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A systematic review of types of healthy eating interventions in preschools
Mette V Mikkelsen1,
Sofie Husby1,
Laurits R Skov1 &
Federico JA Perez-Cueto1
With the worldwide levels of obesity new venues for promotion of healthy eating habits are necessary. Considering children's eating habits are founded during their preschool years early educational establishments are a promising place for making health promoting interventions.
This systematic review evaluates different types of healthy eating interventions attempting to prevent obesity among 3 to 6 year-olds in preschools, kindergartens and day care facilities. Studies that included single interventions, educational interventions and/or multicomponent interventions were eligible for review. Included studies also had to have conducted both baseline and follow-up measurements.
A systematic search of the databases Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PubMed was conducted to identify articles that met the inclusion criteria. The bibliographies of identified articles were also searched for relevant articles.
The review identified 4186 articles, of which 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen of the interventions took place in preschools, 10 in kindergartens and 1 in another facility where children were cared for by individuals other than their parents. Seventeen of the 26 included studies were located in North America, 1 in South America, 5 in Asia, and 3 in a European context.
Healthy eating interventions in day care facilities increased fruit and vegetable consumption and nutrition related knowledge among the target groups. Only 2 studies reported a significant decrease in body mass index.
This review highlights the scarcity of properly designed healthy eating interventions using clear indicators and verifiable outcomes. The potential of preschools as a potential setting for influencing children's food choice at an early age should be more widely recognised and utilised.
The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children has increased from 4.2% (95% CI: 3.2%, 5.2%) in 1990 to 6.7% (95% CI: 5.6% – 7.7%) in 2010 and is expected to increase even further to 9.1% (95% CI: 7.3 – 10.9) in 2020 [1]. This increase is disturbing due to the accompanying social, psychological and health effects and the link to subsequent morbidity and mortality in adulthood [2, 3].
Considering the consequences of overweight and obesity on both a personal and societal level, healthier eating habits among children should be promoted as one of the actions to prevent overweight and obesity in future generations. The most common place for health promotion among children has previously been in the school setting mostly with children aged 6 to 12 years-old. But, there are promising findings in interventions targeting infants and 5-year-olds, although there is an underrepresentation of interventions and research within this age group [4]. Most of these interventions have been taking place in early education establishments for 3–6 year-olds like preschools in the U.S. or kindergartens as they are called outside the U.S. as well as daycare facilities, where children are nursed by a childcare giver in a private home. In this setting children consume a large number of their meals and may consume up to 70% of their daily nutrient intake [5]. These captive settings present a venue for intervention because institutional catering may be designed in such a way that nutritional guidelines are followed, resulting in an adequate food intake [6] and improved food choices later in life [7]. The objectives of the early educational establishments are often to teach and develop the child's opportunities and skills that will prepare them for a better future [8] and many of the previous interventions have either focused on developing food preferences among children often by exposure or with nutritional educational interventions or with a combination of these two approaches. Previous reviews have included intervention studies that evaluated the outcomes of dietary educational interventions versus control on changes in BMI, prevalence of obesity, rate of weight gain and other outcomes like reduction in body fat, but as stated previously this did not yield a sufficient number of studies to provide recommendations for practice [4, 9]. The Toybox study [10] has published a number of reviews about several aspects of health promotion efforts for pre-schoolers including the assessments tools of energy-related behaviours used in European obesity prevention strategies [11], the effective behavioural models and behaviour change strategies underpinning preschool and school-based prevention interventions aimed at 4-6-year-olds [12]. They also published a narrative review of psychological and educational strategies applied to young children's eating behaviour in order to reduce the risk of obesity and found that there was potential for exposure and rewards studies to improve children's eating habits [13]. None of the recent published studies have included both interventions that include both exposure or meal modification and educational interventions and multicomponent interventions that combine both approaches. With the exception of [13] all the previous reviews include physical activity and although this is an important factor in obesity prevention, many interventions do only focus on nutritional education and is as such excluded from previous reviews.
The objective of this article is to review published literature on healthy eating interventions in day care facilities and analyse the effectiveness of different strategies in relation to their influence on children's food choice at an early age. Based on findings, this article also provides recommendations for future interventions.
A systematic search for literature using four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL) was carried out. The search strategy was based on a careful selection of keywords and clear, pre-established criteria for inclusion of studies.
Included studies were intervention studies with the objective of treating or preventing the occurrence of obesity by influencing preschool children's eating habits. As a prerequisite for inclusion, the healthy eating interventions had to take place in institutions and had to have taken both baseline and follow-up measurements. Although it is acknowledged that physical activity interventions are important and should not be disregarded, this study focuses solely on healthy eating interventions. Only studies targeting children aged 3 to 6 years were included as it is this age group that predominantly attends early education facilities. Since early education and school systems vary from country to country, it was decided to include all interventions in day care facilities if the mean age was between 3 to 6 years old. Children in included studies also had to be healthy at initial baseline measurement, although obese children were included in order to recognize the already existing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and the necessity to acknowledge treatment of this particular target group. Interventions that focused on diet, nutrition, food, eating or meals in day care facilities were included. Due to the importance of environmental factors in children's acquirement of healthy eating habits, interventions including kitchen employees and childcare givers in day care facilities were also included. As the review concerns itself with the effectiveness of different interventional strategies, the types of interventions were categorized into single component interventions, educational components, and multicomponent interventions that aiming to promote healthy eating habits and counteract obesogenic actions in children attending day care facilities.
The review included studies measuring biological, anthropometric and attitudinal outcomes: body mass index, z-scores for height and weight, waist to height measurements, serum cholesterol levels, skin-fold measurements or prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample population, as well as food consumption patterns, knowledge and attitude towards foods and liking and willingness to try new food.
Research into weight loss of obese children and any interventions involving children with special needs or who were chronically sick and required on-going counselling, such as patients with diabetes or heart disease, were excluded from the review. Studies taking place in nursery, primary or elementary schools were also excluded when the mean age was either younger than 3 years or older than 6 years old. Interventions targeting parents of preschool children and descriptive articles about pre-schoolers behaviour, knowledge and consumption were also excluded. Lastly, studies including a physical activity component were excluded unless the dietary component was clearly separated from the physical activity intervention during implementation and analysis.
Conducting the search
Literature for the review was obtained using a systematic search conducted during spring 2014 with relevant literature published up to and including the search period. A meta-analysis was intended, however due to a lack of sufficient data, a meta-analytical comparison was difficult to deploy.
The databases Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PubMed databases were used for the literature search. The search was restricted to articles written in English, German, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish as these were the language capabilities present in the reviewing group. The filter for research involving humans only was activated and the search was conducted to obtain articles published between 1980 and 2014.
The search strategy was created using relevant terms describing settings, possible inputs in an intervention and possible outputs of an intervention. The search terms were refined a number of times in order to optimize the selection of articles, without compromising with the sensitivity of the search in order to take into account the vast number of articles published on the topic of children and obesity. The keywords can be found in Table 1.
Table 1 Keywords for literature search
The search hits were downloaded and saved in the databases. A total of 4186 papers were identified and screened on the basis of titles and abstracts by the first author, who has experience within a preschool venue, leaving 66 papers for further enquiries. Reference lists from the systematic review were scanned in order to identify interventions in kindergartens and preschools that the previous search had been unable to detect. Altogether, 10 papers were identified. After removing repeated studies and articles, 47 full text papers were retrieved through the library service at University of Aalborg, campus Copenhagen.The 47 remaining papers were read independently by three reviewers in order to verify that they met the inclusion criteria. 33 papers were excluded as a consequence primarily because they did not publish results, solely was targeted parents or were descriptive in nature. The reviewing process resulted in 26 papers left for analysis. Figure 1 contains an overview of the search process.
Flowchart of the study selection process.
Selection of studies
Articles identified in the literature search were read by the first author and divided between three reviewers for further evaluation and was debated in meetings with all three reviewers present.
For each of the located interventions, the following was extracted: aim of the study, setting where 3–6 year-olds were cared for by others than their parents, study design, characteristics of the target group, sampling methods, sample size, ethnicity, and theoretical background. Furthermore; duration, content and delivery mechanism of the intervention was extracted, as well as information about the control group, random allocation to control or treatment and whether there was information missing from the article.
The quality of the identified studies was assessed using a rating scheme from * (weak) to **** (very strong). The studies were rated according to the level of information available, study design, risk of bias, study population and study duration. The quality rating scheme was adapted from the Cochrane guidelines on quality assessment [14]. Table 2 illustrates definition and explanation of the research design rating scheme. Each included study was rated independently among the three first authors (MVM, SH & LRS) with strong inter-rater reliability and disputes over assessment were settled through discussion.
Table 2 Quality rating scheme
The 26 studies that the literature search resulted in were divided into 8 single intervention studies, 11 educational interventions and 7 multicomponent studies. The single intervention studies involved the modification of a single factor in the environment in order to promote fruit or vegetable intake and preferences in children. Educational interventions were carried out in the kindergartens, either by teachers that had undergone a teaching program or by nutritional educators provided by the research program and aiming to increase children's knowledge of healthy eating. Multicomponent interventions included more than one strategy to influence eating behaviour.
Table 3 shows the characteristics of the studies.
Table 3 Characteristics of studies
Populations studied
Altogether, 17 of the 26 included studies were North American, three of the studies were carried out in Asia, five in a European context and one study was conducted in South America. Thirteen of the interventions took place in preschools, 10 in kindergartens and three in other facilities where 3 to 6 year-olds were cared for by others than their parents.
Ethnicity and socio-demographic characteristics of participants
The majority of the single interventions was from the USA and included Caucasians. The educational interventions did not present a clear picture of any tendencies. All of the American multicomponent interventions were targeted towards low-income families or families from African-American or Latino backgrounds. The European interventions targeted children from middleclass families.
Of the single intervention studies identified the majority [10, 17–20, 22] made modifications to the serving of vegetables, serving either novel or non-preferred vegetables and looked at the effect on vegetable preferences as well as whether peer-models had an influence on the children's intake during lunch.
We identified eleven interventions consisting of nutritional educational programs carried out either by teachers in the kindergarten, individuals that had undergone a training program or by nutritional educators provided by the research project.
Seven multicomponent interventions included educational activities for the children and delivered similarly to the educational activities described previously. The multicomponent interventions also encompassed other activities like availability of fresh water and fruits and in some cases vegetables [8, 36, 39] the children participation in growing their own vegetables [22, 37], newsletters for parents [36, 41], food modifications in the canteen[42] and healthy school policies [41]. A detailed description of the interventions can be found in Table 3.
Table 4 shows the quality assessment and outcomes of interventions.
Table 4 Quality assessment and outcome of interventions
The study design of included studies
