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Berandabiografi insinyur-insinyur yang mengubah dunia
biografi insinyur-insinyur yang mengubah dunia
30 Mei 2009 23 Juli 2017 wir Civil Engineer, engineering, informasi, Inspiration, mekanika teknik, opini, pemikiran, Publications
Banyak orang, juga enginer (di negeri ini tentunya) yang berpendapat, bahwa hanya dengan tindakan nyata, maka mereka telah berbuat yang besar. Sehingga memandang rendah para teoritis yang hanya berkutat pada angka-angka dan tulisan. Jika belum berkeringat, belum berpanas-panas dan belum mewujud dalam bentuk fisik maka dianggap belum berkarya.
Bagaimanapun, memang dengan karya nyata, maka duitnyapun nyata adanya. Inilah saya kira tujuan sebagian besar para calon-calon engineer yang sedang menempuh perkuliahan awal. Bahkan ada yang sekolah lagi dengan tujuan agar mendapat pekerjaan yang lebih baik lagi. Selanjutnya jika sudah dapat bekerja dan mempunyai ilmu, maka mereka pikir karena ilmu itulah yang membuat mereka 'punya', maka perlu dijaga ketat, sehingga hanya mereka sajalah yang 'punya'. Konsep seperti ini yang 'mencegah' mereka untuk menularkan ke yang lain, apalagi mau mempublikasikan secara tertulis ke khalayak ramai.
Jadi, . . . meskipun jika mau merunut ke belakang, banyak juga insinyur-insinyur besar di Indonesia, yaitu berdasarkan bangunan-bangunan fisik yang ditinggalkannya, seperti Borobudur, Prambanan dsb-nya, tetapi pada kenyataannya 'apa-apa' yang ingin dipelajari oleh seorang calon insinyur (di sini ) pada umumnya adalah berasal dari barat.
Karena itu tadi, mereka-mereka yang sukses tadi tidak suka meninggalkan tulisan tentang falsafah pengalamannya. Mereka simpan sendiri dengan maksud yang seperti saya ungkapkan di atas. Mungkin itu asumsi negatif, positipnya adalah bahwa mereka memang terbukti dapat berkarya nyata, tetapi tidak mau atau tidak mampu membuat karya tulis.
Untuk memberi bukti tersebut, maka ada baiknya kita membaca biografi insinyur-insinyur besar penentu di bidang rekayasa struktur yang namanya sering kita dengar berdasarkan formula atau metoda-metoda yang dibuatnya.
Dengan mengetahui biografi mereka, siapa tahu anda tertarik untuk menulis juga, dan tidak hanya berfokus pada materi yang sifatnya jangka pendek. Ingat yang membuat mereka dikenang, sehingga ditulis dan dibaca lagi seperti ini adalah berdasarkan publikasi karya tulisnya dan bukan karena kekayaannya.
Karya tulis yang mereka publikasikan ternyata dapat mengubah cara kita berpikir dan akhirnya dapat berpengaruh di dunia nyata (fisik).
"If you would not be forgotten, as soon as you are dead and rotten, either write things worth reading, or do things worth the writing."
~ B. Franklin
Biografi didasarkan materi tulisan yang di copy-and-paste dari buku Karl-Eugen Kurrer – "The History of the theory of structure".
Catatan : Sorry masih dalam bahasa Inggris. 😦
B E T T I , E N R I C O
*21.10.1823 near Pistoia, Italy,
†11.8.1892 Pisa, Italy
After his father died when Enrico was very young, his mother brought him up alone. He later successfully completed studies in mathematics and physics at the University of Pisa. Under Mossotti's leadership he fought in the battles of Curtatone and Montanara for Italian independence. Betti taught mathematics at Pistoia Grammar School and was invited to become professor at the University of Pisa.
He remained loyal to his Alma Mater until his death and also served as rector; he also headed the Pisa Teacher Training College. He became a member of parliament in 1862 and was a senator from 1884 onwards. For a few months in 1874 he worked as second permanent secretary in the Ministry for Public Education.
However, his talents brought forth more fruits in other fields: he was a skilled teacher and scientist and so he played a important role in mathematics and elastic theory after the Risorgimento. His reciprocal theorem formulated in 1872 proved critical for the development of elastic theory and structural theory: "If in an elastic, homogeneous body two displacement systems are in equilibrium with two groups of loads applied to the surface, then the sum of the products of the force components of the first system multiplied by the displacement components at the same point of the second system is equal to the sum of the products of the force components of the second system multiplied by the displacement components of the first system at the same point" [Betti, 1872].
This theorem, which represents a generalisation of Maxwell's theorem [Maxwell, 1864/2], had already been incorporated by Mohr [Mohr, 1868]; in 1887 Robert Land had developed the reciprocal theorem independently from the work theorem, recognised its fundamental importance to classical structural theory and based his kinematic theory on this [Land 1887/2]. Betti's contributions to algebra and the theory of functions were equally important.
Main contributions to the structural analysis :
Teorema generale intorno alle deformazioni che fanno equilibrio a forze che agiscono alla superficie [1872];
Sopra l'equazioni d'equilibrio dei corpi elastici [1873–75];
Teoria della elasticità[1913];
Opere matematiche [1903–13]
C A S T I G L I A N O , A L B E R T O
*8.11.1847 Asti, Italy,
†25.10.1884 Milan, Italy
Alberto Castigliano grew up in poor circumstances. After completing his studies at the newly founded Istituto Industriale, Sezione di Meccanica e Costruzioni in Asti, he obtained an engineering diploma from the Reale Istituto Industriale e Professionale in Turin with the financial support of wealthy citizens.
In 1873 he graduated with distinction in civil engineering from the Reale Scuola d'Applicazione degli Ingegneri, despite the difficult circumstances of his life. In the course of a legal dispute with Luigi Federico Menabrea (1809–96), which investigated Castigliano's diploma thesis Intorno ai sistemi elastici (on elastic systems), he wrote the extensive essay Nuova teoria intorno all'equilibrio dei sistemi elastici (new theory of equilibrium of elastic systems) in 1875, which was to become the core of his main work Théorie de l'Équilibre des Systèmes Élastiques et ses Applications published in 1879.
Following his studies, it was not long before he became head of the design office of the Italian Railway Company, where as member of the board of directors he reorganised the pension fund. Unfortunately, he was unable to complete his planned multi-volume Manuale pratico per gli ingegneri (practical manual for engineers) before his death.
Main contribution to structural analysis :
Intorno ai sistemi elastici [1875/1];
Intornoall'equilibrio dei sistemi elastici [1875/2];
Nuovateoria intorno all'equilibrio dei sistemi elastici[1875/3];
Théorie de l'Équilibre des SystèmesÉlastiques et ses Applications [1879];
Intorno aduna proprietà dei sistemi elastici [1882];
Theoriedes Gleichgewichtes elastischer Systeme und derenAnwendung [1886];
The Theory of Equilibriumof Elastic Systems and its Applications [1966]
C L A P E Y R O N , B E N O Î T- P I E R R E – E M I L E
*26.1.1799 Paris, France,
†28.1.1864 Paris, France
In 1820, after finishing their studies at the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole des Mines Clapeyron and his friend Gabriel Lamé left Paris to teach pure and applied mechanics, chemistry and design theory at the St. Petersburg Institute of Engineers of Ways of Communication for a period of 10 years. Together with Lamé he acted as a consulting engineer on numerous projects, including St. Isaac Cathedral and the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg as well as suspension bridges and the Schlüsselburg locks.
Following the Paris July Revolution of 1830, Clapeyron returned to France and quickly rose to be a leading railway engineer. In 1844 he was appointed professor of steam engine construction at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees
The theoretical consequences of his practical experience in bridge-building found their way into his famous Mémoire (1857) in the form of calculations for continuous beams. This book and another Mémoire on energy conservation in elastic theory (Clapeyron's theorem) published one year later earned him membership of the Académie des Sciences in Paris, where he succeeded Augustin-Louis Cauchy.
Mémoire sur la stabilité des voûtes [1823];
Mémoire sur la Construction des Polygones Funiculaires [1828];
Note sur un théorème demécanique [1833];
Mémoire sur l'équilibreintérieur des corps solides homogènes [1833];
Calcul d'une poutre élastique reposant librementsur des apppuis inégalement espacés [1857];
Mémoire sur le travail des forces élastiques dansun corps solide élastique déformé par l'action deforces extérieures [1858]
C O U L O M B , C H A R L E S A U G U S T I N
*14.6.1736 Angoulême, France,
Charles Augustin Coulomb attended lectures at the Collège Mazarin and the Collège de France; in 1757 he became an associate member of the Société des Sciences de Montpellier, to which he contributed several articles on astronomy and mathematics. Afterwards he studied at the Ecole du Génie de Mézière, from where he graduated in 1761 with the rank of lieutenant en premier des Corps du Génie. It was while studying here that he established his lifelong friendship with his mathematics teachers Jean Charles Borda and Abbé Charles Bossut. His first activities as an officer in the engineering corps were in Brest and the French colony of Martinique (1764–72), where he was in charge of building fortifications.
Coulomb transformed his practical experiences into a book of theory which he presented to the Académie des Sciences in 1773; after favourable reviews by the academy members Borda and Bossut, his theories were published in 1776 under the title Mémoires de mathématique et de physique presentés à l'académie royale des sciences par divers savants [Coulomb, 1773/1776].
In his book, Coulomb solved Galileo's beam problem and developed a forward-looking earth pressure and masonry arch theory. Coulomb's 40-page Mémoire rounds off the preparatory period in structural theory quite conclusively and to some extent anticipates the theories of the coming consolidation period. However, the ideas of his Mémoire were not adopted until 40 years later. Coulomb also led the way in theories on electricity, magnetism and friction. In the meantime, Coulomb had been promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and in 1776 his proposal to restructure the Corps du Génie into a "Corps a talent" (Coulumb) was backed by the reform plans of the Turgot government.
In 1781 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences and had a decisive influence on the profile of that institution until it was abolished in August 1793. He was critical of the French Revolution: prudently, he withdrew to his small estate near Blois in 1792. Only after the downfall of the Jacobins' "Reign of Terror" did he return to Paris and from 1795 onwards was responsible for experimental physics as an elected member of the newly founded Institut de France.
In 1801 Coulomb became president of this highly respected scientific establishment. From 1802 until his death he was general inspector of all public education and in this capacity contributed significantly to creating the French system of Lycées.
Essai sur une application des règles des Maximiset Minimis à quelques Problèmes de statiquerelatifs à l'Architecture [1773/1776]
C R E M O N A , A N T O N I O L U I G I G A U D E N Z I O G I U S E P P E
*7.12.1830 Pavia, Italy;
†10.6.1903 Rome, Italy
Immediately after completing his education in his home town in 1848, Cremona joined the "Free Italy Battalion" in the fight against the Austrian rulers and took part in the defence of Venice, which ended in capitulation on 24 August 1849.
In that same year he began studying civil engineering at the University of Pavia, from where he graduated with a doctor's degree in 1853. Following various teaching posts in Pavia, Cremona and Milan, Cremona became a professor at the University of Bologna in 1860.
This was followed by a professorship in higher geometry at Milan Polytechnic (1867–73); it was during this period that he established the mathematical basis of his graphical statics, based on the Maxwell duality, which formed the practical foundation of Cremona's graphical analysis and was very quickly adopted in the teaching of the theory of structures and engineering practice: "Cremona therefore furnished a reason for constructing dual force diagrams for the graphical analysis of certain trussed frameworks which in general terms left no stone unturned" [Scholz, 1989, p. 198].
Together with Culmann and Maxwell, Cremona represents the graphical statics enhanced by projective geometry. In 1873 Minister Sella nominated him founding rector of the newly formed Technical University in Rome per decree, where he was responsible for graphical statics until 1877. Afterwards, he was professor of mathematics at the University of Rome until his death.
He joined the Senate in 1879 and was one of its most highly respected members. The universities of Berlin, Stockholm
and Oxford (among others) awarded him honorary doctorates for his pioneering work in geometry.
Main contributions to structural analysis :
Le figure reciproche nella statica grafica[1872];
C R O S S , H A R D Y
*10.2.1885 Nansemond County, USA,
†11.2.1959 Virginia Beach, USA
In 1902 Hardy Cross gained a Bachelor of Arts in English and in 1903 a Bachelor of Science at Hampden-Sydney College. For the next three years he taught English and mathematics at Norfolk Academy.
At the age of just 23, he gained a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and subsequently worked for two years in the bridge-building department of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in St. Louis. In 1911 Havard University awarded him the academic grade of Master of Civil Engineering. After that, Cross worked as assistant professor at Brown University and then, following a short period in practice, was promoted to professor of civil engineering at the University of Illinois in 1921.
From 1937 until he was granted emeritus status in 1951, he taught and performed research at Yale University and was head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
In his 10-page contribution to the Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 1930, Cross solved the Gordian knot of the consolidation period of the theory of structures. His stroke of genius was to calculate statically indeterminate systems by iterative means using the simplest form of arithmetic [Cross, 1930]. The Cross method was admirably suited to analysing systems with a high degree of static indeterminacy, as is common in the design of high-rise buildings, for example.
With one fell swoop, Cross ended the search which had characterised the application phase of structural theory – the hunt for suitable methods of calculation for solving systems with a high degree of static indeterminacy by rational means. The Cross method initiated not only an algorithmisation of structural theory, which was without precedent in the 20th century, but also raised the rationalisation of structural calculations to a new level.
It is therefore not surprising that in the wake of his work a flood of lengthy discussion articles appeared in the Transactions of the ASCE [Cross, 1932]. His ingenious iterative method provoked countless engineers – well into the innovation phase of structural theory – to describe the Cross method and develop it further. Indeed, so much has been written that it would easily fill the medium-sized private library of any academic! And the Cross method was not just confined to theory of structures; it was also quickly accepted in disciplines such as shipbuilding and aircraft design. Cross himself transferred the basic idea of his iterative method to calculations of steady-state flows in pipework – the Hardy Cross method – and there, too, achieved a phenomenal breakthrough. The honours he received are too numerous to mention.
Analysis of continuous frames by distributingfixed-end moments [1930];
Analysis of continuousframes by distributing fixed-end moments[1932/1];
Continuous Frames of ReinforcedConcrete [1932/2];
Analysis of continuous framesby distributing fixed-end moments [1949];
Engineers and Ivory Towers [1952];
Arches, Continuous Frames, Columns and Conduits:Selected Papers of Hardy Cross [1963]
E N G E S S E R , F R I E D R I C H
*12.2.1848 Weinheim, Baden,
†29.8.1931 Aachen, Germany
Friedrich Engesser studied at Karlsruhe Polytechnic from 1865 to 1869. Afterwards, he first worked on several structures for Black Forest Railways and then functioned as a central inspector for Baden State Railways in Karlsruhe.
In 1885 he succeeded Prof. Hermann Sternberg at Karlsruhe TH, where he remained for 30 years as lecturer and researcher in structural engineering and theory of structures. For example, in 1889 he worked out the difference between deformation energy Π and deformation complementary energy Π* and in doing so opened up the theory of structures for the quantitative dominance of non-linear material behaviour.
In the same year Engesser published an article explaining the mechanical cause behind the deviation of buckling trials from the Euler curve. However, it was not until 1895 – after he had concluded trials to verify the buckling theory of Considère (1889) – that he specified his modified Euler equation for the non-elastic buckling zone within the scope of a discussion with Jasiński published in a Swiss building journal, and frankly admitted he had made a mistake in 1889 [Nowak, 1981, pp. 147–148].
His contributions to the theory of secondary stresses and theory of frameworks also had a lasting effect on structural theory in the consolidation period. Together with Müller-Breslau and Mohr, Engesser forms the triple star in the firmament of classical structural theory. He contributed to the underlying theories of structural steelwork more than any other. His outstanding achievements were rewarded in many ways, including a doctorate from Braunschweig TH.
Über statisch unbestimmte Trägersysteme beibeliebigem Formänderungsgesetz und überden Satz von der kleinsten Ergänzungsarbeit[1889];
Über die Knickfestigkeit gerader Stäbe[1889];
Die Zusatzkräfte und Nebenspannungeneiserner Fachwerkbrücken [1892/1893];
Über dieBerechnung auf Knickfestigkeit beanspruchterStäbe aus Schweiß- und Gußeisen [1893];
ÜberKnickfragen [1895];
Über die Knickfestigkeit vonStäben mit veränderlichem Trägheitsmoment[1909];
Die Berechnung der Rahmenträger mitbesonderer Rücksicht auf ihre Anwendung [1913]
G A L L A G H E R , R I C H A R D HUGO
*17.11.1927 New York City, USA,
†30.9.1997 Tucson, Arizona, USA
Richard Hugo Gallagher was born into a Catholic family. His father was of Irish descent, but his mother had been born in Bohemia – the attributes of a true American! Following his secondary education at the Cardinal Hayes High School and military service in the US Navy, Gallagher studied structural engineering at New York University was awarded a bachelor degree in 1950. For the next five years he worked as a field engineer for the US Department of Commerce and thereafter as a design engineer in the New York offices of the Texas Corporation. During this period he studied structural engineering as an external student at New York University and upon completion was awarded a masters degree.
Gallagher worked in the Structural Systems Department of Bell Aero Systems in Buffalo from 1955 to 1967, initially as assistant chief engineer. It was here that Gallagher continued to develop the FEM Turner and others had been working on at Boeing. "The opportunities offered by the finite element method fired his imagination and led to much creative research" [Zienkiewicz et al., 1997, p. 904]. Gallagher, working with J. Padlog and P. P. Bijlaard, wrote a paper in which tetrahedron elements appear as early as 1962 [Gallagher et al., 1962] – the very first publication concerning three-dimensional elements. He completed his doctorate at Buffalo University in 1966 with a dissertation on curved (finite) elements for thin shells, and from 1967 to 1978 was professor for civil and environmental engineering at Cornell University, teaching and researching alongside the well-known structural steelwork professor George Winter (1907–82); Gallagher took over from him as chairman of the faculty of engineering in 1969.
It was at Cornell University that Gallagher was able to continue the work on stability theory and shell theory he had begun at Bell Aero Systems, extend this work considerably and apply FEM to fluid mechanics. He used his visiting professorship at the University of Tokyo in the autumn of 1973 and his research semester at University College, Swansea (UK), to prepare his main work, Finite Element Analysis Fundamentals [Gallagher, 1975], which was translated into German (1976), French (1977), Chinese (1979), Russian (1985) and Turkish (1994) as well as other languages. In historico-logical terms, this monograph can be regarded as a brilliant introduction to the diffusion phase of structural mechanics (1975 to date). Together with J. T. Oden, T. H. H. Pian, E. L. Wilson and O. C. Zienkiewcz, Gallagher visited China in 1981 in order to consolidate scientific contacts in the field of FEM (Gallagher was to return to China on a number of occasions); Shanghai Technical University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1992 for his services to the development of scientific cooperation with China.
Gallagher served as dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Arizona from 1978 to 1984, thereafter, until 1988, he was provost and vice-president of academic issues at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and he rounded off his academic career as president of Clarkson University in 1995. The ASME Medal (1993) and honorary membership of ASCE are just two of the many honours and awards he received.
The stress analysis of heated complex shapes[1962];
A Correlation Study of Matrix Methodsof Structural Analysis [1964];
Theory andPractice in Finite Element Structural Analysis[1973];
Finite Element Analysis Fundamentals[1975];
Finite Elements for Thin Shellsand Curved Members [1976];
IntroductoryMatrix Structural Analysis [1979];
OptimumStructural Design [1979];
New Directionsin Optimum Structural Design [1984]
K H A N , FA Z L U R RAHMAN
*3.4.1929 Faridpur, India (today: Bangladesh)
†27.3.1982 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
It was 1950 when Fazlur Rahman Khan graduated as a bachelor of science from the Bengal Engineering College of the University of Dhakar as the best student of his year. Benefiting from a Fulbright scholarship, he gained a masters
degree in structural engineering and applied mechanics at the University of Illinois in 1952, and three years later was awarded a doctorate in structural engineering at the same university. He joined the Chicago-based architectural practice of Skidmore, Owings & Merill (SOM) later in 1955 and remained there for the rest of his career apart from a two-year interlude (1957–59).
He was promoted to participating partner as early as 1961, associate partner in 1966 and, finally, general partner in 1970. During those one-and-a-half decades, Khan developed innovative structural systems for high-rise buildings: framed tube, tube-in-tube system, bundled tubes and diagonalised tube (see [Sobek, 2002]; [Mufti & Bakht, 2002]).
The basic concept of the framed tube idea is a structural system consisting of a fixed-based vertical tube braced by the horizontal floor plates, which maximises the internal lever arm of the high-rise building cross crosssection.
One example of this structural system was the World Trade Center in New York, which was completed in 1973 but unfortunately totally destroyed following the all-too-well-known terrorist attack of 11 September 2001. As a result of the shear lag effect, under horizontal loading those parts of the framed tube parallel to the plane of loading behave like a giant lattice frame.
"The columns at the corners attract considerably more load than the columns in the middle of the sides, which means they therefore carry heavier loads than would be expected according to the principles of the practical bending theory" [Sobek, 2002, p. 425]. Like Eric Reissner had shown in 1941 that the shear lag effect governs the design of the thin-wall box beams of aircraft wings [Reissner, 1941], this is also the case for the framed tube, but in a totally different order of magnitude – and that is precisely the challenge of an innovative loadbearing system development. Khan first increased the efficiency of the framed tube by coupling the service core (inner tube) with the outer tube by means of the floor plates (tube-in-tube system) and increased it still further by using the multi-cell high-rise building cross-section (bundled tube).
For example, the cross-section of Sears Tower in Chicago (442 m high, completed in 1975) consists of a group of nine individual cross-sections; in structural terms, this skyscraper can be modelled as a vertical cantilever beam with a nine-cell cross-section. Khan, together with B. Graham, realised Myron Goldsmith's design for the John Hancock Center (344 m high, completed in 1970) [Sobek, 2002, p. 430]. The prominent German structural engineer and architect Werner Sobek has acknowledged Khan's innovations in loadbearing structures with an impressive quick look at the history of skyscrapers and has called him the "vanguard of the 2nd Chicago School" [Sobek, 2002].
Khan's objective was to combine architecture and structural engineering. He was a conscious thinker and active citizen, and set up the Bangladesh Liberation Movement in the USA as early as 1971. He was awarded many honours, including honorary doctorates from Northwestern University (1973), Lehigh University (1980) and Zurich ETH (1980).
In an obituary of this great engineering personality written in the journal Engineering News Record it says: "The consoling facts are that his structures will stand for years, and his ideas will never die" (cited in [Sobek, 2002, p. 433]). In this sense, his daughter, Yasmin Sabina Khan, has provided us with a living memorial in the shape of her book Engineering Architecture: the vision of Fazlur R. Khan [Khan, 2004].
Computer design of 100-story John HancockCenter [1966/1];
On some special problemsof analysis and design of shear wall structures [1966/2];
100-story John Hancock Center inChicago – a case study of the design process [1972];
New structural systems for tall buildings and their scale effects on cities [1974]
M O H R , O T T O
*8.10.1835 Wesselburen, Holstein, †2.10.1918 Dresden, German Empire
During his father's period of office as the local mayor, the young Otto met Friedrich Hebbel, who was later to become famous as an author but at that time was the 14-year-old scribe employed in his father's office. At the age of 16 Mohr went to the Polytechnic School in Hannover.
After completing his studies he worked for Hannover State Railways and afterwards Oldenburg State Railways. Around 1860 he is supposed to have developed the method of sections for analysing a statically determinate frame (attributed to August Ritter) in working on a design for the first iron bridge with a simple triangulated frame at Lüneburg. A little later the young Mr. Mohr gained attention among his profession by publishing a paper on the consideration of displacements at the supports during the calculation of internal forces in continuous beam.
But his work din't stop there : he introduced influence lines at the same time as Winkler in 1868 and discovered the analogy since named after him, which gave graphical statics an almighty helping hand.
