text:
OPINION OF THE JUSTICES TO THE SENATE
427 Mass. 1201
Present: WILKINS, C.J., ABRAMS, LYNCH, GREANEY, FRIED, MARSHALL & IRELAND.
Divorce and Separation, Child custody. Parent and Child, Custody. Minor, Custody. Abuse Prevention. Due Process of Law, Child custody proceeding, Presumption, Burden of proof, Standard of proof.
On March 11, 1998, the Justices submitted the following answer to a question propounded to them by the Senate.
To the Honorable the Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts:
The Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court respectfully submit their answer to the question set forth in an order adopted by the Senate on November 13, 1997, and transmitted to the Justices on November 20, 1997. The order indicates that there is pending before the General Court a bill, Senate No. 2021,
entitled, "An Act relative to the consideration of domestic violence in custody and visitation proceedings." A copy of the bill was transmitted with the order. The order recites: "[Senate No. 2021] would establish a presumption against awarding custody of a child to a parent under some circumstances; and . . . would further require that, upon reaching a finding by a preponderance of the evidence [that a parent has engaged in a pattern or serious incident of abuse], the burden of proof shifts to the challenged parent to prove that it is in the best interest of a child to be placed with such parent."
The order also indicates that grave doubt exists as to the constitutionality of the bill, if enacted into law, and requests our opinion on this question:
"Does the statutory presumption established by [Senate No. 2021] or the resulting shifting of the burden of proof violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution or Article 10 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights by impermissibly shifting to the challenged parent the burden of proof relative to custody of a child?"
Senate No. 2021 would amend G. L. c. 208, 209, 209A, and 209C. The portion of Senate No. 2021, § 3, which leads to the question asked of us, states:
"A probate and family court's finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a pattern or serious incident of abuse has occurred shall create a rebuttable presumption that it is not in the best interests of the child to be placed in sole custody, shared legal custody, or shared physical custody with the abusive parent. Said presumption may be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence that such custody award is in the best interests of the child. For the purposes of this section, 'an abusive parent' shall mean a parent who has committed a pattern of abuse or serious incident of abuse."
Under the due process clause, the "government may only deprive a person of life or of an interest in liberty or property by due process of law." Opinion of the Justices, 423 Mass. 1201 , 1229 (1996). Thus, the Justices must answer whether the establishment of a rebuttable presumption in custody disputes and the resulting shift in the burden of proof deprives the challenged
parent of a liberty interest or property interest, and, if so, whether the requirements of due process have been satisfied.
The Supreme Judicial Court and the Supreme Court of the United States have recognized that parents have a fundamental interest in their relationships with their children that is constitutionally protected. See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982); Custody of Two Minors, 396 Mass. 610 , 617 (1985), citing Little v. Streater, 452 U.S. 1, 13 (1981); Petition of the Dep't of Pub. Welfare to Dispense with Consent to Adoption, 383 Mass. 573 , 587 (1981). This interest is one of the "liberty" interests protected by art. 10 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Dep't of Pub. Welfare v. J.K.B., 379 Mass. 1 , 3 (1979), citing Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246 (1978). However, parents' interests in their relationships with their children are not absolute, because "the overriding principle in determining [the rights of a parent to custody] must be the best interest of the child." C.C. v. A.B., 406 Mass. 679 , 691 (1990).
There is a growing national awareness that children who witness or experience domestic violence suffer deep and profound harms. See, e.g., Custody of Vaughn, 422 Mass. 590 , 599 (1996); Fields, The Impact of Spouse Abuse on Children and Its Relevance in Custody and Visitation Decisions in New York State, 3 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 221, 222-234 (1994); Cahn, Civil Images of Battered Women: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Child Custody Decisions, 44 Vand. L. Rev. 1041, 1055-1058 (1991). To better protect children, many States have adopted legislation making it more difficult for an abusive parent to obtain custody of a child in a divorce proceeding. See generally Comment, Protecting New York's Children: An Argument for the Creation of a Rebuttable Presumption Against Awarding a Spouse Abuser Custody of a Child, 60 Alb. L. Rev. 1345 (1997). Eleven States have adopted statutes creating presumptions similar to the one contained in Senate No. 2021. [Note 1] It appears that this court is the first to advise on the constitutionality of such a presumption.
In custody disputes between parents there is no constitutional or statutory entitlement to any particular form of custody. See Commonwealth v. Beals, 405 Mass. 550 , 554 (1989) (both parents have equal rights to custody of their children); Yannas v. Frondistou-Yannas, 395 Mass. 704 , 709 (1985) (neither State nor Federal Constitution favors one custodial arrangement over another); G. L. c. 208, § 31. A parent seeking custody must simply present evidence of facts which demonstrate why such an award of custody serves the child's best interests. If the other parent wishes to obtain custody, that parent must present evidence to show why he or she should be awarded custody instead. The judge weighs the evidence presented and makes a determination as to which parent can best satisfy the child's welfare and happiness. See, e.g., Rolde v. Rolde, 12 Mass. App. Ct. 398 (1981); Bahceli v. Bahceli, 10 Mass. App. Ct. 446 (1980); Angelone v. Angelone, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 728 (1980). Evidence of domestic violence is only one factor of many considered by a judge in making custody determinations. [Note 2]
Senate No. 2021 would change the weight that domestic violence is given in custody determinations. Instead of simply being a factor considered by the judge, it could be a determinative factor. If one parent proves by a preponderance of evidence that the other has engaged in a pattern or incident of serious abuse, then a presumption arises that it is not in the child's best interests to be in the custody of the challenged parent. The challenged
parent then has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence, that despite evidence of abuse, it is in the child's best interests to be in his or her custody. Thus, once a parent's abusive conduct is proved, the burden of proof is shifted to the challenged parent to prove that an award of custody to him or her is in the best interests of the child.
In determining whether the presumption and shifting of burden survive constitutional due process, the question is not whether the State may restrict parents' liberty interests in relating with their children, but rather, what standard of proof is constitutionally required for the State to do so. Senate No. 2021 would establish the presumption after proof by a "preponderance of the evidence." Whether this standard survives constitutional muster depends on the value society places on the affected individual's liberty, the significance of the deprivation or restriction, society's interest in avoiding erroneous deprivations or restrictions to that liberty, and the value society places on the State's interest. See Santosky, supra, 455 U.S. at 755-756. Both the Supreme Judicial Court and the Supreme Court of the United States have utilized the analysis contained in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, (1976), to balance these interests. [Note 3] See Care & Protection of Robert, 408 Mass. 52 , 58-59 (1990); Spence v. Gormley, 387 Mass. 258 , 274-277 (1982). This requires consideration of three distinct factors: (1) "the private interest that will be affected by the official action"; (2) "the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards"; and (3) "the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail." Mathews v. Eldridge, supra at 335. See Care & Protection of Robert, supra at 59; Commonwealth v. Barboza, 387 Mass. 105 , 112, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1020 (1982). We examine each of the factors to determine whether the presumption created by Senate No. 2021 meets the requirements of due process.
1. Private interests. First we must identify the private interests. Mathews v. Eldridge, supra. Creating a presumption that custody in a parent is not in the best interests of a child
implicates the interest of the parent in his or her relationship with the child, as well as a child's interest in the relationship with his or her family. See Santosky, supra, 455 U.S. at 755-756; Care & Protection of Robert, supra. Because the presumption attaches only after the other parent proves by a "preponderance of the evidence" that a pattern or incident of serious abuse has occurred, the presumption also implicates the child's right to be free from abusive or neglectful behavior. See Care & Protection of Robert, supra at 61.
Although parents have a fundamental, constitutionally protected interest in their relationships with their children, attainment of the children's best interest may involve some limitation on the liberties of one or the other of the parents. For example, in Kendall v. Kendall, 426 Mass. 238 , 248 (1997), the court concluded that a parent's right to practice religion must be restricted when necessary to promote a child's best interests. See Felton v. Felton, 383 Mass. 232 , 233 (1981). In addition, if there is abuse or neglect, the State may require a partial or complete severance of the parent-child relationship to protect a minor child from serious physical or emotional harm. See Petition of the Dep't of Pub. Welfare to Dispense with Consent to Adoption, supra, 383 Mass. at 587-588. Nevertheless, parents' interests in relating with their children are extremely important, and before the State may permanently deprive any parent of that interest, it should generally be required to meet a standard of proof higher than a preponderance of the evidence. See Santosky v. Kramer, supra, 455 U.S. at 764-766; Petition of the Dep't of Pub. Welfare to Dispense with Consent to Adoption, supra.
As the court recognized in Care & Protection of Robert, supra, 408 Mass. at 61-62, a child's interest to be with his or her parents fluctuates with the child's interest to be free from abuse and neglect. When there is evidence of abuse or neglect of a family member, a child's interest in relating to his or her family diminishes. Id., citing Custody of a Minor, 389 Mass. 755 , 766 (1983). To allow a child to experience or witness domestic violence "is a violation of the most basic human right, the most basic condition of civilized society: the right to live in physical security, free from the fear that brute force will determine the conditions of one's daily life." Custody of Vaughn, supra at 595. Therefore, the child's interest in being free from such abuse outweighs any interest a child has in family integrity. Because a child's interest in being free from the effects of
domestic violence is extremely significant, proof by a preponderance of the evidence appears to be a sufficient standard to allow the rebuttable presumption to attach in custody disputes between parents.
2. Risk of error. Next we must consider the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the private interests through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards. See Mathews v. Eldridge, supra at 335; Care & Protection of Robert, supra, 408 Mass. at 62-63. The greater the risk of erroneous deprivation, the more important it is to consider additional procedural safeguards such as a more demanding standard of proof. If. See Santosky v. Kramer, supra, 455 U.S. at 764-766.
A preponderance of evidence standard creates a greater risk of an erroneous deprivation of custody than a higher standard of proof. However, the presumption created by Senate No. 2021 "may be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence that [a custody award to the challenged parent] is in the best interests of the child." In Care & Protection of Robert, supra at 64, the court concluded that the preponderance standard was sufficient for purposes of restricting a parent's right to custody, in part, because "further proceedings regarding the particular situation [would] be held." [Note 4] The protection afforded by Senate No. 2021 is even greater, because the challenged parent has an opportunity immediately to overcome the presumption based on a preponderance of the evidence.
Another issue of concern is that one parent may make false allegations of abuse to gain an advantage in custody proceedings. The risk of the success of such conduct is greater with a preponderance of the evidence standard than with a stricter standard of proof. However, parents acting in such a manner are clearly not acting in their child's best interests. Therefore, parents who make false allegations of abuse run the great risk that they will lose custody of their children. Cf. Duro v. Duro, 392 Mass. 574 (1984). See C.P. Kindregan, Jr. & M.L. Inker, Family Law and Practice § 47.12, at 366-367 & n.13 (2d ed. 1996).
While it is true that a "preponderance of the evidence" standard creates a greater risk of an erroneous deprivation of custody than a stricter standard, any errors which arise can be discovered and corrected through the challenged parent's rebuttal. Because the risk of error is minimal, proving abuse by a preponderance of the evidence prior to the rebuttable presumption arising in custody disputes between parents is appropriate.
3. The State's interest. The final factor we must consider is the State's interest in the rebuttable presumption, and the burdens that a more demanding standard of proof would create for the State. See Mathews v. Eldridge, supra at 335; Care & Protection of Robert, supra at 65. The State, as parens patriae, has a "compelling interest in protecting the physical and psychological well-being of minors." Sable Communications of Cal., Inc. v. FCC, 492 U.S. 115, 126 (1989). See Adoption of Brooke, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 680 , 684 (1997). It is thought by some that it is not in the best interests of a child to be in the custody of a perpetrator of domestic violence. [Note 5] Thus, the State has a significant interest in protecting a child from residing with a parent who has a history of committing acts of domestic violence, unless it is shown to be in a child's best interests.
A standard of proof stricter than the preponderance of the evidence would be inconsistent with promoting the State's interest. The burden of a stricter standard of proof would fall entirely on the parent alleging abuse. But see Santosky v. Kramer, supra (burden of stricter standard falls entirely on State). A victim of domestic violence may not have the resources necessary to meet a higher standard of proof. One who commits domestic violence often controls a spouse by threatening to obtain custody
if the spouse attempts to leave the relationship, to report abuse to the police, or otherwise to defend him or herself. See Comment, Protecting New York's Children: An Argument for the Creation of a Rebuttable Presumption Against Awarding a Spouse Abuser Custody of a Child, 60 Alb. L. Rev. 1345, 1358 (1997); Note, Domestic Violence and Custody Litigation: The Need for Statutory Reform, 13 Hofstra L. Rev. 407, 426 (1985) (victims of abuse are generally economically dependent on abusers and will often be threatened with custody litigation by abusers if they leave). Because the purpose of Senate No. 2021 is to prevent children from witnessing or experiencing domestic violence, a standard of proof greater than a preponderance of evidence would prevent many victims of abuse from proving the existence of domestic violence at custody proceedings, and a greater number of children could end up in the custody of a perpetrator of domestic violence.
In balancing the interests involved, the logical conclusion is that the "preponderance of the evidence" standard prescribed by Senate No. 2021 satisfies the requirements of due process under the State and Federal Constitutions. The risk of error is greatly outweighed by children's interest in being free of abuse and neglect, and the State's interest in promoting the welfare of its children. Moreover, because Senate No. 2021 only relates to custody disputes between parents, the risk of error is being shared by two individuals with equal interests. The State's interest is promoted only indirectly -- through an award of custody to nonabusive parents. Therefore, the Justices conclude in response to the Senate's question, that the rebuttable presumption and resulting shift in the burden of proof established by Senate No. 2021 would not, if enacted into law, contravene that portion of art. 10 which provides that "each individual of the society has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property, according to standing laws," or the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The answer to the question is, "No."
The foregoing answer and opinion are submitted by the Chief
Justice and the Associate Justices subscribing hereto on the 11th day of March, 1998.
HERBERT P. WILKINS
RUTH I. ABRAMS
NEIL L. LYNCH
JOHN M. GREANEY
CHARLES FRIED
MARGARET H. MARSHALL
RODERICK L. IRELAND
[Note 1] Four of
the [eleven] states established presumptions, the other seven created rebuttable presumptions. The state statutes utilize different burdens of proof for establishing domestic violence as well as for rebutting the presumption." (Footnotes omitted.) Comment, Protecting New York's Children: An Argument for the Creation of a Rebuttable Presumption Against Awarding a Spouse Abuser Custody of a Child, 60 Alb. L. Rev. 1345, 1367 (1997). Some States make no mention of a standard for the presumption to attach, some require only credible evidence, and others require a preponderance of the evidence standard. To rebut the presumption, some States require the abusive parent to participate in special programs that address the underlying issues (e.g., anger management or programs for sexual offenders), and some require clear and convincing evidence that custody with the abusive parent is in the child's best interests. Id. See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 14-10-124(1.5) (m) (1997); Del. Code Ann. tit. 13, § 705A (Supp. 1997); Fla. Stat. Ann. § 61.13(2)(a)(2) (West 1997 & Supp. 1998); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 9:364(A) (West Supp. 1997) Minn. Stat. Ann. § 518.17(2)(d) (West 1990); N.D. Cent. Code § 14-09-06.2(1)(j) (1991); Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 10, § 21.1(D) (West Supp. 1998); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.004 (West 1996); Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 26.09.191 (2) & (3) (West 1997); Wis. Stat. Ann. § 767.24(2)(b)(2)(c) (West 1993 & Supp. 1997); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-2-113(a) (Michie 1997).
[Note 2] Other
factors include parental fitness, relative ability, and willingness of each parent to care for child, history as primary care parent, health of parents, health needs of child, lifestyle of parents, sexual conduct of parents, religion, suitability of residence of parent, residence of siblings, and the custodial preferences of the child. C.P. Kindregan, Jr. & M.L. Inker, Family Law and Practice § 47.12 (2d ed. 1996).
[Note 3] Mathews
v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), involved a worker's claim that termination of his social security benefits violated his constitutional right to due process.
[Note 4] In Care &
Protection of Robert, 408 Mass. 52 , 61 n.5 (1990), there was some evidence that the deprivation of custody could take up to one year in some cases.
[Note 5] There is
substantial evidence that children who witness or experience domestic violence suffer "a distinctly grievous kind of harm." Custody of Vaughn, 422 Mass. 590 , 595 (1996). See Note, Domestic Violence and Custody Litigation: The Need for Statutory Reform, 13 Hofstra L. Rev. 407 (1985). Numerous articles addressing the effects of family violence on children support conclusions that (1) batterers are more likely to abuse their children than the average parent, see Comment, Protecting New York's Children: An Argument for the Creation of a Rebuttable Presumption Against Awarding A Spouse Abuser Custody of a Child, 60 Alb. L. Rev. 1345, 1352 (1997), and studies cited; (2) children exposed to domestic violence suffer both behavioral and developmental harm, see Comment, supra at 1351; and (3) that children exposed to domestic violence are more likely to be violent with their spouses or children, see Comment, supra at 1352, and articles cited.


