text:
Sino-Soviet border conflict
Part of the Cold War and the Sino-Soviet split
Disputed areas in the Argun and Amur rivers. Damansky/Zhenbao is to the south-east, north of the lake
2 March – 11 September 1969
Border between China and the Soviet Union
Indecisive [1]
Status quo ante bellum
Dispute was eventually resolved in a series of border agreements that Russia and China concluded in 1991, 1994 and 2004, as a result of which China received several hundred islands on the Argun, Amur, and Ussuri rivers, including Damansky (Zhenbao), Tarabarov (Yinlong) and approximately 50% of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Island) near Khabarovsk.[2]
Soviet Union China
Leonid Brezhnev
(General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) Mao Zedong
(Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party)
Soviet sources:
60 killed
95 wounded[3]
Chinese sources:[4][5][6]
27 Tanks/APCs destroyed
1 Command Car
Dozens of trucks destroyed
One Soviet T-62 tank captured[7] Chinese sources:
68 wounded
Soviet sources:[3]
200~800 killed[8]
The Sino-Soviet border conflict was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Union and China in 1969, following the Sino-Soviet split. The most serious border clash, which brought the world's two largest communist states to the brink of war, occurred in March 1969 near Zhenbao (Damansky) Island on the Ussuri (Wusuli) River, near Manchuria. The conflict resulted in a ceasefire, which led to a return to the status quo.
Under the governorship of Sheng Shicai (1933–1944) in Northwest China's Xinjiang Province, China's Kuomintang recognized for the first time the ethnic category of a Uyghur people by following Soviet ethnic policy.[9] That ethnogenesis of a "national" people eligible for territorialized autonomy broadly benefited the Soviet Union, which organized conferences in Fergana and Semirechye (in Soviet Central Asia) to cause "revolution" in Altishahr (southern Xinjiang) and Dzungaria (northern Xinjiang).[10][9]
Both the Soviet Union and the White Movement covertly allied with the Ili National Army to fight the Kuomintang in the Three Districts Revolution. Although the mostly-Muslim Uyghur rebels participated in pogroms against Han Chinese generally, the turmoil eventually resulted in the replacement of Kuomintang rule in Xinjiang with that of the Communist Party of China.[10]
Soviet historiography, more specifically "Uyghur Studies," was increasingly politicized to match the tension of the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s and 1970s. One Soviet Turkologist, Tursun Rakhminov, who worked for the Soviet Communist Party, argued that the modern Uyghurs had founded the ancient Toquz Oghuz Country (744–840), the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212), and so forth. The premodern states' wars against Chinese dynasties were cast as struggles for national liberation by the Uyghur ethnic group. Soviet historiography was not consistent on such questions. When Sino-Soviet relations were warmer, for example, the Three Districts Revolution was portrayed by Soviet historians as part of opposition to the Kuomintang during the Chinese Civil War, not an anti-Chinese bid for national liberation. The Soviets also encouraged migration of Uyghurs to its territory in Kazakhstan, along the 4,380 km (2,738 mi) border. In May 1962, 60,000 Uyghurs from Xinjiang Province crossed the frontier into the Soviet Union to flee the famine and economic chaos of the Great Leap Forward.[11]
Zhenbao Island and the border.
中蘇邊界衝突
中苏边界冲突
Zhōng Sū biānjiè chōngtū
[ʈʂʊ́ŋ sú pjɛ́ntɕjê ʈʂʰʊ́ŋtʰú]
Zung1 Sou1 bin1gaai3 cung1dat6
珍寶島自衛反擊戰
珍宝岛自卫反击战
Zhenbao Island self-defense
Zhēnbǎo dǎo zìwèi fǎnjí zhàn
Russian name
Пограничный конфликт на острове Даманском
Pograničnyj konflikt na ostrove Damanskom
Amid heightening tensions, the Soviet Union and China began border talks. Although the Soviet Union had granted all of the territory of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo to the Chinese Communists in 1945, which decisively assisted them during the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese now indirectly demanded territorial concessions on the basis that the 19th-century treaties transferring ownership of the sparsely-populated Outer Manchuria, concluded by Qing dynasty China and the Russian Empire, were "Unequal Treaties" and amounted to the annexation of rightful Chinese territory. Moscow would not accept that interpretation, but by 1964 the two sides had reached a preliminary agreement on the eastern section of the border, including Zhenbao Island, which would be handed over to China.[12]
In July 1964, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong, in a meeting with the Japanese Socialist Party delegation, stated that Russia had unilaterally incorporated vast territories in Siberia and the Far East as far as Kamchatka. He stated that China and Russia still had not resolved this issue. The comments were leaked to the public. Outraged, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev refused to approve the border agreement.[12]
The border dispute in the west centered on 52,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) of Soviet-controlled land in the Pamirs that lay on the border of Xinjiang and the Soviet Republic of Tajikistan. In 1892, the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty had agreed that the border would consist of the ridge of the Sarikol Range, but the exact border remained contentious throughout the 20th century. In the 1960s, the Chinese began to insist for the Soviet Union to evacuate the region.
From around 1900, after the Treaty of Peking (1860) had assigned Outer Manchuria (Primorskiy Kray) to Russia, the eastern part of the Sino-Soviet border had mainly been demarcated by three rivers, the Argun River from the tripartite junction with Mongolia to the north tip of China, running southwest to northeast, then the Amur River to Khabarovsk from northwest to southeast, where it was joined by Ussuri River running south to north.
"The modern method (used for the past 200 years) of demarcating a river boundary between states today is to set the boundary at either the median line (ligne médiane) of the river or around the area most suitable for navigation under what is known as the 'thalweg principle'".[13]
There is nothing in either the 1858 or 1860 treaty to suggest the border is anywhere other than the thalweg. In 1861, at a meeting to further define the border, Petr Kazakevich, chief Russian boundary commissioner, persuaded or coerced his Chinese opposite to accept and sign a small-scale map (less than 1:1,000,000) that he presented as giving expression to the terms of the Treaty of Peking: it did no such thing. Where that treaty had left the Amur and Ussuri as boundary rivers and therefore as shared international waterways, Kazakevich's map made them exclusively Russian by marking the international boundary along the Chinese banks. He went even further. The text of the Treaty of Peking explicitly runs the boundary through the Amur/Ussuri confluence, but the line on Kazakevich's map takes a different route at that point. The rivers draw together at an oblique angle, creating a delta of land between them; but some thirty miles short of the point where their main currents merge, a minor channel connects the rivers, cartographically making an island of the land between the rivers. Kazakevich drew his boundary along this channel, thus making inland waterways of the river stretches between the mouths of the channel and the confluence Russian, and making the inter-connecting channel itself a boundary feature. Kazakevich's grateful government named the channel after him (the Chinese call it the Fuyuan Channel). The notional island thus created what the Russians call Great Ussuri, the Chinese Heixiazi, the word signifying a bear, so henceforth, "Bear Island." In due course, the Russians began depicting Kazakevich's version of the boundary on their maps, and over the years, authoritative European cartographers came to follow suit. From the early 1920s, Bear Island was occupied by Soviet citizens, coming with time to be regarded as an offshore development of Khabarovsk.[14]
China claimed the islands, as they were on the Chinese side of the river if they were demarcated according to international law by using shipping lanes. The Soviets wanted and had already effectively controlled almost every island along the rivers.
Russia, and subsequently the Soviet Union claimed all the islands in both rivers including those that were Chinese according to the thalweg principle. In the 1991 treaty, Russia largely conceded that these islands were Chinese, but Bolshoy Ussuriysky (Большой Уссурийский) Island at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers had become part of the Russian city of Khabarovsk/Хабаровск and China agreed that about 2/3 of this island should remain Russian.
Chinese and Soviet governments' views
The Soviets had possessed nuclear weapons for a longer time than the Chinese had, and so the Chinese adopted an asymmetric deterrence strategy that threatened a large conventional "People's War" in response to a Soviet counterforce nuclear first strike. Chinese numerical superiority was the basis of its strategy to deter a Soviet nuclear attack. Since 1949, Chinese strategy, as articulated by Mao, emphasized the superiority of "man over weapons". Although weapons were certainly an important component of warfare, Mao argued that they were "not the decisive factor; it is people, not things, that are decisive. The contest of strength is not only a contest of military and economic power, but also a contest of human power and morale". To Mao "non-material" factors like "creativity, flexibility and high morale" were also "critical determinants in warfare'.[7]
The Soviets were not confident that they could win such a conflict. A large Chinese incursion could threaten strategic centers in Blagoveshchensk, Vladivostok, and Khabarovsk as well as crucial nodes of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. According to Arkady Shevchenko, a high-ranking Soviet defector to the United States, "The Politburo was terrified that the Chinese might make a mass intrusion into Soviet territory". A nightmare vision of invasion by millions of Chinese made the Soviet leaders almost frantic: "Despite our overwhelming superiority in weaponry, it would not be easy for the USSR to cope with an assault of this magnitude". China's "vast population and deep knowledge and experience in guerrilla warfare" made the Soviets' launching of an attack on China's nuclear program nearly certain to end in both states being "mired in an endless war".[7]
Concerns about Chinese manpower and its "People's War" strategy ran so deep that some bureaucrats in Moscow argued the only way to defend against a massive conventional onslaught was to use nuclear weapons. Some even advocated deploying nuclear mines along the Sino-Soviet border. By threatening to initiate a prolonged conventional conflict in retaliation for a nuclear strike, Beijing used an asymmetric deterrence strategy that was intended to convince Moscow that the costs of an attack would outweigh the benefits.