He was appointed professor of structural mechanics, route planning and earthworks at Stuttgart Polytechnic in 1867. Six years later, Mohr accepted a post at Dresden Polytechnic as successor to Claus Köpcke (1831–1911) and taught graphical statics plus railway and hydraulic engineering there until 1893. After the departure of Gustav Zeuner in 1894, he took on the subjects of structural mechanics and strength of materials in conjunction with graphical statics.
Mohr gave up teaching in 1900, but continued working on the development of structural mechanics and theory of structures. His work on the fundamentals of theory of structures based on the principle of virtual forces (1874/75) meant that he – alongside the work of Maxwell [Maxwell, 1864/2] – made the greatest contribution to classical theory of structures.
Through his work, Mohr, like no other, provided impetus to the classical period of the discipline-formation period and the first half of the consolidation period of structural theory. Mohr argued with Müller- Breslau over the foundations of structural theory and later over priority issues regarding essential definitions, theorems and methods in the theory of structures. Numerous personalities from the world of science and engineering, e. g. Robert Land, Georg Christoph Mehrtens, Willy Gehler, Kurt Beyer and Gustav Bürgermeister, were influenced by the founder of the Dresden school of structural mechanics.
Hannover TH awarded him a doctorate. After lengthy deliberations, Mohr accepted the post of Working Privy Counsellor with the title "Excellency", which he had been awarded by the Saxony government.
Beitrag zur Theorie der Holz- und Eisenkonstruktionen [1868];
Beitrag zur Theorie derBogenfachwerksträger [1874/1];
Beitrag zurTheorie des Fachwerks [1874/2];
Beiträge zurTheorie des Fachwerks [1875];
Die Berechnungder Fachwerke mit starren Knotenverbindungen[1892/93];
Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete derTechnischen Mechanik [1906, 1914, 1928]
M Ö R S C H , E M I L
*30.4.1872 Reutlingen, German Empire, †29.12.1950 Weil im Dorfe near Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
Emil Mörsch studied civil engineering at Stuttgart TH from 1890 to 1894. Upon graduating he worked as a senior civil servant and superintendent in the Ministerial Department for Highways & Waterways, and afterwards was employed in the bridge unit of Württemberg State Railways.
He joined the Wayss & Freytag company in Neustadt, Palatinate, in early 1901 and it was here, commissioned by the company, that he published the first edition of his book Der Betoneisenbau. Seine Anwendung und Theorie, which later underwent numerous reprints (substantially enlarged) under the title of Der Eisenbeton. Seine Theorie und Anwendung.
This book set standards in reinforced concrete writing during the consolidation period of structural theory. Its theory based on practical trials made it the standard work of reference in reinforced concrete construction for more than half a century.
In 1904 Mörsch was appointed professor of theory of structures, bridge-building and reinforced concrete construction at Zurich ETH. However, four years later he returned to the board of Wayss & Freytag AG.
From 1916 onwards, Mörsch worked as professor of theory of structures, reinforced concrete construction and masonry arch bridges at Stuttgart TH. He adhered rigorously to elastic theory for designing reinforced concrete components right up until his death. Among his numerous honours are honorary membership of the Concrete Institute (today: Institutution of Structural Engineers) (1913) and honorary doctorates from Stuttgart TH (1912) and Zurich ETH (1929).
Der Betoneisenbau. Seine Anwendung und Theorie [1902];
Berechnung von eingespanntenGewölben [1906];
Der Eisenbetonbau. Seine Theorie und Anwendung [1920]
M Ü L L E R – B R E S L A U , H E I N R I C H
*13.5.1851 Breslau, Prussia, †23.4.1925 Berlin- Grunewald, Germany
Following service in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the young Müller, who a few years later was to change his name to Müller-Breslau, left the place of his birth to study at the Berlin Building Academy. However, the birth of a son in December 1872, who was also christened Heinrich (1872–1962), forced him to start earning money.
He tutored his fellow students at the Building Academy in theory of structures in readiness for the dreaded state examination set by Schwedler, although he himself did not sit the examination. Müller-Breslau, however, turned duty into a virtue by publishing his theory of structures notes as a book in 1875 and setting himself up as an independent civil engineer.
In October 1883 he was appointed assistant and lecturer at Hannover TH and in April 1885 professor of civil engineering at the same establishment before succeeding Emil Winkler in the chair of theory of structures, building and bridge design at Berlin TH in October 1888. Taking the theorems of Castigliano and Maxwell's frame theory as his starting point, Müller-Breslau worked out a consistent theory of statically indeterminate frames between 1883 and 1888 which, just a few years later, officially became the force method. Müller-Breslau's completion of classical theory of structures brought to a close the discipline-formation period of structural theory.
During the 1880s, the dispute between Mohr and Müller-Breslau over the fundamentals of theory of structures led to the formation of the Dresden school of applied mechanics and the Berlin school of structural theory, which also gained international recognition.
Müller-Breslau's appointment as a full member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1901 demonstrates the high status accorded to theory of structures and iron bridge-building – indeed engineering sciences on the whole – by Imperial Germany.
Die neueren Methoden der Festigkeitslehreund der Statik der Baukonstruktionen [1886,1893, 1904, 1913];
Die Graphische Statik derBaukonstruktionen [1887, 1903, 1892, 1908]
NAV I E R , C L A U D E – L O U I S – M A R I E – H E N R I
*10.2.1785 Dijon, France,
After losing his father – a lawyer in Dijon – at the age of just 14, the young Navier was cared for by his uncle and his wife, Emil and Marie Gauthey. Emil Gauthey taught part-time at the Ecole des Ponts et Chausees and in 1791 was appointed general inspector of the Bridges & Highways Corps. Navier's uncle therefore became his role model.
He studied at the Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole des Ponts et Chaussess from 1802 to 1806 and afterwards, in addition to practical employment in bridge-building, dedicated himself to preparing a new edition of Gauthey's Traité des ponts (1813) and Bélidor's engineering manuals [Bélidor, 1813], [Bélidor, 1819]. In 1819 he was appointed professeur suppleant at the Ecole Des Ponts et Chayssees, which resulted in his Leçons [Navier, 1820].
During the early 1820s, Navier established the principles of elastic theory together with Cauchy and Lamé. In May 1821 Navier submitted a paper to the Académie des Sciences in which he derived the basic equations of elastic theory (to be named after him and Lamé) from the discontinuum (molecular) hypothesis; an extract from this paper was published in 1823 [Navier, 1823/3], but publication of the complete work had to wait until 1827 [Navier, 1827]. The year 1828 was marked by a dispute between Navier and Denis Poisson (1781–1840) in the journal Annales de Chimie et de Physique concerning the principles of elastic theory, which, however, did not supply any clarification because both based their ideas on the molecular hypothesis.
Navier was commissioned by the government to travel to England and Scotland in order to find out about the construction of chain suspension bridges; his findings were published in his famous Rapport, which contained the first theory of suspension bridges [Navier, 1823/1].
Although this publication earned him membership of the Académie in 1824, its implementation in practice resulted in numerous difficulties for Navier in connection with his failed Pont des Invalides suspension bridge project [Stüssi, 1940, p. 204]. At the same time, the 1820s can be seen as his most creative years.
His Résumé des Leçons [Navier, 1826] made Navier the founder of theory of structures; this work was to challenge great minds in the establishment phase of structural theory – like Saint-Venant, who obtained a copy of the third edition and improved on it by adding a grandiose historicocritical commentary [Navier, 1864]. In Germany, Moritz Rühlmann in particular is credited with establishing Navier's theory of structures [Navier, 1851/1878]. Navier became Cauchy's successor at the chair of analysis and mechanics at the Ecole Polytechnique, Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur and section inspector of the Bridges & Highways Corps – all in 1831.
In sociological terms, Navier – like Clapeyron and other prominent scientists and engineers – was committed to the ideas of Saint-Simon and his followers. Therefore, Navier nominated Auguste Comte as his assistant at the Ecole Poltytechnique and played an active part in events in Raucourt de Charleville's Institut de la Morale Universelle [McKeon, 1981, p. 2]. In this way the classical engineering sciences established in France at that time – in the first place theory of structures and applied mechanics – experienced an implicit sociological significance on which the, as it were, natural positivism of the engineering scientist dedicated to the "scientific paradigms" [Ropohl, 1999, pp. 20–23] could draw sustenance.
Leçons données à l'École Royale des Ponts etChaussées sur l'Application de la Mécanique[1820];
Rapport et Mémoire sur les Pontssuspendus [1823/1];
Extrait des recherches sur laflexion des planes élastiques [1823/2];
Sur les loisde l'équilibre et du mouvement des corps solidesélastiques [1823/3];
Résumé des Leçons donnéesà l'École Royale des Ponts et Chaussées surl'Application de la Mécanique à l'Etablissementdes Constructions et des Machines. 1er partie:Leçons sur la résistance des materiaux et surl'établissement des constructions en terre, enmaçonnerie et en charpente [1826];
Mémoire surles lois de l'équilibre et du mouvement des corps solides élastiques [1827];
Résumé des Leçonsdonnées à l'École des Ponts et Chaussées surl'Application de la Mécanique à l'Etablissementdes Constructions et des Machines. 2. Aufl.,
Vol. 1: Leçons sur la résistance des materiaux et sur l'établissement des constructions en terre, enmaçonnerie et en charpente, revues et corrigées.
Vol. 2: Leçons sur le mouvement et la résistancedes fluides, la conduite et la distribution des eaux.
Vol. 3: Leçons sur l'établissement des machines[1833/1836];
Mechanik der Baukunst (Ingenieur-Mechanik) oder Anwendung der Mechanik aufdas Gleichgewicht von Bau-Constructionen[1833/1878];
Résumé des leçons données àl'École des Ponts et Chaussées sur l'applicationde la mécanique à l'établissement des constructionset des machines, avec des Notes et desAppendices par M. Barré de Saint-Venant[1864]
S A I N T- V E N A N T, A D H É M A R J E A N C L A U D E B A R R É D E
*23.8.1797 Villiers-en-Bière, Seine et-Marne, France,
†6.1.1886 St.-Ouen, Loir-et-Cher, France
Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig in 1813 and Paris faced its downfall. It was in this year that Saint-Venant started studying at the Ecole Poly technique and all the students were mobilised to help defend Paris. The 17-year-old Saint-Venant refused to take part, saying: "My conscience forbids me to fight for a usurper" [Benvenuto, 1997, p. 4]. The young conscientious objector was forced to quit the Ecole Polytechnique and work as an assistant in the Service des Poudres et Salpêtres (gun powder factories). It was not until 1823 that the government permitted him to resume his studies at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, which he completed in 1825. He worked for the Service des Ponts et Chaussées until 1848 and later as Professeur du génie rurale at the Agricultural Institute in Versailles, where he was involved with typical civil engineering duties. Showing a high awareness of social responsibility, Saint-Venant committed himself to improving the miserable living conditions in the countryside through the targeted application and further development of hydraulic engineering for agriculture (land improvement, irrigation and rational use of ponds).
In 1842 the authority discharged him from his duties and until 1848 he had to make himself available to the authority but on a reduced salary and without any responsibilities. It was during this period that Saint-Venant made his main contributions to the further evolution of structural mechanics [Saint- Venant, 1844], in particular torsion theory [Saint-Venant, 1847].
As the social issue was dramatically revealed in the Paris Revolution of 1848 and the ruling powers struck back with the military, Saint-Venant took sides: a military solution would not improve the social injustices, which mainly affected the unemployed. More charity would be much better for improving the working and living conditions of the lower classes. A short time later a nephew of Napoleon would use the lower classes to set himself up in power and then declare himself Emperor Napoleon III. On the whole, Saint-Venant's remarks were based on the ideology of religiously motivated socialism, which fought to improve the living conditions of rural populations who had been made "superfluous" by the Industrial Revolution [Benvenuto, 1997, pp. 6–7].
In 1852 Saint-Venant was promoted to Ingénieur en chef and in 1868 was elected Poncelet's successor in the Mechanics Section of the Académie des Sciences. During the 1850s and 1860s, Saint- Venant formulated the semi-inverse method [Saint-Venant, 1855] within the scope of his torsion theory and expanded the practical bending theory of Navier [Saint-Venant, 1856].
He published Navier's Résumé des leçons in a third edition with a comprehensive historico-critical commentary [Navier, 1864]. In his presentation to the Paris Société Philomathique on 28 July 1860, Saint-Venant formulated the compatibility conditions of elastic theory for the first time [Saint-Venant, 1860] and hence completed their set of equations: equilibrium condtions, material equations, kinematic relationships and compatibility conditions.
Three years before his death, he published Theorie der Elasticität fester Körper [Saint-Venant, 1862] together with Flamant, Clebsch, which contained an extensive appendix [Clebsch, 1883]. Also pioneering are Saint-Venant's contributions to the theory of viscous fluids, structural dynamics, plastic theory and vector calculus. His work on structural mechanics did not become evident until the structural theory of the consolidation period.
Mémoire sur les pressions qui se développent àl'intérieur des corps solides lorsque les déplacementsde leurs points, sans altérer l'élasticité, nepeuvent cependant pas être considérés commetrès petits [1844/1];
Mémoire sur l'équilibre descorps solides, dans les limites de leur élasticité, et sur les conditions de leur résistance, quand les déplacements éprouvés par leurs points ne sontpas très-petits [1844/2];
Note sur l'état d'équilibred'une verge élastique à double courbure lorsqueles déplacements éprouvés par ses points, parsuite l'action des forces qui la sollicitent, ne sontpas très-petits [1844/3];
Deuxième note: Surl'état d'équilibre d'une verge élastique à doublecourbure lorsque les déplacements éprouvés par ses points, par suite l'action des forces quila sollicitent, ne sont pas très-petits [1844/4];
Mémoire sur l'équilibre des corps solides, dans leslimites de leur élasticité, et sur les conditions deleur résistance, quand les déplacements éprouvéspar leurs points ne sont pas très-petits [1847/1];
Mémoire sur la torsion des prismes et sur laforme affectée par leurs sections transversalesprimitivement planes [1847/2];
Suite au Mémoiresur la torsion des prismes [1847/3];
Mémoire surla Torsion des Prismes, avec des considérations sur leur flexion, ainsi que sur l'équilibre intérieurdes solides élastiques en général, et des formulespratiques pour le calcul de leur résistance à diversefforts s'exerçant simultanément [1855];
Mémoiresur la flexion des prismes, sur les glissementstransversaux et longitudinaux qui l'accompagnentlorqu'elle ne s'opère pas uniformément ou en arcde cercle, et sur la forme courbe affectée alorspar leurs sections transversales primitivementplanes [1856];
Sur les conditions pour que six fonctions des coordonées x, y, z des points d'uncorps élastiques représentent des composantesde pression s'exercant sur trois plans rectangulairesà l'intérieur de ce corps, par suite de petitschangements de distance de ses parties [1860];
Résumé des leçons données à l'École des Pontset Chaussées sur l'application de la mécanique àl'établissement des constructions et des machines,avec des Notes et des Appendices par M. Barréde Saint-Venant [1864];
Théorie de l'élasticitédes corps solides de Clebsch. Traduite par M.M. Barré de Saint-Venant et Flamant, avec des Notes étendues de M. de Saint-Venant [1883].
TA K A B E YA , F U K U H E I
*9.9.1893 Okazaki near Nagoya, Japan,
†24.4.1975 Kamakura, Japan
After completing his education at the 8th state grammar school in Nagoya, Fukuhei Takabeya studied at the Imperial Kyushu University in Fukuoka (1916–19), where he afterwards served as a lecturer until 1921. He gained his doctorate at the Imperial Kyushu University in 1922 with the dissertation On the calculation of a beam encastré at both ends taking special account of the axial force.
Over the years 1921 to 1925 he was an associate professor at the Imperial Kyushu University and in May 1925 he was appointed professor at the Imperial Hokkaido University in Sapporo, but returned to the Imperial Kyushu University in 1947. He was professor at the Japanese Defence Academy from 1954 to 1966 and afterwards worked at the University of Tokai until 1972.
He became an honorary member of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) in 1963, and honorary professor of the Japanese Defence Academy in 1966. Takabeya developed the iteration methods of Cross and Kani further to form a highly effective computational algorithm at the transition between the invention and innovation phases of structural theory [Takabeya, 1965 & 1967], which was especially useful for analysing systems with a high degree of static indeterminacy in high-rise buildings.
On the calculation of a beam encastré at bothends taking special account of the axial force[1924];
Frame tables [1930/1];
On the calculationof stresses in plane, encastré flat metal sheets[1930/2];
Multistorey frames [1965 & 1967]
T E T M A J E R , L U D W I G V O N
*14.7.1850 Krompach, Austrian Empire,
†31.1.1905 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Born in Hungary, the son of the director of the Krompach-Hernader ironworks, Tetmajer studied at Zurich Polytechnic (Zurich ETH) from 1868 to 1872 and then worked for the Swiss Railways Company.
He had already written his habilitation thesis by 1873 and went on to assist Culmann and teach his method of graphical statics. In the late 1870s he turned to materials testing, which at that time was still in its infancy.
Upon Culmann's death he was appointed professor of theory structures and technology of building materials at Zurich ETH. At the same time he also took charge of the Swiss Building Materials Testing Institute. Thus began the systematic establishment of materials testing in Switzerland, which very soon enjoyed a good international reputation.
In the early years of his professorship he formulated the forwardthinking hypothesis that the mechanical material quality is characterised quantitatively by the internal work; the energy doctrine becoming established in the classical phase of structural theory thus appears in materials testing as well.
Tetmajer published two reports (1883/84) on buckling tests carried out on timber members where for the first time the buckling load was presented as a function of the slenderness of the member and the beginnings of the Tetmajer Line (as it was later called) can be seen [Nowak, 1981, pp. 112–113].
His numerous buckling tests and buckling theory deliberations were brought together analytically in 1890 in the form of an empirical formula (Tetmajer Line) for all the materials he had investigated.
In 1895, following the death of Johann Bauschinger, Tetmajer developed the Bauschinger Conferences on materials testing into the Internationaler Verband für die Materialprüfungen der Technik (now known as the New International Association for the Testing of Materials), and became its first president.
He taught and carried out research at Vienna TH from 1901 onwards, and also served as rector there. He unfortunately did not live to see the founding of a central laboratory for technical materials testing in Austria [Rossmanith, 1990, p. 530]; he died while giving a lecture.
The main contribution to the structural analysis :
Methoden und Resultate der Prüfung derschweizerischen Bauhölzer [1884];
Die angewandte Elasticitäts- und Festigkeitslehre[1889];
Methoden und Resultate der Prüfung derFestigkeitsverhältnisse des Eisens und andererMetalle [1890];
Die Gesetze der Knickfestigkeitder technisch wichtigsten Baustoffe [1896];
Die Gesetze der Knickungs- und der zusammengesetztenDruckfestigkeit der technisch wichtigsten Baustoffe [1903];
Die angewandteElastizitäts- und Festigkeitslehre [1904]
T I M O S H E N K O , S T E PA N P R O K O F I E V I C H
*22.12.1878 Shpotovka (Poltava), Ukraine, Russia,
†29.05.1972 Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany
Timoshenko finished his secondary education at Romenski School in 1896 and five years later he had completed his studies at the Institute of Engineers of Ways of Communication in St. Petersburg; he taught here and at the Petersburg Polytechnic Institute from 1902 onwards. Krylov's method of analysing engineering problems mathematically using differential equations was to have a considerable influence on Timoshenko's scientific career.
He was a professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute in Kiev from 1906 to 1911, serving as dean there from 1909. He was dismissed in February 1911 in connection with the dispute between the universities and the tsarist government. But in that same year he was awarded the Zhuravsky Gold Medal of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute for his treatise On the stability of elastic systems. It was at this latter institute that he served as professor of theoretical mechanics from 1913 to 1917 in the place of A. N. Krylov.
According to his former friend A. F. Joffe, Timoshenko joined the group around Maxim Gorki in the years leading up to the revolution and "was probably the most left-wing of the Russian professors" [Joffe, 1967, p. 106]. In 1918 Timoshenko became a professor of the Polytechnic Institute in Kiev as well as director and founder of the Mechanics Research Institute at the reorganised Ukraine Academy of Sciences.
Following an interlude as professor in Zagreb (1921–22), Timoshenko became involved in a wide range of activities in the USA, first at the Westinghouse company, then as a professor at Michigan University (1928–35) and afterwards at Stanford University. He influenced applied mechanics in the 20th century like no other and that had a decisive knock-on effect for theory of structures. For example, in 1921 he published his theory of the shear-flexible beam, which was later named after him (Timoshenko beam). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was founded in 1957 and Timoshenko was awarded the society's first gold medal. Following a leg injury in 1964, he moved to Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany, to be with his daughter. He undertook extensive travels in the USSR in 1958 and 1967.
On the question of the strength of rails[1915/2001];
On the correction for shear of thedifferential equation for transverse vibrationof prismatic bars [1921];
History of strength ofmaterials. With a brief account of the historyof theory of elasticity and theory of structures[1953/1];
The collected papers [1953/2];
Ustoichivost' sterzhnei, plastin i obolochek:Izbrannye raboty (stability of bars, plates andshells: collected works) [1971];
Prochnost ikolebaniya elementov konstruktsii (strengthand vibrations of construction elements) [1975/1];
Staticheskie i dinamicheskiezadachi teorii uprugosti (static and dynamicproblems of elastic theory) [1975/2]
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11 respons untuk 'biografi insinyur-insinyur yang mengubah dunia'
Untuk ilmuan yang diatas tahun 1950 belum ada ya Pak Wir..??
Hhmm…MEreka orang2 yang keren…..
Arief berkata:
Hem, memang tidak ada karya besar yang dimulai dari karya kecil, setiap langkah memberikan sumbangsih dari hasil akhir karya itu….meskipun pada akhirnya hanya karya yang terlihat nyata saja yang menjadi penilailan masyarakat……..
realita masyarakat kini……
bodrox berkata:
lumayan ada orang jepangnya, sebagai sesama asia, bangga juga neh 🙂
Andreko berkata:
Kan si Kahn juga orang asia ?????ya cuma yang ras mongoloid cuma orang jepang aja..kalau ras Melayunosoid itu yg belum ada …apa lagi negroid, hjehehehe
Yusno berkata:
kapan orang Indonesia masuk daftar?
parhyang berkata:
FEM/MSA great impact in modern structural analysis. di list-nya G A L L A G H E R , R I C H A R D HUGO ngga disebutin lainnya, seperti Collar and Duncan, Argyris, dan Turner dengan DSM nya.
Aidil berkata:
ada Foto Russel C. Hibbeler g pak?
elfaruq berkata:
mungkin entah kapan bisa jadi ada foto saya dipasang di artikel ini…
Pak Wir, saya juga diam-diam memendam impian ingin membuat semacam kumpulan biografi, kira-kira nanti judulnya begini :"Insinyur-insinyur Indonesia Dan Karyanya dari Masa ke Masa…"
Kita Punya Gunadharma yang merancang Borobudur…
Prof. Ir. Rooseno, bapak beton indonesia
Prof. Ir. Sutami, yang menerapkan prestressed concrete di Indonesia
Prof.Ir.Sedyatmo, penemu pondasi cakar ayam
Ir. Tjokorda R Sukawati, penemu sistem Sosrobahu
Ir. Sutjipto, penemu sistem pondasi laba-laba
Prof.Ir. Wiratman, pelopor dinamika struktur Indonesia….
Jangan lupa Ir. Soekarno, he..he..
Ada lagi yang lain?
Jadi bisa buat motivasi buat kita2 insinyur muda, terutama yang masih mahasiswa, bahwa kita juga tidak kalah dengan barat, atau jepang… padahal para insinyur pendahulu kita itu dulu belum ada komputer loch, boro2 komputer, kalkulator saku aja gak ada, he..he.. jadi kebayang kan, betapa jeniusnya mereka?
Ayoo, semangat…. jangan kalah sama China yang sekarang juga udah mulai menggeliat, insinyur2 mereka sekarang ini hebat-hebat loch, karena mau mengejar ketertinggalannya…
Purbo berkata:
Iya bagus tu idenya kalo dibuat buku…
Untuk daftarnya ada yg kurang tu… yang mbuat blog ini belum kecantum (Pak Wiryanto) 🙂
Sanny Khow berkata:
Pak Wir,
Ini ada satu lagi tapi masih hidup 🙂
Namanya Elon Musk. Dia pendiri pay-pal, lalu pay-palnya di jual ke ebay dan duitnya dia pakai untuk buka dua perusahaan baru yaitu: Tesla motor dan SpaceX.
Tesla Motors (http://www.teslamotors.com) ini adalah mobil dengan baterei yang bisa menjangkau 260 miles per charge dengan kecepatan dari 0-120 miles per hour bisa dalam 5 second! coba nonton videonya http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nxF0-HQB5.
Mobil mobil balap aja bisa kalah. Dalam beberapa tahun lagi mobil buatan tesla ini bisa mencuri market share dari mobil yang ada sekarang (sistem internal combustion).
Ngak cukup jadi CEO disatu company dia juga punya SpaceX, mereka terima langganan buat roket untuk nasa. Unbelieveable, biasanya negara yang bikin roket. ini perusahaan swasta. A lot of people say this guy is the new Thomas Edison. (katanya yang saya baca bahwa edison ngak sebrilian nicola tesla, penemu motor listrik.)