Knox Spencer Associates on Wednesday announced the launch of Doctors Report Illness Tracker, a new mobile app for Android and iOS devices that's meant to provide users with real-time data on health-related trends observed by clinicians across the United States. The Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based firm also launched an accompanying website meant to serve as a browser-based counterpart to the mobile service, making both available to U.S. residents free of charge. The platform is powered by nearly a million doctors' offices from all parts of the country, allowing users to quickly search through reports so as to determine the currently largest health trends and risks in their area. The app boasts robust filtering capabilities that can even allow you to search for notable trends by ZIP codes, being primarily meant to assist in disease prevention.
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Ostrava is again helping small businesses overcome the COVID crisis
Similarly to last year, the City of Ostrava is now offering a one-off payment to help businesses overcome the difficulties caused by the current government restrictions that were introduced to slow the spread of the COVID virus. The financial assistance package was approved by the City Council earlier today. All small businesses operating within Ostrava are eligible for the assistance, provided that the restrictions that came into effect on 27 December 2020 have either forced them to close completely or have substantially restricted their ability to operate. Applications for the assistance (a one-off payment of 20 000 CZK) can be submitted from Monday 18 January 2021.
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Ostrava's Mayor Tomáš Macura gave more details: "We are aware that we can't compensate for all the losses suffered by businesses – we simply don't have the financial power to do so. However, we are also acutely aware that behind small businesses there are individual people – people whose restaurants, cafés, shops and various other services help to make Ostrava what it is, as well as representing the bedrock of our city's economy. And of course those individual people have families, who have also been hit hard by the current situation. We want to send a clear message to them – we're standing by you in these tough times. So we're following in our footsteps from last year, when this quick and simple form of financial assistance proved very successful. The City is offering this assistance package despite the fact that our tax revenue has fallen compared with last year. We have allocated 40 million CZK to the programme, which will reach up to two thousand applicants."
There is no end date for submitting applications; the funding will remain available until the allocated sum runs out. The City Council will assess and approve applications at weekly intervals. The assistance package is targeted at small businesses and self-employed people who are facing a difficult financial situation because the government's current measures have forced them to suspend or substantially restrict their business activities. The one-off payment (which is subject to approval by the City Council) is intended to at least partially cover business costs. It is available to individuals or companies whose business activities (either retail sales or services provided within the city boundaries) have been explicitly prohibited by the government's measures. Catering services (such as restaurants) that have been impacted by the ban on members of the public entering such premises will be eligible for the financial support even if they have chosen to offer take-away services and similar forms of sale.
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Last year, Ostrava was one of the first Czech cities to introduce a financial assistance package for businesses impacted by the government's measures to restrict the spread of COVID-19. The scheme was launched in March 2020; businesses based in Ostrava could apply for a rapid-response payment of up to 20 000 CZK and a subsidy of up to 100 000 CZK. A total 2 557 Ostrava businesses received almost 80 million CZK as part of the 2020 support scheme.
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Online (Dropbox-style) storage company Spideroak has detailed news of its Crypton open source data security project.
Crypton's "unique" approach comes from its ability to allow web application developers to exert and apply encryption controls in the browser itself i.e. before the application data is sent to perform storage or related processing at a remote server location where the wider spread of malware could potentially occur on unencrypted data.
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Crypton's ABOUT pages describe it as a framework for building cryptographically secure cloud applications: such applications offer meaningful privacy assurance to end users because the servers running the application cannot read the data created and stored by the applications says its development team.
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NOTE: The name Crypton is a derivative of 'cryptography' and 'photon'. Cryptography is defined as the elements necessary to create a cypher. Photon is an elementary particle of light.


