text:
Herodotus
Pyramids are designed and built to be very stable structures. They are first encountered in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC, known as ziggurats. Unfortunately, they were built of sun-dried mud bricks and so, over time have crumbled. These early pyramids were stepped with between two and seven tiers. Their function was ceremonial.
Pyramids around the World
Pyramidal structures are now to be found around the globe; whether this is a consequence of diffusion or independent design is uncertain, possibly both.
For Ignatius Donnelly, the pyramids of Egypt and Central America were the results of a shared heritage originating in Atlantis. However, the millennia that separate their construction in the two regions would seem to militate against this idea. The Mayan pyramid at Mirador in Northern Guatemala was thought to be the largest in the world, by volume, at 2.8 million cubic metres, however, the Great Pyramid of Cholula is 4.45 million cubic metres(au)(bq). This is now rivalled by the Mayan pyramid at Toniná, Chiapas(bd). The great Giza pyramid is 2.5 million cubic metres in volume.
Even more spectacular was the 1996 discovery of pyramids on the southern Atlantic coast of Brazil dated as early as 3000 BC, predating the earliest Egyptian Pyramids by a few hundred years. However, two sites in Peru, Caral, and Sechin Bajo are claiming pyramid complexes with dates of 3500 BC(j). Very ancient pyramids have also been claimed for Crimea(af).
What is arguably the greatest concentration of pyramids in the world is to be found in the Lambayeque Valley of northern Peru, numbering 250, built of mud brick, and dated to circa 750-1100 AD. The late Philip Coppens referred to the valley in his book, The New Pyramid Age [0759] and it was also the subject of a BBC documentary(an).
Apart from Meso-America, pyramids have also been discovered as far apart as the Canaries (dx), Sicily, Sardinia and Mauritius(k) as well as Ukraine (dw), Russia(dc) and China(cp). A website by Gabriele Lukacs, dedicated to possible European pyramids is now available(g). The remains of three pyramids have also been identified on the Greek Peloponnese, one of which has been dated to 2720 BC ± 580 years. (dr)(ds)
In 2005, an ongoing debate was ignited when the Bosnian-American 'archaeologist' Semir Osmanagic announced that he had identified a gigantic manmade pyramid beside Visoko, 30km north of Sarajevo. Highly publicised excavations began in 2006. Readers should be aware that Osmanagic has expressed [0519] rather bizarre notions including a belief that the Maya were descendants of the Atlanteans who in turn arrived on Earth from the Pleiades!
Osmanagic has also published a fully illustrated paper on the Koh Ker pyramid in Northern Cambodia, which he claims to act as an energy amplifier(eb).
A French commentator, Douglas Moonstone, disagreed with Osmanagic's suggested origin for the Atlanteans suggesting instead that they came from the constellation of Orion and that the "Neanderthals fled their bases on another near planet, probably a planet of Sirius B and a planet of Alnitak, as we have seen in previous volumes, and they have saved Hopis, Sapiens, in a space station in orbit."(cc)
On one side, we had Philip Coppens offering support for Osmanagic(cl), while on the other, an on-site investigation by Robert Schoch concluded that the Visoko 'pyramid' was probably not man-made!(cm).
Osmanagic updated his claims in December 2011(o) and as recently as August 2016, He was still offering a spirited defence of his views(bi).
Gigantic pyramids have also been proposed for Germany by K. Walter Haug(ab). and demonstrated on his heavily illustrated website(aj).
Maxim Yakovenko was the founder of the world-pyramids.com website(bf). in 2008. It has a range of interesting articles that relate to pyramids around the globe. Unfortunately, the news section does not appear to have been updated over the past two years.
A recent (2010) site, lists(h). the eight largest pyramids in the world. A wide range of free papers, in pdf format, relating to the Giza Pyramids is available online(l).
Perhaps even more dramatic is a recent claim(q) of a pyramid older and larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza, known as Mount Sadahurip in Garut, West Java, Indonesia.
July 2012 saw Linda Moulton Howe publish(r) a two-part illustrated article about an anomalous feature in Alaska which has been identified as a buried pyramid larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza. This feature was first identified twenty years ago, but the story appears to have been suppressed, according to a retired U.S. Counter-intelligence officer who contacted Howe. A comparable claim has also been made for pyramids in Antarctica and later shown to be a hoax(w).
Now for some further light relief, earlier in 2012, a nonsensical report(s) of an underwater glass pyramid in the Bermuda Triangle emerged. I'm sure it will be soon followed by a sighting of Elvis creating crop circles in Antarctica.
In September 2013, it was reported(y) that "researchers have discovered an underwater pyramid 60 meters high with an 8000 meters square base near the Bank De João de Castro, between the islands of Terceira and São Miguel" in the Azores. Shortly afterwards the Portuguese Navy denied the existence of any such structure.(aa) This claim has now spawned its own website(ad).
Even more ridiculous was a report in the UK's Daily Star which claimed that an underwater pyramid estimated to be between 3.5 and 11 miles across had been spotted on Google Earth, situated off the coast of Mexico in the Pacific(cd).
Finally, it appears that to satisfy the public interest in pyramids the meaning of the term itself has been extended to include a range of natural features as well as man-made structures. Robert Schoch is happy to see Newgrange as a type of pyramid, others see Silbury Hill as a pyramid(e). while some writers apply the term to mountains as is the case with Jeff Nisbet(f). who sees 'pyramids' in Scotland. Nisbet attempts to justify his view with a very unconvincing suggested link between ancient Egypt and Scotland incorporating freemasonry and Princess Scota(bh). Similar stories are widespread in Ireland where Scota is allegedly buried in Kerry in Gleann Scoithin, now known as Foley's Glen. Scotia was another ancient name for Ireland. Andrew Power expands on the Scota story in his Ireland: Land of the Pharaohs [1026] as well as Ralph Ellis [1684] and Loraine Evans [1781].
This claim of an Egyptian link with Ireland has been recently repeated by Steve Preston in his Egyptians in Ireland [1183]. David Halpin, an Irish writer from Carlow, has also written a three-part paper on the connections between Egypt with Ireland(av).
Pyramids of Egypt
The actual number of Egyptian pyramids recorded is variously cited as 118 or as many as 138. However, the greatest number of pyramids is to be found in Sudan, with around twice as many as Egypt, but are far less spectacular(df).
August 2012 brought a report(u) that two possible new Egyptian pyramid complexes have been discovered using Google Earth. However, subsequent inspection on the ground showed them to be less interesting(v).
Egypt's oldest pyramid is generally accepted as that of King Djoser (2687-2668 BC), a six-stepped structure at Saqqara(dh).
A site providing a wonderful 360º view of the Giza Plateau is now available(m). while another site offers a remarkable panoramic aerial view(t).
Another site offers a remarkable collection of old images of the pyramids dating back to the mid-nineteenth century(be). Also in the 19th century, a book by Dr Everett W. Fish can give modern readers a flavour of ideas regarding the pyramids to be found in the 1880s(du).
Wim Verhart has written a paper in which he argues the pyramids on the Giza Plateau were designed with an overall mathematical plan in mind((dz).
Another matter that has caused continual controversy is the layout of the three Giza pyramids. Robert Bauval is probably best known as the original promoter of the Orion Correlation Theory, which claims that the layout of three principal Giza pyramids mirrors 'Orion's Belt' in that constellation. This received widespread coverage when it was outlined in The Orion Mystery [1707]. written by Bauval and Adrian Gilbert and in Keeper of Genesis [1050]. written with Graham Hancock, published two years later. In fact, Bauval had first published his theory in 1989 in Discussions in Egyptology(cw).
However, Andrew Collins has disputed the OCT and has instead offered evidence that the alignment of the three principal Giza pyramids matches more closely the 'wing' stars of the Cygnus constellation than the 'belt' of Orion!(dg).
>Early 2020 brought a claim by amateur historian Matt Sibson that there had been a fourth large pyramid at Giza. His contention is based on a sketch by a Danish sea captain, Frederik Ludvig Norden, in 1737, that appears to show this fourth edifice. The only explanation offered for its disappearance is that it was dismantled in the 1700s to build the city of Cairo! I would have thought that considering the effort required to dismantle a pyramid from the top down would have been much greater than quarrying new blocks. The larger pyramid blocks would need to be cut anyway. Then you would expect that at least the base or its location would still be identifiable today! This is just another incredible attention-seeking effort by Sibson(eo).<
Manu Seyfzadeh wrote a lengthy paper(di). on the orientation of one particular minor stepped pyramid on Elephantine Island on the Nile. He concluded that it was associated with Sirius, which was so important to the ancient Egyptians as the heliacal rising of Sirius coincided with the summer solstice which heralded the next flooding of the Nile.
While the theory of Bauval & Gilbert is very well known, a more elaborate claim was proposed by Scott Creighton in his The Giza Oracle [1817], in which he suggests that 11 pyramids in the Giza complex along "with the Great Sphinx forms a grand 'Precession Wheel', indicating key dates from humankind's remote past – and indeed, its future"!(cy).
John Patrick Hill, an independent researcher, claims that "Barringer Crater, Stonehenge and Giza are all related to one another." He tells us that the distance between the outside corners of the main Giza pyramids is 0.72 miles which is the exact diameter of the Barringer Crater! As Michael Caine would say "Not many people know that" (dv).
Further alignment claims and debate relating to two shafts that some believe were originally directed at particular stars(cx).
Date of the Egyptian Pyramids
The Pyramids of Egypt are generally accepted to have been constructed in the third millennium BC in the period 2700 – 2150 BC. However, some investigators have inferred much greater antiquity for some of these remarkable structures particularly the Great Pyramid (G.P.) at Giza. They believe that pushing back the date for the construction of the Great Pyramid and/or Sphinx endorses the possibility that Plato's early date of 9600 BC for the Atlantean War is factual.
