text:
\section{Introduction}
\thispagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhf{}
\rhead{CERN-TH-2017-046 \\}

The concept of fermion-boson symmetry has a long history~\cite{goifand}. It's the purpose of the present paper to study this concept from an alternative point of view, where emphasis is placed on high-energy experiments.

Whatever the precise meaning may be for this fermion-boson symmetry, it must imply that, in addition to the well-known quarks and leptons, there are scalar quarks and scalar leptons. Scalar quarks have the same quantum number as the quarks except the spin, and scalar leptons have the same quantum number as the leptons again except the spin.

The behavior of quarks and leptons are well described by the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg, and Salam~\cite{sglashow}. The standard model is a Yang-Mills non-Abelain gauge theory~\cite{CNYRL} with the gauge group $U(1) \times SU(2) \times SU(3)$. The standard model, with the addition of scalar quarks and scalar leptons, is described in Sec.2. From the experimental data from LEP of CERN, some information is available on the masses of these new scalar particles.

When these scalar particles are added to the standard model, there are then, in the perturbative treatment, not only fermion loops due to the quarks and leptons, but also boson loops due to the scalar quarks and scalar leptons. Since the contributions from these two types of loops have opposite signs due to the anti-commutation relations of the fermions, the possibility is entertained that the cancellation of these contributions can lead to the reduction of divergences in the standard model. This is discussed in Sec.3.

When fermion-boson symmetry is combined with this cancellation of divergences, the expected mass ranges of the scalar quarks and scalar leptons are much reduced. This and other consequences of this combination are discussed in the rest of the present paper, including especially a possible new experimental method of searching for the new particles.

\section{Scalar quarks and scalar leptons}

In the standard model, there are three generations of quarks and leptons. They are usually denoted by

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
u_L, u_R, d_L, d_R; c_L, c_R, s_L, s_R; t_L, t_R, b_L, b_R
\label{aba:eq2.1}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\noindent and

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\nu_{eL}, \nu_{eR}, e_L, e_R; \nu_{\mu L}, \nu_{\mu R}, \mu_L, \mu_R; \nu_{\tau L}, \nu_{\tau R}, \tau_L, \tau_R.
\label{aba:eq2.2}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Using the notation of a tilde to denote a scalar quark or a scalar lepton, the corresponding three generations of scalar quarks and scalar leptons are

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\widetilde{u}_L, \widetilde{u}_R, \widetilde{d}_L, \widetilde{d}_R; \widetilde{c}_L, \widetilde{c}_R, \widetilde{s}_L, \widetilde{s}_R; \widetilde{t}_L, \widetilde{t}_R, \widetilde{b}_L, \widetilde{b}_R.
\label{aba:eq2.3}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent and

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\widetilde{\nu}_{eL}, \widetilde{\nu}_{eR}, \widetilde{e}_L, \widetilde{e}_R; \widetilde{\nu}_{\mu L}, \widetilde{\nu}_{\mu R}, \widetilde{\mu}_L, \widetilde{\mu}_R; \widetilde{\nu}_{\tau L}, \widetilde{\nu}_{\tau R}, \widetilde{\tau}_L, \widetilde{\tau}_R.
\label{aba:eq2.4}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

As is well known, the meaning of the subscripts $L$ and $R$ is quite different for fermions and for bosons. For example, while $d_L$ and $d_R$ are the left-handed and right-handed components of the fermion $d$ quark, $\widetilde{d}_L$ and $\widetilde{d}_R$ are two independent scalar quarks. Nevertheless, $\widetilde{d}_L$ and $\widetilde{d}_R$ will be referred to as left-handed and right-handed respectively.

Since $\widetilde{d}_L$ and $\widetilde{d}_R$ are two independent scalar quarks, there is no relation between their masses, i.e., the masses of the scalar quarks $\widetilde{d}_L$ and $\widetilde{d}_R$ are in general different. Therefore, for each generation, there are two different masses for the quarks and two different masses for the leptons, while there are four different masses for the scalar quarks and four different masses for the scalar leptons.

Similar to the cases of quarks and leptons, the left-handed scalar quarks and scalar leptons are $SU(2)$ doublets while the right-handed scalar quarks and scalar leptons are $SU(2)$ singlets.

The experimental data from the $LEP$ $e^+e^-$ collider can be used to give constraints to the masses of the scalar quarks and scalar leptons: the width of the $Z$ is given quite accurately by its coupling to the known quarks and leptons~\cite{zwidth}. This fact implies that every scalar quark and every scalar lepton that couples to the $Z$ must have a mass larger that $\frac{1}{2}m_z$. [Because of experimental error, masses slightly smaller than $\frac{1}{2}m_z$ cannot be excluded. This is especially so because of the $spin-0$ nature of the scalar quarks and scalar leptons.]

Which scalar quark and/or which scalar lepton is not coupled to the $Z$? Since the $Z$ in the standard model is a superposition of the $U(1)$ gauge particle and the neutral component of the $SU(2)$ gauge particle, a scalar quark or a scalar lepton that does not couple to the $Z$ must not have any $U(1)$ quantum number nor any $SU(2)$ quantum number. This means that the only scalar quarks and scalar leptons that do not couple to the $Z$ are the three right-handed scalar neutrinos $\widetilde{\nu}_{eR}$, $\widetilde{\nu}_{\mu R}$, and $\widetilde{\nu}_{\tau R}$.

\section{Divergences in quantum field theory}\label{sec3}

Fermion-boson symmetry is very much related to the divergences in quantum field theory. It is the purpose of this Sec.3 to discuss this relation in some detail.

All the known spin 1 elementary particles are gauge particles, either an Abelian gauge particle or a Yang-Mills non-Abelian gauge particle~\cite{CNYRL}. While the photon for the Abelian case has been known for a century~\cite{einstein}, the first Yang-Mills non-Abelian gauge particle was first observed less than forty years ago at DESY~\cite{slwu}. There are many ways to understand the spin 1 particles being gauge particles. From the point of view of perturbative quantum field theory, here is an especially relevant one: spin 1 particles tend to lead to divergences, and it is gauge invariance that reduces such divergence.

Such reduction of divergences can also be due to fermion-boson symmetry. Because of the anti-commutation relations for fermion field, a fermion loop has an extra minus sign compared with a boson loop. Because of this minus sign, the presence of fermion-boson symmetry tends to lead to cancellations between the contributions from a fermion loop and a boson loop.

These two ways of reducing divergences in the perturbation calculation of quantum field theory\textemdash gauge invariance and fermion-boson symmetry\textemdash are of fundamentally different nature. While gauge invariance disallows the possibly most divergent term, the presence of both types of loops when there is fermion-boson symmetry implies merely that there is an extra minus sign. This point requires a more detailed discussion.

In order for the cancellation to occur between fermion loops and boson loops to occur, it is not sufficient to have opposite signs; it is also necessary for the magnitudes of the contributions to be equal.

To the best knowledge of the authors, the first paper on such cancellations is that of Ferrara, Girardello, and Palumbo, and this paper was followed shortly thereafter by one of Veltman, and then by a number of later papers~\cite{ferrara}. The results of all these papers take the following form: within the one-loop approximation, the sum of the squares of the fermion masses is equal to the sum of the squares of the boson masses with suitable numerical coefficients.

Independent of the details of the considerations presented in~\cite{ferrara}, the desired cancellation between the fermion loops and the boson loops can be expected to happen only if the fermion masses and the boson masses are comparable. Thus, from the point of view of the quantum field theory for the standard model with the addition of the scalar quarks and scalar leptons as described in Sec. 2, the masses of these scalar quarks and scalar leptons can be expected to be close to these of the the known quarks and leptons.

What does this mean? Among all the known elementary particles, the top quark is the heaviest one. Moreover, since the top quark was discovered experimentally at Fermilab in 1995~\cite{FERB}, it has remained the heaviest for more than twenty years. Its mass of $173$ $GeV/c^2$ is less than twice that of $Z$. Therefore the conclusion is

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
m_{\widetilde{q}}=O(m_z)
\label{aba:eq3.1}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent and

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
m_{\widetilde{l}}=O(m_z)
\label{aba:eq3.2}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\widetilde{q}$ can be any one of the scalar quarks (\ref{aba:eq2.3}) and $\widetilde{l}$ any of the scalar leptons (\ref{aba:eq2.4}).

These mass limits (\ref{aba:eq3.1}) and (\ref{aba:eq3.2}) are very strong constraints on the masses of the scalar quarks and scalar leptons.

\section{Masses of scalar quarks and scalar leptons}\label{sec4}

It only remains to put the information of the previous two sections together.

Consider first the twelve scalar quarks listed in (\ref{aba:eq2.3}). Since the scalar quarks have the same quantum number as the quarks except the spin, these scalar quarks have a charge of either $\frac{2}{3}$ or $-\frac{1}{3}$ just as the quarks, and hence they all couple to the $Z$. By the arguments of Sec. 2 and Sec. 3, their masses may be expected to be between $\frac{1}{2}m_z$ and very roughly $m_t \sim{2m_z}$:

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{2} m_z < m_{\widetilde{q}} \lesssim 2 m_z
\label{aba:eq4.1}
\end{equation}

The corresponding argument for the scalar leptons is somewhat more complicated. An inequality similar to (\ref{aba:eq4.1}) holds for

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\widetilde{\nu}_{eL}, \widetilde{e}_L, \widetilde{e}_R; \widetilde{\nu}_{\mu L}, \widetilde{\mu}_L, \widetilde{\mu}_R; \widetilde{\nu}_{\tau L}, \widetilde{\tau}_L, \widetilde{\tau}_R.
\label{aba:eq4.2}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

How about the remaining three: $\widetilde{\nu}_{eR}$, $\widetilde{\nu}_{\mu R}$, and $\widetilde{\nu}_{\tau R}$?

Since the masses of the scalar quarks and the scalar leptons are not very different from those of the known quarks and leptons in the sense of the inequality (\ref{aba:eq4.1}), it seems reasonable to entertain the possibility that the similarity between these particles goes even further. Specifically, since the known neutrinos have a lower mass (in fact a much lower mass) than the other quarks and leptons, it is hereby assumed that the three right-handed scalar neutrinos have significantly smaller masses than the other scalar quarks and scalar leptons.

It is not clear what is meant by the masses being "smaller", but they should be much smaller than the mass of the $Z$.

The picture that emerges from these considerations is the following:

1) These are twelve scalar quarks and twelve scalar leptons;

2) Of these twenty four scalar particles, twenty one have masses of the order of the mass of the $Z$; and

3) The other three scalar particles, the three right-handed scalar neutrinos, have small masses.