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This was one memorable safari for myself and our family of five! We are a seasoned travel family with our three kids but the experience we gained from this safari will last in our memories for a lifetime. The travel adventure and accomodation offered to us by Wild World Expeditions were far much better than what we expected. Our kids were happy, and that made us even happier. From interesting sightings, to awesome Kenyan food, to comfortable sleeping lodges, to village visits..it was the best. I particularly loved how the guides are so enthuastic about nature conservation and the communities they work with. It was obvious that the company was making constant follow ups with the guides to ensure we are having the best trip, and this brought peace of mind. I have never enjoyed being out of Slovakia as I was !
So I was doing a connecting tour from Russia through Kenya to the southern part of Africa. My friend recommended this company and I booked a tour of Nairobi City with them. I was assigned a charming tour guide, Kelvin, who took me around various spots in the city. I didn't know Nairobi has so much to see! From the city's tallest building, I could lieterally tour the busy Nairobi with my eyes! Then we went to see lovely Giraffe Center, had some Kenyan lunch, then went for an evening bird watching at Karura forest. One of my best one-day trips!
My friend and I were looking for a slum volunteering opportunity in Kenya, online for some days without success. When we landed on the company's facebook page, we asked whether they could link us with an organization to assist with children studies. We were glad that Wild World Expeditions offered us this chance and even linked us with the host organization and a family to stay with during the two weeks even though this is not part of their daily cause :)The company also assisted us with ticket reservations and airport pick and drop ups. Great services.
We were a group of medical students from the United States on a volunteering mission in Kenya. In our last week, we decided to do a mountain hike and tented camping. Our host recommended this company. We had the best mountaineering experience, with charming guides, delicious food services as we were climbing the mountain (we had not expected this), and bonfire music nights during our camping along the shores of lake Naivasha. The concern about our welfare was inspiring.
Are you passionate about traveling, adventure, and tour education?
Can you convince a friend or two to tour the world with you?
Are you a student or member of an institution?
Are you creative, outgoing, and ambitious?
If you answered all the questions with a YES then you are fit to join our travel ambassador program and make some extra cash!
Wild World Expeditions accepts, on a rolling basis, tours and travel students and group leaders into our awesome Campus Ambassadors Initiative. This is a tailored project aimed to shape the careers of junior travel and tour enthusiasts while they earn money out of making trips happen.
Under this Program, the main role of campus ambassadors is to convince their friends, classmates, clubs, groups, and other travel fanatics to subscribe to our awesome travel offers. We strive to provide the cheapest, entertaining, and educative trips available to such formations with the intention of making campus life memorable.
Anyone can be our tour ambassador, irrespective of their gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or career. However, we have a soft spot for organized individuals who are driven by the passion to succeed in all that they do. As our partner, you shall remain as collected and awesome as we are, creative, hard-working, passionate, timely and reliable, flexible, honest, and with the ability to string two words together to make travel sense. A clear criminal record is mandatory. Wild World Expeditions reserves the rights to terminate with or without notice any contracts signed but breached by our ambassadors.
• Priority selection to our internship and employment opportunities.
• A possibility of joining our ambassador program as part of your working team/network.
Impressed and ready to join Ship?
Send your CV and Cover Letter to info@wildexpeditionskenya.9e.cz. While we strive to get back to all our applicants, if you do not hear from us in two weeks time please consider your application unsuccessful. A background check is mandatory once accepted into our program.