Confidence has nearly universal appeal. It's so universally desired, in fact, that like designer handbags, people are willing to fake it instead of get the real thing. What's the real thing, you ask? Well, confidence is characteristically "a feeling of self-assurance arising from one's appreciation of one's own abilities".
Confidence is most literally reason to believe in your own success. It says that you'd bet on your abilities to stand up to what the future holds. We've got to reconcile the idea that this belief doesn't just come from anywhere. For true confidence to be present, we would need some real reason to believe these thoughts. We need support for our (confident) argument. The most profound reason to believe in our ability to endure a certain stimulus is evidence that we have, in fact, endured similar stimulus. Experience yields greater confidence than mere speculation.
The most confident fishermen, for example, have specific, vivid memories catching fish. I cannot call myself a confident fisherman, because I'm generally unsure about my ability to catch fish this afternoon. I have no reason to believe that I could coerce a fish of any kind to politely entertain my lure. While even though experienced fishermen have uncertainty about whether they will catch fish during any particular outing, but at least they have a catalogue of proof that they can reel in some results. The more proof they have of their ability to catch fish, the more confident they might be about their ability. We could understand that if a professional angler has caught 40,000 fish lifetime, but not one in the month of April that she might be less confident this month. Real confidence is tethered closely with support for the argument. While we might have other reasons to believe we might fair well, there is no substitute for confidence than with evidence to justify it.
Inauthentic confidence, then, is propped up on baseless assumptions that we would fair well in various circumstances. It's littered with unforgettable doubt. A proud chest, for example, may look confident, but doesn't have support for its position. Since these individuals can't know beyond reasonable doubt that they might fair well, they will be found guilty of fake confidence, by definition.
Want confidence? You'll need to get to know the situations you wish to have confidence in. Confidence is a progression. You must be without it to earn it.


