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Sino-Vietnamese War
This article is about the 20th century war. For other Sino-Vietnamese wars in general, see Sino-Vietnamese War (disambiguation).
(Third Indochina War)
Part of the Third Indochina War and the Cold War
A Vietnamese artillery position firing on Chinese troops on February 23, 1979
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China–Vietnam border
Both sides claim victory
Chinese withdrawal from Vietnam
Continued Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia
Continued border clashes between China and Vietnam until 1990
Small loss of Vietnamese territory along Sino-Vietnamese border to China in Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn Provinces, namely Nam Quan Gate and half of Bản Giốc Falls.[1][2][3]
Belligerents
China Vietnam
Commanders and leaders
Yang Dezhi
Xu Shiyou Tôn Đức Thắng
Lê Duẩn
Đàm Quang Trung
Vũ Lập
Chinese claim: 200,000 PLA with 400-550 tanks[4][5]
Vietnamese claim: 600,000 PLA infantry and 400 tanks from Kunming and Guangzhou Military Districts 70,000–100,000 regular force, 150,000 local troops and militia[6]
Casualties and losses
Vietnamese estimate: 62,000 casualties, including 26,000 deaths.[7][8]
Chinese estimate:
6,954–8,531 killed
14,800–21,000 wounded[5][9][10]
238 prisoners[11][12]
Chinese estimate: 30,000 killed[8]–57,000 soldiers killed and 70,000 militias killed.[9]
A Chinese source estimates 50,000 casualties[13]
1,636 prisoners[11][12]
Indochina Wars
Masterdom
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
Cambodian-Vietnamese
Cambodian-Thai border
Sino-Vietnamese
Dong Dang
Cam Duong
Mong Cai
對越自衛反擊戰
对越自卫反击战
duì yuè zìwèi fǎnjī zhàn
tui yüeh tzu-wei fan-chi chan
[tu̯êi̯ y̯ê tsɹ̩̂u̯êi̯ fàntɕí ʈʂân]
deoi3 jyut6 zi6wai6 faan1 gik1 zin3
Vietnamese name
Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung
The Sino-Vietnamese War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung; simplified Chinese: 中越战争; traditional Chinese: 中越戰爭; pinyin: Zhōng-Yuè Zhànzhēng), also known as the Third Indochina War, was a brief border war fought between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in early 1979. China launched the offensive in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978 (which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge).[14] Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping saw this as a Soviet attempt "to extend its evil tentacles to Southeast Asia and...carry out expansion there", which reflected the long-standing Sino-Soviet split.[15] As the former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger noted that "[w]hatever the shortcomings of its execution, the Chinese campaign reflected a serious, long-term strategic analysis".[16]
The Chinese entered northern Vietnam and captured some of the cities near the border. On March 6, 1979, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. Chinese forces retreated back across the Vietnamese border into China. Both China and Vietnam claimed victory in the last of the Indochina Wars of the 20th century; as Vietnamese troops remained in Cambodia until 1989, it can be said that China failed to achieve the goal of dissuading Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Sino-Vietnamese border was finalized.
China demonstrated to its Cold War Communist adversary, the Soviet Union, that they were unable to protect their new Vietnamese ally.[17] Following worsening relations between the Soviet Union and China as a result of the Sino-Soviet split, as many as 1.5 million Chinese troops were stationed along the Soviet-Chinese border, in preparation for a full-scale war.
2.1 French colonialism and the First Indochina War
2.2 Sino-Soviet split
2.3 Vietnam War
2.4 Cambodia
2.5 China attacks Vietnam
3 Order of Battle
3.1 Chinese forces
3.2 Vietnamese forces
4 Course of the war
4.1 Preparation of war
4.2 Chinese Engagement
4.3 Vietnamese counter-attacks
4.4 Soviet support to Vietnam
4.5 Fighting
4.6 Chinese withdrawal
5.1 Chinese casualties
5.2 Vietnamese casualties
5.3 Prisoners
5.4 Sino-Vietnamese relations after the war
6 In popular culture
6.1 Chinese media
6.2 Vietnamese media
9.1 Additional sources
The Sino-Vietnamese War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung) is also known in English as the Third Indochina War, to distinguish it from the First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War.[18] The war is also known in Vietnam as the War against Chinese expansionism (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh chống bành trướng Trung Hoa).[19]
In China, the war is referred to as the Defensive Counterattack against Vietnam (Chinese: 对越自卫反击战; pinyin: Duì Yuè zìwèi fǎnjī zhàn).[20]
While the First Indochina War emerged from the complex situation following World War II and the Vietnam War exploded from the unresolved aftermath of political relations with the first, the Third Indochina War again followed the unresolved problems of the earlier wars.[21]
The major allied victors of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all agreed the area belonged to the French.[22] As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Indochina, the major powers agreed that the British would take control and troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north.[22] Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945. The parallel divided Indochina into Chinese and British controlled zones (See Timeline of World War II (1945).).[23] The British landed in the south rearming the small body of interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Japanese forces to aid in retaking southern Vietnam, as there was not enough British troops immediately available.[22]
On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area, although still under British control until hostilities had ceased. Once hostilities had ended the British handed over the territory to the French.[24] In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam.[25] On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free" republic within the French Union, with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation.[26][27][28] British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the control of the French.[29] The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city.[24] Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces, beginning the first Indochina War.
French colonialism and the First Indochina War
Main article: First Indochina War
Vietnam first became a French colony when France invaded in 1858. By the 1880s, the French had expanded their sphere of influence in Southeast Asia to include all of Vietnam, and by 1893 both Laos and Cambodia had become French colonies as well.[30] Rebellions against French colonial power were common up to World War I. The European war heightened revolutionary sentiment in Southeast Asia, and the independence-minded population rallied around revolutionaries such as Hồ Chí Minh and others, including royalists.
Prior to their attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese occupied French Indochina, but left civil administration to the Vichy French administration.[31][32] On 9 March 1945, fearing that the Vichy French were about to switch sides to support the Allies, the Japanese overthrew the Vichy administration and forces taking control of Indochina and establishing their own puppet administration, the Empire of Vietnam. The Japanese surrender in August 1945 created a power vacuum in Indochina, as the various political factions scrambled for control.[33]
The events leading to the First Indochina War are subject to historical dispute.[34] When the Viet Minh hastily sought to establish the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the remaining French acquiesced while waiting for the return of French forces to the region.[32][35] The Kuomintang supported French restoration, but Viet Minh efforts towards independence were helped by Chinese communists under the Soviet Union's power. The Soviet Union at first indirectly supported Vietnamese communists, but later directly supported Hồ Chí Minh.[36][37] The Soviets nonetheless remained less supportive than China until after the Sino-Soviet split, during the time of Leonid Brezhnev when the Soviet Union became communist Vietnam's key ally.
The war itself involved numerous events that had major impacts throughout Indochina. Two major conferences were held to bring about a resolution. Finally, on July 20, 1954, the Geneva Conference resulted in a political settlement to reunite the country, signed with support from China, Russia, and Western European powers.[36] While the Soviet Union played a constructive role in the agreement, it again was not as involved as China.[36][38] The U.S. did not sign the agreement and swiftly moved to back South Vietnam.
Sino-Soviet split
Main article: Sino-Soviet split
The Chinese Communist Party and the Viet Minh had a long history. During the initial stages of the First Indochina War with France, the recently founded communist People's Republic of China continued the Russian mission to expand communism. Therefore, they aided the Viet Minh and became the connector between Soviets and the Vietminh. In early 1950, The Viet Minh fought independently from the 'Chinese Military Advisory Group' under Wei Guoqing. This was one of the reasons for China to cut the arms support for the Viet Minh.
After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, relations between the Soviet Union and China began to deteriorate. Mao Zedong believed the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had made a serious error in his Secret Speech denouncing Stalin in February 1956, and criticized the Soviet Union's interpretation of Marxism–Leninism, in particular Khrushchev's support for peaceful co-existence and its interpretation. This led to increasingly hostile relations, and eventually the Sino-Soviet split. From here, Chinese communists played a decreasing role in helping their former allies because the Viet Minh did not support China against the Soviets.
Following the death of Mao in September 1976, the overthrow of the Gang of Four and the ascent of Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese leadership would revise its own positions to become compatible with market aspects, denounce the Cultural Revolution, and collaborate with the US against the Soviet Union.
Main article: Vietnam War
As France withdrew from a provisionally divided Vietnam in late 1954, the United States increasingly stepped in to support the non-communist leaders of South Vietnam due to the Domino theory, which theorized that if one nation would turn to communism, the surrounding nations were likely to fall like dominoes and become communist as well. The Soviet Union and North Vietnam became important allies together due to the fact that if South Vietnam was successfully taken over by North Vietnam, then communism in the far east would find its strategic position bolstered. In the eyes of the People's Republic of China, the growing Soviet-Vietnamese relationship was a disturbing development; they feared an encirclement by the less-than-hospitable Soviet sphere of influence.
The United States and the Soviet Union could not agree on a plan for a proposed 1956 election meant to unify the partitioned Vietnam. Instead, the South held a separate election that was widely considered fraudulent, leading to continued internal conflict with communist factions led by the Viet Cong that intensified through the late 1950s. With supplies and support from the Soviet Union, North Vietnamese forces became directly involved in the ongoing guerrilla war by 1959 and openly invaded the South in 1964.
The United States played an ever-increasing role in supporting South Vietnam through the period. The U.S. had supported French forces in the First Indochina War, sent supplies and military advisers to South Vietnam throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, and eventually took over most of the fighting against both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong by the mid-1960s. By 1968, over 500,000 American troops were involved in the Vietnam War. Due to a lack of clear military success and facing increasingly strident opposition to the war in the U.S., American forces began a slow withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to bolster South Vietnam's military so that they could take over the fighting. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords by 29 March 1973 all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam, however North Vietnamese combat forces were allowed to remain in place. North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in early 1975 and South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975.
The People's Republic of China started talks with the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in high level meetings with Henry Kissinger and later Richard Nixon. These meetings contributed to a re-orientation of Chinese foreign policy toward the United States. Meanwhile, the People's Republic of China also supported the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.
Main article: Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Although the Vietnamese Communists and the Khmer Rouge had previously cooperated, the relationship deteriorated when Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot came to power and established Democratic Kampuchea on 17 April 1975. After numerous clashes along the border between Vietnam and Cambodia, and with encouragement from Khmer Rouge defectors fleeing a purge of the Eastern Zone, Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 25 December 1978. By 7 January 1979 Vietnamese forces had entered Phnom Penh and the Khmer Rouge leadership had fled to western Cambodia.
China attacks Vietnam
China, now under Deng Xiaoping, was starting the Chinese economic reform and opening trade with the West, in turn, growing increasingly defiant of the Soviet Union. On November 3, 1978, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a twenty-five year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the "linchpin" in the Soviet Union's "drive to contain China."[39]
On January 1, 1979, Chinese Vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States for the first time and told American president Jimmy Carter: "The little child is getting naughty, it's time he be spanked." (original Chinese words: 小朋友不听话,该打打屁股了。).[40] On February 15, the first day that China could have officially announced the termination of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, Deng Xiaoping declared that China planned to conduct a limited attack on Vietnam.
The reason cited for the attack was to support China's ally, the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia, in addition to the mistreatment of Vietnam's ethnic Chinese minority and the Vietnamese occupation of the Spratly Islands which were claimed by China. To prevent Soviet intervention on Vietnam's behalf, Deng warned Moscow the next day that China was prepared for a full-scale war against the Soviet Union; in preparation for this conflict, China put all of its troops along the Sino-Soviet border on an emergency war alert, set up a new military command in Xinjiang, and even evacuated an estimated 300,000 civilians from the Sino-Soviet border.[41] In addition, the bulk of China's active forces (as many as one-and-a-half million troops) were stationed along China's border with the Soviet Union.[42]
Chinese forces
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File:PLA militia stretcher bearer 1979.jpg
A line-up of Chinese militiamen working as stretcher bearers during the war
The Chinese force consisted of units from the Kunming Military Region (later abolished), Chengdu Military Region, Wuhan Military Region (later abolished) and Guangzhou Military Region, but commanded by the headquarters of Kunming Military Region on the western front and Guangzhou Military Region in the eastern front.
Some troops engaged in this war, especially engineering units, railway corps, logistical units and antiaircraft units, had been assigned to assist North Vietnam in its war against South Vietnam just a few years earlier during the Vietnam War. Contrary to the belief that over 600,000 Chinese troops entered North Vietnam, the actual number was only 200,000, while 600,000 Chinese troops were mobilized, of which 400,000 were deployed away from their original bases during the one month conflict.[citation needed]
The Chinese troop deployments were observed by U.S. spy satellites. In his state visit to the U.S. in 1979, the Chinese paramount leader Deng Xiaoping was presented with this information and asked to confirm the numbers. He replied that the information was completely accurate. After this public confirmation in the U.S., the domestic Chinese media were finally allowed to report on these deployments.[citation needed]
Guangxi Direction (East Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of Guangzhou Military Region in Nanning. Commander-Xu Shiyou, Political Commissar-Xiang Zhonghua, Chief of Staff-Zhou Deli
North Group: Commander-Ou Zhifu (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
41st Army Commander-Zhang Xudeng, Political Commissar-Liu Zhanrong
121st Infantry Division Commander-Zheng Wenshui
