would be right at home here, so if you're not from this area why not come and see for yourself?
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freesoog01 Default Asked on September 22, 2016 in Economics.
Is there a rule of thumb for office rent or lease per gross income?
Priyanka Gupta Accountant Asked on December 13, 2014 in Economics.
What was the theory of mercantilism?


I remember really enjoying these guys play. They were cool with letting me go on stage to capture more intimate shots of the performance. I always appreciate when bands let me do that. I always try to get a shot from the performers' perspective.
These shots look best on monitors with higher contrast ratios. They look okay on my MacBook Pro (laptop) but when I look at them on my Sharp Aquos (HDTV) it makes a big difference.


BEIJING -- The economic and commercial affairs office under the Chinese embassy in Venezuela was robbed of over 14,000 U.S. dollars on Saturday, a spokesperson with the Chinese Foreign Ministry has confirmed.
At 10 a.m. local time, eight armed men, without masks, broke into the office and threatened the Chinese diplomatic staff with guns. They ordered the staff to hand over the key to the office safe before binding their arms and legs with ties and telephone wires.
Twenty minutes after they had broken in, the men made off with 10,000 U.S. dollars in cash and 4,000 U.S. dollars of local currency. No one was injured in the incident.
The embassy reported the incident to the local Venezuelan authorities immediately and informed the Venezuelan ministries of foreign and domestic affairs.
Chinese public security officials on Monday met with Venezuelan military officers and asked the police to step up their investigations into the case.
The Chinese side also called for stronger measures to ensure the security of Chinese citizens, diplomats, organizations and companies in Venezuela.


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Q: Login to Microsoft Account(for Windows 8) using Office 365/Azure Active Directory Our organization is currently using Office 365.  We have just purchased some Windows 8 laptops and are trying to configure it using the Office 365 organizational account.  I know that a "Microsoft Account" and a "Organizational Account" are different.  However, are there any alternatives.  I have tried going into the Azure Active Directory and using the "Microsoft Account" application there with no luck.  Any help is appreciated.

A: No.
As you already have noticed, Microsoft Account is not Work or School Account (where the latter was also known as Organisational account).
You, however have pretty good chances for success if your organisation is using internally Active Directory and have a Domain Controller. If this is the case, you can configure Azure AD Sync. Using this feature you can:

*

*have local AD accounts directly synced to the cloud - thus no need to additionally manage accounts there

*your users will use local AD to login to the Windows 8 machines

*your users will use the very same login credentials to login to O365

If you go further, you can even setup a single-sign-on for Azure AD, thus your users will not even see login prompt when they use O365 features and are logged in to the corporate network.
If your organisation is not using Active Directory and Domain Controller. Well ... start using one :) Well, in that case, you cannot do all the things I mention.

A: Create Windows Live accounts for the users.  In the Windows Live account, add their MSOLUserPrincipalName to their aliases.  Optionally make it the primary alias.  Let me know if this helps,
danielkr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rosemary studied in London with Franz Reizenstein (Royal Academy of Music) and Lamar Crowson. Her interest in languages led to 25 years in London, working mainly with singers. She was on the music staff of the English National Opera from 1980-88, and taught singers and pianists at the Royal College of Music. She also undertook extensive free-lance opera work with Glyndebourne Touring Opera, BBCTV, Musica nel Chiostro in Italy and Opera Northern Ireland, and performed in concert at Wigmore Hall, Usher Hall, South Bank and BBC Radio 3. She was assistant conductor on more than a dozen recordings for Opera Rara (bel canto specialists). In New Zealand, Rosemary lead the Postgraduate Opera Diploma at The University of Auckland from 1993-99. She currently coaches emerging artists for Opera NZ, and has been official accompanist for the Gisborne International Music Competition since 1994. Performances include concerts with Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Sir Donald McIntyre, Emil Chudnovsky (violin), Robert Aitken and Leone Buyse (flute), among many others.. Recordings include three CDs for the Continuum label. Rosemary was awarded the Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit MNZM for services to music in the Queens Birthday Honours in 2000.


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The Two-Woman Crusade
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Tag: animation
The Oscars may be over, but the film industry's drama is still going strong. The day started with the release of a pointedly worded letter from actress Emma Thompson regarding her departure from Skydance Animation's film "Luck." If you haven't read it yet, I strongly recommend taking a look at her powerful statement expecting better…
As we prepare to enter into Academy Awards crunchtime, it's nice to break up the Oscar picks with something a bit lighter. "The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part," definitely fits the bill. In this second installment, the LEGO film franchise has lost none of its self-awareness. In fact, it takes its meta-nature to…
…Finish Strong
It's getting to that time of year where people are ready for it to be over. We personify the year, blaming an arbitrary number assigned to another revolution around the sun.
Today, everyone's favorite mouse turns the big 9-0. On this day in 1928 "Steamboat Willie" debuted and the world met Mickey Mouse. It's hard to imagine that 90 years ago anyone could have foreseen how much this little mouse would change the world. Of course, he didn't do it by himself. Apparently even an animated lady…
…Draw You In
Happy Saturday, fellow crusaders! In our neck of the woods it's the first chilly weekend of autumn. While it's sad to see the warmer days of fall go, the cooler temps provide the perfect excuse to do some prep work for the winter hibernation with a binge-viewing weekend.
With one week until Oscar Sunday, we thought we'd take a moment to pay homage to one of our favorite genres—animation. And we're willing to bet it's probably one of your favorites too, even if you're not quite ready to admit it.
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The Two-Woman Crusade by Zer and Stephanie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.


I would like to say thank you to the people of Dewsbury, Mirfield, Denby Dale and Kirkburton for the support that was given to me and the Liberal Democrats.
I would also like to congratulate Paula Sherriff on being elected as the Member of Parliament. I hope that the MP is now able to deliver on the promises made. Top of the list will be protecting services at Dewsbury Hospital and ensuring that the hospital remains in Dewsbury.
Even though I have not been successful this time, I will continue to campaign on the issues that matter to the people of the constituency. My door is open and will always remain open to the public.
The Liberal Democrats have already started to rebuild and I am pleased to confirm that over 5,000 members have joined the party since Thursday night.