We are happy with the small messes of the neutrinos and the right-handed scalar neutrinos. In some sense, this seems to put even more content into the concept of the fermion-boson symmetry.

\section{Speculation on the decays of lightest scalar quark}\label{sec5}

Without introducing additional elementary particles, the lightest scalar quark must be stable, since it has nothing to decay into.

This is not consistent with the experimental data from the ATLAS Collaboration and the CMS collaboration at LHC~\cite{cmsatlas}. Suppose the lightest scalar quark is $\widetilde{q}$, where this $\widetilde{q}$ can be either charge $\frac{2}{3}$ or $-\frac{1}{3}$. Then there are, among others, the fermionic mesons, $\widetilde{q}$ $\overline{u}$ and $\widetilde{q}$ $\overline{d}$. Of these two fermionic mesons, one is charged while the other is neutral. Since $\widetilde{q}$ is stable, one of these two fermionic mesons is stable and the other is long lived~\cite{richard}. Therefore, the charged one of these two fermionic mesons is either stable or long lived, a result that contradicts the ATLAS and CMS data~\cite{cmsatlas}.

The lightest scalar quark must decay, and it is mandatory to introduce a new particle for it to decay into. Since there is no available experimental information on this decay, let us speculate on one of the simplest possibilities.

Since the lightest scalar quark has color, one of the decay products must carry this color; this means that one of the decay products is likely to be an ordinary quark. Since the scalar quark is a boson while the ordinary quark is a fermion, the other decay product, taken together, must be a fermion. Since these other decay products have neither color nor lepton number, a new elementary particle must be introduced.

Thus the simplest speculation is that a scalar quark can decay into an ordinary quark and a new fermion:
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
scalar\ quark \rightarrow quark + new\ fermion\ f,
\label{aba:eq5.1}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent where the new fermion may be real or virtual. This decay is available to all scalar quarks, including the lightest one.

This decay is in addition to the one analogous to that of quarks:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
heavier\ scalar\ quark \rightarrow lighter\ scalar\ quark + W,
\label{aba:eq5.2}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent where again the $W$ may be real or virtual. Unlike (\ref{aba:eq5.1}), however, this decay (\ref{aba:eq5.2}) is not available to the lightest scalar quark.

Referring once more to the LEP measurement of the $Z$ width, these new fermions must again have masses larger than $\frac{1}{2}m_z$. Since these masses of the new fermions come from the Englert-Brout-Higgs mechanism~\cite{FERB}, some of the new fermion \textemdash the right-handed ones \textemdash are $SU(2)$ singlets, while others \textemdash the left-handed ones \textemdash are $SU(2)$ doublets.

Invoking once more the experimenal data~\cite{cmsatlas} from the ATLAS collaboration and the CMS Collaboration, we reach the conclusion that the charged new fermions again cannot be stable.

\section{Decays of the new fermions}\label{sec6}

How do the new fermions decay? There is even less information on these decays.

Clearly the decay products of the new fermion must contain at least one fermion. If this fermion in the decay products is one that is already introduced besides the new fermions themselves (namely the scalar quarks, the scalar leptons, and the known elementary particles in the standard model), then it must be either a quark or a lepton. If it is a quark, then the necessary coupling is essentially that of (\ref{aba:eq5.1}). Since this (\ref{aba:eq5.1}) has already been used for the decay of the scalar quark, it cannot be responsible for the decay of the new fermion.

Therefore in this case the fermion in the decay products must be a lepton. A moment's reflection then shows that the decay is

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
new\ fermion\ f \rightarrow scalar\ lepton + \textit{anti-lepton}.
\label{aba:eq6.1}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Since the mass of the new fermion $f$ is at least $\frac{1}{2}m_z$, this decay can always proceed if the scalar lepton is chosen to be one of the right-handed scalar neutrinos, i.e,

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\textit{new fermion f} \rightarrow \textit{anti-lepton} + \textit{right-handed scalar neutrino},
\label{aba:eq6.2}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent It is possible that a new fermion $f$ decays into another new fermion $f^{'}$, and then this $f^{'}$ decays through (\ref{aba:eq6.2}).

Because of this (\ref{aba:eq6.1}), the scalar leptons have decays similar to those of the scalar quarks, namely,
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\textit{scalar lepton} \rightarrow lepton + \textit{new fermion f},
\label{aba:eq6.3}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent in addition to

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\textit{heavier scalar lepton} \rightarrow \textit{lighter scalar lepton} + W,
\label{aba:eq6.4}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Note that, in writing down (\ref{aba:eq6.1}) and (\ref{aba:eq6.2}), we have used the equality

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
\textit{the new fermions on the right-hand side of } (\ref{aba:eq5.1})\\
= \textit{the new fermions on the right-hand side of } (\ref{aba:eq6.3}).
\label{aba:eq6.5}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

There may or may not be additional elementary particles beyond those already introduced in Sec. 2 and 5. Even when there are, the decay (\ref{aba:eq6.2}) can still proceed.

What can these additional elementary particles be? These does not seem to be any experimental indication of what they may be. However, the following comment is perhaps appropriate.

The starting point of the present consideration is to use the concept of fermion-boson symmetry to introduce the scalar quarks and the scalar leptons into the standard model. There are many open issues, including the following two.

1) Should the fermion-boson symmetry used here be applied to other particles?

2) In particular, does the Higgs particle have any fermionic partner?

Because of our emphasis on the results from high-energy experiments, there is no way to answer these questions now within the present framework. Rather, these questions should be studied only after at least some of the scalar quarks and/or scalar leptons have been observed experimentally. Attention is therefore turned to experimental considerations.

\section{Experimental considerations}\label{sec7}

In order to observe the scalar quarks and the scalar leptons, the first step is to discover the new fermions $f$. Experimentally, it seems easier to observe the charged new fermions, say $f^+$, than the neutral ones. Written out more explicitly, the decays of $f^+$, according to (\ref{aba:eq6.2}), are

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
f^+ \rightarrow e^+ + \textit{right-handed scalar neutrino}
\label{aba:eq7.1}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
f^+ \rightarrow \mu^+ + \textit{right-handed scalar neutrino},
\label{aba:eq7.2}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent and

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
f^+ \rightarrow \tau^+ + \textit{right-handed scalar neutrino}.
\label{aba:eq7.3}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent In each of these cases, the right-handed scalar neutrino escapes the detector.

These decays bear some similarity to the leptonic decays of $W$, namely
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
W^+ \rightarrow e^+ + \nu_e,
\label{aba:eq7.4}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+ + \nu_\mu,
\label{aba:eq7.5}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent and

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\begin{aligned}
W^+ \rightarrow \tau^+ + \nu_\tau,
\label{aba:eq7.6}
\end{aligned}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

In each of these decays (\ref{aba:eq7.1})-(\ref{aba:eq7.6}), one of the decay products cannot be detected, either a known neutrino or an unknown right-handed scalar neutrino. The decays (\ref{aba:eq7.4}) and (\ref{aba:eq7.5}) have been of central importance both in the original discovery of the $W$ by the $UA1$ Collaboration and the $UA2$ Collaboration~\cite{UA1} and later in the search for a second $W$, usually called $W^{'}$.

This similarity is, however, overshadowed by the following fundamental difference between the production of $W^{'}$ and that of the charged new fermion at the Large Hadron Collider. While the $W^{'}$ is typically produced singly, the new fermions are predominately pair produced. A significant fraction consists of a pair $f^{+}$ and $f^{-}$; their leptonic decays are characterized by the pair $e^{+}e^{-}$, $\mu^+\mu^-$, $e^{+}\mu^{-}$, or $\mu^{+}e^{-}$. Such lepton pairs, both with high transverse momentum, can be used as a basis of searching for the scalar quarks and scalar leptons at the Large Hadron Collider.

The proposed sequence of experiments is therefore as follows.

Step \Romannum{1}: The search for the charged new fermion. This search is to be carried out by analyzing events where there is a pair of opposite charged high-$p_T$ leptons $e^+e^-$, $\mu^+\mu^-$, $e^+\mu^-$, or $\mu^+e^-$ coming from $f^+f^-$.

Step \Romannum{2}: The search for scalar quarks and scalar leptons. After the new fermions have been observed experimentally as described in Step \Romannum{1}, the search for scalar quarks and scalar leptons can begin. These searches will be based on the decays (\ref{aba:eq5.1}) and (\ref{aba:eq6.3}) where in each case one of the decay products is the new fermion.

It should be noted that, when the equality (\ref{aba:eq6.5}) holds so that the new fermions in the decays (\ref{aba:eq5.1}) and (\ref{aba:eq6.3}) are the same, the above Step \Romannum{2} can lead to both the scalar quarks and the scalar leptons. If the new fermions in the decays (\ref{aba:eq5.1}) and (\ref{aba:eq6.3}) are not the same, the above Step \Romannum{2} can still lead to the scalar leptons.

\section{Back to quantum field theory}\label{sec8}

The basic theme of the present paper is to combine the concept of fermion-boson symmetry with the desire to reduce divergences in quantum field theory. This combination leads to consequences that do not follow from either one alone. The results as applied to the properties of scalar quarks and scalar leptons have been studied in Secs. 4-7; it remains to discuss the possible implications on gauge quantum field theory, i.e., Yang-Mills non-Abelian gauge theory~\cite{CNYRL}.

In general, a renormalizable quantum field theory has both quadratic divergences and logarithmic divergences in the perturbation series. [As an exception, there is no quadratic divergence in quantum electrodynamics.] Renormalization is one of the greatest theoretical achievements of the twentieth century~\cite{schwinger}. It is a most beautiful theory that makes quantum electrodynamics the first successful field theory with amazing predictive power.

Nevertheless, it must be admitted that a quantum field theory without any divergence in its perturbation series is even better. This is the motivation for the papers in Ref ~\cite{ferrara}, where the cancellation of quadratic divergences is found to give information on the particle masses.

In this context, we would like to make the following conjecture. With the fermion-boson symmetry introduced into the standard model in a suitable way, all divergences, both quadratic and logarithmic, can be cancelled. In this way, it will be possible to get a finite Yang-Mills non-Abelian gauge theory. The requirement of having such a finite theory will dictate how the additional particles can be introduced.

It is hoped that such a finite quantum field theory can be developed in the not-too-distant future.

