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Маке́маке (136472 Makemake по каталогу Центра малых планет) — карликовая планета Солнечной системы. Относится к транснептуновым объектам (ТНО), плутоидам. Является крупнейшим из известных классических объектов пояса Койпера.

История открытия

Предыстория
Несмотря на то, что Макемаке — довольно яркий объект и мог быть открыт гораздо раньше, по многим причинам этого не случилось. В частности, обнаружить транснептуновый объект при поиске астероидов и комет маловероятно, поскольку скорость движения ТНО на фоне звёзд крайне мала. Но Макемаке долгое время не могли найти ни при поисках Плутона в 1930 году, ни при специализированных поисках ТНО, начавшихся в 1990-е годы, так как поиски малых планет проводятся главным образом относительно близко к эклиптике из-за того, что вероятность обнаружить новые объекты в этой области максимальна. Но Макемаке имеет большое наклонение — на момент своего открытия он был высоко над эклиптикой, в созвездии Волосы Вероники.

Открытие
Макемаке был открыт группой американских астрономов. В неё входили: Майкл Браун (Калифорнийский технологический институт), Дэвид Рабиновиц (Йельский университет) и Чедвик Трухильо (Обсерватория Джемини). Группа использовала 122-сантиметровый телескоп имени Самуэля Ошина со 112 ПЗС-матрицами, который расположен в Паломарской обсерватории, а также специальную программу для поиска движущихся объектов на снимках.

Макемаке был впервые отмечен 31 марта 2005 года на снимке, сделанном в 6:22 UTC того же дня с помощью телескопа имени Самуэля Ошина. На момент открытия в марте 2005 года он находился в противостоянии в созвездии Волосы Вероники и имел звёздную величину 16,7 (по сравнению с 15 у Плутона). Позже объект был найден на архивных снимках, сделанных ещё в начале 2003 года. Заявление об открытии было официально опубликовано 29 июля 2005 года, одновременно с заявлением об открытии другой карликовой планеты, Эриды.

Название
При регистрации открытия объекту было присвоено обозначение .

Открывшая объект группа астрономов дала ему прозвище «Пасхальный кролик» (). Майкл Браун объяснил это следующим образом:

Три года — это долгий срок, чтобы иметь только табличку с номером вместо имени, поэтому бо́льшую часть времени мы просто называли этот объект «Пасхальный кролик» в честь того факта, что он был открыт всего через несколько дней после Пасхи 2005 года.

7 сентября 2006 года одновременно с Плутоном и Эридой он был включён в каталог малых планет под номером 136472.

В соответствии с правилами МАС, классическим объектам пояса Койпера (кьюбивано) присваивается имя, связанное с сотворением. Майкл Браун предложил назвать его в честь Маке-маке — создателя человечества и бога изобилия в мифологии рапануйцев, коренных жителей острова Пасхи. Это название было выбрано отчасти для того, чтобы сохранить связь объекта и Пасхи. 18 июля 2008 года  было присвоено название Макемаке (). Одновременно с присвоением названия он был включён в число карликовых планет, став четвёртой по счёту карликовой планетой и третьим плутоидом, наряду с Плутоном и Эридой.

Символ
Макемаке не имеет официально принятого символа, подобного тем, что используются для обозначения классических планет, Цереры и Плутона, поскольку современные астрономы не испытывают потребности в таких символических обозначениях. Астрологи, напротив, активно пользуются подобными знаками при составлении астрологических карт, придумывая обозначения и для недавно открытых объектов. Так, для обозначения Макемаке в астрологическом сообществе изначально получил распространение символ , который, видимо, образован из сочетания элементов букв и цифр в предварительном обозначении объекта . Через некоторое время после присвоения названия, появился символ , основанный на наскальных изображениях с острова Пасхи. Также астрологами используется символ , предложенный Генри Сельцером и изображающий человека-птицу, которым представлялся Маке-маке жителям острова Пасхи.

Орбита

Орбита Макемаке отслежена по архивным снимкам вплоть до 1955 года. Она наклонена к плоскости эклиптики под углом 29°, умеренно вытянута — её эксцентриситет равен 0,162, а большая полуось составляет 45,44 а. е. (6,8 млрд км). Таким образом, максимальное расстояние от Макемаке до Солнца составляет 52,82 а. е. (7,9 млрд км), минимальное — 38,05 а. е. (5,69 млрд км). Следовательно, периодически он может находиться ближе к Солнцу, чем Плутон, но при этом не входит внутрь орбиты Нептуна. Своим высоким наклонением и умеренным эксцентриситетом орбита Макемаке сходна с орбитой другой карликовой планеты — Хаумеа, однако она несколько дальше от Солнца по своей большой полуоси и перигелию.

Согласно классификации ЦМП, Макемаке относится к классическим объектам пояса Койпера (называемым также кьюбивано). В отличие от плутино, которые находятся с Нептуном в резонансе 2:3, кьюбивано обращаются на достаточном удалении от Нептуна, чтобы не подвергаться создаваемым им гравитационным возмущениям, что позволяет их орбитам оставаться устойчивыми на протяжении всего существования Солнечной системы. Такие объекты движутся вокруг Солнца по планетоподобным орбитам (они проходят близко к плоскости эклиптики и почти круговые, как у планет). Однако Макемаке — член «динамически горячего» класса классических объектов пояса Койпера, поскольку он имеет высокое наклонение по сравнению с остальными членами группы. Поэтому некоторые астрономы классифицируют Макемаке как объект рассеянного диска.

По состоянию на 2012 год Макемаке находился в 52,2 а. е. (7,8 млрд км) от Солнца, вблизи точки афелия, которой достигнет в апреле 2033 года.

Абсолютная звёздная величина Макемаке составляет −0,44. Его видимый блеск в 2012 году равен 16,9, то есть Макемаке — второй по яркости из известных объектов пояса Койпера после Плутона. Он достаточно ярок для того, чтобы его можно было заснять через мощный любительский телескоп с апертурой 250—300 мм.

Период обращения Макемаке вокруг Солнца составляет 306 лет. Соответственно, ближайшее прохождение перигелия произойдёт в 2187 году (последний раз это произошло в 1881 году). В это время его видимая звёздная величина достигнет 15,5, что лишь немного меньше яркости Плутона, с которым они будут находиться почти на одном расстоянии от Солнца.

По расчётам, длительность полёта автоматической межпланетной станции для исследования Макемаке с пролётной траектории составила бы более 16 лет с использованием гравитационного манёвра у Юпитера. Оптимальными датами для запуска миссии считаются 21 августа 2024 и 24 августа 2036.

Физические характеристики

Размер Макемаке точно неизвестен. По приблизительной первоначальной оценке, его диаметр — три четверти от диаметра Плутона.

В 2007 году были опубликованы результаты измерения диаметра и альбедо Макемаке, выполненные при помощи инфракрасного космического телескопа Спитцер. Согласно этим измерениям, диаметр Макемаке оказался равен 1500 км, а альбедо — 0,8.

Измерения размеров объекта, проведённые в 2010 году при помощи инфракрасной космической обсерватории Гершель, показали, что его диаметр лежит в диапазоне 1360—1480 км.

Таким образом, диаметр Макемаке немного больше, чем у Хаумеа, что делает его третьим по величине транснептуновым объектом после Плутона и Эриды. Это позволяет уверенно сказать, что Макемаке достаточно велик для того, чтобы прийти в состояние гидростатического равновесия и приобрести форму сплющенного у полюсов сфероида. Поэтому он соответствует определению карликовой планеты.

Это предположение подтвердилось после наиболее точного измерения размеров Макемаке во время покрытия им очень слабой звёзды NOMAD 1181-0235723 (видимая величина 18,2) в созвездии Волосы Вероники, произошедшего в ночь на 23 апреля 2011 года. Событие удалось зарегистрировать пяти обсерваториям в Южной Америке. В результате было установлено, что экваториальный диаметр Макемаке составляет 1502 ± 45 км, полярный — 1430 ± 9 км.

Масса Макемаке пока точно не установлена. Измерить массу объекта проще при наличии спутника, но до 2016 г. считалось, что спутников у планеты нет. Это осложняло получение точных данных о массе Макемаке. Если предположить, что его плотность равна средней плотности Плутона — 2 г/см³, то массу Макемаке можно оценить в 3 кг (0,05 % от массы Земли). Из данных по покрытию звезды планетой получена относительно грубая оценка плотности объекта: 1,7 ± 0,3 г/см³.

Период вращения Макемаке точно не известен. В 2007 году был опубликован анализ кривой блеска, построенной при помощи телескопов в обсерваториях Сьерра-Невада и Калар-Альто. Согласно этим данным, Макемаке имеет два периода изменения блеска: 11,24 и 22,48 ч. Исследователи сочли, что второе скорее соответствует периоду вращения.

По опубликованным в 2009 году данным исследования блеска Макемаке при помощи телескопа имени Койпера в обсерватории Стюарда период его вращения составляет 7,771±0,003 часа. Этот результат хорошо согласуется с опубликованными в 2010 году результатами анализа блеска Макемаке в 2005—2007 годах, в соответствии с которым период вращения объекта составляет 7,65 часа.

Наклон оси вращения Макемаке неизвестен.

Химический состав

С учётом того, что альбедо Макемаке около 0,7, при нынешнем расстоянии от Солнца равновесная температура на его поверхности составляет около 29 К (−244 °C), а в ближайшей к Солнцу точке орбиты температура может достигать 34 К (−239 °C).