122nd Infantry Division Commander-Li Xinliang
123rd Infantry Division Commander-Li Peijiang
South Group: Commander-Wu Zhong (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
42nd Army Commander-Wei Huajie, Political Commissar-Xun Li
124th Infantry Division Commander-Gu Hui
125th Infantry Division
East Group: Commander-Jiang Xieyuan (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
55th Army Commander-Zhu Yuehua, Temporary Political Commissar-Guo Changzeng
163rd Infantry Division Commander-Bian Guixiang, Political Commissar-Wu Enqing, Chief of Staff-Xing Shizhong
164th Infantry Division Commander-Xiao Xuchu (also Deputy Commander of 55th Corps)
1st Artillery Division
Reserve Group (came from Wuhan Military Region except 50th Corps from Chengdu Military Region), Deputy Commander-Han Huaizhi (Commander of 54th Corps)
43rd Army Commander-Zhu Chuanyu, Temporary Political Commissar-Zhao Shengchang
127th Infantry Division Commander-Zhang Wannian (also as the Deputy Commander of 43rd Corps)
54th Army Commander-Han Huaizhi (pluralism), Political Commissar-Zhu Zhiwei
160th Infantry Division (commanded by 41st Corp in this war) Commander-Zhang Zhixin, Political Commissar-Li Zhaogui
161st Infantry Division
162nd Infantry Division Commander-Li Jiulong
50th Army Temporary Commander-Liu Guangtong, Political Commissar-Gao Xingyao
20th Army (only dispatched the 58th Division into the war)
58th Infantry Division (commanded by the 50th Corps during the war)
Guangxi Military Region (as a provincial military region) Commander-Zhao Xinran Chief of Staff-Yin Xi
1st Regiment of Frontier Defense in Youyiguan Pass
2nd Regiment of Frontier Defense in Baise District
3rd Regiment of Frontier Defense in Fangcheng County
The Independent Infantry Division of Guangxi Military Region
Air Force of Guangzhou Military Region (armed patrol in the sky of Guangxi, did not see combat)
7th Air Force Corps
13th Air Force Division (aerotransport unit came from Hubei province)
70th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
The 217 Fleet of South Sea Fleet
8th Navy Aviation Division
The Independent Tank Regiment of Guangzhou Military Region
83rd Bateau Boat Regiment
84th Bateau Boat Regiment
Yunnan Direction (the West Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of Kunming Military Region in Kaiyuan. Commander-Yang Dezhi, Political Commissar-Liu Zhijian, Chief of Staff-Sun Ganqing
11th Army (consisted of two divisions) Commander-Chen Jiagui, Political Commissar-Zhang Qi
31st Infantry Division
32nd Infantry Division
13th Army(camed from Chengdu Military Region) Commander-Yan Shouqing, Political Commissar-Qiao Xueting
14th Army Commander-Zhang Jinghua, Political Commissar-Fan Xinyou
149th Infantry Division (from Chengdu Military Region, belonged to 50th Corps, assigned to Yunnan Direction during the war)
Yunnan Military Region (as a provincial military region)
11th Regiment of Frontier Defense in Maguan County
12th Regiment of Frontier Defense in Malipo County
13th Regiment of Frontier Defense in
The Independent Infantry Division of Yunnan Military Region commanded by 11th Army in the war
4th Artillery Division
Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region
23rd Logistic Branch consisted of five army service stations, six hospitals, eleven medical establishments)
17th Automobile Regiment commanded by 13th Corps during the war
22nd Automobile Regiment
44th Air Force Division (fighter unit)
Independent unit of 27th Air Force Division
15th Air Force Antiaircraft Artillery Division
Vietnamese forces
The Vietnamese government claimed they only had a force of about 70,000 including several army regular divisions in its northern area. However, the Chinese estimates indicate more than twice this number. Some Vietnamese forces used American military equipment captured during the Vietnam War.
1st Military Region: commanded by Major General Dam Quang Trung, responsible for the defense at Northeast region.[43]
Main forces:
3rd Infantry Division (Golden Star Division), consisted of 2nd Infantry Regiment, 12th Infantry Regiment, 141st Infantry Regiment and 68th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Dong Dang, Van Dang, Cao Loc and Lạng Sơn town of Lạng Sơn Province
338th Infantry Division, consisted of 460th Infantry Regiment, 461st Infantry Regiment, 462nd Infantry Regiment and 208th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Loc Binh and Dinh Lap of Lạng Sơn Province
346th Infantry Division (Lam Son Division), consisted of 246th Infantry Regiment, 677th Infantry Regiment, 851st Infantry Regiment and 188th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tra Linh, Ha Quang and Hoa An of Cao Bằng Province
325th-B Infantry Division, consisted of 8th Infantry Regiment, 41st Infantry Regiment, 288th Infantry Regiment and 189th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tien Yen and Binh Lieu of Quảng Ninh Province
242nd Infantry Brigade, located at coastlines and islands of Quảng Ninh Province
Local forces:
At Cao Bằng Province: 567th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 1 battalion of air defense artillery and 7 infantry battalions
At Lạng Sơn Province: 123rd Infantry Regiment, 199th Infantry Regiment and 7 infantry battalions
At Quảng Ninh Province: 43rd Infantry Regiment, 244th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 4 battalions of air defense artillery and 5 infantry battalions
Armed police forces (Border guard): 12th Mobile Regiment at Lang Son, 4 battalions at Cao Bang and Quang Ninh, some companies and 24 border posts
2nd Military Region: commanded by Major General Vu Lap, responsible for the defense at Northwest region.[citation needed] [43]
316th Infantry Division (Bong Lau Division), consisted of 98th Infantry Regiment, 148th Infantry Regiment, 147th Infantry Regiment and 187th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Binh Lu and Phong Tho of Lai Châu Province
345th Infantry Division, consisted of 118th Infantry Regiment, 121st Infantry Regiment, 124th Infantry Regiment and 190th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Bao Thang of Hoang Lien Son province
326th Infantry Division, consisted of 19th Infantry Regiment, 46th Infantry Regiment, 541st Infantry Regiment and 200th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tuan Giao and Dien Bien of Lai Châu Province
At Ha Tuyen: 122nd Infantry Regiment, 191st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
At Hoang Lien Son: 191st Infantry Regiment, 254th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
At Lai Châu: 193rd Infantry Regiment, 741st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 5 infantry battalions
Armed police forces (Border guard): 16th Mobile Regiment at Hoang Lien Son, some companies and 39 border posts
In addition, Vietnamese forces were supported by about 50,000 militia at each Military Region
372nd Air Division [44]
1 air flight of ten F-5s (captured after Vietnam War)
1 air flight of ten A-37s (captured after Vietnam War)
1 air flight of seven UH-1s and three UH-7s (captured after Vietnam War)
919th Air Transport Regiment[44] responsible for transporting troops
Several C-130, C-119 and C-47 (captured after Vietnam War
371st Air Division [45]
916th Helicopter Regiment
Several Mi-6 and Mi-8
918th Air Transport Regiment
923rd Fighter Regiment
Several MiG-17s and MiG-21
The Vietnam People's Air Force did not participate in the combat directly, instead they provided support to the ground troops, transported troops from Cambodia to northern Vietnam as well as performed reconnaissance purposes.
Air Defense [46]
Northern and Northwestern regions:
267th Air Defense Regiment
Northeastern region:
Course of the war
Preparation of war
According to Vietnam,[47] since January 1979 Chinese forces performed numerous reconnaissance activities across the border and made 230 violations into Vietnamese land. To prepare for a possible Chinese invasion, Central Military Committee of Vietnam Communist Party ordered all armed forces across the border to be on stand-by mode.
Chinese Engagement
On February 17, 1979, a People's Liberation Army (PLA) force of about 200,000 troops supported by 200 Type 59, Type 62, and Type 63 tanks entered northern Vietnam in the PLA's first major combat operation since the end of the Korean War in 1953.[48]
The PLA invasion was conducted in 2 directions: western and eastern
Western direction, commanded by Xu Shiyou, aimed to attack Cao Bang, Lang Son and Quang Ninh Provinces:[47]
Eastern direction, commanded by Yang Dezhi, aimed to attack Ha Tuyen, Hoang Lien Son and Lai Chau Provinces
Vietnamese counter-attacks
Vietnam quickly mobilized all its main forces in Cambodia, southern Vietnam and central Vietnam to northern border. From 18 February to 25 February, the 327th Infantry Division of Military District 3 and the 337th Infantry Division of Military District 4 were deployed to join Military District 1 for the defense of northwestern region. From 6 March to 11 March the Second Corp (Huong Giang Corp) stationed in Cambodia was deployed back to Hanoi
The 372nd Air Division in central Vietnam as well as the 917th, 935th and 937th Air Regiments in southern Vietnam were quickly deployed to the north.[46]
Soviet support to Vietnam
The Soviet Union, although it did not take direct military action, provided intelligence and equipment support for Vietnam.[49] A large airlift was established by Soviet Union to mobilize Vietnamese troops stationed in Cambodia to Northern Vietnam. Moscow also provided a total of 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers (APCs), 500 mortar artillery and air defense artillery, 50 BM-21 rocket launchers, 400 portable surface-to-air missiles, 800 anti-tank missiles and 20 jet fighters. About 5000 - 8000 Soviet military advisers were present in Vietnam from 8/1979 to mid-1979 to train Vietnamese soldiers.
During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the Soviet Union deployed troops at the Sino-Soviet border and Mongolian-Chinese border as an act of showing support to Vietnam, as well as tying up Chinese troops. However, the Soviets refused to take any direct action to defend their ally.[50]
The Soviet Pacific Fleet also deployed 15 ships to the Vietnamese coast to relay Chinese battlefield communications to Vietnamese forces.[51]
See also: First Battle of Lang Son, Battle of Dong Dang (1979), Battle of Lao Cai, and Battle of Cao Bang (1979)
File:Chinese tank destroyed in Cao Bang 1979.jpg
Chinese tank destroyed in Cao Bang.
The PLA advanced quickly about 15–20 kilometers into Vietnam, with fighting mainly occurring in the provinces of Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Lạng Sơn. The Vietnamese avoided mobilizing their regular divisions, and held back some 300,000 troops for the defence of Hanoi. The People's Army of Vietnam (VPA) tried to avoid direct combat and often used guerrilla tactics.
The initial PLA attack soon lost its momentum and a new attack wave was sent in with eight PLA divisions joining the battle. After capturing the northern heights above Lang Son, the PLA surrounded and paused in front of the city in order to lure the VPA into reinforcing it with units from Cambodia. This had been the main strategic ploy in the Chinese war plan as Deng did not want to risk an escalation involving the Soviet Union. The VPA high command, after a tip-off from Soviet satellite intelligence, was able to see through the trap[citation needed], however, and committed reserves only to Hanoi.
Once this became clear to the PLA, the war was practically over. An assault was still mounted, but the Vietnamese only committed one VPA regiment defending the city.[citation needed] After three days of bloody house-to-house fighting, Lang Son fell on March 6. The PLA then took the southern heights above Lang Son[52] and occupied Sapa. The PLA claimed to have crushed several of the VPA regular units.[9]
The PLA now resumed their attacks aimed at the major provincial capitals and key communication centres in the border hinter land. Major battles developed at Cao Bằng, Lang Son, Hoang Lien Son, Lai Chau and Quang Ninh. The aim of these attacks was to draw in the regular VPA formations and inflict heavy attrition on them through classical "meat-grinder" operations. There were fierce attacks and counterattacks; in Lang Son the Chinese launched 17 counterattacks to regain one objective.
By late last week of February, the Vietnamese had still not committed any of their regular divisions which were being held back for the defence of Hanoi. They had also not pulled out any of their 150,000 troops in Cambodia.
Chinese withdrawal
On March 6, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. On the way back to the Chinese border, the PLA destroyed all local infrastructure and housing and looted all useful equipment and resources (including livestock), severely weakening the economy of Vietnam's northernmost provinces.[9] The PLA crossed the border back into China on March 16. Both sides declared victory with China claiming to have crushed the Vietnamese resistance and Vietnam claiming to have repelled the invasion using mostly border militias. Dr. Henry J. Kenny, a research scientist for CNA, points out that most western writers agree Vietnam outperformed the PLA on the battlefield.[53]
In response to China's attack, the Soviet Union sent several naval vessels and initiated an arms airlift to Vietnam. However the Soviet Union felt that there was simply no way that they could directly support Vietnam against China; the distances were too great to be an effective ally, and any sort of reinforcements would have to cross territory controlled by China or U.S. allies. The only realistic option would be to restart the unresolved border conflict with China. Vietnam was important to Soviet policy but not enough for the Soviets to go to war over. When Moscow did not intervene, Beijing publicly proclaimed that the Soviet Union had broken its numerous promises to assist Vietnam.
File:Nam quan.JPG
Nam Quan Gate
China and Vietnam each lost thousands of troops, and China lost 3,446 million yuan in overhead, which delayed completion of their 1979–80 economic plan.[54] Following the war, the Vietnamese leadership took various repressive measures to deal with the problem of real or potential collaboration. In the spring of 1979, the authorities expelled approx. 8,000 Hoa people from Hanoi to the southern "New Economic Zones," and partially resettled the Hmong tribes and other ethnic minorities from the northernmost provinces. In response to the defection of Hoàng Văn Hoan, a purge was launched to cleanse the Communist Party of Vietnam from pro-Chinese elements and persons who had surrendered to the advancing Chinese troops during the war. In 1979, a total of 20,468 members were expelled from the party.[55] Although Vietnam continued to occupy Cambodia, China successfully mobilized international opposition to the occupation, rallying such leaders as Cambodia's deposed king Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian anticommunist leader Son Sann, and high-ranking members of the Khmer Rouge to deny the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia diplomatic recognition beyond the Soviet bloc. China improved relations with ASEAN by promising protection to Thailand and Singapore against "Vietnamese aggression". In contrast, Vietnam's decreasing prestige in the region led it to be more dependent on the Soviet Union, to which it leased a naval base at Cam Ranh Bay.[56] On March 1, 2005, Howard W. French wrote in The New York Times: Some historians stated that the war was started by Mr. Deng (China's then paramount leader Deng Xiaoping) to keep the army preoccupied while he consolidated power...[57]
Chinese casualties
The number of casualties during the war is disputed. Vietnamese source claimed the PLA had suffered 62,500 total casualties, 550 military vehicles, and 115 artillery pieces destroyed;[58] while Chinese democracy activist Wei Jingsheng told western media in 1980 that the Chinese troops had suffered 9,000 deaths and about 10,000 wounded during the war.[59] New leaks from Chinese military sources indicated that China only suffered 6,954 dead.[5][9][60]
Vietnamese casualties
Like their Chinese counterparts, the Vietnamese government has never announced any information on its actual military casualties. China estimated that Vietnam lost 57,000 soldiers and 70,000 militia members during the war.[59][61][62] The official Nhân Dân newspaper claimed that Vietnam suffered more than 10,000 civilian deaths during the Chinese invasion[63][64] and earlier on May 17, 1979, reported statistics on heavy losses of industry and agriculture properties.[63]
File:Vietnamese soldiers captured by Chinese.jpg
Captured Vietnamese soldiers at a Chinese prison camp.
File:Chinese POW 1979.jpg
Chinese prisoners guarded by the Vietnamese.
The Chinese held 1,636 Vietnamese prisoners and the Vietnamese held 238 Chinese prisoners; they were exchanged in May–June 1979.[11][12]
The 238 Chinese male soldiers surrendered after getting separated from their main unit during the withdrawal from Vietnam and became surrounded by Vietnamese. After surrendering, they were transferred by the Vietnamese soldiers to a prison. The Chinese prisoners reported that they were subjected to torturous and inhumane treatment, such as being blindfolded and having their bodies bound and restrained with metal wire. Vietnamese women soldiers made up one-third of the guards who held the Chinese male prisoners captive in the prison.[65]