China had found its strategic rationale. While most Soviet military specialists did not fear a Chinese nuclear reprisal and believed that China's arsenal was too small, rudimentary and vulnerable to survive a first strike and to carry out a retaliatory attack, China's massive conventional army caused great concern.
Nikolai Ogarkov, a senior Soviet military officer, believed that a massive nuclear attack "would inevitably mean world war". Even a limited counterforce strike on China's nuclear facilities was dangerous, Ogarkov argued, because a few nuclear weapons would "hardly annihilate" a country the size of China, which, in response, would "fight unrelentingly".[7]
Eastern border: Heilongjiang (1969)
The Soviet Border Service started to report an intensifying Chinese military activity in the region in the early 1960s. Tensions at first built slowly, but the Cultural Revolution made them rise much faster. The number of troops on both sides of the Sino-Soviet border increased dramatically after 1964. Militarily, in 1961, the Soviets had 225,000 men and 200 aircraft at that border. In 1968, there were 375,000 men, 1,200 aircraft and 120 medium-range missiles. China had 1.5 million men stationed at the border and had tested its first nuclear weapon (the 596 Test in October 1964, at Lop Nur basin). Both sides' political rhetoric was increasingly hostile.
The key moment in escalating Sino-Soviet tensions was the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20–21 August 1968 and the proclamation of the Brezhnev Doctrine that the Soviets had the right to overthrow any communist government that was diverging from what defined by the Kremlin. Mao saw the Brezhnev doctrine as the ideological justification for a Soviet invasion of China to overthrow him and launched a massive propaganda campaign attacking the invasion of Czechoslovakia although he had condemned the Prague Spring as "revisionism".[15] On 21 August 1968, the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu gave a famous speech in Revolution Square in Bucharest that denounced the invasion of Czechoslovakia. It was widely seen both in Romania and abroad as virtual declaration of independence from the Soviet Union. Romania started to move away from being in the Soviet sphere of influence to the Chinese sphere of influence.
Speaking at a banquet held at the Romanian embassy in Beijing on 23 August 1968, Zhou Enlai denounced the Soviet Union for "fascist politics, great power chauvinism, national egoism and social imperialism". He went on to compare the invasion of Czechoslovakia to the Americans in the Vietnam War and more pointedly to the policies of Adolf Hitler towards Czechoslovakia in 1938 to 1939.[15] Zhou ended his speech with a barely veiled-call for the people of Czechoslovakia to wage guerrilla war against the Red Army.[15]
The Chinese historian Li Danhui wrote, "Already in 1968, China began preparations to create a small war on the border".[16] She noted that prior to March 1969, the Chinese troops had twice attempted to provoke a clash along the border, "but the Soviets, feeling weak, did not accept the Chinese challenge and retreated".[16] Another Chinese historian, Yang Kuisong, wrote, "There were already significant preparations in 1968, but the Russians did not come, so the planned ambush was not successful".[16]
Battle of Zhenbao (Damansky) Island
Zhenbao (Damansky) Island incident
2 March 1969 – 17 March 1969
Zhenbao (Damansky) Island, Ussuri River
Indecisive; both sides claim victory[17][18]
China Soviet Union
Sun Yuguo
Chen Xilian Oleg Losik
Demokrat Leonov †
100 at the beginning[citation needed] 300[citation needed]
68 killed[citation needed]
71 wounded[citation needed] 58 killed[citation needed]
94 wounded[citation needed]
A Soviet ship using a water cannon against a Chinese fisherman on the Ussuri River on 6 May 1969
On 2 March 1969, a group of People's Liberation Army troops ambushed Soviet border guards on Zhenbao Island. According to Chinese sources, the Soviets suffered 58 dead, including a senior colonel, and 94 wounded. The Chinese losses were reported as 29 dead.[19] According to Soviet and Russian sources, at least 248 Chinese troops were killed on the island and on the frozen river,[20] and 32 Soviet border guards were killed, with 14 wounded.[21]
Both sides have since blamed the other for the start of the conflict. However, a scholarly consensus has emerged that the border crisis had been a premeditated act of aggression orchestrated by the Chinese side. The American scholar Lyle J. Goldstein noted that Russian documents released since the glasnost era paint an unflattering picture of the Red Army command in the Far East with senior generals surprised by the outbreak of the fighting and of Red Army units haphazardly committed to action in a piecemeal style, but all of the documents speak of the Chinese as the aggressors.[22] Even most Chinese historians now agree that on 2 March 1969, Chinese forces planned and executed an ambush, which took the Soviets completely by surprise.[16] The reasons for the Chinese leadership to opt for such an offensive measure against the Soviets remains a disputed question.[23]
The Chinese claim a different version of the conflict. The Cultural Revolution increased tensions between China and the Soviets, which led to brawls between border patrols. On 27 December 1968, several Soviet armored vehicles landed on Zhenbao Island, and Soviet soldiers used sticks to beat Chinese soldiers. On 23 January 1969, another violent conflict occurred on the island, and 28 Chinese soldiers were reportedly wounded. From 6 to 25 February 1969, five more similar incidents occurred, and shooting broke out in March 1969. According to the Chinese version of events, at 8:40 a.m. on the 2 March 1969, 30 Chinese border patrol personnel split into two groups approached the island and were met by about 70 soviet soldiers along one truck and reinforced with two armoured vehicles attempting to encircle the Chinese patrol. The Chinese claim the Soviets to have opened fire at 9:17.[24] The Soviets responded with tanks, armoured personnel carriers (APCs), and artillery bombardment. Over three days, the PLA successfully halted Soviet penetration and eventually evicted all Soviet troops from Zhenbao Island. During the skirmish, the Chinese deployed two reinforced infantry platoons with artillery support. Chinese sources state the Soviets deployed some 60 soldiers and six BTR-60 amphibious APCs, and in a second attack, some 100 troops backed up by 10 tanks and 14 APCs including artillery.[19] The PLA had prepared for that confrontation for two to three months.
From among the units, the Chinese selected 900 soldiers commanded by army staff members with combat experience. They were provided with special training and special equipment and were secretly dispatched to take position on Zhenbao Island in advance.[6] Chinese General Chen Xilian stated the Chinese had won a clear victory on the battlefield.[25]
On 15 March, the Soviets dispatched another 30 soldiers and six combat vehicles to Zhenbao Island. After an hour of fighting, the Chinese had destroyed two of the Soviet vehicles. A few hours later, the Soviets sent a second wave with artillery support. The Chinese destroyed five more Soviet combat vehicles. A third wave was repulsed by effective Chinese artillery, which destroyed one Soviet tank and four APCs and damaged two other APCs.[citation needed] By the end of the day, with the Chinese in full control of the island[citation needed], Soviet General Oleg Losik ordered to deploy then-secret BM-21 "Grad" multiple rocket launchers. The Soviets fired 10,000 artillery rounds in a nine-hour engagement with the Chinese along with 36 sorties.[26] The attack was devastating for the Chinese troops and materiel. Chinese troops left their positions on the island, and the Soviets withdrew to their positions on the Russian bank of the Ussuri River.[27][28]
On 16 March 1969, the Soviets entered the island to collect their dead. The Chinese held their fire. On 17 March 1969, the Soviets tried to recover a disabled T-62 tank from the island, but their effort was repelled by Chinese artillery.[19]
On 21 March, the Soviets sent a demolition team attempting to destroy the tank. The Chinese opened fire and thwarted the Soviets.[19] With the help of divers of the Chinese navy, the PLA pulled the T-62 tank onshore. The tank was later given to the Chinese Military Museum.
Until 1991, the island remained contested.