При исследовании Макемаке космическими телескопами «Спитцер» и «Гершель» было обнаружено, что поверхность Макемаке неоднородна. Хотя бо́льшая часть поверхности покрыта метановым снегом и величина альбедо там достигает 0,78-0,90, существуют небольшие участки затемнённого ландшафта, которые покрывают 3-7 % поверхности, где альбедо не превышает 0,02-0,12.

В 2006 году опубликованы результаты анализа спектра Макемаке в диапазоне длин волн 0,35-2,5 мкм посредством телескопов «Уильям Гершель» и «Галилео» в обсерватории Роке-де-лос-Мучачос. Исследователями было установлено, что его поверхность по химическому составу похожа на поверхность Плутона, в частности, ближний инфракрасный спектр отмечен сильными линиями поглощения метана (CH4), а в видимом диапазоне преобладает красный цвет, что, по-видимому, связано с присутствием толинов.

Хотя другое исследование, опубликованное в 2007 году, выявило и существенные различия спектров Макемаке и Плутона, выражающиеся в первую очередь в наличии на Макемаке этана, а также в отсутствии азота (N2) и угарного газа (CO). Предположительно, необычно широкие линии метана связаны с тем, что он присутствует на поверхности объекта в форме больших (размером около 1 см) зёрен. Этан, видимо, также образует зёрна, но гораздо более мелкие (около 0,1 мм).

В 2008 году вышло исследование, доказывающее, что, скорее всего, азот на Макемаке есть. Он присутствует в виде примеси в метановом льду, давая небольшие сдвиги в спектре метана. Правда, доля азотного льда несравнимо мала с количеством этого вещества на Плутоне и Тритоне, где он составляет почти 98 % коры. Относительный дефицит азотного льда означает, что запасы азота были каким-то образом исчерпаны за время существования Солнечной системы.

Данные, полученные в 2011 году во время покрытия Макемаке звезды, показывают, что в настоящее время эта планета, в отличие от Плутона, не имеет атмосферы. Давление у поверхности планеты на момент наблюдения не превышает 4-12 атмосферы. Однако присутствие метана и, возможно, азота делает вероятным существование на Макемаке временной атмосферы, похожей на ту, которая появляется у Плутона в перигелии. Азот, в случае его наличия, был бы доминирующим компонентом этой атмосферы. Существование временной атмосферы могло бы дать естественное объяснение дефициту азота на Макемаке: так как притяжение планеты слабее, чем у Плутона, Эриды или Тритона, то большое количество азота, возможно, было унесено планетарным ветром; метан легче, чем азот, и имеет значительно меньшее давление пара при температурах, господствующих на Макемаке (30—35 К), что и препятствует его потере; результат этих процессов — значительно более высокая концентрация метана.

Спутник

Долгое время на орбите вокруг Макемаке не могли обнаружить ни одного спутника. Было установлено, что у Макемаке нет спутников яркостью более 1 % от яркости планеты и находящихся на угловом расстоянии от неё не ближе 0,4 угловой секунды. Отсутствие спутников отличало Макемаке от других крупных транснептуновых объектов, которые почти все обладают по крайней мере одним спутником: Эрида — одним, Хаумеа — двумя и Плутон — пятью. Считается, что от 10 до 20 % транснептуновых объектов имеют один или несколько спутников.

Поэтому поиски продолжались, и в 2016 году было объявлено об открытии у Макемаке маленького спутника яркостью 0,08 % от яркости карликовой планеты. Он получил обозначение S/2015 (136472) 1, но широкое распространение получило неофициальное название «MK 2».

Примечания

Ссылки

  APOD July 15, 2008

  The sky live.

Карликовые планеты
Плутоиды
Кьюбивано


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"Before the Ripper, fear had another name!" This British film came out last year and is just now hitting the States. It's likely to show in more arthouse type theaters, not in the megaplexes. It features everything a goth could want in an early autumn film: Serial killers, Victorian houses and costumes, and a murder mystery.
I'm excited to see another Bill Nighy performance - love him! He plays Scotland Yard detective Inspector Kildare.
The film also stars Olivia Cooke, who you may remember as Emma in Bates Motel.
The film is based on Peter Ackroyd's 1994 book, Dan Leno & the Limehouse Golem.
I'm going to grab a couple friends, meet for cocktails first, and see this on a likely rainy Seattle September evening.
The Limehouse Golem hits US theaters on September 8, 2017.


Ikea Black Sofa Bed - Leather Ottomans and Sofa. oak bed. queen bedroom furniture. leather furniture sofas.
Published at Friday, January 25th 2019, 02:03:09 AM by Emma Frank. Midcentury. The seating support is also an important component in determining the quality of a sofa. It works in tandem with the frame and the filling. A sturdy frame provides an anchor for good seating support and filling augments it. You should always test the quality of seating support by sitting on a sofa before you buy it. It shouldn't sag, and it should provide good support in the seat and in the back.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Modern By Sofia Franke. These hats come in every color imaginable and create impactful wall art that´s guaranteed to stand out in any space, and they´re great in modern global spaces. Try using one above a sofa for a simple and stylish focal piece, or display a few together to create an even bolder impact.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Midcentury By Mia Foehrkolb. Selecting the wrong fabric for your sofa can be an expensive mistake. Make your fabric selection based on how the sofa will be used, and where you will be placing it. If you are buying your sofa for an area of your home that is heavily used, a delicate fabric or color would be destroyed even before you've had a chance to enjoy it.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Industrial By Mafalda Fischer. These sofa buying tips have less to do with fabric selection and focus more on another aspect of sofa buying, namely, the quality of a sofa. The frame should not wobble or creak, it should be sturdy and sit squarely on the floor. Wobbly or creaky frames mean less sturdy joints, while a strong frame means your sofa will last you longer.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Sofa By Lovise Engel. Your final product will end up looking really puffy and overstuffed, but the fill will start to settle after a few weeks, so you want to pack it as full as you can. Next, move on to the seat cushions. Remove the cover and set to the side, and vacuum the cushions to get rid of any deteriorating foam.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Midcentury By Iwona Braun. The seating support is also an important component in determining the quality of a sofa. It works in tandem with the frame and the filling. A sturdy frame provides an anchor for good seating support and filling augments it. You should always test the quality of seating support by sitting on a sofa before you buy it. It shouldn't sag, and it should provide good support in the seat and in the back.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Industrial By Ishild Brandt. These sofa buying tips have less to do with fabric selection and focus more on another aspect of sofa buying, namely, the quality of a sofa. The frame should not wobble or creak, it should be sturdy and sit squarely on the floor. Wobbly or creaky frames mean less sturdy joints, while a strong frame means your sofa will last you longer.
Published at Thursday, January 03rd 2019, 00:00:00 AM. Sofa By Hannah Fuchs. Every week we research new product categories and bring our final picks into the office, where we haggle and decide which ones make the final list. Everything is based on quality, appearance, and price. These are what we would choose for our own home.


Are you after birth chart astrology 4th house interpretations? If so, then you have come to the right place. The interpretations below can be used for both Western and Vedic (Kundali) astrology birth charts.
Location on birth chart wheel: It is house number 4.
Having your own home life is probably of number one importance to you. Things like achieving fame do not bother you; a warm and secure home is what you care about most. Being a naturally quiet and private person, you keep your feelings to yourself. The attitudes of your parents, especially your mother, have dramatically influenced you. Your father probably took charge of the family when you were young.
You enjoy doing DIY around the house and keeping a lively, intellectual atmosphere in your home. You have an incredible memory, and probably quite interested in history, psychology, or politics. Being traditional in your thinking, you are not one to accept extravagant or new ideas quickly. Your parents are likely to be well educated. Your mother is the type of person who seems to be on edge most of the time and rather anxious.
If you have your own house, you like to be surrounded by comfortable, quality, or luxurious items. Also, there is likely to be an artistic touch, perhaps in the way it is decorated. This is something you have a great eye for, and can add a nice personal touch to any interior design.
When it comes to romance, you are very soppy, showing affection through nurturing and sympathy. However, you never give your heart out easily, but when you do, you do it with great emotion. Becoming attached to a partner is very easy for you, but be careful not to be overly dependent or too smothering.
You have an excellent relationship with your family, enjoying many celebrations and parties together. Being loved by your parents is more important to you than to others. Your mother is a charming and beautiful lady; during your childhood she was very overprotective of you. Near the end of your life you may experience financial gain.
A great deal is learned from your parents; they are a major influence in your life, especially your mother. It is likely you were an only child, and therefore received a lot of loving attention. You dream of, and probably will achieve, a large or spacious home, or maybe you will just settle for a great view. Your dad was a fun-loving type, and probably thought he understood everything. If you are into self development, you will use spiritual rather then psychological methods. Meditation may also be of interest, and is something that you mother probably enjoys too.
Your home during childhood, and even as an adult, will be unusual in some way. It could be the furnishings, the décor, or even the structure or location. It gets people's attention as it is different from the norm. Also, your home is probably filled with many electronic gadgets.
Sometimes there is a conflict between your need to be your own person, and perceived obligations to your family. In other words, you want to keep your parents happy, but also need to break away from any family traditions, and do things your way.
You mother is an eccentric or creative individual.
Early home life during childhood was somewhat confusing for you, probably due to a confusing, absent, or preoccupied parent figure. This parent is likely to be your father who you idealize very much.
Because your home life was confusing or chaotic in some way, you failed to achieve a strong sense of identity as a result. As an adult, you seek a stronger sense of home, family, and nurturing in your life.
There may be some kind of behind-the-scenes problem in your home life, such as alcohol or drug abuse.
You may have a strong desire to live near the water.
Your childhood was spent in a dream world of imagination. It is very likely you can play a musical instrument.
Did you enjoy these birth chart astrology 4th house interpretations?