Fourteen of the 26 studies included in this review were randomized controlled studies or cluster randomized controlled trials. Nine quasi-experimental designed studies were found primarily as single or educational intervention [20–23, 29, 32–34, 42]. Only one study used a crossover design as control [19], but neither the sampling method nor the time between intervention and control were stated, making the control effect limited.
Random sampling had been used in only five of the 26 studies as most of the studies were based on convenience sampling. Two studies combined random and convenience sampling [22, 34]. Four studies did not describe the sampling method used [19, 23, 30, 31, 35].
Sample sizes varied greatly between single interventions and the educational and multicomponent interventions. The mean sample size of the single component interventions was 78 and the mean sample size among the educational and multicomponent interventions were 1031 and 522. The mean sample size of all 26 studies was 601.
Main target behaviours
Food preferences, willingness-to-try novel foods and nutrient intake during lunch were the most used target behaviours in the single interventions. Not surprisingly knowledge and attitudes were the most used target behaviours in the educational interventions, but also consumption of target foods were evaluated using food frequency questionnaires answered by parents. The consumption of target foods were also evaluated in multicomponent studies, but here the intake was measured using observation by researchers or teachers in the setting, just as it was the case for single interventions. Anthropometric measurements of height and weight were applied across the studies, although they only happened in two single interventions [19, 20], however it was only used to control for BMI in the statistical analysis. The multicomponent interventions included other anthropometric measures as well.
Duration of intervention
The single change interventions were relatively short in duration, lasting from 3 to 4 days and up to 6 weeks. The educational interventions with a smaller sample size lasted from 5 to 8 weeks and the studies involving a higher number of participants were of longer duration of between 10 months to 2 years. However, there were exceptions to this, including Cason [25] who evaluated a preschool nutrition program involving 6102 children over 24 weeks and Parcel et al., [32] who carried out a 4 year study targeting approximately 200 preschool children Hendy [20] failed to report their intervention duration. The duration of the multicomponent interventions was generally between 4 and 7 months and up to 1 year.
Theoretical foundations of interventions
16 of the 26 included interventions did not base their interventions on health behavioural theories. 6 of the studies used Bandura's social cognitive theory or the related social learning theory. Piaget's developmental theory was used in 2 studies and others were the theory of multiple intelligences or Zajonc's exposure theory.
Information missing from articles
In the single interventions Hendy [20] failed to state the duration of their intervention and Ramsey et al. [23] did not mention their allocation process, however this was due to the study taking place at one canteen without individual data. Nemet et al. [30] and Witt et al. [35] failed to report their sampling process, which was quite surprising considering the high research rigour their studies otherwise presented.
The single interventions generally had small sample sizes, lacked controls and were of relatively short duration and with a short period of time in-between the exposure and follow-up measurements and. The majority of studies in both the educational and multicomponent intervention groups suffered from low response rates.
Effects of interventions
Single intervention
Single exposure interventions failed to demonstrate a significant increase in vegetable consumption. Fruit intake was more easily influenced, however. Results also showed that younger children in particular were influenced by role models and that girls may be more promising role models than boys [17, 18].
Educational intervention
None of the educational interventions resulted in a change in anthropometric measurements, with the exception of [30] who observed a significant decrease in children's BMI in the overweight children group who became normal weight. At follow-up after one year the BMI and BMI percentiles were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. Promising results were also found in 6 of the studies where an increase in the consumption of fruit and vegetables was observed. However, none of these changes were significant at the 0.05 level, with the exception of [35], where a significant increase was found in the consumption of fruit by 20.8% and in vegetable snacks by 33.1%. Witt et al. [35] found a significant increase in vegetables served outside preschools, but this was based on mother's own food frequency data, which may have biased the results [33]. One of the major effects of the educational interventions was in the level of knowledge among its participants. For instance, the level of nutrition-related knowledge increased in two studies [24, 30] and the identification of fruits and vegetables increased in two studies [25, 27].
Multicomponent interventions
Six of the multicomponent interventions showed a significant increase in fruit and vegetable consumption, but one found the effect only to be present on fruit consumption after follow-up after 1 year. None of the other studies found an effect on BMI, but one intervention resulted in a decrease in the relative risk of serum cholesterol among children [42]. Only one study [39] evaluated knowledge and found that familiarity with novel foods increased significantly.
Discussion and conclusions
This review finds that healthy eating interventions can influence the consumption of vegetables through different strategies. The studies acknowledged that a single exposure strategy was insufficient to increase vegetable consumption and that there needs to be an education component as well. This was supported by the fact that the over half of the educational interventions and six of the eight multicomponent interventions resulted in an increase in vegetable consumption. The increase in consumption was greater in the multicomponent studies which could indicate that the more comprehensive the intervention strategy, the more likely the intervention is to be successful.
The effectiveness of the interventions on anthropometric change was more inconclusive, the single interventions did not include measures of BMI and considering how short the duration of their interventions were, it might also be difficult to find change in anthropometric measures. None of the other intervention types that did in fact use anthropometric measurements found an effect on BMI, with the exception of [31]. However Witt et al. [35] found an effect on serum cholesterol.
The educational and the majority of multicomponent interventions included an educational component and the former did find significant increases in nutrition related knowledge, but the multicomponent interventions did not evaluate intermediate effects of knowledge in addition to anthropometrics. This highlights the fact that multicomponent interventions should include measures on knowledge, when they include an educational component, particularly, because the duration of multicomponent interventions often was shorter than the pure educational interventions and anthropometric change is difficult to find during short intervention periods. A lack of follow-up in all of the interventions makes it difficult to conclude whether the observed effects were sustainable over time. With the exception of De Bock et al. [38] and Hoffman et al. [40] the multicomponent and even some of the educational intervention failed either to base or mention the theoretical foundations that they based their educational programmes on. This may be excused in the single interventions that base their studies on empirical data from food choice development theories, but interventions aiming at delivering educational programmes should have some knowledge of health behavioural or educational theories that explains the process behind the success or failure of the implementation of their educational programs. This is again highlighted by the fact that process evaluations were only performed in three of the interventions and the evaluations consisted of either revision of the provided educational materials or checking the adherence to the program, but they did not focus on drivers or barriers behind the implementation of the interventions and thereby to increase the understanding of what made the intervention successful or unsuccessful.
Ethnicity and socio-demographic background play an important role in the development of eating habits and this should be taken into account so interventions are targeted towards those that need it the most. A setting-based approach can be an important intermediate for this, if it is applied to institutions where children of low-income families are nursed and educated. Several educational and multicomponent interventions were targeted towards institutions with children of low-income families and several of them e.g. Cespedes et al. [26], Vereecken et al. [41], and Williams et al. [42] had positive results especially on the consumption of fruits and vegetables that supports the notion of early education establishments as a potential setting to decrease inequalities in health.
Quality of the evidence
Overall the quality of the intervention studies became better the more comprehensive they were; the single intervention studies were generally of weak quality with small sample sizes, short durations and, in some cases, a lack of controls, which makes it difficult to generalize to a larger population, especially because they were mostly carried out among American Caucasians from families with high socio-economic status. The educational interventions were of better quality and with the largest populations, but still suffered from limitations like lack of consideration in the allocation process, in some cases lack of controls and high drop-out rates. The multicomponent interventions were the most well-designed studies, but also suffered from high drop-out rates and as mentioned above the effectiveness of the educational components were difficult conclude upon, because they failed to evaluate on knowledge. With the exception of Nemet et al. [31] there was a lack of follow-up evaluations that makes it difficult to state whether the outcomes of interventions are sustainable over time.
Author's conclusions
Implications for practice
The majority of interventions found promising results when targeting the consumption of healthy foods or when attempting to increase children's knowledge of healthy eating, providing sufficient evidence in support of using preschools as a setting for the prevention of chronic disease by making behavioural and lifestyle changes. Interventions are more likely to be successful if they take actions on several levels into account.
This review supports the need for a longer follow-up of intervention studies in order to assess whether results will be sustainable and how they might influence children's eating habits later in life. Anthropometric measurements were included in some of the multicomponent interventions but as nutritional status measured as BMI does not change rapidly, interventions using BMI as the outcome measure should be of a longer duration or they should include other intermediate measures such as knowledge and consumption in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.
Parents may not always be aware of what their children consume outside of the home, or about their knowledge surrounding fruits and vegetables, particularly when children learn about food and healthy eating behaviour in their kindergartens. Even though many choices are made on behalf of the children by their parents at home, children today spend a reasonably large amount of time away from the home environment in day care facilities, together with playmates or cared by other members of family. As a result, a child's food choice is no longer restricted to being a sole family matter. Children's knowledge and awareness of food is also being influenced in pedagogical activities, in day care facilities or by talking to their peers. It would therefore be suitable to develop innovative data collection methods, ensuring that the children are able to express what they like to eat and what they know about a given food-related topic. Such innovative research methods should take the developmental stages of the children into account and could perhaps rely more heavily on pictures or on IT material.
The review found that healthy eating interventions in preschools could significantly increase fruit and vegetable consumption and nutrition-related knowledge among pre-school children if the strategy used, is either educational or an educational in combination with supporting component. It further highlights the relative scarcity of properly designed interventions, with clear indicators and verifiable outcomes. Key messages are that preschools are a potentially important setting for influencing children's food choice at an early age and that there is still room for research in this field. Healthy eating promotion efforts have previously been focusing on schools, but within the last decade the focus have started to shift to pre-schoolers. This review synthesizes some of the interventions that promote healthy eating habits on early education establishments using different strategies. The field of health promotion among this younger age group is still in its earlier stages, but future studies with thorough research designs are currently being undertaken like the Toybox study [10] and The Growing Health Study [43], the healthy caregivers-Healthy children [44] and the Program Si! [45]. These studies may improve our understanding of the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms behind successful implementation of healthy eating efforts in early education establishments.
Healthy eating interventions in preschools were classified by their type.
Comprehensive interventions were more likely to succeed in behaviour change, especially when targeting children of low-income families
Preschools are a promising venue for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.
Evaluations showed a positive increase in food-related knowledge.
Properly designed interventions, with clear indicators and outcomes are scarce.
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Development of Planning and Development, Research group for Meal science and Public Health Nutrition – MENU, University of Aalborg, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, Copenhagen, SV, 2450, Denmark
Mette V Mikkelsen, Sofie Husby, Laurits R Skov & Federico JA Perez-Cueto
Mette V Mikkelsen
Sofie Husby
Laurits R Skov
Federico JA Perez-Cueto
Correspondence to Federico JA Perez-Cueto.
All authors were involved in the design of the review. MVM performed the literature search. MVM, SH, LRS read and rated the articles. MVM wrote the manuscript with the assistance of SH, LRS and FJPC edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Mikkelsen, M.V., Husby, S., Skov, L.R. et al. A systematic review of types of healthy eating interventions in preschools. Nutr J 13, 56 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-56
Vegetable consumption