The Soviet T-62 tank captured by the Chinese during the 1969 clash, now on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution
Soviet combat heroes
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Five Soviet soldiers were awarded the top honour of Hero of the Soviet Union for bravery and valor during the Damansky conflict. Colonel Demokrat Leonov led the group of four T-62 tanks in a counterattack on 15 March and was killed by a Chinese sniper when he was leaving the destroyed vehicle. Senior Lieutenant Ivan Strelnikov tried to negotiate a peaceful withdrawal of the Chinese commandos from the island and was killed for his troubles while he was talking to the enemy.[citation needed]
Senior Lieutenant Vitaly Bubenin led a relief mission of 23 soldiers from the nearby border guards outpost and conducted a BTR-60 raid into the Chinese rear that allegedly left 248 attackers dead. Junior sergeant Yuri Babansky assumed command in a battle on 2 March, when the enemy had a 10-1 superiority, and Senior Lieutenant Strelnikov was killed. Babansky later led combat search-and-rescue teams, which retrieved bodies of Strelnikov and Leonov. Junior Sergeant Vladimir Orekhov took part in the 15 March battle. As a machine gunner, he was part of the first attacking line against the Chinese forces encamped on the island. He destroyed the enemy machine gun nest and was wounded twice, but he continued to fight until he died of his wounds. High military orders of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Red Star and Glory were awarded to 54 soldiers and officers, and the medals "For Courage" and "For Battle Merit" to 94 border guards and servicemen.
On 17 March 1969, an emergency meeting of the Warsaw Pact was called in Budapest by Brezhnev with the aim of condemning China.[29] The meeting turned acrimonious as Romania's Nicolae Ceaușescu refused, despite considerable Soviet pressure, to sign the statement condemning China.[29] Ceaușescu's intransigence led to no statement being issued, which was widely seen as a Soviet diplomatic defeat.[29] The next day, a meeting of the delegations representing 66 communist parties in Moscow discussed the preparations for a world summit in Moscow on 5 June 1969.[29] A Soviet motion to condemn China failed with the delegations representing the communist parties of Romania, India, Spain, Switzerland and Austria all supporting the Chinese position that it was the Soviet Union that attacked China, rather than vice versa.[29]
On 21 March 1969, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin tried to phone Mao with the aim of discussing a ceasefire.[29] The Chinese operator who took Kosygin's call rather rudely called him a "revisionist element" and hung up.[29] Zhou, who wanted to take up Kosygin's ceasefire offer, was shocked by what he regarded as Mao's recklessness: "The two countries are at war, one cannot chop the messenger."[29] Diplomats from the Soviet embassy in Beijing spent much of 22 March in vainly trying to get hold of Mao's private phone number so that Kosygin could call him to discuss peace.[29] On 22 March 1969, Mao had a meeting with the four marshals who commanded the Chinese troops in the border regions with the Soviet Union to begin preparations for a possible all-out war.[30] Zhou repeatedly urged Mao to discuss a ceasefire but agreed with Mao's refusal to take phone calls from Kosygin.[30] In an effort to placate Zhou, Mao told him, "Immediately prepared to hold diplomatic negotiations".[30]
Between 1 and 24 April 1969, the 9th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party took place, and Mao officially proclaimed the end of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which he had begun in May 1966.[30] Despite the official end of the Cultural Revolution, the Congress elected to key positions followers of the ultraleftist factions associated with Mao's powerful wife, Jiang Qing and Defense Minister Lin Biao.[30] Both Jiang and Lin favored a hard line towards the Soviet Union.[30]
Meanwhile, Mao had ordered preparations for a "defense in depth" along the border because real fears had arisen of the border crisis escalating into all-out war.[30] In a bid to repair China's image abroad, which had been badly damaged by the Cultural Revolution, Mao on 1 May 1969 invited diplomats from several Third World nations to attend the May Day celebrations in Beijing.[30] To the assembled diplomats, Mao formally apologized for the attacks by the Red Guards against diplomats in China and the smashing up of the embassies in Beijing in 1967.[31] Mao claimed not to be aware of the fact that the xenophobic Red Guard had been beating up and sometimes killing foreigners living in China during the Cultural Revolution. Also, Mao announced that for the first time since the Cultural Revolution he would send out ambassadors to represent China abroad (most Chinese ambassadors had been recalled and executed during the Cultural Revolution with no replacements being sent out).[31] By then, Mao had felt that China's isolation caused by the Cultural Revolution had become a problem with China on the brink of a war with the Soviet Union.[31]
On 5 May 1969, Kosygin traveled to India, which was strongly against China since it had won the 1962 war, to discuss with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on an Soviet-Indian alliance against China.[31] Between 14 and 19 May 1969, Nikolai Podgorny visited North Korea to try to pull Kim Il-sung away from the Chinese orbit.[31] Kim declined to move away from China, and in a show of support for Mao, North Korea sent no delegation to the world conference of communist parties held in Moscow in June 1969.[31]
On 17 June 1969, US Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, who had long been an advocate of normalizing American relations with China, wrote a letter in consultation with the White House to urge he be allowed to visit China, and to meet Mao to discuss measures to improve Sino-American relations.[32] The letter was sent to King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia with the request to pass it on to Mao, and by 26 July 1969, Mansfield's letter had arrived in Beijing.[33] The Chinese reply was harsh, with Zhou giving a speech accusing the US of "aggression" in Vietnam and of "occupation" of Taiwan, which Zhou asserted was rightfully a part of China.[33] On 1 August 1969, US President Richard Nixon visited Pakistan, a close ally of China since both were anti-Indian, to ask General Yahya Khan to pass a message to Mao that he wanted to normalize relations with China, especially because of the crisis with the Soviet Union.[33]
On 2–3 August 1969, Nixon visited Romania to meet with Ceaușescu and ask him to pass along the same message to Mao.[33] Ceaușescu agreed to do so, and on 7 September 1969, Romanian Prime Minister Ion Gheorghe Maurer, who was in Hanoi to attend the funeral of Ho Chi Minh, took Zhou aside to tell him that Nixon wanted an opening to China.[34]
Western border: Xinjiang (1969)
Tielieketi incident
Western part of the China-USSR border, 1988 map
Tielieketi, Tacheng, Xinjiang
Soviet victory[35][36]
Long Shujin
Fan Jinzhong
Pei Yingzhang Vladimir Viktorovich Puchkov
1 captured
40 wounded[37][38] 2 killed
Further border clashes occurred in August 1969, which is now along the western section of the Sino-Soviet border in Xinjiang. After the Tasiti and the Bacha Dao Incidents, the Tielieketi Incident finally broke out. Chinese troops suffered 28 losses. The heightened tensions raised the prospect of an all-out nuclear exchange between China and the Soviet Union.[39]
Ho Chi Minh's funeral
The decisive event that stopped the crisis from escalating into all-out war was the death of Ho Chi Minh on 2 September 1969.[34] His funeral was attended by both Zhou and Kosygin though at different times. Zhou flew out of Hanoi to avoid being in the same room as Kosygin.[34] The possibility of North Vietnam's leading supporters going to war with each other alarmed the North Vietnamese. During the funeral, messages were exchanged between the Soviets and the Chinese via the North Vietnamese.[40] Meanwhile, Nixon's message via Maurer had reached the Chinese, and it was decided in Beijing to "whet the appetite of the Americans" by making China appear stronger.[40]
Zhou argued that a war with the Soviets would weaken China's hand towards the United States.[40] The Chinese were more interested in the possibility of a rapprochement with the United States as a way of reacquiring Taiwan than in having the United States as an ally against the Soviet Union. After Kosygin had attended Ho's funeral, the airplane taking him back to Moscow was denied permission to use Chinese air space, forcing it to land for refuelling in Calcutta.[40] In India, Kosygin received the message via the Indian government that the Chinese were willing to discuss peace, which caused him to fly back to Beijing instead.[40]
State of near war
In the early 1960s, the United States had "probed" the level of Soviet interest in joint action against Chinese nuclear weapons facilities; now the Soviets probed the US reaction would be if the Soviets attacked the facilities.[41] Noting that "neither side wishes the inflamed border situation to get out of hand", the Central Intelligence Agency in August 1969 described the conflict as having "explosive potential" in the President's Daily Briefing.[42] The agency stated that "the potential for a war between them clearly exists", including a Soviet attack on Chinese nuclear facilities, and China "appears to view the USSR as its most immediate enemy".[43]
As war fever gripped China, Moscow and Beijing took steps to lower the danger of a large-scale conflict. On 11 September 1969, Kosygin, on his way back from the funeral of Ho Chi Minh, stopped over in Beijing for talks with his Chinese counterpart, Zhou Enlai. Symbolic of the frosty relations between the two communist countries, the talks were held at Beijing Airport. Both agreed to return ambassadors who had been recalled and to begin border negotiations. On September 23 and 29 of 1969, China conducted two unannounced nuclear weapons tests, with the second one a 3MT thermo-nuclear device, to verify its nuclear strike capacity.
Possible reasons for attack
The view on the reasoning and consequences of the conflict differ. Western historians believe the events at Zhenbao Island and the subsequent border clashes in Xinjiang were caused mainly by Mao's use of Chinese local military superiority to satisfy domestic political imperatives in 1969.[44] Yang Kuisong concludes that "the [Sino-Soviet] military clashes were primarily the result of Mao Zedong's domestic mobilization strategies, connected to his worries about the development of the Cultural Revolution."[45]
Russian historians point out that the consequences of the conflict stem directly from a Chinese desire to take a leading role in the world and to strengthen ties with the US. According to the 2004 Russian documentary film, Damansky Island Year 1969, Mao sought to elevate his country from the world's periphery and to place it at the centre of world politics.[46] Other analysts say the Chinese intended their attack on Zhenbao to deter future Soviet invasions by demonstrating that China could not be "bullied".[7]
In the aftermath of the conflict, China gained newfound respect in the US, which began to see it as a competent ally against the Soviets during the Cold War.
