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« The identity of Kushner's white knight is a mystery
Oh that kind of protection »
Do it his way
Apr 9th, 2018 | By Ophelia Benson
AP reports a shift in Trump, from however reluctantly taking some guidance from his aides, to getting sick of them and doing whatever he wants. Last week in West Virginia he threw his prepared speech up in the air. BO-RING.
This president has never been one to stick to a script, but that abandoned speech illustrates a new phase in Trump's presidency. He is increasingly at odds with his staff — and growing wise to their tactics.
One favored staff strategy: Guide the president to the right decision by making the conventional choice seem like the only realistic option. Except now, 14 months into his administration, Trump is on to them, and he's making clear he won't be boxed in.
That was the message that an irritated Trump delivered to his national security team last week in a classified meeting about U.S. involvement in Syria.
Trump's advisers, among them Defense Secretary Jim Mattis and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Joseph Dunford, were advocating for an ongoing U.S. military presence to provide stability. They aimed to rely on the same playbook they used last year in persuading Trump to keep U.S. troops in Afghanistan indefinitely. They would paint a dire picture of a pullout, of regional chaos benefiting Russia and Iran, and the potential resurgence of the Islamic State group.
But even before they could begin their pitch in that meeting Tuesday, Trump headed them off, saying he wanted to remove U.S. troops immediately. The ensuing heated argument put new distance between the president and his team and left the military with a mandate, if not a formal order, to remove U.S. troops from Syria within six months.
Of course, military advisers give their advice from a military point of view. There are all kinds of institutional reasons for them to choose the advice they give, and the institution in question is the military, which has its own well known dangers. We're supposed to be civilian government. But the trouble is, Trump is Trump. His biases are not likely to be an improvement on military biases, and he has infinitely less knowledge and experience. The US does keep getting itself entangled in wars that go on forever and do harm to millions, and from the outside it can seem best to just get out – but it could still be the case that just getting out would do even more harm. It's complicated. The thing about Trump is that he seems to assume that because he was elected therefore he is the best qualified to decide. He thinks the president has and should have dictatorial power and that he as president necessarily knows more and better than anyone else.
No and no.
Mr. Trump seemed surprised by the scope
Bye Mooch
When he's under pressure
Fox was doing re-runs
Maybe we need to explain the whole world


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Die Ashes Tour 1993 war die Tour der australischen Cricket-Nationalmannschaft, die die 57. Austragung der Ashes beinhaltete, und wurde zwischen dem 19. Mai und 23. August 1993 ausgetragen. Die internationale Cricket-Tour war Teil der internationalen Cricket-Saison 1993 und umfasste sechs Test-Matches und drei ODIs. Australien gewann die Test-Serie mit 4–1 und sicherte sich die Ashes damit zum 29. Mal. Ebenfalls gewann Australien die ODI-Serie mit 3–0.

Vorgeschichte
Für beide Mannschaften war es die erste Tour der Saison. Beide Mannschaften trafen sich vorher beim Cricket World Cup in Australien und Neuseeland. Das letzte Aufeinandertreffen bei einer Tour fand in der Saison 1990/91 in Australien statt.

Stadien
Für die Tour wurden folgende Stadien als Austragungsorte vorgesehen.

Tour Matches

One-Day Internationals

Erstes ODI in Manchester

Zweites ODI in Birmingham

Drittes ODI in London

Test Matches

Erster Test in Manchester

Zweiter Test in London

Dritter Test in Nottingham

Vierter Test in Leeds

Fünfter Test in Birmingham

Sechster Test in London

Weblinks
 Die Serie auf Cricinfo

Internationale Cricket-Saison 1993
Tour der australischen Cricket-Nationalmannschaft in England
Cricket-Wettbewerb in Irland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Home Facts What is Road Markings and What they mean!
What is Road Markings and What they mean!
There are several types of markings. Here are some oad signs and what they mean are explained below.
Road markings are a traffic sign in the form and design of a marking on the surface of the road. They have the same standing as upright signs. Road users must obey these road markings.
There is no doubt that roadways are the most used means of transport across the globe. Road network in India is over 46 lakh kilometers thereby making it the second largest road network in the world.
In order to maintain vast road networks efficiently, people have started using markings and signs along the roads. These markings also serve as safety measures.
Have you ever seen white or yellow line markings on roads and wondered why they are used for? Most of you might have thought about it but couldn't find the answer. So we decided to find the reason behind it and came across the answer from a quora user.
There are several types of markings. Some of them are explained below. The diagrams below show the most common types of road marking and what they mean.
1. White broken lines imply that you can change the lane on one-way road if it is safe in changing the lane.
2. Solid white lines mean you must not change the lane. Generally, white lines are used in one way traffic.
3. Yellow lines are used for 2-way traffic. Solid yellow lane mean you must stay in the lane and no passing is allowed.
4. Broken yellow lines imply that you can change the lane on a two-way road if it is safe in doing so.
5. Road studs are used to provide some lighting on the roads where there is no sufficient lighting. These studs work on the principle of cat's eye.
When light enters cat eyes they will reflect back to the emitting source, this is known as cat's eye principle. In India, we call these road studs as radium lights.


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Posted on August 19, 2015 July 14, 2019 by Christopher Fulbright
Charles L. Grant (Sept 12, 1942 – Sept 15, 2006) was a prolific American author and editor. He was the author of over 70 novels using five pseudonyms including Lionel Fenn, Simon Lake, and Felicia Andrews to name a few. He was not only a prolific novelist, but also a prolific author of short fiction, beginning with his first published story, "The House of Evil" which appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in 1968. His first collection of short stories, Tales from the Nightside, was published by Arkham House and won the World Fantasy Award. He wrote several science fiction novels, stories, and a couple of early horror novels as C.L. Grant before dropping the initials and writing as Charles L. Grant.
He was not only a well regarded and hard working author, but also a highly respected editor of some of the most influential horror anthologies of his time, notably the Shadows series, which frequently included stories by well-known authors, and launched the careers of others. Grant began his career as a writer of SF, but the bulk of his output under his own name was in the horror genre, particularly his Oxrun Station novels such as The Hour of the Oxrun Dead, The Sound of Midnight, and The Last Call of Mourning. His horror novel The Pet is one of his best known books; it has been optioned for film but has yet to be produced. His story "Temperature Days on Hawthorne Street" was adapted for an episode of George Romero's TV series Tales from the Darkside. Grant also wrote bestselling media tie-in novels for The X-Files. His work has been nominated for World Fantasy Awards in the Best Novel category, won the World Fantasy Award for Best Collection, Best Anthology, and Best Novella, was frequently nominated for Bram Stoker Awards, won the Nebula Award for Best Novelette and Best Short Story, and was regularly included in Best of the Year anthologies.
To view a list of his novels and stories available in print and ebook formats, please click here.
These cover scans are from the library of Christopher Fulbright. Please note that Realms of Night has an eBay page with monthly horror auctions. Follow our page and save us as a favorite seller for updates.
Posted in 1970-1990s, Authors, Dark Fantasy, F - J, Featured, Horror, TorTagged charles grant book covers, charles l grant, oxrun station novels, quiet horror, shadows horror series, tor horror novels
Realms Recommendations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Gmail ReviewAction Schema not POSTing to service I marked up my email and sent it using the Gmail App Script tutorial.
<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "http://schema.org",
  "@type": "EmailMessage",
  "action": {
    "@type": "ReviewAction",
    "review": {
      "@type": "Review",
      "itemReviewed": {
        "@type": "FoodEstablishment",
        "name": "Joe's Diner"
      },
      "reviewRating": {
        "@type": "Rating",
        "bestRating": "5",
        "worstRating": "1"
      }
    },
    "handler": {
      "@type": "HttpActionHandler",
      "url": "http://gmail-demo-heroku-123.herokuapp.com/review",
      "requiredProperty": {
        "@type": "Property",
        "name": "review.reviewRating.ratingValue"
      },
      "optionalProperty": {
        "@type": "Property",
        "name": "review.reviewBody"
      },
      "method": "http://schema.org/HttpRequestMethod/POST"
    }
  },
  "description": "We hope you enjoyed your meal at Joe's Diner. Please tell us about it."
}
</script>

It shows up correctly in my inbox. It shows a review button. When I click on it it has a field for the body of the review and 5 stars that you can select. The Call To Action says publish on Gmail.com which is a little strange (and may point to the core issue), but I'm not sure.
When I click on the review button in Gmail and fill out the form, it provides the following error when I submit it.
Unable to send rating to gmail.com. Click on the stars again to retry.