Argued March 13, 14, 1947.
We may assume that location of the exact coastal line will involve many complexities and difficulties. But that does not make this any the less a justiciable controversy. Certainly demarcation of the boundary is not an impossibility. Despite difficulties this Court has previously adjudicated controversies concerning submerged land boundaries. See State of New Jersey v. State of Delaware, 291 U.S. 361, 54 S.Ct. 407, 78 L.Ed. 847, Id., 295 U.S. 694, 55 S.Ct. 907, 79 L.Ed. 1659; Borax Consolidated, Ltd. v. City of Los Angeles, 296 U.S. 10, 21—27, 56 S.Ct. 23, 28—31, 80 L.Ed. 9; State of Oklahoma v. State of Texas, 256 U.S. 70, 41 S.Ct. 420, 6 5 L.Ed. 831, Id., 256 U.S. 602, 41 S.Ct. 539, 65 L.Ed. 1115. And there is no reason why, after determining in general who owns the three-mile belt here involved, the Court might not later, if necessary, have more detailed hearings in order to determine with greater definiteness particular segments of the boundary. State of Oklahoma v. State of Texas, 258 U.S. 574, 582, 42 S.Ct. 406, 410, 66 L.Ed. 771. Such practice is commonplace in actions similar to this which are in the nature of equitable proceedings. See e.g. State of Oklahoma v. State of Texas, 256 U.S. at pages 608, 609, 41 S.Ct. at page 540, 541, 65 L.Ed. 1115, Id., 260 U.S. 606, 625, 43 S.Ct. 221, 222, 67 L.Ed. 428; Id., 261 U.S. 340, 43 S.Ct. 376, 67 L.Ed. 687. California's contention concerning the indefinitieness of the claim presents no insuperable obstacle to the exercise of the highly important jurisdiction conferred on us by Article III of the Constitution.
Second. It is contended that we should dismiss this action on the ground that the Attorney General has not been granted power either to file or to maintain it. It is not denied that Congress has given a very broad authority to the Attorney General to institute and conduct litigation in order to establish and safeguard government rights and properties.3 The argument is that Congress has for a long period of years acted in such a way as to manifest a clear policy to the effect that the states, not the Federal Government, have legal title to the land under the three-mile belt. Although Congress has not expressly declared such a policy, we are asked to imply it from certain conduct of Congress and other governmental agencies charged with responsibilities concerning the national domain. And, in effect, we are urged to infer that Congress has by implication amended its long-existing statutes which grant the Attorney General broad powers to institute and maintain court proceedings in order to safeguard national interests.
But no Act of Congress has amended the statutes which impose on the Attorney General the authority and the duty to protect the Government's interests through the courts. See Ex parte Cooper, 143 U.S. 472, 502, 503, 12 S.Ct. 453, 460, 461, 36 L.Ed. 232. That Congress twice failed to grant the Attorney General specific authority to file suit against California,4 is not a sufficient basis upon which to rest a restriction of the Attorney General's statutory authority. And no more can we reach such a conclusion because both Houses of Congress passed a joint resolution quitclaiming to the adjacent states a three mile belt of all land situated under the ocean beyond the low water mark, exept those which the Government had previously acquired by purchase, condemnation, or donation.5 This joint resolution was vetoed by the President.6 His veto was sustained.7 Plainly, the resolution does not represent an exercise of the constitutional power of Congress to dispose of public property under Article IIv, § 3, Cl. 2.
Third. The crucial question on the merits is not merely who owns the bare legal title to the lands under the marginal sea. The United States here asserts rights in two capacities transcending those of a mere property owner. In one capacity it asserts the right and responsibility to exercise whatever power and dominion are necessary to protect this country against dangers to the security and tranquility of its people incident to the fact that the United States is located immediately adjacent to the ocean. The Government also appears in its capacity as a member of the family of nations. In that capacity it is responsible for conducting United States relations with other nations. It asserts that proper exercise of these constitutional responsibilities requires that it have power, unencumbered by state commitments, always to determine what agreements will be made concerning the control and use of the marginal sea and the land under it. See McCulloch v. State of Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 403—408, 17 U.S. 316, 403—408, 4 L.Ed. 579; United States v. State of Minnesota, 270 U.S. 181, 194, 46 S.Ct. 298, 300, 301, 70 L.Ed. 539. In the light of the foregoing, our question is whether the state or the Federal Government has the paramount right and power to determine in the first instance when, how, and by what agencies, foreign or domestic, the oil and other resources of the soil of the marginal sea, known or hereafter discovered may be exploited.
The Government does not deny that under the Pollard rule, as explained in later cases,8 California has a qualified ownership9 of lands under inland navigable waters such as rivers, harbors, and even tidelands down to the low water mark. It does question the validity of the rationale in the Pollard case that ownership of such water areas, any more than ownership of uplands, is a necessary incident of the state sovereignty contemplated by the 'equal footing' clause. Cf. United States v. State of Oregon, 295 U.S. 1, 14, 55 S.Ct. 610, 615, 79 L.Ed. 1267. For this reason, among others, it argues that the Pollard rule should not be extended so as to apply to lands under the ocean. It stresses that the thirteen original colonies did not own the marginal belt; that the Federal Government did not seriously assert its increasingly greater rights in this area until after the formation of the Union; that it has not bestowed any of these rights upon the states, but has retained them as appurtenances of national sovereignty. And the Government insists that no previous case in this Court has involved or decided conflicting claims of a state and the Federal Government to the three-mile belt in a way which requires our extension of the Pollard inland water rule to the ocean area.
It would unduly prolong our opinion to discuss in detail the multitude of references to which the able briefs of the parties have cited us with reference to the evolution of powers over marginal seas exercised by adjacent countries. From all the wealth of material supplied, however, we cannot say that the thirteen original colonies separately acquired ownership to the three-mile belt or the soil under it,10 even if they did acquire elements of the sovereignty of the English Crown by their revolution against it. Cf. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation, 299 U.S. 304, 316, 57 S.Ct. 216, 219, 81 L.Ed. 255.
At the time this country won its independence from England there was no settled international custom or understanding among nations that each nation owned a three-mile water belt along its borders. Some countries, notably England, Spain, and Portugal, had, from time to time, made sweeping claims to a right of dominion over wide expanses of ocean. And controversies had arisen among nations about rights to fish in prescribed areas.11 But when this nation was formed, the idea of a three-mile belt over which a littoral nation could exercise rights of ownership was but a nebulous suggestion.12 Neither the English charters granted to this nation's settlers,13 nor the treaty of peace with England,14 nor any other document to which we have been referred, showed a purpose to set apart a three-mile ocean belt for colonial or state ownership.15 Those who settled this country were interested in lands upon which to live, and waters upon which to fish and sail. There is no substantial support in history for the idea that they wanted or claimed a right to block off the ocean's bottom for private ownership and use in the extraction of its wealth.
It did happen that shortly after we became a nation our statesmen became interested in establishing national dominion over a definite marginal zone to protect our neutrality.16 Largely as a result of their efforts, the idea of a definite three-mile belt in which an adjacent nation can, if it chooses, exercise broad, if not complete dominion, has apparently at last been generally accepted throughout the world,17 although as late as 1876 there was still considerable doubt in England about its scope and even its existence. See The Queen v. Keyn, L.R. 2 Exch.Div. 63. That the political agencies of this nation both claim and exercise broad dominion and control over our three-mile marginal belt is now a settled fact. Cunard Steamship Co. v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 100, 122—124, 43 S.Ct. 504, 506—508, 67 L.Ed. 894, 27 A.L.R. 1306.18 And this assertion of national dominion over the three-mile belt is binding upon this Court. See Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202, 212—214, 11 S.Ct. 80, 83, 84, 34 L.Ed. 691; Ex parte Cooper, 143 U.S. 472, 502, 503, 12 S.Ct. 453, 460, 461, 36 L.Ed. 232.
Not only has acquisition, as it were, of the three-mile belt, been accomplished by the national Government, but protection and control of it has ben and is a function of national external sovereignty. See Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202, 11 S.Ct. 80, 34 L.Ed. 691; Ex parte Cooper, 143 U.S. 472, 502, 12 S.Ct. 453, 460, 36 L.Ed. 232. The belief that local interests are so predominant as constitutionally to require state dominion over lands under its land-locked navigable waters finds some argument for its support. But such can hardly be said in favor of state control over any part of the ocean or the ocean's bottom. This country, throughout its existence has stood for freedom of the seas, a principle whose breach has precipitated wars among nations. The country's adoption of the three-mile belt is by no means incompatible with its traditional insistence upon freedom of the sea, at least so long as the national Government's power to exercise control consistently with whatever international undertakings or commitments it may see fit to assume in the national interest is unencumbered. See Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 62—64, 61 S.Ct. 399, 401—403, 85 L.Ed. 581; McCulloch v. State of Maryland, supra. The three-mile rule is but a recognition of the necessity that a government next to the sea must be able to protect itself from dangers incident to its location. It must have powers of dominion and regulation in the interest of its revenues, its health, and the security of its people from was waged on or too near its coasts. And insofar as the nation asserts its rights under international law, whatever of value may be discovered in the seas next to its shores and within its protective belt, will most naturally be appropriated for its use. But whatever any nation does in the open sea, which detracts from its common usefulness to nations, or which another nation may charge detracts from it,19 is a question for consideration among nations as such, and not their separate governmental units. What this Government does, or even what the states do, anywhere in the ocean, is a subject upon which the nation may enter into and assume treaty or similar international obligations. See United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324, 331, 332, 57 S.Ct. 758, 761, 762, 81 L.Ed. 1134. The very oil about which the state and nation here contend might well become the subject of international dispute and settlement.
The ocean, even its three-mile belt, is thus of vital consequence to the nation in its desire to engage in commerce and to live in peace with the world; it also becomes of crucial importance should it ever again become impossible to preserve that peace. And as peace and world commerce are the paramount responsibilities of the nation, rather than an individual state, so, if wars come, they must be fought by the nation. See Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275, 279, 23 L.Ed. 550. The state is not equipped in our constitutional system with the powers or the facilities for exercising the responsibilities which would be concomitant with the dominion which it seeks. Conceding that the state has been authorized to exercise local police power functions in the part of the marginal belt within its declared boundaries,20 these do not detract from the Federal Government's paramount rights in and power over this area. Consequently, we are not persuaded to transplant the Pollard rule of ownership as an incident of state sovereignty in relation to inland waters out into the soil beneath the ocean, so much more a matter of national concern. If this rationale of the Pollard case is a valid basis for a conclusion that paramount rights run to the states in inland waters to the shoreward of the low water mark, the same rationale leads to the conclusion that national interests responsibilities, and therefore national rights are paramount in waters lying to the seaward in the three-mile belt. Cf. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation, 299 U.S. 304, 316, 57 S.Ct. 216, 219, 81 L.Ed. 255; United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256, 66 S.Ct. 1062, 90 L.Ed. 1206.
None of the foregoing cases, nor others which we have decided, are sufficient to require us to extend the Pollard inland water rule so as to declare that California owns or has paramount rights in or power over the three-mile belt under the ocean. The question of who owned the bed of the sea only became of great potential importance at the beginning of this century when oil was discovered there.21 As a consequence of this discovery, California passed an Act in 1921 authorizing the granting of permits to California residents to prospect for oil and gas on blocks of land off its coast under the ocean. Cal.Stats.1921, c. 303, p. 404. This state statute, and others which followed it, together with the leasing practices under them, have precipitated this extremely important controversy, and pointedly raised this state-federal conflict for the first time. Now that the question is here, we decide for the reasons we have stated that California is not the owner of the three-mile marginal belt along its coast, and that the Federal Government rather than the state has paramount rights in and power over that belt, an incident to which is full dominion over the resources of the soil under that water area, including oil.
To speak of 'dominion' carries precisely those overtones in the law which relate to property and not to political authority. Dominion, from the Roman concept dominium, was concerned with property and ownership, as against imperium, which related to political sovereignty. One may choose to say, for example, that the United States has 'national dominion' over navigable streams. But the power to regulate commerce over these streams, and its continued exercise, do not change the imperium of the United States into dominium over the land below the waters. Of course the United States has 'paramount rights' in the sea belt of California—the rights that are implied by the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, the power of condemnation, the treaty-making power, the war power. We have not now before us the validity of the exercise of any of these paramount rights. Rights of ownership are here asserted—and rights of ownership are something else. Ownership implies acquisition in the various ways in which land is acquired by conquest, by discovery and claim, by cession, by prescription, by purchase, by condemnation. When and how did the United States acquire this land?
5 U.S.C. §§ 291, 309, 5 U.S.C.A. §§ 291, 309; United States v. San Jacinto Tin Co., 125 U.S. 273, 279, 284, 8 S.Ct. 850, 854, 856, 31 L.Ed. 747; Kern River Co. v. United States, 257 U.S. 147, 154, 155, 42 S.Ct. 60, 62, 63, 66 L.Ed. 175; Sanitary District of Chicago v. United States, 266 U.S. 405, 425, 426, 45 S.Ct. 176, 178, 179, 69 L.Ed. 352; see also In re Debs, 158 U.S. 564, 584, 15 S.Ct. 900, 906, 39 L.Ed. 1092; United States v. State of Oregon, 295 U.S. 1, 24, 55 S.Ct. 610, 619, 79 L.Ed. 1267; United States v. State of Wyoming, 323 U.S. 669, 65 S.Ct. 34, 89 L.Ed. 543; 331 U.S. 440, 67 S.Ct. 1319.
S.J.Res.208, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. (1938); S.J.Res.83 and 92, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. (1939). S.J.Res.208 passed the Senate, 81 Cong.Rec.9326 (1938), was favorably reported by the House Judiciary Committee, H.R.Rep.2378, 75th Cong., 3d Sess. (1938), but was never acted on in the House. Hearings were held on S.J.Res.83 and 92 before the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, but no further action was taken. Hearings before the Senate Committee on Public Lands and Serveys an S.J.Res.83 and 92, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. (1939). In both hearings objections to the resolutions were repeatedly made on the ground that passage of the resolutions was unnecessary since the Attorney General already had statutory authority to institute the proceedings. See Hearings before the House Committee on the Judiciary on S.J.Res.208, 75th Cong., 3d Sess., 42—45, 59—61 (1938); Hearings on S.J.Res.83 and 92, supra, 27—30.
See, e.g., Fulton, op. cit. supra, 3—19, 144, 145; Jessup, op. cit. supra, 4.
Secretary of State Jefferson in a note to the British minister in 1793 pointed to the nebulous character of a nation's assertions of territorial rights in the marginal belt, and put forward the first official American claim for a three-mile zone which has since won general international acceptance.Reprinted in H.Ex.Doc.No. 324, 42d Cong., 2d Sess. (1872) 553—554. See also Secretary Jefferson's note to the French Minister, Genet, reprinted American State Papers, I Foreign Relations (1833), 183, 384; Act of June 5, 1794, 1 Stat. 381; 1 Kent, Commentaries, 14th Ed., 33—40.