Seen against the background of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between Brezhnev and Nixon talks, the Damansky incident could serve the double purpose of undermining the Soviet image of a peaceloving country if the Soviets chose to respond by a massive military operation against the invaders. If they demonstrated Soviet weakness, the Chinese attack could have been left without response. The killing of Soviet servicemen on the border signaled to the US that China had graduated into high politics and was ready to talk.
After the conflict, the US showed interest in strengthening ties with the Chinese government by secretly sending Henry Kissinger to China for a meeting with Zhou in 1971, during the so-called Ping Pong Diplomacy. That paved the way for Nixon to visit China and meet with Mao Zedong in 1972.[47]
Sino-Soviet relations remained sour after the conflict, despite the border talks, which began in 1969 and continued inconclusively for a decade. Domestically, the threat of war caused by the border clashes inaugurated a new stage in the Cultural Revolution: China's thorough militarization. The 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in the aftermath of the Zhenbao incident, confirmed Defense Minister Lin Biao as Mao's heir apparent. Following the events of 1969, the Soviets further increased their forces along the Sino-Soviet border and in the Mongolian People's Republic.
Overall, the Sino-Soviet confrontation, which reached its peak in 1969, paved the way to a profound transformation in the international political system.
Border negotiations: 1990s–present
Main article: 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
Serious border demarcation negotiations did not occur until shortly before the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. In particular, both sides agreed that Zhenbao belonged to China. (Both sides claimed the island to be under their control at the time of the agreement.) On 17 October 1995, an agreement over the last 54 kilometres (34 mi) stretch of the border was reached, but the question of control over three islands in the Amur and Argun rivers was left to be settled later.
In a border agreement between Russia and China signed on 14 October 2003, the final dispute was resolved. China was granted control over Tarabarov Island (Yinlong Island), Zhenbao Island, and around 50% of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Island), near Khabarovsk. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress ratified the agreement for China on 27 April 2005, and the Russian Duma followed suit on 20 May. On 2 June, foreign Minister of China, Li Zhaoxing and his Russian counterpart, Sergei Lavrov, exchanged the ratification documents from their respective governments.[48]
On 21 July 2008, Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi and his Russian counterpart, Lavrov, signed an additional Sino-Russian Border Line Agreement, marking the acceptance of the demarcation of the eastern portion of the Chinese-Russian border in Beijing, China. An additional protocol with a map affiliated on the eastern part of the borders both countries share was signed. The agreement also includes the Chinese gain of ownership of Yinlong / Tarabarov Island and half of Heixiazi / Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island.[49]
In the 21st century, the Chinese Communist Party's version of the conflict, which is present on many official websites, describes the events of March 1969 as a Soviet aggression against China.[50]
The map-based war game "The East is Red: the Sino-Soviet War" (based on a hypothetical war using publicly-known orders of battle on either side) was published with an accompanying article in issue No. 42 of Strategy and Tactics magazine by Simulations Publications, Inc. in 1974.
Wargame: Red Dragon features a hypothetical war between both powers based on the border conflict.
Graviteam Tactics: Operation Star features a general depiction of the combat in its DLC Zhalanaskol 1969[51]
The 1971 post-apocalyptic film The Omega Man is set in a world following a border conflict that involves both powers using biological warfare, which cause a global pandemic.
Andrei Tarkovsky's film, "Mirror" (1975), includes actual footage of unrest from the Sino-Soviet border conflict setting.
History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
History of the People's Republic of China
Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
Xinjiang War (1937)
Pei-ta-shan Incident
^ "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression". Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ China signs border demarcation pact with Russia Archived 11 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 21 July 2008.
^ a b Ryabushkin, D. A. (2004). Мифы Даманского. АСТ. pp. 151, 263–264. ISBN 978-5-9578-0925-8.
^ Kuisong, pp. 25, 26, 29
^ Kuisong, p. 25
^ a b Kuisong, pp. 28–29
^ a b c d e Gerson, Michael S. (November 2010) The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict: Deterrence, Escalation, and the Threat of Nuclear War in 1969 Archived 10 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Naval Analyses
^ Baylis, John (1987). Contemporary Strategy: Theories and concepts. Lynne Rienner Pub. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8419-0929-8.
^ a b Millward, James (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-85065-818-4.
^ a b Forbes, Andrew (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. CUP Archive. pp. 175, 178, 188. ISBN 0521255147.
^ Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2007). Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 38–41. ISBN 9780754670414.
^ a b Wang, Zhen 王楨. Huángpái dàfàngsòng 皇牌大放送, "Duóbǎo bīngyuán——ZhōngSū Zhēnbǎo dǎo chōngtú 45 zhōunián jì" 奪寶冰原——中蘇珍寶島衝突45周年記 [Fighting for the treasure on icefield—Sino-Soviet Zhenbao Island conflict 45th anniversary]. Aired 5 April 2014 on Phoenix Television. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtzIuc5FIMk Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ Shah, Sikander Ahmed (February 2012). "River Boundary Delimitation and the Resolution of the Sir Creek Dispute Between Pakistan and India" (PDF). Vermont Law Review. 34 (357): 364. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ a b c Rea 1975, p. 22.
^ a b c d Goldstein 2003, p. 59.
^ Kuisong, p.29
^ Robinson, p.p. 1189-1190
^ a b c d "Zhēnbǎo dǎo zìwèi fǎnjí zhàn de qíngkuàng jièshào" 珍宝岛自卫反击战的情况介绍, Zhànbèi jiàoyù cáiliào 战备教育材料, p. 3–5, 7–9.
^ Kuzmina, N. (15 March 2010). "Как Виталий Бубенин спас Советский Союз от большого позора". SakhaNews. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Некоторые малоизвестные эпизоды пограничного конфликта на о. Даманском". Военное оружие и армии Мира. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Goldstein 2003, p. 58.
^ Goldstein, p. 988, 990–995.
^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248952458_The_Sino-Soviet_Border_Clash_of_1969_From_Zhenbao_Island_to_Sino-American_Rapprochment
^ Gerson, Michael S. (2010) The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict Deterrence, Escalation, and the Threat of Nuclear War in 1969 Archived 10 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Naval Analyses, U.S.
^ Ryabushkin, Dmitri S. (2012). "New Documents on the Sino-Soviet Ussuri Border Clashes of 1969" (PDF). Eurasia Border Review. 3: 159–174 (163–64). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i Lüthi 2012, p. 384. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ a b c d e f g h Lüthi 2012, p. 385. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ a b c d e f Lüthi 2012, p. 386. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ Lüthi 2012, p. 388-389. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ a b c d Lüthi 2012, p. 389. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ a b c Lüthi 2012, p. 390. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ Рябушкин, Дмитрий (2004). Мифы Даманского [Myths of Damansky] (in Russian). «АСТ». p. 261. ISBN 5-17-023613-1.
^ (in Chinese) 在中苏边界对峙的日子里 Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Xzmqzxc.home.news.cn. Retrieved on 3 February 2019.
^ 纪念铁列克提战斗40周年聚会活动联系启事 Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Blog.sina.com.cn (6 May 2009). Retrieved on 2019-02-03.
^ Kuisong
^ a b c d e Lüthi 2012, p. 391. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLüthi2012 (help)
^ Burr, William. "The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969 Archived 13 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine" National Security Archive, 12 June 2001.
^ "The President's Daily Brief" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 14 August 1969. pp. 3–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ "The President's Daily Brief" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 13 August 1969. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ Goldstein, p. 997.
^ Kuisong, p. 22.
^ The film features interviews with participants and leaders from both sides of the conflict.
^ Davydov, Grigori (20 March 2001). "Henry Kissinger plays ping-pong". Tabletennis.hobby.ru. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ "China, Russia solve all border disputes". Xinhua. 2 June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ "China, Russia complete border survey, determination". Xinhua. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ Astashin, Nikita. "Новейшая фальсификация Китаем истории конфликта на острове Даманский и бездействие МИД России". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Graviteam Tactics: Zhalanashkol 1969 on Steam Archived 15 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Store.steampowered.com (24 July 2014). Retrieved on 2019-02-03.
Goldstein, Lyle J. (2001). "Return to Zhenbao Island: Who Started Shooting and Why it Matters". The China Quarterly. 168: 985–97. doi:10.1017/S0009443901000572. S2CID 153798597.
Goldstein, Lyle (Spring 2003). "Do Nascent WMD Arsenals Deter? The Sino-Soviet Crisis of 1969". Political Science Quarterly. 118 (1): 53–80. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00386.x.