Sino-Vietnamese relations after the war
Main article: Sino-Vietnamese relations
See also: Battle of the Paracel Islands and Johnson South Reef Skirmish
Border skirmishes continued throughout the 1980s, including a significant skirmish in April 1984 and a naval battle over the Spratly Islands in 1988 known as the Johnson South Reef Skirmish.
Armed conflict only ended in 1989 after the Vietnamese agreed to fully withdraw from Cambodia. Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991.
In 1999 after many years of negotiations, China and Vietnam signed a border pact.[66] There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which were lost during the battle, including the Ai Nam Quan Gate which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnam. Vietnam's official news service reported the implementation of the new border around August 2001. In January 2009 the border demarcation was officially completed, signed by Deputy Foreign Minister Vu Dung on the Vietnamese side and his Chinese counterpart, Wu Dawei, on the Chinese side.[citation needed] Both the Paracel (Hoàng Sa: Vietnamese) (Xīshā: Chinese) and Spratly (Trường Sa: Vietnamese) (Nansha: Chinese) islands remain a point of contention.[citation needed]
The December 2007 announcement of a plan to build a Hanoi-Kunming highway was a landmark in Sino-Vietnamese relations. The road will traverse the border that once served as a battleground. It should contribute to demilitarizing the border region, as well as facilitating trade and industrial cooperation between the nations.[67]
Chinese media
There are a number of Chinese songs, movies and T.V. programs depicting and discussing this conflict from the Chinese viewpoint. These vary from the patriotic song "Bloodstained Glory" originally written to laud the sacrifice and service of the Chinese military, to the 1986 film The Big Parade which carried (as far as possible in China at that time) veiled criticism of the war.[citation needed]
Vietnamese media
The war was mentioned in the film Đất mẹ (Motherland) directed by Hải Ninh in 1980 and Thị xã trong tầm tay (Town at the Fingertips) directed by Đặng Nhật Minh in 1982.[68] Besides in 1982, a documentary film called Hoa đưa hương nơi đất anh nằm (Flowers over Your Grave) was directed by Truong Thanh, the film told a story of a Japanese journalist who died during the war.[69] During the war, there were numerous patriotic songs produced to boost the nationalism of Vietnamese people, including "Chiến đấu vì độc lập tự do" ("Fight for Independence and Freedom") composed by Phạm Tuyên, "Lời tạm biệt lúc lên đường" ("Farewell When Leaving") by Vu Trong Hoi, "40 thế kỷ cùng ra trận" ("40 Centuries We Fought Side By Side") by Hong Dang, "Những đôi mắt mang hình viên đạn" ("The Angry Gaze") by Tran Tien and "Hát về anh" (Sing for you) by The Hien. The Sino-Vietnamese War also appeared in some novels such as: Đêm tháng Hai (Night of February) written by Chu Lai in 1979 and Chân dung người hàng xóm (Portrait of the Neighborhood) written by Duong Thu Huong in 1979.
List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
List of wars involving Vietnam
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Soviet border conflict
↑ Nayan Chanda, "End of the Battle but Not of the War", p. 10. Khu vực có giá trị tượng trưng tinh thần nhất là khoảng 300m đường xe lửa giữa Hữu Nghị Quan và trạm kiểm soát biên giới Việt Nam.
↑ Nguyen, Can Van. "Sino-Vietnamese Border Issues". NGO Realm. Retrieved October 6, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Nguyen, Can Van. "INTERVIEW ON TERRITORY AND TERRITORIAL WATERS". vlink.com. Retrieved October 6, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Zygmunt Czarnotta and Zbigniew Moszumański, Altair Publishing, Warszawa 1995, ISBN 83-86217-16-2
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Zhang Xiaoming, "China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment", China Quarterly, Issue no. 184 (December 2005), pp. 851–874. Actually are thought to have been 200,000 with 400 – 550 tanks. Zhang writes that: "Existing scholarship tends towards an estimate of as many as 25,000 PLA killed in action and another 37,000 wounded. Recently available Chinese sources categorize the PLA's losses as 6,594 dead and some 21,000 injured, giving a total of 24,000 casualties from an invasion force of 200,000."
↑ King V. Chen (1987): China's War With Việt Nam, 1979. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, page 103
↑ Russell D. Howard, THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY: "SHORT ARMS AND SLOW LEGS", INSS Occasional Paper 28: Regional Security Series, USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy, September 1999
↑ 8.0 8.1 Tonnesson, Bởi Stein (2010). Vietnam 1946: How the War Began. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780520256026. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 《对越自卫反击作战工作总结》Work summary on counter strike (1979–1987) published by The rear services of Chinese Kunming Military Region
↑ China at War: An Encyclopedia, p. 413, at Google Books
↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Chan, Gerald (1989). China and international organizations: participation in non-governmental organizations since 1971 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0195827384. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Military Law Review, Volumes 119-122. Volumes 27-100 of DA pam. Contributors United States. Dept. of the Army, Judge Advocate General's School (United States. Army). Headquarters, Department of the Army. 1988. p. 72. CS1 maint: others (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Vietnam, p. 158, at Google Books
↑ Concerning US backing, as Henry Kissinger in "On China" (p. 372) noted that "American ideals had encountered the imperatives of geopolitical reality".
↑ Kissinger, H. On China, Penguin, New York, p.346
↑ Kissinger, H. On China, Penguin, New York, p. 370.[verification needed]
↑ Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Routledge. p. 297. ISBN 0415214742. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ O'dowd, Edward (2007). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9780415414272. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Whitson, William W. (1976). Foreign policy and U.S. national security: major postelection issues. Praeger. p. 142. ISBN 9780275565404. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Kissinger, Henry (2011). On China. Penguin Canada. ISBN 9780143179474. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984). The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945–1982: A Bibliographic Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, p. xxvi.
↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Neale 2001, p. 20.
↑ Willbanks 2009, p. 8
↑ 24.0 24.1 Neale 2001, p. 24.
↑ Neale 2001, pp. 23–4.
↑ "Franco-Vietnam Agreement of March 6th, 1946". Vietnamgear.com. March 6, 1946. Retrieved April 29, 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Chapter !, Section 2". Mtholyoke.edu. Retrieved April 29, 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Peter Dennis (1987). Troubled days of peace: Mountbatten and South East Asia command, 1945–46. Manchester University Press ND. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7190-2205-0. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Dunnigan, J.F. & Nofi, A.A. (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martins Press, p. 27.
↑ Dunnigan, J.F. & Nofi, A.A. (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martins Press, pp. 27–38.
↑ 32.0 32.1 Hood, S.J. (1992). Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, p. 16.
↑ Logevall, Fredrik (2012). Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the making of America's Vietnam. Random House. pp. 67–91. ISBN 978-0-375-75647-4. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984). The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945–1982: A Bibliographic Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, p.xx.
↑ Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984). The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945–1982: A Bibliographic Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, p. xx.
↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Hood, S.J. (1992). Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, p. 13-19.
↑ Chen, Min. (1992). The Strategic Triangle and Regional Conflict: Lessons from the Indochina Wars. Boulder: Lnne Reinner Publications, p. 17-23.
↑ Scalapino, Robert A. (1982) "The Political Influence of the Soviet Union in Asia" In Zagoria, Donald S. (editor) (1982) Soviet Policy in East Asia Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, page 71.
↑ 中共對侵越戰爭八股自辯 (in 中文). Retrieved February 23, 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Chang Pao-min, Kampuchea Between China and Vietnam (Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1985), 88–89.
↑ Robert A. Scalapino "Asia in a Global Context: Strategic Issue for the Soviet Union," in Richard H. Solomon and Masataka Kosaka, eds., The Soviet Far East Military Buildup (Dover, MA. , Auburn House Publishing Company, 1986), 28.
↑ 43.0 43.1 "Lực lượng phòng thủ của Việt Nam tại biên giới phía Bắc". VnExpress. February 12, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 44.0 44.1 http://soha.vn/quan-su/luoi-lua-phong-khong-tren-bau-troi-mien-bac-nam-1979-20150131105142012.htm
↑ http://m.soha.vn/quan-su/nhung-may-bay-tham-gia-bao-ve-mien-bac-nam-1979-2015012714235613.htm
↑ 46.0 46.1 http://soha.vn/quan-su/chien-tranh-bien-gioi-1979-cuoc-chuyen-quan-than-toc-20150218102449135.htm
↑ 47.0 47.1 http://soha.vn/quan-su/bien-gioi-phia-bac-1979-30-ngay-khong-the-nao-quen-1-20150216095114962.htm
↑ ChinaDefense.com – The Political History of Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, and the Chinese Concept of Active Defense
↑ http://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/lien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-727510.htm
↑ http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.php
↑ Kelemen, Paul (March 1984). "Soviet Strategy in Southeast Asia: The Vietnam Factor". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 24 (3): 342. ISSN 0004-4687 – via JSTOR. Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Armchair General magazine[issue missing]
↑ Xiabing Li. A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky. Retrieved July 9, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "China "Should Learn from its Losses" in the War against Vietnam" from "August 1" Radio, People's republic of China, 1400 GMT, February 17, 1980, as reported by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 February 1980
↑ Balázs Szalontai, Hoàng Văn Hoan và vụ thanh trừng sau 1979. BBC Vietnam, April 15, 2010: http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2010/04/100415_hoangvanhoan.shtml .
↑ MacFarquhar, Roderick (1991). The People's Republic, Part 2. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–449. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ French, Howard W. (March 1, 2005). "Was the War Pointless? China Shows How to Bury It". The New York Times. Retrieved February 28, 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ http://vnexpress.net/customize/chien-tranh-viet-trung/
↑ 59.0 59.1 http://www.9abc.net/index.php/archives/71814
↑ China's Vietnam veterans fighting new battle
↑ 《许世友的最后一战》The last fight of General Xu Shiyou, Zhou Deli,Jiangshu People's press , June,1990 http://item.jd.com/1079306076.html
↑ 《中越战俘生活实录》 life of war prison camp in 1979 count strike war, Shi Wenying, published by spring breeze literature press in March, 1991.http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=18419254762
↑ 63.0 63.1 Xem các nguồn Edward C. O'Dowd, Bùi Xuân Quang, Laurent Cesari, Gilles Férier. P148
↑ http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/35-nam-cuoc-chien-bien-gioi-phia-bac-2950346.html
↑ 转:突围——我的中越战争回忆录
↑ "China-Vietnam pact signed". BBC News. December 25, 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Greenlees, Donald Approval near for Vietnam-China highway International Herald Tribune, December 13, 2007
↑ 12/24/2005, Cha - con và chiến tranh
↑ Nguyễn Duy Chiến + theo dõi (1225). "Thăm một nhà văn vừa... mãn hạn tù treo". Tienphong.vn. Retrieved February 16, 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Global Security Analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese War
Air Power in the War
G.D.Bakshi: The Sino-Vietnam War – 1979: Case Studies in Limited Wars
Additional sources
外国专家点评中国对越自卫反击战的战略战术 (The PLA's war strategy and tactic in the eye of western experts)
对越自卫反击战:我军大量伤亡原因分析
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"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way in which its animals are treated.
The Slaughter of Badgers has begun. The total target is 5,000 badgers.
The public are opposed to the killing of badgers as evidenced by the largest number of signatories on the official government e-petition, other petitions and letter writing campaigns, protests and so on. However despite this and also scientific evidence that the cull will make no difference to bovine TB the coalition government intend to go ahead anyway.
but also to go ahead regardless of overwhelming public and expert opposition in the matter. Sadly here in the UK it appears that democracy is dead and what the electorate want is of no consequence.
It is with deep regret that I have to tell you that licensed gunmen started killing badgers in Somerset last night. Culling is scheduled to begin in Gloucestershire later this week. The total target: 5,000 badgers.
Along with a coalition of over 30 charities, the backing of eminent scientists and the work of supporters like you, IFAW argued that not only is this killing unlikely to significantly reduce bovine TB in cattle, but it could even increase it. David Cameron's coalition Government seemed determined not to listen to us and seemingly only had ears for the National Farmers' Union.
And so the shooting has begun.
Tell your MP that you're opposed to badger culls.
The Government say that the pilot culls are intended to check that this kind of shooting can be done humanely. However they have so far refused to explain how this will be measured. There is already talk of the cull being "rolled out" to the rest of the country – which makes me worry that the results are a foregone conclusion.
IFAW and our partner charities in Team Badger believe that it is extremely important that the reasons for any further extension of the cull should be scrutinised by Parliament before going ahead. This is where you can help us once again.
Please write to your MP and ask that they sign Early Day Motion 299, which calls for full disclosure of the evidence gathered during the cull and for Members of Parliament to have the chance to study this and vote again on the issue before the cull is rolled out nationwide.
Also, if you haven't already, sign the Government e-petition. It's already the biggest ever and a further surge of signatures this week will redouble its impact.
The shooting in the pilot zones may have started, but the campaign to stop the roll out of this misguided and wanton cull has just begun. Please make your appeals to David Cameron measured. He needs to see that this cull is not in his interests, not in the interests of his Government, and that it is widely deplored by British people regardless of which party they vote for.
Many members of the public feel very strongly that badgers should be protected. Whether you are in England, where the cull is taking place, or anywhere else in the UK, you can still have your say on this issue and ask your MP to take action.
Please send the draft e-mail, adapt in your own words if you can but if you 're not able to do so just send as it is, do the best you can.
The shooting of Badgers must stop now!. This is cruel, inhumane, barbaric and unnecessary. What right has anyone to kill these animals? The whole thing disgusts me. Badgers have as much right to life as you or I. Frankly the way human beings treat the other creatures with whom we share this world is appalling and it has to stop. The massacre of other animals is barbaric to the extreme and is not worthy of any ethical and socially progressive society.
The slaughter of all defenceless animals must stop now!!!!!! This includes the wanton slaughter of animals as a result of hunting.
Consider that people who can so easily kill another animal could just as easily kill another human being if they thought they could get away with it.
I am opposed to the killing of any creature and the thought that at this time of year it is open season for the mass slaughter of defenceless animals is depressing and frankly shocking. Last Wednesday in the Yorkshire Dales hunters were out in force killing hundreds of tiny grouse. Shameful. Utterly shameful. We will never progress to be a fair and just society while we slaughter the other beings with whom we share this earth.
With regards to TB the answer is simple, stop eating meat. Go vegan. It's not about the protection of cows or people or farmers is it? It's all about profit and greed.
STOP KILLING BADGERS! STOP THE SLAUGHTER!