Join us for a Party for the Planet presented by CenterPoint Energy, and learn how protecting our environment saves wildlife!
All event activities are included with your paid Zoo admission. This event is free for Zoo Members.
NEW THIS YEAR! Zoo Tours – Join us on one of three walking tours through the Zoo that explain the importance of pollinators, healthy oceans, and recycling your handheld electronic devices! Check your program when you arrive for tour start locations!
Mother Earth Maze – Choose the earth-friendly option that saves species in the wild as you make your way through the maze.
Race to Recycle – Beat the clock and place recyclable items in the correct containers.
DJ – dance your cares away at the Reflection Pool.
Reusable Mural – color the day away on our five foot tall coloring mural, a fun reusable art project.
Meet the Keeper Talks Presented by Phillips 66 – Hear special Meet the Keeper Talks throughout the day and find out how we help animals at the zoo and in the wild! Check the Plan Your Day Kiosks or the Daily Schedule on our website on the day of the event for the schedule.


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Home › Features › Student Spotlight: Rowan Grice at the Marvin Duchow Music Library
Student Spotlight: Rowan Grice at the Marvin Duchow Music Library
By: McGill Library October 28, 2019 Features People
Student employment in the McGill Library benefits the entire McGill community. At almost 100 strong this academic year, McGill Library student workers gain valuable work experience while engaging in academic pursuits. Student navigators, curatorial interns, special project assistants and student researchers bring an immeasurable amount to the life and culture of the Library. Over the next few weeks, Library Matters will share testimonials from library student workers, many of whom come to us through programs like McGill's Work Study Program and are supported by students societies and associations like the SSMU Library Improvement Fund (LIF), the Arts Undergraduate Society, the McGill Music Undergraduate Student Association (MUSA) and Post Graduate Students' Society (PGSS). Thank you to all our student workers – your hard work and dedication mean the world to the Library and McGill!
Rowan Grice (U2, B.Ed.) currently works in the Marvin Duchow Music Library (MDML) as a Student Navigator and Music Student Computer Room Consultant. His position is supported by the SSMU LIF and MUSA. Rowan hopes to teach English and Music at the secondary level. He's played various instruments since the age of 5 and graduated from a music engineering/performance program in Ontario before attending McGill.
Rowan Grice in the Music Student Computer Room at the Marvin Duchow Music Library. Photo: Merika Ramundo
Q: What made you want to apply to work for the MDML?
Rowan Grice (RG): As a student, I have always had great experiences at the MDML. The staff is always so supportive and kind, I wanted to contribute to the already fantastic reputation of the library. Coming from a background in music technology, I was eager to be in a position to share my knowledge and expertise with students, faculty and members of the community.
Q: What kind of work have you been doing at MDML?
RG: I work in the Music Student Computer Room, which provides state-of-the-art tech resources to McGill music students. My responsibilities include offering tech support to students, and ensuring that all of our equipment is up to date and running smoothly. Additionally, I work at the library service desk where I loan out audio-visual equipment and help patrons search for materials.
Q: What do you like about working at the MDML?
RG: Working at the MDML, I feel lucky to be able to help patrons in utilizing the library to its fullest potential. It is great feeling to introduce resources to patrons they did not know were available to them, and to offer support and guidance along the way.
A/V equipment at MDML. Photo: Merika Ramundo
Q: What surprised you the most about working at MDML?
RG: I was amazed by the sheer amount of audio/visual equipment available at the MDML and the speed at which new equipment is acquired. From cameras and projectors to high-quality microphones and audio interfaces, I have never encountered a library that offers so many A/V items that are not only kept in excellent condition but updated frequently to match the ever-evolving fields of audio and video production.
Q: Coolest/oddest/most interesting thing you have come across/experienced?
RG: One of my favourite aspects of working at the MDML is discovering unique scores, records, CDs and books that I might never have come across otherwise. Currently, I am borrowing a piece of music literature documenting the rise and fall of new wave music in the 1980s, and a 1974 graphic score for solo amplified flute by McGill alumni Ted Dawson.
Q: Any "Aha!" moments or takeaways from the experience?
RG: My biggest "aha" moment was realizing that there are a great number of ways in which libraries can, and should be utilized by students, faculty and members of the community. The full-time MDML staff work extremely hard behind the scenes to develop new ways in which patrons can interact with the increasingly diverse resources of the MDML, and I feel privileged to play a part in bringing that to life.
‹ In Storage No More! Discover the Visual Arts Collection's New Curated Spaces!
Student Spotlight: Nikolas Lamarre at the McGill University Archives ›
Tagged with: Fiat Lux, Marvin Duchow Music Library, SSMU, Students