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text:
Balance in Meursault
n Meursault you need to harvest the chardonnay a bit early. Because with the terroir of Meursault you will have the fat added to the wine. And if you don't have enough acidity to begin with it will be a disaster in the end.
Nicolas Bernard at Domaine Bernard-Bonin in Meursault runs a seven-hectare estate together with his wife Véronique Bernard Bonin. It is an all white domaine with all vines located in either Meursault or neighbouring Puligny-Montrachet.
– With the white wines of the Côte de Beaune you have the fat and the minerality, he continues. In order to link the two in an elegant way you need acidity. If you don't have the acidity you will not have a balanced wine. You need the acidity from the grapes. Adding acidity afterwards only works for wines meant to be drunk immediately.
The majority of the vines at Domaine Bernard-Bonin are in Meursault. The remaining in Puligny-Montrachet. In Meursault there are various village appellation vineyards such as Clos du Cromin, Les Tillets and Limozin. On premier cru level they have Genevrières and Charmes-Dessus in Meursault and La Garenne and Les Folatières in Puligny-Montrachet.
– We took on the domaine in 1998, explains Véronique Bernard Bonin. My grandfather had a domaine, Domaine Michelot, which covered 21 hectares. He had tree daughters. Initially all three worked together with him; it's the house just across the road from here. Then Jean-François Mestre from Santenay married the youngest of my aunts and he started to work at the domaine too.
– In 1998 my grandfather decided to split the domaine in three. For Nicolas and me it was a good time to take my mother's vineyards and make our own vines. I didn't want to work with my aunts and my uncle. The two of us wanted to do something more authentic.
Véronique Bernard Bonin describes the philosophy at Domaine Bernard-Bonin as lutte intergrée, basically a mix between several different methods.
– At each moment we choose which is the method to use, she says. We try to intervene as little as possible. Our philosophy is to be as natural as possible. It is part lutte raisonnée and part organic wine growing. We use some sulphur, but no copper because it stays in the soil.
– We plough the soil a lot, says Nicolas Bernard. Even during the winter. By doing that we cut off the lateral roots. These roots don't add any terroir to the wine.
The Meursault premier cru Genevrières of Domaine Bernard-Bonin comes from vines both in Genevrières-Dessus and Genevrières-Dessous.
– For Genevrères the growers have never made a distinction between the two parts, the upper and the lower, Genevrières-Dessus and Genevrières-Dessous, says Nicolas Bernard. That has always been the case with Meursault Charmes, where the Dessus part is considered to be better in terms of quality, mainly because the Dessous part is flat.
– The soil in Genevrères is quite homogenous. Perhaps a bit stonier in the upper part. In the lower part you have 50 centimeters of loose soil. When you plough the upper part you hit rocks all the time.
Still, the two plots produce wines different in style, which are blended into one single cuvée. Véronique Bernard Bonin explains that Genevrères-Dessus produces a spicier wine, whereas Genevrières-Dessous produces a more buttery wine.
– We use 25 per cent of new oak for all our wines, says Nicolas Bernard. But once we have bought them we use them for a long time. The ones we buy new we use for a long time. And the barrels are always used for the same wine. A barrel once used for Les Tillets for instance will always be used for Les Tillets.
The vines in Charmes have an average age between 50 and 60 years. At Domaine Bernard-Bonin they never replant whole parcels. Instead, whenever a vine dies it is replaced. Therefore it is a bit difficult to tell the average age of the vines.
– Clos du Cromin in Meursault was planted in 1972, says Véronique Bernard Bonin. That's our youngest vineyard. When you replant one vine at the time the old vines protect the young ones. If you replant everything at once all your vines are young and vulnerable.
Clos du Cromin is village appellation Meursault in the northern part of the village, just below the camping. Its ten hectares are split between a dozen or so owners.
– The soil in Clos du Cromin is deep, says Nicolas Bernard. It is clay and limestone, but not so much limestone. The soil is deep and the vines can easily absorb nutrients. This always produces structured wines. It's a real clos, meaning there are still walls on all four sides. The exposure is south east and inside this clos the grapes ripen very quickly. Wait a few days too long and you'll end up with a wine with notes of quince. If you harvest a bit early instead you'll have a wine with a more citrusy character, with more minerality and complexity coming from the terroir.
South of Meursault, in Puligny-Montrachet, Domaine Bernard-Bonin is represented in both Les Folatières and La Garenne. Both are premier crus on the Meursault side of the village. La Garenne is higher up on the slope than Les Folatières.
– In Les Folatières there is no soil, smiles, Nicolas Bernard. Ten centimetres, that's all there is. After that you're on the bedrock. Our parcel is in the part of Les Folatières called Peux Bois, the southern part.
– It's very difficult to replant there because of the lack of soil, Véronique Bernard Bonin. The vines are old. On average 80 years old. This parcel always produces very small and concentrated grapes.
Bourgogne, Initiales B.B.
Meursault, Vieilles Vignes
Meursault, Les Tillets
Meursault, Limozin
Meursault, Clos du Cromin
Meursault 1er cru, Perrières
Meursault 1er cru, Charmes-Dessus
Puligny-Montrachet 1er cru, La Garenne
Puligny-Montrachet 1er cru, Les Folatières
How the Wild West was won - Burgundy style
This is the story about how the Wild West was won - Burgundy style. Domaine Michel Gros is located in Vosne-Romanée, one of the most prestigious villages on the Côte d'Or. The domaine has been the sole owner of the Vosne-Romanée premier cru Clos des Réas for the past century and a half. But...
by Ola Bergman
In the late 1980's Domaine François Gros was going downhill. Due to illness quality suffered badly and most of the wine was sold off in bulk. It was under these circumstances that Anne Gros took on the family domaine. Today she is one of the major players in Burgundy and recently she has branched out...
Vintage character and continuity
Domaine Bonneau du Martray has a history that goes way back, but it was only in the early 1970's that the domaine began to bottle its own wine. Since then Bonneau du Martray has become synonymous with Corton-Charlemagne. Since 1994 Jean-Charles le Bault de la Morinière has been...
Not your average winegrower
Pierre de Benoist at Domaine de Villaine is not your average Burgundian winegrower. In his world the aligoté grape rules, not the chardonnay and the pinot as elsewhere in Burgundy.
– The chardonnay is not my reference. The aligoté is.
Domaine Bersan
Six different grape varieties
While most producers in Burgundy use one or two grape varieties Domaine Bersan in Saint-Bris le Vineux is different. On their 20 hectares of vines Jean-Louis and Jean-Christophe Bersan, father and son, have six different grape varieties.
– It's great for us, says Jean-Christophe...