\section{Discussion}\label{sec9}

Whenever the fermion-boson symmetry is mentioned, supersymmetry comes to mind. The theory of supersymmetry, which is based on the idea of graded Lie algebra and is by now well developed, is a beautiful mathematical theory. As physics, however, it suffers from a lack of contact with results of high-energy experiments, and therefore a lack of theoretical predictions.

In views of this situation, it is the purpose here to investigate this concept of fermion-boson symmetry with emphasis on data from high-energy experiments. This implies immediately that the starting point must be the standard model with the addition of scalar quarks and scalar leptons. In other words, this fermion-boson symmetry is applied initially in a more limited sense only to quarks and leptons, but not to the gauge and the Higgs particles. The experimental data from the electron-positron collider LEP are used to give some constraints on the properties of these scalar quarks and scalar leptons.

Further information on these scalar particles are obtained from two different considerations. On the theoretical side, the desire to reduce divergences in quantum field theory gives further constraints on the masses of these scalar particles. On the experimental side, the data from the Large Hadron Collider indicate the lightest scalar quark should not be stable, leading to new fermions for it to decay into. A method is proposed to observe these new fermions at the Large Hadron Collider. After these new fermions are discovered, then it seems feasible to find the scalar quarks and the scalar leptons.

 Here is a succinct comparison of supersymmetry with the present approach.

1) While supersymmetry is a well defined theory, the present approach is still being developed: in particular, even the particle content is incomplete at present, waiting for further experimental data from the Large Hadron Collider.

2) Graded Lie algebra plays a central role in the theory of supersymmetry, but is not involved in the present approach.

3) In the present approach, there are, for each generation, four different masses for the scalar quarks and four different masses for the scalar leptons -- see Sec. 2.  Therefore, soft supersymmetry breaking is not needed.  In other words, in the Lagrangian density (which is still incomplete), every term is of dimension four except the one mass term (that of the Higgs doublet), just like the standard model~\cite{sglashow} and quantum electrodynamics.

4) In this way, the introduction of the 105 independent coupling constants for the soft supersymmetry breaking terms in the theory of supersymmetry is avoided.

5) On the phenomenological side, a distinctive feature for the present approach is that the masses of the right-handed scalar neutrinos, one of which may be identified as the lightest supersymmetric particle, are much less than the mass of the $Z$ -- see Sec. 4.  Such a small mass is not inconsistent with supersymmetry.

6) As a consequence of this small mass, the method of searching for the scalar quarks and the scalar leptons is different from the previous searches -- see Sec. 7.

\section{Acknowledgements}

We are grateful to the hospitality at CERN, where part of this work has been carried out.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The Nigerian team of Seun Adigun, Ngozi Onwumere and Akuoma Omeoga made history on Tuesday, becoming the first women to represent an African country in bobsleigh. Though they finished last in qualifying, it is the journey and, perhaps more importantly, the legacy that follows that will define Nigeria's success, not the medal table.
From training in the USA, to Canada and then to PyeongChang, it has been an accelerated education for the team, who all began their careers as track athletes but have been training together for bobsleigh since 2016.
"I don't think it's hit us how impactful this whole process will be in the long run," driver Adigun said after the race. "You don't have to quantify things by just the result of first place or any time. You can actually quantify it by your ability to be selfless, your ability to drive and your ability to be innovative. This was just meant to be."
"The Olympic experience is really unique, it's an experience you can't really articulate," added brakeman Omeoga. "Nigerians are incredibly proud and I think one of our goals was to present Nigeria in a positive light. It gives people a reason to celebrate something."
There are obvious parallels between the Nigerian women's performance and the Jamaican men's bobsleigh four-man team, who competed at Calgary 1988 and were immortalised in the film "Cool Runnings". Omeoga has been flattered by the comparisons and instead of playing down the pressure of emulating the cult heroes, hopes that Nigeria's participation in PyeongChang will inspire a new wave of African athletes.
"That's the legacy that we hope to have in 30 years to come," she said. "If you see our faces and we inspire you to do something, then that's absolutely all we ask for."
The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games have provided a platform for athletes and nations to show that sport can have a defining effect on society. The 2018 Jamaican women's bobsleigh team, who finished just one place ahead of Nigeria, became the first female Winter Olympians from the Caribbean island, and American-born Elizabeth Swaney competed in the skiing halfpipe for Hungary, finishing in last place but encouraging the next generation of athletes to follow their dreams.
Often in sport the focus is solely on the podium, but achievement can also be measured by the extraordinary feats throughout the journey. No African nation has ever won a medal at the Olympic Winter Games, but by creating role models, investment and perseverance, it may be Beijing 2022 where we see the first.
Photo: Obi Grant

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Romney heads to Virginia to help former aide
CNN Political Editor Paul Steinhauser
(CNN) - Mitt Romney is back on the campaign trail, this time in Virginia.
The former Massachusetts governor and 2012 Republican presidential nominee will headline a fundraiser Tuesday evening in the Richmond area for GOP Senate nominee Ed Gillespie.
Follow @politicaltickerFollow @psteinhausercnn
Gillespie, a former Republican National Committee chairman and senior aide to President George W. Bush, was also a top adviser to Romney during the 2012 general election campaign.
This is the second time this year Romney's served as the main attraction at a Gillespie fundraiser. He headlined an event for Gillesipie in New York City in March.
Gillespie faces an uphill climb in the general election against Democratic Sen. Mark Warner.
After the fundraiser, Romney and Gillespie will join Bill Bolling at the former lieutenant governor's annual "Burgers will Bill" event. This is will be Romney's second appearance at the gathering, which Bolling has been holding for some 20 years.
Bolling was campaign chairman in Virginia for Romney in both his 2008 and 2012 White House bids.
Bolling says Romney can help bring Republicans in the state together.
"Someone like Gov. Romney is well known and well respected and he can be like a voice saying to the tea party groups, to the more libertarian Republican groups, to the more traditional Republican groups, that we all need to come together to help support Ed Gillespie in his Senate race. So I think he can be a unifying voice within the party," Bolling told CNN.
The events are being held in Glen Allen, Virginia, just outside of Richmond. The area's part of the state's 7th Congressional District, which last week witnessed a shocking upset in the GOP primary. House Majority Leader Eric Cantor was defeated by a little-known and underfunded economics professor who enjoyed some support from local tea party activists and other grassroots activists.
Bolling says he invited the candidate, Dave Brat, to his "Burgers with Bill" event, but said Brat was unable to attend.
Bolling, a longtime Cantor supporter, said he reached out to Brat after his upset victory last Tuesday.
"We want to make sure we hold that seat with a Republican congressman so I reached out to Dave and told him that I'd do anything I can do to support his candidacy," Bolling said.
Romney's appearance in Virginia comes just a couple of days after he hosted a major ideas summit at a resort in Park City, Utah, that attracted top leaders from the political and business worlds. The event also included a bunch of potential 2016 GOP White House hopefuls.
Mitt Romney's high-powered gathering
Since his defeat in the 2012 presidential election, Romney has taken on the role of Republican Party elder statesman, in hopes of helping shape the future of the party. And he has made endorsements in a number of GOP primary battles, often backing more moderate candidates, many of whom were Romney supporters during the past two presidential elections.
Romney criticizes Hillary Clinton
Filed under: Ed Gillespie • Mitt Romney • Virginia
The Republican Party Is Dead To Me
The more he's seen, the less likely republicans are to be elected. Personally he makes me sick.
June 17, 2014 03:45 pm at 3:45 pm |
A real class act that should be in the White House. Learn your lesson America. Don't believe Obama, Liar of the Year and his army of mindless droids.
"Since his defeat in the 2012 presidential election, Romney has taken on the role of Republican party elder statesman"
Yeah. Whatever gets him to sleep at night. America dodged a big one by not voting this delusional man as President of the United States. That he seems to think otherwise is his problem to deal with, not mine. I'm chalking it up to another sour grapes tin-foil hat loser unable to accept reality. GOPerville's cup runneth over, no doubt about it.
bcrunner
There goes Mr. 47% again!!
loser for a loser!!!!!!
Dutch/Bad Newz, VA - Take Back the House
"Proceed Governor."
A real class act that should be in the White House.
If he were REALLY a class act, he would keep his mouth shut so all those sour grapes wouldn't fall out! I don't recall ANY dem candidate EVER behaving the way the 2008 & 2012 also-rans behave. Sore loserdom at its finest!
Can you say, "I'm not concerned about 47% of Americans....."? America decided that he had less class than Obama.
If there was an election today with Obama and Romney, Romney would win in a landslide. The Liar of the Year pulled one over on the country in 2012 but it wouldn't happen again.
If there was an election today with Hillary and Romney, Hillary would win in a landslide. Mr. 47% attempted to pull one over on the country in 2012 but it wouldn't happen again.
a little sad
Since the presidency is limited to two terms, Obama will not be running again. I suspect Romney won't be either.
Obama will probably take some time, make some speeches, do generally the same stuff that other former presidents do. That is, until Hillary nominates him for the Supreme Court.
(Noises off – bagger heads exploding.)
@Just the Facts
I don't think so. The fools that are buying all the conspiracy theories voted against Obama originally.
Hmmmm. What was that Mr. Romney claimed... that the U.S. was selling Jeep to China. Yeah, that was it. He kept it up even after the chairman of Fiat told him he was wrong. No, not lyin' Romney.
Just the facts....., yeah right. Money brags couldn't get elected dog-catcher.
Ol' Yeller
Dream on.... in your little lala land of no taxes where everyone has six figure jobs and cayman island bank accounts. Maybe you can go to tier three heaven in your magic underwear with him, but slick mitt will never be President of this country. No one who refuses to show the people that he did not pay any taxes on his millions and millions (he 'earned' from laying off hard working middle class folks) for years and years will ever be elected by the People.
Just the Crap would be a better handle....
Name JK. SFL. THE GOP HOWDEE GOWDEE SHOW with special guest ISSA the CLOWN
HEY, he did pretty good in the GOVENORS race, FOR THE DEMOCRATS, thanks mitt, once a FIVE TME LOSER always a LOSER!!!!!
We need a mormon leader to save us from the wrath !
4 her
I have voted Republican all my adult. However I supported Hillary during the 2012 campaign. I would and WILL vote for her in 2016
A loser as an advisor ..............Well, good luck with that.