Career Highlights: A five-time NBA All-Star point guard for the Toronto Raptors, Kyle Lowry has been instrumental in leading the Raptors to the NBA Playoffs the past five years. Lowry's tenacious playing style helped the team last season to a franchise record 59 wins and the first seed in the Eastern Conference, a first in franchise history. They also secured their fourth division title in five years. A 13-year NBA veteran, Lowry was selected out of Villanova by the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2006 NBA Draft. He spent three seasons in Memphis, three years in Houston before being traded to the Raptors in 2012. During his second season with the Raptors, the team won an Atlantic Division title and reached the playoffs for the first time in seven years. In 2015-16, the team reached the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time. Throughout his career, Lowry has averaged 14.4 points, 5.9 assists, 4.2 rebounds, and 1.1 steals per game. His five NBA All-Star nods have come in the past five seasons, and he was named to the All-NBA Third Team in 2016. Lowry also won a gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics as a member of the U.S. men's national team.


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Sweatpants & Pop Culture | World Goth Day
Jess Grey
May 22nd is World Goth Day, an observance that began in Britain in 2009, growing from BBC Radio 6 program that took a look at music subcultures. DJs Martin OldGoth and Cruel Britannia got the first observance of Goth Day up and running, and the celebration of the holiday has grown by leaps and bounds since. This year, there are at least, 52 registered events occurring on five continents. Not too shabby for an eight-year-old tradition!
Source: (x)
According to the World Goth Day website, the day "is exactly what it says on the wrapper – a day where the goth scene gets to celebrate its own being, and an opportunity to make its presence known to the rest of the world."
Though the goth subculture wasn't really established until the early 1980s, the groundwork for its emergence began to be laid in 1967, when music critic John Stickney described The Doors' sound as "gothic rock." That same year, Velvet Underground would release a track that Kurt Loder (yep, that Kurt Loder) would go on to describe as a "gothic-rock masterpiece." In the late 1970s, "gothic" became a way to describe a new post-punk sound characterized by bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees and Joy Division. Later, Bauhaus would break onto the scene and their single "Bela Lugosi's Dead" has come to be regarded as the birth of gothic rock as a genre unto itself.
Initially finding its footing in Britain, bands like The Cure, Play Dead (though, the band itself does not identify as goth), Dead Can Dance, and The Sisters of Mercy had early influence in shaping the sound of the gothic genre. It was not long before the sound jumped the pond and began finding homes in clubs in New York and L.A. Moving into the 1990s, though, dance music became the sound of youth culture and goth went underground. It was around the late 1990s and early 2000s that I was introduced to the goth subculture—though, by this point it had substantially morphed from the sound and style of the genre's progenitors, splintering into any number of subgenres and sub-subcultures.
Okay. To be more specific, I was introduced to the industrial metal and hellektro sub-subgenres. They opened the door for me to explore goth's many facets.
Music definitely informed the beginning of goth communities, but—as suggested by the word "subculture"—it expanded far beyond bonding over bands. The goth subculture drew—and continues to draw—inspiration from science fiction, Gothic literature, horror and B movies, mythology, among other contemporary and historical cultural elements. Making its way onto the scene around the same time the foundation for the goth genre was being laid, Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles reimagined vampires in a way that appealed to goth readers and echoed themes found in goth music: self-flagellating souls struggling with how to be in the world while also searching for joy and connection, however fleeting. Ultimately, that is, in my experience what the goth scene is about—recognizing the dark and the mysterious and looking for connection—and those things are also embodied in other literary influences stretching back from Anne Rice, Poppy Z. Brite, and Neil Gaiman to H.P. Lovecraft, Edgar Allan Poe, and E. T. A. Hoffman.
So, bust out your best black outfit—though, the goth "black uniform" was largely an issue of being spendthrift—and pull up a fitting playlist and join us in celebrating the sometimes weird, often misunderstood, and always multifaceted goth scene.
**Plus, bonus Joy Division for those who really don't like Nazis.
Anne Rice B-Movies Dead Can Dance E. T. A. Hoffman Edgar Allan Poe goth Gothic literature H. P. Lovecraft horror Joy Division music Neil Gaiman Play Dead Poppy Z. Brite post-punk rock romance science fiction Siouxsie and the Banshees steampunk subculture subgenre The Cure The Doors The Sisters of Mercy Vampires Velvet Underground World Goth Day
Jess is a chronically ill freelance writer and artist living in Durham, North Carolina. They take their coffee. Clearly, are some preferences but, when push comes to shove, they just take the coffee. All of it, please and thank you. A perennial nerd, Jess can often be found watching science fiction, live-streaming video games with their roommate, and dreaming up new and bizarre backstories for their Dungeons and Dragons character. In spite of—and sometimes because of—their struggles with mental illness and invisible disability, Jess is finally embracing their role as a Queer-identified agent of chaos …and glitter.
Sweatpants & Travel | 5 Inspirational Vacation Rentals for Your Wanderlust
Sweatpants & Geekery | Speaking Yodish: Like Yoda You Talk Day, Mmmmm
Sweatpants & Music | Hump Day Playlist | 6/8/16