The endpoint I provide can be reached and returns a 200 when I call it from console.
payload = {'review.reviewRating.ratingValue' : '2.0', 'review.reviewBody' : 'incredible'}
requests.post('http://gmail-demo-heroku-123.herokuapp.com/review',payload)
<Response [200]>

Why is Gmail giving this error? Is there a good way to debug this request coming from Gmail? Also, why is the Review Card saying Publish to Gmail.com in the Call To Action? The Schema.org markup appears to be correct in the email.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Secondary business studies and economics teacher jobs in North Tyneside
Teacher of Business Studies and/or Economics
Whitley Bay High SchoolWhitley Bay, Tyne and Wear
Start dateSeptember 2021
WHITLEY BAY HIGH SCHOOL
13-18 Mixed Comprehensive; NOR 1702 (590 in Sixth Form)
Deneholm, Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear, NE25 9AS
Headteacher: STEVE WILSON
Outstanding - OFSTED May 2013
A Specialist School for English, Maths and Science
We require for September 2021 a teacher of Business Studies and/or Economics to join a very successful and supportive department. Candidates must be able to teach the full age and ability range including A' Level in one or both of these subjects. Business Studies is offered at GCSE and A' Level. Applied Business and Economics are also offered at A' Level.
The school is heavily oversubscribed, achieves very high standards and has benefited from substantial investment to improve facilities over recent years.
All staff who join the school benefit from a carefully structured programme of training and support. Any applicant should be committed to making a significant contribution to the wider life of the school.
Please find the job description, application form, application details and school information on the school website 'Vacancies' section at: www.whitleybayhighschool.org
Completed applications and a letter (800 words maximum) explaining why your experiences to date have prepared you for this role at Whitley Bay High School, should be sent to jackie.patterson@whitleybayhighschool.org before the closing date below.
Closing date for applications is Monday 25th January 2021 at 10.00am.
We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and expect all staff to respect this commitment. This post is subject to an enhanced DBS check.
Whitley Bay, Tyne and Wear
Mainstream school with state - community funding
Students of mixed gender, age 13 - 18 years
DeneholmWhitley BayTyne And WearNE25 9ASUnited Kingdom
http://www.whitleybayhighschool.org+44 191 731 7070


You are here: Home / Blog Post / Edina Mom. Dead or Alive.
Last year, I posted a movie on YouTube. It was a candid short film of a Mom sending her kid off to "camp" at a church in Edina. The Mom was wearing a leather Ferrari jacket while burdening her two cherubic children with care packages the size of a Marshall Plan drop. I found the whole vignette ironic, particularly since her kiddies were only going to be gone for three days.
There was no Mom to be seen this time. In fact, I counted only two Yukon Denalis (with smallish blondish moms at the wheel, with the air conditioning on and phones at their ears) in the parking lot.
So you could say that this year a car blogger has little right to comment cynically on a well-heeled woman wearing a jacket that advertises a car she has probably never driven nor could possibly understand.
If she is still alive. Metaphorically speaking.
Judging by the sheer lack of uselss Detroit iron in the parking lot this year and far smaller care packages (unless you go to YMCA camps–the only true camps in existence), it may finally be time to bury my unbewitting feminine icon of excess. I am willing to believe that the Edina she symbolizes may well be dead.
Yet, as a car blogger, I am still troubled.
The camp's theme this year consisted of logo and color palette appropriated directly from Land Rover. "Roving Far and Wide" it read.
Edina and commericalism go hand in hand. In spite of my own cynicism, I like the place and live here myself. If it were not for Edina, my two young children would not be fluent in French.
A church camp in Edina should worship a stronger brand.


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11/6/00 - Seattle, Washington è il 72º e ultimo della lunga serie di "bootleg ufficiali" dei Pearl Jam, pubblicati dopo il Binaural Tour del 2000.

Riassunto
In questo show, la band suonò per oltre tre ore, proponendo i maggiori successi della band e una selezione di cover come The Kids Are Alright e Baba O'Riley degli Who, una delle principali band ispiratrici dei Pearl Jam. Lo show contiene la prima apparizione in Nord America di Alive, che fu omessa da tutti gli show precedenti di questo tour. Lo show risulta molto potente e All Music Guide gli ha dato quattro stelle e mezzo su un massimo di cinque, giudicandolo un "documento dal vivo essenziale". Leatherman''', Better Man, Nothingman, Nothing as It Seems e Rearviewmirror appaiono sul DVD Touring Band 2000''.

Tracce

Disco uno
"Release" (Eddie Vedder, Stone Gossard, Jeff Ament, Mike McCready, Dave Krusen) – 5:13
"Corduroy" (Dave Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 4:28
"Grievance" (Vedder) – 3:07
"Rearviewmirror" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 6:17
"Hail, Hail" (Gossard, Vedder, Ament, McCready) – 3:23
"Evacuation" (Matt Cameron, Vedder) – 2:58
"Dissident" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 5:23
"Nothing as It Seems" (Ament) – 5:35
"In Hiding" (Gossard, Vedder) – 5:23
"Leatherman'" (Vedder) – 5:13
"Better Man" (Vedder) – 5:13
"Nothingman" (Vedder, Ament) – 4:39

Disco due
"Even Flow" (Vedder, Gossard) – 6:10
"Jeremy" (Vedder, Ament) – 4:53
"Lukin" (Vedder) – 0:51
"Not for You" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 5:47
"Daughter" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 9:42
"Encore Break" – 4:07
"Off He Goes" (Vedder) – 5:38
"Light Years" (Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 5:46
"Parting Ways" (Vedder) – 5:03
"Go" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:47
"Once" (Vedder, Gossard) – 3:27

Disc three
"Crazy Mary" (Victoria Williams) – 5:43
"Immortality" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 6:19
"Alive" (Vedder, Gossard) – 11:57
"Soon Forget" (Vedder) – 5:48
"The Kids Are Alright" (Pete Townshend) – 2:51
"Baba O'Riley" (Townshend) – 9:42
"Yellow Ledbetter" (Ament, McCready, Vedder) – 7:11

Crediti

Eddie Vedder – Voce, chitarra, ukulele
Stone Gossard – Chitarra ritmica
Mike McCready – Chitarra solista
Jeff Ament – Basso
Matt Cameron – Batteria
Justine Foy – Violoncello
April Cameron – Viola
Missato da Brett Eliason
Engineered by John Burton
Design concept di Jeff Ament
Design e layout di Brad Klausen


The trip starts in the heart of thoroughbred country, Versailles, KY (pronounced Ver-sails). Actually, it almost doesn't start at all. Our accommodations at A Storybook Inn are so posh and refined that I feel like Lord Grantham of Downton Abbey, and I don't want to leave. It doesn't hurt that innkeeper Elise Buckley is exceedingly generous and filled with tales of the old home.
After a sumptuous breakfast, we leave Versailles and make our way through Lexington in the rain, stopping at two doughnut shops within an hour. The roads aren't all that memorable, but the doughnuts are. Doughdaddy's is good—very good, in fact among the best I've had in months. But Spalding's, right across the street from a giant belching Jif Peanut Butter plant, is the best doughnut I've had in years, possibly ever. Hand-made and fresh, it has a sweet, crispy outside and a soft, flavorful inside. They've been doing it this way since 1929, and by the looks of the constant flow of customers, they have built up quite a nice reputation. With any luck, I'll be 90 years old and flapping my gums at anyone that will listen about the doughnuts at Spalding's. That's how good they are.
Sandy and I continue away from Lexington and east toward the hills. Eastern Kentucky is hilly but not quite mountainous and has some great twisty roads that cling to the hollers. Unlike many mountain roads though, these don't have a discernible rhythm; they break left when you're expecting them to break right, and they dance the Macarena when you're expecting a Lindy Hop. It's challenging, fun, and sure keeps you on your toes.
We stop for lunch at a restaurant in Jackson and chat with the locals who act as if they've never seen a grown man in a hi-viz Aerostich one-piece suit before. We're clearly not from these parts, but the people are friendly; and within minutes, we're sharing recipes for favorite dishes. Later, as we're suiting up, they snap a couple of photos of the aliens they met at lunch.
For the complete touring article, including facts & information, map(s), and GPS files, please purchase the July/August 2014 back issue.


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Kate Erbland
Ice Cube Gets Angry Over Pumpkin Bisque and Lavender Body Wash
Actor and rap legend Ice Cube can be pretty intense -- it's part of his charm, really! -- and his signature angry face and enraged voice only add to the laughs in this week's '22 Jump Street.' (Yes, pretty much just like they did with 2012's '21 Jump Street'). Cube…
'The Evolution of Dad Dancing' Is Here, and It Is Glorious
Well, this one pretty much sells itself. Jimmy Fallon unveiled a Father's Day-targeted take on his ever-popular "Evolution of Dance" on last night's 'Tonight Show,' and this one just hit it right out of the park.
Can Two Spelling Bee Champs Best Jimmy Kimmel?
Every year, Jimmy Kimmel invites the Scripps Spelling Bee champion on to his show for a star-studded face-off to see if the late-night host can take down the newly crowned kids.
Jimmy Kimmel's "Tweeter Totter" Game Is So Evil
You know what? Jimmy Kimmel has some weird ideas for fun celebrity games and manipulating social media. Okay, Jimmy Fallon? You don't have the corner on this market! In a wickedly clever combination of embarrassing celeb game and social media wackiness, Kimmel rolled out his "Twee…
Tom Petty (But Really Jimmy Fallon) Performs With Stevie Nicks on 'Tonight Show'
Let's review the things that 'Tonight Show' host Jimmy Fallon loves. He loves stars and music and vintage things and trucks (that last one might not apply here) and he loves nostalgia and silliness and having some seriously good-natured fun with all of those things. Obviously, the man…
Jimmy Fallon Wants to Know About Your Worst Car Ever
'Tonight Show' host Jimmy Fallon's obsession with trucks -- and buying one this week, thanks to his Fingers on a 4x4 contest -- has seeped into every corner of the show over the past few days. As such, this week's round of "Tonight Show #Hashtags" was all about …
Jimmy Kimmel Celebrates April Fools' Day By Employing Fans to Do His Dirty Work
You are all horrible people. In celebration of April Fools' Day, that nefarious "holiday" that kicks off one of the most lovely months of the year, 'Jimmy Kimmel Live' host Jimmy Kimmel requested that his fans prank their loved ones, record the results, and upload th…
Lululemon Unveils Their Latest Line on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live': Spray On Yoga Pants
"Because the best pants are no pants at all!"
Last night on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live,' host Jimmy Kimmel unveiled Lululemon's new (fake) product – spray on yoga pants. You can wear them everywhere! At all times! Seriously! (Maybe not?)
Russell Crowe Sings Johnny Cash on 'The Tonight Show' and It's Much Better Than 'Les Miser…
Important question: who among you knew that 'Tonight Show' host and all-around funny guy Jimmy Fallon was also a skilled harmonica player? Has he been doing this for long? Does everyone know about this? Should we have already known about this? Somewhat related: who among you knew that Russ…
No One Knows How to Spell Matthew McConaughey on Seth Meyers' Celebrity Spelling Bee
"Not alright, not alright, not alright!" No matter how famous you may be, if your name is at all confounding, confusing, or oddly spelled, some people still might not know how to spell it -- not now, not ever. Matthew McConaughey may have just won an Oscar for Best Actor, but that doesn't …


1. Wash the sweet potatoes, puncture with a fork, wrap in aluminum foil.
2. Place on a baking sheet and bake for 45-50 minutes at 400°.
3. Remove potatoes, allow to cool a little.
4. Slice potatoes in half, scoop them out.
5. Sprinkle cheese on top.
6. Return potatoes to oven for two minutes or until cheese is melted.
7. Remove potatoes and add a dollop of guacamole.
If you're feeling a little more adventurous (and have the time) then why not make your own guacamole? Because nothing gets a party started like homemade guac!


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FSU Football Practice Reports
FSU first scrimmage: Video, interviews, photo gallery
Hear from FSU head coach Mike Norvell and both coordinators
By Austin Cox Updated Mar 21, 2021, 5:30pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: FSU first scrimmage: Video, interviews, photo gallery
FSU Sports Information
Florida State wraps up week two of spring football on Saturday. This morning will be a time for individual players and positional units to flash in a more game-like atmosphere. It will be the first scrimmage of the spring for the Seminoles.
"I want to put them in some challenging situations. Series that start on the 1-yard line for both sides of the ball. They need to show the response to challenging situations. Guys are going to define the role that they want on this team," said FSU head coach Mike Norvell.
On Thursday, Norvell offered two injury updates, one of which concerned redshirt freshman quarterback Chubba Purdy.
In case you missed it, Brett Nevitt viewed practice on Thursday and posted his observations from the day.
Yesterday, we heard from six former Seminoles as they prepare for the NFL Draft, including Asante Samuel Jr. and Marvin Wilson. Florida State's Pro Day is scheduled for Monday.
We're scheduled to hear from Norvell and both coordinators today at 12:15 p.m. (tentative). We'll bring you updates in the comments section and on our Twitter. See the full pressers below, as well as a photo gallery and video highlights from the scrimmage, courtesy of FSU Sports Information.
FSU head coach Mike Norvell interview:
FSU offensive coordinator Kenny Dillingham interview:
FSU defensive coordinator Adam Fuller interview:
2021 Florida State spring football: Coverage, analysis, previews
Player Profile: On McKenzie Milton's path to FSU
Video, photo gallery, interviews from FSU's first scrimmage
Live quotes ahead of Florida State's Pro Day


Walter Products B10411 Fetus Development Model, 8-Parts. A set of 8 models (14 pieces total) illustrates in great detail the main stages of pregnancy development. Features include: first month embryo, second month embryo, third month embryo, fourth month fetus (transverse lie), fifth month fetus (breach position), fifth month fetus (transverse lie), fifth month twin fetuses (normal position) and seventh month fetus (normal position). Each model is mounted on a stand and base. Dimensions: 4.3"x 6"x 8each (11 x 15 x 20cm). We reserve the right to cancel any order for any reason at any time. We are not responsible for undeliverable addresses. The item "Walter Products B10411 Fetus Development Model, 8-Parts" is in sale since Wednesday, November 09, 2016. This item is in the category "Business & Industrial\Healthcare, Lab & Life Science\Medical Supplies & Disposables\Teaching & Education Supplies".
The seller is "fastship7710" and is located in United States. This item can be shipped to United States.


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Compare Insurance Policies
Broker Leadership
Legal Expenses
Lloyd's, Munich Re, Zurich come under fire for supporting tar sands pipeline
by Lyle Adriano 13 May 2020
Lloyd's, Munich Re, Zurich come under fire for supporting tar sands pipeline | Insurance Business
Unfriend Coal – a global network of NGOs and social movements appealing for insurance companies to divest out of the fossil fuel business – has called out major insurance companies Lloyd's, Zurich, and Munich Re for providing hundreds of millions in liability insurance coverage to the Trans Mountain pipeline project.
The environmental group's statement comes after the pipeline project's certificate of insurance was filed with the Canada Energy Regulator on April 24, 2020. The certificate outlined the providers of $508 million of liability insurance cover for the 12 months to August 31, 2020 – it also revealed that the biggest insurers of the project are the aforementioned three companies.
According to the certificate of insurance, insurers in the Lloyd's market have underwritten $460 million for the Trans Mountain pipeline. Lloyd's insurers are responsible for some $50 million of cover, the rest underwritten jointly with other insurers.
Despite indicating that it had a policy against insuring tar sands infrastructure last year, Zurich increased its insurance support for the Trans Mountain pipeline, the certificate of insurance revealed. The company is responsible for $8 million of cover, but has doubled the cover it provides jointly with other insurers to $300 million since 2019.
Munich Re had also instituted a policy against insuring tar sands last year, but the company continues to cover for the Trans Mountain project through it Canadian subsidiary, Temple Insurance. Temple Insurance is the pipeline's third biggest insurer, providing $250 million of cover with other insurers.
Apart from the three European insurance companies, Chubb had also been identified as a supporter of the controversial pipeline project. Chubb's European operations have increased their support for the pipeline since last year, when they provided $15 million of cover, it was stated. Not only has Chubb European Group renewed support for this year, it is also underwriting $185 million with other insurers.
Other insurers listed on the certificate include Liberty Mutual, Energy Insurance Mutual, AIG Canada, Stewart Specialty Risk Underwriting, WR Berkley, HDI Global SE of Canada, and Starr Companies. The document was signed on behalf of JLT.
Unfriend Coal has responded to the insurance certificate filing by condemning the participating insurers.
"Are there no risks to our climate that Lloyd's won't insure? Lloyd's has signed the Paris Pledge to support international climate targets yet Lloyd's insurers continue to underwrite activities that fuel the climate crisis," said Unfriend Coal European coordinator Lindsay Keenan.
"Zurich and Munich Re have recognized the risks from high-carbon tar sands, and together with Chubb and Liberty Mutual have restricted cover for coal," commented Unfriend Coal international coordinator Peter Bosshard. "However, their choice to continue or even increase their support for Trans Mountain calls into question their commitment to supporting international climate targets in practice."
Read more: Global environmental coalition petitions insurers to drop Trans Mountain Pipeline
Last year, a coalition of environmental groups petitioned insurers to drop coverage for the Trans Mountain Pipeline. Only a select few insurance companies expressed support for the coalition.
Liberty Mutual facing increasing pressure to exit fossil fuels
Global environmental coalition petitions insurers to drop Trans Mountain Pipeline
Expand your product suite and find new customers with Loans Canada and RateGenie.ca
Earlier this year, Loans Canada launched a new website to help connect its audience with a wider variety of services including life, home and auto insurance, and other personal finance products
Ridge Canada
Ridge Canada Cyber Solutions welcomes Brenda Fletcher to the firm
Brenda joins a growing cyber and privacy team as an underwriter
Reuters Events
The Future of Insurance Canada: An unprecedented online briefing from the industry's CEOs
On the 3rd and 4th November, The Future of Insurance Canada (Online) by Reuters Events will provide the most senior strategic briefing and conference ever see in the industry
Meet your virtual host for the 2020 IBC Awards
Insurance Business America


 Closed tournaments: Nuno and Laszlo promoting the chess on Budapest!
Closed tournaments: Nuno and Laszlo promoting the chess on Budapest!
If in a previous article (read it here), I wrote about the interesting closed tournaments for FM, IM and GMs that they were organizing every month on Budapest. Without knowing it, now I have discovered that one of the best organizers and arbiters Nuno Andrade (and friend 😉 ) is collaborating on the First Saturday Tournament of November which is being played on Budapest!
The tournament is very strong and the level is maximum! This is perfect to learn chess, improve your level and if you're lucky, raise your rating at the same time.
Win each point requires much effort but the best is that the players are fighting for an IM or GM norm! We can see the strength of the tournament looking the ranking.
The games are very interesting!
And at the same time that the players play chess, they can enjoy visiting Budapest. Play this tournament can be an awesome and unforgettable experience! If you want to play a different chess tournament against very strong opponents, these tournaments can be a good choice!
And you? Have you played this tournament? Would you like to play it? Comment the article!
https://www.albertochueca.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/16-Closed-tournaments.jpg 366 700 Alberto Chueca https://www.albertochueca.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Logo-AlbertoChueca-2.png Alberto Chueca2018-11-08 21:31:182018-11-09 02:49:31Closed tournaments: Nuno and Laszlo promoting the chess on Budapest!


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\begin{document}

\title{Enhancing transport properties in interconnected systems without altering their structure}

\author{Arsham Ghavasieh}
\affiliation{Universit\'{a} degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 5, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy}
\affiliation{Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy}

\author{Manlio De Domenico}
\email[Corresponding author:~]{mdedomenico@fbk.eu}%
\affiliation{Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy}

\date{\today

\begin{abstract}

 Units of complex systems -- such as neurons in the brain or individuals in societies -- must communicate efficiently to function properly: e.g.,  allowing electrochemical signals to travel quickly among functionally connected neuronal areas in the human brain, or allowing for fast navigation of humans and goods in complex transportation landscapes. The coexistence of different types of relationships among the units, entailing a multilayer represention in which types are considered as networks encoded by \emph{layer}s, plays an important role in the quality of information exchange among them. While altering the structure of such systems -- e.g., by physically adding (or removing) units, connections or layers -- might be costly, coupling the dynamics of subset(s) of layers in a way that reduces the number of redundant diffusion pathways across the multilayer system, can potentially accelerate the overall information flow. To this aim, we introduce a framework for \emph{functional reducibility} which allow us to enhance transport phenomena in multilayer systems by coupling layers together with respect to dynamics rather than structure. Mathematically, the optimal configuration is obtained by maximizing the deviation of system's entropy from the limit of free and non-interacting layers. Our results provide a transparent procedure to reduce diffusion time and optimize non-compact search processes in empirical multilayer systems, without the cost of altering the underlying structure.

\end{abstract}

\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

A wide variety of social, natural and artificial systems are inherently complex~\cite{boccaletti2006complex}. For instance, societies exhibit rich microscopic dynamics, at the level of single individuals, that might lead to emergent collective phenomena at larger scales~\cite{gabaix2003theory} -- e.g., financial collapses or revolutions --  which are usually difficult to predict~\cite{Bardoscia2017}. Natural systems, like ecological ones, are characterized by complex topologies that, in presence of interdependencies with other networks,
exhibit a richer response to perturbations with respect to the case where they are considered in isolation~\cite{Pilosof2017}. Similar phenomena have been observed also for engineering systems, from transportation to communication networks, where their resilience to targeted attacks or random failures of their units is important for applications~\cite{Albert2000,de2014navigability,Gao2016}, such as robustness enhancement or recovery strategies~\cite{Majdandzic2013,majdandzic2016multiple}.

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Fig1}
\caption{\label{fig:functional_vs_structural}\textbf{Structural \emph{versus} functional reducibility of multilayer systems.} In structural reduction (left) one alters the structure by iteratively aggregating layers, e.g., by summing the corresponding adjacency matrices. However, this type of intervention usually comes with some costs (e.g., temporal, infrastructural, economic, etc.). Here, we propose functional reduction (right), an alternative approach where the structure of the system is not altered while coupling the dynamics on the top of layers. While any dynamics is allowed in principle, diffusive processes are particularly suitable ones because they allow for theoretical and computational treatment. In this work, random walk dynamics is considered and layers are functionally coupled if their network states are not distinguishable from the point of view of a walker (i.e., the same color is assigned to functionally coupled layers). From an application perspective, this approach corresponds to shared tickets for public multimodal transport infrastructure or shared promotions for users who are part of multiple social networks at the same time.}

\end{figure*}

In fact, complex systems are characterized by a wide variety of physical attributes and dynamics, making difficult to analyze them within a unified framework. What do electrochemical signals exchanged among neurons in the human brain, mobility of goods/people/vehicles between different areas of a urban ecosystem, spreading of an infectious pathogen through social contact patterns and financial transactions through the backbone of a stock market have in common? From a very general perspective, the corresponding systems consist of interconnected units exchanging \emph{information} similarly to how computers and servers exchange packets of bits through the Internet. In fact, it has been originally conjectured by Murray Gell-Mann that despite their differences, complex systems resemble one another in the way they handle information and, consequently, studying how information is exchanged and processed provides a promising starting point for exploring transport phenomena in order to understand how such systems operate.

A general way to model the propagation of information through complex structures is by means of diffusive processes, such as random walks~\cite{Masuda2017}, since they are versatile models that allows one to cope with the uncertainty in the structure -- e.g., temporary link failures or damages -- of complex systems, they are based on local knowledge of structure \cite{randomcom} -- which is usually less expensive than models relying only on the global knowledge of the topology, like shortest-path-based ones. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that units of real complex systems do not preferentially exchange information along shortest paths, too expensive in terms of routing. In fact, the human brain operates in an intermediate communication regime, neither based on shortest-path routing nor on a diffusion process~\cite{avena2019spectrum}, while the Internet relies on routing tables – more specifically, forwarding tables chosen by the routing algorithm – on each machine to find sub-optimal communication pathways through the routing hierarchy~\cite{rfc1009,rfc1812}. Even individual human mobility, usually assumed to be far from random~\cite{song2010limits} is affected by arbitrariness of individuals' actions responsible for a stochastic component~\cite{smith2014refined} in trip patterns characterizing human flows~\cite{gallotti2019disentangling}, which is usually modeled by means of stochastic processes ranging from random walks to variants of brownian motion and Levy flights~\cite{barbosa2018human}. In this work, we present a way to alter the dynamics on top of multilayer networks, while keeping their structure (see Fig.~\ref{fig:functional_vs_structural}). Without changing the underlying structure, shortest paths across the whole multiplex system do not change accordingly. This unfortunate feature of shortest paths makes them useless to enhance transport properties under the hard constraint of keeping the structure unaltered.

Therefore, constituents of complex systems tend to or are designed for exchanging information in a very efficient way to function properly. An emblematic example is given by the human brain, where the collective dynamics of billions of neurons is responsible for coordinating the human body and cognitive activities, while keeping energy cost as low as possible~\cite{Bullmore2012}. However, a deeper understanding of how to act on the system to enhance or hinder transport phenomena -- such as navigability~\cite{boguna2009navigability} -- continues to elude us, because they depend on the interplay between structure and dynamics of a complex system, which is usually difficult to model and quantify~\cite{liu2011controllability}. Nevertheless, understanding such an interplay represents one of the most important challenges in complexity science, with promising advances. In fact, it has been recently shown that the relation between structure and dynamics of information flow can be unraveled by analyzing how perturbations propagate through the system~\cite{harush2017dynamic}. The complex interplay between structure and dynamics of information propagation has been also mapped to its latent geometry to better understand network-driven contagion phenomena~\cite{brockmann2013hidden} and, more recently, it has been shown how signal propagation is able to capture the role of network connectivity in propagating local information, thus linking the topology to the observed spatio-temporal spread of perturbative signals across it~\cite{hens2019spatiotemporal}.

However, the same task is even more challenging when the system of interest can be described in terms of a multilayer network~\cite{gao2012networks,de2013mathematical,gomez2013diffusion,Radicchi2013,Kivela2014,boccaletti2014structure,de2016physics}. For instance, multilayer models for urban and regional transportation systems  -- accounting for different means, from rails, to ships and flights, serving the same geographical areas simultaneously -- have highlighted that an efficient flow might be hindered by the lack of synchronization between different layers~\cite{gallotti2014anatomy}.

Up to date, it is still unknown how to enhance flow distribution in multilayer systems, especially under constraints. For instance, one might want to add new fast connections (e.g., highways, tube, flights, etc.) between distant geographic areas to speed up the traffic flow. However, since each connection comes with an economic cost, it is very unlikely that most of them can be realized in practice. Similarly, one might avoid to cut existing connections, even if desirable in some cases, because they might have a high societal cost in terms of impact on the population. \revv{It has been recently shown that for multilayer networks with interlinks, changing the weights of interlinks can enhance the diffusion on top of the networks \cite{physrevlett110} and lead to the phenomenon of "super diffusion". However, in many complex systems, as the ones which can be modeled by coupled networks, interlinks either do not exist or it is not trivial to assign weights to them.} Therefore, the challenge is to enhance transport properties without altering the existing structure: this can be achieved, in principle, by functionally coupling together layers with similar flow patterns. \revv{ When each layer of the multilayer system is represented by a specific color, an emblematic way to understand functional coupling of two layers is to assign the same color to both of them and make them indistinguishable, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:functional_vs_structural}.}

It is worth remarking that this approach leaves the structures of layers intact, while only altering the dynamics on top of them, in a way that the dynamical process can not recognize functionally coupled layers as distinct ones. For instance, this type of solutions is adopted, to some extent, by airlines proposing shared flights to their customers.

Intuitively, one might think that reducing structural redundancy -- defined in terms of replicated connections across layers -- can provide a solution. Remarkably, the recent analysis of common estimators of structural redundancy, such as edge overlapping, revealed that the presence of redundant connectivity might boost the robustness of multiplex networks~\cite{radicchi2017redundant}. However, when more complex indicators of redundancy are needed, our understanding is dramatically more limited. On the one hand, recent studies focused on quantifying the distance between two complex networks in terms of their structural dissimilarities~\cite{schieber2017quantification} -- as a distance between probability distributions extracted from the networks -- or their spectral information content~\cite{de2016spectral} have been successfully used to compare classical, single-layer, networks. On the other hand, structural dissimilarities~\cite{carpi2018assessing} and spectral entropy divergence~\cite{de2015structural} between layers have been recently proposed as effective approaches for reducing the structure of such systems, based on different ordering strategies. However, methods relying only on structural features are not suitable for our purposes -- as they are costly in practice -- and they perform poorly, as we show later. The reason is that they are based on heuristics, lacking a fundamental understanding of the underlying physics.

We show that a fundamentally different perspective must be considered instead of structural redundancy: by using random walk dynamics as a proxy for information flow, transport phenomena are enhanced when subsets of layers are functionally grouped together in such a way that the corresponding diffusion pathways are maximally different. Therefore one must analyze the functional redundancy of a multiplex system, defined by abundant and redundant diffusion pathways that distribute the flow between different system's units.

In the following, for sake of clarity, to avoid any confusion with structural redundancy, we will refer to functional reduction and functionally reduced networks to indicate a loss of redundancy in diffusion pathways across layers. At variance with structural reducibility, functionally reducible multiplex systems consists of layers that can be functionally grouped into subsets to enhance transport, whereas irreducible systems do not allow for any functional aggregation. The difference between structural reducibility that alters the structure of multilayer networks, and the proposed functional reducibility that only alters the dynamics on top of multilayer networks, is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:functional_vs_structural}.

In this work, we develop tools familiar to physicists -- such as partition function and mean-field calculations -- to investigate the interplay between structure and dynamics of multilayer systems from a spectral perspective -- an approach revealing successful for a similar purpose in the case of classical networks~\cite{arenas2006synchronization,gfeller2007spectral,krzakala2013spectral,castellano2017relating}. By exploiting the relation between the flow distribution in a multiplex network and the spectral diversity of its layers, our framework can provide a broad spectrum of applications -- from more optimal supply strategy that combine transportation of goods to more efficient navigability of urban areas by allowing for multimodal trips with the same ticket -- that can be achieved by devising tailored policies targeting the dynamics of systems, without the cost of changing their structure.

\section{Statistical Physics of Random Walks in Complex Networks}

In this section, we introduce the state of multiplex networks, discuss the role of their structure in hindering the information flow, find an inequality relating partition functions of single layers to the partition function of the whole system and develop a mean-field approach to allow for analytical derivations of the next sections. Note that most mathematical details are provided in the Appendices, while we provide here the theoretical grounds required for defining and understanding the functional reducibility of multilayer systems.

\heading{Information flow in multiplex networks} Multiplex networks are a special class of multilayer systems providing a successful and widely used model for a broad variety of empirical systems~\cite{Kivela2014,boccaletti2014structure}. This class of networks is characterized by nodes with multiple types of relationships or interactions, simultaneously, which are encoded by layers. Here, physical nodes correspond to the physical units of the system, whereas state nodes correspond to the replicas of a physical node across layers.

Information flow in complex networks has been successfully modeled by diffusive processes such as random walks~\cite{Masuda2017}. However, while random walk dynamics has been previously introduced for interconnected multilayer systems~\cite{de2013mathematical,de2014navigability}, the case of multiplex systems has been recently studied only by using the full aggregation of the system into a single-layer network~\cite{battiston2016efficient}. Clearly, the dynamics of a random walker on the aggregated representation of a multiplex system can not coincide with the multiplex dynamics.

To describe the random walk dynamics on top of multiplex networks, we first find the corresponding transition matrix, that is given by $\mathbf{T}=\langle\mathbf{T}^{(\ell)}\rangle $ (See Appendix~\ref{app:randommultiplex}), and encodes the probability of jumps from each node to any other. Similarly, the normalized Laplacian matrix corresponding to the multiplex random walk dynamics can be obtained as $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}=\mathbf{I}-\mathbf{T}=\langle \boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}^{(\ell)} \rangle$, being $\mathbf{I}$ the identity matrix. This means that the normalized Laplacian matrix encoding random walks on a multiplex network is the weighted average of Laplacian matrices of layers. Importantly, each layer's weight corresponds to its contribution to the overall flow of information. As these weights are often hard to assess or not known at all, when this is the case we assume that there is no preference on layers, and from now on we consider uniform distribution of weights, $1/L$, for a multiplex network of $L$ layers. Nevertheless, it is worth remarking that the proposed method and the theoretical framework are valid for any general distributions of weights.

The propagator (see Appendix~\ref{app:randommultiplex}) governs the temporal evolution of the random walk and, for this reason, it encodes information about the interplay between the structure of the system and the random search dynamics on the top of it. In fact, it has been recently used to define the state of the system~\cite{de2016spectral}, similar in spirit to the approach widely used in quantum statistical mechanics to define the mixed state of entangled quantum units. In this framework, the network state is defined by $\boldsymbol{\rho}(\tau) = \frac{e^{-\tau \boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}}}{Z}$ , where $Z(\tau)=\tr {e^{-\tau \boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}}}$ is a normalization factor, playing the same role of the partition function of the system. This state, which is formally identical to a density matrix~\cite{RevModPhys.29.74}, is then used to calculate the Von Neumann entropy of a complex network as $ S(\tau)=-\tr{\boldsymbol{\rho}(\tau)  \log_{2} \boldsymbol{\rho}(\tau) }$.
See Appendix~\ref{app:notation} for further details.

\heading{Physical meaning of the partition function} Here, we provide first a deeper understanding of the meaning of the partition function. In fact, $Z(\tau)=N\mathcal{R}(\tau)$, being $\mathcal{R}(\tau)=N^{-1}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}e^{-\tau \lambda_{i}}$ the average return probability of random walker and $\lambda_{i}$ is the $i$--th eigenvalue of $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$   (see Appendix~\ref{app:dynamicaltrapping}). As mentioned before, random walk can be used as a proxy of information transport in complex networks. Intuitively, high average return probability is associated with the tendency of structure to trap the information flow in its initial place. So, this correspondence between partition function of the system and average return probability, unravels how partition function relates to transport phenomena in complex networks. Furthermore, one can define density matrices in terms of any valid Laplacian encoding other types of dynamics (e.g., continuous diffusion). In this case, while the average return probability can not even be defined, the partition function still exists and corresponds to the amount of information that is trapped in its initial place and flow more difficultly towards peripheral parts of the network.

As mentioned above, high average return probability indicates that the random walker can not explore efficiently the rest of the network. Consequently, the presence of structural symmetries and abundance of redundant diffusion pathways for information to propagate between system's units are expected. For instance, in an ordered and symmetric structure like a regular lattice, where each node interacts only with its first neighbors and no long-range interactions are possible, the information exchange between distant nodes is slow and inefficient. Conversely, low average return probability indicates that the random walker can navigate the network faster. For instance, breaking down structural order by adding long range interactions between distant nodes, generating topological shortcuts and other defects like in small-world~\cite{Watts1998} and scale-free~\cite{Barabasi1999} networks, information flows faster and transport properties are enhanced, accordingly. $Z(\tau)$, as a measure of transport that we name average dynamical trapping in the following, is able to encode these phenomena. The same arguments apply to multiplex networks, with the difference that in this case we are wondering if the redundancy of diffusion pathways across layers can be reduced by superimposing subsets of layers, in order to reduce the average dynamical trapping.

\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Fig3}
\caption{\label{fig:synthetic}\textbf{Functional reducibility in synthetic systems} (A) A multiplex network with 100 nodes, consisting of 5 identical layers and 5 distinct random networks with wiring probability 0.2 is illustrated in its simulated form (Original System), its form after functionally coupling its layers according to the framework presented in this study (Minimum-Redundancy Functional Coupling) and the functional form corresponding to the coupling of all layers simultaneously (Aggregate). (B) Heatmap encoding pairwise dissimilarity (the darker the color, the larger the distance) between layers shown in panel (A), according to collective cosine distance (see Appendix \ref{app:CCD}). For clarity, cells are re-arranged in such a way that closer layers have smaller distance. (C) From top to bottom: intertwining compared to transport properties such as average return probability \revv{(rescaled by $N$)}, diffusion time and navigability, respectively, that can be enhanced on this multiplex network by using functional reducibility. Note that average return probability $\mathcal{R}(m)$ at reduction step $m$, integrated over $\tau$, has been then transformed by $-\log(1-\mathcal{R}(m)/\max\limits_{m}\{\mathcal{R}(m))\}$ for clarity. (D) A multiplex network with 100 nodes where layers are uncorrelated random networks with wiring probability 0.2. (F) As in (B), but for the system considered in panel (D). \revv{(F)} Transport properties are not enhanced by functional coupling because spectral diversity is maximized when the original system is not functionally aggregated. See Fig.~\ref{fig:app:synthetic} for results on additional synthetic models.}
\end{figure*}

\heading{Fundamental inequality for multiplex systems} Multiplexity of interactions among units generate non-trivial dynamical correlations between layers that have no counterpart when layers are considered in isolation. This important difference can be characterized in terms of differences in information content, quantified by average entropy distance of the multiplex and its layers (see Appendix~ \ref{app:partition}), that we call \emph{intertwining}. In the next sections, we discuss the central role of intertwining in functional reducibility.

Directly from intertwining, a fundamental inequality between the partition function of a multiplex system as whole and the partition functions of its layers can be derived. This inequality is important, as it relates the transport phenomena of multiplex system and layers, through average dynamical trapping (see Appendix~\ref{app:partition} for details):
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:fundrel}Z(\tau) \leq \prod\limits_{\ell=1}^{L} Z^{(\ell)}(\tau)^{1/L},
\end{eqnarray}
where equality holds if and only if all the layers are the same, i.e. the random exploration of the network does not depend on any specific layer of the system. This equality defines the non-interacting scenario where layer-layer correlations do not alter the underlying dynamics: the entropy $S^{(\ell)}(\tau)$ of each layer is calculated separately and the overall entropy is given by their average $S_{\text{nint}}(\tau)=\langle S^{(\ell)}(\tau)\rangle$. Conversely, any topological alteration of the non-interacting scenario introduces a dynamical correlation between layers, requiring the exploration of layers to gather more information about the system: in this case the network consists of interacting layers, where the diffusion dynamics on the whole multiplex network is considered to measure the entropy $S_{\text{int}}(\tau)$.

\heading{Mean-field entropy} An analytical treatment of Von Neumann entropy is, in general, difficult and we have developed a spectral mean-field theory to cope with this complexity (Appendices~\ref{app:mf}--\ref{app:mf1st}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:entrmf}
S_{\text{MF}}(\tau) = \frac{1}{\log 2}\(\tau\frac{Z(\tau)-1}{Z(\tau)}+\log Z(\tau)\)
\end{eqnarray}
In the next section, we use mean-field entropy to find a simple representation of intertwining, in terms of $S_{\text{int}}$ and $S_{\text{nint}}$.
\section{Quantifying layer-layer interactions: the intertwining}

Using fundamental inequality~(\ref{eq:fundrel}) and mean-field entropy(\ref{eq:entrmf}), it can be shown that $S_{\text{int}}(\tau)\leq S_{\text{nint}}(\tau)$ (Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining}): i.e., layer-layer interactions lower system's  entropy and, consequently, its partition function $Z(\tau)$. We exploit the average information divergence of layers from the whole (see Eq.~\ref{eq:avgdiv}) rescaled by its upper bound, to provide a normalized measure that quantifies the importance of describing the system in terms of coupled networks rather than networks in isolation. For values of $\tau$ sufficiently large, and in absence of isolated state nodes, it can be shown that the relative intertwining reduces to the deviation between interacting and non-interacting entropies (see Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining_dimred} for details):
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{I}^{*}(\tau) =1 -\frac{S_{\text{int}}(\tau)}{S_{\text{nint}}(\tau)},
\end{eqnarray}
which is bounded between 0 (i.e., the system is reducible to a single network) and 1 (i.e., the system is irreducible).

Before presenting how to use the relative intertwining for the analysis of multiplex networks, we derive analytically its direct dependence on the partition function and the eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian matrix, especially on $\lambda_{2}$ -- the second smallest one -- which governs many transport phenomena, as shown in the following. From the master equation, the Laplacian matrix of the multiplex network is given by $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}=\langle \boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}^{(\ell)}\rangle$: here, we write the Laplacian matrix $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}^{(\ell)}$ of each layer as the perturbation $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}^{(\ell)}=\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}+\Delta \boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}^{(\ell)}$, reflecting in the corresponding eigenvalues as $\lambda_{i}^{(\ell)}=\lambda_{i} + \Delta\lambda_{i}^{(\ell)}$ $(i = 0,1,...N)$.

It can be shown that $\langle\Delta\lambda^{(\ell)}\rangle=0$ (see Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining_dimred}) and that $\langle (\Delta\lambda^{(\ell)})^{2} \rangle \geq 0 $, the latter quantifying the influence of the perturbation to each layer. The variance is zero only in the case of identical layers.

A quantity of interest is the variance averaged across all layers, i.e. $\overline{\left\langle\(\Delta\lambda^{(\ell)}\)^{2} \right\rangle}$, which measures the overall influence of the perturbation: it is expected to increase for increasing deviation of layers from the average, i.e. for increasing diversity of the layers. In fact, we show that the relative intertwining is directly proportional to this variance (Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining_dimred}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:ivsvariance}
\mathcal{I}^\star(\tau) &\approx& \frac{\tau^{2}}{2} \overline{\left\langle\(\Delta\lambda^{(\ell)}\)^{2} \right\rangle},
\end{eqnarray}
which increases as the diversity of diffusion pathways of layers increases.

Similarly, $Z^{(\ell)}(\tau)=Z_{\text{int}}(\tau)+\Delta Z^{(\ell)}(\tau)$ holds for partition functions and we show that (see Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining_dimred} for details)
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:ivsz}
\mathcal{I}^{\star}(\tau) &\approx& \frac{\overline{\Delta Z^{(\ell)}}(\tau)}{ Z_{\text{int}}(\tau) - 1 };\ \overline{\Delta Z^{(\ell)}}(\tau)=\frac{1}{L}\sum\limits_{\ell=1}^{L} \Delta Z^{(\ell)}(\tau).
\end{eqnarray}
Equations~(\ref{eq:ivsvariance}) and (\ref{eq:ivsz}) provide the first fundamental result of this work: they show that by minimizing the partition function of the system one maximizes the relative intertwining while favoring the maximum functional diversity of layers. The second fundamental result of this work is the direct relationship between the relative intertwining and the second smallest eigenvalue $\lambda_2$ of the normalized Laplacian matrix (see Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining_transport} for details):
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{I}^{\star}(\tau)&\approx& \tau(\lambda_{2} - \overline{\lambda_{2}^{(\ell)}} ).
\end{eqnarray}
This relation is important because it highlights how maximizing intertwining corresponds to maximize $\lambda_2$, which in turn is equal to the inverse of diffusion time and it plays a crucial role for navigability as two important transport properties of complex networks (see Appendix \ref{app:transport}).

Thus, by maximizing the relative intertwining, one actually enhances the most important transport phenomena on multiplex systems and, as a byproduct, reduces their dimensionality. To use our framework for practical applications, we need a strategy for identifying similar layers in a multiplex network, aggregating them accordingly, and a stopping criterion. We use a novel approach, namely collective cosine distance, which is computationally faster and more reliable than existing methods when dealing with isolated nodes and multiple connected components (see Appendix \ref{app:CCD}) to cluster layers. Note that we perform an exhaustive pairwise search among possible functional groups, \emph{de facto} getting rid of heuristics such as hierarchical clustering~\cite{de2015structural,de2016spectral}.

\section{Functional reducibility of multiplex systems}

For each value of the time $\tau$, we calculate all pairwise distances between layers to to find the most similar ones: at each step $m$ of this sequence, the corresponding value $\mathcal{I}^{\star}(\tau;m)$ of the relative intertwining is calculated. Finally, the values of relative intertwining are averaged over $\tau$ as $\mathcal{I}^{\star}(m)=\langle\mathcal{I}^{\star}(\tau;m)\rangle$ and used for comparison against navigability, diffusion time at each aggregation step. We repeat this procedure until the original system is aggregated into a single network, representing the superposition of the whole system from the dynamical perspective. The average relative intertwining is expected to reach a maximum value if any desirable superposition of subsets of layers exists (see Appendix~\ref{app:intertwining_dimred} analytical details): in this case, the resulting system is characterized by enhanced transport properties. At this optimal grouping, in the sense that it is the most desirable configuration among the possible ones, the remaining number of layers can be indicated by $L_{\text{opt}}$ and one can define the \emph{reducibility} of a multilayer network as $\chi=(L-L_{\text{opt}})/(L-1)$ to characterize this system's feature with one scalar. Note that $\chi$ quantifies the fraction of layers grouped together: one can use either structural reducibility~\cite{de2015structural} -- maximizing the topological distinguishability from the aggregate --  or functional reducibility -- maximizing differences in diffusion pathways across layers -- defined in this work. However, when transport phenomena are a concern, functional reducibility must be preferred.

\heading{Synthetic systems} We have performed several numerical experiments to validate our theory on toy models with functionally reducible or irreducible systems. We show one representative case for each case in Fig.~\ref{fig:synthetic}. For the reducible case, see Fig.~\ref{fig:synthetic}A--C, our framework is able to detect functional redundancy and reduce it as expected, while lowering diffusion time, average return probability and dynamical trapping, and increasing navigability. For the irreducible case, see Fig.~\ref{fig:synthetic}D--F, a multiplex system consisting of noisy and independent layers is not functionally reducible, as expected. For further synthetic systems, see Appendix~\ref{app:syntheticapp}.

Remarkably, all transport properties considered here are enhanced by functionally coupling layers according to our theoretical framework.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Fig4}
\caption{\label{fig:empirical}\textbf{Functional reducibility of empirical multilayer systems} The same analysis shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:synthetic} is performed on different multilayer systems, namely the: (A) protein-protein interactions of \emph{Xenopus Laevis} (the African clawed frog)~\cite{de2015structural}; (B) co-authorship network of the Pierre Auger experiment~\cite{de2015identifying}; (C) public transportation of London~\cite{de2014navigability}; (D) European airport network~\cite{cardillo2013emergence}. See the text for further details about the data set. Note that entries $d_{ij}$ of distance matrices have been transformed by $-\log(d_{ij})$ to enhance the visualization of the corresponding heatmaps.\revv{(The average return probability is rescaled by $N$)}}
\end{figure*}

In the following, we apply our framework to analyze the functional reducibility of empirical multilayer systems, including biological, social and transportation ones.

\heading{Biological system} As a representative biological system, we consider the largest connected component of molecular interactions of 263 proteins characterizing the proteome of \emph{Xenopus Laevis} (the African clawed frog)~\cite{de2015structural}, where layers encode different genetic interactions (Association, Direct interaction, Physical association, Colocalization and Suppressive genetic interaction defined by inequality)~\cite{stark2006biogrid}. Note that the last layer consists only of one link and we discard it from the analysis. Results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:empirical}A and summarized in Tab.~\ref{tab:Xenopus}.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
\hline
\textbf{functional group} & \textbf{layer ID (layer name)}                                                  \\ \hline
1                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}1 (Association) \\ 4 (Colocalization)\end{tabular} \\ \hline
2                         & 2 (Direct interaction)                                                          \\ \hline
3                         & 3 (Physical association)                                                        \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Functional coupling of layers in the multiplex protein-protein interaction network of \emph{Xenopus Laevis}. Reducibility: $\chi_{func}=33.3\%. $}
\label{tab:Xenopus}
\end{table}

Our analysis suggests that, from a functional perspective, protein-protein interactions characterized by Association and Colocalization in this organism can be coupled together. This result is in striking disagreement with the result obtained from structural reducibility, where the other two layers were aggregated because indistinguishable from an information-theoretic perspective~\cite{de2015structural}.

\heading{Social system} The social system considered is the largest connected component of the collaboration network of the 475 scientists affiliated to the Pierre Auger experiment~\cite{de2015identifying}, the largest
observatory of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Here, collaborators work together in different research topics
on specific tasks defining the 16 layers (e.g., Source detection, Mass composition, Experimental enhancements, Shower reconstruction, etc) of the multilayer co-authorship system. Note that one layer was so sparse with respect to the other layers that we have discarded it from the analysis. Results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:empirical}B and summarized in Tab.~\ref{tab:Auger}.

\begin{table}[h!]
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
\hline
\textbf{functional group} & \textbf{layer ID (layer name)}                                                             \\ \hline
1                        & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}5 (Point-source),\\  2 (Detector), \\ 9 (Spectrum)\end{tabular} \\ \hline
2                        & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}6 (Mass-composition), \\ 12 (SD-reconstruction)\end{tabular} \\ \hline
3                        & 1 (Neutrinos)   \\ \hline
4                        & 3 (Enhancements)\\ \hline
5                        & 4 (Anisotropy)  \\ \hline
6                        & 7 (Horizontal)  \\ \hline
7                        & 8 (Hybrid-reconstruction) \\ \hline
8                        & 10 (Photons) \\ \hline
9                        & 11 (Atmospheric)\\ \hline
10                        & 13 (Hadronic-interactions) \\ \hline
11                       & 14 (Exotics) \\ \hline
12                       & 15 (Magnetic)   \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Similar to Tab.~\ref{tab:Xenopus}, for the Pierre Auger collaboration network. Reducibility: $\chi_{func}=21.4\%$.}
\label{tab:Auger}
\end{table}

In this case, our analysis suggests the existence of two functional groups of layers. The two groups do not reflect similarities observed in the multilayer community organization of scientists~\cite{de2015identifying}, highlighting how the suggested functional coupling does not reflect trivial or complex structural features.

\heading{Urban and large-scale transportation systems} We further consider two transportation systems at different scales: the urban public transportation system of London consisting of 11 tube lines, DLR and Overground~\cite{de2014navigability} and 369 stations, and the European airport network~\cite{cardillo2013emergence}, consisting of 417 airports connected by flight routes served by 37 airlines defining layers. Results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:empirical}C--D and summarized in Tab.~\ref{tab:EUairline}--\ref{tab:London}, respectively.

Remarkably, in the case of London transportation, the result differs from the one obtained from structural reducibility, which instead predicts the aggregation of only one layer ($\chi_{struct}=8\%$~\cite{de2015structural}). This effect is due to the fact that distinguishability with respect to the aggregate network is not sufficient, alone, to capture the complex effects due to layer-layer coupling which, instead, are perfectly accounted for by the system's intertwining. In fact, the functional reducibility $\chi$ obtained in this case is 33.3\%, with the advantage of lowering both the diffusion time and dynamical trapping. Interestingly, DLR and Overground, which are very different from other tube lines, are not functionally coupled with other layers, confirming that, from a functional perspective, they are not redundant for flowing passengers.

\begin{table}[h!]
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
\hline
\textbf{functional group} & \textbf{layer ID (layer name)}                                                   \\ \hline
1                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}2  (jubilee)\\ 11 (circle)\end{tabular}               \\ \hline
2                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}4  (hammersmith and city)\\ 10 (central)\end{tabular} \\ \hline
3                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}6  (bakerloo)\\ 12 (victoria)\end{tabular}            \\ \hline
4                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}7  (piccadilly)\\ 8  (northern)\end{tabular}          \\ \hline
5                         & 1  (dlr)                                                                         \\ \hline
6                         & 3  (district)                                                                    \\ \hline
7                         & 5  (overground)                                                                  \\ \hline
8                         & 9  (metropolitan)                                                                \\ \hline
9                         & 13 (waterloo and city)                                                           \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Similar to Tab.~\ref{tab:Xenopus}, for London Tube. Reducibility: $\chi_{func}=33.3\%$.}
\label{tab:London}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!h]
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
\hline
\textbf{functional group} & \textbf{layer ID (layer name)} \\ \hline
1                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}2 (Ryanair)\\ 27(Transavia Holland)\\ 15 (Flybe)\end{tabular}    \\ \hline
2                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}7 (Air France)\\
11 (Swiss International Air Lines)\end{tabular}  \\ \hline
3                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}8 (Scandinavian Airlines)\\ 20 (LOT Polish Airlines)\end{tabular} \\ \hline
4                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}10 (Alitalia)\\ 23 (Air Lingus)\end{tabular}                      \\ \hline
5                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}12 (Iberia)\\ 17 (TAP Portugal)\end{tabular}                      \\ \hline
6                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}13 (Norwegian Air Shuttle)\\ 28 (Niki)\end{tabular}               \\ \hline
7                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}16 (Wizz Air)\\ 25 (Panagra Airways)\end{tabular}                 \\ \hline
8                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}18 (Brussels Airlines)\\ 32 (European Air Transport)\end{tabular} \\ \hline
9                         & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}19 (Finnair)\\ 33 (Malev Hungarian Airlines)\end{tabular}         \\ \hline
10                        & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}21 (Vueling Airlines)\\ 30 (Aegean Airlines)\end{tabular}         \\ \hline
11                        & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}24 (Germanwings)\\ 36 (TNT Airways)\end{tabular}                  \\ \hline
12                        & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}31 (Czech Airlines)\\ 34 (Air Baltic)\end{tabular}                \\ \hline
13                        & 1 (Lufthansa)                                                                                \\ \hline
14                        & 3 (Easyjet)                                                                                \\ \hline
15                        & 4 (British Airways)                                                                          \\ \hline
16                        & 5 (Turkish Airlines)                                                                         \\ \hline
17                        & 6 (Air Berlin)                                                                               \\ \hline
18                        & 9 (KLM)                                                                                \\ \hline
19                        & 14 (Austrian Airlines)                                                                       \\ \hline
20                        & 22 (Air Nostrum)                                                                             \\ \hline
21                        & 26 (Netjets)                                                                                \\ \hline
22                        & 29 (SunExpress)                                                                              \\ \hline
23                        & 35 (Wideroe)                                                                                \\ \hline
24                        & 37 (Olympic Air)                                                                             \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Similar to Tab.~\ref{tab:Xenopus}, for the EU airport network. Reducibility: $\chi_{func}=35.1\%$.}
\label{tab:EUairline}
\end{table}

In the case of the EU airport network we observe a functional reducibility of about 35\%. It is worth mentioning that the analysis of structural reducibility of a larger data set -- encoding flight routes in Europe from 175 airlines serving 1064 airports -- reported a reduction of 6\%~\cite{de2015structural}: we will discuss better this result in the next section.

It is worth discussing about results obtained for the navigability of all empirical systems considered here. In fact, this transport descriptor is not enhanced, at variance with the other descriptors, when intertwining is maximized. However, this is not a limitation of the proposed framework because the equation relating intertwining to navigability has been obtained under an approximation that, evidently, is not satisfied when many isolated state nodes are present. In fact, even the coverage, and consequently the navigability, has been originally introduced to deal with interconnected multilayer systems where state nodes exist in all layers. In this work, we have introduced its generalization to the case of non-interconnected multiplex networks: when state nodes are defined in all layers, as in our synthetic benchmarks, both the coverage and the navigability behave as expected and, in fact, are correctly enhanced. When a large fraction of state nodes are present only in a few layers, as in most empirical systems, random walkers are more unlikely to reach those nodes, dramatically reducing the overall probability of hitting the corresponding physical nodes. Since the study of a new measure of coverage and navigability is beyond the scope of this work, we leave it for future studies devoted to better define such measures to deal with more exotic topological scenarios.

\section{Conclusions and outlook}

This study provides a transparent framework to better understand the interplay between complex topologies and non-compact search dynamics~\cite{chupeau2015cover}, allowing one to exploit the multifaceted interactions among constituents of complex systems -- usually encoded by multilayer networks -- to enhance transport phenomena without altering the underlying structure.

First, we defined the average dynamical trapping of a complex network to quantify the efficiency in information exchange between its constituents: the flow distribution is more efficient when this trapping is minimized. Therefore, we demonstrated that this concept is intimately related to the spectral partition function of a complex network, allowing us to map the analysis of transport phenomena into the analysis of system's spectral entropy.

By applying the same principle to multilayer networks, we have identified a strategy for coupling subsets of layers -- according to a functional criterion -- in order to minimize the overall partition function. In fact, layers are grouped together by considering their superposition with respect to random walk dynamics. The choice of layers to superpose is driven by the deviation of system's entropy from the limit of non-interacting layers. This approach, justified from an information-theoretic perspective, has an elegant physical meaning: redundant diffusion pathways across layers are reduced until the multilayer system consists of layers with very different transport properties. This results is confirmed theoretically, showing that the average variance of the corresponding eigenvalue spectra must be maximum.

Results from synthetic benchmarks were in agreement with our expectations. Similarly, results from empirical multilayer systems confirmed the possibility to functionally couple group of layers to enhance information flow in the corresponding systems.

For instance, in the case of the collaboration network of Pierre Auger scientists, we provided evidence that some tasks should be coupled together. A mailing list -- or any other shared communication mean -- involving all scientists collaborating on the corresponding tasks would facilitate exchange of relevant information among peers. In fact, at the time described by the data set (i.e., between 2010 and 2012), an independent mailing list was assigned to each task and scientists had to subscribe to multiple ones to be updated with relevant information. However, this approach was not really efficient: it was not unusual to receive multiple times the same information.

The case of the European airport network was interesting as well. From a policy perspective, the functional coupling of routes corresponding to different airlines suggests that passenger flows would benefit from shared tickets. Among the identified functional groups, many are very reasonable when the location of the corresponding headquarters is considered: e.g., Air France and Swiss International Air Lines, Iberia and TAP Portugal, Ryanair and Flybe. Remarkably, while airline companies tend to avoid overlapping routes, as demonstrated by a structural reducibility of 6\%~\cite{de2015structural}, they are correlated (functional reducibility of 35\%) in a such a way that, from a functional point of view, they can still improve their transportation service.

In the case of London public transport, we have found that a few configurations close to the functionally optimal one are also plausible in terms of enhanced transport properties and intertwining. This result was not surprising: the layers of this multiplex system have tree-like structures which tend to avoid topological overlap towards peripheral areas, thus different functional configurations might enhance transport in a similar way.

On the one hand, our findings open the doors to a broad spectrum of applications where superimposing layers with tailored policies induces relevant and controllable changes in transport phenomena, reducing diffusion time and enhancing navigability in multilayer networks. Nevertheless, the proposed approach can be easily adapted to scenarios where one physically acts on system's topology, not necessarily multilayer, for instance by adding (or removing) either its constituents or its connections. On the other hand, the theoretical framework developed in this work can be used further explore the bridge between statistical physics and network information theory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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-or- mail your contribution to: United Way of Pueblo County Attn: Bianca Hicks, PO Box 11566, Pueblo, CO 81001. Please mark Business Blitz in the memo line.


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Please consider using the Texas Historical Commission's new electronic THC Review and Compliance (eTRAC) system to streamline the project review process. Click on the link above to access the Users Guide, eTRAC home page, FAQs, and instructional training videos. Note that the following instructions regarding what materials to include with your electronic submission remain valid. We recommend including the Request for SHPO Consultation Form or a cover letter describing your project, along with all necessary attachments, as further described in the eTRAC Users Guide.
Some types of materials, such as architectural and engineering plans and specifications, may need to be submitted in hard copy rather than electronially. If your submittal includes such plans, files exceeding 40 MB, or Antiquities Permit Amendments, Transfers or Extension Requests, the entire submittal package may be sent by mail or delivery service, or contact Laney Fisher (laney.fisher@thc.texas.gov) for electronic delivery options. If submitting a project in hard copy, DO NOT also submit it using the eTRAC system.
Submitting Project Reviews by Mail or Delivery Service
If you wish to submit your review in hard copy by mail or delivery service, follow the instructions below. Note that faxes and emailed submissions are not acceptable.
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Fall in love with the message print on this white shirt. The graphic writing brings structure to the figure. It can be matched with a short leather jacket, coated trousers and derbies for a city chic look!


ORLANDO, FL: Clorox, the cleaning brand, successfully managed to overcome a case of "short-termitis" by taking a more human-centric, and purpose-driven, approach to marketing.
Eric Reynolds, Clorox's Chief Marketing Officer, discussed this subject during a keynote session at the Association of National Advertisers' (ANA) 2017 Masters of Marketing Conference.
More specifically, he referenced how the company's eponymous cleaning brand had adopted a purpose premised around the notion that "Clorox Champions a Clean World Where People Can Thrive".
This mission was based in large part on the insight that while people may not enjoy the process of cleaning, the end results are extremely valuable.
In bringing that proposition to life, Clorox focused on real people. "We decided to follow them on their journey – to celebrate the fact that, even though people hate cleaning, they love clean," said Reynolds.
Implementing this type of approach, he continued, followed on from a period where the brand put too much emphasis on tactics like programmatic advertising.
This strategy delivered some strong results: "It absolutely worked marvelously. Between 2014 and 2015 – in that sleepy, old, boring cleaning category – we grew by double digits," he added.
But a report from brand consultancy Prophet identified another, and uglier, quantitative truth: Out of 400 brands, Clorox checked in the bottom third, occupying 278th place.
The answer reflected a "huge case of 'short-termitis,'" where data and technology were afforded an undue level of predominance.
This Company Profile from Euromonitor provides key details and analysis of Clorox, the owner of brands such as Brita filters and Burt's Bees.
This event report addresses how Clorox, the consumer goods manufacturer, developed a more effective approach to shopper marketing through adopting a truly holistic strategy.
This event report addresses how Clorox, the FMCG manufacturer, is tapping into the emerging field of proximity marketing.


For sale is a set of 3 art glass lighting shades. The shape of these are known as the Squash Blossom shape. The color of the shades are extremely similar to Steuben's Gold Aurene and LCT Tiffany Gold Favrile.
These shades are approximately 5 1/4" tall and the mouth of the shades have a 3 9/16" diameter. The neck or fitter end fits a standard 2 1/4" fitter. These shades are a cost effective replacements for any shades that might be missing from an original Handel, Tiffany Studios, Steuben, Quezal, Loetz, Lustre Art, Pittsburgh, Bradley and Hubbard, table or floor lamp. These are also great replacements for antique wall sconces and chandeliers that utilize the 2 1/4" fitter.
These shades are unsigned and of contemporary make. These shades are near perfect as there are no cracks, chips or dings. Here is you chance to own a quality set of 3 Art Glass Shades for a fraction of an Original Antique Shade. Purchase with confidence as these are quality just like the antique ones.


text:
Some E3 Optimism
It's so easy to be cynical about E3, so this year I tried to show a little optimism.
I really was stunned when Sony revealed The Last Guardian. It is hard for me to overstate how important Ico was when I first played it. The game released during a tumultuous period for me and I found it quiet mystery immensely enthralling. It was a safe space to escape, but more than that it filled me with a wonder. Many of the games I enjoy today remind me of that first experience when I felt games could create such a dramatic sense of awe.
One of my favorite experiences at E3 this year was Beyond Eyes. Created by Sherida Halatoe and a team of developers from Team 17, Beyond Eyes follows a young blind girl who's past experiences define how she interprets the world with her new limited senses. It's an absolutely gorgeous watercolor world, and the way it colors itself into being is reminiscent of The Unfinished Swan. The way Rae, the young protagonist, colors in her surroundings based on earlier encounters makes for some interesting moments where sound triggers emotion. Thinking she hears, say, a flock of crows, Rae can move on, avoiding the creatures, or confront her fears and reveal, say, a harmless group of chickens. I could see a compelling coming-of-age story in this charming indie game.
A larger title than Beyond Eyes for sure; Gigantic also makes my list for most interesting games from E3. I mention it briefly in the PopMatters article, but I find the diversity of the characters fantastic. From old women to weird monsters, the game sets itself apart from many of the other third-person competitive action games coming out as well as other MOBAs on the scene. While it might not be enough to draw me away from League of Legends, it certainly has my attention. When so many games can start bleeding into each other at a huge trade show like E3, it's rejuvenating to see something stand out with its own aesthetic.
Labels: E3, E3 2015, features
Batman: Arkham Knight: Being the Batmen
Pleasant Surprises at E3
EXP Podcast #334: E3 2015 Debrief
Spelunky: Ceci N'est Pas Une Grotte
EXP Podcast #333: Splatoon Debrief
Spelunky: E3 Predictions and Dinosaur Discussion
Signs of Maturity in 'Splatoon'
EXP Podcast #332: Game of Thrones Episode 4 Debrief
Bloodborne Revisited
Making Time for Fun
EXP Podcast #331: The Witcher 3 First Impressions
Spelunky: Death and Deutsch


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Termination of Parental Rights in Northern Utah
Posted on March 29, 2013 by Todd Peterson
There are a number of scenarios where a person could have to run into the issue of their parental rights being terminated, or trying to terminate another person's parental rights. Regardless of the scenario, however, it can be very difficult for parental rights to be terminated. The most common way a person's rights are terminated is through voluntary relinquishment, which is exactly what it sounds like, a parent giving up their rights. This is a very serious decision and one that cannot be revoked so it is important that you understand every aspect of it before you relinquish your rights, you can do so by calling the attorneys at Ogden Divorce Law. The other route for termination of parental rights is the tough one, and that is involuntary relinquishment.
Involuntary Relinquishment of Parental Rights
Involuntary relinquishment obviously means that the parent's whose rights are being terminated does not want it to happen and may be fighting it. In Utah a court may terminate rights of a parent if it finds that the parent has abandoned the child, abused or neglected the child, is unfit or incompetent, or has failed to support or communicate with the child. Ultimately the court is looking for what is in the best interest of the child, so whomever is trying to terminate the rights must show that the parent is more than just a bad parent but that its in the best interest of the child that the parent have no rights concerning the child. This can be a very tough standard to reach and it can be very difficult to be successful in such a claim, the common scenario is when its related to an adoption and sometimes in a divorce.
Ogden Family Law Attorney | Terminating Parental Rights
If you are wondering if you can have another person's parental rights terminating or if someone else or the State is attempting to terminate your rights than call Ogden Divorce Law. We serve all of Northern Utah, including Ogden, Logan, and Farmington. Call or email us today to find out more.
Termination of Parental Rights in Northern Utah was last modified: October 5th, 2013 by Todd Peterson
About Todd Peterson
Todd Peterson has been with Salcido Law firm for a number of years and specializes in Family Law practice. He is dedicated to helping people through the very difficult and highly emotionally charged times when they need a family law attorney.
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