Visitacion Valley Family Center has a new Community Nutrition Program provider, Project Open Hand (POH). This organization has been serving the community at the John King Senior Residences and now will serve lunches to seniors and adults with disabilities 7 days a week, year round. In 2016, the City entrusted APA to create this family center at 66 Raymond Avenue and APA facilitated efforts to set up an intergenerational program with nonprofit partners.
Another one of the non-profit partners at this family center is Asian Pacific American Community Center (APACC). Its mission is to help strengthen Asian Pacific American families living in Visitacion Valley by providing linguistically and culturally appropriate programs and services. Felton Institute is another non-profit partner at 66 Raymond Avenue. It provides community services to address the needs of the diverse aging population and adults with disabilities in Visitacion Valley, and subcontracts with APACC to provide the culturally and linguistically appropriate social services such as intergenerational activities that bring together youth, older adults, and people with disabilities.
These partners organize workshops and provide daily activities for the seniors at the center. Every Friday year round, volunteers help operate a community food pantry inside the community center's auditorium. This is one of the largest food pantries in the city, serving 500 households, including grocery delivery for the housebound.
Visitacion Valley Family Center is having an open house on Saturday, October 27 from 11 am - 2 pm.
Please see event flyer below.


We share a strong sense of purpose.
Our staff work collectively to ensure that opportunities are taken to maximise potential in every situation. Our 'can and will make a difference' attitude and daily staff debriefing meetings enable self-challenge and pedagogy to be discussed and necessary changes implemented in consultation with the management team.
The school is currently going through a period of significant change – we have a new head teacher and are planning to join the new Alternative Provision Multi Academy Trust that is being set up in Barnet.


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Almost nothing was known about Australia's elusive lyrebird until 1930, when an elderly widow named Edith Wilkinson encountered one on her garden path one February morning. In this week's episode of the Futility Closet podcast we'll follow the curious friendship that evolved between Wilkinson and "James," which led to an explosion of knowledge about his reclusive species.
Ambrose Pratt, The Lore of the Lyrebird, 1933.
Nicolae Sfetcu, The Birds' World, 2014.
Jackie Kerin, Lyrebird! a True Story, 2012.
"A.P.", "A Miracle of the Dandenongs," The Age, Feb. 13, 1932.
A response from a reader.
Anna Verona Dorris, "The Proud Aristocrat of Birdland," New Outlook, July-August 1956.
More lyrebirds mimicking human technology on Futility Closet.
"The Colorful Front-Gabled Italianate Homes at Damen and 33rd," Chicago Patterns (accessed Jan. 1, 2016).
John McCarron, "Pilsen Comes Together to Preserve and Build," LISC Chicago's New Communities Program, May 3, 2007 (accessed Jan. 1, 2016).
Down to Earth: 9 Stories Above Pilsen (accessed Jan. 1, 2016).
Wikipedia, "Regrading in Seattle" (accessed Jan. 1, 2016).
Matthew W. Klingle, "Reclaiming Nature: Flattening Hills and Digging Waterways in Seattle," in Building Nature: Topics in the Environmental History of Seattle and Spokane: A Curriculum Project for Washington Schools, Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington Department of History (accessed Jan. 1, 2016).
This week's lateral thinking puzzle is adapted from "Detective Shadow's" 2000 book Lateral Mindtrap Puzzles. Here's a corroborating link (don't click until you've listened to the episode).


Send a colorful congrats' balloon bunch to celebrate a special occasion and festivity! These best value balloon bouquets are hand-arranged by our local florist, for the perfect way to say "congratulations" on a graduation, promotion, new home, or anything else. Your discounted gift shows them how proud you are and encourages them to strive towards excellence. Floating balloons included feature latex and mylar types. Sending a quality arrangement shows planning and care. They'll know you think they're special!


text:
<?php
namespace FwsLogger\Exception;

use Exception;

/**
 * No From Email Set Exception
 *
 * @author Garry Childs (Freedom Web Services)
 */
class NoFromEmailException extends Exception implements ExceptionInterface {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With client projects and holiday deadlines galore, November and December were a wash for free time to blog. Crud!
Lots of big Olympic news headlines of late, notably the selection of initial Team USA competitors and some final preparations for Sochi 2014.
Of course, troubling headlines are also on the brain given recent events in Central Russia.
During Christmas break, time at last arrived to finalize travel plans for the Winter Olympics.
"Are you going to Sochi?" is finally answered: YES!
For those who remain interested, it's not too late to book passage to Russia. Accommodations are available on several cruise ships set to dock at Sochi Port and Adler (with thanks to Tom Burke for the pointers on reservations). Also found an actual hotel available via Hotels.com, though I will be biting my nails until checking-in on 3 Feb that the hotel is there and open for business.
The cruise ship agency includes with their fee the required host documents needed for inclusion in the Russian tourist visa application process (more on that in a few paragraphs).
Flights are not cheap. Fortunately, after banking tens of thousands of SkyMiles, I'll get half-way to Sochi on Delta Air Lines' dime. The second half of the journey will be via Aeroflot from Germany, one of three nations with direct flights to Sochi available for the Games (it pleased me to avoid long layovers and out-of-the-way connecting flights via Moscow). Yahoo! Travel was helpful to locate these direct flight options.
And individual Sochi Olympic tickets remain available via CoSport -- it will be fun to visit Krasnaya Polyana for ski jump (the one ticket purchased so far). Locating a single Opening Ceremony ticket is on my wish list, but the Sochi ticketing process (which includes a new layer of security via the Spectator Pass process -- Meh) will prevent last minute wheeling and dealing like in Beijing.
Now, about that tourist visa for Russia Federation. Whew! I've put in a dozen hours and still the process is a work in progress. There are plenty of (nearly too many) checklist items to keep in mind, and that's just to get the paperwork in an envelope to the embassy (in my case, to a company that helps process the applications). I think only the visa application for China was more detailed, but it will be worth the time investment when arriving at the host city.
With just over 30 days to go, the time is now to get things booked without delay. Here's hoping others who are finalizing their plans will comment and share pointers.
During the booking process, I reflected many times that just 25 years ago a visit to Russia was likened to flying to the moon. It will be great fun to learn the culture in person, and I do wish to visit St. Petersburg, Moscow and other Russia Federation destinations in the future. Sochi will be a good place to start the Russia travel experience.


text:
A Myiarchus sagrae a madarak osztályának a verébalakúak (Passeriformes)  rendjébe, a királygébicsfélék (Tyrannidae) családjába tartozó faj.