Yang, Kuisong (2000). "The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement". Cold War History. 1: 21–52. doi:10.1080/713999906. S2CID 155018048.
Lüthi, Lorenz (June 2012). "Restoring Chaos to History: Sino-Soviet-American Relations, 1969". The China Quarterly. 210: 378–398. doi:10.1017/S030574101200046X. S2CID 154455199.
Rea, Kenneth (September 1975). "Peking and the Brezhnev Doctrine". Asian Affairs. 3 (1): 22–30. doi:10.1080/00927678.1975.10554159.
Robinson, Thomas W. (1972). "The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and the March 1969 Clashes". American Political Science Review. 66 (4): 1175-1202. doi:10.2307/1957173.
Ryabushkin and Orenstein, The Sino-Soviet Border War of 1969 Volume 2: Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol August 1969, Helion & Co., 2021.
Damansky Island Incident Part 1 (English Subtitles) YouTube
Map showing some of the disputed areas
Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969
How Comrade Mao was perceived in the Soviet Union
The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict: Deterrence, Escalation, and the Threat of Nuclear War in 1969
New Documents on the Sino-Soviet Ussuri Border Clashes of 1969
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sino-Soviet border conflict.
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The only thing worse than television spoilers is ruining someone else's surprise. Now imagine both happening at the same time. Ryan Seacrest just committed both faux pas on the Oscars red carpet while interviewing Justin Timberlake and Jessica Biel on the E! Red Carpet.
Seacrest, the quintessential Hollywood insider, obviously got an exclusive tip that Justin is going to be opening the Academy Awards this year. And if Justin's reaction is any indication, it was a cat that was not supposed to be let out of the bag just yet.
Justin Timberlake's song "Can't Stop The Feeling" for best original song as the staple track from the Trolls soundtrack. It was really cute of Justing to try to throw us off of the trail, but we doubt that Ryan has his sources wrong.
Justin seemed pretty annoyed by the spoiler. Can you say awkward? And to be honest, we're kind of bummed, too. But there is still a silver lining. Even though Justin is clearly part of the show's opening number, he's such a multifaceted entertainer that we still can't be too sure what to expect. He posted this Boomerang loop on Instagram earlier, so we can probably bet on him busting some moves. But he's more than capable of incorporating some singing and acting into his performance as well. Some surprise cameos couldn't hurt either. Hopefully it'll be good either way.
At any rate, loose lips sink ships, Ryan! Check out the interesting exchange.


text:
Home / World / World Lifestyle / Entertainment / Search for Best Arab Innovator Continues in Epic Season 9 of Stars of Science
Search for Best Arab Innovator Continues in Epic Season 9 of Stars of Science
Posted on September 19, 2017 by Korea Bizwire in Entertainment, World Business, World Lifestyle with 0 Comments
(image: Qatar Foundation)
DOHA, Qatar, Sept. 19 (Korea Bizwire) — Stars of Science is back! The number one Arabic reality TV show driving interest in science and innovation amongst Arab youth returns on air for a 9th season filled with electrifying fun and ingenuity. The Qatar Foundation initiative goes the limit to find, mentor, and enable the finest young innovators in the Arab region. Breakthrough or breakdown, this new season promises to capture the roller coaster ride in full. An all new jury line up, special appearances by popular alumni, and a grand finale will keep you on the edge of your seat. The show will be aired on several different TV channels across the region. Visit www.starsofscience.com for a full broadcast guide on channels and airing times.
Photos accompanying this release are available at:
http://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/0cde1f2c-cba7-4e09-bafb-af06b0230b5e
http://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/46a15546-93ed-4286-beca-fee397fdf7ca
http://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/60645aab-86fd-4767-bcc8-ff942d6ea127
Stars of Science allows young and old to witness ambitious candidates develop innovations that will improve lives. Dreamers and doers compete to make their mark on the world through science and innovation. Their adventure only lasts if they impress the jury and convince their audiences. It's a competition of brain over brawn and resilience over strength with only one candidate crowned the Arab world's top innovator at the end of the 10-week season.
Success on Stars of Science does not come easy. Thousands of hopefuls come out swinging for a spot on the show. The extraordinary opportunity is not only eyed by the geeky. The show has seen them all – the adventurers, the philosophers, and the money makers. They do have one thing in common – a passion for problem solving that's larger than life. Four finalists will survive elimination rounds for a share of a cash prize of USD 600,000, ranked by jury and public online votes in the final week of airing. The results will be announced in a spectacular finale and broadcasted on multiple different TV channels.
Qatar Foundation's Head of Press, Khalifa Al Kubaisi, noted: "The objective of Stars of Science is to bring about positive change. It serves as an accelerator for developing new products that benefit the communities we live in. Building innovation capabilities in the Arab world is very much needed. The TV show offers a thought-provoking glimpse into amazing talents pushing boundaries to make that happen. They are bold and brave, but we also see them struggle with setbacks and obstacles. By encouraging young Arabs to become science and technology problem-solvers, we cultivate a culture of innovation and progress."
Throughout the season, Stars of Science innovators must satisfy a three-headed jury to avoid elimination. The formidable Professor Fouad Mrad returns. So does his partner-in-crime, the shrewd Professor Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry. The new addition of cool-as-ice, visionary Professor Khalid M. Al-Ali promises to bring a laser sharp focus to the group.
Professor Mrad said: "Stars of Science has developed into a powerful platform to supercharge innovative ideas and transform them into cutting-edge products. The show has been instrumental in shedding light on the endless possibilities of science in everyday life. The number of young Arabs filing for patents, starting businesses, and developing new products after participating on the show is testimony to this. They have set the bar high, so the new batch of innovators had better roll up their sleeves. I am planning to disturb their calm seas and excite their spirit. No doubt the magnificent Professor El- Zoheiry and first time juror Dr. Al-Ali will throw in a few surprises of their own."
Stars of Science features ten fast-paced episodes which challenge all innovators to outperform their competition. Episodes are grouped into four rounds – casting, prototyping, customer validation, and the finale.
Of the four who reach this season's final, ranking is determined by a combination of jury and public online voting. The winner receives a whopping USD 300,000 in funding for their groundbreaking idea. Finalists who find themselves in second, third, and fourth places will be awarded USD 150,000, USD 100,000, and USD 50,000, respectively.
The winner of this season will be in good stead as Stars of Science has a strong track record of empowering pan-Arab innovators and problem solvers, catapulting brilliant ideas into successful projects and businesses. The show equips innovators with the knowledge and skills to become the entrepreneurs, researchers, and scientists of the future.
Renowned for its unique contribution to the entrepreneurial ecosystem across the region, the show's impact is being felt through the success stories of its many alumni.
Since the launch of the show in 2008, SOS alumni have raised $14,545,918 USD independently through revenues, venture capital and research grants. They have established over 19 businesses around the region and have volunteered their time to encourage and inspire tens of thousands of Arab youth from across the region. Alumni have been involved in workshops, talks, and community-building activities that include maker spaces, schools, and traveling Fab labs.
For a full broadcast guide or to catch up on episodes please go to www.starsofscience.com
Website – www.starsofscience.com
Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/StarsofScienceTV
Twitter – https://twitter.com/starsofscience
Youtube- http://www.youtube.com/user/Starsofsciencetv
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Hanane Rougani
T + 974 40 42 1700
Stars of Science
Stars of Science, the flagship "edutainment reality" TV format initiated by Qatar Foundation, is the Arab world's leading innovation show that enables the region's aspiring science and technology entrepreneurs.
Throughout the season nine innovators are challenged to develop creative solutions to regional problems within the fields of computing & information technology, energy, environment, and health. An expert panel of jurors assesses and eliminates innovators and their projects in Prototyping and Customer Validation episodes until only four remain. These four finalists vie for a share of $600,000 in funding, determined by a jury deliberation and online voting from the public.
Stars of Science airs every Saturday from September 23rd 2017 until November 25th 2017. Please go to www.starsofscience.com for a full list of Broadcasters or to catch up on episodes.
Qatar Foundation – Unlocking Human Potential
Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development (QF) is a private, non-profit organization that is supporting Qatar on its journey from a carbon economy to knowledge economy by unlocking human potential, for the benefit of not only Qatar, but the world. Founded in 1995 by His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the Father Emir, QF is chaired by Her Highness Sheikha Moza bint Nasser.