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
NI International
IRISH CUP SEMI-FINAL: Keeper John Connolly thrilled as Mallards fly high
Ballinamallard's John Connolly makes great save in the penalty shoot out against Dungannon Swifts. Photo Desmond Loughery/Pacemaker
John Connolly heaped praise on boss Harry McConkey for the turnaround in Ballinamallard United's season.
After beating Limavady United in the opening game of the season the Mallards remarkably lost their next eleven league games.
Through it all though McConkey stuck to his principles and beliefs and turned things around again at Ferney Park as Connolly explained.
"When you're going through a bad spell it's quite easy for the manager and coaches to start questioning what they are doing and look to change things about," said the experienced stopper.
"But credit to Harry he has faith in what he does and we stuck to it.
"From our preparation to our training we all bought in to what Harry was wanting to do and he deserves so much credit for how we have turned things around.
"We all know that when managers go through a bad spell it's quite easy for clubs to panic and get rid of them.
"But Harry stayed true to his beliefs and how he goes about things and I'm delighted he is getting the rewards now.
"You could see just how much it meant to him after we beat Dungannon Swifts in the quarter finals.
"It was great to hear the fans singing his name, he deserves it!"
It's fitting for Connolly to be back on the big stage again a year after battling back from what could have been a career ending injury whilst at Portadown.
The 42-year-old ruptured his Achilles tendon in an innocuous training ground incident during his spell at Shamrock Park.
Lesser men would have hung the gloves up, but not Connolly.
Funeral details for 'kind, caring and genuine' sports fanatic Paddy Allen
"It was a tough time with the injury and other personal things that had happened," said the popular Dubliner.
"But you just have to keep going and season's like this make it worthwhile.
"I never ever thought I'd be getting ready to play in an Irish Cup semi final, but I'm so looking forward to it.
"It was fantastic to get through to the quarter final, but to make history and get to the club's first ever Irish Cup semi final was even better.
"There's a great buzz about the place, it's only a small village but there is so much support for us.
"But the manager is making sure we aren't getting too far ahead of ourselves.
"All our focus is on Saturday's game and that's it, you can't afford to look too far ahead of yourself in this game."
Connolly along with the likes of Richard Clarke, Jay McCartney and Ryan Campbell add great experience to the Mallards exciting young squad.
And the keeper feels that mix could prove vital on the day.
"We have a great blend of youth and experience in the squad," he said.
"I think that is key for any team if they are going to be successful.
"A lot of our talented young players may be unknown to many outside of our club, but they are great prospects.
"The club deserves so much credit for the work going on with the youth development.
"There is some cracking young players coming through at all age groups, and if the club can hold on to them they will have some side in the future."
Connolly, with over 600 senior appearances at clubs including Cliftonville, Newry, Derry City, Finn Harps, Larne and Glenavon, knows cup games come down to whoever turns up on the day.
And after dumping Dungannon Swifts out in the last eight the keeper says Ballinamallard go into the game full of confidence.
"Yeah we are confident, but there is no real pressure on us," he said. "In games like these the pressure and expectation is always on the team who play in the higher league. We go into the game looking forward to it and fully focused on what we have to do."