Rendszerezése
A fajt Juan Gundlach német-kubai zoológus és ornitológus írta le 1852-ben, a Muscicapa nembe Muscicapa sagrae néven.

Alfajai
Myiarchus sagrae lucaysiensis (H. Bryant, 1867)
Myiarchus sagrae sagrae (Gundlach, 1852)

Előfordulása
Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok déli részén, valamint a Bahama-szigetek, a Kajmán-szigetek, Kuba és a Turks- és Caicos-szigetek területén honos.

Természetes élőhelyei a szubtrópusi és trópusi síkvidéki és hegyi esőerdők, mangroveerdők és bokrosok, valamint másodlagos erdők. Állandó, nem vonuló faj.

Megjelenése
Testhossza 22 centiméter.

Természetvédelmi helyzete
Az elterjedési területe nagyon nagy, egyedszáma ugyan csökken, de még nem éri el a kritikus szintet. A Természetvédelmi Világszövetség Vörös listáján nem fenyegetett fajként szerepel.

Jegyzetek

Források

További információk
Képek az interneten a fajról

Myiarchus
Madárfajok
Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok madarai
A Bahama-szigetek madarai
A Kajmán-szigetek madarai
Kuba madarai
A Turks- és Caicos-szigetek madarai

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Carlos Moros Gracia (ur. 15 kwietnia 1993 w Sagunt) – hiszpański piłkarz występujący na pozycji pomocnika. Zawodnik Mjällby AIF

Życiorys
Carlos Gracia jest wychowankiem Valencia CF. W 2015 trafił do uniwersyteckiej drużyny Temple Owls w Philadelphii, w USA. Po dwóch latach trafił do występującego w szwedzkiej ekstraklasie GIF Sundsvall. Grając w barwach tego klubu został wybrany do "11 sezonu" w sezonie 2019. Od rundy wiosennej sezonu 2019/2020  do końca sezonu 2020/2021 był zawodnikiem ŁKS Łódź.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Profil na 90minut.pl
 Profil na Temple Owls

Hiszpańscy piłkarze
Piłkarze GIF Sundsvall
Piłkarze ŁKS Łódź
Piłkarze Mjällby AIF
Urodzeni w 1993


Victor Cha has written 1 book that appears on various military reading lists. Here is that book along with the lists that included it, past and present.
Good commentary on efforts the US has made to engage. Ends on a hopeful note!


text:
What We're Reading: Nora Ephron's Memoir and More
By Anna Maltby
Courtesy of Knopf
Something I learned recently about the great Nora Ephron (writer of When Harry Met Sally, writer/director of Sleepless in Seattle, and writer/director/producer of You've Got Mail and Julie & Julia) is that she's sort of like the female, higher-IQ version of Forrest Gump. The woman has been everywhere, from the Kennedy White House (as an intern) to the audience of the Ed Sullivan Show the night The Beatles performed. She talked about this last month, when she was the special guest at a Carnegie Hall taping of the NPR show "Wait Wait, Don't Tell Me," but the craziest part is, she barely remembers any of it. Only snippets. Considering that's how I feel about most of my childhood and adolescence, I can totally relate. Read on to learn more about her crazy life (and her aptly titled memoir) and a couple other great books we're reading this week — let's just hope against hope we'll remember a few details.
I Remember Nothing (and Other Reflections)
Author: Nora Ephron
Genre: Funny, wise, relatable memoir
What Happens: Ephron takes a (somewhat fuzzy) look back on her extraordinary life, along with little observations about subjects such as "Which Comes First: The Chicken Soup or the Cold?"
When to Read It: Anytime you're in the mood for a (good) romantic comedy but aren't in movie-watching mode.
Details: Knopf Doubleday, $22.95, November
The Next Big Story: My Journey Through the Land of Possibilities
Author: Soledad O'Brien, CNN anchor and special correspondent
Genre: Memoir by one of your crazy-smart lady crushes
What Happens: O'Brien discusses her childhood in 1960s Long Island (not the easiest place to be as a mixed-race kid, no doubt), her early jobs in broadcasting, and the biggest stories she's covered — from the tsunami to Katrina to Obama's inauguration.
When to Read It: When you need some career-spiration (that's a word, right?).
Details: Celebra Hardcover, $24.95, November 2
Fame: What The Classics Tell Us About Our Cult of Celebrity
Author: Tom Payne, British writer and journalist
Genre: Why-are-we-like-this explanatory tome
What Happens: Payne explains the eerie similarities between Lady Gaga and the Aztecs, Farah Fawcett and St. Felicity, and more kooky connections in an attempt to explain why we care so much about famous people.
Why Read It: Next time you find yourself wondering why the heck those Teen Mom kids are on magazine covers every week?! (Seriously!)
Details: Picador Paperback Original, $16, November 1
Anna Maltby Anna Maltby is a freelance health writer based in Evanston, Ill.
14 Things Women Couldn't Do 94 Years Ago
The 15 Best Summer Beach Reads
17 Things I Wish I'd Known About Getting Over an Ex When I Was Younger
How I Planned a MÉNAGE À TROIS
Mila Talks About Ashton, Her Baby, and Saying Yes
J.K. Rowling Hints at New 'Harry Potter' Plot


Tim was introduced to Mille Lacs in the mid 70s by his Dad. He has been a professional guide and tournament angler for over two decades and counting. He is continually learning and adding other Minnesota lakes to his guided fishing offerings. Tim and his guides have formidable experience fishing all parts of Lake Mille Lacs for Walleye, Smallmouth Bass, Muskie, and Northern Pike. Rain or shine, windy or calm, Lake Mille Lacs Guide Service knows how to fish this lake. We love fishing, and it's an awesome lake!