Hossam Aboulfotouh calculated the date of the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza as 3055 BC, which he claims was also the time of the Deluge or what he refers to as the "tsunami of the Mediterranean".(da)(db)
>Perhaps related to the Deluge is the claim from archaeologist Sherif el Morsi that he has evidence that indicates that the Great Pyramid had been covered by seawater(em)(en).<
David Rohl in his introduction to Andrew Collins' Gateway to Atlantis [072] refers to the work of Egyptologist Kate Spence who "demonstrated that the north alignment of all the Old Kingdom pyramids shifted through time in the relative position of the circumpolar stars. This tracking of the north celestial pole (relative to the stars) plots the known wobble in the earth's axis of rotation (referred to as precession), which can be dated using astronomical retrocalculations." Spence concluded that the Great Pyramid had been built c.2470 BC(ej). Archaeastronomer Giulio Magli has taken issues with some of Spence's claims(ek).
Ralph Ellis, a British researcher, has investigated the erosion to be seen at Giza, Meidum, and Dashur and concluded [0517] that there is evidence for an 8000 BC or an even earlier date for the construction of these structures(a). Ellis also has an article on the internet outlining his evidence for an earlier date for the construction of the Great Pyramid. More recently Robert Schoch announced the discovery of evidence of erosion INSIDE the Great Pyramid suggesting that a more ancient core had been exposed to the elements for a long period before being built upon to give us the structure we have today.
Edgar Cayce 'revealed' in 1932 that the Great Pyramid was built over a hundred years from 10,490 to 10,390 BC(ap). At the other end of the time spectrum, Huang Heqing, a professor in the department of art and archaeology at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, amused the world with the claim that the Egyptian pyramids were built in the 19th century, he goes further and maintains "that all the achievements of ancient Western cultures were fabricated in the nineteenth century", including the Parthenon, the Temple of Zeus in Athens and the ruins of Persepolis in Iran(cu).
The late Joseph Jochmans related [0518] how it was recorded that the outer casing stones showed water marks halfway up the height of the Pyramid before the Arabs removed them. Geologists have found evidence of a final catastrophic flooding event in Egypt circa 10,000 BC. Furthermore, radiocarbon dating of organic inclusions in a fourteen-foot layer of silt around the base of the Great Pyramid offered a date of around 9600 BC.
This suggested extended age for the pyramids has been incorporated into the argument to prove the possible existence of other advanced ancient civilisations that were concurrent with the 9600 BC date given by Solon for the antiquity of Atlantis.
Understandably, these revolutionary ideas have been met with fierce opposition by established archaeologists. This is a debate that will run for some time yet.
The earliest historical references to the pyramids can be found in early Egyptian and Greek documents(ch). However, the oldest known papyri, discovered at the Egyptian site of Wadi el-Jarf offer evidence supporting a date of about 2500 BC for the construction of the Great Pyramid, which reinforces conventional dating theories. One of the documents, written by Merer an overseer, records details of the construction of the final stages of the G.P.(ce). This, of course, seriously undermines the extended antiquity of the pyramids by proponents such as Graham Hancock.
Zecharia Sitchin, the controversial 'alternative' historian, entered the fray in 1980, with the claim that the only concrete evidence that the Great Pyramid had been built by Khufu, was an inscription forged by Colonel Richard Howard-Vyse(d). (see below). Philip Coppens has also written an article(cq). about Sitchin's claim. The Howard-Vyse forgery debate has been stirred up again by a researcher, Scott Creighton, who produced copies of Howard-Vyse's papers to support the claim of fraud(ah). If true, this would lend some support to a redating of the structure.
2014 began with a report that two idiotic Germans, Dominique Goerlitz and Stefan Erdmann, had chiselled off part of the 'Vyse' cartouche from inside the Great Pyramid, which led to an international incident. They claim that the objective of their foolhardy act was to demonstrate that the Pyramid is older than generally accepted and was a remnant of the Atlantean empire(z). A March 2015 statement issued by Dr Goerlitz offers a quite different view of the episode(ei). I have published an English translation as Archive 6944.
At the opposite end of the speculation spectrum is a recent book by Emmet Sweeney, The Pyramid Age [0520], in which he claims that the pyramids were in fact far more recent and bravely suggests a date of around 800 BC for their construction. In this regard, it is to be recorded that the Bible makes not the vaguest reference to one of the greatest wonders of the ancient world. It has been erroneously stated that Herodotus, a prolific recorder of trivia and who claims to have travelled as far south as Elephantine, failed to mention the pyramids. This is not true, as can be seen in Book II of his Histories 124-134. However, it is possible that it was meant to say that Herodotus did not refer to the Sphinx! It has been claimed that he was describing the pyramids at Dashur and not Giza(ao)!
In May 2013, Peter James, a structural engineer, published a new theory on why the building of pyramids ceased(x).
The Pyramid Builders
For a long time, it was thought that the pyramids had been built by slaves, possibly Israelite. Recent years have seen this idea debunked(at). and reinforced by papyri put on display for the first time in July 2016, which indicate that the pyramid builders were paid and were not slaves (or extraterrestrials)(be)(dy). A sober review of the development of pyramid building and the technology involved was offered by Owen Jarus in June 2016(bo).
Unfortunately. some commentators who have attributed the construction of the Great Pyramid to extraterrestrials, who cannot accept that the Egyptians built the pyramids, in desperation have interpreted the existence of the pyramids as 'evidence' of extraterrestrial visitations!(ae).
One such proponent is Peter Lemesurier who identifies the Elohim of the Old Testament as the designers of the GP and that they came from the star Sirius [1798]. He claims that they left prophetic messages in the structure of the GP for humanity.
Many and varied are the claims regarding the pyramid builders and their methods, including that they were built by refugees from Atlantis(bl). . October 2017 had Gerry Cannon & Malcolm Hutton claim(bx). that the Great Pyramid was built by an advanced civilisation, which may have been Atlantis! Graham Hancock holds similar views.
Even more entertaining is a claim by two Irishmen, Francis J. and Francis P. Ward, that druids from Ireland, which they consider to have been Atlantis, built the pyramids at Giza!(bt).
Rico Paganini is the creator of the Giza Legacy website that offers some interesting titbits of background information relating to the Giza structures(eg). Much of the content consists of excerpts from his book of the same name. However, when he came to discuss a possible Atlantean connection he completely fell off the cliff of reality as the excerpt below reveals!
"According to the ancient tales, the Atlanteans lived according to the role model of the Lemurians. There were three Atlantean cycles or three periods when civilization flourished in the Atlantic era. People there are said to have had mental skills including telepathy (which remained active among the Aborigines in Australia until the 20th century), telekinesis, teleportation and similar powers. This made them seem like gods to other cultures to the east and west of Atlantis. The Atlanteans were technically adept and built megalithic structures, such as the great pyramids in Giza. However, in the later period the people in Atlantis had begun to place their own wills above that of their kings, priests and even above the will of the gods, until, as happened before when Lemuria flourished, they were attacked from outer space." Consequently, I suggest that you treat anything that he has written with great caution.
The Great Pyramid Building Methods
The idea that a gently sloping ramp was used has been a popular idea for a long time, but weaknesses in the concept were soon apparent. For example, the material required to build some of the proposed ramps would have been greater than the pyramid itself. Franz Löhner has developed what he calls a 'rope roll' to demonstrate that simple technology available to the Egyptians could have been used to lift the pyramid's blocks into place. Löhner has worked in a quarry and consequently has an intimate knowledge of the practicalities involved. He has co-authored a book (German only) [1590], with Dr Heribert Illig which expands on his idea, and has developed an interesting website(cg), in English and German, with further information.
The most persistent question relating to the pyramids and in fact all megalithic structures is "how did they manage to build them using such large heavy rocks and blocks"? Many ingenious solutions are on offer but perhaps the most remarkable is that proposed by W. T. Wallington who has demonstrated(n) that using basic materials, which were available to the Egyptians, one individual can manipulate a 4500kg stone block. His website includes a remarkable video clip of his method. A review(bu) of this video is worth a read. More recently a collaboration between Matter Design and CEMEX Global R&D has demonstrated that irregularly shaped cement objects weighing many tons can be moved easily by hand, suggesting that the manpower required to build many ancient monuments was far less than is generally assumed today. The conclusion is that technique is the key to how many of the 'impossible' structures of the past were constructed(ci). Ashley Cowie has written an article in which he looks at how these techniques may have been applied to the construction of the megalithic walls of Cuzco in Peru, the ancient capital of the Inca(cj). Cowie also holds that a huge earthquake caused a major change in Inca construction methods(ck).
How the pyramids were built is still uncertain with a range of ingenious and theories on offer. At first, it was thought that a huge ramp was used until it was realised that such a ramp with the required gentle incline would require a greater volume of material than the Great Pyramid itself! Two suggestions that still have considerable support are that (A) many of the stone blocks were 'cast' in situ as proposed by Joseph Davidovits(bm) and (B) that an internal ramp within the pyramid was used as claimed by Jean-Pierre Houdin(bn).
>Antoine Gigal has drawn attention to another proposal of some years ago from Hasan Sayid Ahmed, who claims that the ascending and descending passages were used as ramps(el).<
In 2006, Dr Michel Barsoum of Drexel University of Philadelphia claimed to have proof that the Egyptians had used lime-based cement in the building of the pyramids(cz).
What may be relevant was what was found at Giza(bk) and described as 'melted limestone', which led Robert Schoch to consider it the result of a 'plasma event'.
Margaret Morris offers a comprehensive account of the features of the Great Pyramid and possible construction methods on her website(bb) and in three books [683][1200][1201]. Morris is a supporter of Joseph Davidovits who proposed the controversial idea that the building blocks of the Pyramid were cast in situ.
In 2007, petrographer, Dipayan Jana, refuted Davidovits' theory and as far as I'm aware, no rebuttal has been forthcoming from either Davidovits or Morris. Later in 2008, Ioannis Liritzis and his team also challenged the theory of Davidovits, when they pointed out that the material used to build Egypt's most famous monuments "contain hundreds of thousands of marine fossils" that are distributed throughout the rock in a manner compatible with natural rock(dd).
However, it struck me that if Davidovits was correct, this 'rock' might instead be some of his liquid geopolymer that had been spilt and hardened in the sun!
In 2019, Fehmi Krasniqi produced a three-and-a-half-hour video(cv) on the building of the Egyptian pyramids, primarily based on Davidovits' claim that the Egyptians used a form of concrete to make the building blocks in situ. However, Krasniqi ventures beyond Egypt, suggesting that the ancient Egyptians travelled to America, stopping off for supplies in Atlantis, now the Azores.