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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When mentioning Villanova's buzzer-beating win in the national championships, Hillary Clinton said: "I love those come-from-behind victories."
AFL-CIO Convention
Was Villanova's big win a 'come-from-behind victory,' as Hillary Clinton said?
The Villanova Wildcats are about to march down Philadelphia's Market Street in a victory parade, days after being named National Champions in a nail-biter of a game. But was that a come-from-behind win?
Anna Orso and Dan Levy
Apr. 06, 2016, 1:04 p.m.
During a campaign stop to the AFL-CIO Convention in Philadelphia on Wednesday, Hillary Clinton riled up the crowd with a quip about Villanova's buzzer-beating final shot that clinched the Wildcats the national championship.
"I love those come-from-behind victories," she said.
Sure, it was an off-the-cuff remark about a basketball game. But, given the enthusiasm of Philadelphia sports fans, we decided to check the claim: Was Villanova's win really of the "come-from behind" variety?
Wildcats fans may have been sweating the last few minutes, but Villanova never trailed in the closing stages.
Within minutes, Clinton's campaign defended the remark, saying UNC was leading at the half and, citing FiveThirtyEight, added that the Tar Heels were about twice as likely to win the game at that point before 'Nova came back to take the lead in the second half.
Prior to tip-off, 'Nova was a three-point underdog in the final game of March Madness, despite coming off a 44-point win over Oklahoma in the semi-finals. Villanova was down to North Carolina 39-34 at the half, then trailed by seven points with 19:16 to play in the game before, yes, mounting a comeback.
That said, the last lead the Tar Heels held came at the 15:20-minute mark of the second half. The game was tied a few times, but Carolina never held another lead the entire game. Villanova, however, had a 10-point lead with 5:29 to play.
The Wildcats' lead at that time was seemingly so insurmountable, that Nate Silver's FiveThirtyEight tweeted there was a 96 percent chance Villanova would would win the game.
As UNC chipped away to tie things up with seconds left, 'Nova held on for dear life before Kris Jenkins hit the game winning shot. That three-pointer that went in as the final second on the clock ticked away won the game, 77-74, for Villanova.
Hillary Clinton said during a campaign stop at the AFL-CIO Convention in Philadelphia that she loves "those come-from-behind victories."
We do, too.
But this wasn't one of them.
Villanova didn't trail in the last 15:20 of the game. Yes, the Cats made a last-second shot to win. But if they missed, the game would have moved onto overtime.
To steal another basketball cliche, this claim is a bit of a brick. We rate it Mostly False.
Email, Josh Schwerin, Hillary For America. April 6, 2016.
Game Center, Men's Basketball. NCAA.com. Accessed April 6, 2016.
Want some more? Explore other Election 2017 stories.
PolitiFact Pennsylvania, Election 2016, Politics, Sports, Hillary Clinton
PolitiFact Pennsylvania is a partnership of Billy Penn and PolitiFact.com, a Pulitzer Prize-winning Web site of the Tampa Bay Times, to help you find the truth in politics.
Every day, reporters and researchers examine statements by Pennsylvania elected officials and candidates and anyone else who speaks up on matters of public importance. We research their statements and then rate the accuracy on our Truth-O-Meter.