text:
Seated Ovation
critic, scholar, performer (not necessarily in that order)
spring for music contest entry no. 1
Vote for me here!
The internet is abuzz with protests regarding the Spring for Music blogger contest--to which this post is an entry. Given that I'm participating, I'm not exactly an impartial source, but I don't really see as much of a problem with the contest, and believe in the good intent of those who are putting it on. If I had more time I'd explain why, but I figured I would put that time into trying to win $2500. So, without further ado:
New York has long been considered the cultural capital of America. Is it still? If not, where?
So, at first I was going to say something along the lines of, "Yes, sort of," and then talk about what the "yes," meant and what the "sort of" meant. But then I spent a weekend at an academic conference and realized I can't take on this question without gagging.
Here's the thing: a national capital makes sense. Even if it seems like most of our governing takes place on TV and Twitter (or doesn't take place at all) we do need a physical place for all our favorite representatives to sit down and hash out our favorite new amendments and things.
But there is no place like that—nor should there be one—for the arts, or for culture. (I'm just going to go ahead and talk about culture as being the arts, since I'm not a foodie, and I know there's other kinds of culture but those are the only ones I remember right now.) Where do all of our arts sit down in a big domed building and hash out our arts amendments? It would be kind of interesting to see that big domed building, but I don't think we have one right now.
The reality: New York is, pound for pound, a Mechagodzilla of great music, dance, visual art, performance art, and more. The stuff is concentrated more densely per square mile than anywhere else in America. But a cultural capital is a concept we do not need, and it's one that forces us to focus on a single city as representative of the most pluralistic, heterogeneous, and other-synonyms-for-diverse country in the world. I can't think of a concept more un-democratic.
But let's assume, for a minute, that there might be such a thing as a cultural capital. Should it be New York? Maybe, but not for the reasons you might think.
New York still holds the big guns, whether that's your world-class symphony orchestras, ballet companies, or modern art museums. It also has the small guns -- the galleries, bohemian neighborhoods, and new-music composer collectives. But are these artistic institutions doing justice to New York's claim as the top dog?
Take classical music. The fact is that the big guys of New York – the institutions that raise and spend the most money – have failed cultural life on a local and national scale in recent years. The musical organizations for which the city is best known are the ones that promote a deadening, mundane culture that entrenches stereotypes about classical music and its (supposedly) ever-aging audience.
Let's start with the New York Philharmonic. It may be one of the best sounding orchestras in the country, but the Phil's artistic agenda is somewhat intriguing at best and monotonous at worst. In the 1950s and 1960s, Leonard Bernstein brought the Philharmonic to the center stage of the world, turning a European virtuoso ensemble into a proving ground for modern American composers, inspiring a generation of young listeners to tune into the American sound of Copland, Harris, and Ives. Fifty years ago, he led a season that marked the opening of Lincoln Center with seven out of a total ten commissions for new pieces by some of the world's best living composers. Opening night of Philharmonic Hall (today Avery Fisher) signaled to the world the importance music both new and American, with the premiere of Aaron Copland's acerbic masterwork Connotations. (Crazily enough, the Times called that unadventurous; imagine what Harold C. Schonberg would have thought of today's programs.)
Boulez continued in that spirit of experimentation, crafting cerebral concerts which may have driven off older subscribers but challenged what role an orchestra can play as a curator of new works. In 1971, Karlheinz Stockhausen debuted his Hymnen with the orchestra, drawing a crowd described eloquently by the Times: "There was long hair, there were miniskirts and hot pants, there were bearded boys in sweaters and denims, there was even a suspicious odor that sort of resembled tobacco."
The suspicious order today is more that of spoiled milk. Music director Alan Gilbert has made some attempt to inject the orchestra with the spirit of invention, after the sluggish tenures of the three M's (Mehta, Masur, Maazel). There have been some rousing successes, like the 2009 performance of Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre, and in a few months, the orchestra will bring Stockhausen's grand, three-orchestra Gruppen to the Park Avenue Armory. But the Phil's programs are overwhelmingly more-of-the-same, with a Beethoven festival this year and a Bach festival the next. There's nothing wrong with embracing the classics, but it should be with the aim of invention or discovery.
And where are the women? In the Phil's 2012-2013 season, only a single work by a woman will be performed. Imagine an all-male cast populating the Metropolitan Museum of Art or MOMA, and one can see that this artistic attitude does no justice to New York's claim to center of the musical world.
Examine orchestras across the country and one can find a wealth of artistic conviction and a penchant for forward thinking. Gustavo Dudamel has built upon Esa-Pekka Salonen's strong legacy at the L.A. Philharmonic, steering an orchestra which plays more new music than any other in the United States, with programs cleverly juxtaposing old and new. Seattle has a new guiding light in Ludovic Morlot, who has in his first season already demonstrated a commitment to contemporary music. David Robertson does great stuff in St. Louis; ditto for Marin Alsop in Baltimore. Michael Tilson Thomas is the closest we have to a living Bernstein, and his San Francisco "Mavericks" series is currently exhibiting the best of our native musical minds. The Oregon Symphony shot to fame last year in an apparently stunning Carnegie Hall concert, under the auspices of Spring for Music, which mourned the horrors of war via Adams, Britten, Ives, and Vaughn-Williams. The New York Phil has a lot to answer for. (It should be noted that none of those orchestras have anything approaching an acceptable track record for programming female composers.)
Things look even grimmer when we turn to New York's opera scene. The Metropolitan Opera, though never quite a hotbed of radical activity, has taken a turn for the worse in recent years. Peter Gelb promised a revolutionary regime, but the reality of the opera house is more boring then ever, though now with a commercial sheen. Many millions of dollars have been spent on a new Ring cycle that was artistically bankrupt on arrival. The best productions the house has seen so far, like Patrice Chereau's stunning From the House of the Dead, have been imported from abroad, and evidently Gelb thinks of Europe as an out-of-town tryout zone.
Meanwhile, opera companies around the country soldier onward, some with the artistic flaccidity of the Met, but others with a glimmer of ingenuity. The Virginia Opera and North Carolina Opera both presented recent Philip Glass scores this season; next season, the San Francisco Opera will premiere Mark Adamo's The Gospel of Mary Magdalene; the Chicago Lyric Opera recently announced a commission by opera newbie Jimmy López.
If one peers beyond the veneer of organizations like the Philharmonic and the Met, one might just stumble upon something approaching a cultural capital, if such a thing existed. The true artistic wisdom lies in organizations like the collective Bang on a Can, which fuels the new music landscape of the city, and whose free, annual marathon concert democratizes the avant-garde. Or the Ecstatic Music Festival, now in its second season, which brings together pop mavens with classical composers and performers, creating collaborations which resonate across genres. Or Le Poisson Rouge, a club whose evenings trade off between Arvo Pärt and Bill Frisell. These are the off-Broadway classical, or maybe off- off- Broadway, but any theater-goer will tell you that New York's cultural value lies less in Spider-Man: Turn off the Dark than the Wooster Group.
That experimental drive exists and persists in cities from Chicago down to Raleigh, and towns with orchestras that may not have a world-class budget but do display a world-class sense of innovation. Fantastic composers are sprinkled over the entire country, and new music ensembles crop up in the strangest places. American opera may find its future in the midwest. And let's not even talk about the fact that plenty of America's popular culture treasures – from film to country music – aren't even based on the east coast. (My equating here of culture with opera and the symphony is a grand coup of elitism; my only excuse is that I write what I know.)
I think we need to abandon the idea of cultural capitals entirely. We still need our great American composers, and though many lived and do live in New York, their paths can be international, multi-cultural, and hybrid (they always were: see Aaron Copland). And even if the Internet allows new kinds of communities to flourish, we still need places where artists can sit down and make art together—but those can be found in Alabama, too.
The strange and wonderful thing about American pluralism is that we can look beyond center and periphery, and see a landscape which thrives with culture, from classical music to hip-hop to shape-note singings---as long as we're willing to seek it out.
Posted by Will at 8:30 PM 1 comment:
Unquiet Thoughts
Tucker Carlson Has No Filter
A Malcolm Arnold moment
Classical music's problem nailed in one sentence
The Classical Beat
Met Opera announces Levine's departure, long overdue
Fonda-ness for Beethoven
Daniel Stephen Johnson
LIVES OF THE GREAT COMPOSERS: Helmut Lachenmann Gives You the Finger
my name is yeh
THIS BLOG HAS MOVED!
PostClassic
Language-Spinners and Image-Cutters
Hell Mouth
Musicologist; assistant professor at University of Maryland College Park.


text:
HAVE YOUR SAY: Should Joe the Pigeon be told to Flock off?
Joe the racing pigeon sits on a rooftop Tuesday, Jan. 12, 2021, in Melbourne, Australia (Kevin Celli-Bird via AP)
Australia's acting prime minister has warned a racing pigeon that travelled 13,000 kilometres from the United States to Melbourne to "fly home or face the consequences".
Joe the pigeon is on death row, with federal quarantine officials threatening to kill the bird over fears it could spread disease.
Michael McCormack was not aware of Joe's plight - or flight - but indicated there was little room for compassion on biosecurity laws.
"If Joe has come in a way that has not met our strict biosecurity measures, then bad luck Joe," the acting prime minister said.
"Either fly home or face the consequences."
Acting Prime Minister Michael McCormack on Joe the pigeon who is facing a death sentence by quarantine officials after flying 15,000 km from the US to Melbourne. @SBSNews #auspol pic.twitter.com/6T1VfPAWgu
— Shuba (@ShubaSKrishnan) January 15, 2021
TAKE OUR POLL: What should Joe the Racing Pigeon's fate be?
The Nationals leader's take-no-prisoners stance aligns with predecessor Barnaby Joyce who infamously threatened to have two Yorkshire terriers euthanised in 2015.
Mr Joyce warned Hollywood stars Johnny Depp and Amber Heard their dogs Pistol and Boo would die unless they "buggered off back to the United States" after dodging quarantine requirements.
An emaciated Joe the pigeon arrived in Kevin Celli-Bird's backyard on Boxing Day, crossing the Pacific after being reported missing from a race in the US state of Oregon on October 29.
The bird is named after US president-elect Joe Biden and is believed to have hitched a ride on a ship after being blown off course.
Mr Celli-Bird plans to contact Joe's owner after receiving his details through American pigeon racing authorities.
"He certainly should have turned left at Albuquerque," Mr Celli-Bird told the Seven Network.
Victorian Animal Justice Party MP Andy Meddick wants the federal government to put the bird in quarantine rather than kill it.
"Should the federal government allow Joe to live, I am happy to seek assurances that he is not a flight risk," he said.
"My message to the federal government is this: take Joe off death row."
Victorian Health Minister Martin Foley is also in the "save Joe" camp.
"I would urge the Commonwealth quarantine officials to show a little bit of compassion to Joe," he said.
The minister was asked whether the state government was showing compassion to Victorians stranded in NSW because of border closures.
"I'm pretty sure we're not planning to euthanise the people from Victoria who are in New South Wales, so I will take great exception to that," Mr Foley said.
The agriculture department said the pigeon was not permitted to remain in the country because it could compromise Australia's food security and wild bird populations.
"It poses a direct biosecurity risk to Australian bird life and our poultry industry," it said in a statement.


An executive chef with over 14 years of professional experience, Chris Davies was first inspired by food on childhood shopping trips with his mother in the souks of Egypt. Beginning his culinary career in 2012 as sous chef at the Michelin-starred Acadia restaurant, he has spent the last seven years at some of Chicago's finest dining establishments. Davies served as the executive chef at the city's Fifty/50 Restaurant Group's Homestead on the Roof and Steadfast at the Gray, with each winning numerous awards including Open Table's "Top 100 Fit for Foodies Restaurants in America" and "10 Best New American Restaurants in Chicago." Actively involved in all operations, including management, preparation and menu development, his eye for detail and culinary consistency is an asset in his role as sous chef for Uchi Houston.