Perfecting a startup pitch may seem like a daunting task for most, if not all, beginning entrepreneurs. However, effectively pitching your company is a deceptively simple undertaking that falls under the "so-easy-it's-hard" category. In the post below, previous Founder Institute Directors J. Ramphis Castro and Marcos Polanco describe a simple outline any founder can follow to articulate what their company does in a clear yet impactful manner.
The following blog post, "The Foolproof One Minute Startup Pitch Formula", was originally published on Mindchemy's blog, and has been republished with permission.
Startups on Global Stage – We have met dozens and dozens of aspiring entrepreneurs in Puerto Rico who are unable to realize get their companies onto the world stage given the lack of ecosystem of partners, investorsand talented collaborators. Startups on a Global Stage is an event series that enables local entrepreneurs to pitch successful angels, venture capitalists and mentors from around the world. Unlike other alternatives, we utilize two-way video streaming technology to habitually expose entrepreneurs to industry-leading resources. Our founding team includes Marcos Polanco, a former Silicon Valley startup founder and former successful economic development policymaker, and Ramphis Castro, former software entrepreneur and now attorney with an intellectual property focus. In essence, Startups on a Global Stage is an American Idol for entrepreneurs, and our vision is to liberate the business aspirations of our best, young talent. We have already organized two events, and you venture capitalists should participate because we are enabling you to access a new source of dealflow.
Clearshore – Did you realize that aerospace engineers are retiring at twice the rate that new engineers are entering the field? According to analysts the lack of clearable talent is causing the United States to slip in its competitiveness and is threatening our technological edge, a key federal priority. Clearshore is an nearshore R&D outsourced based in Puerto Rico that delivers a 40% cost advantage while bringing to the aerospace industry the talents of the #15 and #17th largest engineering schools in the country. Unlike Indians, Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens on U.S. soil and are clearable. Our team includes Marcos Polanco, who as a policymaker negotiated the creation of 1,700 aerospace jobs in Puerto Rico, Chris Stahl, who has won $3B in federal contracts as a contract capture consultant, and Tito Montilla, who has raised over $100M in capital with a 5X return to investors. Clearshore generates revenue from fees and additionally from the sale of R&D tax credits unique to Puerto Rico. In essence, we are positioning Puerto Rico as the India for the $60B federal R&D market, and aim to establish Puerto Rico as a recognized innovation hub. We are currently negotiating R&D outsourcing agreements with local universities and you, Mr. Investor, must be involved because of your expertise in the financing of federal contracts.
Using this pitch template, you will cover all your bases. Importantly, you will demonstrate, based on the team bios, that you are the right team to pursue the opportunity. You will assure your listener that you are moving fast, based on the milestones. You will give them a shorthand way of remembering the pitch (e.g. American Idol for startups), and you will close with a personalized touch that specifically invites the listener to be part of the vision…whereas no one likes to be sold, everyone loves to be invited.


text:
New threadsJanuary 26, 2018
Cool apparel from the PGA Merchandise Show
ORLANDO — The 2018 PGA Merchandise Show provided an all-encompassing buffet of golf products, ranging from training aids and drivers to shoes and hoodies. Golf Digest editors combed the floor of the Orange County Convention Center to find the coolest and most stylish golf apparel. As you'll see, clothing companies are doing everything they can to ensure golfers today are able to play comfortably while looking sharp. So kick back and enjoy the bevy of new options that are either already available or coming soon.
adiPure by Adidas.
The Adidas adipure insulated quilted blazer ($200) and clean knit jacket ($180)
If you're looking for premium golf apparel that mixes style and performance, you should consider the pieces in Adidas' adipure collection that'll land on July 1. Inspired by luxury menswear and made with Italian materials, the items in the line, which range from polos and henleys to quarter-zips and jackets, offer the technology you need to help you stay comfortable on the golf course with the design elements of premium menswear. Two such pieces are show above: the puffer jacket is made with an athletic blazer cut and the sleek bonded jacket is both water repellent and wind proof. —Ashley Mayo
FootJoy 1857.
The FJ 1857 collection will land in July
The demand for high-end, luxury products is small but it exists, and the FootJoy team felt like it wasn't serving that demographic. Enter, FJ's 1857 collection. The name is a nod to the year FootJoy began making shoes, and the collection features everything from shoes and gloves to polos and crewnecks, all of which honor the company's commitment to crafting the finest menswear. The process for creating the FJ 1857 footwear is the same today as it was 160 years ago and it features hand-selected premium Italian calfskin leathers, leather outsoles, full leather linings, suede heel pockets and cork-layered fit-beds for molded, custom comfort. And the FJ 1857 apparel line combines premium materials with timeless styling. Designed around classic colors like navy, heather grey, ink and accents of red, the collection is constructed using a supima cotton-based performance blend to optimize comfort and style. —A.M.
Puma suede shoe.
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the company's iconic suede street shoe, Puma is releasing 50 collaboration suedes over the course of 2018. Collabs ranging from Fubu to Sesame Street will remix the classic suede, and golf will get it's own take as well. Available in May, Puma created four iterations of a golf shoe with a suede street shoe look. The men's versions will come in grey and black while the women's in a lighter gray and royal purple suede. As an added bonus, the women's shoe is laced with ribbon that truly pulls together the look. No one will know it is a golf shoe at face value, save the hidden traction on the sole and the brand's popular ignite foam on the sock liner for added comfort. —Brittany Romano
RLX x Billy Horschel capsule.
This collection will land on July 15.
For the first time in its history, Ralph Lauren is collaborating with an outside agency. The premium company has linked up with Billy Horschel to design the five looks he'll wear at the 2018 PGA Championship. The shorts you see are for practice-round Wednesday, and yes, that's the infamous octopus print Billy made so popular way back in 2013. During the tournament, Billy will change up his looks from sleek navy-on-white to digital camo and loud pastels. —A.M.
Seamus golf caps.
Seamus, a company known for its wide array of patterned-wool headcovers and hand-forged metal accessories, has ventured into making golf caps. The Portland-based company is small enough to be nimble, which means they test out new products in small runs all the time. They're not sure what the appetite is for caps that feature forged metals but expect to see them drop in limited quantities later this spring or summer. —A.M.
Peter Millar Crown Crafted collection.
You can shop other Peter Millar products here
The Peter Millar Crown Crafted collection, which will land in late summer, aims to dress up on-course wear and maintain the company's commitment to using high quality materials. The luxury pieces are pill resistant, quick drying and water resistant. The waterproof cashmere sweater isn't just a performance piece that can pass as clubhouse-wear, it will elevate your look. Paired here with the collection's storm system vest that will hold up in any conditions: rain, wind and clubhouse function. The pieces in the collection range from $100 to $795. —B.R.
RELATED: The coolest stuff we saw at the 2018 PGA Show
Jones Golf Field collection.
You can shop more Jones Golf products here
Jones Golf made its first-ever weekender bag a few seasons ago and learned plenty of lessons in doing so. Enter, the company's 2.0 version of that weekender, plus three other bags that comprise the Field collection. Made with durable fabrics that are also sleek, the four bags in this collection, which range from a tote ($80) and backpack ($120) to a duffle ($130) and a weekender duffle ($165) are constructed to withstand the wear and tear of travel while looking stealth and polished.
The Jones Golf weekender duffle
The weekender duffle opens into two halves, one of which has compartments to help organize a golfer's belongings, and it can be used as either a backpack or a duffle. —A.M.
Dunning Heathered Tour V-Neck.
Dunning studied their demographic before crafting its Fall 2018 collection, and the findings helped shape the line. The company discovered, for example, that 56 percent of golfers who wear Dunning play more than 50 rounds per year, 34 percent of them are scratch or carry a single-digit handicap, and 20 percent of them travel to Scotland and/or Ireland to play golf. As such, the company has designed effortlessly-classy pieces that can withstand the elements and that transition seamlessly from one climate to the next. One such item is the Heathered Tour V-neck. Made with 90 percent polyester and 10 percent spandex, it's one of the more comfortable layering pieces on the market. It's available in six colors and its sole logo appears on the back of the neck, helping a golfer appear clean and classy. —A.M.
G/FORE hats and shoes.
G/FORE has quickly become known as the rebel at the PGA Show, consistently disrupting the Show's vibe with sex appeal and avant-garde style. This season's G/FORE caps and kicks feature plenty of styles that push the boundary of what golf footwear and accessories are "supposed" to look like. Ranging from new-age wingtips and leather high-tops to Stan Smiths and saddle shoes, the latest collection of G/Fore footwear ranges in price from $185-325.
You can buy G/Fore products here
And the company's hats will continue to spread unique, eye-catching messages such as, "Play nice" and, "No one cares what you shot." —Ashley Mayo
Foray Golf Core Slim Straight Ankle pant.
Shop Foray's Core collection here
For many years, golf pants had never been friendly with women. Often uncomfortable and unflattering, its traditionally been tough for females to find a trouser that felt athletic and feminine on the course. With modern fabrics and intuitive design methods, however, those days are gone. Foray Golf, a new women's apparel company based in New York City, has reimagined the golf pant. Currently available in black and soon to be available in navy and gray, the Slim Straight Ankle pant ($225) is made with a four-way stretch fabric from Switzerland that's breathable and waterproof. I tried them on they were so comfortable I barely felt as if I was wearing pants at all. —A.M.
Original Penguin X Sugarloaf Social Club.
Shop Original Penguin here
Iconic menswear brand Original Penguin is ready to get back in golf. The brand that dates back to the '50s, is relaunching their golf collection with a focus on tailored-yet functional pieces. Many of the designs draw inspiration from the company's archived collections from the '60s and '70s. To celebrate the re-launch, Original Penguin teamed up with Sugarloaf Social Club for a limited run capsule collection of archived pieces featuring technical updates. Set to debut in March, the collaboration will include four golf shirts and a full-zip jacket. Only 100 will be made of each and the shirts have a label that indicates which out of the hundred your shirt is. . —B.R.
Bonobos Highland short, $98.
Shop the Highland golf shorts here ($98)
Bonobos and superior bottoms have become synonymous, and its new palette of heathered colors for spring are a must-have. Made with stretchy polyester that's breathable and a gripper gel waistband that helps keep polos securely tucked, the heathered hues of pink and indigo offer a perfect balance of fun and bright without being too flashy. —A.M.
RELATED: More golf style content from Golf Digest
Tory Sport "Golf" sweater.
Tory Burch's activewear line, Tory Sport, includes a full range of golf options. The apparel has major 70's vibes, with its effortlessly cool colorblocking, prints, ruffles, and pops of color. The line covers everything you need in your golf wardrobe: shoes, golf dress, skirt, sweaters, pants, vests, jackets – you get the idea. There's a lot to like, but one of our favorite pieces from the collection was the 'Golf' sweater ($398). It's pure cashmere, so it not only looks cool, it'll be one of the softer items of clothing in your closet. —Keely Levins
J. Lindeberg's techno-casual collection.
J.Lindeberg is all in on technical pieces that can be worn on and off the course. Calling it "techno-casual," the Swedish brand is careful to not sacrifice style or comfort when designing perormancewear. Most surprising is the cashmere Coolmax turtleneck sweater that the more style savvy can wear on the course, as it is breathable and moisture wicking. The 2018 collection also continues the brand's creative logo placement across sleeve panels and cuffs, collars and with mixed material. From the fall 2018 collection, the Ash Polo features a large JL logo across the back of the shirt integrated seamlessly into the material. —B.R.
Tommy John Air.
You can shop the Tommy John Air here
Listen, the last thing any of us want to think about when we tee it up is our underwear. That's why Tommy John has released its Air trunk ($45) and boxer brief ($48), which each weigh just two ounces. If you're wondering, that's about the weight of 84 feathers. Additionally, the Air underwear is antimicrobial, anti-odor and moisture wicking, and they hang dry in just two hours. —A.M.


text:
Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi  () ; (1845– 1926) was a Syrian statesman who served as the first Governor General of the State of Aleppo between 1920 and 1922.