We are pixalmate. A exhibition stall designer and fabricator company new delhi, we have all set up in delhi regarding exhibition related services. we will do work in all above exhibitions. we have all reputed client in delhi and pan india.


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Marko Lavrič, slovenski zdravnik, ginekolog in porodničar, * 13. oktober 1938, Ljubljana

Lavrič je leta 1962 diplomiral na Medicinski fakulteti v Ljubljani, 1969 opravil specialistični izpit in 1974 doktoriral. Leta 1965 se je zaposlil v Bolnišnici za ginekologijo in porodništvo v Kranju in postal 1989 njen direktor. Leta 1988 je postal redni profesor na MF v Ljubljani.

Viri

Živeči ljudje
Predavatelji na Medicinski fakulteti v Ljubljani
Nagrajenci Sklada Borisa Kidriča
Slovenski ginekologi
Slovenski univerzitetni učitelji
Diplomiranci Medicinske fakultete v Ljubljani
Doktorirali na Medicinski fakulteti v Ljubljani

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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https://www.flyfrontier.com
LOW FARES DONE RIGHT We are committed to delivering 'Low Fares Done Right'. This is more than a tagline. It's our driving philosophy. Why are low fares so important? We believe travel should be for everyone. Low fares allow people to travel more often, see new places, connect with family and loved ones and develop business opportunities. We work harder than anyone in the airline industry to help you save money on your flights, but we know that low fares alone aren't enough. That's why we make a bigger commitment to our customers-- the 'Done Right' promise. This means providing you a real choice – with options that allow you to customize your flight to match both your wants and your wallet. And we are committed to providing safe, on-time and reliable service while at the same time treating you with Rocky Mountain hospitality like only we can provide. Headquartered in Denver, we currently serve more than 55 cities in the United States, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Cuba on more than 275 daily flights. Our commitment to you is supported by a team of more than 3,000 hard-working, aviation professionals. We are the proud recipient of the Federal Aviation Administration's 2015 Diamond Award for maintenance excellence, and we were recently named the industry's most fuel-efficient airline by The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) as a result of superior technology and operational efficiency. We hope to see you soon on one of our flights.
Frontier Airlines Launches GoWild! All-You-Can-Fly Pass at Special Introductory Price of...
Frontier Airlines - November 17, 2022 0
12-Month Access to Unlimited Flights on Sale Now; Pass Can be Used to Fly to Any U.S. Destination Frontier Serves Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines...
Frontier Airlines Celebrates Crew Base Opening at Phoenix Sky Harbor International...
Frontier Airlines - November 9, 2022 0
New Crew Base at PHX Will Initially Employ More than 450 Pilots and Flight Attendants Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines (NASDAQ: ULCC) today celebrated the...
Frontier Airlines to Open a Crew Base at Dallas Fort Worth...
340 Flight Attendant and Pilot Positions, Plus Airport Jobs, to Generate Over $78 Million Annually in Local Wages; Details on Additional Routes from DFW...
Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines (NASDAQ: ULCC) today celebrated the opening of a new crew base at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX). The...
Frontier Airlines to Open a Crew Base at Dallas Fort Worth...
Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines (NASDAQ: ULCC) today announced it will open a new crew base at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) in...
Frontier Airlines Introduces the Most Fuel-Efficient Commercial Aircraft Among Any U.S....
Frontier Airlines - October 19, 2022 0
A321neo to Deliver Industry-Leading 120 Miles Per Gallon Per Seat Frontier Airlines (Nasdaq: ULCC) officially unveiled its first ultra-fuel-efficient Airbus A321neo aircraft at an event...
Frontier Airlines Announces Nonstop Service to Montego Bay
Frontier Airlines - October 4, 2022 0
Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines (NASDAQ: ULCC) will launch new nonstop, seasonal service from St. Louis Lamber International Airport (STL), from Chicago Midway International Airport (MDW) and...
Frontier Airlines Announces Nonstop Service from St. Louis to Tampa, Cleveland...
Frontier Airlines - September 13, 2022 0
To Celebrate, America's Greenest Airline is Offering Fares Starting at $29*, $39*, and $89* Frontier Airlines Announces Nonstop Service from St. Louis to Tampa, Cleveland...
Frontier Airlines Announces Major Expansion at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport...
Frontier Airlines - August 27, 2022 0
To Celebrate, America's Greenest Airline is Offering Fares Starting at $19* Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines (NASDAQ: ULCC) will launch new nonstop service from Phoenix...
Frontier Airlines More Than Doubles Its International Destinations from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta...
To Celebrate, America's Greenest Airline is Offering Fares Starting at $69* Ultra-low fare carrier Frontier Airlines (NASDAQ: ULCC) will launch new service from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta...