text:
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Why workplace breastfeeding policies work
Katharina Hauck, Marisa Miraldo
Health Economics, Inequality, Public Health
Working mothers need room to express themselves
In July, Donald Trump's administration came under fire for its declared opposition to breastfeeding. A report in The New York Times detailed how US Government officials bullied other nations, via threats of punitive trade moves and withdrawal of military support, in an attempt to prevent the passing of a global resolution encouraging breastfeeding.
The World Health Organization resolution is based on decades of research that overwhelmingly shows the health benefits of mothers' milk and warnings that parents should not be misled by inaccurate marketing by infant formula firms. That makes the Trump administration's opposition to the resolution baffling. And while the resolution concerns mothers, there is much at stake for businesses that must now think carefully about their workplace breastfeeding policies — a sensitive subject.
A survey done by The Washington Post found mothers in the US still often need to express milk in public locations such as toilet stalls, under their desks, storage closets, or conference rooms as they have no access to appropriate and hygienic facilities in which to breastfeed. To address this undignified situation, 25 states have introduced workplace breastfeeding policies over the past 20 years. These either require or encourage employers to provide separate and private facilities (and breaks) to allow mothers to express breast milk in the workplace.
Breast is best for business
We have conducted research into the impact of these policies on breastfeeding rates, absenteeism, and the within-household gender pay gap. Our results confirm the policies are successful in supporting mothers to reconcile employment and child-rearing responsibility. First, the policies help to reap the well-established health benefits of breastfeeding to newborns and mothers. We found that states with legislation experienced an increase in breastfeeding rates compared to states without legislation; the effect was stronger for states in which the policies were enforced. Women who breastfeed are less sick and so are less absent from work. A 2016 Harvard University study estimated 3,340 premature mother and baby deaths a year could be prevented in the US alone given adequate breastfeeding.
The lack of family-friendly policies is one of the reasons for the lack of women in the higher ranks of business
But, beyond that, workplace breastfeeding policies have substantial economic benefits: because they reduce absenteeism of employed mothers, they lead to higher earnings for households with newborns and greater productivity for businesses. We estimate the policy reduces absences by roughly nine to 10 days per year in states that implemented the legislation. Strict enforceability has an even stronger effect, reducing mothers' absences by about 15 to 16 days per year. That translates into $1,484 per mother per year in productivity gains in states that enforce breastfeeding legislation, or $927 per mother per year in all states that have workplace breastfeeding legislation.
These productivity gains have measurable aggregate benefits to the wider economy. A 2016 study in The Lancet found universal breastfeeding could yield $300 billion in savings from reduced healthcare costs and improved economic outcomes for people raised on breast milk.
Ultimately, workplace breastfeeding policies improve gender equality in the workplace. We found they reduced the within-couple earnings gap (the difference in pay between men and women in relationships) by approximately 25 per cent.
Anti-family is anti-women
The lack of family-friendly policies is one of the reasons for the lack of women in the higher ranks of business. Half of firms have no female top executives, and less than five per cent have a female CEO. There is no paid maternity leave in the US, and many women take time out of work to look after their children. Breastfeeding policies can encourage mothers to go back into work sooner and reduce discriminatory behaviour in the workplace by creating a more family-friendly environment. It also encourages businesses to develop their own policies on maternity leave.
Breastfeeding could yield $300 billion in savings from reduced healthcare costs and improved economic outcomes
Breastfeeding policies will allow mothers to go back into the workplace sooner after giving birth, their skills will not depreciate as much over time, and they will have access to better opportunities for promotion. This will ultimately translate into higher earnings. And if women are earning more, and don't need to breastfeed at home, they can better negotiate with their partners about who stays at home, potentially further improving the representation of women in the workforce. Harvard Business Review published a study showing firms with higher gender diversity have profits above the industry mean.
While our research shows a clear incentive for organisations to implement breastfeeding policies, the impact of the change would be felt by the milk formula industry. The $70 billion market has been struggling with falling sales in recent years as more women embrace breastfeeding. The industry is dominated by a small group of American and European companies: that may explain the regrettable decision of the Trump administration to side with corporate interests over the health and well-being of mothers and their newborns, as well as wider economic gains in the US and globally.
About Katharina Hauck
Reader in Health Economics
Dr Katharina Hauck is a Senior Lecturer in Health Economics in Imperial College London's Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, and a member of the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation.
About Marisa Miraldo
Associate Professor in Health Economics
Dr Marisa Miraldo is an Associate Professor in Health Economics and a member of the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation.
She is a fellow of Imperial's Data Science Institute and currently leads the Health Research stream at the Data Analytics Centre, as well as participating in strategic groups on nutrition and vaccines. Dr Miraldo was also programme director for Executive Education course Advanced Management Programme in Health Innovation.
Her research focuses on the economics and policy of healthcare innovation, the impact of policies on organisational performance, and the behavioural determinants of decision making. Dr Miraldo has delivered several public talks and has published in many journals, including Social Science and Medicine and the International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Receive the latest insights from Imperial College Business School
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Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom


text:
Q: Are the definition of cosx got from power series and the triangle definition of cosx same?
For right angled triangle $ABC$,  $\cos x = \frac{adjacent}{hypotenuse} = \frac{AB}{BC}$
Again from power series expansion of $\cos x$ we get
$$\cos x = 1-\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{4}}{4!}-\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+......$$
  Are these two definitions same?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Current-Fellows
Clinical-Rotations
Community Experiences
PeopleCurrently selected
School of Medicine / Departments / Pediatrics / Divisions / Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health / Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics / People / Adam Braddock
Adam BraddockCurrently selected
Adam Braddock, MD, MPhil, FAAP
Email: abraddock@ucsd.edu
BiographyEducationScholarly WorkProfessional Activities
Adam is an Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at UC San Diego School of Medicine, where he works in Academic General Pediatrics and Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics. He provides primary care for infants, children and adolescents through all of their behavioral stages. Adam believes that providing high quality pediatric primary care can create a foundation for health throughout a lifetime.
Adam is also a Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician who works with families to evaluate, treat, and coordinate care for children with developmental delays, behavioral issues, learning disorders or mental health concerns at UC San Diego Frost clinic and San Ysidro Health Center.
Adam is a Board Certified Pediatrician who received his medical degree from the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Aurora, Colo. Adam completed his residency at Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University School of Medicine in Chicago, Ill. He completed a one year fellowship in Developmental- Behavioral Pediatrics at UC San Diego School of Medicine. He also holds a master's degree in history and philosophy of science and medicine from the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. He received his undergraduate degree in philosophy from the University of Chicago.
As a Professor, Adam instructs medical students and residents at UC San Diego School of Medicine. He is a member of UCSD Medical Humanities Research Group and has taught in the Practice of Medicine course for first and second year medical students. His honors include an Advocacy Training Scholarship from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Undergraduate Education: Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, University of Chicago
Medical Degree: University of Colorado School of Medicine
Graduate Education: M. Phil in History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine, University of Cambridge
Residency: Pediatrics, Northwestern University, School of Medicine
Fellowship: Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, University of California San Diego
Special Certifications: Board Certified, General Pediatrics, American Board of Pediatrics
Pediatric Ethics
Mental and Behavioral Health in Children
Braddock, A. Children as research partners in community pediatrics. In: The Future of Human Subjects Research Regulation, I. Glenn Cohen and Holly Fernandez Lynch, eds., MIT Press, 2014.
Gupta V, Brosco J, Patel N, Braddock A, Stein M. An ethical conflict between parents and clinician in a child with a language delay. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol 32, No. 7, 559-560, September 2011.
Braddock A, Kapp-Simon K, Stein M. Neurofibromatosis type 1 in a 9-year-old boy with learning problems, emotional outbursts, and facial disfigurement. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 32, No. 5, 427–429, June 2011.
The Ethics of "Smart Pills": Pediatricians, Stimulants, and Neuroenhancement. Presented at the Academic Pediatric Association Region IX and X Meeting, Monterey, CA, February 1, 2015.
Research Ethics Book Group Lunch and Meet the Authors: Human Subjects Research Regulation: Perspectives on the Future, at the Public Responsibility in Medicine & Research (PRIM&R) Advancing Ethical Research Conference, Baltimore, MD, December 5, 2014.
The Ethics of "Smart Pills": Stimulants and Pediatric Neuroenhancement. Presented at Rady Children's Hospital Ethics Committee Meeting, San Diego, CA, November 12th, 2013.
The Ethics of Covert Video Surveillance for Suspected Child Abuse. American Society for Bioethics and Humanities Mentor Pairing Workshop, Washington, D.C., October 19th, 2012.
Enhancement or Harm? Nonmedical Stimulants in Youth and Cognitive Development (Poster). Presented at the International Neuroethics Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, October 11th, 2012.
Instructs residents and medical students at UC San Diego School of Medicine
State Governmental Affairs Representative, American Academy of Pediatrics California Chapter 3
Intern Selection Committee, UCSD/Rady Children's Hospital Pediatric Residency
Ethics Committee, Rady Children's Hospital


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← Album at a glance: Scruffy & The Janitors – Anglo EP
Album at a glance: The Lucky – Swimming Invisible →
250 Word Album Review: Hook & Anchor – Hook & Anchor
Posted on August 12, 2014	by VocalsOnTop
Hook & Anchor throws back to some classic rock with a country twist for their self-titled album. The songs are dominated by female vocals for the most part and the band has a tight country twang to it. The vocals and clean production point clearly toward Fleetwood Mac as a clear influence and comparison.
The Fleetwood Mac influence is staggering on the track "Blackbird" complete with a bit of an 80s songwriting feel but thankfully is missing those awful 80s drums. Other songs like "Wild Wind" and "Famously Easy" have similar vibes but separate themselves more from the legendary pop band with many of the same components as Hook & Anchor. The most defining thing about Hook & Anchor is their rootsy sound which undoubtedly throws them in the americana category. The singing violin on the start of "Concerning Spectral Pinching" is Grande Ole Opry worthy and "Light of the Moon" feels like it was conceived in the republic of Texas. The song title "No, It's Not" is a reaction to the song with the chorus of "it's gonna be alright" as the title tries to defy the song itself. The group shows their versatility by going from a piano laden hymn on "Hammer" to slow acoustic plucking on "Fine Old Times" but usually ends up a little more up-tempo like on "Famously Easy" or "Light of the Moon."
Clean production and well done country twang lead the way for this record, the most interesting aspect may be stylistic changes and the intriguing parallels to Fleetwood Mac. It should be interesting to see what direction Hook & Anchor goes next.
Key Tracks: "Light of the Moon" "Blackbird" "Famously Easy"
This entry was posted in 250 word album reviews and tagged 250 word album review, 3 stars, 80s, Blackbird, country twang, Famously Easy, Hook & Anchor, Hook and Anchor, Light of the Moon, self-titled. Bookmark the permalink.


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Home » Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life (Paperback)
Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life (Paperback)
By Anne Lamott
(WRITING & PUBLISHING)
Kobo eBook (December 18th, 2007): $9.99
"A warm, generous and hilarious guide through the writer's world and its treacherous swamps." --Los Angeles Times
Advice on writing and on life from an acclaimed bestselling author:
"Thirty years ago my older brother, who was ten years old at the time, was trying to get a report on birds written that he'd had three months to write. It was due the next day. We were out at our family cabin in Bolinas, and he was at the kitchen table close to tears, surrounded by binder paper and pencils and unopened books on birds, immobilized by the hugeness of the task ahead. Then my father sat down beside him, put his arm around my brother's shoulder, and said, 'Bird by bird, buddy. Just take it bird by bird.'"
Anne Lamott is the New York Times bestselling author of Help, Thanks, Wow; Small Victories; Stitches; Some Assembly Required; Grace (Eventually); Plan B; Traveling Mercies; Bird by Bird; Operating Instructions, and the forthcoming Hallelujah Anyway. She is also the author of several novels, including Imperfect Birds and Rosie. A past recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship and an inductee to the California Hall of Fame, she lives in Northern California.
"Superb writing advice... hilarious, helpful and provocative." -- New York Times Book Review.
"A warm, generous and hilarious guide through the writer's world and its treacherous swamps." -- Los Angeles Times.
"A gift to all of us mortals who write or ever wanted to write... sidesplittingly funny, patiently wise and alternately cranky and kind -- a reveille to get off our duffs and start writing now, while we still can." -- Seattle Times.
Publisher: Anchor
Language Arts & Disciplines / Style Manuals
Language Arts & Disciplines / Composition & Creative Writing
Reference / Personal & Practical Guides
MP3 CD (June 23rd, 2015): $15.99


We achieve maximum public exposure for our clients by selecting the media according to the client´s objectives, developing interesting content with a news focus, choosing the right moment, and training spokespersons to connect and maintain the correct approach.
We bring excellence and innovation to activities such as: business rounds, events, launches, anniversaries, talks, round table conversations, inaugurations, press conferences, media tours, one-on-one interviews, institutional or promotional campaigns, CSR activities, visits to facilities, among others.
We focus on active social media listening to ensure that our customers have the necessary information to connect with their key audiences.
We monitor and analyze our client´s social media activity to develop strategies, actions and content that enhance their SEO management.
We help our clients to improve management skills throughout sessions and workshops that seek to level, align and direct the entire organization, guaranteeing information flow, clarity of roles and work schemes oriented to quality results.
We offer large, medium and small companies, public institutions, NGOs and professional associations, an integral service that ranges from the preparation for crisis management to the attention of the crisis when it occurs. That is why we work as a team to identify risks, design mitigation plans, definition of action protocols, narrative construction and training of teams in charge.
We support our clients in the development and implementation of efficient internal communication strategies that allow employees to connect with the company, create good workplace conditions and improve the working climate and productivity.
We develop a simple narrative adapted to different channels, design activities that generate inclusion and sense of belonging, measure results and support the integral process of change management.
We participate in the definition of the sustainability strategy as a pillar of the business strategy and as a way to contribute to long term success; We design the internal metrics to ensure alignment from the top of the organization, support the measurement of results, design the communication plan specific to the topic and we build the storytelling and the narrative that connects with stakeholders.
We train our client´s teams in the development of communication skills and interpersonal relationships, as key elements to achieve their business objectives.
We have experience in different sectors: we have worked in the private sector with family businesses, SMEs and multinationals; in the public sector with state companies at national and regional level; and in the Non-Profit sector with NGOs, associations, professional organizations and international organizations.


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package org.elasticsearch.xpack.core.ilm;

import org.elasticsearch.Version;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.ClusterName;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.ClusterState;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.metadata.AliasMetadata;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.metadata.DataStream;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.metadata.IndexMetadata;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.metadata.Metadata;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.routing.IndexRoutingTable;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.routing.RoutingTable;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.routing.ShardRoutingState;
import org.elasticsearch.cluster.routing.TestShardRouting;
import org.elasticsearch.common.Strings;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.ToXContent;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.XContentBuilder;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.json.JsonXContent;
import org.elasticsearch.index.Index;
import org.elasticsearch.xpack.core.ilm.Step.StepKey;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.UUID;

import static org.elasticsearch.cluster.metadata.DataStreamTestHelper.createTimestampField;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;

public class WaitForActiveShardsTests extends AbstractStepTestCase<WaitForActiveShardsStep> {

    @Override
    public WaitForActiveShardsStep createRandomInstance() {
        StepKey stepKey = randomStepKey();
        StepKey nextStepKey = randomStepKey();

        return new WaitForActiveShardsStep(stepKey, nextStepKey);
    }

    @Override
    public WaitForActiveShardsStep mutateInstance(WaitForActiveShardsStep instance) {
        StepKey key = instance.getKey();
        StepKey nextKey = instance.getNextStepKey();

        switch (between(0, 1)) {
            case 0:
                key = new StepKey(key.getPhase(), key.getAction(), key.getName() + randomAlphaOfLength(5));
                break;
            case 1:
                nextKey = new StepKey(key.getPhase(), key.getAction(), key.getName() + randomAlphaOfLength(5));
                break;
            default:
                throw new AssertionError("Illegal randomisation branch");
        }

        return new WaitForActiveShardsStep(key, nextKey);
    }

    @Override
    public WaitForActiveShardsStep copyInstance(WaitForActiveShardsStep instance) {
        return new WaitForActiveShardsStep(instance.getKey(), instance.getNextStepKey());
    }

    public void testIsConditionMetThrowsExceptionWhenRolloverAliasIsNotSet() {
        String alias = randomAlphaOfLength(5);
        IndexMetadata indexMetadata = IndexMetadata.builder(randomAlphaOfLength(10))
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT))
            .numberOfShards(randomIntBetween(1, 5)).numberOfReplicas(randomIntBetween(0, 5)).build();
        ClusterState clusterState = ClusterState.builder(ClusterName.DEFAULT)
            .metadata(Metadata.builder().put(indexMetadata, true).build())
            .build();

        try {
            createRandomInstance().isConditionMet(indexMetadata.getIndex(), clusterState);
            fail("expected the invocation to fail");
        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
            assertThat(e.getMessage(), is("setting [" + RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS
                + "] is not set on index [" + indexMetadata.getIndex().getName() + "]"));
        }
    }

    public void testResultEvaluatedOnWriteIndexAliasWhenExists() {
        String alias = randomAlphaOfLength(5);
        IndexMetadata originalIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000000")
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias).writeIndex(false))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT).put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias))
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(randomIntBetween(0, 5))
            .build();
        IndexMetadata rolledIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000001")
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias).writeIndex(true))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT)
                .put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias)
                .put("index.write.wait_for_active_shards", "all")
            )
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(1)
            .build();
        IndexRoutingTable.Builder routingTable = new IndexRoutingTable.Builder(rolledIndex.getIndex());
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndex.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node", null, true,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndex.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node2", null, false,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        ClusterState clusterState = ClusterState.builder(ClusterName.DEFAULT)
            .metadata(Metadata.builder().put(originalIndex, true)
                .put(rolledIndex, true)
                .build())
            .routingTable(RoutingTable.builder().add(routingTable.build()).build())
            .build();

        assertThat("the rolled index has both the primary and the replica shards started so the condition should be met",
            createRandomInstance().isConditionMet(originalIndex.getIndex(), clusterState).isComplete(), is(true));
    }

    public void testResultEvaluatedOnOnlyIndexTheAliasPointsToIfWriteIndexIsNull() {
        String alias = randomAlphaOfLength(5);
        IndexMetadata originalIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000000")
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT).put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias))
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(randomIntBetween(0, 5))
            .build();
        IndexMetadata rolledIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000001")
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias).writeIndex(false))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT)
                .put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias)
                .put("index.write.wait_for_active_shards", "all")
            )
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(1)
            .build();
        IndexRoutingTable.Builder routingTable = new IndexRoutingTable.Builder(rolledIndex.getIndex());
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndex.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node", null, true,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndex.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node2", null, false,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        ClusterState clusterState = ClusterState.builder(ClusterName.DEFAULT)
            .metadata(Metadata.builder().put(originalIndex, true)
                .put(rolledIndex, true)
                .build())
            .routingTable(RoutingTable.builder().add(routingTable.build()).build())
            .build();

        assertThat("the index the alias is pointing to has both the primary and the replica shards started so the condition should be" +
            " met", createRandomInstance().isConditionMet(originalIndex.getIndex(), clusterState).isComplete(), is(true));
    }

    public void testResultEvaluatedOnDataStream() throws IOException {
        String dataStreamName = "test-datastream";
        IndexMetadata originalIndexMeta = IndexMetadata.builder(DataStream.getDefaultBackingIndexName(dataStreamName, 1))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT))
            .numberOfShards(randomIntBetween(1, 5)).numberOfReplicas(randomIntBetween(0, 5)).build();

        IndexMetadata rolledIndexMeta= IndexMetadata.builder(DataStream.getDefaultBackingIndexName(dataStreamName, 2))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT).put("index.write.wait_for_active_shards", "3"))
            .numberOfShards(1).numberOfReplicas(3).build();

        IndexRoutingTable.Builder routingTable = new IndexRoutingTable.Builder(rolledIndexMeta.getIndex());
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndexMeta.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node", null, true,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndexMeta.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node2", null, false,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));

        ClusterState clusterState = ClusterState.builder(ClusterName.DEFAULT)
            .metadata(
                Metadata.builder()
                    .put(new DataStream(dataStreamName, createTimestampField("@timestamp"),
                        List.of(originalIndexMeta.getIndex(), rolledIndexMeta.getIndex())))
                    .put(originalIndexMeta, true)
                    .put(rolledIndexMeta, true)
            )
            .routingTable(RoutingTable.builder().add(routingTable.build()).build())
            .build();

        WaitForActiveShardsStep waitForActiveShardsStep = createRandomInstance();

        ClusterStateWaitStep.Result result = waitForActiveShardsStep.isConditionMet(originalIndexMeta.getIndex(), clusterState);
        assertThat(result.isComplete(), is(false));

        XContentBuilder expected = new WaitForActiveShardsStep.ActiveShardsInfo(2, "3", false).toXContent(JsonXContent.contentBuilder(),
            ToXContent.EMPTY_PARAMS);
        String actualResultAsString = Strings.toString(result.getInfomationContext());
        assertThat(actualResultAsString, is(Strings.toString(expected)));
        assertThat(actualResultAsString, containsString("waiting for [3] shards to become active, but only [2] are active"));
    }

    public void testResultReportsMeaningfulMessage() throws IOException {
        String alias = randomAlphaOfLength(5);
        IndexMetadata originalIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000000")
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias).writeIndex(false))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT).put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias))
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(randomIntBetween(0, 5))
            .build();
        IndexMetadata rolledIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000001")
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias).writeIndex(true))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT)
                .put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias)
                .put("index.write.wait_for_active_shards", "3")
            )
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(2)
            .build();
        IndexRoutingTable.Builder routingTable = new IndexRoutingTable.Builder(rolledIndex.getIndex());
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndex.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node", null, true,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        routingTable.addShard(TestShardRouting.newShardRouting(rolledIndex.getIndex().getName(), 0, "node2", null, false,
            ShardRoutingState.STARTED));
        ClusterState clusterState = ClusterState.builder(ClusterName.DEFAULT)
            .metadata(Metadata.builder().put(originalIndex, true)
                .put(rolledIndex, true)
                .build())
            .routingTable(RoutingTable.builder().add(routingTable.build()).build())
            .build();

        ClusterStateWaitStep.Result result = createRandomInstance().isConditionMet(originalIndex.getIndex(), clusterState);
        assertThat(result.isComplete(), is(false));

        XContentBuilder expected = new WaitForActiveShardsStep.ActiveShardsInfo(2, "3", false).toXContent(JsonXContent.contentBuilder(),
            ToXContent.EMPTY_PARAMS);
        String actualResultAsString = Strings.toString(result.getInfomationContext());
        assertThat(actualResultAsString, is(Strings.toString(expected)));
        assertThat(actualResultAsString, containsString("waiting for [3] shards to become active, but only [2] are active"));
    }

    public void testResultReportsErrorMessage() {
        String alias = randomAlphaOfLength(5);
        IndexMetadata rolledIndex = IndexMetadata.builder("index-000001")
            .putAlias(AliasMetadata.builder(alias).writeIndex(true))
            .settings(settings(Version.CURRENT)
                .put(RolloverAction.LIFECYCLE_ROLLOVER_ALIAS, alias)
                .put("index.write.wait_for_active_shards", "3")
            )
            .numberOfShards(1)
            .numberOfReplicas(2)
            .build();
        ClusterState clusterState = ClusterState.builder(ClusterName.DEFAULT)
            .metadata(Metadata.builder().put(rolledIndex, true).build())
            .build();

        WaitForActiveShardsStep step = createRandomInstance();
        ClusterStateWaitStep.Result result = step.isConditionMet(new Index("index-000000", UUID.randomUUID().toString()),
            clusterState);
        assertThat(result.isComplete(), is(false));

        String actualResultAsString = Strings.toString(result.getInfomationContext());
        assertThat(actualResultAsString,
            containsString("[" + step.getKey().getAction() + "] lifecycle action for index [index-000000] executed but " +
                "index no longer exists"));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Aaron Boone Wants Gerrit Cole Lined Up A
Aaron Boone Wants Gerrit Cole Lined Up A, Aaron Boone Wants Gerrit Cole Lined Up A
Gerrit Cole has had his fair share of ups and downs this season, but he is still expected to get the ball in the Andrew Triggs Jersey Yankees' first playoff game next month.Aaron Boone confirmed that the right-hander is the first-place club's preferred Game 1 starter Tuesday on the .Yeah, Cole would be, the manager said when asked byJoel Sherman and Jon Heyman. And we feel great about Nestor Cortes obviously, too. And hopefully Luis Severino getting back here and getting a few starts under his belt here at the back end, put him in that mix too. Weve got a couple weeks to go there and weve got to see how we get there and how we get in. Those things always affect how you line things up. But hopefully, Marcus Semien Jersey were in a position to line it up how we want.The Yankees have Tony Phillips Jersey yet to clinch a playoff spot, but they hold a 5.5-game lead over the Toronto Blue Jays in the American League East at the time of publication.Cole, meanwhile, owns a 3.41 ERA over 30 starts and 182.1 innings this year. His 3.2 fWAR leads all Yankees pitchers, but the 32-year-old has also struggled with the longball. Cole has surrendered an American League-high 29 home runs this season, and the problem seems to be getting worse of late.Cole has allowed eight home runs over his last five starts and five over his last two outings. He most recently gave up two dingers and four earned runs to the Brewers on Sept. Oakland Athletics Custom Jersey 18, though the Yankees won in Milwaukee.If the Yankees can't line Cole up for a Game 1 for some reason, Cortes is the logical alternative. The crafty southpaw has a 2.67 ERA over 145 frames after pitching five innings of one-run ball against the Pirates on Tuesday.Severino, meanwhile, has a 3.45 ERA over 86 innings this season. Heis supposed to rejoin the Yankees' rotation on Wednesday after a lengthy I.L. stint and will need Joe Morgan Jersey to build back up before the playoffs.


Clean and lovely 2460 sf 4 bd home in a quiet location close to Thompson Community Centre, Blair Elementary and Bennet High School. Oversize kitchen family room with pantry. Plenty of room for more than one cook here! Granite counters and LG, Panasonic appliances. All bedrooms are generous especially the master. Games could be 4th bedoom and has a large closet. Ensuite had 2 sinks, soaker tub and separate shower. Large laundry with sink. Lot is 4300 Sf.and has a storage shed. 2 car garage has lots of storage. Quick access to Vancouver and YVR via 2 Rd Bridge. 2 fireplaces - 1 Gas, Security system. Laminate floors, Hot water heat, Roof 7 yrs old. Quiet neighbourhood. Easy to show.


Hanns Seidel Foundation visited GIC Events| 1505| 2015-03-18 Hanns Seidel Foundation visited GIC. They looked around Vocational Training Center and tenant company, Shinwon Ebenezer.
GIC was introduced at Korea Investment Forum 2015 in China Activities| 1784| 2015-01-27 GIC was introduced at the Korea Investment Forum 2015 held in China. GIDF gave presentaton on GICs current status, infrastructure, and tenant companies.
Ambassadors from Southeast Asian countries visited GIC Events| 1636| 2014-11-20 Ambassadors from Southeast Asian countries visited GIC on November 20.
Delegates from Ministry for Development of Russian Far East visited GIC Events| 1429| 2014-10-21 Delegates from Ministry for Development of Russian Far East visited GIC on October 21, 2014.
GROZ-BECKERT product demonstration was held Events| 1275| 2014-10-07 GROZ-BECKERT product demonstration was held on October 7, 2014.


Oh foolish people in America, you did NOT heed the warnings given and you will soon be without. You will not be able to just go to your local store and buy, you will not be able to get your favorite take-out meals; your ATM card will be useless. This is a time coming like no other. America is a nation of people that spend, spend, spend. They must have the newest gadget, the newest car, the bigger house they can't truly afford, the best of everything.
Did I not say I would strip you of your most treasured idol—your mammon? Why did you spend on frivolous things instead of preparing your household for what was coming?
Foolish Christian children, do you think I will just drop everything on your lap when you did not prepare physically or spiritually? You will be without. You were to do your part but you were lazy and complacent expecting everything will be handed to you. The lazy will go hungry. My true remnant has prepared for these days coming. They believe My Words. They know I cannot lie nor would I mislead them.
I warned of judgments, of a kick-off event, of an economic collapse and so much more. Why did you not listen? You did not listen because you live in "unbelief" and now you will suffer greatly for these will be the days of great distress and much hardship. Physically, your storehouses are empty; spiritually you are empty and void of any understanding. You do NOT know the Great I AM.
My children there is a famine coming. So many are not strong enough to endure the hardship for you are not grounded in Me. Those who are unrepentant will lose their souls as they accept the Mark of the Beast to eat and drink.
My remnant, you must buckle up for what is coming and brace yourselves. You must put complete faith in Me and not doubt even though there will be lean times but I do provide for those who have complete trust and faith in Me. I have made water come out of a rock, I have parted the Red Sea, I have raised the dead. There is nothing too difficult for Me. I can pour manna from heaven and keep your body healthier than anything you eat on earth. I can keep you free of sickness and disease when others are dying.
I WILL NOT PROVIDE for those who will remain unrepentant and for those who have not prepared properly that call themselves by My Name until they repent to Me but you will suffer greatly for your disobedience. Those who truly repent—some I will send where there is food and shelters; others who repent will be on their deathbeds and I will take you home. Did I not say millions will die as judgments fall in greater intensity? What you have seen so far is nothing compared to what is coming. This is not years away as some declare.
The season is upon you when everything will escalate at an alarming rate. How will you keep your head above water? How will you survive without the comforts you enjoy now? How many of you even know how to cook without electricity when that day comes? How many of you even stored food to cook?
Most are unprepared!!! My children, you have done this to yourselves. Oh, how it grieves My heart for what I must do when I had sent all My love to you so you would return to Me. I do not enjoy knowing that so many and many of My elect also will take the chip in order to save themselves but they will lose their souls to an eternity of torment and fire. Oh, how that grieves Me so!!! Had you listened, repented, come out of complacency, stored your treasures in heaven, prepared for the battle ahead and put away provision to feed yourselves and others, I would have blessed you. Instead, you live in the lie that you will be "raptured out of here" and will not have to endure until the end.
You have very little time now to prepare now. Prepare your spiritual house. Buy water for it will be more precious than gold. Lean times ahead children. Many hearts will fail at what they will see. Much mourning coming to the land of nothing once known as the land of plenty!!!
I AM is the One who gives and takes away. I bless or I curse nations. Your judgment was pronounced and is written on the heavenly tables; not only are you about to fall but you will be invaded, plundered and then totally destroyed; persecution upon all who will refuse the New World Order Beast System. I cannot even begin to describe everything that will come about for your hearts would not be able to take it.
Pray for Mercy upon your soul! Pray for Mercy during judgment! Pray I lead you to safety! Pray and repent to Me!
My faithful remnant will be sent out to help those who call out for them. They can lead you to Me. My children who have been ignored, mocked, slandered, rejected but walk with Me, you will be the ones people will seek to find. The light will shine brightly in you. Arise and shine for your time has come! My hidden jewels; My true Warriors—Are you ready to do the Father's Will?
I AM the Light of the World. I AM your ONLY hope! I AM is the Only One who can save you! I must chasten you children so that more will not perish. Count your blessings in hardship. Praise Me in the good times, praise Me in the bad times. I chasten all those I love! For those who will come home and into My Kingdom one day you will see and understand what you do not understand now.
Cling to Me during these times; do not turn to the right or to the left. Focus on Me at all times! I know the path you are to be on. Stay Close! Memorize portions of My Word, make copies of prayers and psalms. This will comfort you when all else is gone.
I love you so much but I must do what needs to be done—otherwise, none would choose to repent and return to Me. Sadly, this is the only way. I presented options, sent love, tried to woo you back but you refused. OH WHY, OH WHY, OH WHY DO YOU INSIST ON BEING SO STIFF-NECKED?
Pray like never before because of what is coming! Pray, pray, pray! Finish up!
Disobedience always leads to judgment. Pride always leads to destruction. Killing My babies always leads to My wrath being poured out on a nation.
THE CLOCK STRUCK TWELVE AND DOWN SHE FELL! Tick tock.
YOU NEED TO GET YOURSELVES A POCKET BIBLE ALSO AND ONE FOR EACH MEMBER OF YOUR FAMILY. He said "soon you will not be able to buy any Bibles".
Here are some Psalms to make paper copies of—remember computers and phones will not be in working order; that day is coming. If you desire another Psalm make a copy of it also.
I have put one prayer below & make a paper copy of it and there are more online you can find under warfare prayer.
Deuteronomy 3:22 22 Ye shall not fear them: for the Lord your God he shall fight for you.
Deuteronomy 28:7 7 The Lord shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.
Joshua 23:10 10 One man of you shall chase a thousand: for the Lord your God, he it is that fighteth for you, as he hath promised you.
2 Chronicles 20:15 15 And he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem, and thou king Jehoshaphat, Thus saith the Lord unto you, Be not afraid nor dismayed by reason of this great multitude; for the battle is not yours, but God's.
Psalm 18:39 39 For thou hast girded me with strength unto the battle: thou hast subdued under me those that rose up against me.
Psalm 44:5 5 Through thee will we push down our enemies: through thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us.
Isaiah 54:17 17 No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of the Lord, and their righteousness is of me, saith the Lord.
Zechariah 4:6 6 Then he answered and spake unto me, saying, This is the word of the Lord unto Zerubbabel, saying, Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the Lord of hosts.
Matthew 18:18-19 18 Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. 19 Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven.
Luke 10:19 19 Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you.
John 16:33 33 These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.
Romans 8:37-39 37 Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us.38 For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, 39 Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.
1 Corinthians 10:13 13 There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it.
1 Corinthians 15:57 57 But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.
2 Thessalonians 3:3 3 But the Lord is faithful, who shall stablish you, and keep you from evil.
1 Timothy 6:12 12 Fight the good fight of faith, lay hold on eternal life, whereunto thou art also called, and hast professed a good profession before many witnesses.
1 Peter 5:8-98 Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: devour: 9 Whom resist stedfast in the faith, knowing that the same afflictions are accomplished in your brethren that are in the world.
1 John 3:8 8 He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil.
1 John 4:4 4 Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.
Psalm 91:1-14 91 He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. 2 I will say of the Lord, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust. 3 Surely he shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler, and from the noisome pestilence. 4 He shall cover thee with his feathers, and under his wings shalt thou trust: his truth shall be thy shield and buckler. 5 Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; [nor] for the arrow [that] flieth by day; 6 [Nor] for the pestilence [that] walketh in darkness; [nor] for the destruction [that] wasteth at noonday. 7 A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; [but] it shall not come nigh thee. 8 Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of the wicked. 9 Because thou hast made the LORD, [which is] my refuge, [even] the most High, thy habitation; 10 There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come nigh thy dwelling. 11 For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways. 12 They shall bear thee up in [their] hands, lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. 13 Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet. 14 Because he hath set his love upon me, therefore will I deliver him: I will set him on high, because he hath known my name.
Psa 104:1-2 Bless Yehovah, O my soul! O Yehovah my Elohim, you are very great! You are clothed with splendor and majesty, covering yourself with light as with a garment, stretching out the heavens like a tent.
Isa 60:1-2 Arise, shine, for your light has come, and the glory of Yehovah has risen upon you. For behold, darkness shall cover the earth, and thick darkness the peoples; but Yehovah will arise upon you, and his glory will be seen upon you.
Joh 1:4-5 In him was life, and the life was the light of men. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.
Joh 8:12 Then spake Yeshua again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.


text:
727 Playing
173 Replays
4.2K Beat
8½ Hours
From the creators of Bastion, Transistor is a sci-fi themed action RPG that invites you to wield an extraordinary weapon of unknown origin as you fight through a stunning futuristic city. Transistor seamlessly integrates thoughtful strategic planning into a fast-paced action experience, melding responsive gameplay and rich atmospheric storytelling....Read More During the course of the adventure, you will piece together the Transistor's mysteries as you pursue its former owners.
Developer: Supergiant Games
Platforms: Mobile, PC, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
Genres: Real-Time, Action, Role-Playing
NA: May 20, 2014
EU: May 20, 2014
Main Story 891 6h 01m 6h 4h 20m 10h
Main + Extras 594 8h 36m 8h 5h 48m 15h 09m
Completionists 241 16h 03m 15h 11h 45m 26h 15m
All PlayStyles 1.7K 8h 19m 7h 5h 09m 22h 19m
Mobile 5 6h 26m 7h 35m -- 6h 8h
Nintendo Switch 88 5h 27m 7h 25m 20h 16m 3h 23h 50m
PC 1.4K 6h 8h 44m 16h 20m 2h 40m 37h
PlayStation 4 263 6h 18m 8h 15m 14h 53m 2h 41m 24h
Unique: 4 Total: 4.2K


Jeannine Brady's research is focused primarily on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), the major etiological agent of human dental caries.
This oral pathogen is an important subject of study in its own right and also serves as an excellent model for understanding the biology of other streptococcal species and Gram-positive bacteria in general. Dental caries is an infectious disease resulting in tens of billions of dollars in annual health care costs in the U.S. S. mutans causes tooth decay because it adheres tenaciously to the tooth surface, generates acid from dietary carbohydrates, and tolerates its own acid end products and other harsh environmental stressors.
Brady's group demonstrated that adaptive immune responses against a bacterial pathogen are altered and can be beneficially influenced by exogenously applied monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). They identified mAbs against S. mutans adhesin P1 that influence the quantity, specificity, and isotype of the humoral immune response against this microorganism. This strategy has implications for vaccine design because protective immunity may not be directed against immunodominant epitopes of pathogens and can be improved by redirection of the host response.
The proteins that are inserted into and secreted through membranes determine cellular function. Brady's group showed that the universally conserved signal recognition particle of SRP pathway for co-translational protein translocation thought to be essential in all living cells was dispensable in S. mutans. This work led to the identification of a second S. mutans homolog of a family of membrane-localized chaperone/insertases found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and Gram-positive bacteria that can mediate co-translational translocation in the absence of an SRP. This previously unrecognized function of a bacterial YidC increases the understanding of Gram-positive bacterial membrane biogenesis and opens a new avenue of research regarding molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in streptococci.
Amyloid is a non-covalent oligomer of extended intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded beta sheets that self assemble to form fibers ~5-13 nm in diameter ranging in length from tens of nanometers to micrometers. These insoluble aggregates demonstrate common biophysical properties including binding by amyloidophilic fluorphores, as well as visualization of characteristic amyloid fibrils by transmission electron microscopy. While amyloid formation has been extensively studied in the context of pathological states like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, the concept that microbes produce functional amyloid and that this process contributes to adhesion, biofilm development, and pathogenesis is very new. Brady's group has recently found that S. mutans is an amyloid-forming organism.


The Buzzaround LT is the smallest and lightest model of the Buzzaround series.
The Buzzaround LT has all of the wonderful standard features you've come to know and expect from the Buzzaround scooter series. You'll enjoy a plush, stadium-style padded seat with width-adjustable, flip-back armrests and 3" of seat height adjustability for maximum comfort. The delta tiller can be easily operated with just one hand and the angle of the tiller is adjustable with the simple turn of a knob. The newly updated front basket is now made of hard plastic so it's even more durable than before.
We love that the Buzzaround LT wirelessly disassembles into 5 small lightweight pieces. The heaviest piece weighs in at only 33 lbs. so it's easy to transport and simple to stow in back seats or trunks. Pack up your Buzzaround LT and you're ready to go just about anywhere.
The Buzzaround LT comes with FREE 1-year In-Home Service. If you experience a problem with your scooter during the first twelve months, simply call SpinLife to arrange for a technician to come to your home for diagnosis and repair. You may also choose to extend the servie for up to three years for an additional charge.
This model ships via UPS with a 5-7 day delivery time. Although the scooter is easy to assemble and disassemble, it will arrive in a single heavy box.
These reviews are from SpinLife customers who have purchased and used the Buzzaround LT.
SpinLife Return Policy for the Buzzaround LT This item is covered by the SpinLife "Best on the Web" 30-Day Return Policy.


As bank and financial institutions (BFIs) are pressing the investors to meet margin calls, the stock market is in free fall. Following the drop in stock prices in recent weeks, BFIs are urging borrowers to deposit either cash or additional stocks to cover the losses. With Sunday's fall in Nepse index, Rs 48.19 billion has been wiped out from the stock market.
The rush of investors to offload their stocks to repay loans has sent the market down last year's level. The benchmark index, which was at 1,251.42 points on February 4 last year, rose to a record 1,881.45 points on July 27 last year before entering into a correction mode. Excess liquidity in the banking system, which was a major driver of the bullish run, started disappearing due to mismatch between deposit and loan growth of BFIs since the first quarter end of the current fiscal year.
"The stock prices started retreating due to shortage of investable fund in the banking system, prompting margin calls," Sandeep Bikram Rana, a stock market analyst, told Republica. "Most of the borrowers, who had invested in the stocks from the money they had borrowed, are now compelled to offload their holding in the wake of margin calls," added Rana, who is also a co-founder of IMS Investment Management Services Pvt Ltd that provides information, portfolio tracker and in-depth analysis of stock market.
With interest rates on the rise, many investors, who have been investing their savings in the bullish stocks, are also diverting their funds toward bank deposits.
"The average return of stock market is at around 15 percent. So, investors, particularly institutional investors, are seeing investment on fixed deposits of as high as 13 percent more rational than the risky stock market," said Rana.
According to stock brokers, investors, who have borrowed from BFIs as well as small investors, are in the frontline of placing sell orders in the bear market. "It seems that many investors, who borrowed from banks while rates were low, are feeling pressure to sell their stocks due to margin calls. There are also small investors who are panicked by the fall in the stock prices. They want to be on a safe side by exiting the market now," Priya Raj Regmi, the president of Stock Brokers Association of Nepal, said.
Though the stock market took a dive on Sunday, five listed companies observed their share prices go up on Sunday. Share prices of Mero Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha, Guheshwori Merchant Bank and Finance Ltd, Soaltee Hotel Ltd, Jebils Finance Ltd and Prabhu Bank Ltd (Promoter) went up on Sunday, while all other companies fell in the red zone.
Except Hotels group, whose saw its sub-index rise by 15.4 points, all trading groups logged loss on Sunday. The Insurance sub-index went down by the highest 346.14 points to close at 5,034.73 points.
A total of 1.31 million units of shares of 132 companies worth Rs 494.11 million were traded in the market on Sunday through 6,158 transactions.
Analysts also forecast that the stocks are likely to fall further as the 'credit crunch' rattles the BFIs due to mismatch in their deposit and loan growth.


text:
Aadmi Aur Insaan è un film indiano del 1969 diretto da Yash Chopra.

Trama

Premi
Filmfare Awards
1970: "Best Supporting Actor Award" (Feroz Khan)

Collegamenti esterni

Film sentimentali
Film drammatici

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia