Who may vote by mail?
Where can I obtain an application for a vote by mail ballot?
When must I apply for a vote by mail ballot?
When will my vote by mail ballot be mailed?
How do I return a vote by mail ballot?
Do I have to sign the vote by mail ballot return envelope?
When must I return the voted ballot?
If I lose the vote by mail ballot sent to me, can I get another one?
Can I give my voted mail ballot to someone else to return for me?
Can I apply to be a permanent vote by mail voter?
I will be out of the country on election day. Can I apply earlier than the normal 29 days?
Can I change my mind and still vote at my regular polling place?
How are vote by mail ballots counted?
Any registered voter may vote by mail ballot. (Elections Code 3003).
You must apply in writing to Monterey County Elections (Elections Code 3001). Fill out this form, sign and mail or call 831-796-1499.
An application for a vote by mail ballot is also included in the sample ballot and voter information pamphlet sent to you by the county elections official prior to each election (Elections Code 3022).
Vote by mail ballot applications are processed in the period 29-7 days prior to an election (Elections Code 3001). You may submit an application prior to this time, but the Elections Office will hold it until the 29th day before the election.
The elections official accepts applications received less than 7 days prior to an election for 'pick-up' in the Elections Office only.
If during the final week before an election you become ill or disabled or for some unforeseen reason find that you will be away from your polling place on election day, you may request (in writing and signed under penalty of perjury) that an absentee ballot be delivered to you. You may authorize another person to bring you the ballot and to return it to the elections officials after you have voted it (Elections Code 3021).
Your application must include your printed name, your residence address (in the county where you are applying for the vote by mail ballot ), the address you want the vote by mail ballot sent to, and the date and name of the election you are applying for (e.g. November 4, 2008 General Election). In addition, you must sign and date your application (Elections Code 3006).
According to California Elections Code, vote by mail ballots can be mailed no sooner than 29 days before the election. If the 29th day is a holiday, vote by mail ballots will be mailed the next business day. According to the USPS, ballots will take 3 to 9 days to reach voters.
Follow the instructions provided by the Elections Office. Failure to complete your ballot correctly could jeopardize your vote. If you have any questions, please call the Elections Office at 831-796-1499.
You will receive a return envelope to sign and return the ballot. You must use the envelope provided. (Elections Code 3010). Do not place ballots for another person in your envelope!
By mail (please be aware that postage may vary from one election to another, depending on the weight of the envelope. Please make sure to verify the amount of postage required by reading the instructions enclosed with your ballot and return envelope.
Any polling place in Monterey County on Election Day (ballot must be returned to the County from which it was issued, voters CANNOT drop their ballot off in another county to be forwarded to our office).
However, any voter because of illness or physical disability is unable to return the voted ballot, may designate their spouse, child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, brother, sister, or a person residing in the same household to return the voted ballot for them. Please have the voter complete the flap on the return Vote by Mail Ballot envelope, indicating who will return that ballot. Voter must sign. See below.
Yes. The Elections Office, by comparing this signature to the signature on your voter registration card, can determine that you are the authorized voter. This is an important protection for you.
Your signature does not allow anyone to determine how you voted. To preserve the secrecy of your ballot, once the signature comparison is made, the ballot is separated from the envelope and the ballot becomes as anonymous and secret as any other ballot.
If you omit any of the required information from your vote by mail ballot application, the Elections Office will send you a ballot, but will also include a notice that the missing information must be provided in order for the ballot to be counted (Elections Code 3009 and 3019).
Vote By Mail ballots may be returned by mail prior to the election or delivered to any polling place in Monterey County on election day.
Vote By mail ballots that are mailed must be postmarked on or before Election Day and received by Monterey County Elections no later than 3 days after Election Day. If you are not sure your vote by mail ballot will arrive in time if mailed, bring it to any polling place in our county between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on Election Day.
Yes. However, you must sign a statement under penalty of perjury that you have lost or did not receive the first vote by mail ballot (Elections Code 3014). The Elections Office maintains a record of each request, and provides a list of these requests to the polling place to ensure that each voter casts only one ballot. If you vote twice by vote by mail ballot, even if by mistake, neither ballot will be counted (Elections Code 3013 and 3014).
Can I give my voted ballot to someone else to return for me?
If you are ill, or have a physical disability, you may designate a relative (spouse, child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, brother, sister or household member) to return your voted ballot for you. Your relative may return it in person to the elections official or to a polling place in your county, or may place it in the mail for return to the elections official. Contact Monterey County Elections at absentee@MontereyCountyElections.us> for more information (Elections Code 3017).
Do I have to apply for a vote by mail ballot for each election?
No. Anyone may apply for "permanent vote by mail" status. Permanent vote by mail voters are automatically sent a vote by mail ballot for every election. To become a permanent vote by mail voter, you must complete and mark the 'Vote by Mail' box on the vote by mail application on this website, the application on your voters pamphlet or application mailed to you. (Elections Code 3201).
Permanent vote by mail voters will retain permanent status as long as he/she casts a ballot in all statewide elections (Elections Code 3206). If a permanent vote by mail voter fails to cast a ballot in a statewide election, he or she will be removed from the permanent vote by mail voter list and will need to reapply in order to have this status restored.
I will be out of the country for an election and am concerned that the mail is slow and I may not receive my vote by mail ballot in time to complete it and return it by election day. Is there any way I can apply earlier than the normal 29 days?
Yes. If you are in the military or temporarily living overseas you may qualify as a "special absentee voter." Special absentee ballot applications may be processed by the elections official as many as 60 days prior to an election (Elections Code 3103).
An application for a special absentee ballot for a primary election is also good for the subsequent general election (Elections Code 3104).
If I request a vote by mail ballot, can I change my mind and still vote at my regular polling place?
Yes, but you must bring your unvoted vote by mail ballot and give it to the polling place worker before voting a regular ballot (Elections Code 3015).
If you are unable to surrender your vote by mail ballot, however, you may still cast a "provisional" ballot at your polling place which will not be counted until it can be determined that you have not also voted by mail ballot (Elections Code 3016 and 14310).
In general, vote by mail ballots are counted the same as regular ballots cast at a polling place. Once it is determined that the signature and address on the vote by mail ballot return envelope matches the signature and address of the voter on his or her registration form, the ballot and the envelope are separated. The ballot is then placed anonymously with other ballots in order to preserve the voter's right to secrecy. If the right of a voter to cast a vote by mail ballot is challenged, and that challenge is upheld, the ballot remains in the envelope, is not counted, and the reason is indicated on the envelope (Elections Code 15105).
The first results you are likely to hear reported on election night usually reflect votes cast on vote by mail ballots. These, however, are not complete totals and reflect only those vote by mail ballots returned prior to election day. Those ballots received prior to election day can be "processed" (i.e. check the signature, etc.) as many as 10 business days prior to an election (Elections Code 15101). These ballots are then ready to be counted as soon as the polls close on election day. Totals from these vote by mail ballots are reported first in the election night returns.
However, a substantial number of additional vote by mail ballots are returned on election day either to the polling place or to the Monterey County Elections Office (Elections Code 3017 and 3020). These ballots, because they require the extra handling of checking the voter's signature, to ensure that the voter did not also vote at the polling place, are usually the last ballots counted, and are not likely to be reported in the vote totals until several days after the election.
Yes, there are two circumstances under which a voter can be required to vote by mail.
First, if an election precinct has fewer than 250 registered voters on the 88th day prior to an election, that precinct can be declared by the elections official to be a "mail ballot precinct" and all voters in that precinct will automatically be sent absentee ballots (Elections Code 3005). This is usually a very small number of precincts.
Second, certain elections can be declared by the governing board to be "all mail ballot elections". In this case, all voters in the election will receive a ballot in the mail. A return postage paid envelope will be mailed with the ballot materials. The types of elections which can be conducted by mail are very limited, generally only applying to very small elections or elections in specified special districts throughout the state (Elections Code 4000).


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Butler baseball's turf field debuts this season. Are more field upgrades in JCPS coming?
Deadly weapons in the wrong hands: What you need to know about Kentucky's gun crisis
Jonathan Bullington
Louisville Courier Journal
Kentucky is awash in guns, and its people are paying the price.
In a special three-part investigative series, The Courier Journal exposes how legal and illegal guns have flooded the streets of Louisville and beyond, and how the city and state are unable — or unwilling — to stop these deadly weapons from falling into the wrong hands.
The debate has taken on new meaning with the recent school shooting massacre in Uvalde, Texas, where an 18-year-old in body armor wielding recently purchased gun
The nearly yearlong investigation relied on interviews with more than two-dozen people, from law enforcement officials and legislators to nonprofit leaders, gun owners, gun dealers and gun violence survivors.
The Courier Journal also analyzed thousands of public records, some previously shielded from the public eye, to track the sources of crime guns — including stolen weapons, online sales and straw purchases.
Kentucky, the gun dealer:Police take guns off the streets. The state puts them back again
Some key findings:
Thousands of guns have been reported stolen in neighborhoods across Louisville over the years, swiped from unlocked cars, homes, gun shops and police officers. Thousands more likely have been stolen but never reported to police.
At least 1,000 of those stolen guns ended up carried by children, clutched by suicidal men or tied to crimes such as robberies, drug deals and murders.
Kentucky's federally licensed gun dealers are a constant target of gun thefts and straw purchases. Yet only a fraction of these dealers are inspected each year by a federal agency that perennially struggles with limited budgets and staffing.
Unregulated gun deals flourish online, where sellers easily sidestep social media bans on private sales of guns and ammo.
Police in Kentucky take thousands of guns off the streets every year — only to see a state law put many of them right back there again.
Kentucky guns often show up beyond the state's borders. In 2019, federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives tracing center data showed the commonwealth was the eighth largest per-capita exporter of guns.
Yet, Kentucky lawmakers have shown no interest in disrupting these weapons pipelines, instead moving to further strip gun controls.
More:How The Courier Journal traced more than 1,000 stolen guns found at crime scenes
The results have been felt hardest in Louisville, where one person is shot every 12 hours, casualties disproportionately inflicted upon the city's Black communities.
The fallout continues today.
Jonathan Bullington is an investigative reporter. Reach him at: 502-582-4241; JBullington@courierjournal.com; Twitter: @jrbullington.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(cricket) A fielding position on the leg side, square of the batsman's wicket, between leg gully and midwicket; a fielder in that position.
Supplemental Details:Sponsor an extended definition for square leg for as little as $10 per month. Click here to contact us.


Today's telecommunications systems have an enormous amount of features and capabilities. Many customers often have no idea about the extensive feature set available to them and therefore may not be using them to their full potential. Proper planning of the system creates a functional design that, when accurately configured, increases the efficiency of employees and therefore of the company too.
A telecommunications system is, after all, an important tool in the operations of your company. Employee satisfaction is heavily influenced by the tools you provide them to do their jobs and how well those tools work. Making sure its configuration is properly designed and implemented should therefore be an important aspect of your overall solution.
The team at SSP has years of experience designing and configuring systems for a broad assortment of customers, in a wide variety of industries, each with specific requirements. Coupled with regular training programs, a tight relationship with our technology partners and broad experiences and great collaboration within our team, SSP has the expertise help you and your employees get the most out of your system.


Maintaining fences and gates can be really taxing. At Ed's Fencing we also provide fence removal and fence repair services. Our experts at Ed's Fencing can remove old and unwanted fences from the dirt or cut them at ground level. Have an old fence set in concrete? After extracting the old fence, we fill the existing holes with concrete. You'll never know the fence was there!


text:
Iris Winnifred King née Ewart (1910–2000), was born in Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies, on September 5, 1910. She attended the Kingston Technical High School in Kingston and later the Roosevelt University in Chicago where she studied political science and public administration from 1951-'53.

In 1958–1959 she served as a mayor of Kingston and was the first woman in that function.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120217/http://www.constitution-and-rights.com/irisKing.htm

1910 births
2000 deaths
Women mayors of places in Jamaica
Mayors of Kingston, Jamaica
20th-century Jamaican women politicians
20th-century Jamaican politicians
Jamaican expatriates in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sinaloa de Leyva, Sinaloa – miasto w północnej części meksykańskiego stanu Sinaloa, położone w odległości około 50 kilometrów od wybrzeża Pacyfiku nad Zatoką Kalifornijską, na północny wschód od miasta Guasave. Sinaloa de Leyva leży w dolinie rzeki Sinaloa, meandrującej na zachód od Sierra Madre Occidental. Miasto jest siedzibą gminy Sinaloa a w 2010 roku liczyło 5240 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miasta w stanie Sinaloa


The Miracles Of Passover, Passover | The Judaica House, Ltd.
The Miracles Of Passover Discounts Apply !
In this follow-up to last season's acclaimed The Miracle of Hanukkah, Josh Hanft retells the story of the Jews' exodus from Egypt, explaining both the history and modern traditions of the Seder. From the story of Moses and the exodus from Egypt to the description of the Seder plate, the significance of one of the most important holidays of the Jewish calendar is explored. Inventive lift-the-flaps will engage and inform young readers, and Seymour Chwast's luminous artwork truly brings this holiday to life.


Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) belong to the Solanaceae family, which includes potatoes, capsicums (peppers), eggplant, cape gooseberry and tamarillo, as well as the nightshade weeds. Tomatoes are warm season plants since their optimum temperature range is 21-24°C and they are very susceptible to damage by frost. In temperate climates, tomatoes are an annual crop that is sown as seeds in the spring and harvested in summer and autumn. In warm climates, tomatoes can be perennial plants and flower regardless of daylength. Botanically, tomatoes are classified as a fruit because the edible portion is a giant berry.
Tomatoes originated from South America, most likely the Peru region, where they were cultivated as early as 700 AD. It is thought that Spanish explorers brought them to Europe, with the first mention of tomatoes in literature being in 1544. This described a pomi d'oro (golden apple) that was eaten in Italy with oil, salt and pepper. Thus, it is presumed that the first European tomatoes were a yellow variety and it was many years until red ones were introduced. The Spanish name for the early tomato was pome dei Moro (Moor's apple), while the French initially called it pomme d'amour (love apple).
The English regarded the tomato with suspicion for many years, considering the bright red colour to be a danger signal. This theory had some merit, as deadly nightshade is also a member of the Solanaceae family and tomato leaves do contain some poisonous compounds. The Latin genus name Lycopersicon literally means 'wolf peach', and is thought to have originated from the toxic properties of tomato's close relatives, but the species name esculentum indicates that the plant is edible. Initially tomatoes were used as ornamental plants in England, but by the 1700s they were being used as food, particularly for flavouring. Many reports indicate that tomatoes were not popular with the American settlers in the early 1800s, but by the middle of that century over 23 tomato cultivars were available from a well-known seed catalogue, indicating a huge rise in the popularity of tomatoes.
One wonders whether the early settlers in New Zealand were as doubtful about tomatoes as the Americans! However, tomatoes were grown in home gardens from the late 1800s and have since become an important part of the New Zealand diet. Tomatoes were grown for processing at Nelson in the 1920s and possibly even earlier in Auckland. During the 1930s, commercial glasshouse production of tomatoes began, often as family businesses passed between generations. New Zealand tomato production is mainly for the local market, with few imports or exports due to the high costs of shipping this type of product. Processing tomatoes are mainly grown on the east coast of the North Island as this is where weather conditions for harvest are most reliable.
In the mid-1990s over 600 varieties of tomatoes were commercially available in the US and Canada, and 2500 varieties were kept as seed in a gene bank in Gatersleben, Germany.
Tomatoes, being warm season plants, should not be put into the vegetable garden until there is little danger of frost, usually between October and mid November. In warm areas tomatoes can be planted in December but tomatoes planted at this time in southern New Zealand may not reach maturity before the autumn frosts. Seeds need high temperatures to germinate so start them indoors about 6 weeks beforehand. Before transplanting into the garden allow the plants some time to acclimatise to the cooler outside temperatures.
Tomatoes need a warm, sunny site in well-drained soil. Like most vegetables, the soil pH should be 5.5-6.5 so lime may be required. Add well-rotted compost or manure and cultivate the soil deeply to ensure it is free draining. While tomatoes need good air circulation to minimise fungal diseases, protect them from strong winds that may break the stems. Tomatoes need lots of warmth to ripen so ensure that the site is not shaded during the day.
Tomato plants should be spaced 450 mm apart with 1 m between rows. Stakes should be put in the ground before planting to avoid damaging the plant roots later. Dwarf tomatoes that are not staked are planted about 1.2 m apart. Mulch around the plants, e.g. straw or grass clippings, may help prevent weeds germinating, conserve soil moisture and discourage disease development. Companion plants may also be planted around tomatoes and these are discussed below.
As the plants develop, tie them to the stake with wool or old stockings. Tomatoes grown in the glasshouse may be twisted around a string from the roof and pegged to the ground. Tomato plants usually have a main stem but soon begin to develop side-shoots, known as laterals. These must be removed to prevent the tomato developing too many stems instead of setting fruit. It is usual to keep to one main stem but two or three stems can be allowed to develop as long as they have support. Check tomatoes regularly and remove laterals as soon as they appear.
Supplying the correct level of soil moisture is essential for good tomato development. Both over- and under-watering increase the susceptibility of tomatoes to disease and will cause physiological problems in the tomato fruit. For example, tomatoes stressed by lack of water can develop a condition known as blossom end rot where the fruit has brown dry patches at the base of the fruit and the inside may also be brown and shrivelled. However, over-watering may cause the skin to split. The best time for watering is in the morning, and plants should be watered around the base – not on the leaves.
During the growing season, tomatoes can be given a fortnightly liquid foliar fertiliser (sprayed onto the leaves), such as fish, seaweed or plant extracts. Specialist solid tomato fertilisers that are sprinkled around the base of plants are available from garden centres and the directions on the packet should be followed. Avoid fertilisers with a high nitrogen content as these may favour growth of leaves at the expense of flowers. Tomatoes given adequate fertiliser will not only set lots of delicious fruit, but the plants will also be less susceptible to pests and diseases.
Tomatoes are best left on the plant to ripen but don't leave them too long or the birds will harvest them first! Once they are picked, tomatoes should be stored at room temperature; tomatoes kept in the refrigerator can lose their flavour. From April it is too cold in most parts of New Zealand for tomatoes to ripen outside. At this time the whole plant should be cut off at ground level, the leaves removed and the vine hung in a warm place to allow the remaining fruit to ripen. Tomatoes can be eaten in so many different ways. Many people think that "fresh tastes best", but tomatoes can also be dried, made into sauce, chutney, relish, salsa or soup, as well as being preserved in brine.
What defines the flavour of a tomato?
Defining flavour is extremely complex, not only in a physiological sense but also psychologically, as it depends on a person's perception. For example, people associate tastes and aromas with good or bad situations they have encountered in the past. Taste comes from the sweet, sour, salt and bitter receptors in the tongue, while aromatic or volatile compounds are detected by hundreds of nerve endings in the nose. The brain interprets the input from taste and aroma to give a perception of flavour. To add to the complexity, aromas and tastes can interact, by processes such as masking, where one aroma or taste can override another, and blanking, where receptors become overloaded by an aroma or taste. Small volatile molecules, sometimes called top notes, are perceived as aroma before the large molecules and generally have a greater impact on flavour.
The flavour of tomatoes, like many fruits and vegetables, is primarily determined by sweetness, sourness and aroma. These components can be measured objectively, for example, the simple sugars fructose and glucose (present in roughly equal proportions) are the main determinants of sweetness, while organic acids like citrate (predominant) and malate impart the sour taste. Over 400 volatile compounds have been detected in tomatoes by chemical measurement methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is thought that about 16 of these are present at high enough levels to have a significant impact on flavour. One volatile compound , 2-isobutylthiazole, is unique to tomato. However, it is common to measure flavour subjectively using taste panels. This can be done using a large number of panellists (e.g. 50–100) who rank a small number of different tomatoes on a scale, such as 1-3 or 1-9. Alternatively a smaller number of trained panellists can score tomatoes for the presence and strength of particular flavour attributes.
In the past, selection for new cultivars of tomatoes has focused on characteristics like yield, seasonal growth, colour, size, shape and disease resistance. Some work has been done on texture, for example varieties bred for canning have less water and will hold their shape well, but there has been little work on flavour. This is because it is so difficult to assess but also because there are many genes that influence flavour. In addition, flavour can be affected by non-genetic factors, such as growing, harvesting and storage conditions as well as stage of maturity of the fruit. For example, one study has shown that heavy rain prior to harvest can dilute flavour compounds in tomatoes, while in another study tomatoes treated with higher levels of nitrogen and potassium fertiliser scored lower in sensory analyses than tomatoes with less fertiliser. Other research has demonstrated that tomatoes harvested when immature had fewer volatile compounds than those harvested at a more mature stage.
Storage conditions play a significant role in the flavour of tomatoes. Controlled atmosphere storage, where the concentration of particular gases (e.g. ethylene) in the air is artificially altered to prolong storage or synchronise ripening, has been shown to change the aroma components of tomatoes. The role of temperature is particularly important. One study using trained flavour panellists, showed that tomatoes kept at 2, 5, 10 and 13°C had lower levels of some important volatile compounds, less ripe aroma, and more off-flavour than tomatoes stored at 20°C.
The message from this is … don't keep your tomatoes in the fridge!
There is a bewildering assortment of tomato varieties available. Rather than try to present a list of them, this section discusses different types of tomatoes and gives some examples. The best idea is to select several different varieties to grow in the garden that will suit your climate and requirements for tomatoes. Packets of seed or young tomato plants can be purchased from garden centres and mail order catalogues. Alternatively, since tomato plants are naturally self-pollinating and the seeds of a tomato will usually produce plants that resemble the parent, you can save the seeds from good performing tomatoes and grow them the following year.
Tomatoes can be categorised as determinate or indeterminate. Determinate tomatoes (also called bush or dwarf tomatoes) grow to a certain size and then begin to flower, producing a single crop that is harvested once. These are very useful for commercial growers producing tomatoes for processing and include the varieties Roma and Scoresby Dwarf. Indeterminate tomatoes (also called vine or cordon tomatoes) grow stems and produce flowers at the same time. They need staking and are useful in the home garden or in commercial glasshouse production as they produce fruit over a long period of time. Some common indeterminate varieties used by the home gardener are Moneymaker, Potentate and Grosse Lisse.
Another way of classifying tomatoes is the time they take to mature. Early or fast-ripening tomatoes will produce fruit within 4 months of sowing the seed (e.g. Early Girl and Moneymaker), main crops take 4–5 months (e.g. Potentate), while late-maturing tomatoes (e.g. Russian Red) will take more than 5 months to produce fruit.
Tomatoes can also be divided into heirloom or hybrid varieties. Heirloom tomatoes are old varieties that have been around for a long time, and many of them have very good flavour. They come in different shapes (round, oval or pear shaped), sizes (from miniature currant tomatoes and tiny cherry tomatoes to giant beefsteak tomatoes) and colours (red, pink, purple, orange, green and yellow), but may have less disease resistance and a greater tendency to develop physiological disorders than modern varieties. The modern hybrids have been bred for characteristics such as consistency in colour, shape and size, long shelf-life, high yield, uniform ripening and disease resistance. The seed for hybrid tomatoes is produced every year by artificially pollinating one selected parent plant with another selected parent. This means that keeping the seed from hybrid plants for planting the following season may not yield the same type of tomatoes, as the second generation seeds from hybrid plants are very variable.
Tomato varieties can be categorised by their end use. For example, plum tomatoes are used for canning and have thick flesh and reduced amount of pulp (the watery interior that includes the seeds). Beefsteak tomatoes (e.g. Big Beef) are very large and also have reduced pulp, which makes them excellent for sandwiches and sauces. Salad or classic tomatoes are juicy as they have a lot of pulp but this tends to fall out when they are sliced. Cherry tomatoes are very small and are eaten whole. They are often low in acid and high in sugar, which makes them a delicious snack food. A good example is the variety Sweet 100. Paste/drying tomatoes have very little pulp and are used mainly for cooking and processing.
Tomatoes are considered to be one of the most important vegetables in the western diet, based on the amount consumed and the vitamins and minerals supplied. Particularly important are vitamins A and C. At around 22 mg vitamin C/100 g, tomatoes are considered to be a good source of this important nutrient. Tomatoes are also high in carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, which is one of the precursor molecules to vitamin A.
Another important carotenoid in tomato is lycopene, which is responsible for the bright red colour. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant and a number of recent studies have linked high intakes of lycopene with a reduced risk of cancer, particularly prostate cancer. Lycopene is also thought to have a role in preventing degeneration of the eyes and may help in protecting the skin from ultra-violet light damage, while eating tomato-based foods has been associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.
Tomatoes are also an important source of another essential antioxidant, lipoic acid, and contain moderate amounts of flavonoids, a large group of compounds with antioxidant and other health-promoting properties. Tomatoes also contain high levels of the mineral potassium and are a good source of dietary fibre as long as they are eaten with the skin and seeds. Tomatoes contain virtually no fat, are low in sodium and have few calories.
As mentioned above, tomatoes are used in many different ways. Eating a ripe tomato immediately after picking it will ensure that you get the maximum level of vitamin C, as this nutrient tends to decline during storage and can be leached out during cooking. However, some research indicates that cooking tomatoes can increase the absorption of lycopene into the body and that the uptake of lycopene may be assisted by the presence of oils in the diet, such as olive oil. Like most things in life it is probably a question of balance, so aim to eat both fresh tomatoes and cooked tomato products regularly.
Tomatoes can be seriously affected by pests and diseases, particularly in warm, wet climates. In contrast to many other vegetables, e.g. carrots and peas, where lots of plants are grown, a typical home garden may include only 5-10 tomato plants. There is no opportunity for replanting if a plant is lost in January and this will lead to the loss of a significant proportion of the crops. Therefore it is very important to monitor established tomatoes plants regularly and act quickly if there are symptoms of pests or diseases. Some of the more important pests and diseases are described below but first we will look at how the principles of Integrated Garden Management (IGM) can be used to grow healthy tomatoes.
IGM techniques initially rely on preventing pests and diseases attacking the tomato plants. This is not always possible so the tomatoes should be watched closely during growth for the first signs of pests or disease. Once the pest or disease has been identified, an appropriate control technique should be selected. This may involve more than one method and will not necessarily involve the application of chemicals. Chemical control can be very effective for large areas, e.g. a processing tomato crop, or when a pest or disease attack is particularly severe. However, in home gardens, the application of chemicals, especially insecticides, can upset the ecological balance within the garden and lead to further outbreaks of other pests and diseases. Some IGM techniques useful for growing tomatoes are described below. These include crop rotation, resistant cultivars, seed treatment, weed control, fertiliser, irrigation, biological control and chemicals.
For hundreds of years, farmers have known that it is best to avoid growing crops in the same position every year. Whilst early farmers may not have understood why, we now know that this is due to the build-up of diseases in the soil. For tomatoes, the diseases Fusarium wilt and Sclerotinia may increase in severity in subsequent crops grown in the same position.
One situation where it is difficult to practise crop rotation is in the glasshouse. Particularly in southern New Zealand, growing tomatoes in the glasshouse can improve the chance of getting good tomato yields. It is possible to remove most of the soil from a glasshouse every 1–2 years and replace it with fresh soil that hasn't had tomatoes growing in it. However, another option is to grow the tomatoes in bags in the glasshouse. Then the bags containing the soil can be removed at the end of the season. If tomatoes are grown in bags, pay particular attention to ensuring the plants have adequate water and nutrients.
Many of the tomatoes from breeding programmes and some of the heirloom cultivars selected from home gardens are resistant to certain diseases. For example, Roma is tolerant to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt disease. If you have had problems with a particular disease in your area then look for a resistant variety. However, note that there are no resistant cultivars for some diseases.
Tomato seeds require warm temperatures for germination and if this condition is not met then the developing seed and emerging seedling can be very susceptible to 'damping off'. This is caused by a number of fungi, including Phytophthora, Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp., and often the seedling dies. This problem can be prevented by growing tomato seeds in sterile seed-raising mix and by treating the seed with fungicide. Tomato seeds can be kept for about 3 years, but after this the rate of germination will decrease and the susceptibility to damping off will increase.
The soil into which tomato seedlings are transplanted should be warm, well aerated and not too wet. Tomatoes are prone to root diseases, such as Phytophthora root rot, in wet, compacted soil.
Weeds should be removed since competition can weaken tomato plants and make them more susceptible to pests and diseases. It is particularly important to remove weeds that may harbour viruses that also infect tomatoes. For example, tomato spotted wilt virus has been found in sow thistle (Sonchus sp.), wild turnip, fathen, clovers (Trifolium sp.), mallow and nightshades. Dandelions, docks, cleavers and many other common weeds may host cucumber mosaic virus, while alfalfa mosaic virus can be found in hemlock, Scotch thistle, shepherd's purse, lucerne, vetch, groundsel and other weeds.
Tomatoes that are growing rapidly, with sufficient nutrients and water, will be less susceptible to diseases than tomatoes that are stressed by under or over-supply of the factors essential for growth. As discussed above, under- and over-watering can contribute to physiological problems in the tomato fruit. Tomato plants growing in wet soil are more susceptible to diseases like Phytophthora root rot, while the risk of being infected by late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) is high when tomato foliage is wet. This is one reason for irrigating tomatoes in the morning, for letting the foliage dry out during the day. It is also important to allow good air circulation around tomatoes, especially in glasshouses, as diseases like Botrytis are a major problem in times of high humidity. Good hygiene, such as disposing of dead or dying leaves and rotting fruit, can remove the source of diseases in the garden.
Biological control is using one organism that does not affect the crop plant is used to control another organism has adverse effects on the crop. An excellent example with tomatoes is the tiny wasp Encarcia formosa, which controls white fly. In some commercial tomato-growing glasshouses, cards containing Encarcia eggs are distributed throughout the glasshouse. There are also many natural enemies for pests like aphids and thrips. These include ladybirds, lacewings, damsel bugs and hoverfly larvae, while some fungi may also attack aphids.
One form of biological control is the use of companion plants to attract beneficial insects or repel pests. For example, marigolds can attract some aphid predators, while basil will repel aphids and whitefly. Nasturtiums repel aphids and green shield beetle and may reduce fungal diseases, while members of the umbilliferae family, such as celery, parsley and carrots, are known to attract hoverflies. Note that in some cases, sprays made from the leaves of companion plants may have direct effects on the tomato pest.
If the IGM techniques outlined above have not worked, it may be necessary to use chemical sprays or dusts. Some of these are registered for use on organic farms and some are quite specific for particular pests or diseases, so spend some time working out what is the best option for your garden. Remember that applying a broad-spectrum spray may destroy some of the natural enemies of pests so avoid these types of spray if possible. When you are spraying, always read the directions carefully and follow them. Increasing the rate of chemical is not a substitute for correct application. If repeated applications are required, try and use a chemical from a different chemical group to avoid the build-up of resistance within the pest or disease population.
The main pests and diseases affecting tomatoes in New Zealand and some suggestions for their control are outlined below.
Seed and seedling diseases (damping off). Some soil fungi, such as Phytophthora, Pythium and Rhizoctoniai, can cause seedlings to die soon after germination. This is particularly a problem in wet soils and cool, damp weather. To prevent or minimise the effects of damping off, high quality seed should be sown into warm, sterile seed-raising mix. Fungicide treatment of the seeds can help prevent these diseases.
Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea). This grey mouldy growth occurs on both the leaves and fruit. Cool, humid conditions are required for the development of the disease. The best way to prevent Botrytis is to allow good air circulation around the tomato plants to reduce humidity and avoid irrigating in the afternoon and evening.
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). The leaves on plants infected with this fungus begin to turn yellow, then wilt and die. The centre of infected stems turns a reddish brown colour. Fusarium can survive in the soil for a long time so crop rotations of 3 years are recommended. The fungus can also be carried on seed. Development of the disease occurs at high soil temperatures. Resistant tomato varieties are available.
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Leaves infected with late blight develop water-soaked patches that turn brown. Large, irregular brown-green lesions can be found on the fruit. This disease, which is devastating in potatoes, can also cause severe losses in tomatoes when conditions are favourable (cool, wet weather). The fungus is found on all members of the Solanaceae family and the only means of control is spraying with a fungicide.
Early blight or target spot (Alternaria solani). The fungus causing this disease lives on decayed plant material and on members of the Solanaceae family. Black or brown lesions appear on leaves, which may turn yellow and die. Sunken lesions may develop on fruit. It disperses in the air and can be a problem in moist conditions. Crop rotations, general hygiene and resistant tomato varieties can minimise the risk of this disease. Fungicide sprays are also effective.
Black rot mould (Alternaria alternata). This fungus can cause large, black, sunken lesions in the tomato fruit. Like early blight, black rot mould lives on decaying plant material and requires wet conditions for infection of the fruit. The disease can be minimised by removing plant debris and ensuring the fruit doesn't get wet. Fungicides can control the disease.
Sclerotium rolfsii (plants wilt and water-soaked lesions can be seen on the stem near the soil surface).
The diseases caused by these fungi generally develop when the soil is wet. Crop rotations and good hygiene help to reduce the sources of infection, while resistant tomato varieties are available for some of the diseases.
Bacterial canker (Corynebacterium michiganense). This bacterium can survive on seed and infect the plant during germination. In addition, it can survive on plant debris in the soil. Symptoms are quite variable but include wilting and browning of leaves, a dry, brown, hollow stem and circular, raised, white spots on the fruit that turn into brown, scabby lesions. To minimise the risk of the disease, use good quality seed, practise crop rotation and remove dead plants.
Bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). Wet leaves are required for this bacterium to infect tomato plants. Small dark brown/black spots are found on leaves and superficial, raised, black spots are seen on the fruit. Since the disease may survive on weeds and plant debris, it is important to practice good hygiene and crop rotation.
Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria). This disease can develop in warm, moist conditions. Symptoms and control measures are similar to those for bacterial speck.
Some of the viruses that affect tomatoes include alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Once a virus has infected a tomato plant there is nothing that can be done to remove the virus from the plant. Thus, prevention is the main way of ensuring the crop does not become infected. CMV and AMV are transmitted from an infected plant to an uninfected tomato plant by aphids. TSWV is transmitted by thrips. Many common weeds and most other members of the Solanaceae family are hosts to these viruses (see Weed Control in the Integrated Garden Management section ). Prevention of these viral diseases relies on keeping tomato plants away from other host plants and minimising infestation by aphids or thrips, particularly by encouraging biological control of these pests. Symptoms of viral diseases can be quite variable but may include stunting and deformation of leaves, stems and fruit, as well as unusual coloured mottling (yellow, red, brown, black or purple) on leaves, stems and fruit.
A range of insects live on and around tomato plants so it is quite important to identify those that are pests (cause damage to the tomatoes) and those that may be beneficial (biological control agents). If possible, avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides as these will kill most insects – the good and the bad!
Aphids. Aphids cause more damage to plants by transmitting viruses than by direct feeding on plant tissue. Two species of aphid are important on tomatoes. The potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) is about 3 mm long and ranges from pale green to green in colour. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is about 2 mm long and ranges from green to pale yellow to pink in colour. As mentioned inBiological Control, there are a number of natural enemies of aphid and these should be encouraged in the home garden. Reflective mulches, such as aluminium foil or white plastic) can deter aphids from landing on a nearby crop, while plants like basil may produce chemicals that repel aphids and can be planted close to tomatoes.
Thrips. Like aphids, thrips are mainly a pest of tomatoes because they can transmit TSWV. Feeding damage by thrips is minor. Thrips are very small (about 1 mm long) and range from dark brown to pale yellow. Adults have two pairs of narrow wings. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) is the main vector of TSWV, but New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) is also commonly found on tomatoes. Like aphids, biological control is the best option for minimising thrips infestations. In commercial glasshouses thrips may be controlled by a predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris, which can be bought in large numbers from a company that raises biological control agents. Reflective mulches and companion plants may also deter thrips from landing on the tomatoes.
Tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa armigera). This caterpillar can cause major damage to tomatoes, especially in the North Island and northern half of the South Island of New Zealand. It ranges in colour from green to yellow to pinkish red to chocolate brown as it progresses through its life-stages. Tomato fruitworm can be found on many vegetable, tree and ornamental plants, and differs from the green looper caterpillar in that it has four pairs of prolegs on its abdomen, whereas the looper only has two pairs. A number of different species of parasitic wasps attack the tomato fruitworm, parasitising either the eggs or the caterpillar. There are also many common predators, such as shield or soldier bugs, the Asian paper wasp, spiders, ants, ladybirds, lacewings, damsel bugs and birds. The tomato fruitworm overwinters as a pupa in the soil so cultivation may kill pupae or leave them exposed to predators. The use of insecticides is not recommended for tomato fruitworm control in home gardens, but you can pick the caterpillars off the tomato plants and squash them!
Green looper (Chrysodeixis eriosoma). The green looper can be found in the North Island and northern half of the South Island of New Zealand. It does not cause major damage of tomatoes since it only feeds on foliage and is largely controlled by parasites and predators.
Green vegetable bug (stink bug) (Nezara viridula). This insect is green and shield-shaped, and emits a pungent smell when disturbed. It is common in warm areas of New Zealand and in hot seasons. The bug feeds on both tomato fruit and foliage but generally only causes minor damage.
Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). Whitefly adults are white and about 1 mm long, while the immature stages found on the underside of leaves are oval, flat, yellow to white scale-like insects. All life-stages feed on sap from leaves and secrete honeydew on which the black sooty mould fungus can grow. Whitefly is common on all tomato plants but is generally only a problem in tomatoes grown in the glasshouse. There is a wide range of predators that will eat whitefly, including small birds, spiders, lacewings, hoverflies, lady birds and damsel bugs, while the parasitic wasp Encarcia formosa attacks white fly, as described in Biological Control. Whiteflies are strongly attracted to the colour yellow, so yellow sticky traps can be hung inside glasshouses. Chemical insecticides are not very useful in the home garden, as some populations of whitefly are resistant to some insecticides. Organic sprays are available but their use must be balanced against any detrimental effects on beneficial insects. Once the tomato crop has finished then plants should be removed from the garden to eliminate over-wintering sites for whitefly.
Don't be put off by this large list of pests and diseases. In the home garden, especially where IGM principles are applied, these organisms will rarely cause problems. Your tomato-growing efforts will be rewarded in the summer with bowls of fresh juicy salad tomatoes, tasty tomato sandwiches and delicious sweet treats of cherry tomatoes. In the winter, reach for the jars of dried tomatoes in olive oil, tomato chutney, tomato sauce, tomato relish and tomato soup, and plan what cultivars you will plant next year.


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Criminology in Europe
Newsletter of the European Society of Criminology
Jobs and funding
Dislodging the Standard Narrative of Criminology's History
Johann Koehler
The Berkeley Chapter1
'Europe', wrote Susanne Karstedt last year in the pages of this newsletter, 'is the birthplace of modern criminology.'2 A standard narrative of criminology's history might read as follows: Lombroso (setting aside all the misgivings the field harbours about him) was the first to apply the tools of science to the prediction of criminal behaviour. The field of 'criminology', then in only incipient form, focussed on the geographic distribution of crime in the study of 'moral statistics' and the persistent offending behaviours of the/his Criminal Man. If nothing else, Lombroso's timing was certainly impeccable. The Progressive Era, during which he published L'Uomo Delinquente,3 was characterised by a fascination with yoking organs of state control to the rational-legal policy innovations that scholarly expertise promised. It was by relying on science, so the prevailing mythos developed, that government would prevent the upheavals of the previous order.4
Following on the heels of Lombroso's contribution, it wasn't long before criminology emerged as a distinctive subfield, albeit nested within traditionally established disciplines. In Europe, criminology took root first in departments of law under the auspices of Max Grünhut and Leon Radzinowicz; in the United States, it did so in departments of sociology under the auspices of Thorsten Sellin and the Gluecks on the East Coast, and of Edwin Sutherland and the Chicago scholars in the Midwest. By the time the turmoil of the post-war period settled, so the standard narrative continues, criminology and criminal justice had become institutionalised in dedicated university departments on both sides of the Atlantic. Many of those departments of criminology advanced the express purpose of developing knowledge about patterns of offending and victimisation that could inform and guide prudent justice policy.5
The standard narrative is consistent with Karstedt's account: criminology was born in Europe in the late nineteenth century, and it proliferated internationally shortly thereafter, although under the aegis of more firmly established departments like sociology and law. Then, by the late twentieth century, departments of criminology were welcome on university campuses, where they enjoyed healthy institutional support and produced scholarship essential to the refinement of justice policy.
But that standard narrative is unsatisfying in an important respect. It problematically smoothes over a key ripple in criminology's history. Work by Lombroso and his fellow Italian positivists Garofalo and Ferri conspicuously differed from the work to which most modern criminologists owe their mid-twentieth century genealogy (such as, for example, Shaw, McKay, Sutherland, and Radzinowicz, to name only a few). Those differences are not just disciplinary. The 'jump' from Lombrosian phrenology to freshwater urban sociology, saltwater psychiatry or British jurisprudence is a massive one: the Lombrosian tradition from which modern criminology claims ancestry was also epistemically different from what followed immediately thereafter. Where Lombroso positioned the refinement of criminal justice policy through science as the heart of the criminological enterprise, early twentieth century European and American criminology had a more complicated approach to scholarship's role in guiding policy.6 The technocratic thread re-surfaced in mainstream criminology only after the Second World War, where it eventually developed into what we now associate with the regnant trope of 'evidence-based criminology'.
That jump leaves criminologists today with a conundrum. Why does the standard narrative of criminology's history trace a line of descent from the urban sociologists and the jurisprudes of the mid-twentieth century, when one of modern criminology's staple features—its technocratic commitments—may actually trace its lineage much more directly to the Italian positivists of yesteryear?
One possible answer is that we may have overlooked an important chapter in criminology's history. As it happens, at the same time that the aforementioned scholars in departments of criminal law, sociology, and psychiatry produced work on crime, scholars even farther to the West—in Berkeley, California—plied their trade in the very first department to bear the name 'criminology' above its entryway.
In the early twentieth century, just as the Progressive Era drew to a close, the inaugural Chief of the Berkeley Police Department—an imposing man named August Vollmer—fancied himself the champion of a new approach to the administration of criminal justice. In 1916, he hoped to harness the scientific prowess of the neighbouring University of California to the practice of policing by establishing a School of Criminology that would inject modern scientific techniques into police training curricula. Vollmer, a shrewd opportunist, tapped into the same zeitgeist that spurred Lombroso three decades earlier: the new 'police science' (a term he coined) was central to the ambition to professionalise the practise of criminal justice administration. By inaugurating a summer session at Berkeley in 1916, which then expanded into a full-fledged regular session in 1931, Vollmer positioned himself at the vanguard of law enforcement modernisation. The curriculum emphasised instruction in the mechanics of police work by assigning readings in toxicology, psychiatry, elementary criminal law, and microbiology. Thus, Vollmer—who had already introduced handwriting analysis and fingerprinting in his police department—ensured that the natural sciences were a central focus of the new police education model.
In outlining his vision, Vollmer was explicit from the outset about the proposed function of this professional, and not academic, unit:
The school as planned is in reality a part or branch of the Police Department, is in direct control of the Department, and is intended for the benefit of the men in the service of the Department. Thus far no provisions have been made to admit men not in the service.7
The continuity between Vollmer's brand and Lombroso's scholarship from four decades earlier was therefore not just disciplinary; it was also ideological. Like Lombroso before Vollmer, and unlike Vollmer's contemporaries to whom we conventionally credit the continuation of criminology, the style of instruction at Berkeley was first and foremost in the service of refining techniques of criminal justice.
From 1950 onwards, criminology at Berkeley charted a peculiar trajectory. Despite an uneasy beginning plagued by institutional uncertainty about the calibre of scholarship that was being produced at Berkeley, a new School of Criminology opened its doors on campus. From its humble beginning as a summer session up until the School's eventual closure in 1976, graduates of the School regularly secured positions in leading offices of law enforcement throughout the United States and beyond, where they exported the model of criminology that Vollmer first made famous: in both policing and corrections, the operations of criminal justice and the study of crime were susceptible to advanced scientific measurement and prediction.
Criminology at Berkeley never really crystallised beyond the narrow technocratic mould that Vollmer first envisioned in the early twentieth century. Still, for more than thirty years after it first began offering instruction, the School of Criminology enjoyed robust institutional support from the law enforcement and correctional communities into which it was placing its graduates. Nonetheless, despite spurring the professionalisation of criminology and of criminal justice, University administrators contested the School's legitimacy on campus throughout the duration of its existence. More precisely, those administrators repeatedly queried what role criminology ought to play in an elite university.
From the late 1950s onward, the School responded to campus-wide befuddlement about the propriety of its professional law enforcement training by shoring up its scholarly profile. What had been a narrowly technocratic research agenda expanded to accommodate more academic and less vocational pursuits. Research adjusted to accommodate both the applied as well as the basic. Faculty continued to produce studies that explored the mechanical refinement of police operations, but new professors also joined the School's ranks, and these additions complemented the more historically-embedded research profile with a new style of criminological scholarship that sought to problematise the role of the state.
It's difficult to overstate how odd, fragile, and impressive the School of Criminology was for the brief moments that these antagonistic research agendas cohabited under the same roof. From the 1960s through to the mid-1970s, the School of Criminology at Berkeley was responsible for producing more than technocratically-minded graduates and research that served law enforcement and corrections. Down the corridor, professors in the same department were co-teaching lectures with members of the Black Panther Party; they were staging high-profile conferences that were outspoken in their denunciation of then-Governor Reagan's law enforcement practices; they were protesting local police control; and they were producing scholarship that situated Berkeley at the epicentre of a new tradition in scholarship under the banner of 'radical criminology'.
The intellectual strands of scholarship represented within the School weren't always harmonious. Each professed a different set of epistemic premises about the nature and goals of criminological scholarship, and they derived their legitimacy from different sources, depending on the institutional field they defined for the knowledge they produced. The result was a tense environment in which scholars from each tradition routinely contested the other's vision of the proper role of the criminologist. The fissures that emerged in those disputes arguably remain cracked to this day. Criminologists continually bemoan the divide between basic and applied research; between academic and vocational scholarship; and between criminology and criminal justice. All of these now-familiar schisms have a precedent that traces its origins not to the august departments of sociology or law in European and American universities; rather, they emerged at Berkeley in the world's first department of criminology.
The School ultimately suffered an ignominious end. Before Reagan ascended to the Oval Office, he installed his then-Solicitor General Ed Meese to the governing Board of Regents of the University of California, with instructions to close down the School of Criminology. To Reagan, the faculty had become a tiresome nuisance: from the radicals, he had endured too many decades of wearisome protest; as for the technocrats, it was no longer apparent what function they served on an elite campus that they couldn't satisfactorily accomplish at one of the state college campuses that were designed for vocational instruction. Meese was successful, and the School closed its doors in 1976. While compliant tenured faculty were shortly thereafter comfortably displaced to the School of Law, which bore none of the trappings of its earlier criminological counterpart, untenured radical faculty struggled to secure employment. Mainstream criminology, for its part, assured radical criminology's excommunication only three years later in the only special issue that the field's flagship journal, Criminology, has ever assembled. Five essays by grandees of the discipline excoriated radical criminology for, among other things, 'masquerading as science'.8
The infamy into which radical criminology descended in the 1970s may account for Berkeley's absence from the standard narrative of criminology's history. Perhaps a yet more conspicuous absence, however, is the fact that it was at Berkeley—not the vaunted departments where criminal lawyers or sociologists of crime rose to prominence after the Italian classical positivists had faded into memory—where scholars not only embraced the label of 'criminology', but also viewed their scholarship as hand-in-glove with the refinement of institutions of state control. It's these continuities that may merit re-positioning Berkeley more centrally in the standard narrative than conventional wisdom might suggest.
The tumultuous rise and fall of criminology at Berkeley, then, is not merely a parochial story about one department's tribulations. Rather, in between the half century from when Vollmer first imagined criminological scholarship as part and parcel of the project to professionalise policing, up until when Reagan sought to silence it, the Berkeley story enables a different version of criminology's history. That different history invites us to consider anew why criminology adopts some of the features it does; what are its sources of legitimacy; what are its normative and epistemic commitments; and what is it criminologists do, and why?
Perhaps, by excavating the Berkeley chapter, we can go some length toward repairing the problem that the late Nicole Rafter identified, that in establishing a sense of criminological tradition, 'Where we need words, we have silence. Where we need traditions, we have forgetfulness…What we need is a history—or rather, histories—of our science.'9
Johann Koehler is a PhD Student at the University of California, Berkeley, and the recipient of the Young Criminologist Award.
1 It was deeply touching and a sincere honour to receive the european society of Criminology's young Criminologist award for 2016. the article that formed the basis for the award, which appeared in the november 2015 issue of the journal Criminology, was entitled 'development and fracture of a discipline: Legacies of the school of Criminology at berkeley' (Criminology, 53(4): 513–544). I am especially grateful that the award jury recognised the berkeley story's implications for an international audience; in this essay, I therefore present some of the ndings from that article. I thank Chase burton, ashley rubin, and tobias smith for suggestions that greatly improved this essay.
2 Karstedt, Susanne. 2015. 'A Short History of the Present (and the Past).' Criminology in Europe: Newsletter of the European Society of Criminology, 14(3): 4–6. p.4.
3 Lombroso, Cesare. 1876. L'Uomo Delinquente. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli.
4 Wiebe, Robert H. 1967. The Search for Order, 1877–1920. New York: Hill and Wang and Willrich, Michael. 2003. City of Courts: Socializing Justice in Progressive Era Chicago. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5 See, for example, Walston, Catharine. 2009. Challenging Crime: A Portrait of the Cambridge Institute of Criminology. London: Third Millenium.
6 Laub, John H, and Robert J. Sampson. 1991. 'The Sutherland-Glueck Debate: On The Sociology of Criminological Knowledge.' American Journal of Sociology, 96(6): 1402–40.
7 Vollmer, August, and Albert Schneider. 1916. "The school for police as planned at Berkeley." Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 7: 877–98. p.880.
8 Toby, Jackson. 1979. "the new criminology is the old sentimentality." Criminology, 16: 516–526. p.516.
9 Rafter, Nicole. 2010. "Silence and memory in criminology: The American Society of Criminology 2009 Sutherland Address." Criminology, 48(2): 339–55. p.340-41, emphasis added).
Winner of the Young Criminologist Award
2020 / 1-2
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Back to the future: Randwick-Argentina at Coogee Oval to be televised
By Tom Decent
August 19, 2019 — 5.54pm
Coogee Oval is locked in to host a televised match on Fox Sports between Argentina and Randwick as Rugby Australia, club officials and broadcasters work together to lock down the finer details of a 10-hour smorgasbord of rugby capped off by the Wallabies' last game on home soil before the World Cup.
It is 31 years since Randwick hosted the All Blacks in a famous match at the beachside oval and the early word is that Galloping Greens fans – as well as some Argentinian tourists perhaps – will be packed in like sardines for the game on September 7.
Vintage: Fans flock to Coogee Oval to watch Randwick take on the All Blacks in 1988. Credit:Brett Dooley
The Herald understand Fox Sports is planning to broadcast four rugby games back-to-back, the last of which is the Wallabies' match against Samoa at Bankwest Stadium.
The Randwick and Argentina match is also set to be beamed out to North and South America via ESPN.
The first match of the Super Saturday coverage will be between the All Blacks and Tonga in Hamilton, which starts at 12.35pm AEST.
The plan is for the Randwick and Pumas game to follow and while a start time was unconfirmed as of Monday evening, a 2.30pm slot was being discussed as a preference.
From there a National Rugby Championship match would be broadcast early in the evening before Australia's final match on home soil prior to departing for Japan the following day.
It is understood NRC fixtures will be moved around to make the blockbuster afternoon and evening of rugby feasible but teams are yet to receive formal notification of finals start times.
The Pumas, semi-finalists at the 2015 Rugby World Cup, have decided to base themselves in Coogee in the lead-up to the code's centrepiece tournament and opted for a hit-out against the lads in myrtle green instead of Fiji.
It is likely a number of Randwick's Wallabies representatives will be available for the match, while some of the club's NRC players are tipped to be released from duties to feature in what will be a huge day for the Galloping Greens.
These will be determined on a case-by-case basis and it is in NSW Rugby's interest to make sure Randwick field as competitive a side as possible.
Ned Hanigan, Sekope Kepu and Rob Simmons could line up at Coogee Oval, depending on Wallabies commitments, while Will Harrison, Ben Donaldson, Mitch Short and former Wallaby hooker Adam Freier could also be on the team sheet.
The club has already been inundated with requests for tickets after news broke last month that a match of sorts was in the pipeline.
A sell-out crowd of avid rugby fans is expected to cram into Coogee Oval and nearby balconies as punters flock to see a international team in action at a ground that has become synonymous with club rugby.
Residents fill nearby rooftops when the All Blacks played at Coogee Oval in 1988. Credit:Brett Dooley
When the All Blacks played against a Randwick side in 1988 featuring David Campese, the Ella brothers, Michael Cheika and Eddie Jones, an estimated 9000 people watched on and there is hope there will be a similar vibe around this game.
The match in 1988 was televised, with Randwick going down 25-9.
While there has been no official confirmation yet, RA and Randwick are working hard behind the scenes to make the day run smoothly.
There was some trepidation about scheduling the Randwick game on the same day as the final home Test of the year in different parts of the city but RA is on board with the idea and doing everything it can to make the day a success.
It is understood buses will be put on for supporters to get out to Bankwest Stadium on what could be a lively afternoon for some.
Ticket sales for the Samoa match are said to be doing reasonably well.
Despite Australia's 36-0 shellacking at the hands of New Zealand in Auckland, there is a far more positive vibe around the national side after their record-breaking 47-26 win against the All Blacks in Perth.
Argentina rugby
Tom Decent
Tom Decent is a journalist with The Sydney Morning Herald
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Here's the news: green tea is good not only for brewing. Get to know him more closely and use it safely not only for the purpose.
If you ever went to a decent tea shop, you probably noticed that there are about one million kinds of green tea sold there. Despite the fact that they all "grew up" from one bush of camellia Chinese (Camellia sinensis), the final taste and aroma of the drink depend on where the leaf that floated in your cup grew, and what was done with it before he got there .
Green tea, unlike black and oolong tea, is not fermented, so it contains much more useful, tasty and beautiful antioxidants of catechins. Especially recommend epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which increases attention, enhances resistance to ultraviolet radiation and reduces the risk of certain types of cancer.
An interesting fact is that in Asia green tea is not only drunk, but is also added to food. Not only because of the taste and health benefits, but also because it increases the rate of fat burning, and this is the third reason to include it in the diet. We also believe that green tea is an excellent natural ingredient, flavor and color. Therefore, let us tell you what the six popular varieties of this drink differ from each other and how to prepare them correctly.
Leaves in production are rubbed into powder, which you drink from the cup along with the decoction. Thanks to this you get more antioxidants than from other varieties of the drink. One cup of tea match on the content of different "utilities" equated to ten cups of ordinary green tea (!). This drink contains a lot of chlorophyll, for which it was beautifully nicknamed "jade".
Recipe: add a teaspoonful of powder to a smoothie cocktail or sprinkle with vanilla ice cream. A noble bitterness will set off the sweetness of dessert.
In 1920, the Japanese decided to fry the stale tea and see what would come of it (do not throw away the good). So horseradish variety appeared unromantic. The leaves are fried or baked until they turn brown and give away most of the caffeine contained in them.
Taste: nutty, with a haze.
Recipe: mix any fruit juice and icy gadzich tea in a 1: 1 ratio. This cocktail contains almost no caffeine, so even children can drink it in liters. In addition, gedzicha will dilute the sweetness of the juice and reduce its calorie content.
It is better to cook this variety in glassware to admire how the tea leaves elegantly turn into leaves and buds. And do not forget that the drink contains vitamin C, amino acids and a whole bunch of catechins, and therefore has rejuvenating and cleansing properties.
Recipe: cut freshly cut fresh leaves, mix with olive oil. Scrunch this piece of baked chicken and immediately eat it. The tea ingredient of the dish will relieve your body of toxins and toxins.
The Japanese drink it more often than other drinks and are lovingly called "spider paws". When brewing, it stains the water in a golden green color, and the tea leaves look like long and thin legs of a spider - you can not imagine anything more beautiful! Sencha is perfect for almost any dish. At the same time, drink it preferably without sugar, to feel a sweet aftertaste. This tea can be brewed two or three times, but the best taste - after the first brew. Refreshes and quenches thirst, so it is suitable for gatherings in the heat.
Recipe: whisk in a blender 300 grams of forest berries, 1 teaspoon of honey, a sprig of mint, 1 tablespoon of lemon juice. Add a cup of brewed strained cold sencha tea.
It is done in a cunning way - from the stems of a tea bush with the addition of sea water and algae - and is considered more refined than a leaf drink. Rich in iodine and trace elements, it contains a lot of fluoride. The Japanese even use a powder of kokeich tea for cleaning their teeth.
Taste: light, soft, with woody notes.
Recipe: Prepare the marinade for fish or seafood (mix the juice of a couple of lemons, 6 tablespoons of white wine, a pinch of nutmeg, salt, pepper and finely chopped dill) and add a couple of teaspoons of the kakeich tea. This "spice" is most like "halibut and scallop. Their sweetish taste, seasoned with tea with a barely perceptible shade of algae, becomes more balanced.
In production, the tea leaves are first fried in a pan, and then rolled into balls. Now this is basically an automated process, but the most expensive types of ganpowder are still folded manually. The common name for this tea was given to the English (gunpowder in translation from English - "gunpowder"), the Chinese call it more romantic - Pearl.
Recipe: with gankpoderom well prepare the famous Moroccan tea. For three servings take 1 tablespoon ganpaudera, 10 sprigs of mint (preferably fresh), 2 tablespoons of sugar. Pour it all boiling water, drink in a pleasant company and understand why Moroccans drink this drink from morning till night.


Today was just a fantastic day! Have you ever had those days where you were just happy all day long and nothing spectacular happened but you just feel good? That was my day today.
So the other night, I wrote about a foster parent unsure of going through with an adoption after finding out about his child's disability. What I didn't mention was that this parent had also posted online about being unsure if his sexuality would have an impact on a child's life, as he was a gay man.
I made my feelings pretty clear the other day about the topic of children with disabilities, but I wanted to talk about the parental figures in the lives of foster children right now. Honestly, being a foster parent should boil down to two things: being able to love foster children and provide for them. That's all that matters to these children. If you can give them what their biological parents could not, then you're already making a positive impact on their lives.
It does not matter how you identify yourself. What matters is your willingness to be there for the children who need you at such a critical time in their lives. It's all about putting the kids first and yourself second, which is basically what parenting is all about whether you're raising a biological child, foster child, step-child, or grandchild.
If your heart is kind and you want to make a difference in a child's life, just go for it! Look into foster care and see what you can do to improve a child's life. It could be the most rewarding thing you ever do.


Last night the unthinkable happened. Tetsuya's lost a coveted chef's hat at the 2011 Sydney Morning Herald Good Food Guide Awards.
The restaurant, run by the chef and owner Tetsuya Wakuda, now has two chef's hats instead of three. Once dubbed ''the temple of high gastronomy'', Tetsuya's has been awarded the top prize of three hats by the Good Food Guide every year since 1992.
The Sydney restaurant is one of Australia's best-known, and recognised internationally as No. 38 on the San Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants list. Tourists flock there and locals wait patiently for bookings taken months ahead. Tetsuya's was declared the winner of the People's Choice Awards for this year's Good Food Guide.
''There's no question that it is still a very good restaurant,'' said Terry Durack, the co-editor of the Good Food Guide.
Wakuda, a beloved figure in the Sydney food scene, is held in high esteem by the world's top chefs such as Heston Blumenthal in Britain and Ferran Adria in Spain.
The man who mentored Wakuda, Tony Bilson, suffered the same fate last night, Bilson's also dropping from three hats to two.
This is the first time that three restaurants have lost a third hat in the one year. Greg Doyle at Pier, who recently took his three-hatted seafood restaurant down several gears, has earned one chef's hat in this year's book. Just three restaurants, Marque, Est and Quay, wear the three-hat crown.
The Good Food Guide's three-hat accolade is hard to win and hard to keep. The best of the best have slipped from time to time.
Last year Chui Lee Luk's iconic Woollahra restaurant Claude's dropped from three hats to two. Her predecessor at Claude's, Tim Pak Poy, suffered the same fate in 1998 and bounced back after two years to regain the third toque.
Neil Perry has famously lost and gained more hats than Gai Waterhouse in a stiff breeze.
The demotion of Perry's signature restaurant, Rockpool, from three to two hats a decade ago caused a furore. Forty chefs, restaurateurs and suppliers protested about his treatment.
The next year Rockpool regained its three-hat status. Perry has since shifted Rockpool's style and has two hats in this year's Good Food Guide.
Wakuda recently opened Waku Ghin, a 25-seater restaurant in the Marina Bay Sands complex, Singapore, with a sake bar and a 3000-bottle wine cellar.
The 2011 Emirates Chef of the Year Award went to Martin Benn, chef and co-owner of Sepia, and former understudy to Wakuda.
Sepia only opened for business in May last year, taking over a ground floor space that was previously a showroom for Nestle products in a large commercial complex in downtown Sussex Street.
In his review of Sepia in Tuesday's Good Living, the Herald's Terry Durack praises Benn and his co-chef Daniel Puskas for their cooking which he describes as "precise, pulled back, almost subversively feminine".
This year's guide is the culmination of seven month's work during which time the 40-strong reviewing team checked out more than 1000 restaurants, bars and eateries.
They elevated 15 new restaurants to one-hat status and added 31 new restaurants to a book of 950-plus reviews that has become a bible and which is now also a smartphone app.
This year, The Sydney Morning Herald Good Food Guide also comes as a paywalled website where subscribers will be able to read reviews, make reservations and post their own comments.
Order the SMH Good Food Guide and receive free postage, or get the iPhone app on iTunes.
Aria, Assiette, Becasse, Bentley Restaurant & Bar, Berowra Waters Inn, Bilson's, Bistro Ortolan, Buon Ricordo, Claude's, Four in Hand Dining Room, Guillaume at Bennelong, Icebergs Dining Room and Bar, Lucio's, Pilu at Freshwater, Rockpool, Rockpool Bar & Grill, Sepia, Tetsuya's, Universal.
Ad Lib Bistro, Altitude, Arras, Astral, BillyKwong, Bird CowFish, Bistro Moncur, Bistrode, The Boathouse on Blackwattle Bay, Bodega, Buzo Trattoria, Cafe Sopra, Catalina, Etch, Fish Face, Flying Fish, Golden Century, Jonah's Whale Beach, Koi, Longrain, Mad Cow, Manly Pavilion, Omerta, Ormeggio at The Spit, Oscillate Wildly, Otto Ristorante, Pendolino, Pier, Restaurant Balzac, Sailors Thai Restaurant, Sake Restaurant and Bar, Sean's Panaroma, Spice Temple, Yoshii.
Lochiel House (Kurrajong Heights), Rock (Pokolbin).


The Library of Congress has been designated the ISO 639-2/RA for the purpose of processing requests for alpha-3 language codes comprising the International Standard, Codes for the representation of names of languages-- Part 2: alpha-3 code. The ISO 639-2/RA receives and reviews applications for requesting new language codes and for the change of existing ones according to criteria indicated in the standard. It maintains an accurate list of information associated with registered language codes, processes updates of registered language codes, and distributes them on a regular basis to subscribers and other parties.


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Steven J. Butow
Director, Space Portfolio
Steve "Bucky" Butow is the Director of the Space Portfolio at the Defense Innovation Unit (DIU). He joined the team in 2015 as an early plank owner when DIU was known as the Defense Innovation Unit Experimental (DIUx) and helped establish the organization's operating locations in Silicon Valley, California; Boston, Massachusetts; and Austin, Texas.
In his reserve capacity, Butow is a Brigadier General serving as the Commander of the California Air National Guard where he leads 4,900 Airmen assigned to five wings and a headquarters staff. Prior to this assignment, he was a Special Assistant to the Director, Air National Guard.
Butow is a former Commander of the 129th Rescue Wing at Moffett Federal Airfield in California, where his responsibilities included organizing, training, equipping, and maintaining 970 combat-ready forces and $1 billion dollars of special mission aircraft and equipment supporting the U.S. Air Force's combat rescue and personnel recovery missions. He has previously served as the Deputy Director of the Joint Search and Rescue Center for U.S. Central Command in 2005, and as Chief of Personnel Recovery for U.S. Air Forces Central in 2007 supporting Operations IRAQI and ENDURING FREEDOM. Prior to joining DIU, Butow was the Vice Chief of the Joint Staff, California Military Department with responsibilities including cybersecurity, incident awareness and innovation. He has more than 3,500 flying hours in T-37, T-38, C-130, HC-130 and MC-130P aircraft.
As a researcher with the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute, Butow worked on instrument concepts for Mars surface soil analysis at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. He later served as co-principal investigator for a series of airborne science missions for which he was recognized for outstanding achievement and contributions to the Space Science Division in 1999 and received an Ames Honor Award as a member of an Astrobiology Mission Project Team in 2000.
Butow graduated from San Jose State University with a B.A. in Physics & Astronomy and earned a M.S. in Management with specialization in Air and Space Strategic Studies from the University of Maryland. He has also completed executive courses at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and was a member of the National Leadership Preparedness Initiative (NPLI) Cohort 16. Butow is a lifetime member of the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi for academic achievement.
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The scammers have changed their method of working so beware. They are now calling on landline phones claiming to be from Windows technical department. Still the same asian accents, still the same scam so beware end the call or lose money.


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Best Practices for Data Migration with Matt Larriva at FCP
Matt Larriva, Director of Research and Data Analytics at FCP, joins The Data Standard to talk about domestic net migration
Have you moved to another state recently? Perhaps the COVID-19 pandemic had influenced your decision to migrate to a less-affected state in 2020?
In this episode of The Data Standard, host Catherine Tao sits down with Matt Larriva, Director of Research and Data Analytics at FCP, to talk about domestic net migration.
He talks about his idea for figuring out where people were going since the pandemic hit. He needed real-time data on county-to-county domestic net migration, but the available sources arent updated frequently.
To get updated migration patterns, he leveraged data science and analytics and found that people were looking for opportunities to migrate to another state in 2020 more than ever.
He goes into detail about analyzing real estate prices, forecasting cap rates, and adding value to analytics through statistics, particularly by parsing time series data, especially multivariate time series.
One of his successful projects had to do with forecasting REIT prices using machine learning methods, such as random forests.
Tune in with Catherine Tao to listen to this episode and find out more about Matt Larrivas exciting data science and analytics projects.
Catherine Tao
Data scientist at The Data Standard
Catherine Tao is a tech enthusiast looking for new methods for building connections with businesses around the world. Her extensive knowledge of data science allowed her to develop new solutions and implement them into existing ecosystems. She is currently working as a Data scientist and Exclusive Podcast Producer at The Data Standard.
Matt Larriva
Director of Research and Data Analytics at FCP
Matt Larriva is a data analyst with a background in quantitative science. He has a Masters degree in applied statistics and is a CFA charter holder, Mensa member, and the founder of Powerful Prep.


2 Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
We analyzed 18 high-quality waveform doublets with time separations of up to 35 years in the South Sandwich Islands region, for which the seismic signals have traversed the inner core as PKP(DF). The doublets show a consistent temporal change of travel times at up to 58 stations in and near Alaska, and they show a dissimilarity of PKP(DF) coda. Using waveform doublets avoids artifacts of earthquake mislocations and contamination from small-scale heterogeneities. Our results confirm that Earth's inner core is rotating faster than the mantle and crust at about 0.3° to 0.5° per year.
Differences in seismic waves generated by nearly identical earthquakes occurring years apart confirm that Earth's inner core is rotating more rapidly than the rest of the planet.


The 7th month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, and 1st of the civil, year (September-October). The same as Ethanim.
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'TISHRI; TISRI'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915.


It's getting a bit quiet on here lately!
That's the trouble, We have discussed just about every aspect of the book, films, radio broadcast, album, CGI film and show we can think of. We Have Run Out of Ideas.
Although I did find out a few days ago that the BBC made a six part dramatisation of TWOTW back in 1967. I downloaded it from LimeWire, not very good audio quality but interesting.
Yes but you hardly ever discuss anything about the book.
That's because I'm still stunned by the awesomeness of it, my friend.
He's been learning his English from a "bunch" of US sites Lonesome...Awesome eh!
That last picture has freaked me out Lonesome. I'm rather upset. I think I need to lie down. But when I close my eyes I see the weird pixie girl with the webbed hands. AAAAAAAAARRRRRRGGGGGHHHHHHHH.
I know it's not a great picture, (I did do five in a week) but it's not that bad is it?
It is a superb picture Lonesome. The subject merely haunts me every time i close my eyes.
'White Mountain' was inspired by a song from the 'TRESPASS' album by 'GENESIS' as you could guess it's about wolves.
'Time and Time Again' This is the idea that time is a wheel, The end of Mankind and the second dawn of the Dinosaurs, I think I chose the Humber Bridge as the main subject because we had just been told this great white elephant was going to cost the locals several millions more than they originally thought, A subconscious protest??
I think 'Time and Time Again' is brilliant. I think the children crossing sign on the telegraph pole is really haunting. I like the name of the piece too. It adds an extra dimension.
It's my favourite of the two as well, I feel that white mountain was not dramatic enough, too much like a jigsaw puzzle picture I should have made the wolves in the foreground larger.
This is one of my first Air-brush paintings, created back in the mid 80's.
The model I used was Samantha Fox, originally I painted her without any hair, because Snakes don't have hair, but when I started with computer art I used 'Paint Shop Pro' to give her a head full of snakes like Medusa.
This is the mock-up custom job I did as a teaser of the petrol tank of a Suzuki 1992 GSX-R 750, to show the client just what he was missing because I'm cruel like that.
Above is the plain petrol tank and below is the finished paint job.
Good to look at all these again. amazing stuff.
The motorbike looks brilliant Peter.
Cheers Klaatu, long time no see, where have you been hiding?
Here's a variation on one of the pictures I previously posted here 'Cetacious Galactica' I've taken the Humpback out and rearranged the dolphin's pods as though they where leaving the Earth before it's final destruction, as suggested in Douglas Adams' book 'SO LONG, AND THANKS FOR ALL THE FISH' I've made it a suitable size for Desk top again, if anybody wants to use it.


Carcases of nearly 90 elephants have been found near a famous wildlife sanctuary in Botswana, conservationists say.
Elephants Without Borders, which is conducting an aerial survey, said the scale of poaching deaths is the largest seen in Africa.
The spike coincides with Botswana's anti-poaching unit being disarmed.
Botswana has the world's largest elephant population, but poachers have been breaching its border.
The scientist carrying out the extensive wildlife survey said many of the 87 dead elephants were killed for their tusks just weeks ago – and that five white rhinos have been poached in three months.
"I'm shocked, I'm completely astounded. The scale of elephant poaching is by far the largest I've seen or read about anywhere in Africa to date," said Dr Mike Chase from Elephants Without Borders.
That census estimated a third of Africa's elephants had been killed in the last decade and 60% of Tanzania's elephants had been lost in five years.
Botswana has had a reputation for an unforgiving approach to poachers and had largely escaped the elephant losses seen elsewhere.
Despite a lack of fences on the international border, data from tracking collars showed elephants retreating from Angola, Namibia and Zambia and deciding to stay within the boundaries of Botswana where it was thought to be safe.
Incidents of poaching in the country were rare because of armed and well-managed anti-poaching units.
With 130,000 elephants, Botswana has been described as their last sanctuary in Africa as poaching for ivory continues to wipe out herds across the rest of the continent.
The first sign that was changing came two years ago when the BBC flew with Mr Chase close to the Namibian border and he discovered a string of elephant carcasses with their tusks removed for the first time.
But these latest killings have been found deep into Botswana – close to the protected Okavango Delta wildlife sanctuary, which attracts tourists from around the world.
"People did warn us of an impending poaching problem and we thought we were prepared for it," said Mr Chase, who pointed to the disarmament of the country's anti-poaching unit as a cause.
Botswana's 2018 Wildlife Aerial Survey is only half-way through and conservationists fear the final figure of poached elephants will be a lot higher.
The survey area is split into sections, or transepts, and the plane flies back and forth like a lawnmower cutting the grass – turning at each end to ensure nothing is missed.
"Fresh carcasses" are those lost within the last three months, but many of those recorded had been killed within the last few weeks.
Conservationists fear the scale of this new poaching problem is being ignored as it is bad for the country's reputation.
"This requires urgent and immediate action by the Botswana government," said Mr Chase.
"Botswana has always been at the forefront of conservation and it will require political will.


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Home » Used Cars » Prepare to Be Impressed By the 2016 Honda Pilot's Performance Offerings
Prepare to Be Impressed By the 2016 Honda Pilot's Performance Offerings
If you're shopping for an SUV and you want one of the best, then it should come as no surprise that the Honda brand delivers the exceptional models you're looking for.
The 2016 Honda Pilot, for instance, has won a host of auspicious industry awards for safety and much more. Among this impressive SUV's many brag-worthy assets, drivers will appreciate the incredible 2016 Honda Pilot performance delivery. Keep reading to find out more!
More Pilot Details
Towing Power
The roomy Pilot makes for an impressive vacationing machine, with its standard seating for eight and up to 109.0 cubic feet of cargo space when the rear seats are folded. Another aspect that makes the Pilot great for traveling is its terrific towing capacity.
With towing capability between 3,500 and 5,000 pounds, the Pilot makes it possible for drivers to hitch up boats, trailers, toys, and more. Whether you're heading to the lake for some weekend fun or packing up and moving to a new city, the Pilot's towing muscle is something you'll find yourself satisfied with again and again!
Impressive Engine Delivery
The Pilot's standard 3.5L 24-valve SOHC V6 engine features direct injection and Variable Cylinder Management, producing an incredible 280 hp and 262 lb-ft of torque.
This mighty engine is paired with a standard 6-speed automatic transmission or an available 9-speed automatic transmission with Shift-By-Wire and paddle shifters, serving up an incredible driving experience you won't soon forget!
For its impressive power and size, the Pilot still manages to deliver noteworthy fuel economy that resembles a car's fuel efficiency more than that of an SUV.
Onboard the Pilot Two-Wheel Drive models that are equipped with the 6-speed automatic transmission, EPA-estimated fuel economy is 19 mpg in the city and 27 mpg on the highway.*
The Pilot All-Wheel Drive models deliver 18 mpg in the city and 26 mpg on the highway,* and the Pilot Two-Wheel Drive models with the available 9-speed automatic transmission achieve an EPA-estimated fuel economy of 20 mpg in the city and 27 mpg on the highway.*
Climb Aboard the Impressive Pilot
Drivers can experience the outstanding 2016 Honda Pilot in person, and test it out at Tamaroff Honda. Come in and see us, or contact us today to take the Pilot for a spin!
*19 city/27 highway/ 22 combined mpg rating for 2WD 6AT models. 18 city/26 highway/21 combined mpg rating for AWD 6AT models. 20 city/27 highway/ 23 combined mpg rating for 2WD 9AT models. 19 city/26 highway/22 combined mpg rating for AWD 9AT models. Based on 2016 EPA mileage ratings. Use for comparison purposes only. Your mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle, driving conditions and other factors.
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Tue - Wed, Fri9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
Sat10:00 AM - 3:00 PM
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