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Coker College
Track & Field (Indoor/Outdoor)
Striker the Cobra
All-Time Teams
Athletic Alumni
Cobra Club
Cobra Service
C.G. Timberlake AOY
Mascot Appearances
Ticket and Fan Information
Harris E. & Louise H. DeLoach Center
DeLoach Center Rentals
Coker Wrestling Room
Tom J. New Field at Dave Schmotzer Stadium
Saleeby-Stokes Field
Coker Athletic Field
Coker Esports Arena
Coker Tennis Courts
Hartsville Country Club
Byerly Park
New Student-Athlete Questionnaire
DII Community Engagement
DII Path to Graduation
DII Online Education Center
Coker Student-Athlete of the Month
Helper Helper
Values of Excellence
Coker on Facebook
Coker on Instagram
Coker on Twitter
Coker on YouTube
Coker Sideline Store
C.G. Timberlake Male Athlete of the Year Larry McCabe Signs Professional Contract
HARTSVILLE, S.C. -- Larry McCabe, the 2019 C.G. Timberlake Male Athlete of the Year award winner for the Coker College baseball team, has signed a contract to play professional baseball in the United Shore Professional Baseball League.
McCabe just completed one of the best offensive seasons in Coker baseball history, batting .333 with 10 home runs and 41 RBI. His 10 home runs were tied for the second most in a single season in school history, and he finished his Coker career with the second most home runs in Coker history. McCabe led the South Atlantic Conference with five triples during the 2019 season, and now ranks seventh all-time in school history in triples.
"Larry had a great year and it's awesome to see him get the opportunity to play professional baseball coming out of Coker", says coach Luke Harrigan. "The past two years the USPBL has been highly scouted and former players in that league are at all levels of minor league ball. Jim Essian, the manager of the Utica team, and someone that has signed several of my former players, called me in search of a first baseman with power, and Larry was definitely that guy for us all year."
McCabe notched the first hit of his professional baseball career on Sunday (May 12th) in Utica's Mother's Day game against Eastside. McCabe started the game at first base, scored a run, and recorded six putouts. Fans can follow McCabe's journey through the USPBL online at https://uspbl.com/.
Coker University 300 E. College Ave. Hartsville, SC 29550


Classic Album Sundays are thrilled to announce that new bar Folk and Soul will host our first sessions in the North West, starting with Public Enemy's seminal It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back.
From 22nd July Classic Album Sundays, the world's most popular album listening experience, will finally arrive in the musical heartlands of Manchester, taking the number of satellites around the world to 15 satellites over 4 continents, including London, New York, Chicago, Miami and Berlin. Tickets for this first session cost just £3 and can be purchased in advance on Skiddle here.
Folk and Soul will be the ideal venue for the evening: a brand new vegan venture, slap bang in the middle of the Northern Quarter, from the team behind the beloved jazz bar, Matt and Phreds. Co-owner Matt Nickson has transformed the former Odd bar into a 'plant-based café', offering a huge range of vegan beers and wines, coupled with a hearty, healthy and constantly changing menu. Plans for a bespoke CAS tapas menu and album-themed cocktails are already afoot.
As with all CAS events, only the highest quality audio will do. So we're delighted to be partnering with Audiocounsel, a small independent Hi-Fi shop, based in Saddleworth and run by three people with a genuine passion for music.
Audiocounsel will be providing different audio combinations per session to showcase their kit with their wealth of expertise: audiophilia defined.
Peckish Classic Album Sunday guests can enjoy any item off the menu before the kitchen closes at 5pm.
CAS Manchester will be co-curated by a team of four music-lovers living in Manchester.
Full details about the event can be found here.


Mexican design studio SHIFT have created La Morena, a cement and wood flower pot.
A smooth and delicate, laser cut wooden structure reminiscent of the agave plant serves as a base providing support for the concrete made pot. Its manufacturing brings together the old and new, by combining industrial craftsmanship and laser precision. "La Morena" is an addition to our portfolio of designs that seek to activate local production and artistry.


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package app.controllers.api.masterdata;

import app.models.MdMstPegawai03;
import core.controllers.CRUDController;

public class MdMstPegawai03Controller extends CRUDController<MdMstPegawai03> {

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Q: Definition for a delegate in an interface I have an interface, one of whose method definitions needs a delegate I've made as an argument. However, when implementing this interface, I'm not too sure how to have that delegate built in.
Is there a way to have it so that any class implementing this interface has a definition for that delegate? Would a using statement with the namespace be necessary?

A: You could make sure the delegate is defined in the same namespace as the interface. As long as both are public any library accessing yours will be able to see it.
If you need this signature to be different per interface, consider using a generic interface instead - but be wary in that generic constraints do not allow for constraint to Delegate, Enum, or ValueType. If you can lock down the number of arguments, you may be able specify each argument as a generic constraint instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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United Nations Security Council Resolution 53, adopted on July 7, 1948, took into consideration a telegram from the United Nations Mediator dated 5 July 1948, the resolution addresses an urgent appeal to the interested parties to accept in principle the prolonging of the truce for such period as would be decided upon in consultation with the Mediator.

The resolution was approved with eight votes, while the Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union and Syria abstained.

See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1 to 100 (1946–1953)

References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

External links

 0053
 0053
1948 Arab–Israeli War
1948 in Mandatory Palestine
1948 in Israel
July 1948 events
United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Palestine


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ONGC breeze past PIFA Colaba
by Kaushal Shukla May 20, 2015
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) recorded a comfortable 3-0 win over PIFA Colaba FC in an Elite Division game of the Mumbai District Football Association (MDFA) held at the Goans Sports Association ground on Wednesday, 19th May 2015.
ONGC who were chasing the championship, faced a tough test against a formidable PIFA Colaba side who were narrowly beaten by Indian Navy in their last outing but were a team which had gained a lot after their exploits in the 2nd Division League.
But on the other hand, PIFA Colaba were looking tired as ONGC seized control right from the outset. After containing ONGC in the first ten minutes, ONGC finally made a breakthrough in the 15th minute through Aksha V.S.
ONGC dominated the first half, as PIFA Colaba carried little threat on the break, with Nigerian striker Elvis Ozowara not having the best days in front of goal.
ONGC failed to add to their advantage in the first half thanks to some poor finishing from their strikers as PIFA Colaba remained in the contest at half time.
ONGC continued to be on the front foot in the second half, and doubled their lead just six minutes into the second half, after PIFA Colaba failed to clear their lines as the ball fell to Akshar V.S two yards out after a couple of deflections. He had no problems in dispatching to score his second of the afternoon.
PIFA who were completely deflated after the second goal, allowed ONGC to add a third goal through V. Lalchhuanamwa in the 60th minute and completely kill the game as a contest.
The win helped ONGC remain hot on Air India's heels in the race for the Elite Division title.
Anxious Khalid Jamil gunning for more goals
Determined Mumbai FC knock down East Bengal