My great friend and fellow blogger Anthony J. Thomas is having the reprise to his amazing exhibit AfricaInAmerica which I featured on the blog previously: Art Feature: AFRICA IN AMERICA, and he wants you to come join him... Yes, YOU.
"There is always a pattern, a repeated need, desire in what you and I need to see continuously done over and over in order to solidify who we are. A figment of greatness is repetition. A figment of greatness, is repetition. The reprisal of the soul, as each day grows to nurture you in the bosom of chance, hope and potentially change. Well once again I must thoroughly express my place, our place in the American "religion" but on a more personal level of understanding: the home, the heart and lastly, the mind. The epitome of our existence here is that of stolen goods, that we triumphantly battle everyday to hold onto, rest your head and pray, for yet another day it becomes you and the world.
Yes this time, the conversation is a bit personal. The saddest song, is that of a man who releases glory in the world and neither knows or understands what his glory is creating or doing to better the world, of the vicious cycle, he is so strategically placed in. So I sat with the greats as I always do, in dream and brushstroke. The conference lasted two months, we grew hungry and understood how their privilege is death and mine is resurrection.
AfricaInAmerica: (The Reprise) is the second installment of the AfricaInAmerica series, a contemporary perspective and personal anecdote of the conflicting nature of surviving in the American "religion": highlighting the first solo exhibition of emerging Bedford-Stuyvesant artist Anthony J. Thomas. The exhibition is a direct product of focus, growth, understanding and excellence. Anthony J. Thomas's work includes intense imagery of loss, the pillar of absent fatherhood and the texture of life translated into the medium, that is visual art. Influenced by art history and the masters of the 21st century, he pays homage to the contemporary Diaspora of the arts, and plans to build anew while honoring those who have come before him.
Beauty was never built to be a tool of description, but a pillar of amusement. Tears locked in the brushstroke of a child, who enjoys to scream every once in a while at the society, that has shaped his life thus far.
Blessings, to you for reading this, I welcome you.
For more information on AfricaInAmerica and Anthony Thomas, please visit http://thebedfordstuyvesantdandy.com/ or email him at thebedstuydandy@gmail.com.
You can also RSVP at rsvp.africainamerica@gmail.com.


text:
Q: Django self-referential foreign key I'm kind of new to webapps and database stuff in general so this might be a dumb question. I want to make a model ("CategoryModel") with a field that points to the primary id of another instance of the model (its parent).
class CategoryModel(models.Model):
    parent = models.ForeignKey(CategoryModel)

How do I do this? Thanks!

A: https://books.agiliq.com/projects/django-orm-cookbook/en/latest/self_fk.html
class Employee(models.Model):
    manager = models.ForeignKey('self', on_delete=models.CASCADE)

OR
class Employee(models.Model):
    manager = models.ForeignKey("app.Employee", on_delete=models.CASCADE)

https://stackabuse.com/recursive-model-relationships-in-django/

A: You can use the string 'self' to indicate  a self-reference.
class CategoryModel(models.Model):
    parent = models.ForeignKey('self')

https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/models/fields/#foreignkey

A: You can pass in the name of a model as a string to ForeignKey and it will do the right thing.
So:
parent = models.ForeignKey("CategoryModel")

Or you can use the string "self"
parent = models.ForeignKey("self")

A: You also to set null=True and blank=True
class CategoryModel(models.Model):
    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)

null=True, to allow in database
blank=True, to allow in form validation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Adrian is the Chairman of Beluluane Industrial Park – Mozambique's largest industrial park and free-trade zone. Beluluane Industrial Park is a Public-Private Partnership with the aim to support investors with the necessary infrastructure and value-added services to successfully conduct business in Mozambique. The park currently has 35 companies from 15 different countries, supporting a workforce of over 5,000 employees.
Adrian was born in Switzerland and holds a Law Degree from the University of Zürich. He has spent the last 20 years living in Mozambique and currently serves as the president of the Mozambican-Swiss Chamber of Commerce. Adrian is also a board member of the European Business Club.


We found 10 hearing aid clinics with 23 reviews	within 45.2 miles of Tulsa OK. Choose an audiologist or hearing aid specialist from the list below to schedule a hearing test in your area.
"I liked everything about it. I don't have anything bad to say or anything. (read more)"


Katelyn King and her 10 month old son celebrate together with dance instructor Yvette Madrigal during the first Babies and Moms at the Barre class held on Jan. 7. This is a baby-wearing mommy and me style exercise class designed for moms and their babies (up to age 1). Madrigal's class will offer a mix of stretching, basic ballet and pilates exercises focusing on rebuilding strength in abdominals and increasing flexibility.


text:
Researchers advance biomass transformation process
December 5, 2018 , Chinese Academy of Sciences
(A) This is a proposed reaction pathways leading to 4-HPO. (B) This is 4-HPO utilization. Credit: DICP
Biomass can serve as a renewable source for both energy and carbon. Acetone, n-butanol, and ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth as a biomass-derived source of fuels and chemicals has received a lot of attention for several decades. However, the crude fermentation broth contains low concentrations of oxygenates, limiting its practical applications.
Thus, it is important to develop a highly efficient water-resistant catalyst to directly and selectively convert crude aqueous oxygenate mixtures to value-added chemicals; water-immiscible ones (easy separation after reaction) are especially of great importance. However, the efficiency and selectivity of the transformation process for biomass-derived intermediates remains a major techno-economic challenge.
Prof. Wang Feng from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and his colleagues from Peking University recently reported an efficient and novel catalytic method for the conversion of aqueous biomass fermentation broth to a water-immiscible product. Their finding was published in Nature Communications.
They developed a strategy capable of transforming ~70 percent of carbon in an aqueous ABE fermentation mixture to 4-heptanone (4-HPO), catalyzed by tin-doped ceria (Sn-ceria) with a selectivity as high as 86 percent. While Sn-ceria is a versatile catalyst for dehydrogenation, the Guerbet alcohol reaction, condensation, and esterification reactions, all these reactions, involving acid-base catalysis and redox ones, relay and generate 4-HPO with high selectivity (Fig. (A)). 4-HPO is a value-added intermediate and can be used to produce jet fuel and fine chemicals (Fig. (B)).
Furthermore, water, which is detrimental to the reported catalysts for ABE conversion, was beneficial for producing 4-HPO. The excellent catalytic performance of tin-doped ceria is due to the highly dispersed tin species and oxygen vacancies of ceria.
"This strategy offers a route for highly efficient organic carbon utilization," said Wang. "It can potentially integrate biological and chemical catalysis platforms for the robust and highly selective production of value-added chemicals."
More information: Yehong Wang et al, Selective production of phase-separable product from a mixture of biomass-derived aqueous oxygenates, Nature Communications (2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07593-0
Journal information: Nature Communications
Provided by Chinese Academy of Sciences
Selective catalysts for carbon dioxide recycling
Biomass as a source of raw materials
Metal-organic framework NU-1000 allows separation of toxic furanics from sugars for efficient ethanol production
Ceria Nanoparticles Catalyze Reactions for Cleaner-Fuel Future
Carbon dioxide-to-methanol process improved by catalyst
Using waste biomass for the sustainable production of industrial chemicals


Kienitz, Otto; von Borries, Emil: Die Hauptereignisse der römischen Kaiserzeit. Deutsche Geschichte bis zum Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, Sonderausgabe für Südwestdeutschland. Pfeifers Lehrbuch der Geschichte für höhere Lehranstalten, Vol. 5. Ferdinand Hirt Verlag, 1911, 67–74.
The textbook, published by the Ferdinand Hirt publishing house in Breslau, is written entirely in the spirit of the Wilhelmine educational policy, whose aim was to form 'young Germans and not young Greeks or Romans'. The textbook covers German history from the end of the Roman Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In so doing, the authors present a linear narrative from Roman antiquity and the Germanic Empire of the migration period through to the Middle Ages. Thus, German national history is traced back to the Imperium Romanum.
The sub-chapter, selected here, about Charlemagne, which is taken from the third part entitled 'The Frankish Empire under the Carolingians', highlights Charlemagne's importance for the development of the German nation. He appears as the unifier of all the Germanic tribes on the mainland and as the innovator of the Western Roman Empire – whose universal empire united the Roman and Germanic populations in the occident. As 'German Emperor'," who possessed the same 'power of the earlier roman emperors'," he was placed in a line of tradition along with the Roman emperors. The Frankish Empire is thus interpreted as the successor to the Roman Empire and Charlemagne defined as the 'first German Emperor'.
All components of the concept of the occident are to be found in other places in the textbook depiction of Charlemagne: Roman antiquity, Germanic-Frankish, and Christian traditions are merged into a romantic model of a 'Christian occident' which has been very popular since the nineteenth century, and which veils what is in fact (in geographical terms) exclusively western Europe. However, the textbook's frame of reference is not Europe, but solely the German nation, which is placed within a Christian-Germanic tradition and is described as the successor to the Roman Empire. Charlemagne is appropriated and 'nationalised' as the German Emperor. The similarly potential interpretation of Charlemagne as the founding father of Europe and benefactor of occidental culture, as the 'pater Europae', cannot yet be discerned here. This perception gained in significance most noticeably after the end of the Second World War. Shortly before the beginning of the First World War, Charlemagne appeared in the national historiography of the German Empire rather as the national antithesis of Europe.
Clauss, Martin, Seidenfuß, Manfred (eds.), Das Bild des Mittelalters in europäischen Schulbüchern (Geschichtsdidaktik in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, vol. 5), Berlin, Lit-Verlag, 2007.
Heydorn, Heinz-Joachim, Zur Bildungsgeschichte des deutschen Imperialismus. Einleitung zur Neuherausgabe der Preußischen Schulkonferenzen 1890/1900 und der Reichsschulkonferenz von 1920, Glashütten/i. Taunus, Auvermann, 1973.
Krüger, Gerhard, Die Stellung Karls des Großen in der deutschen und europäischen Geschichte, in: Vergangenheit und Gegenwart 32 (1942).
Schallenberger, Horst, Untersuchungen zum Geschichtsbild der Wilhelminischen Ära und der Weimarer Republik: eine vergleichende Analyse deutscher Schulgeschichtsbücher aus der Zeit 1888-1933, Ratingen/b. Düsseldorf, Henn, 1964.
"The Restauration of the Empire"