We'll be the first to admit that we love sponsoring fun and cool contests. We're excited to sponsor a new competition, our first of the year, from the iFroggy Network. Think of it as American Idol meets Survivor meets… something else. Contest: phpBBHacks.com phpBB 3 Hacks and Styles Idol. The competition is a great opportunity for coders and creators to show off some talent and win some great prizes. Chitika will award one of the following prizes (winners choice!) for the contests' grand prize.
Click here to read more and enter the contest!


Nissan Atlas 200 will be the tipper truck available for truck hire Gold Coast and uses a 2 ton carry capacity. It has a steel drop-side tray that measures 3.1m x 1.6m in addition to a two-way tail gate. That to transport furniture and machinery or for dumping soil, firewood, commercial & household rubbish, and the only thing sorts of earthworks things.
Here, at Fort Hood, we pay tribute to thirteen females and males who were unable to escape the horror of war, even regarding comfort of home. Later today, at Fort Lewis, one community will gather to remember so many in one Stryker Brigade who have fallen in Afghanistan.
Cosart (2-0) finished video game allowing just that one run in five innings of work. He struck out six and did not walk a batter within the first career start in hitter-friendly Albuquerque.
Moving forward, let's speak about earnings for MMA as opposed to. Boxing. First we need to take into account that boxing merely has about one or two major fights a month. By major I mean boxing matches most fans care expend to observe. MMA has anywhere from 1 to 2 a month, depending on a promotion (UFC, XFC, and fights on HDNet). It's the same not accurate to compare one Boxing event pa to one MMA event.
There will be a few other ways that you can lift a toyota hilux 2018 (https://www.bestsaletoyota.com/) Hilux, by simply what year and model it is certainly. The older Hilux's premiered with leaf sprung suspension all approach round, which is very simple lift. Hand calculators get extended shackles, which essentially just make the springs taller. Service station . make these or these people fabricated at an engineer look around. Make sure they are built though, as far more of weight sits for them. Alternatively, you may get different springs (and have different shocks too) which taller. Tasty lift the Hilux up well, even though springs at some point sag backpedal.
April was full of fine bouts, along with the Brian-Viloria-Ulises Solis light-flyweight bout was almost the leading. Viloria, an underachieving underdog, landed bombs and piled up a big lead, winning the first five round (and dropping Solis ultimately fifth). Then he lapsed into one of your companion fogs which have made his career somewhat disappointing, but he recovered his drive and took the IBF title from Solis a great 11th-round TKO.
The Isotopes' lone moment of success against Cosart came your fourth inning when Elian Herrera hit a leadoff double to right-center and Alex Castellanos followed with a single to center to knock him in.


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Support from an Encouraging Father
Gongbotso got married at an early age, and gave birth to her first child when she was only 19. She often had disagreements with her in-laws, which is why they decided to move out and live in her father's home. Even after moving, life hasn't been kind to Gongbotso and her family. Her father and her husband had never been to school and so they found it difficult to find a job that would earn them enough money.
Gongbotso had basic tailoring skills and she is grateful to have the opportunity to learn more about the trade. When she started attending the Husky Energy Tailoring Skills Program for Women in July, her father has been very supportive. He helps look after her children while she goes to her training.
Gongbotso's father shared, "I thought it was best to let my daughter stay at home because I was afraid she wouldn't be safe outside. But I realized how difficult it is to be illiterate. Once I traveled to another city; I couldn't read and couldn't find the toilet, which caused a lot of trouble. I can't let my children be like this anymore. Learning is very important and I will support my daughter to learn this valuable skill and my granddaughters to go to school."
Francine (far left) from Captivating with Gongbotso and her family
Gongbotso just graduated from the Husky Energy Tailoring Skills Program for Women training. She has been determined to master and practice the skill and make a living out of it so she could support her family well.
Thank you to Husky Energy for making all this possible.
CHINA | EDUCATE GIRLS | END POVERTY | HUSKY ENERGY TAILORING SKILLS PROGRAM FOR WOMEN
Opportunity to Change the Future for My Family
In my uneducated state, it is difficult for me to find a place to work to earn sufficient money. Clothes are needed by each of us. I joined the Husky Energy Tailoring Skills for Women Program in July 2019. This was my opportunity to change the future for my family.
CHINA | NEPAL | PHILIPPINES
Have a CAPTIVATING Christmas
From all of us at CAPTIVATING - our board, employees, partners and volunteers - we wish you the best of the festive season ahead and a wonderful Christmas and New Year. 2019 has been an amazing year of impact thanks to an amazing combination of generous supporters and wonderful grassroots program partners.
CHINA | HEALTHY VILLAGE PROGRAM
A Well-Informed Community is a Healthy and Safe Community
The 2019 My Health, My Family, Our Safety Project has begun in remote locations in Western China. A local doctor and a team of health professionals, coordinated by our partner Shamtse, will visit 10 different communities as part of this project. The team attended to the health needs of 258 community members (mostly females) on their first stop, including Zhongjia, a widow and single mom, from one of the villages.
CHINA | EDUCATE GIRLS | END POVERTY | VOCATIONAL SCHOOL SCHOLARSHIPS
Cherishing New Opportunities
Sangje had to drop out of school three years ago because of financial difficulties. After her mother got divorced, they had to leave home, taking nothing with them - no cattle or sheep, and no grassland. All their mother had was her and her two other siblings.
CHINA | EDUCATE GIRLS | END POVERTY | MY FIRST JOB PROGRAM
Unstoppable Determination
Sonam is a single mom of two children. She had to drop out of school when she was just in the second grade. Because of this, she had limited options for employment. When she was introduced to the My First Job Program, she did everything she could to make sure she could attend each training sessions and learn as much as possible.
CHINA | END POVERTY | PIGS FOR POVERTY
A Sustainable Small Business Solution for a Single Mom
Everyday, single mothers in Qinghai like Baiyuhua face a difficult decision: a choice between the education of their children and survival. Read on to know how Baiyuhua found a viable and sustainable solution to her dilemma.
© 2020 Captivating International.


Applications using the ability of smartphones and other mobile devices to pinpoint your precise location at any time have been a key topic for discussion amongst digital marketers over the last year or so, and were also something I covered in my Digital Fundraising Hot Topics Session at this summer's Institute of Fundraising National Convention here in London (check-out from slide 52 onwards).
Up to now, a lot of the location-based application chatter has focused on the new breed of specifically designed location-based social networks like Foursquare and Gowalla. However, it was only a matter of time before the global market leader in social networking responded. Hence, last week we saw the launch of Facebook Places – an extension to existing Facebook functionality that will enable smartphone wielding Facebookers to share their location with their Friends, be alerted when Friends are close by, check-in to specific locations, and share details of good places with others in their social network. For an introduction try the Facebook video above or this Mashable post. This new functionality was initially only available to US users, but is to be rolled-out to other countries over the coming months – going live in the UK on 17/09/10..
Naturally, the potential for Facebook's 500 million-plus users to openly share their location as they travel around has only added to the already rising tide of privacy concerns related to social networking. However, despite such concerns (and the resulting advice to social network users to take more care over using profile settings so as to better manage their privacy), with Facebook now in the game there seems no doubt that the application of location-based functionality will now grow even faster than before. Indeed, Foursquare actually reported record numbers of sign-ups in the wake of Facebook Places being launched.
This addition to the ways in which social network users can connect with their friends – and brands can connect with social network users – is still a very new aspect of digital marketing. So it isn't something that every marketer and fundraiser needs to be worried about having in their digital programme right now. However, case studies from smartphone-based treasure hunts to Foursquare-based campaigning are already starting to show how the technology might be used to create new ways to engage with consumers or supporters and it is certainly something you should be keeping an eye on to see how it might be usefully integrated with your digital communications over the next couple of years.
I had the very great pleasure last week of finally meeting face to face with someone who I can honestly say has changed the way I think about online fundraising over the last 18 months or so – that person being Christine Egger of Social Actions.
I first came across Christine and the work of Social Actions back in early 2009 when I blogged about their 'Change the Web Challenge'. Since then I've had the opportunity to share ideas on open source thinking and the evolution of online fundraising and wider microphilanthropy through numerous email, Twitter and Skype exchanges with her – every one of which has left me with an excited "now I get it" feeling about what the future of online microphilanthropy might hold.
So, when the Institute of Fundraising asked Jason Potts and me to plan-out the Digital Fundraising channel for their National Convention here in London, Christine was naturally top of my list of 'big thinkers' to get onto the convention platform. Which is why we finally came to be having coffee in the Convention Hotel last Monday morning.
You can see Christine's Convention presentation above – or even better view it on Slideshare here complete with full notes to help explain the finer intricacies of "Designing and aligning for the emerging philanthropic web".
Grab yourself a cup of something, sit back, and take some time to think through the ideas Christine shared in her session – from understanding where open giving markets fit into online fundraising to ideas on how to design your own activities to take advantage of the way the philanthropic web is developing, it'll be time very well spent.
Last Thursday I was out at the launch event for the DMA's Digital Tracker Study, a research initiative (backed by online research company FastMAP and email marketing company SilverPop) that aims to provide regular insights into some of the key questions online marketers are asking in relation to using email and social media use.
I've embedded a copy of the main research presentation above, so you can take a look at the top-line findings (or click here to view on SlideShare).
As is always the case with such research, some of the observations just confirm what most good online marketers know already – like the fact that traditional sales promotion techniques (money off or free delivery) work well in email. But I did find some of the insights related to people's use of Spam flags and also the difference between use of mobile devices to access emails and social media sites of real interest. Plus, there are also some great headline stats – like almost two thirds of recipients finding less than one in ten promotional emails of interest (which might explain some of the dismal click through rates many email marketers see).
I've finally reached home here in London after speaking at the 2010 Deutscher Fundraising Kongress over in Fulda last Thursday, having spent much of the last three days waiting for trains alongside countless other travellers stranded by the European air travel lockdown caused by ash from an Icelandic volcano. However, on the up-side, the unexpected land journey did give me an opportunity to see far more of the country than I would otherwise have done and it was certainly a great conference – with over 500 fundraisers attending, mainly from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.
I was there to give a couple of sessions. One on Consumer Insight that you can find on my Strategy Refresh site, and the other on Online Community Fundraising that you can view above or on Slideshare.
It's a really interesting time for online fundraising in Germany right now as adoption of social media is really starting to take off after a very cautious start, compared to the US and the UK (research findings on this are included in the presentation). With this a number of new German online fundraising websites have launched offering project-specific crowdfunding (like betterplace.org and wikando) and personal fundraising pages (like Altruja). Much of the discussion during and after my session was about how quickly such sites might become popular with German consumers, and when German charities might be able to share online fundraising stories like those of the $93 Club in the US and little Charlie Simpson in the UK.
There were folks with pretty clear views on both sides of the debate. However, I think the majority opinion was that after several years watching other countries take advantage of social media in support of fundraising (Germany having been described as 5 years behind the US in social media adoption), the next couple of years look set to see online community fundraising start to take-off there. It'll certainly be interesting to check-back at the 2012 Deutscher Fundraising Kongress to see just how things have evolved.
I'm just back home after a flying visit over to the Fundraising Ireland 2010 National Conference in Dublin, where I was presenting a session about online community fundraising – the slides from which are available to view above or via Slideshare.
The conference was a sell-out event and the sessions I got to, as well as my own, were characterised by some really great interaction and questions – which reflected the great atmosphere at the whole event. Add to that the best conference lunch I've had in ages and the whole thing was a great success. So, many congratulations to the organisers at Fundraising Ireland. They're a pretty new network for Irish fundraisers, and just announced that they are about to re-vamp their website as an Irish fundraising information portal as well as introduce a membership scheme. Without a doubt, well worth getting involved with them if you're a fundraiser in Ireland.
If anyone comes across any other recent research into the Irish online market – especially if it relates to social media use – then do let me know.
I see quite a few online videos summarising the latest 'state of the internet'. But this one from creative agency Jess3 (which I spotted in Fast Company) is particularly well done – and includes some fascinating data that you don't normally see. Including a great history of key social media site launch dates (and closures) from 1995 onwards and some scarily big numbers relating to spam and virus activity.
Social Media is not killing Email – so what's your next excuse for not using Email as well as you could?
Each time we see a significant evolution in the way consumers communicate there is always a temptation to jump to the conclusion that the latest method will surely kill-off the previous methods. Presumably such predictions were bandied about after Alexander Graham Bell made his first telephone call back in 1876 – yet the mail service didn't die-out as a result of the adoption of telephones. Rather more recently, there have been suggestions that email will kill-off traditional mail ever since I got my first email address back in the early '90s (remember Compuserve?) – but it hasn't happened yet (although that debate does continue).
As such, following the incredibly rapid adoption of Social Media over the last few years it's not surprising that people are having the same discussions again – 'surely if everyone is tweeting or facebooking then they'll no longer be using email?'. Indeed, this was the very idea being put forward in a WSJ Tech Article I spotted towards the end of last year entitled: "Why Email no longer rules".
Firstly research from Nielsen back at the start of last year. This is particularly interesting because Nielsen analysts had previously gone on record stating that Social Media was more popular than email, based on a global analysis of internet usage. However, when they went on to do more detailed research examining just how Social Media use decreases Email use they actually ended-up disproving their original hypothesis and instead proved that social media use actually leads to increased Email use – as illustrated in the chart below. You can read more about their research here.
More recently, this same finding has been confirmed by US Relationship Marketing Agency Merkle in its 'View from the Social Inbox' report released just last month. Based on research conducted in late 2009, they too found that active social network users are more likely to be avid email users. With 42% of social networkers checking their email 4+ times per day compared to just 27% of non-social networkers (as shown below). You can download the full Merkle report here.
So, now that we have a growing body of evidence that Email is continuing to be a key online communication channel – despite the overwhelming popularity of various forms of social media – here comes the important question… Given Email's continued, if not growing, importance – just how happy are you with the way you're using it to engage with your supporters?
This question has been particularly front of mind for me recently as I've been working with two large UK charities to help develop their online fundraising strategies and in both cases opportunities to improve email use have offered some of the greatest income growth wins.
With most of the online fundraising buzz these days tending to be focused on some form of social media activity, it's good to be reassured that dear old email is here to stay – and, in the light of this, to be prompted to make time to consider whether you're online income is suffering because you're not using it as well as you could be.


text:
Women wearing Islamic clothes at risk of violent attacks
A MUSLIM woman could have been murdered because of her religious dress.
TARGETED: Women could be at risk from violent attacks for wearing religious clothing [GETTY/MODEL USED]
The victim, who was in her 30s, was wearing a dark navy full-length abaya and a patterned multi-coloured hijab on her head.
She was stabbed to death in broad daylight and found on a riverside footpath next to a housing estate in Colchester, Essex, on Tuesday morning.
The victim had stab wounds all over her body and facial injuries. She died at the scene despite the efforts of paramedics.
A 52-year-old man from the local area was arrested on Tuesday and remains in custody for questioning.
Local residents have been urged to check their gardens and rubbish bins for any discarded weapons or blood-stained clothing.
Police believe her injuries were caused by a blade or knife.
Detective Superintendent Tracy Hawkings said: "There is no current known motive for this attack and we are keeping an open mind and exploring all possible avenues of investigation.
"We are also conscious that the dress of the victim will have identified her as likely being a Muslim and this is one of the main lines of the investigation but again there is no firm evidence she was targeted because of her religion."


text:
Q: Wildfly 10, Spring, Hibernate 4.2 - transaction configuration I cannot figure out how to properly configure transaction manager to be used with Wildfly and Hibernate. My configuration is:
<bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
   <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
   <property name="hibernateProperties">
   <!-- All properties provided by application server environment -->
   <props>
   <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">validate</prop>
   <!-- Second level cache configuration -->
   <prop key="hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache">false</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.cache.provider_class">net.sf.ehcache.hibernate.EhCacheProvider</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.generate_statistics">true</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.cache.use_structured_entries">true
   </prop>
   <!-- Query cache -->
   <prop key="hibernate.cache.use_query_cache">false</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.cache.region.factory_class">net.sf.ehcache.hibernate.EhCacheRegionFactory</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.cache.provider_configuration_file_resource_path">
  ""
   </prop>
   <prop key="jadira.usertype.autoRegisterUserTypes">true</prop>
   <prop key="jadira.usertype.databaseZone">jvm</prop>
   <prop key="jadira.usertype.javaZone">jvm</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.transaction.factory_class">org.hibernate.transaction.JTATransactionFactory</prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.transaction.manager_lookup_class">
  org.hibernate.transaction.JBossTransactionManagerLookup
  </prop>
   <prop key="hibernate.transaction.jta.platform">jta</prop>
   </props>
   </property>
   <property name="packagesToScan" value="org.example"/>
</bean>
<bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager">
   <property name="allowCustomIsolationLevels" value="true"/>
</bean>

what I would like to achieve is having a transactional service bean containing two other beans with database access, using the same transaction.
@Service("terminalQueryService")
public class UserQueryServiceImpl implements UserQueryService {

    @Transactional(readOnly = true, propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
    public PaginatedList<PetDto> browse(PageDefinition pageDefinition, String userLogin) {
        User user = null;
        try {
            user = userQueriesFacade.getUser(userLogin);
        } catch (AuthorizationServiceException e) {
            return PaginatedList.getEmptyList();
        }
        PaginatedList<Pet> petListagedList = petQueriesFacade.browse(
                pageDefinition, user.getId());

        List<PetDto> petDtoList = new ArrayList<>();
        List<Pet> petEntityList = petEntityPagedList.getList();
        dtoMapper.assembleDtos("petDtoKey", petDtoList, petEntityList);
        return petEntityPagedList.transform(petDtoList);
    }
}

the query fasades look like:
@Cacheable("userForSecurity")
@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
public User getUser(PageDefinition pageDefinition, String login) {

    User user = (User) getSession()
            .createQuery(
                    "from User mu left outer join fetch mu.additionalPrivileges left outer join fetch mu.roles where mu.login = :login AND mu.status != :archivedStatus")
            .setParameter("login", login)
            .setParameter("archivedStatus", UserStatus.ARCHIVED)
            .uniqueResult();
    return user;
}

the error I get is
WARN  [org.springframework.remoting.support.RemoteInvocationTraceInterceptor] (default task-38) Processing of HttpInvokerServiceExporter remote call resulted in fatal exception: org.example.logic.remote.services.user.UserQueryService.browse: org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException: could not initialize proxy - no Session

on the line that it trying to transforms dto what suggest me that session was closed.
if I remove @Transactional from fasades then (and leave it on the service) the first query executes without any problem, the second raises:
[org.springframework.remoting.support.RemoteInvocationTraceInterceptor] (default task-37) Processing of HttpInvokerServiceExporter remote call resulted in fatal exception: org.example.logic.remote.services.user.UserQueryService.browse: org.hibernate.HibernateException: Could not obtain transaction-synchronized Session for current thread at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.SpringSessionContext.currentSession(SpringSessionContext.java:134) at org.hibernate.internal.SessionFactoryImpl.getCurrentSession(SessionFactoryImpl.java:988)

any ideas?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


— At yesterday's All Elite Wrestling ticket party, Kenny Omega made an appearance to no one's surprise and announced that he is now a full time member of the promotion, joining as not only talent but as an executive Vice President - the same role that the Young Bucks and Cody have. Omega also noted that he didn't actually sign his contract until earlier in the morning.
— As Omega was talking about AEW as a game changer in the world of wrestling,, he was interrupted by Chris Jericho. Omega and Jericho had a pull-apart brawl, with the incident seemingly setting up a match between the two for Double or Nothing, which takes place on May 25th in Las Vegas.


The move to shed more light on abstract Korean paintings such as dansaekhwa - abstract paintings filled with minimal color and unusual textures - is winning positive responses in the local and overseas markets.
Works by Park Seo-bo and Chung Sang-hwa were sold at prices multiple times higher than their previous records at auctions during the Modern and Contemporary Asian Art Evening Sale by Sotheby's Hong Kong on April 4.
The two artists are among the leading figures in the dansaekhwa movement.
Park's "Ecriture No. 9-75" sold for 4.64 million Hong Kong dollars ($598,500) - three times higher than the upper estimate. Chung's two "Untitled" paintings were sold together for 4.88 million Hong Kong dollars, double the high end of the estimate.
In March, the auction house held an exhibition titled "Avant Garde Asia" featuring paintings by Korean and Japanese abstract artists from the 1960s to the post-millennium.
"Renowned for a distinctly Korean whiteness, these artists also infused their art with calligraphic elegance," according to the auction house's website.
Dansaekhwa and other Korean abstract paintings also were favorites of art collectors in sales last month in Seoul and Hong Kong by leading Korean auction houses.
Seoul-based K Auction held a successful first sale in Hong Kong on March 15. The hammer fell for 89 percent of the pieces put up for bidding, thanks to the popularity of dansaekhwa.
Among works sold at prices much higher than forecast was Yun Hyong-keun's 1979 oil on linen painting "Umber Blue." It went for 103.7 million won, three times the upper end of its estimate.
First-generation abstract painters from Korea, such as Kim Whanki (1913-74) and Yoo Young-kuk (1916-2002), who precede dansaekhwa painters, also are popular.
Kim's painting "3-II-70 #143" topped the Hong Kong sale by K auction, fetching 883.3 million won.
Yoo's 1966 oil painting "Work" was sold at the highest price among local modern art in the March 9 sale in Seoul by Seoul Auction. It fetched 430 million won.
Korean galleries are busy promoting dansaekhwa further through exhibitions. Gallery Hyundai in central Seoul is holding the group show "Korean Abstract Painting" through April 22, presenting 60 pieces by 18 artists such as Kim, Yoo, Park and Chung, as well as lesser-known artists like Kwon Young-woo.
Kukje Gallery, which has led the promotion of dansaekhwa, will sponsor a large show of the paintings at Palazzo Contarini Polignac in Venice from May 7 to Aug. 16 during the 56th Venice Biennale. Six leading dansaekhwa artists will participate in the exhibition.


Raise your hand if you have, or are currently, walked through a difficult season. Now, raise the other hand if you have ever struggled with anxiety.
My guess is that every single person reading this raised both hands.
I am excited to bring this new podcast episode to you on "Expecting Blessings During Difficult Seasons".
I had the privilege of interviewing my friend, Diana Burks, on this topic just days before my dad had a very invasive back surgery. God knew I needed to hear this message because I leaned on so much truth and wisdom that I gleaned from recording this episode.
Grab a box of kleenex, some pen & paper to take notes, and make time to listen to this episode. I know it will bless you like it did me.
If you are loving the show, we would love for you to subscribe on Stitcher, Google Play, or iTunes and be sure to leave a review!
P.S. To enter to WIN the book Diana mentions on the podcast by Joyce Meyer, head over to my Instagram account and comment on the podcast post HERE!
Next34 Truths I Live by plus a 9-Minute podcast!
Real Talk with Rachael Podcast is HERE!!


This week I took off from blogging to respect those affected by the tornado in Oklahoma. My heart goes out to all of those affected.
Especially all the fur babies out there. Pictured below is my baby, Jasper. He's the sweetest thing ever (A mom's gotta brag right?!) and I can just imagine how those folks feel who are searching for their fur babies.
Moore Oklahoma Tornado Lost and Found animals is a Facebook page I've been following. It is so heart warming to see people being reunited. And the amount of people all over the world who see pictures on this page and scour the internet looking for matches is unbelievable. Bless all of you.
Central Oklahoma Humane Society has successfully reunited 44 fur kids with their families. Woo Hoo!! I just HAD to donate.
Oklahoma fur parents you're in my thoughts and I hope you are all reunited with your fur babies.


Simply stunning elegant townhouse in the area of Sierra Blanca one of Marbella's most sought-after urbanization's. Offered in immaculate condition and presented beautifully.
Sierra Blanca Del Mar is a luxury complex of townhouses built by the developers of Sierra Blanca utilizing the best qualities and design.
This property has 5 bedrooms with 5 bathrooms. A new designer kitchen with central island and a breakfast terrace. Generous living areas, lounge dining room with a fireplace leading to a large covered terrace and onto the private garden.
The bedrooms and bathrooms are very tastefully decorated and the entire property has a harmony of design and colors throughout. It is sold fully furnished in exclusive art-deco design by Vidal Grau (Kenya collection). Some sea views from the terraces and panoramic sea views from the upper floors.
The upper floor has a private swimming pool and is dedicated to a relax and chill zone with a Jacuzzi, sun terrace and sitting area.
The house has a garage and a lift to all floors. Plenty of storage and wardrobe space. Also a sauna. Many extras have been added to make this an ultra-luxury townhouse but with the space of a villa, a super lock up and go property or to enjoy for full time living.
The community is private and secure and has easy access to the town of Marbella. Close to International schools and only a 10-minute drive to Puerto Banus.