QF's work encompasses education, research and community development. World-class universities are brought to Qatar to help create an education sector in which young people can develop the attitudes and skills required for a knowledge economy. At the same time, QF builds Qatar's innovation and technology capacity by developing and commercializing solutions through key sciences. The Foundation also works to foster a progressive society while enhancing cultural life, protecting Qatar's heritage and addressing immediate social needs in the community.
http://www.qf.org.qa/
Source: Khayal Production QSTP-LLC via GLOBE NEWSWIRE
MEDIA ADVISORY: BMO Financial Group to Announce Its Second Quarter 2016 Results
Helsinn Group Announces Upcoming Presentation of Phase 3b Data of NEPA (fosnetupitant / palonosetron) IV at ASCO 2019
Cerner Completes Acquisition of Siemens Health Services
VistaJet Takes Delivery of Two New Global 7500 Aircraft and Announces Order of 10 New Challenger 350 Jets as Demand Continue to Grow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Населені пункти та їхні частини
 Жаб'я Воля — гміна в Ґродзиському повіті Мазовецького воєводства
 Жабя-Воля — село в гміні Стшижевіце Люблінського повіту Люблінського воєводства
 Жабя-Воля — село в гміні Ґлуськ Люблінського повіту Люблінського воєводства
 Жабя-Воля — село в гміні Стара Блотниця Білобжезького повіту Мазовецького воєводства
 Жабя-Воля — село в гміні Жаб'я Воля Ґродзиського повіту Мазовецького воєводства
 Жабя-Воля — частина села Маринін у гміні Рейовець Холмського повіту Люблінського воєводства

Примітки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's not healthy to keep your emotions bottled up inside! That's why once a week we go around the studio and just unleash whatever's getting our goat at the moment. It's a segment we call "What's On Your Mind?"


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Lan Sang National Park (Tak)
This national park is located at Ban Lan Sang, Tambon Mae Tor, Amphoe Muang Tak, approximately 17 kilometers from the city. To get there, take Tak-Mae Sot Highway No. 105 to the west, at Km. marker 12-13 turn left into a road which leads to the National Park and proceed for 3 kilometers.
Covering an area of 104 square kilometers, Lan Sang National Park has scenic trails leading to a number of waterfalls and high granite peaks including Lan Sang, Pha Lad, lan Liang Ma, Pha Nguen, Pha Yoi and Pha Thae. The highest peak is Khao Umyorm, which is 1,065 meters above sea level. The crystal clear water of Namtok Lan Sang flows all year round and rare wildlife are frequently sited in the forest. Accommodations are available, for more details contact Lan Sang National Park at 05 5519278 or email: [email protected]


For over thirty years, the fully enlightened Spiritual Master, Avatar Adi Da Samraj, has been transforming and benefitting the lives of many people, including both His devotees and others who have been inspired by His Teaching and His Spiritual Blessing Transmission. This section provides just a few examples drawn from the area of politics, society, and the world. Dan Hamburg is a former member of the U.S. Congress, where he authored the Headwaters Forest Act, a bill that passed the House overwhelmingly. In 1998, he was the Green Party candidate for Governor of California. He is currently the Executive Director of VOTE (Voice of The Environment), a foundation dedicated to creating a progressive political coalition that can challenge the current two-party "duopoly." Hamburg writes, "Avatar Adi Da's insistence on the primary importance of human-scale cooperative community as the basic unit of the successful state is bold and refreshing. Each of us bears responsibility to practice, moment to moment, the ego-surrendering sacrifice that makes life sacred at the community level, peaceful on the level of interaction among nations."


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Gronkowski Makes Crucial Plays in Comeback Win
Despite dealing with a groin injury this week, Rob Gronkowski told NFL reporter James Palmer "Yeah, I'm good to go," on Friday. Gronkowski's play on Sunday proved his statement to be true.
Gronkowski played a crucial role in the New England Patriots' 36-33 win over the Houston Texans on Sunday, his biggest moment coming late in the fourth quarter on the game-winning drive. With the game on the line and backs against the wall on second-and-20, Gronkowski got the drive's momentum rolling with back-to-back catches of eight and 15 yards.
"It was a crossing route," Gronkowski said of his 15-yard catch on third-and-12. "I just caught the one pass before on second[-and]-20 and we had to get the drive going. I know a lot of people look up to me to get the drive going. I saw the coverage and knew I had to make a play there."
The Patriots tight end finished the afternoon with eight catches for 89 yards and a touchdown. His score came early in the first quarter on a five-yard fade from Tom Brady and gave New England (2-1) an early 7-0 lead. Gronkowski's score marked his 70th career receiving touchdown, and 69th career touchdown reception from Brady.
Gronkowski has scored in back-to-back outings, and the eighth-year tight end has started the 2017 campaign strong. This season, Gronkowski has brought in 16 receptions for 238 yards, good for 14.9 yards per reception.
Written by: Ben Faunce


It pays to follow your customer, as Delamere Dairy can tell you. From farming a few goats in the lush green Cheshire countryside to being a pioneering exporter into 20 countries, its journey has been a remarkable one.
Thirty years ago, Roger and Liz Sutton decided to get into farming by buying three goats. Soon they had more. Asda and other supermarket chains began to sell the goats' milk being made by the small Cheshire farm business.
By 2002, turnover was more than £2m and a new site was required. At that point, the decision was made to outsource production rather than build a brand new facility. That decision has underpinned the business model ever since. The focus: follow market demand.
This repositioning enabled Delamere Dairy to diversify. Over the decade, it added more products to its portfolio – from yoghurt drinks to cheese to almond milk and, under its TopLife brand, to goats' milk-based pet foods. The company even started selling cows' milk.
But while this spread (pun intended) of products provided Delamere Dairy with a good base, it was still dependent on its home market. "When the recession came, we were concerned that our business was selling top-end niche dairy products almost exclusively in the UK," recalls Salt.
An export strategy would de-risk the business further.
Export didn't just de-risk the business, it propelled it forward. The UK remains Delamere's bread and butter, so to speak, but it's the export growth that has been stunning. Its international sales have raced ahead by a remarkable 214 per cent over its past two financial years.
The company now sells its dairy products into 20 countries, including China, the USA and France. Exports now account for 20 per cent of the company's £25m turnover.
Delamere Dairy was ranked fourth in the recent Sunday Times BT Business Fast Track SME Export 100, which was also supported by the Business is GREAT campaign.
It turned out to be a great shot. Today, sales to China account for 18 per cent of Delamere Dairy's turnover and Salt won't be surprised if that share is more like 30 to 40 per cent in the near future. At present, Delamere's presence remains the one-man office in Hong Kong but an office in Shanghai is being planned.
While Salt's initial idea had been to focus on selling goats' milk, it soon became clear that cows' milk was where the volume business lay. "China is a massive dairy producer with the largest herds in the world but they can't produce enough to meet the demand," he explains.
In addition, demand for quality standards in the wake of food health scares in China has made Western dairy products more appealing.
However, Delamere Dairy has also pioneered the export of liquid goats' milk into China. "We had tried to import our products but they had failed to meet Chinese regulatory standards," explains Salt.
When the decision was questioned, it turned out that the products were being tested against cows' milk standards. This gave Salt the opportunity to work with the Chinese trading standards body (CIQ) to produce the appropriate standards. "So we know we were the first company into China because we developed the standards with them," he says.
Salt admits that Delamere was belated in its use of UKTI support. "We didn't use UKTI very much at first because we thought we wouldn't be eligible. We put our heads down and didn't ask." And while the company certainly didn't do badly from its own efforts, Salt is certain that it could have got further and faster had it engaged with UKTI earlier. "They bring a wealth of high-level networking opportunities that we couldn't otherwise participate in," he says, observing that in a market such as China the ability to communicate at the appropriate level is incredibly important.
With these lessons under his belt, he now encourages everyone to talk to UKTI. As well as participating in trade missions, Delamere Dairy has used several UKTI services including its Passport to Export and Tradeshow Access Programme.
He also says that companies need to stop thinking of export as a different activity; after all, business is about following the customer.
Whether you want to start or grow your exports, find opportunities, events and practical guidance on the Exporting is GREAT site.


What Does The Name Samy Mean?
What Samys Have Visited This Page?
How difficult is it to pronounce Samy?
Can Samy be pronounced multiple ways?
We noticed you have a microphone. If you know how to pronounce Samy, just click the button to record. We'll save it, review it, and post it to help others. Recordings from children under 18 are not allowed.
What does the name Samy mean? Find out below.
Samy Kamkar is a privacy and security researcher, computer hacker, whistleblower, entrepreneur, hacker (term), and computerhacker. Samy was born on December 10th, 1985.
Samy Sané is a soccer player for the ES Viry-Châtillon, SC Freiburg, FC Nürnberg, SG Wattenscheid 09, FC Tirol Innsbruck, FC Lausanne-Sport, LASK Linz, FC Schaffhausen, and Senegal national football team. Samy was born on February 26th, 1961 in Dakar.
Samy Gemayel is a leader of the lebanese kataeb party. Samy was born as the child of Amine Gemayel and Joyce Gemayel on December 3rd, 1980 in Bikfaya.
Samy Deluxe is a german hip hop rapping. He has had major accomplishments since 1997. Samy was given the name Samy Sorge on December 19th, 1977 in Hamburg, Germany. Samy is also known as Sam Semilia and Wickeda MC.