The catchpenny.org website agrees that "the theory is very nice and well-described. Unfortunately, it totally ignores a huge body of evidence. Davidovits works hard to explain away the existing quarries, the abundance of tools found during the Third and Fourth Dynasties, and the decrease in pyramid quality after the Fourth Dynasty." (dq)
A 2014 study(ag) revealed that the Egyptians were able to move the pyramid building blocks over wet sand. "By using the right quantity of water they could halve the number of workers needed." This is comparable with the documented method employed by the Chinese to transport 200/300-ton blocks used in the construction of their 'Forbidden City'(ai). In October 2018 it was revealed that the remains of a ramp flanked by two staircases with postholes were discovered at an ancient quarry at Hatnub in Egypt's Eastern Desert. "Using a sled which carried a stone block and was attached with ropes to these wooden posts, ancient Egyptians were able to pull up the alabaster blocks out of the quarry on very steep slopes of 20 per cent or more."(cf). While this may explain how blocks could have been moved, with relative ease, to pyramid building sites, it does not tell us how the pyramids were actually constructed.
Mario Pincherle in his book, La Grande Piramide [1835], offers a radical explanation of how the Egyptians raised the huge granite slabs used to roof the King's Chamber and the relieving chambers above it. Pincherle studied Herodotus' references to the pyramids and concluded that an ingenious process of wetting and then drying wooden blocks, which slowly forced the slabs up the slope of the Great Gallery(dk).
By way of complete contrast is the opinion of Gernot L. Geise, who, as a guest author offered a controversial paper on the Atlantisforschung.de website with the self-explanatory title of 'The Giza pyramids were not built by ancient Egyptians'(dl). He maintains that the Egyptians lacked the technology to build the pyramids, but instead, were constructed by a much older and more advanced civilisation.
Naturally. there are those among us, who will never be happy with conventional explanations and the mystery of the Egyptian pyramid building methods has provided an ideal opportunity to serve up exotic solutions. One of the most commonly offered is that some form of levitation was employed; a claim usually based on an account by Al-Masudi, who reported that a 'magic papyrus' was used(dn). Others have claimed the use of sound to achieve levitation. However, although this is theoretically possible it has been shown to be impractical(do).
Nevertheless, a paper entitled ORMUS and Pyramids by Barry Carter refers extensively to the work of Dr Philip Callahan (see: Smutny, Pavel | (atlantipedia.ie) who has associated paramagnetism and the Great Pyramid(dt).
Mike Molyneaux offers a study of the building techniques of the ancient Egyptians and their application to the construction of the pyramids and the raising of obelisks(dp).
A paper by Domenic A. Narducci III entitled In Control of the Pyramids in which he outlines the need for Geometric Control (GC) that must have been employed in the building of the pyramids. He defines GC as "a system of procedures that establishes and then maintains the geometry of a structure during the course of the construction process." He offers a detailed description of the procedures used by the Egyptians(ec).
Great Pyramid's Function
Edward Malkowski supports(ax) the ideas of Edward Kunkel(ay) and John Cadman(az), who believed that the Great Pyramid was designed to function as a water pump. However, Malkowski goes further, suggesting that this pump was used to generate subtle electrical fields that were used to assist plant growth, which seems unnecessary, considering the fertility of the Nile Valley was renewed naturally by the annual flooding of the river.
Steven Myers has written two books(ba) on the subject of ancient Egyptian hydraulics.
In 2009, Dean Talboys published his theory(co). which suggests that the remarkable internal features of the GP, including the King's Chamber and the Grand Gallery, were part of a device that used seawater to generate enough torque to drive an electric dynamo. Talboys suddenly ends his dissertation with the unexpected admission that "we are still left with the problem of what to do with the electricity it generates we could, at least, be a little closer to understanding why someone went to all that trouble"!
Nearly half a century ago, Kurt Mendelssohn (1906-1980), a physics professor put forward the idea in The Riddle of the Pyramids [1885] that "what mattered was not the pyramid – it was the building of it. The pyramid does not represent an aim in itself but the means to achieve an aim: the creation of a new form of society. These huge heaps of stone mark the place where man invented the state."
Many and varied are the theories that have been put forward regarding the intended function of the Great Pyramid. A most recent (Jan.2021) has been offered by Konstantin Borisov, who suggested that the purpose of the Great Pyramid of Giza was to emit free electrons to the Ionosphere, to create light on the planet! This capability was enhanced by Giza's location near the maximum geographical centre of Earth and the use of nummulitic limestone in the construction of the Great Pyramid! Further details are revealed in an article published on the Ancient Origins website(ct).
Donald E. Jennings has speculated that the Great Pyramid and its polished, and possibly painted casing stones, could have sent sunlight from the pyramids to other important locations?(dj)
2014 also saw the publication of Pyramid Gravity Force(ac) by John Shaughnessy in which he claims that "The pyramids were built to prevent and/or control tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, tidal waves, major earthquakes, land movements and the magnetic field movements on Earth." I suggest that all the Amazon reviews be read before purchasing.
It was recently revealed(ar). that, Ben Carson, a former Republican candidate for the US presidency, once proposed to an assembly of students at Andrews University that the Egyptian pyramids were built to store grain! This idea has been traced back to the sixth century, when there was a belief that the pyramids had been the granaries of Joseph, as Julius Honorius (Cosmographia, c. 500 CE), Antoninus of Piacenza (Itinerary 43, c. 570 CE), and Geoffrey of Tours (History of the Franks 1.10, 594 CE), among others, all testify! This theory was later popularized by works such as 'The Book of John Mandeville', a hugely popular 14th-century travelogue."(bs).
In early 2021, Konstantin Borisov published his hi-tech explanation for the purpose of the GP which he proposed "was to emit free electrons to the Ionosphere, to create light on the planet . The hydrogen gas produced in the subterranean chamber was used as a source of electrons needed for the process." (ef).
Perfection of the Great Pyramid!
Among the numerous mysteries related to the Great Pyramid is the fact that each side of the structure is actually slightly concave, making it the only known eight-sided pyramid (pedants would probably claim nine sides, including the base). This feature was first photographed in 1940(al). Jean-Paul Bauval has written a paper on this concavity, arguing that it was a design feature and not a construction error. He goes further and proposes "that the geometry generated by the concavity on the overall shape of the monument shows a clear relationship, whether intended or by accident, between the Egyptian Royal Cubit (RC) to the meter unit (m). Finally, this geometrical design has the peculiarity of creating a 'virtual space' at the top of the monument on which might have been placed a spherical object"(cr).
The assumed accuracy of the orientation and dimensions of the Great Pyramid was recently called into question by Mark Lehner and Glen Dash(bj).
Apart from the disputed question of the age of the Great Pyramid, its very structure has prompted its own share of debate with persistent claims that its location, dimensions, and orientation have significance in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and geography. Lists of these connections are available online(p).
A June 2016 report revealed(bc). that the builders of the Great Pyramid had made a very minor miscalculation resulting in the west side being around 5 inches longer than the east side. The research team, led by Dash and Lehner, also noted that the pyramid is not oriented as precisely with the cardinal points as we have been led to believe since "The pyramid's north-south axis (or meridian) runs 3 minutes 54 seconds west of due north while its east-west axis runs 3 minutes 51 seconds north of due east, he told Live Science. The east-west axis also runs through the center of a temple built on the east side of the pyramid. These measurements mean that the Great Pyramid is oriented just slightly away from the cardinal directions, the degree of error from north-south and east-west being almost the same." However, these very minor defects cannot detract in any way from the magnificence of the structure constructed so long ago.
In a 2018 paper(ca), Glen Dash returned to the very slight misalignment of the Great Pyramid with the cardinal points."The builders of the Great Pyramid of Khufu aligned the great monument to the cardinal points with an accuracy of better than four minutes of arc or one-fifteenth of one degree." Dash claims that the engineers who designed the plans for the Great Pyramid have used the fall equinox to seamlessly align this pyramid to the cardinal points. "He also claims that all three major Giza pyramids exhibit the same type of error in that they are rotated slightly counter-clockwise from the cardinal points."
Manfred Greifzu has also written a fairly forensic study of the orientation of the Giza pyramids for the atlantisforschung.de website(dm).
November 2017 began with an exciting claim published in Nature magazine(bv). that a huge cavity had been identified above the Grand Gallery in the Great Pyramid of Giza. This discovery was made using non-invasive technology, which suggests that physical verification will require some degree of interference with the structure of the pyramid, which may not be allowed by the Egyptian authorities. The initial announcement was quickly followed by a refutation of the claim of a void over the Grand Gallery by Zahi Hawass(bw). Nevertheless, further investigation now (2019) seems to have confirmed the existence of this void(cn).
Not long after, it was reported in the UK's Daily Mail that an Italian archaeoastronomer, Giulio Magli, believes that the void at the centre of the Great Pyramid houses a throne made from meteorites, used to help the pharaoh in the afterlife(bz). Magli has previously received public notice with a paper that explored the possibility that Göbekli Tepe had been constructed to "celebrate and successively follow the appearance of a new, extremely brilliant star in the southern skies: Sirius."(ca).
PYRAMIDIOCY
In 2020, some notes of Isaac Newton's from the 1680s were auctioned, which revealed Newton's interest in the pyramids. It seems that "Newton was trying to uncover the unit of measurement used by those constructing the pyramids. He thought it was likely that the ancient Egyptians had been able to measure the Earth and that, by unlocking the cubit of the Great Pyramid, he too would be able to measure the circumference of the Earth." (cs).
The pseudoscience of pyramidology took off in the 19th century, with a range of outlandish claims(aq), based on external and/or internal dimensions of the Great Pyramid, supporting anything from the British Israelites or the early Jehovah's Witnesses to being a source of divine prophecy!
In the 20th century, Adam Rutherford, a British Israelite, founded The Institute of Pyrmidology in 1940. Between 1957 and 1974, Rutherford published a set of four books on the subject, although a fifth volume was planned [1772]. When Adam died, his son James took over the Institute, but following his death in a car accident, the Institute ended.
Also in the mid-20th century, we had crazy pyramid ideas being offered by John O. Kinnaman including a report that "Dr Kinnaman said that during their 1924 investigation of the Great Pyramid they (Kinnaman & Petrie) located a hidden vault which contained amazing technical objects, including what appeared to be an anti-gravity machine or parts of such a machine, and thousands of crystal prisms which they speculated may all have been brought from Atlantis."(ed). Unsurprisingly, no evidence was produced.
Nevertheless, pyramidology was given a new twist in November 2015 when a Spanish architect, Miquel Pérez-Sánchez, added the old alphanumeric system of gematria to the mix and claimed that he had identified the name 'Atlantis' when 'translating' some of the dimensions in the structure of the Great Pyramid(by). Scott Onstott is also a modern advocate of the existence of Mathematical Encoding in the Great Pyramid.(as)
For those interested in the possible significance of numbers and the Great Pyramid, there are three related papers available on Keith M. Hunter's website(aw).
Ralph Ellis, mentioned above, is a controversial English revisionist of biblical and ancient Egyptian history, who bravely argues(b) that Mount Sinai, of Ten Commandments fame, was in fact the Great Pyramid of Giza [656]! John Taylor (1781-1864) claimed in 1859 that Noah was the builder of the Great Pyramid [1451]. Even more imaginative was the claim by C.E. Getsinger in the 1920s that Noah's Ark was in fact the Great Pyramid(bp)!
(a) Archive2925
(b) Archive 2926
(d) Archive 2494
(e) http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=207802
(f) http://www.mythomorph.com/
(g) https://www.european-pyramids.com/galerie
(h) http://www.touropia.com/largest-pyramids-in-the-world/
(i) http://www.independent.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-pyramids-are-discovered-1353095.html
(j) Archive 2138
(k) http://www.gigalresearch.com/uk/pyramides-maurice.php
(l) (99+) (PDF) dating civilizations Jonathan Gray | NoStarPanel TruthSeeker – Academia.edu
(m) http://www.360cities.net/image/pyramid-of-khafre#105.63,0.00,96.0
(n) Pyramids, Stonehenge, Easter Island and the Great Pyramid explained by Wallace Wallington! (archive.org)
(o) http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/latest-news/item/7778-world-history-and-bosnian-pyramids-2011.html
(p) Archive 3620
(q) http://realitysandwich.com/132648/great_pyramid_garut/
(r) Updated Part 1: Is There A Large Pyramid Underground Between Mt. McKinley and Nome, Alaska? – Earthfiles
(s) http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/2/post/2012/03/pyramids-of-glass-submerged-in-the-bermuda-triangle.html
(t) http://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Egypt-Cairo-Pyramids
(u) https://www.seeker.com/lost-egyptian-pyramids-found-1765918313.html
(v) https://web.archive.org/web/20161202051640/http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/04/13661093-see-the-google-pyramids-up-close?lite
(w) https://web.archive.org/web/20150905142440/http://www.mountainguides.com/report_2006.shtml (See Last Image)
(x) http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/mystery-solved-a-new-theory-about-why-egypt-stopped-building-pyramids/275738/
(y) http://beforeitsnews.com/beyond-science/2013/09/giant-underwater-pyramid-found-near-azores-island-associated-with-atlantis-portuguese-navy-investigating-2443658.html
(z) Why did two German 'hobbyists' deface a cartouche of Khufu inside the Great Pyramid and what does it have to do with Atlantis? (archive.org)
(aa) http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=255178&st=75
(ab) http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2013HYPERLINK "http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2013&id=375″&HYPERLINK "http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2013&id=375″id=375
(ac) https://web.archive.org/web/20200225142822/http://www.pyramidgravityforce.com/
(ad) https://web.archive.org/web/20190604070011/https://www.azores-pyramid.org/
(ae) http://robertjrgraham.com/?s=Pyramids
(af) Archive 3619
(ag) http://phys.org/news/2014-04-ancient-egyptians-pyramid-stones-sand.html
(ah) Archive 2806
(ai) http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/incredible-discovery-reveals-how-chinas-forbidden-city-was-built-001001#!bdmL22
(aj) http://www.megalith-pyramiden.de/
(al) http://www.catchpenny.org/concave.html
(am) See: Archive 2564
(an) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00792v2
(ao) See: Archive 2818
(ap) The Stars Above, the Great Pyramid Below: 10,400 BCE | Edgar Cayce's A.R.E. (archive.org)
(aq) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidology
(ar) Ben Carson: Egyptian Pyramids Built For Grain Storage, Not By Aliens Or As Tombs (archive.org)
(as) http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa-opinion-guest-authors/mathematical-encoding-great-pyramid-002323
(at) http://www.jpost.com/Features/War-of-the-pyramid-theorists
(au) http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-americas/once-hidden-plain-sight-and-surprisingly-ignored-great-pyramid-cholula-020650?utm_source=Ancient-Origins+Newsletter&utm_campaign=56d12fe000-Top_Trending_Stories_Dec_No2_REAL_14_12_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2dcd13de15-56d12fe000-85158329
(av) http://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/thoth-s-storm-new-evidence-ancient-egyptians-ireland-005187
(aw) http://www.occultphysics.com/
(ax) http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.ie/2012/01/new-theory-for-great-pyramid.html
(ay) https://web.archive.org/web/20191118024438/http://www.linux-host.org:80/energy/ebuilt.html
(az) https://web.archive.org/web/20200318074200/http://sentinelkennels.com/Research_Article_V41.html
(ba) http://www.thepump.org/
(bb) Archive 3057
(bc) http://www.livescience.com/55118-great-pyramid-giza-is-slightly-lopsided.html
(bd) http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/researchers-confirm-recently-discovered-tonina-pyramid-largest-pyramid-mexico-020433?nopaging=1
(be) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3692283/The-diary-pyramid-builder-Oldest-papyrus-existence-details-workers-shifted-stones-sheep-ate-reveal-secrets-inside-Great-Pyramid-Giza.html
(bf) https://web.archive.org/web/20180723084725/http://world-pyramids.com/en/
(bg) http://www.ancient-code.com/15-extremely-rare-ancient-images-of-the-pyramids-of-giza-youve-probably-never-seen/
(bh) http://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-europe/scota-mother-scotland-and-daughter-pharaoh-003798
(bi) http://dailygrail.com/Hidden-History/2016/8/The-Man-Who-Discovered-the-Bosnian-Pyramid-Answers-Critics
(bj) http://www.archaeology.org/issues/227-1609/trenches/4738-trenches-egypt-pyramid-measurement
(bk) http://www.dailygrail.com/Hidden-History/2016/8/What-Created-Melted-Limestone-Beside-the-Pyramids-Giza
(bl) https://web.archive.org/web/20150627184535/https://dublinsmick.wordpress.com/2012/08/25/the-atlanteans-built-the-great-pyramid-not-the-egyptians/
(bm) https://www.geopolymer.org/archaeology/pyramids/are-pyramids-made-out-of-concrete-1/
(bn) Archive 3631
(bo) http://www.livescience.com/32616-how-were-the-egyptian-pyramids-built-.html
(bp) The Thomson Review, Thomson, Illinois, July 19th, 1922 – p.3
(bq) http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/mexico-is-hiding-the-world-s-largest-pyramid.html
(br) https://web.archive.org/web/20200218000652/http://gizapyramid.com/oldphotos1.htm
(bs) http://io9.gizmodo.com/10-bizarre-theories-about-the-pyramids-that-dont-involv-1648634533
(bt) http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2012/02/the-great-pyramid-was-built-by-the-druids-of-ireland-1795923.html
(bu) https://www.anvilfire.com/bookrev/index.php?bodyName=wallington/forgotten_technology.htm&titleName=The%20Forgotten%20Technology%20by%20Wallace%20Wallington
(bv) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaap/ncurrent/full/nature24647.html
(bw) https://phys.org/news/2017-11-egypt-archaeologist-criticises-pyramid-void.html
(bx) Archive 3618
(by) http://www.lavanguardia.com/lacontra/20151031/54437578233/la-contra-miquel-perez-sanchez-pla.html
(bz) https://www.inquisitr.com/4731167/great-pyramid-may-contain-an-iron-throne-made-of-meteorites-says-new-theory/
(ca) http://www.nescientist.com/article/mg21929303.400-worlds-oldest-temple-built-to-worship-the-dog-star.html
(cb) https://www.inquisitr.com/4793103/an-archaeologist-may-have-finally-unraveled-the-mystery-of-the-flawless-alignment-of-the-great-pyramid-of-giza/
(cc) https://earthistheaim.wordpress.com/
(cd) https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/weird-news/713508/Atlantis-found-proof-conspiracy-google-earth-underwater-pyramid-Mexico-video-google-maps
(ce) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/
(cf) https://www.livescience.com/63978-great-pyramid-ramp-discovered.html
(cg) https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/e-mail.html
(ch) https://web.archive.org/web/20190105210122/http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/ghizahistoricaccounts.htm
(ci) https://www.archdaily.com/915358/these-smart-megalithic-stones-can-move-and-assemble-easily-with-the-hands
(cj) https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ancient-megalithic-structures-0011761
(ck) https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/machu-picchu-earthquake-0011195
(cl) https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art4/
(cm) https://web.archive.org/web/20200219065954/http://www.robertschoch.net/Bosnian%20Geology%20Robert%20Schoch%20%20Pyramids%20Colette%20Dowell.htm
(cn) https://www.dailygrail.com/2019/11/mysterious-hidden-chamber-in-great-pyramid-confirmed-by-new-scans/
(co) https://old.world-mysteries.com/dtalboys_gp1.htm
(cp) https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art8/
(cq) https://web.archive.org/web/20190128150937/https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art9/
(cr) https://www.academia.edu/27541864/THE_CONCAVITY_OF_THE_GREAT_PYRAMID_a_design_feature_Did_the_designer_know_the_Meter_Unit?email_work_card=view-paper
(cs) Revealed: Isaac Newton's attempts to unlock secret code of pyramids | Isaac Newton | The Guardian
(ct) Has the Function of the Great Pyramid of Giza Finally Come to Light? | Ancient Origins (ancient-origins.net)
(cu) Art History Professor in China Claims Egyptian Pyramids Are Modern Fakes – JASON COLAVITO
(cv) The Movie Great Pyramid K 2019 – Director Fehmi Krasniqi – Bing video
(cw) Discussions in Egyptology, volume 13, 1989, pp. 7-18
(cx) https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/are-the-egyptian-pyramids-aligned-with-the-stars
(cy) The Giza Oracle: A New Theory Concerning the Design of the Pyramids of Giza – Graham Hancock Official Website
(cz) https://drexel.edu/engineering/news-events/news/archive/2006/December/solving-the-mysteries-of-the-pyramids/
(da) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266350431_THE_HORIZON_THEORY_PART-I_ORIGINAL_CONCEPT_PLAN_OF_THE_PYRAMIDS_PLATEAU
(db) https://web.archive.org/web/20190603114325/http://www.geocities.ws/fotouh28/H-Aboulfotouh-Horizon-II.pdf
(dc) https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art10/
(dd) Pyramids packed with fossil shells › News in Science (ABC Science) (archive.org)
(de) Zangkunchong : Ancient Art Homepage (archive.org)
(df) In The Reign Of The Black Pharaohs (freerepublic.com)
(dg) (99+) (PDF) Orion: The Eternal Rise of the Sky Hunter | Andrew Collins – Academia.edu
(dh) https://www.ancient.eu/article/862/the-step-pyramid-of-djoser-at-saqqara/
(di) https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=79265
(dj) The Egyptian pyramids produce reflections that illuminated other places? (unexpectedufo.net)
(dk) http://www.gizapyramid.com/pincherle.htm
(dl) Die Pyramiden von Gizeh wurden nicht von Altägyptern erbaut – Atlantisforschung.de (Ger)
See: Archive 6401 | (atlantipedia.ie) (Eng)
(dm) Web Translator (translatetheweb.com)
(dn) Understanding the Ancient Art of Levitation (liveabout.com)
(do) https://brucedrinkwater.com/2016/12/01/acoustic-levitation-of-the-pyramids-is-theoretically-possible/
(dp) http://www.catchpenny.org/mmbuild.html
(dq) http://www.catchpenny.org/theories.html
(dr) https://eaglesanddragonspublishing.com/the-pyramids-of-ancient-greece/
(ds) Diamantis Koutoulas – Elliniki Agogi. Dec. 2001 p 1823
(dt) http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/pyramids.htm
(du) https://archive.org/details/egyptianpyramids00fish/page/n1/mode/2up?q=hyksos
(dv) (99+) (DOC) Barringer Crater and the Younger Dryas | John P Hill – Academia.edu
(dw) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/07/ukraine.tomparfitt
(dx) https://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php?action=printpage;topic=8693.0
(dy) https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/who-built-the-pyramids/
(dz) https://www.academia.edu/51260091/The_Mathematical_Layout_of_the_Giza_Plateau_RESUME
(ea) https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chinese-pyramids-of-xian
(eb) https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/revealing-mysterious-story-koh-ker-pyramid-cambodia-008013 *
(ec) In Control at the Pyramids – World Mysteries Blog (world-mysteries.com)
(ed) http://thesecondsight.blogspot.com/2006/12/great-pyramid-of-lunacy.html
(ef) https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/has-function-great-pyramid-giza-finally-come-light-009861
(eg) https://evol-forum.ch/giza-en/?noredirect=en_US
(eh) https://www.giza-legacy.ch/prehistorical-history/
(ei) Press Release by Dr. Dominique Goerlitz & Stefan Erdmann – Atlantisforschung.de
(ej) (99+) (PDF) Ancient Egyptian chronology and the astronomical orientation of pyramids | Kate Spence – Academia.edu
(ek) https://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0307/0307100.pdf
(el) Who Solves The Mystery Of The Great Pyramid Building ? (gigalresearch.com) *
(em) The Menkara petrified shallow marine creature (gigalresearch.com) *
(en) Fossil Suggests The Great Pyramids And The Sphinx Were Once Submerged Under Water – Science Mystery News (newsnow24hrs.com) *
(eo) Missing Fourth Great Pyramid of Giza may Finally Have Been Found (thevintagenews.com) *
Tagged Adam Rutherford, Adrian Gilbert, Al-Mas'udi, Alaska, Andrew Collins, Andrew Power, Antarctica, Antoine Gigal, Ashley Cowie, Azores, Barry Carter, Ben Carson, Bermuda Triangle, Bible, Brazil, C.E. Getsinger, Canaries, Caral, China, Constantin Borisov, Crimea, Cuzco, Cygnus, Dashur, David Halpin, Dean Talboys, Deluge, Dipayan Jana, Dominique Goerlitz, Donald E. Jennings, Douglas Moonstone, Edgar Cayce, Edward Malkowski, Egypt, Elohim, Elvis, Emmet Sweeney, Erich von Daniken, Everett W. Fish, Fehmi Krasniqi, Francis J. and Francis P. Ward, Frederik Ludvig Norden, Gabriele Lukacs, gematria, Gernot L. Geise, Gerry Cannon & Malcolm Hutton, Giulio Magli, Glen Dash, Graham Hancock, Guatemala, Hasan Sayid Ahmed, Heribert Illig, Herodotus, hoax, Hossam Aboulfotouh, Huang Heqing, Ignatius Donnelly, Inca, Indonesia, Ioannis Liritzis, Ireland, Isaac Newton, Jean-Paul Bauval, Jean-Pierre Houdin, Jeff Nisbet, Jofn Patrick Hill, John O. Kinnaman, John Shaughnessy, John Taylor, Joseph Davidovits, Joseph Jochmans, K.Walter Haug, Keith M. Hunter, Khufu, King Djoser, Konstantin Borisov, Kurt Mendelssohn, Lambayeque Valley, Levitation, Linda Moulton Howe, Loraine Evans, Manu Seyfzadeh, Margaret Morris, Mario Pincherle, Mark Lehner, Matt Sibson, Mauritius, Maxim Yakovenko, Maya, Mesopotamia, Michel Barsoum, Mike Molyneaux, Mount Sadahurip, Mount Sinai, Newgrange, Noah's Ark, Orion, Owen Jarus, Shérif El Morsi
Angelo, Continenza
Continenza Angelo, was an Italian researcher, who, writing in Sykes' Atlantean Research magazine in the middle of the 2oth century encapsulated the support of classical authors for the reality of Atlantis in the following terms;
"Hesiod spoke of Atlantis, as did Euripides, Diodorus Siculus and Seneca; Pliny says memories of Atlantis occur in the Labours of Hercules; Virgil comments on the Atlantean culture in the Georgies; Herodotus mentions it frequently; Pherecydes says 'The people who lived near Mount Atlas said that they were descended from those who had accompanied Hercules on his travels.'" (a)
(a) https://www.theflatearthsociety.org/library/pamphlets/Atlantean%20Research%20(Vol.%202%20No.%205%20December%201949%20January%201950).pdf
Tagged Atlantean Research, Continenza Angelo, Diodorus Siculus, Egerton Sykes, Euripides, Hercules, Herodotus, Hesiod, Mount Atlas, Pherecydes, Pliny, Seneca, Virgil
Tanit
Tanit was a Carthaginian and Phoenician goddess. Immanuel Velikovsky claimed that the name of modern Tunis, near the site of Carthage, is a cognate of Tanit. She was also adopted by the Berbers and claims have been made that Tanit was also a Hyksos goddess.
The Egyptian city of Sais where Solon first learned of Atlantis had it principal temple dedicated to the goddess Neith, whom the Egyptian priests identified with Athene. In turn, Neith is also associated with the Libyan goddess Tanit.
The whole matter of the relevance of Saïs to the Atlantis story has been challenged by the theory(a) that Saïs and Tanis, named after Tanit, were in fact the same location. A starting point is the fact that the current village of Sa el Hagar adjacent to the ruins of Saïs has a counterpart at Tanis where there is a village called San el Hagar. Drawing on the writings of Strabo, Herodotus and the Bible some have concluded that the two cities were one. Velikovsky also proposed this idea in his Ramses II and His Time[0832.209], noting that "Tanis is mentioned in Scriptures as the capital of Egypt when. according to both the conventional plan and this reconstruction, Saïs was the capital."
The island of Es Vedra off the west coast of Ibiza, the third largest of the Balearics, has had a number of imaginative myths, old and new, associated with it, including one that it is supposed to be the birthplace of Tanit!
(a) https://h2g2.com/forums/A148907/conversation/view/F19585/T7572591/page/1/
Tagged Athene, Balearics, Berbers, Bible, Carthage, Es Vedra, Herodotus, Immanuel Velikovsky, Neith, Phoenicians, Ramses II, Sa el Hagar, San el Hagar, Strabo, Tanis, Tanit
Daily Express (UK)
The Daily Express is a well-known British tabloid newspaper. Together with its sister publications, The Sunday Express and its online Express.co.uk, it has recently set a new record for the number of 'might be Atlantis' articles published, all with the byline of Callum Hoare. During the first three weeks of 2019, he has managed to produce four stories suggesting four different locations for Atlantis – Doggerland(a), Malta(b), Azores(c) and the Bahamas(d). But I did not have to wait long for the next regurgitation from Hoare, with another piece mined from a recent Amazon Prime documentary, where the Atlantis in the Canaries theory is reviewed (21.1.19)(e). I note that Hoare was also the author of similar BS Atlantis stories for another alleged UK newspaper, The Daily Star. The quality of research continues to be abysmal, citations are often years old, facts are mangled and quite misleading. Definitely 'Fake News'.
Unfortunately, this outpouring of nonsense continued on in 2020. June 30th saw the 'Express' publish another article(f) by Hoare with an "Atlantis Located" headline. This gem begins by repeating the view of 'expert' Matthew Sibson, who advocates Rockall as the site of Atlantis and then switches to the opinions of Christos Djonis who claims the Aegean Sea as the home of Atlantis. According to Hoare, in this instance, Djonis refers to the research of Mark McMenamin of around 25 years ago who noticed on some Carthaginian gold staters of the fourth century BC that they had tiny engravings that he subjectively interpreted as rough maps showing both Asia and America and centred on Sardinia(g). This, according to Djonis, indicates the possibility that the Greeks may have had knowledge of America!
Djonis and Hoare were obviously unaware that in 2000, McMenamin was obliged to confirm that the coins in question were fakes(k) as revealed in his book, Phoenicians, Fakes and Barry Fell [1738].
Furthermore, Djonis is contradicted by the clear statement of Herodotus that the Greeks only knew three continents, Europe, Asia and Libya (Africa)(h). Finally, if Djonis thinks that Atlantis was located in the Aegean what has America got to do with his theory?
July 2020 saw Hoare pollute the Express with another 'Atlantis Found' piece, this time locating it off the coast of Cornwall(j). This story is a quarter of a century old and a few years ago its credibility and even the existence of the institution to which its original author, Viatcheslav Koudriavtsev, was supposed to belong to, was brought into question(i).
Hoare ended the year with another pathetic attempt(l) to revive interest in the Minoan Hypothesis as well as the failed claim that the Spanish Donana Marshes held the remains of Atlantis or Tartessos!
>In January 2021, he continued his recycling of old Atlantis claims, with the 35-year-old story of the submerged rock formation off Yonaguni in Japan(m). Later in the same month we were regaled with yet another "Atlantis Found?" headline(n), which led on to report that the remains of another submerged city had been discovered off the Greek island of Zakynthos. No direct link with Atlantis was claimed!<
(a) https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1070934/atlantis-uncovered-8000-year-old-ancient-city-doggerland-british-spt
(b) https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1071594/atlantis-found-malta-island-matches-plato-description-spt
(c) https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1073103/atlantis-exposed-lost-city-historian-stunned-mountains-atlantic-spt
(d) https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1074098/atlantis-found-underwater-bimini-florida-edgar-cayce-spt
(e) https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1075553/atlantis-found-archaeologist-rock-formation-atlantic-ocean-spt
(g) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236000049_Cartography_on_Carthaginian_Gold_Staters
(h) Herodotus, Histories 4.42.
(i) https://shimajournal.org/issues/v10n2/k.-Hallerton-Shima-v10n2.pdf
(j) https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1314367/atlantis-lost-city-found-plato-atlantic-ocean-russia-cornwall-lands-end-lyonesse-spt
(k) https://www.academia.edu/37093408/PHOENICIANS_FAKES_AND_BARRY_FELL_SOLVING_THE_MYSTERY_Of_CARTHAGINIAN_COINS_FOUND_IN_AMERICA
(l) Atlantis found? 'Giant circular structure' on Spanish coast spotted with Google Earth | Weird | News | Express.co.uk
>(m) Atlantis found? Diver made 'extraordinary' discovery of huge 'man-made' structure | Weird | News | Express.co.uk
(n) Atlantis found? 'World hidden for centuries' uncovered after diver's 'life-changing' spot | Weird | News | Express.co.uk<
Tagged Aegean Sea, America, Azores, Bahamas, Callum Hoare, Canaries, Christos Djonis, Cornwall, Daily Express, Daily Star, Doggerland, Donana Marshes, Herodotus, Malta, Mark McMenamin, Minoan Hypothesis, Rockall, Sardinia, Tartessos, Viatcheslav Koudriavtsev, Yonaguni, Zakynthos
Italy seems to have an uncertain etymology; Thucydides claims that Italos, the Sicilian king gave his name to Italy, while more recently Emilio Spedicato(h) considers that "the best derivation we believe to be the one proposed by the Italian nuclear engineer Felice Vinci (1998), in his monograph claiming a Baltic setting for the Homeric epic: he derives Italia from the rare Greek word aithalia, meaning the smoking one." This is thought to be a reference to Italy's many volcanoes.
Italy today is comprised of territory south of the Alps on mainland Europe including a very large boot-shaped peninsula, plus Sicily, Sardinia and some smaller island groups, which along with the French island of Corsica virtually enclose the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The earliest proposal that Italy could be linked with Atlantis came from Angelo Mazzoldi in 1840 when he claimed that before Etruria, Italy had been home to Atlantis and dated its demise to 1986 BC. Mazzoldi expressed a form of hyperdiffusion that had his Italian Atlantis as the mother-culture which seeded the great civilisations of the eastern Mediterranean region(b).
Some of Mazzoldi's views regarding ancient Italy were expanded on by later scholars such Camillo Ravioli, Ciro Nispi-Landi, Evelino Leonardi, Costantine Cattoi, Guido DiNardo and Giuseppe Brex. Ravioli sought to associate the Maltese island of Gozo with his proposed Atlantis in Italy.
The Italian region of Lazio, which includes Rome, has had a number of very ancient structures proposed as Atlantean; Monte Circeo (Leonardi), Arpino(a) (Cassaro). Another aspect of Italian prehistory is the story of Tirrenide, which was described as a westward extension of the Italian landmass into the Tyrhennian Sea during the last Ice Age, with a land bridge to a conjoined Sardinia and Corsica.. At the same time, there were land links to Sicily and Malta, which were all destroyed as deglaciation took place and sea levels rose.
It is surprising that so few researchers have commented on Italy's part in Plato's Atlantis narrative considering that he twice, without any ambiguity, informs us that the Atlantean domain extended as far as Tyrrhenia (modern Tuscany).
Crit.114c. So all these, themselves and their descendants dwelt for many generations bearing rule over many other islands throughout the sea, and holding sway besides, as was previously stated, over the Mediterranean peoples as far as Egypt and Tuscany. Tim.25a/b. Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvellous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent; and, moreover, of the lands here within the Straits they ruled over Libya as far as Egypt, and over Europe as far as Tuscany. (Bury)
The quotation from Timaeus is most interesting because of its reference to a 'continent'. Some have understandably but incorrectly claimed that this is a reference to America or Antarctica, when quite clearly it refers to southern Italy as part of the continent of Europe. Moreover, Herodotus is quite clear (4.42) that the ancient Greeks knew of only three continents, Europe, Asia and Libya.
Philo of Alexandria (20 BC-50 AD) in his On the Eternity of the World(g) wrote "Are you ignorant of the celebrated account which is given of that most sacred Sicilian strait, which in old times joined Sicily to the continent of Italy?" (v.139). The name 'Italy' was normally used in ancient times to describe the southern part of the peninsula(e). Some commentators think that Philo was quoting Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor. This would push the custom of referring to Italy as a 'continent' back near to the time of Plato. More recently, Armin Wolf, the German historian, when writing about Scheria relates(f) that "Even today, when people from Sicily go to Calabria (southern Italy) they say they are going to the 'continente'." This continuing usage is further confirmed by a current travel site(d) and by author, Robert Fox[1168.141]. I suggest that Plato used the term in a similar fashion and can be seen as offering the most rational explanation for the use of the word 'continent' in Timaeus 25a.
When you consider that close to Italy are located the large islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, as well as smaller archipelagos such as the Egadi, Lipari and Maltese groups, the idea of Atlantis in the Central Mediterranean can be seen as highly compatible with Plato's description.
If we accept that Plato stated unambiguously that the domain of Atlantis included at least part of southern Italy and also declared that Atlantis attacked from beyond the Pillars of Heracles, then this appellation could not be applied at that time to any location in the vicinity of the Strait of Gibraltar but must have been further east, probably not too far from Atlantean Italy. This matches earlier alternative locations recorded by classical writers who placed the 'Pillars' at the straits of Messina or Sicily. I personally favour Messina, unless there is stronger evidence that some of the islands in or near the Strait of Sicily such as the Maltese or Pelagian Islands or Pantelleria were home to the 'Pillars'.
(a) http://www.richardcassaro.com/hidden-italy-the-forbidden-cyclopean-ruins-of-giants-from-atlantis
(b) Archive 2509P (Eng) Archive 2943 (Ital)
(c) Archive 2946
>(d) Four Ways to Do Sicily – Articles – Departures (archive.org)<
(e) http://www.yourguidetoitaly.com/origin-of-the-name-italy.htmlhttp://www.yourguidetoitaly.com/origin-of-the-name-italy.html
(f) Wayback Machine (archive.org)
(g) http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book35.html
(h) http://2010-q-conference.com/ophir/ophir-27-10-09.pdf
Tagged Angelo Mazzoldi, Armin Wolf, Baltic, Calabria, Camillo Ravioli, Ciro Nispi-Landi, continent, Corsica, Costantine Cattoi, deglaciation, Egadi Islands, Emilio Spedicato, Evelino Leonardi, Felice Vinci, Giuseppe Brex, Gozo, Guido DiNardo, Herodotus, Italos, Italy, Lipari Islands, Malta, Ophir, Pantelleria, Pelagian Islands, Philo of Alexandria, Pillars of Heracles, Richard Cassaro, Sardinia, Scheria, Sicily, Strait of Gibraltar, Strait of Messina, Strait of Sicily, Theophrastus, Thucydides, Tirrenide, Tyrrhenian Sea, volcanoes
Bonnaud, Jacques-Julien
Jacques-Julien Bonnaud (1710-1792) was a French abbot with a PhD in theology and law. In his 1786 book[0967], Hérodote historien du people hébreu sans le savoir (Herodotus, unknowingly the historian of the Hebrew people), he expressed the view that Plato's Atlantis story was just a distorted description of the Holy Land. Bonnaud was killed during the 1792 September massacres of the French Revolution.
Tagged French Revolution, Herodotus, Holy Land, Jacques Julien Bonnaud
Egyptian Calendar, The
The Egyptian Calendar is central to the debate regarding the date of the Alantean war. At first sight it appears that Plato dated that event to 9,000 years prior to Solon's visit to Egypt. However, since such a date conflicts with both archaeology and common sense, commentators have striven to reconcile the differences. Either the number is exaggerated, the unit of measurement is wrong, or both require revision. I'm inclined towards the latter.
The ancient Egyptians had three types of 'years', solar, lunar or seasonal(a). The first was based on the heliacal rising(b) of the star Sirius, the second was a count of the annual lunar cycles and the last was the number of seasons of which there were three in the Egyptian year. The lunar cycles or months were the means by which the Egyptian priesthood calculated the passage of time and since Solon received the story of Atlantis from Egyptian priests it is assumed by many that the 9,000 'years' were in fact months. Apart from modern authorities, the use of lunar cycles by the Egyptians for calculating time was noted by Eudoxus of Cnidos (410- 355 BC) and also by Plutarch, Manetho, Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus.
Zhirov noted[458.375] that the lunar calendar was re-introduced into Egypt by the Arabs in 641 AD.
Some others, such as Radek Brychta and Rosario Vieni, have proposed that the number of seasons were used in a similar manner. Even more extreme was the contention of André de Paniagua who claimed that the date of Atlantis was recorded in Sothic cycles of 1,460 solar years each, which would push its time back 13 million years!
Nevertheless, there are many who still maintain that Plato's 9,000 should be taken literally, even though neither Egypt nor Athens existed as structured societies at such an early date!
*(a) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar*
(b) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal_rising
Tagged André de Paniagua, Diodorus Siculus, Egytian Calendar, Eudoxus of Cnidos, Herodotus, Manetho, N. Zhirov, Plutarch, Radek Brychta, Rosario Vieni, Sirius, Solon, Sothic cycles
Bambrough, Sean
Sean Bambrough is a New Zealand researcher of ancient mysteries. Since 1999 he has been developing a theory that places Plato's Atlantis in the Andes and identifies its city as Tiwanaku. He has published 37 pages of notes in support of this contention(a)(c). A reader will find them tough going and at times repetitious, but it is clear that he has put a lot of study into the subject even if he has, in my opinion, produced a very flawed theory.
Several researchers have assumed that when Plato referred to an 'opposite continent' he was referring to the Americas, however, Herodotus, who flourished after Solon and before Plato, was quite clear that there were only three continents known to the Greeks, Europe, Asia and Libya [4.42].
Bambrough's first major error is to equate the sinking of Atlantis with the uplifting of the Andes! The Andes are rising at a rate of some millimetres per year. and the geological evidence is that in the past the uplift rate was somewhat more rapid, which "in geologic terms, rapid means rising one kilometer or more over several millions of years."(b)(e)
There is no evidence that the cataclysmic upheaval described by him could have occurred around 1400BC. He does not explain how these newly elevated mountains created muddy shoals that made the Atlantic impassable.
As I have already argued in respect of Jim Allen's Andean theory, the idea of an invasion of the eastern Mediterranean by an army from the west side of South America is untenable. That they would try it in reed boats like those of Titicaca is equally daft. Then, this mighty army from ten regions of South America was defeated by the small city-state of Athens is equally laughable.
I could go on, but just a final couple of points; Plato never described Atlantis as a continent and Kircher's speculative map depicts Atlantis quite clearly in our Atlantic Ocean between Spain and America.
Bambrough has recently updated his website(d), however, his writing style is as irritating as ever, in particular his excessive use of retronyms (forward slashes).
In 2017, he published(f) an extended 'check-list' which he feels supports his location theory. This offering is far too long and repetitious. It is clearly a triumph of quantity over quality
>In 2021, Bambrough has now published his paper/ebook on the academia.edu website(g). This migration has done nothing to improve the quality of its content. It is just a huge collection of lists, most of which could be discarded.<
(a) https://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php/topic,33901.0.html
(b) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140421135926.htm
(c) https://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php/topic,33831.15.html
(d) https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/archive-2674/
(e) https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/taking-the-pulse-of-mountain-formation-in-the-andes/
(f) https://www.allempires.com/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=36133 (link broken Dec. 2019)
(g) https://www.academia.edu/61088843/Atlantis_Found_in_the_Andes_by_V_Sean_Bambrough *
Tagged Andes, Asia, Atlantis, Herodotus, Jim Allen, Lake Titicaca, Libya, Plato, Sean Bambrough, Tiwanaku
Schoinos
Schoinos, which means 'rope' in Egyptian was an ancient unit of measurement which was the equivalent of 40 stadia but had huge regional variations ranging from 30 to 120 stadia(a). It was widely used throughout the Mediterranean and was adopted by the Greeks from the Egyptians around 2000 BC(d).
Albert Herrmann, quoted by Bramwell [195.117], attempted to make sense of the dimensions of the ditch surrounding the Plain of Atlantis by suggesting that Solon had been misled by an interpreter who converted the Egyptian measurements into Greek 'podes' (feet) but erroneously gave the results as 'stadia' exaggerating the data by a factor of thirty!
However, for me, Herrmann's highly speculative theory makes little sense, if the 'schoinos' was used by the Greeks since 2oooBC, why convert it at all? Herodotus refers to it at least twice in his Histories (2.6(b) and 2.149(c))
(a) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenus
(b) https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh2000.htm
(c) https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh2140.htm
(d) https://www.slideshare.net/ideal90/metrication-timeline
Tagged Albert Herrmann, Herodotus, James Bramwell, Plain of Atlantis, podes, schoinos, stade
Seasons are sub-divisions of the year usually based on changes in ecology, weather or hours of daylight. The number of seasons varies between two (Polar) and six (India). My native Ireland has been described by cynics as now having only three seasons, as recent weather changes seem to have removed summer from our calendar.
The Egyptian year is divided into three seasons as they also did in the Indus civilisation. In an effort to make Plato's 9,000 years more credible, commentators as early Giovanni Carli in the 18th century and Rafinesque in the 19th have suggested that Plato's years were in fact 'seasons'. The idea has gained further traction in more recent years with support from Axel Hausmann and Radek Brychta and most recently Rosario Vieni. Both Hausmann and Vieni presented papers to the 2005 Atlantis Conference, where Hausmann proposed that the 'years' be treated as seasons and so concluded that the demise of Atlantis took place in 3522 BC[629.359]. However, at the same conference Vieni presented his paper entitled "11,500 years ago….." [629.337], obviously at that stage accepting Plato's 9,000 years at face value. Three years later, he presented a paper to the 2008 Atlantis Conference which he entitled "About 5600 years ago…." [750.347], in which he had changed his understanding of Plato's 'years' to be now seasons. While his intellectual honesty is to be applauded, I must point out that because a person changes their opinion, there is no guarantee that their second choice is any more correct than the first.
I am not convinced by the 'seasons' explanation, as it just seems to be a rather feeble attempt to explain away Plato's 9,000 being a reference to solar years. Supporters of this 'seasons' explanation appear to be forced to look for an alternative to a literal 9,000 years as that figure conflicts dramatically with the Bronze Age setting of the Atlantis narrative and runs counter to the archaeological evidence for dating the foundation of both Athens and the Egyptian civilisation.
The more popular alternative suggestion of treating the 'years' as lunar cycles makes much more sense, as it brings the Atlantis story into the end of the Greek Bronze Age. It also matches the time of the destruction of the spring on the Acropolis (Crit.112d) and conforms to details on the Parian Marble. But perhaps most important of all is that the use of lunar cycles by the Egyptian priesthood for calculating time was noted by Eudoxus of Cnidos (410-355 BC) and also by Plutarch, Manetho, Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus.
A third proposal, by Galanopoulos & Bacon[263], was that Plato's large numbers were inflated by a factor of ten, but they never offered a satisfactory explanation for how this happened.
Tagged 2005 Atlantis Conference, 2008 Atlantis Conference, Axel Hausmann, Diodorus Siculus, Eudoxus of Cnidos, Giovanni Carli, Herodotus, Indus civilisation, lunar cycles, Manetho, Parian Marble, Plutarch, Radek Brychta, Rafinesque, Rosario Vieni, Seasons


text:
Agave delamateri is a species of plant in the agave subfamily, Agavoideae. It is known by the common names Tonto Basin agave and Rick's agave. It is endemic to central Arizona in the United States. It is generally found on gravelly soils in desert scrub and sometimes pinyon-juniper woodland, often near Mogollon or Salado archaeological sites.

Agave delamateri is an acaulescent (trunkless) species forming rosettes up to 100 cm (40 inches) in diameter. Leaves are up to 70 cm (28 inches) long, with a waxy coat giving them a bluish-green appearance. Leaves are well-armed, with teeth along the margins and on the tip. The flowering stalk can be up to 6 m (20 feet) tall, with flowers cream-colored with a greenish tinge.

This species is only known from a population of about 70 to 90 individuals in Gila, Maricopa, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona. These plants are all clones producing no fertile seed. The mature plant reproduces by sprouting "pups" from its base. The oldest existing mature clones may be hundreds of years old and there is practically no variation between them. The clones may be descendants of a cultivated population bred by pre-Columbian peoples.

References

delamateri
Flora of Arizona
Plants described in 1995

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jennifer Spence Photography is not currently offering any Portrait, Event, or Wedding Photography services.
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HomeNewsSaskatchewan Wildlife Lands Available for Cattle Grazing
Saskatchewan Wildlife Lands Available for Cattle Grazing
By Angie Mellen
Thursday, Jul. 20th, 2017
Environment Minister Scott Moe is reminding livestock producers that Fish and Wildlife Development fund (FWDF) lands are available to producers for grazing until September 15.
"We know grazing and haying benefits wildlife habitat management and provides additional opportunities for producers," Environment Minister Scott Moe said. "That is why we are pleased to make this FWDF land available and hope this helps to address the challenges some producers are facing due to dry conditions."
The reminder comes after recent crop reports showed that a lot of rain is needed to enhance hay and pasture volumes.
There is over 90, 000 acres of land which is located throughout the province. It's typically used for conservation purposes.
A lot of the land requires temporary fencing or water, so producers who are awarded access to land may be responsible for costs and construction for necessary improvements. Any fees for grazing that apply to Crown land applies for FWDF land and money earned will be used for future conservation initiatives.
Special guest announced for Lloyd Ex's equine event

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Fiji 7s Star signs Edinburgh
Home / Fiji 7s Star signs Edinburgh
Edinburgh have announced that they have secured the signing of Fijian Sevens star- Mesulame Kunavula on a long-term deal.
The 23 year old, can operate across the back-five and is equally adept at both flanker and lock.
He links up with his team-mates immediately as they prepare for the 2019/20 season and joins directly from the Fijian Sevens squad.
On signing, Kunavula said that he is delighted to start the next chapter of his career in Edinburgh and Viliame Mata]is a good friend of his has told him so much about the club and life in Scotland.
"I've really enjoyed my time on the Sevens circuit, but I felt it was the right time to move abroad and develop my own game further. The facilities in Edinburgh are world class and I'm only going to improve as a player.
Head coach Richard Cockerill added that Mesu really stood out during his time representing Fiji on the Sevens circuit and his ability to beat a man, as well as offload in the tackle, are really world-class.
Born in Tailevu – the same village in which Fijian team-mate Mata was raised – the 6ft 3in playmaker joined the police force while representing Fiji U20 in the early stages of his career.
Kunavula made his World Rugby Sevens Series debut at the 2016 Dubai leg where Fiji finished runners-up after falling short against South Africa in the final.
The back-row was named in the Fiji Sevens squad for the 2018 Commonwealth Games held on Australia's Gold Coast and finished the tournament with a silver medal as the South Sea Islanders were pipped by New Zealand.
Kunavula was a key man as Fiji finished the 2018/19 Sevens Series in first place, winning five out of 10 tournaments.
Barty bypasses Wimbledon warm-upMAIN NEWS, SPORTS
Israel Folau fundraising campaign page shut down by GoFundMe AustraliaMAIN NEWS, SPORTS


If you are a fan of Olamide, you'll know he's very humble and not the type to do comparisons.
Yesterday, a post comparing him to rising street act, Slimcase made rounds online. The post read; "BE SINCERE: Between Olamide VS Slimcase, Who is more relevant on the street this year"
As expected fans of Olamide were quick to rubbish the post and point out that it's disrespectful to compare an upcoming artist like Slimcase to Olamide who has played a very important role to the Nigerian music industry.
Slimcase himself also had this to say; "This is a disrespect to a legend like Olamide, pls take this down. He started giving the street bangers before i ever wanted to join music. He is a legend"
Olamide, being his humble self then responded saying no one can separate the street.
"Saintsammy ganja !!! Slow down on a! My guy bless. Wonle separate ibile" He responded to Slimcase's tweet.


text:
Grant Gustin >
By WENN in Movies / TV / Theatre on 27 January 2015
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Picture: Grant Gustin - 16th Annual InStyle and Warner Bros. Golden Globe After Party - Arrivals at Beverly Hilton Hotel, Golden Globe - Beverly Hills, California,...
"They've made it more and more comfortable, because I'm in it all the time, so I feel pretty superhero-like when I'm in it... It's now 10 pounds lighter than when we shot the pilot. It's like, a softer material that can bend with me. I mean, I'm The Flash and I couldn't even bend my knees (in the first outfit)!" The Flash star Grant Gustin finally feels more like the superhero character he portrays on Tv after onset costume designers overhauled the skin-tight outfit he wears for the show.
'The Flash' Showrunner Explains Why Season 4 Doesn't Have Speedster Villains
'The Flash' Showrunner Teases "Smartest Guy On The Planet" Villain In Season 4
Grant Gustin Promises "Fun" Season 4 Of 'The Flash'
'The Flash' Showrunner Would Make A Major Season 3 Change
'The Flash' Showrunner Promises "Funny" Season 4
The CW Release Action-Packed Sizzle Reel For 'The Flash' Season 3
[SPOILERS] Savitar's Identity Uncovered In 'The Flash'
The Flash Gets Smashed! It's Bad News For This Superhero In 'Enter Zoom' [Pictures]
New CW Trailer Actually Makes 'The Flash' Look... Cool?!
'The Flash' Teaser Trailer: A Quick Look At The CW's Newest Superhero
Everything You Need To Know About CW's 'The Flash'
First Look At The Flash's Costume: Grant Gustin Rocks The Maroon And Gold Suit


This drama tells the story of a vampire, Park Ji-sang who works as a doctor in a hospital. Yoo Ri-ta is a hotshot heiress doctor, a star physician at the hospital and the niece of the board's chairman. She's snooty and cold, but highly capable, and accustomed to being the golden girl. Lee Jae-wook is their chief, an outwardly gentle, inwardly ambitious man who will prove to be their biggest adversary.


I'll admit : this won't be a very exciting blog post. Sorry.
But sometimes renovation isn't about the shiny, finished room. It's about the little, small things you do to prep yourself to GET to the point of the shiny, finished rooms. Like, this is the boring hallway of renovation. That's what we have here. But, it's an important part of the journey, so here we go!
The first weeks that we owned the Cottage (Spring of 2012) were about going through and getting to know the house, and trying to discover things about it. The first thing I wanted to discover, was how the kitchen looked without the wallpaper. I have no idea how this was installed, or what the deal was, but I grabbed a corned and pulled, and it all came off : no steaming, nothing. Doug was outside working on the exterior and he came in and I had the wallpaper down in an hour without really trying. It was HEAVEN.
The carpets and linoleum came up next. We knew that the downstairs had some water damage in the Midwest Flood of '08, but we hoped maybe the original floor underneath would be OK. No dice. Between the water damage and some old termite damage, the floors would have to be replaced. Bummer.
There was also some AMAZING patches done with plywood and duct tape.
The kitchen floor MIGHT have been the worst. There was a layer of lauan that had been stapled and glued to DEATH, and we had to get each splinter up. It was a nightmare. Edgar did a lot of it.
We painted, and hung up a new light in the Dining Room, since there wasn't one in there. So there was ONE pretty thing to look at!
– and Veronica hated the bathroom wallpaper a ton, so she got rid of it.
Until we took down the mirror, and realized there was more! Ugh.
I came up with a bathroom layout that I liked, which included removing a window to put the FIRST EVER SHOWER in the house.
We moved the plumbing to get a toilet back in and operational. We had sold Jackson Street by now, so there was no going back to our house next door to use the bathroom! (also, this is a better shot of the window that we removed – and the old college torchiere lamp that we put in the bathroom since it had no light. It almost caught my dorm room on fire once).
After polling everyone I know on social media, we decided to put double sinks in the bathroom. The bathroom was large enough to EITHER have a separate tub / shower / single sink, OR a combination tub & shower with double sinks. I would have preferred the former, but it turns out most people prefer the latter.
So, we found this AMAZING double vanity on Craigslist. We left it on a dolly so we can move it around as needed.
So, that was a fun find for the bathroom that I plan on refinishing!
So, carpets out, floors assessed, woodwork painted, missing lights replaced, layouts done, toilet in. Not very exciting – but important!


The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) aims at sustaining and promoting a quality culture in higher education institutions. The basic purpose of establishment of IQAC in our college is to develop a system for conscious consistent and catalytic action to improve the academic and administrative performance of the college.
Our college has constituted IQAC on dated 20/06/2008. It has been promoting, developing and evaluating the quality assurance mechanism for the college.
To promote research climate among the students and faculties.
To enhance the quality of curricular and co-curricular activities and programmes for the improvement in teaching –learning process.
To promote faculty development programme for enhancing academic excellence of faculty.
To enhance professional competencies among the students and to achieve vision mission of the college through developing system in academic and administrative areas.


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New Holland 352 Grinder/ Mixer Mill folding discharge auger 11L15 tires 540 PTO. (tractor half of shaft is missing) photos are dark due to poor lighting in farm shed.. This machine is solid and includes 5 additional 16" screens.
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Sep 19 2018 · The clearance between the press roller and pellet die should be appropriate too. Generally it is between 01.mm and 0.3mm. If too large the extrusion force will be inadequate which can cause pellets discharging difficulty and end to block of pellet machine. If too small the press roller and pellets die will likely to be damaged.
flour mill machine small scale flour mill single flour milling machine maize Flour mill machinery. Address:Golad WorldNanxiao Street Shijiazhuang Hebei 050000 China Beijing Double Dragon International Industrial Mining Machienry Co.Ltd. wheat flour mill machine.
designed discharge systems are generally used. With a direct mill feeding system there is no need to convey the critical material into an additional feed bin which eliminates the otherwise necessary investment cost for the feed bin and associated discharge regulation system. A POLAB AOT online raw meal analyser performs the mixture controlling.


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The flow seemed to be awful plenty of for intrusion connected with comfort. More painful, seemed to be what exactly this people were being grabbed indicating: trashing customers in their teaching workers in addition to lamenting most of the on-ice engage in. "Do you'll see anytime [assistant coach Martin Raymond] extends this online video media, proventil. when you really do listen up, he / she isn't going to previously educate you whatever? inches defenseman Chelsea Wideman enquired this collection.
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The indicators received also been at this time there for a short time. With August, announcement smashed which the fiancee connected with Sens' hub Scott Hoffman, Monika Caryk, endured offender connected with bothering Erik Karlsson's girl, Melinda (Karlsson, Mike Condon Jersey at this point, seemed to be this team's chief in support of respectable star). Melinda Karlsson received filled out for just a contentment attachment next to Caryk, accusing the woman connected with placing many hateful announcements in relation to the woman in addition to the woman man with web 2 . 0, as well as "numerous transactions dreaming the unborn baby expended. inches (This looked like in particular lousy, provided that, with Walk, this Karlsson's primary baby received turned up stillborn. ) Caryk in addition to Hoffman dissmissed off every little thing in addition to neither of them were being priced within almost any legislation, even so the Senators easily mailed them (and the woman, presumably) miles away, to help San Jose, where by he / she seemed to be promptly directed taking all over again, Craig Anderson Jersey these times towards Texas Panthers.
While this workforce are not charged intended for the way it is people a�� in addition to their loved ones a�� respond in public areas, this answer on the Senators' manager, Eugene Melnyk, seemed to be tiny. With Sept, Melnyk shown up within a pre-season lookahead meet with. Melnyk opined of which "right at this point, we live style of from the dumpster; inches stated Karlsson's label accurately never ever; in addition to, almost like to help tell lovers connected with his or her entire detachment, applied some sort of Sens jacket that had been a couple times obsolete. A couple days to weeks in the future, Karlsson seemed to be traded in towards San Jose Sharks. He / she shown up struggle to reveal this reason driving this deal. "I don't believe of which I've truly previously, Zack Smith Jersey around my wildest curiosity, previously idea i always could get away from that area, inches he / she explained to reporters.