If you can make it join the March this Sunday August 18th. We cannot allow the insatiable greed of the few to destroy the lives of the many, our countryside , our wellbeing, the very air we breathe and the water we drink!.
Here in the UK the RSPB has joined with other wildlife and environment groups to call on the Government to rethink its shale gas policies.
Act now before it is too late. If the government are willing to hand over Balcombe in the Tory heartland they will not hesitate to frack elsewhere. Support the people of Balcombe. Remember it will not stop there, solidarity is the key.
In fact licences for two-thirds of the UK have been sold by the government to oil and gas companies, our countryside will be turned into an industrial site.
"Fracking threatens our health, our communities, our environment, our climate and our future.
Working together in our communities we can defeat Cuadrilla and build a better future.
Join communities facing the threat of fracking, and residents of Balcombe, on a family friendly march to the Cuadrilla site. They will be carrying symbols of the sustainable future that they want to create in place of community threatening, climate changing, ecologically damaging fossil fuels.
Every fifteen minutes a poacher kills an elephant. Unless something is done to stop poaching, elephants could become extinct within twelve years!
The largest land mammal on earth, the African elephant, faces constant threat from poachers whose greed has decimated elephant populations despite attempts to control the trade in Ivory.
It is shocking when any animal is killed simply as a result of greed and exploitation. Though among the seemingly infinite cases of animal exploitation and cruelty there can be few more shocking examples of man's barbarity than the killing of elephants for their tusks.
Elephants are amazing creatures who are highly intelligent, rather like us they form strong emotional family bonds, they mourn their dead and may even mourn humans with whom they have had a close association. One such remarkable case is the story of two herds of South African rogue elephants who travelled for twelve hours through the Zululand bush to attend the funeral of conservationist and author Lawrence Anthony who saved their lives. Just a few years previously these once violent elephants who were considered as pests and destined to be shot were rescued and rehabilitated by Anthony who was known as the "elephant whisperer".
Rabbi Leila Gal Berner, Ph.D.
Even more astonishing then their grief for their rescuer was the fact that they knew Antony was dead. How did they know he had died?
As you see by this one example alone and there are many others elephants are amazing creatures, intelligent, self aware, aware of others not only of their own species but other species also.
Even if these creatures were not possessed of such faculties their lives are important to them, all creatures wish to live. Intelligence, size, whether or not they interact with man or whatever criteria we humans place on animals which elevate their worth are irrelevant. Regardless of such qualities or lack thereof every animal which draws breath has a right to life, and furthermore a life free from abuse and exploitation by humans.
Africa's savannahs and forests have been turned into graveyards as contrary to what many people believe the bloody ivory trade continues .
Elephants are still being killed in their thousands for no other reason than their tusks in the continuation of the bloody trade in Ivory. Thousands of elephants die as tons and tons of Illegal ivory, including the 24 tonne Malaysian consignment mentioned above, is still being smuggled out of Africa.
The greatest threats facing elephants today are poaching, conflict with humans, and habitat loss and degradation. Elephants across Africa and Asia are being poached for their ivory at increasing levels.
http://worldwildlife.org/species/elephant Be sure to click the How You Can Help Button.
Scientists claim that elephants' understanding of the need to co-operate shows that they belong in an "elite group" of intelligent, socially complex animals.
30,000 elephants were killed illegally last year, with their tusks selling for as much as $1000 a pound.
Another reblog with an update about the baby opossums who were left to die after their mother and two siblings had been killed by a hit and run driver.
The post about the slaying (accidental?) of a mother of nine can be read here. I went out to Wildcare recently to check on how the surviving baby opposums are doing. You'll remember that there were originally nine babies, one was dead on the street and one was dead on arrival at Wildcare. Well now there are only four survivors. One died soon after arrival and then two more expired. They were very small and very vulnerable.
This is such an heart-warming post, It is refreshing to know that in this cold callous and seemingly uncaring world there are people who still care for animals. Animals' lives are important to them and they wish to live as do you or I. Sadly a fact that so many people do not take into account.
Please support animal sanctuaries and rescues who do such great work in helping injured or abandoned animals.
You may be surprised to know that here in the UK the RSPCA not only helps, rescues and rehomes domestic companion animals but will come to the aid of wild animals also.
I have called out the RSPCA to rescue rabbits and birds. Recently there was an incident where a wounded duck was injured at a local park and the person in charge refused to contact the RSPCA with the attitude that they would not come so why bother and besides the duck seems to manage okay. The poor creature could not even put his leg down to the ground! Such callous indifference to another living creature always shocks me though I have encountered it many times. The RSPCA readily agreed to come and rescue the injured duck. So even in situations like that do not hesitate to ring the RSPCA.
Support Balcombe if you can. Solidarity is the key to defeating this disastrous assault on our environment, our health and our wellbeing. This doesn't stop at Balcombe, or Lancashire, any area of any part of the UK may become a fracking site.
Check out your area: http://frack-off.org.uk/locations/ This is only the beginning!
Well we all know it is not safe. Furthermore it will turn our landscape into an industrial eyesore. Fracking will not only be a serious detriment to humans of course, but animals also will be effected by noise, atmospheric pollution, light pollution and the contamination of the water supply.
Yes I am desperate for cheaper energy but not at the expense of the environment and our health!
However our bills will not be cheaper anyone who believes that is naive to the extreme and that is the politest way to put it!
'Fracking poses a real threat to the local environment and causes more climate-wrecking pollution.
Welcome to my blog from here in the "desolate North", a reference to the idiotic remark made by Tory Lord Howell. Yes in the North East there are isolated wild places were few people live, they are usually referred to as National Parks or Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty AONB and we do not want them ruined by fracking . So yes the North has large areas that are sparsely populated, other than that the definition of desolate does not apply. Besides what the hell is wrong with desolation? The beautiful desolation of virtually unspoilt nature. We need our wild remote countryside to get away for a while from the nightmare of the largely unopposed insanity of unbridled greed that is destroying the UK and indeed the entire world as greed hungry people obsessed with accruing more wealth they can spend in a lifetime destroy our planet, not only for us and the other creatures with whom we share this world but for future generations.
The world is short of water, fracking takes millions of gallons of water creating shortages now and in the years to come. While in many parts of the world people die because of unclean water, here in the UK gallons of this precious resource will be used in the process of fracking, a process that is likely to contaminate supplies of a resource that is so essential to life.
Fracking is a serious threat to the environment for the sake of profit for the few at the expense of the many. The promise of cheaper energy bills is unlikely, and even if this were true the cost to our health and our environment is simply not worth it.
Fracking is one of the more outrageous forms of insanity which will destroy our countryside, our environment and endanger our health.
Is there nothing this government will do to further the greed of the few.
The Tories' promised to be the greenest party ever! Fracking is anything but green, yet another Tory promise broken. This millionaire coalition government are interested only in selling everything including our NHS, making money no matter what the ethical, social or environmental cost to the people of this nation, our wildlife and future generations. Time for the Tories to live up to their promises and concentrate on renewable energies.
To get an idea of what our countryside may look like see the photo further down.
I am opposed to fracking anywhere in the UK , indeed anywhere on the planet.
If you read no further please at least click the following links and take the required action.
Did you know that your local council can refuse planning permission for fracking in your area, so email your councillors now.
You can join the protest in Sussex. No Dash for Gas are holding a five-day camp in Balcombe from 16 August. Check their website for all the details.
Not only are fracking wells an eyesore, fracking is highly dangerous not only to the environment, including biodiversity loss but also to public health in the form of water contamination and the release of dangerous chemicals into our environment, such as methane.
There have been methane leaks in Pennsylvania, USA, where residents have found methane in their water, along with up to 27 other chemicals. In fact for such reasons fracking is of great concern to people in the USA, who like most people here vehemently oppose this destructive form of environmental damage.
Here the effects will be even worse because unlike the vastness of the USA the UK is relatively small and compact. Therefore unlike the USA fracking here will inevitably take place much closer to communities or places of natural beauty such as national parks and so on. There are few wild or unspoiled and remote places here in the UK, we do not want them destroying as a result of fracking.
This is shameful and an outrage, a crime against humanity and the other creatures with whom we share the earth and the very planet itself. In the name of greed the likes of Cuadrilla – an oil and gas exploration and production company – destroy the earth for future generations.
Water companies are worried the process could contaminate drinking water aquifers that lie above shale gas reserves. But supporters of fracking say it is safe and essential to making the UK more energy self-sufficient.
Don't let promises of cheaper energy fool you into condoning the destruction of our countryside, the contamination of our water and the pollution of our atmosphere .
"Shale gas and oil are not the solution to our energy challenges.
"They threaten local communities, pollute our atmosphere and there's plenty of evidence they won't bring down fuel prices.
This is an American website, however the dangers of fracking are of course the same.
fracking isn't about gas – it is about destroying the ancient aquifers which contain the purest water on the planet. They are also the foundation of water for the entire planet.
So – get ready the explanations when your children ask for clean drinking water and there isn't any.
You better wake up to what is happening here.
My husband son and I often visit old churches for architectural and historical interest. In the last year or so in many churches here in the North there can be found boxes like the one above for the purpose of collecting donations for local food banks. Incidentally some of these are situated in areas that one would not generally consider deprived, such as Cartmel in the Lake district, though as my son remarked the food bank is probably in the nearby town of Ulverstan. Ullverstand however does not exactly spring to mind when you consider poverty. If people are struggling in such places what is it like in big cities I have to ask. A sad sign of the times, times we thought had been consigned to history as the present right wing government of the unelected and financially over privileged destroy our welfare system. During the last two years or so the government by means of vicious cuts to benefits have plunged the sick, disabled and the unemployed deeper and deeper into poverty with no recourse other than having to reply on the generosity of others. And one has to say such generosity is not as forthcoming as it might well have been as the government have so successfully poisoned the minds of those fortunate enough to be genuinely able to work and who have not been made unemployed, as is the case for an astonishing 2 million plus people.
"Many studies have shown that hunger affects concentration, and that well-nourished children fare better at school. The government has agreed to allocate money to help schools in the poorest areas establish breakfast clubs. And it has promised to look at extending free school meal entitlement, to ensure that the children of the so-called 'working poor' do not go hungry at lunch.
"The government should introduce free school meals for all primary school pupils, starting with the most deprived areas, a report for the government on school nutrition has recommended.
Surely we have to question why children go hungry in twenty-first century Britain, the 7th richest country in the world !
It is shameful that in a rich country people including of course their children are going hungry and food banks are under enormous pressure to provide people with the basics of life, namely food. The added disgrace of allowing children to go hungry is shocking. Furthermore it is not only the "working poor" it is also people on benefits who have seen a sharp drop in their income which at a time of ever increasing price rises has left many people deprived and in poverty. I would here just like to point out the outrage of the term "working poor", two words that should not be used in the same sentence, no one who works should be poor, each and every person regardless of their type of work should be paid a living wage. Life is precious we should not be compelled to while away our lives scrimping and scrapping to get by on wages that are exploitative and do not provide a decent standard of living not only for essentials but to ensure that everyone has a quality of life beyond the basics. Working forty or more hours each week, most people work considerably more, for a pittance and needing to go to food banks is a moral outrage while employers are laughing all the way to the bank and living life styles far in access of their needs.
Moreover no one who needs benefits by reason of disability, sickness or unemployment should have to have their already difficult lives made worse by impoverishment. Often we hear the phrase "make work pay". People complain that those on benefits are better off than many who work. And as a solution many advocate a reduction in benefits. However this does not solve the problem of poor wages and instead plunges disadvantaged people into poverty. Think about it, if a person on a benefits has their income reduced how does this benefit the low paid? People on unliveable wages will not get any more money. Instead of thinking it right to reduce benefits to make work pay how about increasing wages to make work pay. Sadly the fact that children are suffering the consequences of welfare reform and austerity measures seems to escape the notice of those who consider that reducing benefits is the right thing to do.
It is as though we are taking steps backwards to a time that many people thought had been consigned to history! The coming changes to benefits in the autumn is of great concern to those of us who consider that everyone should have enough money for life's essentials. One of the greatest concerns is that such changes will hit poor children in Britain hard. The very idea that here in the UK a child will be at school hungry is beyond shocking, it is inhumane and not worthy of any country that wishes to be considered as moral and socially progressive.
Children, the unemployed, the low paid and the sick and disabled are not the only people hit by a drastic reduction in living standards, many retired people living on a basic pension find themselves with less disposable income than an eleven year Old!
"Shocking research has revealed that two million pensioners have less disposable income then the average 11-year-old. The report revealed that this group has an average state and private pension bringing in £154 a week, but average living costs of £146.90. It leaves them with less 'pocket money' than the average 11-year-old – who is given £8 a week by their parents.
It is surely time to question the ethics of anyone in the 7th richest country in the world living in poverty while others have far more then they need.


Nowadays, there are several sources that attempt to provide wiring diagrams into the mechanic online. Most times these suppliers have either incorrect or incomplete diagrams that can possibly cost the shop wasted time, money or even possibly a lawsuit. A botched automotive wiring occupation is a potentially catastrophic mistake which no moral repairman would like to make. Employing bad wiring diagrams is a sure fire recipe for catastrophe. Many times these ineffective wiring diagrams are offered at no cost, however the professional mechanic is served to steer clear of these since they are usually not worth the paper they're printed on.
The best choice is always to use a confirmed and precise wiring diagram that's provided from a trusted source. A good, established company that has a very lengthy track record of supplying the most up-to-date wiring diagrams available isn't hard to discover. In actuality, the solutions which they supply are relatively cheap in comparison to what could happen if a poor schematic is used. Often, a busy mechanic won't have enough opportunity to confirm a wiring diagram's accuracy and may possibly proceed on a repair job with all the incorrect information in hand. This could be an extremely costly and reputation dangerous situation and can be avoided simply by putting your trust using a respectable and recognized online resource for automotive repair information and diagrams.
One of the toughest automotive repair jobs that a mechanic or repair shop may undertake is your wiring, or venting of an automobile's electrical system. The issue basically is that each vehicle differs. When attempting to remove, replace or fix the wiring within a vehicle, acquiring an accurate and thorough wiring diagram is vital to the success of the repair project. Oftentimes, a mechanic has been burdened due to incorrect or outdated wiring schematics that are offered by resources that were improper.


text:
Q: Issue with RSA crate Rust I'm a beginner in Rust and I'm facing an issue with the RSA crate in Rust.
I'm trying to verify a signature. My code is as simple as :
use rsa::{RsaPublicKey};

use rsa::pkcs8::DecodePublicKey;
fn main() {
    let pem = "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
    MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAtsQsUV8QpqrygsY+2+JC
    Q6Fw8/omM71IM2N/R8pPbzbgOl0p78MZGsgPOQ2HSznjD0FPzsH8oO2B5Uftws04
    LHb2HJAYlz25+lN5cqfHAfa3fgmC38FfwBkn7l582UtPWZ/wcBOnyCgb3yLcvJrX
    yrt8QxHJgvWO23ITrUVYszImbXQ67YGS0YhMrbixRzmo2tpm3JcIBtnHrEUMsT0N
    fFdfsZhTT8YbxBvA8FdODgEwx7u/vf3J9qbi4+Kv8cvqyJuleIRSjVXPsIMnoejI
    n04APPKIjpMyQdnWlby7rNyQtE4+CV+jcFjqJbE/Xilcvqxt6DirjFCvYeKYl1uH
    LwIDAQAB
    -----END PUBLIC KEY-----";

    let _public_key = RsaPublicKey::from_public_key_pem(pem).unwrap();

}

However I'm getting an error saying that :
---- tests::add_public_key_verif stdout ----
thread 'tests::add_public_key_verif' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Asn1(Error { kind: Pem(PostEncapsulationBoundary), position: None })', src/lib.rs:136:40
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

In cargo.toml, I have :
[package]
name = "hello_cargo"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[dependencies]
rsa ="0.6.1"

The issue seams to come from the public key generation from the PEM.
Do you know a solution for fix this issue ?

A: The indentation is the problem here. The whitespace at the beginning of the line is part of the string value, but that's not valid PEM encoding. To fix it, remove the leading whitespace:
fn main() {
    let pem = "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAtsQsUV8QpqrygsY+2+JC
Q6Fw8/omM71IM2N/R8pPbzbgOl0p78MZGsgPOQ2HSznjD0FPzsH8oO2B5Uftws04
LHb2HJAYlz25+lN5cqfHAfa3fgmC38FfwBkn7l582UtPWZ/wcBOnyCgb3yLcvJrX
yrt8QxHJgvWO23ITrUVYszImbXQ67YGS0YhMrbixRzmo2tpm3JcIBtnHrEUMsT0N
fFdfsZhTT8YbxBvA8FdODgEwx7u/vf3J9qbi4+Kv8cvqyJuleIRSjVXPsIMnoejI
n04APPKIjpMyQdnWlby7rNyQtE4+CV+jcFjqJbE/Xilcvqxt6DirjFCvYeKYl1uH
LwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----";

    let _public_key = RsaPublicKey::from_public_key_pem(pem).unwrap();

}

Alternatively, consider putting the PEM key data in a separate file and using the include_str! macro to load it into a variable.  This keeps the key data separate from the program logic as well as making the indentation issue irrelevant.  (Note that this happens at compile time; there is no runtime overhead to this approach.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dynamic, evocative and powerful, MIDNIGHT RISING is a continuation of the ambient metal style established on 2006's DEEP HORIZON, THE SHADOWHEART MIRROR (2009) and onthrough DOMAIN in 2011. Once again mixed/mastered by Joey Vera (Armored Saint, FatesWarning, Engine), MIDNIGHT RISING also features guest appearances by keyboardist Vivien Lalu (Lalu, Shadrane, Hubi Meisel), guitarist Chris Rifkin (EF5/F5, Eye of the Storm) and vocalist Stephanie Warren. With over an hour of music that pushes boundaries and bridges worlds, Oceans of Night remain dedicated to exploring the sonic limits of metal music by any means necessary.
Through the course of 7 CD's, multi-instrumentalist, Scott Mosher has bridged the worlds of progressive metal, melodic hard rock and ambient sounds to create an experimental yet complimentary style of music that is at once as subtle as it is powerful, aggressive as it is dynamic and timeless as it is modern. Scott Oliva continues to perform in legendary NY Iron Maiden tribute band, Live After Death and The Nightmare Stage. He has also written, performed and recorded with Wind Wraith and Inner Strength.


On Friday 7th December at 7.30pm, Bath Spa Band and Training Band will be performing a festive family concert at St Michael's Without, Broad Street, Bath.
Join the City of Bath's own Brass Band and Training Band for a set that will include Borodin's Danse Polovtsiennes and highlights from The Greatest Showman as well as traditional and popular Christmas Carols and tunes. A perfect start to the Christmas Season. This year we are delighted to welcome special guests The Corsham & Colerne Military Wives Choir to sing some of your Christmas favourites. As usual, audience participation will be encouraged for our sing-along carols and songs. Refreshments will be available during the evening and there will be a raffle in aid of Macmillan.
This entry was tagged brass, choir, christmas, concert. Bookmark the permalink.


Dear Mr. Wolff: My partner opened a strong two clubs, and I gave the neutral response of two diamonds. After a rebid of two no-trump, can I use Stayman and Jacoby Transfers, just as ifmy partner had opened the bidding with a no-trump call? What is the best use for a bid of three spades here? — Movers and Shakers, Albuquerque, N.M. ANSWER: You play exactly the same as over a two no-trump opening bid. Use the three-spade call in one of two ways: either as Minor Suit Stayman or as a puppet to three no-trump. After that, responder can show one or both minors in various ways. Some possibilities are listed at bit.ly/ AoB2NTresponses. Dear Mr. Wolff: When declaring, I can generally keep track of the trumps. But following the spots in more than two suits is a challenge. What would you recommend as away forward? — Losing the Thread, Detroit, Mich. ANSWER: I do not recommend trying to count all the suits. Focus on the ones that seem most likely to matter to you after dummy comes down. Try to focus only on trump (just count the missing ones in the opponents' hands) and one other suit. As you get more skilled at the task, maybe you can expand your repertoire. Dear Mr. Wolff: Would you consider it appropriate to open with a pre-empt in third seat, holding SPADES 4 3, HEARTSK Q 8 73, DIAMONDSA 7 3 2, CLUBS 10 3? I assume you might pass at some vulnerabilities, but if you bid, do you prefer one or two hearts? — Risking It All, Panama City, Fla. ANSWER: You are right that I would probably pass at unfavorable vulnerability, though the heart 10 might tempt me to act. Nonvulnerable, I might mix it up with a call of two hearts, but a simple opening of one heart with both sides vulnerable is perfectly reasonable and mixes aggression with some degree of safety.


Cardinal Vinko Puljic, head of the Church in Bosnia/Herzegovina, has hinted at possible changes to Medjugorje's status as a sanctuary and place of pilgrimage.
In a Christmas interview with press agency Anadolu the Cardinal said Medjugorje is one of the largest confessionals, not only in the Balkans but also in Europe, and should be recognised in some way.
He also spoke about the long-awaited outcome on the status of Medjugorje and said that any decision on the sanctuary would be only a matter of administrative management and for probably the parish, and would not mean an early decision on the claimed apparitions and messages associated with the phenomenon. "In terms of the visions and messages, the Church will continue its study and not go that fast. The Church is not in a hurry," the Cardinal explained.
He added that he was not worried about the attitude of the Holy Father nor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith, but that it was important for the people who come in faith to Medjugorje to pray and strengthen their faith, and return home comforted.
The Cardinal's mention of administrative changes could be the precursor to an official announcement on this from the Holy See.


Keep your wallet in your pocket. All we need is your contact information and your address. That's it.
Right now, we focus on properties with buildings under 10,000 square feet that are used for lite commercial or multi family residential. Lite commercial includes buildings and uses like food stores, restaurants, retail, office, medical, laundromats, and apartments. We are happy to help you. If your building is over 10,000 square feet, or is single family, industrial or warehouse, don't be shy. Contact us and be early on our list. We are expanding our offerings and will let you know when we're ready.
THIRDact is the most flexible funding available. We can fund any real improvement in a property. We focus on improvements that reduce energy and water consumption. We can also fund structural enhancements, such as seismic retrofits, and even ADA compliance. Leaking roof? We can fund that, too. Landscaping, pervious concrete, water catchment systems... Need to upgrade exterior lighting, security or signage? We can fund that too. We don't fund interior design or furniture. Let us know what you need.
Absolutely. More and more, building owners are being asked to disclose energy use as part of sale. We can improve your building's performance by installing new HVAC systems, cool roof, water conservation systems, etc. We can fund new EV charging stations, too! All of this can be done in under 4 weeks, with zero upfront costs to you. Attract more buyers and reduce time on the market with energy efficiency makeovers.
You sell your property when you want, at the price you want, to whom you want. You have complete control.
Absolutely. Please contact us and just let us know you lease.
We care deeply about energy and water consumption reduction, and we also care about the funding needs of small business. We launched thirdACT to provide small businesses access to capital for these kinds of improvements. What we learned along the way is that small commercial properties have diverse needs. So we began looking at resiliency in buildings in a different way.
We've talked with a lot of property owners, and we offer what you want: a non-debt solution with some flexibility. We can fund one or several upgrades. Mix seismic with energy efficiency. Sure. We can do that. A leaky roof and a leaky faucet? We can do that too. You let us know what you need.
We are women-founded and led. thirdACT has always believed financial companies should be a force for good. We recognize this responsibility and are proud to be a Public Benefit Corporation. PBCs are a new type of corporation that harness the power of private enterprise to create public benefit. The creation of the public benefit corporations is a powerful, no cost, market-based solution to the systemic problem of short-termism and an innovative approach to using market forces to solve our most challenging problems. Our stated public benefit is that we drive resiliency in communities through better buildings. With every building we fund, we reinforce this mission.


text:
Home People and Places Shrewsbury scouts learn a lesson in flag etiquette
Shrewsbury scouts learn a lesson in flag etiquette
Ryan Pontbriand (left) – Parks & Cemetery Foreman, town of Shrewsbury; and Ben Cohen (right), Boy Scout, Troop 114.
Shrewsbury – The Shrewsbury Girl Scouts volunteer to place American flags on the graves of all Veterans before Memorial Day each year. However, it's the Boy Scouts who volunteer to take them down in November, before winter sets in.
On November 14, 34 scouts ranging in age from five years of age to 17, from Shrewsbury's Cub Pack 114 and Boy Scout Troop 114, assisted the Shrewsbury Cemetery Department to remove this year's flags.
"The scouts (now boys and girls) learn reverence and respect for both the flag and for the individual veterans that each flag represents," commented Ian Gregory, troop leader and scout parent.
Teddy Hruskoci. Boy Scout, Troop 114
Photos /Shrewsbury Boy Scouts
He estimated that over 1,000 flags were taken down this year, including one British flag.
Gregory's son Felix had the honor of removing that flag. The family is from the United Kingdom and Felix has dual American and British citizenship.
Gregory then shared that the Scouts held a "Flag Retirement" ceremony later that same day. The Boy Scouts of America is one of a handful of groups that have an official code for flag retirement.
"Conducting a flag retirement ceremony is a very meaningful opportunity for Scouts and Scouters to reflect on the meaning of the flag as a great symbol of freedom," according to the Boy Scout Handbook: "As the symbol of America, it [the flag] stands for the past, present, and future of our country. It represents our people, our land, and our many ways of life."
Desmond (left) and Garrett (right) Conlin. Both are Cub Scouts from Pack 114.
Traditionally, when the flag becomes "worn, torn, faded or badly soiled," the way to retire it is by incineration. The process involves cutting the large flags, so they don't smother the fire and burn (retire) easier. The individual stripes are cut separately while the section of the blue with the stars is cut separate and kept whole.
"I'm very proud of the respect and reverence each of our scouts displayed in handling the flags," remarked Ross Clark, troop scoutmaster. "It was an opportunity for them to reflect on these veterans who epitomized the Scout Oath and Scout Law that our scouts live by in their daily lives.
Ian Gregory
one British flag
Ross Clark
Shrewsbury Cemetery Department
shrewsbury girl scouts
Shrewsbury's Cub Pack 114 and Boy Scout Troop 114
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