Samy Mmaee is a soccer player for the Standard Liège, K.A.A. Gent, and Belgium national under-19 football team. Samy was born on September 8th, 1996 in Belgium.
Ahmed Samy is an athlete for the Misr El-Makasa SC.
Billal Samy is an athlete for the NorCal Lamorinda United SC.
How popular is the baby name Samy in the U.S.?
Where is the name Samy popular?
The map shows the absolute popularity of the name Samy as a last name in each of the states. See other popular names in New York, California, or Florida.
How Popular is the name Samy? Samy is the 13,292nd most popular name of all time. As a last name Samy was the 57,516th most popular name in 2010.
How many people with the first name Samy have been born in the United States? From 1880 to 2017, the Social Security Administration has recorded 693 babies born with the first name Samy in the United States. That's more than enough people named Samy to occupy the territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) with an estimated population of 605 (as of June 30, 2010).
What year were 5 or more babies first named Samy? The name was first given to 5 or more babies in the year 1975 when it was given as a first name to 5 new born babies.
When was Samy first recorded in the United States? The oldest recorded birth by the Social Security Administration for the first name Samy is Tuesday, March 8th, 1887.
What year had the most people named Samy born? The highest recorded use of the first name Samy was in 2017 with a total of 36 babies.
Random Samy Factoid: According to the 2016 U.S. Social Security Administration data, the first name Samy is not a popular baby boy's name in Florida. Imagine that, only 5 babies in Florida have the same name as you in 2016.
Weird things about the name Samy: Your name in reverse order is Ymas. A random rearrangement of the letters in your name (anagram) will give Samy. How do you pronounce that?
How many people have the last name Samy? In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau surveyed 354 people with the last name Samy.
How likely are you to meet someone with the last name of Samy? Chances are, most people haven't met someone with Samy as their last name since less than 1 person in 833k people have that last name. If you know one, consider yourself lucky!


Modex has signed the London Fundraising Token Manifesto as an endorsement of the values set out in a groundbreaking framework for the ethical commercialization of cryptocurrency tokens and coins. Commenting on the importance of ethical guidelines in this fast-moving blockchain economic revolution, Mihai Ivascu, CEO and Founder of Modex, praised the London Manifesto "as a much-needed initiative for strengthening confidence." He went on to state that ethical guidelines would help regulatory and financial bodies in these new markets establish and maintain "sound and proper" Initial Coin Offerings and Initial Token Offerings.
The Manifesto, launched on October 23rd in London, aims to distinguish the British capital as a world leader in secure and high-quality cryptocurrency participation. Modex joins other finance industry and blockchain technology leaders in full support of this ethical framework for token sale issuers.
The Manifesto is a voluntary code of conduct which seeks to establish new standards for Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) and Initial Token Offerings (ITO), the fundraising mediums that allow participants to back companies using cryptocurrency. In recent months, numerous ICOs / ITOs have been attacked by regulatory and financial bodies across the world after a number of illegitimate fundraising rounds defrauded uninformed contributors. This has resulted in a degree of lost confidence in the new medium and, in some markets, it meant that ICOs/ITOs have been banned outright.


First, he is making his case known. I understand this to be, first, the language of a sinner confessing his sin–"I havedeclared my ways. He is a sensible sinner and, therefore, he is not in a confessional box with the human ear of a fellow sinner to listen to him. He is a rational being who has not degraded himself so low as that. But he is confessing his sin to the great High Priest who can be "touched with the feeling of our infirmities"–to Him who cannot be defiled by listening to our tale of sin. To Him to whom, alone, will it avail to confess our sins, for, "He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins," if we confess them to Him.
Do you try to hide your sins, dear Friend? It is useless for you to attempt to do so, for God always sees them. Why do you seek to conceal what is always before His eyes? Better far to confess them to Him, that He may then cast it behind His back and remember them against you no more forever! I believe that often, as sinners confessing to God, we miss much true comfort for lack of making a clean breast of our transgressions. Yet the Lord knows what is in our heart even though we do not acknowledge it. It has been well observed that when Moses tried to excuse himself to God for not wanting to go to deliver Israel, he said that he was slow of speech. And God met that objection by giving him Aaron, his brother, to speak for him–but the Lord, in His reply to Moses, also said, "All the men are dead who sought your life." Moses had not said anything about that matter, but God knew that there was that fear in his heart, so He at once put His finger on the sore place. It is well when we can do that for ourselves. When, in our spirit, there is no guile–when we come, as David did in the 51 st Psalm and confess the very sin which we have committed. David said, "Deliver me fromblood-guiltiness, O God," calling it by its right name–then is it that the soul begins to get peace with God.
"But," someone asks, "are we, then, to confess to God every sin in detail?" No, that would be impossible and probably it would not even be useful. But there must be no wish to conceal any sin from God. Such a desire would be a vain one, for, "all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of Him with whom we have to do." There must be an acknowledgment of the sins which we have not yet seen in their full heinousness. Each of us will do well to offer David's prayer, "Cleanse You me from secret faults." If we have committed faults which are hidden even from ourselves, we desire to be delivered from them so that they should not remain to our condemnation.
The text very accurately describes such a state of things as that which exists when a patient relates his symptoms to the physician and then the physician prescribes for him, for, in addition to sin being a great evil in the sight of God, it is also a disease to which we are all prone and from which only the great Physician can cure us. We cry out against it and our better self fights against it, yet the old man within us, "the body of this death," as Paul calls it, fights against the new nature and we would be overcome were it not for Divine Grace. So it is well for us to declare our ways. Suppose I put it for myself or for you thus, "Lord, I find that even when I am engaged in prayer, my thoughts wander. When I am in trouble, I get fretful and rebellious. When a little difficulty meets me in my business, I do not trust You as I ought. I sometimes find that when I try to be humble, I become desponding, and when I am joyful, I become presumptuous. I seem to be like a pendulum swinging too far this way and then too far that way. I know not how to steer the ship of my life between the Scylla of this sin and the Charybdis of that. O my Master, I am but dust and ashes! I am less than nothing and vanity! If You ask me what ails me, I seem to have all manner of diseases upon me at once! Sometimes I am hot with fever and full of wrath and, at other times, I shiver with chills as though I did not know what I believed and could not lay hold of Your Truth with a firm grip. Sometimes I fear that I have a fatal disease and, certainly, were it not for Your unfailing medicine–the great catholicon–my soul would pine away and die! Yet, with all these evil symptoms, there is one sign that, I trust, is for good. I know where my help lies and I look alone to You for healing. I know that Your precious blood has cleansed me and on that blood, alone, I do rely." Thus the patient tells the Good Physician, as far as he can, what he feels and what is the disease from which he is suffering.
Thus far, we have been thinking of the Believer making his case known. Now, secondly, we are to see him rejoicingthat he has obtained an audience with God–"You heard me." I cannot tell you how my heart is touched with the sweetness of that short sentence. Did You , O Lord? What condescension on Your part! You have the whole universe torule and govern–the sweetest songsters are in Your choirs sounding forth Your praises day without night, yet You heard me? And I was not singing Your praises, but confessing my sins! I was not telling the story of all Your wondrousworks–I was telling of my own wicked works and of my sorrows and cares–and You might well have said, "These things are too small, too insignificant to be brought before My notice." Yet You did not speak so, for You heard me.
But there is something even more wonderful than His condescension, I think, and that is His patience. It is an amazing thing that He should listen to us and then, when the sad story is told, that He should not turn away in the greatness of His wrath and utterly destroy us. I think that if you were to tell out all that is in your own heart to any one of your most intimate friends, he would never speak to you again. We read many very charming biographies of men and women, but if the whole of their lives could be written–which we may be thankful cannot be done–the book would not be fitto be read! But the Lord listens to us in some things that we have to confess to Him, that we would not confess, and could not confess and ought not to confess in any human ear, yet He does not turn away from us in disgust. His pure and holy eyes cannot look upon iniquity except with the utmost abhorrence. He loathes sin in such a way as we can hardly imagine, yet, when a penitent sinner comes to confess to Him, He patiently listens to the whole sorrowful story and feels nothing but pity and love for the guilty narrator of it. This is truly wonderful and is very different from the manner of men. A man would probably say, "You have told me, now, Sir, what I wish I had never heard, for I can never trust you again. I did not think you were so mean. I could not have believed it of you. You have told me something that has let me know that I have been cherishing a viper in my bosom! Never come to my house again–you are a person with whom I do not wish to be in any way associated." That is how man talks. But when we have told the Lord everything, He does not spurn us from Him, but He says, "Though your sins are as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they shall be as wool." He puts away our sins by blotting them out like a cloud and our transgressions as a thick cloud, blessed be His holy name!