References

Arabs from the Ottoman Empire
Syrian politicians
Political people from the Ottoman Empire
Pashas
Syrian Muslims
People from Aleppo
Al-Qudsi family
Governor General of the State of Aleppo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: combining figures with image I want to merge my graph with different images and create one figure. how can I create like the following figure (see attached picture)?

A: With TikZ is not difficult to do it. I left you understand the code consulting its nice documentation.
\documentclass[tikz,border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{matrix, positioning}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[
        myimage/.style={minimum size=2cm, inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt, node contents={\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image}}}
        ]

    \matrix (A) [matrix of nodes, nodes={myimage}, column sep=0pt, row sep=0pt, nodes in empty cells]   {&&&\\&&&\\&&&\\&&&\\};

    \node[right=1mm of A, minimum size=8cm] (B) {\includegraphics[width=8cm,height=8cm]{example-image-a}};

    \node[below left =1mm of B.north east, minimum size=3cm] (C) {\includegraphics[width=3cm,height=3cm]{example-image-b}};

    \draw[->,very thick, shorten >=-2mm] (A.south west) -- (A.south-|B.east) node[midway, below=8mm] {Time};
    \draw[->,very thick, shorten >=-2mm] (A.south west) -- (A.north west) node[midway, left=10mm,rotate=90]{Quantity};

    \foreach \i [evaluate=\i as \t using int(10*\i), evaluate=\i as \j using int(5-\i)] in {1,2,3,4}{
        \node [below=5mm of A-4-\i] {\t};
        \node [left=5mm of A-\i-1] {\j};}
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

2nd version: different images
While I found a way to change node contents in previous code, you can always
use a regular matrix node
\begin{tikzpicture}
\matrix (A) [column sep=0pt, row sep=0pt]
{\node[inner sep=0pt](A-1-1){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-a}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-b}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-c}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image}};\\
 \node[inner sep=0pt](A-2-1){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-b}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-c}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-a}};\\
 \node[inner sep=0pt](A-3-1){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-c}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-a}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt]{\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-b}};\\
 \node[inner sep=0pt](A-4-1){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt](A-4-2){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-a}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt](A-4-3){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-b}};&
\node[inner sep=0pt](A-4-4){\includegraphics[width=2cm, height=2cm]{example-image-c}};\\
 };

    \node[right=1mm of A, minimum size=8cm] (B)
    {\includegraphics[width=8cm,height=8cm]{example-image-a}};

    \node[below left =1mm of B.north east, minimum size=3cm] (C)
    {\includegraphics[width=3cm,height=3cm]{example-image-b}};

    \draw[->,very thick, shorten >=-2mm] (A.south west) --
    (A.south-|B.east) node[midway, below=8mm] {Time};
    \draw[->,very thick, shorten >=-2mm] (A.south west) --
    (A.north west) node[midway, left=10mm,rotate=90]{Quantity};

    \foreach \i [evaluate=\i as \t using int(10*\i),
    evaluate=\i as \j using int(5-\i)] in {1,2,3,4}{
        \node [below=5mm of A-4-\i] {\t};
        \node [left=5mm of A-\i-1] {\j};}
\end{tikzpicture}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Embraco to add 500 jobs
EMBRACO Slovakia, 100 per cent daughter of the Brazilian producer of refrigerator compressors, will invest another $15 million this year in its operations in eastern Slovakia's Spišská Nová Ves to increase capacity from 2.3 to 3.7 million compressors a year, raising its workforce from 1,300 to 1,800.
4. Mar 2002 at 0:00 | Compiled from Slovak press reports


Card counting represents an attempt by a blackjack player to follow what cards are no longer in play, and to thereby assess the value of the other cards that remain in the deck. These cards are still to come out of the shoe, and a professional blackjack player has a general idea as to whether those remaining cards will help or hinder him.
On a very basic level, the more high cards (Tens and Aces) left in the deck the better the odds are for the player winning. The more low cards (Twos through Sixes) left in the deck the worse the odds are for the player and the better they become for the blackjack dealer.
When the deck has plenty of Tens and Aces left the chances of being dealt a Blackjack increase. The dealer naturally has the same increased likelihood of drawing a Blackjack, but here is the crucial point: when a dealer gets a Blackjack the player loses 100% of his bet, but when a player gets a Blackjack he receives 150% of his bet, paid out at odds of 3:2. So, if you were to trade Blackjacks constantly with the house you would end up a big winner. The dealer is also constrained as to how he must play his hand. If he has 16 he must take a card. If a player has 16 and knows there are lots of Tens and Aces left to come he can stand and avoid going bust. The dealer is not as fortunate. Finally, a blackjack player can vary the size of his wager, and also has the option to double-down and split during a hand. By varying bets when the deck is favorable (increasing them), and taking defensive action when the deck is unfavorable (decreasing wagers to the minimum), the player increases his edge to the point where blackjack favors the good player more than it favors the house.
The only reason why blackjack card counters are banned from casinos and treated as criminals is that they have an advantage over the casino and will beat them in the long run. This is skill as opposed to cheating, and although card counting is by no means a way to get rich quick, on the contrary it is a grind and a long, hard way to make a buck, it is a noble and legitimate pursuit.
To play this great game online, make sure to read UK Online Casino Guide and choose a casino with best bonuses today!


text:
Home School Board
Above: The Allegheny Valley Board of School Directors and Superintendent Patrick Graczyk.
President: Mr. Larry Pollick
Vice President: Mrs. Glenna Renaldi
Treasurer: Mr. Stephen P. Puskar
Mr. James Gaschler
Mrs. Joelle McFarland
Ms. Elizabeth Moretti
Mr. Antonio Pollino
Mr. Donald Rocco
Mr. Shawn Whelan
Secretary: Ms. Hamsini Rajgopal
Solicitor: Matthew M. Hoffman, Esq.
School Board Committees
The Board Members conduct a great deal of business through the committees on which they serve. The committees meet to deliberate matters, conduct studies, review existing policies and practices, and make recommendations. These committees are:
Committee Purpose Chairperson
Directs recreational and extra-curricular activities.
Larry Pollick
Evaluates and recommends educational programs and textbooks.
Assists and advises in the integration of technology into the schools.
Stephen P. Puskar & Shawn Whelan
Directs and recommends the development of revenue needed to fund public education and the purchase of contracted services, supplies, repairs, and renovations.
Donald Rocco
Recommends employment and deals with matters concerning the welfare of employees.
Glenna Renaldi
Examines current policies and recommends new policies to govern the District.
Elizabeth Moretti
Oversees the District's Emergency Management Program.
The issues discussed and the actions taken at Board meetings are important and affect the education of the students of the Allegheny Valley School District. The District's motto, "Partnership for Excellence: Youth, School and Community" reflects the Board's desire to involve the public in decisions that relate to the schools. Residents must take an active part in order for this partnership to be successful. It is both important and helpful for school directors and administrators to hear input from the public. The bottom line remains that the Board of School Directors are elected to serve the public and to see that the District meets the educational needs of its students. School personnel need community partnerships to make this happen.
The School District is a busy place; many different educational programs and events occur every day. The best way to keep up with these happenings is to become involved in the School District. Community members are urged to attend meetings to update themselves on happenings in the District.
The Allegheny Valley School District Board of School Directors and Administrators welcome you to join them each month. A School Board meeting schedule is listed below. Agenda Planning Sessions will be held on the second Tuesday of the month; regular meetings are held on the third Monday of the month, except where listed below. All meetings are held in the Acmetonia Elementary School Forum**, begin at 7:00 p.m., and are open to the public.
2019 Meeting Schedule:
Month Meeting Date Time Month Meeting Date Time
Planning Session Jan. 8, 2019
x July Planning Session
7:00 p.m. Regular Meeting
Planning Session Feb. 5, 2019
7:00 p.m. August Planning Session
March Planning Session
7:00 p.m. September Planning Session
April Planning Session
7:00 p.m. October Planning Session
May Planning Session
7:00 p.m. November Planning Session
June Planning Session
7:00 p.m. December Reorganization


In 1801, on the fifth anniversary of Robert Burns's death, nine friends of the beloved poet gathered at Burns cottage, Alloway in order to celebrate his life and works. Unbeknownst to them, that night, this group of men created the phenomenon that is Burns Supper.
This Scottish – but now globally celebrated-evening centres on traditional haggis, revelling in Burns's poetry and raising a wee (or not so wee) dram of fine whisky to his genius.
From neeps and tatties to tipsy laird, we've seen a good few recipes for a spectacular Burn's Night on January 25th!
with traditional haggis finished with a dish of cranachran or not, here's wishing you a wonderful night. Will you be raising a dram to Rabbie Burns?