The women's tennis team could not find its stride last weekend dropping back-to-back matches against the Drake Bulldogs and the Northern Iowa Panthers.
On Friday, the Braves matched up against Drake and could not gain a victory.
Coach Scott Peterson said he thought the girls still played well regardless of what the statistics show.
The Bulldogs jumped to an early lead winning all three doubles matches and continued their onslaught by gaining wins at all single positions.
Sophomore Nicole Miller lost by a score of 6-0, 6-2 at the No. 1 singles position against Veronika Leszayova while freshman Veronika Wojakowska lost to Gabriela Demos at the No. 2 position.
Drake's Jessica Labarte and Jessica Aguilera defeated juniors Emily Regenold and Kelly Donohue at the No. 3 and 4 singles positions, respectively.
Junior Jessica Buterbaugh and senior Erin Krubeck also fell at the No. 5 and 6 singles.
On Saturday, the Braves faced off against the UNI Panthers where Regenold and Miller earned their 16th win together this year with an 8-6 victory over Sampada Kanade and Diana Mendez at No. 1 doubles position.
The Braves could not feed off their energy eventually losing the doubles point along with the six singles points.
The Panthers did not drop a single set and cruised through their matches against the Braves.
Miller lost her singles match against Phoebe Walker with score 6-2, 6-4, while Laia Gonzalez-Garrido stopped Wojakowska at No. 2 with scores of 6-2, 6-3. Regenold and Donohue lost their matches at the No. 3 and 4 positions along with Krubeck and Braun who lost at Nos. 5 and 6.
Peterson said there is some work to do before the team's next match.
The Braves resume play at 1 p.m. today at Evansville.


luckiest 11 year old i know.
2 years ago @phish. One of the most beautiful places on earth to see a concert with the most beautiful person I've ever met. Hope everyone lucky enough to be there this weekend has a blast.
Some of my favorite shots from my time on the road.


Each of the major developments in the internet - from the client-server model to platform-based interoperability to web3-based consensus networks - has been accompanied by a shift in agency. The relative standing of the individual with respect to community, institutions, and governments was shifted, for better or worse.
We are the content - the content is us. This includes all aspects of us. How do we ensure that what we project to the world is what we want to project, both as teachers and learners? As content and media become more sophisticated and more autonomous, how do we bind these to our personal cultural and ethical frameworks we want to preserve and protect?
Learning therefore demands more than just the transmission or creation of knowledge - it requires the development of a capacity to define and instantiate each of these four elements for ourselves. Our tools for learning will need to emphasize and promote individual agency as much as they need to develop the tools and capacities needed to support social, ;political and economic development.
Conversation with Silvia Baldiris and Jutta Treviranus Dec 18, 2018 video For the last week of Learning 3.0 we had a conversation with Silvia Baldiri, who works with the Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco (Colombia) and Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (Spain), and Jutta Treviranus, Director of the Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC) and professor at OCAD University in Toronto. We talked about inclusive design, agency and the Social Justice Repair Kit.
"We find that when selecting a problem-solving team from a diverse population of intelligent agents, a team of randomly selected agents outperforms a team comprised of the best-performing agents." See also Problem Solving by Heterogeneous Agents, by the same authors.
Last Updated: Apr 19, 2019 08:39 a.m.


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HOW TO EXTRACT PROFITS OUT OF YOUR COMPANY
Tax-efficient advice for limited company directors.
Believe it or not, there are more than 4.7 million limited companies registered in the UK, including the 810,316 incorporations that signed up in 2020/21.
(more…) Read More
HOW SHOULD YOU STRUCTURE YOUR BUSINESS?
Business structures are essential for tax purposes.
If you're looking to join the 4.3 million people in the UK who made the jump into self-employment, you might be wondering how to start your new business.
Tax Insider January 2022
Included in this months issue:
HMRC issues last reminder for 2020/21 personal tax returns
One if four buy-to-let landlords 'plan to sell up in 2022'
More red tape for importers as new EU checks kick in
Report sheds more light on changes to R&D regime
Tax Tax Insider
The construction industry remains one of the UK's key sectors, which also helps to underpin the UK economy, despite experiencing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In September 2021, construction output grew by 1.3% on the previous month – placing the sector just 1% below its pre-pandemic level – and worth a decent share of UK GDP.
Construction Growth
Making Tax Digital for income tax (MTD for ITSA) looks certain to affect sole traders and landlords from April 2024, following the recent news of a one-year delay.
This was the latest in a long line of delays and deferrals in the rollout of MTD, which was first proposed by then-Chancellor George Osborne in late 2015.
Tax Insider December 2021
Included in this month's article:
Cladding tax to affect large property developers in 2022/23
Six-month extension for COVID-19 recovery loan scheme
Tax reporting deadline for additional property sales extends
Budget confirms one-year delay for basis period reform
Business Tasks to Outsource
As a business owner, you will find that few things in your line of work are as precious as your time – time that would be better spent doing something other than accounting.
Many people come to us asking for help with tasks that usually result in time slipping through their fingers, because of their often onerous nature to the layman.
Pension Options at the age of 55
Despite remaining complex, pensions offer you far more flexibility from the age of 55 (rising to 57 from 6 April 2028) than was once possible.
If you are approaching 55, you might be feeling a twinge of trepidation or excitement that you could soon become "a
pensioner" as this is the age at which you are allowed to access some pension savings.
Tax Insider November 2021
Salary sacrifice could 'dampen increased NICS costs'
Hospitality and tourism VAT rate increases to 12.5%
Business rates burden eases for retailers and hospitality firms
Extension for temporary £1M annual investment allowance
Biggest rates cut in three decades.
RESIDENCE & DOMICILE AFTER BREXIT
For most UK citizens, the question of what income and gains should be included on their tax return is easily answered because they are both UK domiciled and UK tax resident.
Anyone domiciled and resident in the UK will need to report their worldwide income and capital gains on their return. However, what happens if you are either non-UK domiciled (non-dom) but UK resident, or UK domiciled but non-UK resident?
Personal Tax Tax
2020/21 INCOME TAX RETURNS & THE SEISS
A chunk of time has passed since the self-employed income support scheme (SEISS) was launched in May 2020, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The first taxable grant, worth up to £7,500 in total, was paid out in August 2020. That was followed by a second grant of up to a total of £6,570 and a third grant, worth up to £7,500 in total.
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Are you a Nudiphile 2?
In the early months of this blog, I wrote about my obsession with nudibranchs. I had discovered that I favored browsing the internet for photographs of nudibranchs, which led to the realization that I was a nudiphile. Since that time, I have gone into underwater therapy a number of times to see if perhaps I could be persuaded by other critters. But no, the tendency only worsened. The sluggish things are so colorful and charming. They seem to smile at the camera and I just can't help but stop to photograph them.
This little lovely (above) is known as a Pokeman or Pikachu nudibranch. It belongs to the Dorid family. They are about an inch long and are one of the more interesting slugs in the sea.
This colorful Hypselodoris was the only one of it's kind to grace me with it's presence. For some reason, it reminds me of a clown, although less humorous and more refined. Perhaps it is a French clown.
Here a Chromodoris appears to be wearing a jeweled crown.
One of the amazing things about nudibranchs is their ability to blend in with their environment, or their ability to stand out in their environment. This Batangas Halgerda does a little of both. It's body stands out, while it's rhinophores and gill branches resemble plants in it's environment.
These two breeding hypselodoris are wonderful to photograph because of their creamy pinkish coloring that looks like glass.
Unfortunately for this Yellow-Tipped Phyllodesmium, it is a tasty meal for fish. Most nudibranchs seem to be left alone perhaps because their remarkable coloring announces they might sting or be poisonous.
Here's an interesting specimen. Hey, you got a bug on your face!
Here's another example of a "blender." It looks so much like the soft corals in it's environment, that you have to search for the rhinophores to determine if it is a coral or nudibranch. Of course, the corals don't crawl.
This guy has a mantle that flaps up and down as it crawls across the sea bed. So intriguing to watch, it is no wonder my fetish for sea slugs is only growing. Admit it. You are a closet nudiphile too.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important." Maybe the Sherlock Holmes in me agrees and that is why I am fascinated by the little things. In this post are some of the tiniest things I have found in the ocean. All of them are smaller than one or two centimeters, and some of them I can't explain.
This is a juvenile frogfish. It was no bigger than my thumbnail. They "hop" around on their front "legs" like a frog. As they get older, they take on the coloring of their environment and become almost invisible to predators and their prey.
Here a ghost shrimp poses on a Red Gorgonian. Only 5 mm or so, I could not see it without a magnifying lens.
The tube worms (above and below) are about two centimeters when their plumes are fully open.
The Pygmy seahorse (Hippocampus bargibanti) is a highly prized subject to photograph because of it's super camouflage and general cuteness. This one was about a centimeter in length.
This Hippocampus bargibanti (Pygmy Seahorse) is one of the tiniest creatures in the sea, although this particular seahorse is one of the largest of the Pygmies. It can get up to 3/4 inch. They have amazing camouflage and are almost impossible to find on the sea fans they inhabit.
One of my favorite subjects to photograph is the nudibranch. This one is known as a California Chromodorid (or Hypselodoris californiensis). Although they can get up to 90 mm, this one was no longer than 10 mm.
A colorful Simnia (Delonovolva aequalis) lays eggs along the stem of a red gorgonian (below). It's shell is around two cm long. If not for the eggs, it would have been very difficult to see, as it blends nicely with it's environment.
Sometimes, things show up in photographs by accident. In the two photos below, I had another subject in mind, but when I blew up the image on the computer screen, I discovered tiny creatures. The first one is obviously a shrimp, about 2mm in length. The second is anyone's guess. Just critters that resemble bugs. They are marked with arrows, and are less than 2mm.
In this case, the Sherlock in me gives way to Doris Lessing who said, "Small things amuse small minds." She may be right.
If you have never been scuba diving, it might be hard to put in to perspective the size of the unusual creatures that are found under the sea. The Peltodoris nobilis (Noble Dorid) might look bigger than a bread box compared to other nudibranchs. They average in size around two inches, but can get up to 8 inches long!
By comparison, this dorid, Okenia rosacea (Hopkin's Rose,) is only about a half an inch long and could fit between the rhinophores of the Noble Dorid. It's papillae are very tall, and make it difficult to see it's branchial plume. Both these dorids are found in Southern California.
Hermit crabs are a favorite for photographers. Their eyes are curious and expressive (for a crab). This one's shell measures about 1 inch long.
This slipper lobster is roughly the size of a salad plate. It isn't a tiny creature, but it is far smaller than a breadbox!


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The Law of the Sea Treaty: A View from Below
By Jim Johnston
The high-level exchanges about the Law of the Sea Treaty (LOST) have come down on two sides. Six secretaries of state argue that the United States must ratify and participate in order to protect its national interests, mainly military navigational freedoms. Two former cabinet officers, by contrast, point out that we already have the navigational freedoms and that joining the international bureaucracy will complicate dispute settlement and make a host of other economic interests vulnerable to fatal compromise.
When I was a member of the U.S. delegation to the U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea during the 1970s, it was obvious that there were two classes of U.S. interests. One was a group of navigational freedoms enjoyed by the U.S. military, which were already well-established in customary international law. The other interests were economic in nature. These included fisheries, ocean mining, oil production from the continental margin beyond the 200-mile economic zone, pollution, scientific research, and others that may emerge in the future.
The de facto position of the U.S. delegation was that all of the economic interests were potential pawns to be conceded in hopes of maintaining some of the navigational freedoms. The Group of 77 developing countries soon discovered what the U.S. strategy was, and they demanded concession after concession. Scientific research was the first to go. Next was the revenue from the continental margin beyond the 200-mile economic zone. Then the fledgling ocean mining industry was made uneconomic, to protect countries and companies that produce land-based minerals.
Fisheries would have been sacrificed except for the fact that the U.S. Congress adopted the Magnuson-Stevens bill excluding the foreign fishing fleets that were decimating the fish stocks in the nation's coastal waters. True to form, the State Department and Pentagon vociferously opposed the Magnuson-Stevens bill, but to no avail. The bill became law in 1976 and took effect in 1977.
It could be argued that there is nothing left to be conceded by the United States government. But with that argument comes the opposite argument: there is nothing for other nations to gain in the negotiations to maintain navigational freedoms. If this were true, there would be no danger in participating in the negotiations. However, this is not true: there is considerable danger from participating in future negotiations.
My view as an economist is that a potential danger exists from the formation of a minerals cartel. It could come about as the U.S. government tries to head off a new restriction on navigation. It would be argued, as it has in the past, that U.S. government participation in the International Seabed Authority would keep cartel formation from occurring. But that ignores cartel theory and the experience with the coffee cartel under the Kennedy administration.
For a cartel to be successful, it needs a mechanism to enforce output quotas so that members do not shave their prices and do not increase output, thus making them unable to siphon off a bigger share of the monopoly rents. Under the coffee cartel, the enforcement mechanism was the U.S. government. As coffee bags came to ports of entry, they were checked against the country quota to make sure they were not in excess. If they were in excess, the bags were sent back to the producing country.
It is easy to see that this could happen if the International Seabed Authority formed a minerals cartel, with the U.S. government acting as the enforcement mechanism as a treaty obligation.
There is nothing to be gained from U.S. ratification of the LOST. Indeed, there is much that could be LOST.
Jim Johnston is an economic advisor to The Heartland Institute.