When the Psalmist says, "You heard me," he means, "You heard me with sympathy." There are several different ways of hearing a story. When I have to deal with a case of very deep grief–I do not know whether you have all learned this lesson, but I will tell you how I act and you may be wise if you do the same, especially if you are a young pastor. If you get a case of very deep grief, hold your tongue and let the sorrowful one talk and tell out all the painful details. Those various items may not be very interesting to you, but if you cease to listen to any of them, you will be stopping the process of cure for that poor bleeding heart. Let the sufferer tell it all out and do not grudge the time it takes. Interject a word or two of sympathy now and then, and be really sympathetic all the while, but let the troubled soul tell it all out, just as here the Psalmist says to the Lord, "I have declared my ways, and You heard me." If you do so, the tried one will go away and say, "I was so comforted by my interview with the pastor, or with that friend. It did me so much good." Yet you are conscious that you did nothing but listen to the story of sorrow–and that is the best thing you could possibly have done. "Mother," said a little girl, "I can't think why our neighbor is so glad for me to go in and see her. She has lost her little baby and she sits and cries–and she says I am such a comfort to her! But, Mother, I never say anything! I only just put my arms round her neck and I cry, too." Ah, but that is the best way to comfort the sorrowing! And that is what Jesus does for you when you get near to Him. He is touched with the feeling of our infirmity and it is His being touched that enables us to bear the blow which has so grievously wounded our heart.
"You heard me." Even if the Lord did not seem to answer us, yet there would be much comfort to us from His hearing us, letting us tell all our grief to Him in the full belief that we are not merely telling it out to the air, or speaking to emptiness, but that into His ear and into His heart the story of our grief is falling. There is no comfort like this. Try it, mourning ones, you who love His blessed name!
But I think that the Psalmist meant even more than this when he said to God, "You heard me." Surely he meant, "You did graciously come to my help, 'I declared my ways'–the sinfulness of them–'and You heard me' and did blot out my transgressions. 'I declared my ways'–the disease of sin that was in my soul–and by Your stripes You did heal me. By Your Spirit You did sanctify me. 'I declared my ways'–my legal difficulties, my accusers' words–and You did hear me by answering them and sending such joy and peace into my soul that I dared even to cry, 'Who shall lay anything to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifies. Who is he that condemns? It is Christ that died, yes rather, that is risen again.' I told You all my ways and, like a true and faithful friend, You did not spare anything that You might help me. As You did give Your Son to redeem me and Your Spirit to sanctify me, so did You give Your Providence to succor me and Your Presence to comfort me. 'You heard me.' I did not cry to You in vain." Are not these words wondrously rich, dear Brothers and Sisters? I seem, in talking to you, as if I only skimmed the surface–as a swallow touches the brook with his wing and is up and away again in a moment–but you may dive into their depths in your happy, heartfelt experience!
II. Now for a few minutes let us turn to the second way of considering our text which is, THE MAN OF GOD STATING HIS TESTIMONY IN PUBLIC.
The last word of all is this–and it fits in well with this view of the text–this man needed more teaching, so he prayed, "Lord, 'teach me Your statutes.' Now that I have become a teacher of others, You teach me." No man can teach if he is unwilling to be taught. Any gentleman who has "finished his education" will never be an educator of others. We must be continually making progress if we would lead others onward. I am sure that every Brother here who is engaged in the Lord's work will find that he needs to get fresh food for his mind every day. He must eat a double portion because he has to feed others as well as to be fed. He has not only to fill his basket with bread for the eater, but also with seed for the sower, so he needs a double–no, a sevenfold portion–that he may have enough for others as well as for himself.


I'm in need of Nike Airmax 360. The quality must be second to none and come with retro card and the right boxes. price must be good and must be here in the UK.
I'm also interested in branded garments and other stuff.


text:
Disney, YouTube cut ties with online star PewDiePie over anti-Semitic remarks
PewDiePie is YouTube's most popular star
Copyright Getty Images
John Lamparski

PewDiePie signs copies of his new book "This Book Loves You" at Barnes & Noble Union Square on October 29, 2015 in New York City.

Posted at 10:51 AM, Feb 14, 2017
LONDON (CNNMoney) -- A star YouTuber has been dumped by Google and Disney after being accused of using anti-Semitic jokes and Nazi imagery.
With 53 million subscribers, Felix Kjellberg -- or "PewDiePie" -- is one of the most popular filmmakers on YouTube.
The Swede has turned radioactive, however, after the Wall Street Journal reported that he has posted nine videos since August that include objectionable material. One video shows two men holding a sign that reads, "Death to All Jews."
YouTube said Tuesday that it has canceled the second season of Kjellberg's show, called "Scare PewDiePie," that had been commissioned for its YouTube Red subscription service.
A spokeswoman declined to say how much Kjellberg would have earned for the season, but major stars can earn fees comparable to those of TV show creators.
YouTube has also removed the PewDiePie channel from its "Google Preferred" service, which includes the network's most watched and shared videos.
Disney did not respond to repeated requests for comment. But the company's Maker Studios division, which produces YouTube content, told the Wall Street Journal that it was also severing ties with Kjellberg.
"Although Felix has created a following by being provocative and irreverent, he clearly went too far in this case and the resulting videos are inappropriate," the company said in a statement to the newspaper.
YouTube has not removed the videos produced by Kjellberg, but it did strip some of them of advertisements. Kjellberg appears to have removed one of the videos himself.
In a statement posted to his blog, Kjellberg said that he does not support "any kind of hateful attitudes."
"I think of the content that I create as entertainment, and not a place for any serious political commentary," he said. "Though this was not my intention, I understand that these jokes were ultimately offensive."
Kjellberg's videos have been viewed more than 14.6 billion times on YouTube. Forbes estimates that he earned $15 million in the year ended June 2016.


text:
– Ed Thomas
Ed Thomas
Director of Non-Textile Operations
Ed Thomas, who has contracted with Bestwork as Director of Operations since 2019, assumes the role of Director of Non-Textile Operations to help facilitate Bestwork's greater expansion into non-textile products and knowledge-based services.
ethomas@bestworkindustries.org
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ed-thomas-01971678/
Ed earned his B.A. in Economics from North Carolina State University and promptly entered the workforce as an industrial engineer. He worked for "cut and sew" operations up and down the Eastern Seaboard as well as at offshore facilities. Ed further built his operational experience as a manager and executive for brands such as Fruit of the Loom and Hanes.
At Bestwork, Ed has continued to find ways to make himself indispensable, overseeing Product Lifecycle Management systems from discovery to implementation. Ed loves data. He delights in identifying Key Performance Indicators, conducting Direct Labor Time Studies, Process Documentation – basically any kind of methodology that will inform how to be more efficient, reduce costs, increase quality and on-time shipping, and convert a job previously done by a sighted person to one that a person who is blind or visually impaired can do.
While Ed loves metrics, he is also equal parts creative. The engineer is a master 3D printer designer, creating custom designs used in-house by colleagues who are blind and visually impaired.
The Kentucky native is a foodie at heart, always seeking opportunities to try new fare.
Help Support Our Cause
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Browsing the archives for the Skid Row tag.
Episode 360: The Odds and Ends Of The Decade Volume IX
https://media.transistor.fm/8d58c271.mp3
Brian Setzer Orchestra, David Lee Roth, Roxie 77, Rush, Scorpions, Self, Skid Row, Skunk Anansie, Smashing Pumpkins, William Shatner
Episode 328: The Hall Of Gems
Unappreciated albums by notable artists IT'S THE HALL OF GEMS. Listen Like Subscribe and SHARE!!!!
https://media.transistor.fm/a2c3cb17.mp3
Anthrax, Extreme, Iggy Pop, Skid Row, Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
Episode 145: Moscow Peace Talks
Myself and Logan talk about the Moscow Music Peace Festival 25 years later. Listen Like Subscribe and SHARE!!!!
https://media.transistor.fm/65e4895d.mp3
Bon Jovi, Cinderella, Gorky Park, Jason Bonham, Motley Crue, Ozzy Osbourne, Scorpions, Skid Row
Episode 144: The Odds and Ends of 2014 Volume II
The best stuff from soundtracks and EPs and tribute albums etc. Listen Like Subscribe and SHARE!!!!
Current Listening: Ace Frehley – Space Invader
Tom Petty – Hypnotic Eye
Weird Al Yankovic – Mandatory Fun
Beach Boys – "Smile" Sessions Box Set
https://media.transistor.fm/9f72b267.mp3
Cyndi Lauper, Def Leppard, Doro, Elton John, Garbage, Kiss, Metallica, Self, Skid Row, Tomahawk
Episode 97: The Odds and Ends of 2013 Volume III
More songs from soundtracks or EPs or tribute albums etc Its the Odds and Ends. Listen Like Subscribe and SHARE!!!!
https://media.transistor.fm/4779e0c3.mp3
Ben Folds Five, Dressed To Chill, Halestorm, Hot Snakes, Iggy Pop, Lita Ford, Matthew Sweet, Metallica, Skid Row, Social Distortion, Susanna Hoffs