In this area has our company the biggest experience in Olomouc county. We begun with the management of immovable assests in 1992. That time only for fyzical persons – new owners from restitutions. We completed as the first one in Olomouc the transfer of 55 flats in 1994. We were also managing the flats of Moravských železáren, a.s. Olomouc, Prefy Grygov, a.s., nemovitosti MSA Dolní Benešov, GEODES Olomouc. We succeded in management by results for this companies: Nestlé Praha, a.s. a Milo tuky, a.s., Olomouc.
Our philosophy is to satisfy the customer with complete sort of services from the taxes to the law service.
We charge a fee every month from 95,- to 180,-Kč/flat depanding of the range of services. We are convinced that you will give priority to quality, certainty and reliability.


text:
Таракта́ш (, ; с крымскотатарского языка таракъ — «гребень» таш — «камень») — скальный гребень (хребет) с ярко выраженной горизонтальной шероховатостью, с башенноподоными структурами-скалами, уступами. Сдвижная ступень Ай-Петринской яйлы, близ её южной бровки, в четырёх километрах на запад от западной окраины Ялты. Много обрывов, оползней, крутых склонов, каменных мостиков и ступеней.

См. также
 Крымские горы
 Ай-Петринская яйла
 Таракташская тропа

Примечания

Источники
 Таракташ
 Топонимика Крыма
 Хребет Таракташ

Ай-Петринская яйла
Скалы Крыма
География городского округа Судак


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Car Buyers Guide
Kia Niro First Edition 1.6 HEV
Good amount of standard equipment
Doesn't shout about its environmental credentials
Handles relatively well
Offers better value than you might think
Petrol engine drones slightly under load
Expensive compared to crossover rivals
Higher trim levels increase fuel consumption and emissions
Vague steering spoils otherwise solid driving dynamics
Kia's new crossover may look like any other small SUV-cum-hatchback, but the ordinary bodywork hides a complex hybrid powertrain. As well as taking on the Fiat 500X and Skoda Yeti, the Niro is pitched as a high-riding alternative to eco-friendly hatchbacks like the Toyota Prius.
The Niro is Kia's first dedicated hybrid - the old Optima hybrid simply shoehorned an electric motor into a chassis built for internal combustion engines - but it doesn't really shout about it. At first glance, it looks like any other small crossover, but that's the whole idea. This is a green car that doesn't shove its eco credentials down people's throats.
It's fairly normal inside, too, where there's a mix of parts lifted from other cars in the range. That's no bad thing, though - it's well put together and there's nothing wrong with how it looks. It will set you back a few pounds, though, with base models costing about GBP7,000 more than the entry-level Fiat 500X.
On-board tech is generous, however. Two-zone climate control and alloy wheels are standard features across the range, and all but the most basic cars get goodies like touchscreen infotainment systems. Top-spec cars, meanwhile, come with a whole host of toys, including a panoramic sunroof and ventilated seats.
But the centrepiece is the hybrid powertrain, which combines a 1.6-litre four-cylinder petrol engine with an electric motor to send 139bhp to the front wheels. In more modestly equipped cars such as the '2'-grade model on test, it only emits 88g of carbon dioxide per kilometre and officially returns more than 74mpg.
Our verdict on the Kia Niro First Edition 1.6 HEV
The Niro is a competent crossover spoilt only by a few little flaws that prevent it from quite matching the best in the class. But you needn't go for top-spec versions to get plenty of gizmos, and if you can put up with the vague steering and the drone of the internal combustion engine, you'll be able to enjoy near-silent inner-city driving and super-low running costs.
First Edition 1.6 HEV


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Vision & Initiatives
University Mission
Campus, Community and Personal Safety Advisory Committee
Statement of Community
Presidential Mini-Grants
Project REACH
Renaming Buildings, Structures and Spaces Committee
State of the University
Staff & Governance
Council of Student Advisors
Home From the President Martin Luther King Jr Day
To the Campus Community,
This Monday, January 17, the nation, the state of New York, and Stony Brook University will observe Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Classes will not be in session, and academic and administrative offices along with Stony Brook Child Care Services will be closed.
As I said this time last year, it is both inspiring and saddening that the words and message of Dr. King resonate as much today as they did in 1963. The last two years have laid bare the continued need for racial and economic justice in this country. They have heightened national awareness of the systemic and seismic changes that must be made if we are to answer Dr. King's call for equality and respect.
And yet it was Dr. King's power as a writer, an orator, and a rhetorician that ensured many of his words will always resonate—no matter the year, decade, or even century. His words live on both because they are true and because they are beautiful. They address profound truths about the human condition.
Dr. King was a brave leader and an incisive cultural critic. He was an unparalleled orator, a devoted minister, a transformative fighter for racial justice, and a brilliant storyteller. He was also a student of sociology and theology. At Stony Brook University, where we value and support a liberal education that trains our students across the breadth of disciplines, we are working to continue a legacy of scholars who use that perspective to advocate for change and communicate persuasively. Scholars who seek both truth and beauty in the world around them and who use their art to change the world.
This year, I have been returning to one of Dr. King's quotations. It's from his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," a text with which many of us might be familiar and which I encourage you to read or revisit. In reflecting on the complacency of his country and the Church in the face of virulent racism, he admits to experiencing a deep and abiding disappointment. Dr. King speaks honestly, understanding the despair that so many feel.
He looks closely at where that sense of loss and disappointment comes from. In the latter paragraphs of the text, he writes: "There can be no deep disappointment where there is not deep love."
While he was speaking quite specifically of the lack of support from the Church in the fight for racial justice, he was also speaking to the human truth that our feelings of disappointment are greatest about issues we care most deeply about. Over the past two years, we have had many moments of joy and hope, but we have also suffered many deep disappointments. We have lost innocent lives to racial violence. We have lost friends and family to COVID-19. But we have also experienced smaller losses. We have lost time. The regular patterns of our lives have been disrupted and we have lost time to be together, hug one another, learn from and laugh with and challenge one another.
I am grateful to begin this semester safely and in-person. But I also understand that a sense of loss may be lingering for many. And so this Martin Luther King Jr. Day, I believe we can all honor him by reflecting on our own feelings of loss. By looking clearly at our disappointments and realizing that they come from a place of love and hope: our hope for a better and more connected world. That is something worth striving for.
And I am glad to be striving for it here, at Stony Brook University. Today, I'm wishing everyone the wisdom and courage that Dr. King has shown us.
Maurie McInnis
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text:
import { AirlinePassengerCare20 } from "../../";

export = AirlinePassengerCare20;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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De Célé is een zijrivier van de rivier de Lot. De rivier stroomt in het departement Lot, in de regio Occitanie. Hij stroomt langs de grotere plaatsen Bagnac-sur-Célé en Figeac. De Célé heeft net als de Lot een breed dal uitgesleten door het glooiende landschap.

Rivier in Lot
Stroomgebied van de Garonne


Download Distant Thunder | Watch Distant Thunder Online - Download new Drama everyday!
Di Renjie this legend in the history of television drama has been the darling of the "Kyoto Supremacy" "Wind destroy the frontier ," " Tomb Thunder," "Moon Shen Jiangnan ", which are about DiRenJie drama. By famous actors starring Andrew KW Liang "Detective Di Renjie " will once again tells the legendary story of Detective Di Renjie .
Thunder crackles, territories split, warlords rise. The emperor worshiped by all the lands dies from an assassination, triggering a war that rages on for centuries. Four vassal states divide the central territory amongst themselves and rise to power, each reigning over their respective land. After Qiu Zhen, the assassin sent by Tianxuan Kingdom, succesfully kills the Jutian Kingdom's leader, he sealed himself in a coffin that allows his body to never rot,inducing reactions by four other swords.


As seen in the image above, the Apple School Manager portal now sports a beta tag, suggesting the one-stop-shop for educator control over Apple ID creation, course building and mass iPad deployment is live for registered users.
Apple School Manager is a central cog in Apple's iOS in Education machine that gives administrators the tools necessary to set up and manage large-scale mobile device ecosystems. Accessible through any Mac or PC Web browser, the portal includes assets for creating and monitoring Managed Apple IDs, manage MDM enrollment, buy and distribute apps and e-books, build custom courses and more.
Designed for schools, Managed Apple IDs offer greater control over student and teacher accounts than their consumer counterparts. Through Apple School Manager administrators can reset Managed Apple ID passwords, create customized user roles, track specific accounts and control course enrollment, among other high-level functions.
Apple teased Apple School Manager last month on a dedicated iOS in Education webpage published to coincide with the first iOS 9.3 beta release. Aside from the remote management tool, Apple is rolling out specialized on-device software designed specifically for the classroom, with features ranging from easy to remember four-digit PINs for students to "Shared iPad" account transport functionality.
Also new is the Classroom app, which grants teachers comprehensive control over and access to student iPads. For example, educators have the ability to launch or lock out specific apps on student devices, while a feature called Screen View provides one-to-one monitoring by mirroring what's on a student's screen.
Educational institutions looking to test out Apple School Manager can apply directly with Apple via the program's enrollment webpage.
This would also be great for parents to manage their kids' devices.
And even better for businesses!
We have 20-25 iPads funning in the office everyday, and managing them is relatively straight forward, but would be even more streamlined with this.
I wish Apple would create a truly compelling and comprehensive learning platform for schools, colleges and universities, something far more functional than iTunes U. It could be such a game-changer compared to the clunky, low-level nonsense that's currently out there.
It would be useful in your comments about classroom manager and apple ID manager to ensure readers know that it is only available in the United States. This is sad as in New Zealand Apple has missed the boat with the whole online classroom approach with great tools such as pages and keynote as most schools Have gone with google classroom. They use all the google apps on their ipads and use chrome on desktops and so miss out on the great apple tools we have been using for years. This is from 35 years as the IT leader in my school taking it from 1 apple II to 100s of iMacs, Macbooks and iPads.
Have you contacted Apple and asked why they don't support New Zealand? It might have to do with local policy restricting some of the capabilities. As for the use of Google products I have to wonder if anyone has investigated the amount of data capturing Google performs. Does your school have a documented security requirements and plan covering this?
This is from someone who retired after 33 years managing several hundred Macs and other devices while also dealing with cyber security requirements.
iTunes U isn't meant to be used as a learning platform, it's basically just a free distribution platform. But you're right, it would be nice if Apple could leverage that and build on it. iTunes U, iBooks, new iPad features and tools, and now this new website - looks like they're still making an effort for education. It would be really great if they hired Laurene Jobs for a new education initiative - she has worked hard and has done a lot for education.
I think they could also do a lot to drop the price of the iPad for the education market. Perhaps lease them instead of sell? This would allow them to upgrade as needed.
can someone provide links to alternates to google classroom??
Nofeer, Edmodo is probably Google Classroom's biggest competitor. It is much more robust than Classroom. Classroom has only basic features whereas Edmodo has some great features that many wish Classroom would implement. Edmodo has also been around longer than Classroom though. I am sure Google is continuing to add new things all the time to Classroom. Since you mention your Tech Director using Microsoft, with Edmodo, you can use your Office 365 log in without students having to create another account. This may help you integrate Edmodo easier. Otherwise, Edmodo offers a ton of documentation on how to roll it out across a school or even a district. Currently, Apple's solution is iTunes U. iTunes U allows you to create a private course with up to 50 people enrolled in it. iTunes U is extremely powerful and can really transform what you are doing with online learning; however, sadly, iTunes U Courses only work on iOS. I wish Apple would make an iTunes U App for PC and Mac so courses can be accessed anywhere.
I logged in specifically to say the same thing. Now that they have an implementation of user profiles for education customers, they need something similar (based on Family Sharing?) for home users.


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Whether it's a wedding, celebration, or business meeting – we work with you to find the right price for your important moments.
Thanks to these local businesses for supporting us!


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Citations needed, Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 3
Graduation Day, Part Two
"Graduation Day, Part One" "The Freshman"
First episode in the series. "City Of"
Sarah Michelle Gellar — Buffy
Nicholas Brendon — Xander
Alyson Hannigan — Willow
Charisma Carpenter — Cordelia
David Boreanaz — Angel
Seth Green — Oz
Anthony Stewart Head — Giles
Guest starring
Harry Groener — Mayor Wilkins
Alexis Denisof — Wesley
Danny Strong — Jonathan
Larry Bagby III — Larry
Mercedes McNab — Harmony
Ethan Erickson — Percy
Eliza Dushku — Faith
Armin Shimerman — Principal Snyder
Co-starring
Paulo Andres — Dr. Powell
Susan Chuang — Nurse
Tom Bellin — Dr. Gold
Samuel Bliss Cooper — Vamp-Lackey
Darianne Galden — Student #1
Stephen Silberkraus — Student #2
Gloria Koehn Straube — Student #3
"Graduation Day, Part Two" is the season finale of the third season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer television show, and is the fifty-sixth episode in the series. Written and directed by Joss Whedon, it originally broadcast on July 13, 1999 on The WB network.
4.7 Rituals and spells
5 Death count
6.3 Deleted scenes
6.5 Music
6.6 International titles
6.7 Adaptations
7.1 Promotional stills
7.2 Behind the scenes
7.3 Advertisement
ASCENSION IS AT HAND IN THIS GRIPPING CONCLUSION — As the hours tick away to the fateful graduation of Sunnydale High School's Class of 1999, the impending doom of the Mayor's ascension and transformation into pure demon hangs heavy with Buffy. With Angel near death, Buffy must risk her own life and defy the orders of the Watchers Council in order lead a campaign to save the world.[1]
After stabbing Faith, Buffy stands stunned for a few moments, then drops the knife and escapes from the rooftop, just before Mayor Wilkins enters the empty apartment with a group of vampires. Devastated by the thought of losing Faith, he orders the vampires to find her.
At the library that night, Xander and Giles search for information on Olvikan, knowing the Mayor will transform into it. Cordelia arrives and demands to know what happened between Buffy and Wesley. Giles explains that Buffy has severed ties with the Watchers Council and no longer needs a watcher, so Wesley will be leaving. Cordelia is unhappy, saying that Giles was fired but he still hangs around like a 'big loser' and asks why Wesley has to leave. Xander, tired of her complaining, reminds her that they're busy trying to avert a massacre, and asks if she wants to help with research. She agrees but ironically laments on how she thinks Buffy is selfish.
At the Crawford Street mansion, Willow watches over Angel; delirious, he mistakes her for Buffy and confesses how much he needs and loves her. When Buffy finally returns, she sends Willow and Oz away. Angel, verifying that's it's actually Buffy he's talking to this time, tells her he didn't want to die without seeing her first. She tells him he's not going to die and he says that it's okay and he's ready to die. She explains that the blood of a slayer is the only thing that can save him. However, as Faith is no longer an option she is willing to let Angel drink her own blood so that he will be cured. She reasons that if he doesn't completely drain her blood, she could still survive. He weakly refuses, but she strikes him repeatedly to bring out his vampiric side, then pulls his head to her throat. He drinks deeply and cures himself, pulling away when Buffy loses consciousness from loss of blood.
Angel rushes Buffy to hospital, explaining that she's lost a lot of blood. The doctor questions Angel about what happened and Angel rips off the handle to the door and tells him to just help her. The doctor assumes they've been doing drugs, but Angel stresses that it's not drugs, something just bit her, and she's lost a lot of blood. The doctor tells him to wait outside and Angel asks for a phone so he can call Giles and the Scoobies. In another room, a doctor tells the Mayor that Faith's head trauma coupled with massive blood loss means she is unlikely to regain consciousness. The Mayor notices Buffy in bed, and tries to smother her until Angel tears him away. The Mayor, crazed with grief, promises revenge Angel and his "whore" causing Angel to throw him across the room. Regaining his composure, the Mayor leaves with a message not to miss the second act, "with all kinds of excitement." The Scoobies arrive, and Angel explains to them what happened to Buffy. Xander specifically remarks that Angel was willing to save his own life by feeding on the woman he loved. Giles persuades Angel to leave the hospital since it's almost sunrise.
Dreaming, Buffy visits Faith, who is packing up her apartment. Faith says human weakness never fades, "not even his." She tells Buffy that it's time to go and then Buffy wakes up in the hospital bed. She walks over to Faith and kisses her forehead, then strides into the waiting room, telling her friends to get ready for war.
At school, Buffy outlines a plan which relies heavily upon Xander's past mystical military knowledge and discusses what the Mayor's human weakness is. Eventually Angel realizes it's Faith, given the Mayor's grief at the hospital. Wesley arrives and Buffy tells him the Watchers Council is not welcome. However, he tells her that he isn't there on behalf of the Council, but just wants to help. Grateful, Buffy allows him to remain and everyone starts to set up.
Meanwhile, the Mayor explains to his group of vampires that when the eclipse takes place, he wants the vampires to keep the people from running, as he must feed within the first few minutes to sustain the change. Angel and Xander get to work creating a bomb, which Giles is assigned to detonate. While putting away books, Cordelia and Wesley discuss their feelings and finally kiss, and discover they have no sexual chemistry at all. Oz reassures Willow that they'll make it through this and they share a passionate kiss. In the library, Angel tells Buffy he'll simply disappear when the battle is over, because to say goodbye would be too painful. Buffy is upset, but doesn't lose focus as she pulls out the most important weapon of the upcoming battle: Faith's knife, still covered with her blood.
At graduation, the Mayor starts the commencement address talking about how that day is the centennial anniversary of Sunnydale. He starts to go into the meaning of graduation and change, making Buffy worry he's going to read the whole speech. The Mayor then mentions that there's been losses, and people who should be there, aren't. Just then the eclipse begins and the Mayor starts to feel pain as his Ascension starts. He regretfully drops his cue cards, and begins to transform in front of everyone, becoming a gigantic 60-foot snake demon. Vampires arrive behind everyone to catch anyone who tries to escape. The parents and teachers scatter, and the students gather together in one large group as the monster towers over them.
At Buffy's signal, everyone rips off their robes, revealing weapons and crosses. Under Xander's guidance, the students attack the demon with flame throwers and flaming arrows. Some students break from the group and run in fear — right into the mayor's vampires. Students in the rear, including Oz, mount a ranged counterattack with flaming arrows, driving the vampires back into another group at the rear led by Angel. They fight the vampires and are able to stop them from attacking the students, however Wesley, who accompanied Angel's squad, is downed with a single punch and spends the rest of the fight lying on his back asking for help.
The attack on the Mayor continues, however Larry is killed when the snake swipes him with its tail. Principal Snyder starts ranting and yelling that he will have order, telling everyone he will have quiet. He yells up at the demon that he's on his campus now and starts to rant even more but is suddenly eaten by the snake-demon in mid-lecture. Buffy tells everyone to fall back, and Xander leads them down while telling them to prepare for hand-to-hand combat. Willow wishes Buffy luck before leaving. The vampires attempt to attack the students, only to be astounded when almost the entire graduation class plow down the stairs, more than ready to fight. Cordelia manages to stake one, Jonathan throws himself on a vamp, however Harmony is grabbed and bitten.
Suddenly, Buffy yells up to the demon-mayor, taunting him while holding Faith's knife which is still covered in her blood. She then starts to make a run for it as the monster gives chase. She leads him through the school as he smashes the place apart following her. Buffy reaches the library, then dives through a window to the outside where Giles is waiting. The demon smashes through the doors to find the room filled with explosives. He says: "Well, gosh." Giles then hits the detonator, killing the Mayor, obliterating the library, and completely destroying Sunnydale High School. The remaining student all jump from the sound of the explosion, with Jonathan holding Cordelia to protect her. They all stare at the school while it goes up in flames.
As Wesley is taken away in an ambulance, Giles congratulates Buffy on a job well done, presenting her with her diploma, which he pulled from the rubble. After he leaves, Buffy sees Angel at a distance. The two stand and look at one another for a brief time before Angel turns and walks off into the night.
Buffy meets up with her friends and they prepare to head for home. Before they do, Oz tells them they should take a moment to reflect on the fact that they survived. Buffy comments that it was a hell of a battle, but Oz corrects her he doesn't mean the battle: they survived high school. After taking the moment, the friends walk away from the remains of the school. A charred yearbook lies nearby bearing the legend: "The future is ours."
Angel is the second vampire to drink from Buffy, previously bitten by the Master in "Prophecy Girl." She'll also be bitten by Dracula in "Buffy vs. Dracula" then Spike in Desperate Times.
In the Buffy/Faith dream, we encounter the first foreshadowing of Buffy's death in "The Gift." Faith's comment "Little Miss Muffet counting down from 7-3-0" comes 2 years (730 days) before Buffy dies. In "Restless," Buffy sees a clock in her room during her dream reading 7:30, which Tara tells her is completely wrong, as one whole year has passed.
The term "Little Miss Muffet" is a reference to Buffy's little sister Dawn's arrival; a crazy man also refers to "curds and whey" when he accosts Dawn in "Real Me" and Glory makes references to "sitting on a tuffet" when she goes looking for the Key in "No Place Like Home."
Having fallen in a coma, Faith will wake up in episode "This Year's Girl."
Buffy kisses a comatose Faith in the forehead, who previously kissed her in the forehead in "Enemies" after telling Buffy she she was not ready to be a murderer.
Wesley will reveal in "Parting Gifts" that he was fired from the Council once Buffy quit.
The Scoobies prepare to Wilkins' Ascension during their graduation, as they discovered his plan from the Books of Ascension in "The Prom." This is the first time Buffy creates an army to help her defeat a Big Bad she is incapable of stopping on her own. She later does so again in season seven, training Potential Slayers to help her defeat the First Evil.
Buffy refers to when Xander became "soldier guy" in episode "Halloween," asking him to call upon what he learned then.
Xander thinks Buffy wants to use a rocket launcher, a reference to when he used his soldier-knowledge to break into an military base and steal a rocket launcher, in "Innocence."
This marks the second time in a row that the principal of Sunnydale High has been eaten alive. The first, Robert Flutie, was eaten alive when a group of kids possessed by hyenas ("The Pack"). On his predecessor being eaten, Snyder said that that's what happens when you're soft on students ("The Puppet Show"). He is the 9th member of the faculty to be killed.[citation needed]
This episode portrays the first time Cordelia ever dusts a vampire, as well as the first time Angel and Wesley fight side by side. Angel and Cordelia will reunite in Los Angeles in "City Of" and the three will be part of the Angel Investigations during the Angel series.
The death of recurring character Larry in this episode is established at the shooting script but not confirmed on-screen until "Smashed."
Harmony, seen in this episode being bitten by a vampire, will be confirmed dead — and arisen as a vampire — just three episodes later in "The Harsh Light of Day."
This episode sees the destruction of Sunnydale High, the scene of a great deal of paranormal activities thus far in the series. The ruins will be revisited in "Doomed," but the school itself won't be rebuilt until "Lessons."
Willow suggested to Buffy in "The Harvest" that one way they could get kicked out of school would be to "blow up the school," which they finally do in this episode. Xander also mentioned in "I Only Have Eyes for You" that he liked the idea of nuking the school as the final solution.
Due to his Old One constitution at the time of his death, Wilkins will eventually finish restoring himself and return after about ten years in One Year Later.
Angel leaves Sunnydale, having broke up with Buffy in "The Prom." They next time they'll see each other is in "I Will Remember You," when Buffy visits him in Los Angeles.
The non-canon story "This One Time" has the reality briefly altered so Angel didn't leave Sunnydale, causing a chain of events in which Fred was never rescued from Pylea ("There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb") and Connor was never born ("Lullaby").
Not only this episode marks Cordelia's final appearance in Buffy, but it's also the last time she'll see fellow Scoobies Xander and Giles. She'll see Oz again in "In the Dark," Buffy in "I Will Remember You," and Willow in "There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb."
Larry Blaisdell
Doug Jeffries (Only mentioned)
Justin (Only mentioned)
Jonathan Levinson
Miller (Only mentioned)
Olvikan
Percy West
Richard Wilkins
Class of '99
Old One
Events[edit | edit source]
Graduation Day battle
Dreamspace
Sunnydale
Crawford Street mansion
Faith Lehane's apartment
Sunnydale City Hall
Sunnydale High School
Sunnydale High School library
Sunnydale Memorial
Objects[edit | edit source]
21DW407
Angel's tattoo
Faith Lehane's knife
Killer of the Dead
Kippler Volumes (Only mentioned)
Sunnydale High Yearbook
Rituals and spells[edit | edit source]
Death count[edit | edit source]
Unidentified student, eaten by Wilkins.
Three students, killed by vampires.
Three vampires, burned by Oz and two students with flaming arrows.
Larry Blaisdell, killed by Wilkins with his tail.
Snyder, eaten by Wilkins.
Harmony Kendall, drained and sired by a vampire.
A dozen of vampires, killed offscreen by students
One vampire, staked by Cordelia.
Richard Wilkins, exploded by Rupert Giles (eventually restored).
"Graduation Day, Part Two" promo
According to Marti Noxon in the DVD commentaries, the explosion scene was filmed at 5 a.m. in Torrance, California, where the outdoor scenes had been filmed for the previous three years. The explosion was so huge it woke up many of the residents, broke windows and set off car alarms. As a result, the town refused to allow Buffy to film there again.
This episode contains one of Joss Whedon's trademark extended shots, with the scene in the hospital from when Angel enters with Buffy to just after Angel stops Mayor Wilkins from suffocating her lasting just over two minutes and fifty seconds without a cut.
The Mutant Enemy zombie that always appears at the end of each episode is wearing a black graduation cap.
This episode is the last in which David Boreanaz and Charisma Carpenter are series regulars, and in which Alexis Denisof is a recurring character. The three will return to the Buffyverse on Angel. While this episode marks the final appearance of both Cordelia and Wesley on Buffy, Angel will appear on Buffy at least once (either in person or in flashbacks) in every season with the exception of season 6.
In the DVD commentaries for this episode, it was explained that Charisma Carpenter said that, for once, she wanted to be one of the people to stake a vampire on screen. Joss Whedon agreed and specifically made it so that she got to do so.
Broadcast[edit | edit source]
During the time of its airing, the episode caused a great deal of controversy in the media. The Columbine High School massacre, only four weeks before the airing of "Part One," was widely blamed on violence in entertainment. The WB president Jamie Kellner announced at the time: "Given the current climate, depicting acts of violence at a high-school graduation ceremony, even fantasy acts against a 60-foot serpent and vampires, we believe, is inappropriate to broadcast around the actual dates of these time-honored ceremonies."[2] The network had already pulled the plug on the episode "Earshot" (which itself was not aired until September) and the novel The Evil That Men Do was also delayed one year due to the Columbine incident.
On May 25, 1999, only two hours before Part Two was due to air, The WB suddenly decided to replace it with a re-run of "Band Candy."[3] This sudden move received huge attention in the media and thousands of letters were sent to the network demanding that the season finale be shown. Sarah Michelle Gellar publicly spoke out against the decision,[citation needed] although Seth Green agreed that the episode would seem "callous and inappropriate" after the Columbine shootings.[4]
As the episode was not delayed in Canada, many bootleg digital downloads were available.[5] Joss Whedon stated, "Bootleg the puppy."[6]
The WB did not air the episode almost two months after it was originally scheduled. The episode attracted 6.5 million viewers, atypically high for the WB during summer, and comparable to what the other episodes of the season had received.
Deleted scenes[edit | edit source]
This line was cut:
Xander: "Guys, we blew up the school! It's the best day ever!"
When Angel punched Mayor Wilkins, he says: "Looks like somebody has been eating his spinach," referring to Popeye, who gained his super strength when he ate spinach.
Music[edit | edit source]
Christophe Beck — "Aftermath"
Christophe Beck — "Drink Me"
Christophe Beck — "Little Miss Muffet"
Christophe Beck — "War"
Christophe Beck — "One Last Moment"
Edward Elgar — "Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1"
International titles[edit | edit source]
Armenian: "Դպրոցի ավարտումը (Մաս 2-րդ)" (School Completion (Part 2))
Czech: "Maturita (2. část)" (Graduation (2nd Part))
Finnish: "Päättäjäiset, osa kaksi" (Closing Ceremony, Part Two)
French: "La cérémonie, partie 2" (The Ceremony, Part 2)
German: "Der Tag der Vergeltung" (The Day of Retribution)
Hungarian: "Az érettségi ünnepség, 2. rész" (The Graduation Ceremony, Part 2)
Italian: "La sfida (2ª parte)" (The Challenge (2nd Part)
Japanese: "卒業の日 パート2" (Graduation Day, Part 2)
Polish: "Rozdanie świadectw (2)" (Graduation (2))
Portuguese (Brazil): "O Dia da Formatura, 2.ª Parte" (Graduation Day, 2nd Part)
Romanian: "Ziua absolvirii (Part 2)" (Graduation Day (Part 2))
Russian: "Окончание школы (Часть 2)" (Finishing School (Part 2))
Spanish (Latin America): "EL día de graduación (parte 2)" (The Graduation Day (Part 2))
Spanish (Spain): "El día de la graduación (2ª parte)" (The Graduation Day (2nd Part))
Adaptations[edit | edit source]
The yearbook seen in this episode was released in two formats: Sunnydale High Yearbook and Sunnydale High Hardcover Ruled Journal.
This episode is included in The Slayer Chronicles VHS collection.
This episode is included in The Best of Buffy the Vampire Slayer DVD collection.
The battle against Olvikan is featured as an illustration in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Adult Coloring Book.
Ryan Inzana's cover for Welcome Back to the Hellmouth, Part Two is a homage to this episode.
This is the first episode of the series to feature the last appearance of a main character (in this case, Cordelia). Later episodes to do this are "Restless" (Oz), "As You Were" (Riley), "Villains" (Tara), and, of course, the series finale "Chosen."
The background music when Angel is draining Buffy, "Drink Me," is the same as used on the episode main menu's sequence of the season 3 DVDs.
Promotional stills[edit | edit source]
Advertisement[edit | edit source]
"Tonight, it's the end of high school. And maybe the end of Buffy and Angel."
Quotes[edit | edit source]
Xander: "Here's your coffee, brewed from the finest Columbian lighter fluid."
Giles: "Thank you. (takes it and drinks it before recoiling) Horrible."
Xander: "Aren't you supposed to be drinking tea anyway?"
Giles: "Tea is soothing. I wish to be tense."
Xander: "Okay, but you're destroying a perfectly good cultural stereotype here."
Xander: "Well, it's just good to know that when the chips are down and things look grim, you'll feed off the girl who loves you to save your own ass!"
Cordelia: "I personally don't think it's possible to come up with a crazier plan."
Oz: "We attack the Mayor with hummus."
Cordelia: "I stand corrected."
Oz: "Just keeping things in perspective."
Cordelia: "Thank you."
Snyder: "Congratulations to the class of 1999. You all proved more or less adequate. This is a time of celebration, so sit still and be quiet."
Oz: "Guys, take a moment to deal with this. We survived."
Buffy: "It was a hell of a battle."
Oz: "Not the battle. High school."
↑ "The Mortuary". Buffy The Vampire Slayer. Archived from the original February 15, 2001.
↑ Joyce Millman, "Finale thoughts". Salon.com, June 1, 1999. Archived from the original on March 1, 2009.
↑ Charles Taylor, "The WB's Big Daddy condescension". Salon.com, May 26, 1999. Archived from the original on May 6, 2005.
↑ Liane Bonin, "Why the controversial finale of 'Buffy' didn't air last night". Entertainment Weekly, May 25, 1999.
↑ Howard Wen, "'Buffy' fans distribute postponed finale online". Salon.com, May 28, 1999. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007.
↑ "Buffy breaks out". Entertainment Weekly. June 18, 1999.
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Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes