text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:1}
Compared to light $p$-shell nuclei where the $\alpha$ clustering is prominent in the ground and
excited states \cite{Fujiwara1980}, the structure of the $sd$-shell nuclei is more complicated
but much richer. The formation of the mean-field in the low-lying states, and its coexistence and
mixing with the $\alpha$, Carbon and Oxygen clustering yield various kinds of nuclear structures
\cite{Kimura2004,Kimura2004a,Taniguchi2009}. $^{28}{\rm Si}$ is a typical example in the mid $sd$-shell nuclei. Its ground-state band has
oblate deformed mean-field structure, while the rotational band built on the $0^+_3$ state is
prolately deformed suggesting the shape coexistence
\cite{DasGupta1967,Glatz1981,Glatz1981a,Sheline1982}. It is believed
that the $\beta$ vibration of the ground-state  band yields another rotational band built on the
$0^+_2$
state \cite{DasGupta1967,Sheline1982}. Furthermore, the possible existence of the superdeformed
(SD) state is predicted by theoretical studies
\cite{Cseh1992,Ohkubo2004,Maruhn2006,Taniguchi2009,Ichikawa2011,Darai2012}
and the experimental candidates were observed \cite{Kolata1988,Beck1985,Eswaran1993,Jenkins2012}.

In addition to these mean-field dynamics, $^{28}{\rm Si}$ offers a rich variety of clustering.
Many candidates of $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ cluster states are observed at more than 10 MeV above
the ground state \cite{Maas1978,Cseh1982,Tanabe1983,Kubono1986,Artemov1990}.
The existence of the $^{12}{\rm C}+{}^{16}{\rm O}$ molecular
resonance above $E_x\simeq 30$ MeV is also well known
\cite{Stokstad1972,Frohlich1976,Charles1976,James1976,Shawcross2001,Ashwood2001,Goasduff2014}.
In addition to these highly excited cluster states, the possible clustering of the above-mentioned
low-lying mean-field states has attracted many interests and has long been discussed
\cite{Ichikawa2011,Taniguchi2009,Baye1976,Baye1977,Kato1985,Kondo2004}. For example, by
the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) study \cite{Taniguchi2009}, it was pointed out that
the ground-state band and SD
band have large overlap with the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ cluster configurations, while the prolate
band largely overlaps with the $^{12}{\rm C}+{}^{16}{\rm O}$ configuration. A similar discussion
was also made by the algebraic cluster model \cite{Darai2012,Cseh1983,Cseh1992,Hess2004}.
It is also noted that the $\alpha$ and
Carbon cluster states at their decay thresholds are of astrophysical interest and importance,
because they are closely related to and seriously affect to the stellar processes such as the He-
and C-burning. Thus, the clustering phenomena in $^{28}{\rm Si}$ is rich in variety and
has scientific importance.

Despite of these strong interest and the continuous experimental and theoretical
efforts, the clustering systematics in $^{28}{\rm Si}$ is still ambiguous.
Theoretically, the description of various kinds of cluster configurations within a single
theoretical framework is not easy. In particular, the coexistence and mixing of mean-field and
cluster configurations makes the theoretical description hard, although it enriches the
clustering phenomena in $^{28}{\rm Si}$. Experimentally, the direct production of the cluster
states by the transfer and radiative capture reactions are difficult, because of their small
cross sections and very high level density. These difficulties prevent us from the
understanding and establishment of the clustering systematics in $^{28}{\rm Si}$.

To overcome these difficulties, we present the result of the AMD calculation to illustrate the
clustering systematics and suggest the isoscalar (IS) monopole and dipole transitions as
promising probe for clustering. We focus on the following two points.
The first is the negative-parity cluster bands and the identification of the inversion doublets.
The previous AMD study \cite{Taniguchi2009} investigated the structure of the positive-parity
bands, and found that three positive-parity bands, the ground-state, prolate deformed and
SD bands, have large overlap with the triaxial deformed $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$,
the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and the axially symmetric $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ cluster
configurations, respectively. If these bands really have clustering aspects, they must be
accompanied by the negative-parity bands to constitute the inversion doublets, because of their
reflection-asymmetric intrinsic configurations \cite{Horiuchi1968}. Therefore, the identification
of the inversion doublet is rather essential to establish the clustering systematics in
$^{28}{\rm Si}$, and in this study, we extend our survey to the negative-party states in this
study.

The second is the IS monopole and dipole transitions which are expected to strongly populate the
cluster inversion doublets. In this decade, the IS monopole transition attracts much interest as
a good probe for the $0^+$ cluster states
\cite{Suzuki1987,Kawabata2007,Kanada-Enyo2007,Yamada2008,Horiuchi2012,Chiba2015}. In addition to
this, recently, it was also
suggested that the IS dipole transition is a good prove for the $1^-$ cluster states
\cite{Chiba2016}. Therefore, the combination of the IS monopole and dipole transitions is expected
to be a powerful tool to identify the inversion doublets mentioned above. Indeed, in
Refs. \cite{Yamada2008,Chiba2016},  by assuming that the ground states is a pure $SU(3)$ shell
model state   \cite{Elliott1958,Elliott1958a} and the excited states are ideal cluster states, it
was analytically proved that the IS monopole and dipole transition from the ground state to the
excited cluster states are as strong as the single-particle estimates. However, in reality, the
ground state of $^{28}{\rm Si}$ deviates from a pure $SU(3)$ shell model state because of the
strong influence of the spin-orbit interaction. Furthermore, in the excited states, the cluster
configurations are mixed with the mean-field configurations. Therefore, the numerical calculations
by the reliable nuclear models are indispensable for the quantitative discussions.

In this paper, we show that the various kinds of the cluster bands including the newly found
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ band appear in the negative-parity and paired with the
positive-parity bands to constitute the inversion doublets. The analysis of the wave function
shows that the ground state has the duality of oblate deformed mean-field and the clustering of
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ despite of the strong influence of
the spin-orbit interaction. Because of this duality, by the IS monopole and dipole transitions,
the inversion doublets having the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$
configurations are excited as strong as the single-particle estimates. Hence, it is concluded
that the IS monopole and dipole transitions are regarded as promising probe for these
clustering.

This article is organized as follows. In the next section, the framework of AMD is briefly
explained. The cluster $S$-factor is also introduced as a measure of the clustering in the
ground and excited states. In the Sec. \ref{sec:3}, the intrinsic wave function obtained
by the energy variation and the energy spectrum are presented. The systematics of the clustering
in $^{28}{\rm Si}$ is summarized. The relationship between the clustering in the excited states
and the IS monopole and dipole transitions is discussed in the Sec. \ref{sec:4}. The final
section summarizes this work.

\section{Framework}  \label{sec:2}
Here, the framework of AMD is briefly explaind, and readers are directed to Refs.
\cite{Kanada-Enyo2003,Kanada-Enyo2010,Kanada-Enyo2012}
for the detailed explanation.
\subsection{Hamiltonian and variational wave function}
The $A$-body microscopic Hamiltonian used in this study reads,
\begin{align}
  {H} = \sum_{i}^{A}{{t}_i} - {t}_{c.m.} + \sum_{i<j}^{A}{{v}_{ij}^{NN}} +
 \sum_{i<j}^{A}{{v}_{ij}^{Coul}}.
  \label{hamiltonian}
\end{align}
Here, ${t}_i$ is kinetic energy of $i$-th nucleon. ${t}_{c.m.}$ is the center-of-mass kinetic
energy which is exactly subtracted without approximation in the AMD framework.  We employ Gogny
D1S interaction \cite{Berger1991} as an effective nuclear interaction $v^{NN}$. The Coulomb
interaction $v^{Coul}$ is approximated by a sum of seven Gaussians.

The intrinsic wave function of AMD is an antisymmetrized product of nucleon wave packets
$\varphi_i$,
\begin{align}
 \Phi_{int} &= {\mathcal A}\left\{\varphi_1\varphi_2 \cdots \varphi_A \right\},
\end{align}
where the nucleon wave packet is a direct product of the deformed Gaussian spatial part,
spin ($\chi_i$) and isospin ($\xi_i$) parts,
\begin{align}
 \varphi_i({\bm r}) &= \phi_i({\bm r}) \chi_i \xi_i, \label{eq:singlewf}\\
 \phi_i({\bm r}) &= \exp\biggl\{-\sum_{\sigma=x,y,z}\nu_\sigma
 \Bigl(r_\sigma -\frac{Z_{i\sigma}}{\sqrt{\nu_\sigma}}\Bigr)^2\biggr\}, \\
 \chi_i &= a_i\chi_\uparrow + b_i\chi_\downarrow,\quad
 \xi_i = {\rm proton} \quad {\rm or} \quad {\rm neutron}.\nonumber
\end{align}
The centroids of the Gaussian wave packet $\bm Z_i$, the direction of nucleon spin $a_i, b_i$,
and the width parameter of the deformed Gaussian $\nu_\sigma$ are the variational parameters
\cite{Kimura2004a}.

Before the energy variation, the intrinsic wave function is projected to the eigenstates of the
parity,
\begin{align}
 \Phi^\pi=\frac{1+\pi{P}_x}{2}\Phi_{int}, \quad \pi=\pm.
\end{align}
Using this wave function, the variational energy is defined as,
\begin{align}
 E^\pi = \frac{\braket{\Phi^\pi|H|\Phi^\pi}}{\braket{\Phi^\pi|\Phi^\pi}} + V_c.
\end{align}
By the frictional cooling method, above-mentioned variational parameters are
determined so that $E^\pi$ is minimized. Here $V_c$ is the potential which imposes the
constraint on the variational wave function. In this study, we introduce two different
constraint potentials. The first is the $\beta\gamma$-constraint which is imposed
on the quadrupole deformation of the variational wave function,
\begin{align}
 V_c =  v_\beta(\braket{\beta} - \beta_0)^2  + v_\gamma (\braket{\gamma} - \gamma_0)^2,
\end{align}
where $\braket{\beta}$ and $\braket{\gamma}$ are the quadrupole deformation parameters of the
intrinsic wave function defined in Ref. \cite{Kimura2012}, and $v_\beta$ and $v_\beta$ are
chosen large enough that $\braket{\beta}$ and $\braket{\gamma}$ are close to $\beta_0$ and
$\gamma_0$ after the  frictional cooling.

Another constraint is $d$-constraint \cite{Taniguchi2004} which is  imposed on the distance
between
{\it quasi clusters},
\begin{align}
 V_c = v_d (\braket{d^2} - d_0^2)^2.
\end{align}
Similar to the $\beta\gamma$-constraint, $v_d$ is chosen so that the squared distance between
quasi clusters $\braket{d^2}$ is close to $d_0^2$ after the frictional cooling.
The squared distance between quasi clusters is defined as follows. First, we select nucleons which
belongs to each quasi cluster. For example, in the case of the $\alpha+^{24}{\rm Mg}$
configuration, we choose 4 nucleon wave packets which belong to $\alpha$ cluster and regard
remaining 24 wave packets as belonging to $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ cluster. Then, we define the
center-of-mass of these quasi-clusters as
\begin{align}
 \bm R_{\alpha} = \frac{1}{4}\sum_{i\in \alpha}\Re(\bm Z_i),\quad
 \bm R_{^{24}{\rm Mg}} = \frac{1}{24}\sum_{i\in ^{24}{\rm Mg}}\Re(\bm Z_i),
\end{align}
and define $\braket{d^2}$ as the squared distance between those centers-of-mass,
\begin{align}
 \braket{d^2} = |\bm R_\alpha - \bm R_{^{24}{\rm Mg}}|^2.
\end{align}
Then we find the wave function which yields the minimum energy for given value of $\braket{d^2}$
by the energy minimization. By applying this constraint, various kinds of cluster configurations
have been studied \cite{Taniguchi2004,Taniguchi2007,Taniguchi2009,Taniguchi2014}. In the present
study, we calculated $\alpha+{}^{24}{\rm Mg}$,  $^{12}{\rm C}+{}^{16}{\rm O}$ and
$^{8}{\rm Be}+{}^{16}{\rm O}$ cluster configurations. It is
noted that the $d$-constraint imposes the constraint on the distance between the quasi clusters,
but do not on their internal structure. As a result, when the inter-cluster distance is small, the
clusters are strongly polarized to gain more binding energy. On the other hand, when the distance
is sufficiently large, the clusters are in their ground states. In other words, this constraint
smoothly connects the mean-field and cluster states as function of the inter-cluster distance.

In the following, for the sake of the simplicity, we denote the set of the wave functions
obtained by the above-mentioned constrained energy variations as $\Phi_i^\pi$ where the subscript
$i$ is the index for each wave function. They are used as the basis wave functions for GCM
calculation explained below.

\subsection{Angular momentum projection and\\ generator coordinate method}
After the energy variation, we project the wave function to the eigenstate of the angular
momentum.
\begin{align}
 \Phi^{J^\pi}_{MKi} = n\frac{2J+1}{8\pi^2}\int d\Omega D^{J*}_{MK}(\Omega)R(\Omega)\Phi_i^\pi,
\end{align}
where $n$, $D^{J}_{MK}(\Omega)$ and $R(\Omega)$ are the normalization factor, Wigner's $D$
function and the rotation operator, respectively. Then, they are superposed to describe the
eigenstates of Hamiltonian,
\begin{align}
 \Psi^{J\pi}_{n} = \sum_{Ki} c_{Kin} \Phi^{J\pi}_{MKi}\label{eq:gcmwf}
 \end{align}
The coefficient $c_{Kin}$ is determined by solving Hill-Wheeler equation (GCM)
\cite{Hill1953,Griffin1957},
\begin{align}
 &\sum_{K'j}\braket{\Phi^{J\pi}_{MKi}|H|\Phi^{J\pi}_{MK'j}}c_{K'jn}\nonumber\\
 &= E_n \sum_{K'j}\braket{\Phi^{J\pi}_{MKi}|\Phi^{J\pi}_{MK'j}}c_{K'jn}.
    \label{HillWheeler}
\end{align}
In the following, we call thus-obtained wave function GCM wave function.

In general, a GCM wave function given by Eq. (\ref{eq:gcmwf}) is a mixture of various cluster
and non-cluster configurations. Therefore, we introduce two measures to identify cluster states
from the results of GCM calculations. The first measure is the overlap between the GCM wave
function and the basis wave function,
\begin{align}
  O_i = |\langle \Psi^{J\pi}_n | \Phi^{J\pi}_i \rangle|^2.
  \label{def:GcmAmp}
\end{align}
If the overlap $O_i$ with a certain  $\Phi_i^{J\pi}$ is sufficiently large, the state described by
$\Psi_n^{J\pi}$ may be interpreted to have the cluster configuration described by
$\Phi_i^{J\pi}$.

To define more quantitative measure, we introduce the projector to the cluster subspace. For
example, the projector to the subspace spanned by the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$
configurations cluster is defined as
\begin{align}
  P_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}} &= \sum_{i}
 \ket{\Phi_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}^{J^\pi}(d_j)}B^{-1}_{ij}
 \bra{\Phi_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}^{J^\pi}(d_i)}, \\
 B_{ij} &= \braket{\Phi_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}^{J^\pi}(d_i)|
 \Phi_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}^{J^\pi}(d_j)}.
  \label{def:SqOv}
\end{align}
Here, $\ket{\Phi_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}^{J^\pi}(d)}$ denote the wave functions having
$^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ cluster configurations with inter-cluster distance $d$ obtained
by applying the $d$-constraint. The expectation value of $P_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}$,
which we call cluster $S$-factor in the following, is a good measure to know to what extent a
GCM wave function is inside of  the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ cluster subspace;
\begin{align}
 S_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}} =
 \braket{\Psi_{n}^{J^\pi}|P_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}}|\Psi_{n}^{J^\pi}}.
\end{align}
The cluster $S$-factors for $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$, $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ and
$^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configurations are also defined in the same manner. As already
explained above, when the inter-cluster distance $d$ is too small, the wave function obtained
by the $d$-constraint do not have cluster structure. Therefore, we use the wave functions
having non-small inter-cluster distance ($d\geq $ 4.0 fm) to define the projectors.

\section{Results and discussions}  \label{sec:3}
\subsection{Result of energy variation} \label{sec:3.1}
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig/surface_bg}
  \caption{(Color online) The energy surfaces as functions of the quadrupole deformation
 parameters $\beta$ and $\gamma$ obtained by the energy variation with $\beta\gamma$-constraint
 and the angular momentum projection to the (a) $J^\pi=0^+$ and (b) $J^\pi=1^-$.
 Red circles show the energy minima or plateau.}
 \label{fig:surface_bg}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=1.0\hsize]{fig/density_bg}
 \caption{(Color online) Intrinsic matter density distributions of the minima on the  positive-
 and  negative-parity energy surfaces obtained by $\beta\gamma$-constraint shown in
 Fig. \ref{fig:surface_bg} .  The panels (a), (b) and (c) show the oblate, prolate and
 SD $J^\pi=0^+$ minima, while the panels (d),  (e) and (f) show the $J^\pi=1^-$ minima
 generated by the 1p1h  excitations from the  positive-parity minima. }
 \label{fig:density_bg}
\end{figure}
The energy surface of the $J^\pi=0^+$ state obtained by the $\beta\gamma$ constraint and the
angular momentum projection is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:surface_bg} (a). There exist a couple of
energy minima or plateau with different quadrupole deformations. The lowest energy minimum has an
oblate shape of $(\beta,\gamma)=(0.36,46^\circ)$ with the energy $E=-235.7$ MeV, whose intrinsic
density distribution is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (a). Around this global minimum, the
energy surface is rather soft against both of  $\beta$ and $\gamma$ deformation. The second
lowest state is prolately  deformed as seen in its intrinsic density distribution
(Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (b)) and locates at $(\beta,\gamma)=(0.5,0^\circ)$ as a very shallow
energy minimum. Those two energy minima indicate the oblate and prolate shape coexistence in this
nucleus and yield the oblate deformed ground state and the prolate deformed $0^+_3$ state by
the GCM calculation, respectively. By further increase of the deformation, the third energy
minimum with strongly elongated shape (Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (c)) appears at
$(\beta,\gamma)=(0.85,5^\circ)$. As discussed in Ref. \cite{Taniguchi2009}, this configuration has
the a $(sd)^8(pf)^4$ configuration and becomes the dominant component of the $0^+_4$ state which
is regarded as the SD state.

The energy surface of the negative-parity $J^\pi=1^-$ state shown in Fig. \ref{fig:surface_bg} (b)
does not have clear local minima, but there are three shallow minima or plateau that are generated
by the single-particle excitations. The global minimum is located at
$(\beta,\gamma)=(0.43,27^\circ)$ with the energy $E=-221.2$ MeV. This configuration has the
density distribution (Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (d)) similar to the oblate deformed ground state,
because it is generated by the one-nucleon excitation from the ground state configuration.
As shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (e) and (f), there also exist the prolate deformed and
SD negative-parity minima that are generated by the $1p1h$ excitations from the
corresponding positive-parity minima. They are respectively located at
$(\beta,\gamma)=(0.60,0^\circ)$ and $(0.73,2^\circ)$ with the energies $E=-220.8$ and -219.1
MeV. In terms of the Nilsson orbit, the prolate minimum is generated by the nucleon excitation
from the $[Nn_zm_l\Omega^\pi]=[211\ 1/2^+]$ orbit to the  $[330\ 1/2^-]$ orbit, while the
negative-parity SD minimum is generated by the nucleon deexcitation from the $[330\
1/2^-]$ orbit to the $[211\ 1/2^+]$ orbit.
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\hsize]{fig/surface_d.eps}
\caption{Energy curves obtained by $d$-constraint. Panels (a), (b) and (c) respectively show
 the energy curves of the $J^\pi=0^+$ and $1^-$ states having ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$,
 ${}^{16}{\rm  O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and  ${}^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configurations. Circles
 and Boxes in the figure
 show the overlap between these $J^\pi=0^+$ cluster configurations and the energy minima on the
 $\beta\gamma$ energy surface. Black circles in panels (a) and (c) shows the overlap between the
 oblate deformed minimum (ground state) and $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha {\rm (T)}$,
 $^{20}{\rm  Ne}+^{8}{\rm Be}$  cluster configurations, while the red boxes in the panel (a)
 show the overlap between the SD minimum and $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha {\rm (A)}$
 configuration. The circles in the panel (b) show the overlap between the prolate deformed
 minimum and the $^{12}{\rm C}+{}^{16}{\rm O}$  configuration.}
  \label{fig:surface_d}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=1.0\hsize]{fig/density_d.eps}
 \caption{(Color online) Intrinsic matter density distributions obtained by $d$-constraint.
 (a), (b), (c) and (d) respectively show the ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T),
 ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A), ${}^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and
 ${}^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configurations with $J^\pi=0^+$, while (e), (f), (g) and (h)
 show the $J^\pi=1^-$ partner having the same configurations.}
 \label{fig:density_d}
\end{figure}

As confirmed from the intrinsic density distributions shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg}, the
energy variation with the $\beta\gamma$ constraint does not generate prominent cluster
configurations, but mean-field configurations. On the other hand, the $d$-constraint yields
various cluster configurations. Figure \ref{fig:surface_d} shows the energy curves obtained
by the $d$-constraint. In the previous study, the $d$-constraint method was applied to the
positive-parity states of the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ and the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}$C
configurations. In addition to  them, in the present study, we applied it to the
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configuration and investigated both of the positive- and
negative-parity. As a result, we found that all of these cluster configurations appear in both
parity states.

Figure \ref{fig:surface_d} (a) shows the energy curves for $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ cluster
configurations projected to the $J^\pi=0^+$ and $1^-$ states. Because $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ cluster
is prolately deformed, two different $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ configurations were obtained, in
which the orientations of $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ cluster are different. In the configuration denoted by
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T), the longest axis of $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ is perpendicular   to the
inter-cluster coordinate between $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ and $\alpha$ clusters. As a result, total system
is triaxially deformed as seen in its density distribution shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_d}
(a). It is noted that, when the inter-cluster distance becomes small, the wave function of this
configuration with $J^\pi=0^+$ becomes almost identical to that of the oblate minimum on the
$\beta\gamma$ energy surface ({\it i.e.} the ground state). The overlap between the
wave functions of the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration and the oblate
deformed ground state minimum (circles in Fig. \ref{fig:surface_d} (a)) has the maximum value
0.96 at $d=2.0$ fm, and  their energies are very close to each
other  (-235.7 MeV and -234.5 MeV,  respectively). Note that it does not necessarily mean that the
ground state is clustered, but it means the equivalence of the cluster and shell model wave
functions at small inter-cluster distance. This duality of shell and cluster is an essential
ingredient for the enhanced monopole and dipole transitions discussed in the section
\ref{sec:4}.

The negative-parity $J^\pi=1^-$ state with the same $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration
(Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (e))  appears at relatively high excitation energy that is approximately
15 MeV above the ground state.
Different from the $J^\pi=0^+$ state, this negative-parity state has small overlap with the
negative-parity minima in the $\beta\gamma$ energy surface, which amount to 0.20 at most. Other
cluster configurations mentioned below also have  small overlap with the mean-field
configurations. This means that the $\beta\gamma$ constraint and $d$-constraint are describing the
different class of the negative-parity states. Namely, the $\beta\gamma$ constraint yields the
single-particle excited states built on the mean-filed, while the $d$-constraint yields the
reflection-asymmetric cluster states in which the relative motion between clusters have odd
angular momenta.

In another $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ configuration denoted by $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A), the
longest axis of the $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ cluster is parallel to the inter-cluster coordinate, and hence,
the system is axially deformed as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (b). This configuration with
$J^\pi=0^+$ has large overlap with the SD configuration shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (c). The overlap between them amounts to 0.42 at the inter-cluster
distance $d=4.5$ fm. It is interesting to note that the negative-party $J^\pi=1^-$ state
(Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (f)) has almost the same intrinsic density distribution and almost the
same energy with the positive-parity $J^\pi=0^+$ state. It is because of the large inter-cluster
distance of the the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configuration compared to the
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration. The  $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configuration in
negative-parity does not have corresponding state on $\beta\gamma$ energy surface having large
overlap.

The $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration with $J^\pi=0^+$ appears approximately 10 MeV
above the ground state with the inter-cluster distance $d=2.5$ fm. At small inter-cluster
distance, this configuration has large overlap with the prolate minimum located at
$(\beta,\gamma)=(0.5,0^\circ)$ on the $\beta\gamma$ energy surface (Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg}
(c)). The overlap amounts to 0.90 at $d=2.5$ fm. The negative-parity $J^\pi=1^-$ state has similar
intrinsic density distribution to the positive-parity state as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_d}
(g) and has the excitation energy close to its positive-parity partner.  We also obtained another
$^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration having different orientation of the
$^{12}{\rm C}$ which may corresponds the highly excited $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ cluster
states or molecular resonances
\cite{Stokstad1972,Frohlich1976,Charles1976,James1976,Shawcross2001,Ashwood2001,Goasduff2014}.
However, its energy is rather high and is not discussed here.  Finally, we explain the
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configuration. It has the triaxial intrinsic density distribution
as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (d) in which the longest axes of $^{20}{\rm Ne}$ and
$^{8}{\rm Be}$ clusters are parallel to each other, but perpendicular to the inter-cluster
coordinate. At small inter-cluster distance, this configuration with $J^\pi=0^+$ becomes identical
to the oblate minimum on $\beta\gamma$ energy surface (the ground state).  Thus, the ground state,
the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ and  $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster configurations have large
overlap to each other at small inter-cluster distance. The negative-parity $J^\pi=1^-$ state of
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configuration appears at approximately 17 MeV above the ground
state with the inter-cluster distance $d=3.0$ fm.

The result of the energy variation is summarized as follows. (1) The $\beta\gamma$ constraint
yielded three mean-field configurations with $J^\pi=0^+$ having oblate, prolate and SD
shapes. The oblate minimum has the lowest energy and corresponds to the ground state, while the
others constitute the excited $0^+$ states. (2) The $d$-constraint yielded prominent
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and (A), $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster configurations with large inter-cluster distance and
smoothly connects them to the mean-filed states at small inter-cluster distance. These cluster
configurations have large overlap with the mean-field configurations indicating that the prolate,
oblate and SD minima on $\beta\gamma$ energy surface have duality of shell and
cluster. Namely, the oblate deformed ground state has the duality of $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)
and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster configurations. The prolate minimum has the duality of
the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration and the SD minimum has the duality of
the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configuration. (3) All of the cluster configurations are
accompanied by the negative-parity partner having almost the same intrinsic density
distributions. These negative-parity states originate in their reflection-asymmetric cluster
configurations.

\subsection{Excitation spectrum and clustering} \label{3.2}
\begin{figure*}[t!]
  \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig/spectra.eps}
  \caption{Calculated and observed partial level scheme of $^{28}{\rm Si}$. The levels shown by
 dashed lines are the averaged energies of the several states which have sizable cluster
 $S$-factors. Dotted lines show the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$, $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$
 and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+2\alpha$ threshold energies.}
  \label{fig:spectra}
\end{figure*}
\subsubsection{Overview of the spectrum}

Figure \ref{fig:spectra} shows the energy levels obtained by the GCM calculation together
with the corresponding observed states. In the figure, the rotational bands which have sizable
amount of the cluster $S$-factors and overlaps with the cluster wave functions are shown. Other
excited states are omitted except for the  $\beta$-band built on the ground-state band. The
detailed distribution of the cluster $S$-factors in the excited states is discussed in the section
\ref{sec:4}.

The results for the positive-parity states are consistent with our previous study, and we find
that the most of the positive-parity bands are accompanied by the negative-parity bands because of
their duality of mean-field and reflection-asymmetric clustering.
The present result is briefly summarized as follows. The oblate minimum on the $\beta\gamma$
energy surface and the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration are mixed to each other and
generate a  group of the rotational bands denoted by $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) bands in
Fig. \ref{fig:spectra}. The oblate minimum also mixed with the $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$
configuration to generate a pair of the positive- and negative-parity bands denoted by
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ doublet. In a similar way, the prolate deformed minimum is mixed
with the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration, and the SD minimum is mixed with
the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configuration. As a result, they respectively generate pairs of
the positive- and negative-parity bands, which are denoted by $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublets. In addition to them, the positive-parity band denoted by
$\beta$-band is generated by the $\beta$ vibration of the ground-state band.

\subsubsection{$^{24}{Mg}+\alpha$ (T) bands}
A group of the rotational bands denoted by $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) bands includes three
positive-parity bands and two negative-parity bands. The positive-parity bands are the
ground-state band ($K^\pi=0^+$), $K^\pi=2^+$ band and another $K^\pi=0^+$ band built on the
$0^+_6$ state at 18.2 MeV. Because of the reflection-asymmetric clustering of the $^{24}{\rm
Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration, two negative-parity $K^\pi=0^-$ bands built on the $1^-_{\rm I}$
and $1^-_{\rm IV}$ are paired with the $K^\pi=0^+$ bands to constitute two parity doublets which
are denoted by the ground doublet and  $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) doublet in the figure.

\begin{table}
 \caption{The calculated in-band $B(E2)$ ($e^2\rm fm^4$) strengths in the ground-state,
 $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T), $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$, $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$,
 $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublets and in the  $\beta$-band. The numbers in the parenthesis
 are the experimental data \cite{Jenkins2012}.}
 \label{tab:e2}
  \begin{ruledtabular}
  \begin{tabular}{cccc}
                           & ground & $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)&
                            $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ \\ \hline
  $B(E2;2^+\rightarrow0^+)$& 79.4 (67)   & 29.2   & 15.3    \\
  $B(E2;4^+\rightarrow2^+)$& 123 (83)    & 28.9   & 12.7    \\ \hline
  $B(E2;3^-\rightarrow1^-)$& 94.9        & 24.9   & 18.3    \\
  $B(E2;5^-\rightarrow3^-)$& 111         & 27.2   & 10.8    \\ \hline
   & $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ & $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A)& $\beta$-band \\ \hline
  $B(E2;2^+\rightarrow0^+)$& 221      & 664     & 52.8      \\
  $B(E2;4^+\rightarrow2^+)$& 299 (150)& 939     & 69.7      \\ \hline
  $B(E2;3^-\rightarrow1^-)$& 244      & 409     &           \\
  $B(E2;5^-\rightarrow3^-)$& 382      & 424     &           \\
  \end{tabular}
  \end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

The ground-state band is dominated by the oblately deformed mean-field configuration shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (a) whose overlap with the GCM wave function amounts to 0.84. The
moment-of-inertia of the ground-state band and the $B(E2)$ strengths listed in Tab. \ref{tab:e2}
reasonably agree with the observed data, indicating that the deformed mean-field nature of the
ground state is properly described by the present calculation. However, it must be noted that
this ground-state band also has the large overlap with the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)
configuration with small inter-cluster distance, which amount to 0.96 for $d=2.0$ fm. This means
that the
ground-state band has a duality of the oblate shaped mean-field and $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)
clustering. Therefore, the excitation of the inter-cluster motion between $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ and
$\alpha$ clusters yields excited bands with prominent clustering. The $1\hbar\omega$ excitation
of the inter-cluster motion yields the $K^\pi=0^-$ band built on the $1^-$ state denoted by
$1^-_{\rm I}$ which is dominated by the negative-parity $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration
with $d=2.5$ fm. Hence, we assigned it as the partner of the ground-state band which constitutes the
ground doublet, although the $1p1h$ mean-field configuration (Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (d)) also
has non-negligible contribution to this band. In  addition to the ground doublet, the 2 and
$3\hbar\omega$ excitations of the inter-cluster motion yield $K^\pi=0^\pm$ bands built on the
$0^+_6$ state and a group of $1^-$ states denoted by $1^-_{\rm V}$, which constitute another
doublet  denoted by $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)  doublet. Because of the coupling with other
non-cluster configurations, three $1^-$ states around 22 MeV have large $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$
cluster $S$-factors, and their averaged energy is denoted by $1^-_{\rm V}$ in
Fig. \ref{fig:spectra}.  As the inter-cluster motion is largely excited, these bands have
prominent cluster structure. The $0^+_6$ and $1^-_{\rm V}$ states have large overlap with the
configurations shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (a) and (e) which amount to 0.32 and 0.22
(averaged), respectively.  In addition to these parity doublets,  the triaxial deformation of the
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration yields $K^\pi=2^+$ band. Thus, the duality of the ground
state yields two parity doublets and $K^\pi=2^+$ band which  are classified as
$^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) bands.

\subsubsection{$^{20}{Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ doublet and $\beta$-band}
As discussed in the section \ref{sec:3.1}, the oblate deformed minimum also has large overlap
with the $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configuration with small inter-cluster distance. Therefore,
the excitation of the inter-cluster motion between $^{20}{\rm Ne}$ and $^{8}{\rm Be}$ clusters
should yield a series of the cluster bands. In addition, the deformed mean-field aspect
of the ground state can yield a different kind of excitation mode, {\it i.e.} the $\beta$ vibration.
The GCM calculation showed that these two excitation modes strongly mix to each other to yield the
$0^+_2$ and $0^+_5$ states. Their overlap with the configurations shown in Fig. \ref{fig:density_d}
(d) amount to 0.13 and 0.18, respectively. Similarly to the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$
configuration,  the $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configuration yields the $1^-_{\rm II}$ state
which is paired with the $0^+_5$ state to constitute the parity doublet denoted by
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ doublet.

\subsubsection{$^{16}{ O}+{}^{12}{ C}$ doublet and $^{24}{ Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublet}
In addition to the above-mentioned bands related to the ground state duality, there are other
bands which are unrelated to the ground state. The prolate band is built on the $0^+_3$ state at
10.0 MeV which has the large overlap with the prolate deformed local minimum shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:density_bg} (b). Combined with the oblately deformed ground
state, this prolate deformed $0^+_3$ state indicates the shape coexistence in the low-lying states
of  $^{28}{\rm Si}$. As discussed in the previous work \cite{Taniguchi2009}, this prolate band has
large overlap with the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ cluster configuration. Hence, it is concluded
that the prolate band has the duality of the prolate deformed mean-field and
$^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ clustering. The negative-parity band built on the $1^-_{\rm III}$
state also has the large overlap with the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration
(Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (g)), and assigned as the partner of the positive-parity prolate band,
that constitutes the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ doublet.

Another prolate deformed minimum {\it i.e.} the SD minimum located at
$(\beta,\gamma)=(0.85,5^\circ)$ generates the SD band built on the $0^+_{4}$ state at 12.7
MeV. This band has large overlap with the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configuration shown in
the Fig. \ref{fig:density_d} (f). There are two $1^-$ states having large overlap with the
negative-parity $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configuration and the mixing with the
$^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration.  Their averaged energy is denoted by $1^-_{\rm IV}$
and the negative-parity band built on these states is associated with the positive-parity band.
We denote this doublet as $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublet. As discussed in the previous
section, the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and  ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) configurations do not
have overlap with the oblate deformed ground state. Therefore, the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$
and  ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublets are disconnected with the ground state.

\subsubsection{Systematics of clustering and observed candidates}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
  \includegraphics[width=0.7\hsize]{fig/illust1.eps}
  \caption{The oblate deformed ground state has the duality of the mean field and
 $^{24}{\rm  Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ clustering. From the duality,
 $\beta$-band, $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ bands and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ doublet arise.}
  \label{fig:illust1}
\end{figure*}

To summarize this section, the systematics of the cluster states explained above is
schematically illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:illust1}. The ground state has duality of the oblate
deformed mean-field,  $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster
configurations. By the excitation of the inter-cluster motion between $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ and $\alpha$
clusters yields a group of  the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) bands. The $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$
clustering also arise from the ground state duality and it is strongly mixed with the
$\beta$-vibration mode which arises from the mean-field aspect of the ground state. Aside from
these bands, the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and  ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublets exist
and disconnected from the ground state, because of the orthogonality of their cluster
configurations to the ground state.

Experimentally, the low-lying three positive-parity bands, {\it i.e.} the ground-state band,
$\beta$-band and the prolate band, are assigned firmly and coincide with the present
calculation, although the calculation slightly overestimates the energies of the excited bands.
On the other hand, the experimental assignment of the negative-parity bands and high-lying bands
are not established yet, and hence, the assignment of the cluster bands is still ambiguous.
Many experiments have been performed to identify the cluster bands
\cite{Jenkins2012,Maas1978,Cseh1982,Tanabe1983,Kubono1986,Artemov1990,Stokstad1972,Goasduff2014},
and Fig. \ref{fig:spectra} shows the candidates of the cluster bands reported in Refs.
\cite{Jenkins2012,Cseh1982,Artemov1990}, which energetically coincide with the present
calculation. A couple of $0^+, 2^+$ and $1^-, 3^-$ states were reported around $E_x=13$ MeV by the
$\alpha$ transfer and radiative $\alpha$ capture reactions. They have relatively large
$\alpha$ decay width, hence, can be regarded as the candidates of the $^{24}$Mg+$\alpha$ (T) or
$^{24}$Mg+$\alpha$ (A) doublets. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the
$^{24}{\rm Mg}(\alpha,\gamma)$ and  $^{12}{\rm C}(^{20}{\rm Ne},\alpha)^{28}{\rm Si}$ reactions,
another rotational band was suggested \cite{Jenkins2012} and the authors were assigned it to the
SD band predicted by the previous AMD study \cite{Taniguchi2009}.

\section{isoscalar monopole and dipole transitions} \label{sec:4}
Here, we discuss that part of the clustering systematics summarized above can be detected by the
IS monopole and dipole transitions from the ground state. To illustrate it, we first
discuss the the duality of shell and cluster. Then, we present the result of AMD calculation
to show that the IS monopole and dipole transitions strongly yield cluster states.

\subsection{Duality of shell and cluster} \label{sec:4.1}
In the section \ref{sec:3}, we have explained that the many low-lying positive-parity states
have the duality of the mean-field (shell) and cluster. Here, we show that it is reasonably
understood by the $SU(3)$ shell model \cite{Elliott1958,Elliott1958a} and the Bayman-Bohr theorem
\cite{Perring1956,Bayman1958}.

$^{28}{\rm Si}$ has 12 nucleons in $sd$-shell on top of the $^{16}{\rm O}$ core and its oblate
deformed ground state can be approximated by the $(\lambda,\mu)=(0,12)$ representation of $SU(3)$
shell  model. Denoting the eigenstates of three-dimensional harmonic oscillator in the Cartesian
representation $(n_xn_yn_z)$, it is written as
\begin{align}
 (\lambda,\mu)=(0,12) :\ (002)^4(011)^4(020)^4,
\end{align}
where the configuration of 12 nucleons are explicitly shown, and the $^{16}{\rm O}$ core
which corresponds to $(000)^4(100)^4(010)^4(001)^4$ is omitted. In a same manner, the prolate
deformed state is approximated by the $(\lambda,\mu)=(12,0)$ representation,
\begin{align}
 (\lambda,\mu)=(12,0) :\ (002)^4(011)^4(101)^4, \label{eq:012}
\end{align}
in which the orbit occupied by the last four nucleons is different from that in the
ground state. The excitation of the last four nucleons into $pf$-shell yields the SD configuration
which is given by the $(\lambda,\mu)=(20,4)$ representation.
\begin{align}
 (\lambda,\mu)=(20,4) :\ (002)^4(011)^4(003)^4. \label{eq:su204}
\end{align}

\begin{figure}[t!]
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{fig/illust2.eps}
  \caption{Schematic figure for the various cluster configurations and their duality.}
  \label{fig:illust2}
\end{figure}

The Bayman-Bohr theorem tells that these $SU(3)$ shell model wave functions are identical to the
cluster model wave functions with the zero inter-cluster distance. First, we consider
${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ cluster configurations. The triaxially deformed ground state of
${}^{24}{\rm Mg}$ is given by the $(\lambda,\mu)=(8,4)$ representation,
\begin{align}
 (\lambda,\mu)=(8,4) :\ (002)^4(011)^4,
\end{align}
where the longest deformation axis is $z$-axis. Now we consider the ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$
configuration in which the $\alpha$ cluster is placed on the $y$-axis as illustrated in
Fig. \ref{fig:illust2} (a). This configuration corresponds to the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)
configuration obtained by AMD calculation. Since the orbits $(000)$ and $(010)$ are already
occupied by the nucleons in $^{24}{\rm Mg}$ cluster, the nucleons in the $\alpha$ cluster having
$(000)^4$ configuration must occupy $(020)^4$ at zero inter-cluster distance $d=0$. As a result,
one sees that the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) cluster configuration becomes identical to the
$(0,12)$ representation for the ground state given by Eq. (\ref{eq:012}),
\begin{align}
 \lim_{d\rightarrow 0} \Phi_{^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha ({\rm T})}(d) = (002)^4(011)^4(020)^4.
\end{align}
This clearly explains why the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) configuration obtained by the
$d$-constraint becomes almost identical to the ground state configuration at small inter-cluster
distance $d$. The placement of the $\alpha$ particle on $z$-axis corresponds the another
configuration $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:illust2} (b). In this case, at
zero inter-cluster distance, the nucleons in the $\alpha$ cluster occupy $(003)^4$ resulting in
the SD configuration given by Eq. (\ref{eq:su204}),
\begin{align}
 \lim_{d\rightarrow 0} \Phi_{^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha ({\rm A})}(d) = (002)^4(011)^4(003)^4.
\end{align}

The other cluster configurations are also considered in the same way. The prolately deformed
ground state of $^{20}{\rm Ne}$ is given by the $(\lambda,\mu)=(8,0)$ representation,
\begin{align}
 (\lambda,\mu)=(8,0) :\ (002)^4,
\end{align}
where the symmetry axis of $^{20}{\rm Ne}$ is $z$-axis. The $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$
configuration corresponds to the placement of $^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster on $y$-axis where the
symmetry axis of $^{8}{\rm Be}$ is also $z$-axis (Fig. \ref{fig:illust2} (c)).  At zero
inter-cluster distance, the nucleons in the $^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster having $(000)^4(001)^4$
configuration occupy $(020)^4(011)^4$ due to the Pauli principle, and one finds it is identical
to the ground state configuration,
\begin{align}
 \lim_{d\rightarrow 0} \Phi_{^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be} }(d) = (002)^4(011)^4(020)^4.
\end{align}
The oblately deformed ground state of $^{12}{\rm C}$ is given by the $(\lambda,\mu)=(0,4)$
representation,
\begin{align}
 (\lambda,\mu)=(0,4) :\ (000)^4(100)^4(010)^4,
\end{align}
where the symmetry axis is $z$-axis. The $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ configuration corresponds
the placement of $^{16}{\rm O}$ and ${}^{12}{\rm C}$ clusters on $z$-axis as shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:illust2} (d). At zero inter-cluster distance, it is identical to the prolate
deformed state,
\begin{align}
 \lim_{d\rightarrow 0} \Phi_{^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C} }(d) = (002)^4(011)^4(101)^4.
\end{align}
Thus, considering the corresponding $SU(3)$ shell model wave function, the duality of the
mean-field and cluster configurations illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:illust1} is clearly explained.
It is also noted that the duality of the shell and cluster in $^{28}{\rm Si}$  was also
investigated and found by the Skyrme Hartree-Fock calculation \cite{Maruhn2006}.

As discussed in Refs. \cite{Yamada2008,Horiuchi2012,Chiba2016}, this duality of
shell and  cluster means that the degree-of-freedom of ${}^{28}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster excitations are embedded in the ground state. Therefore,
the excitation of the inter-cluster motion embedded in the ground state yields excited cluster
states with pronounced ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and ${}^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$
configurations. The important fact is that the IS monopole and dipole transitions between the
ground state and these excited cluster states are very strong, and hence, these transitions are
very good probe for the clustering. Indeed, if one assumes that the ground state is a pure
$SU(3)$ shell model state and the excited cluster states are described by the cluster model wave
function, it is possible to analytically show the enhancement of the IS monopole and dipole
transitions \cite{Yamada2008,Chiba2016}. However, in the case of $^{28}{\rm Si}$, the ground state
deviates from a pure $SU(3)$ shell model state because of the strong influence of the spin-orbit
interaction.  In addition to this, the coupling between the cluster configurations and mean-field
configurations in the excited states is not negligible. Therefore, the evaluation of the
transition strengths by the realistic nuclear model is indispensable for the quantitative
discussions. For this purpose, we present the results of the GCM calculation below.

\subsection{Isoscalar monopole and dipole transitions}\label{sec:4.2}
Using the wave functions of the ground and excited cluster states obtained by the GCM
calculation, the IS monopole and dipole transition strengths are directly evaluated.
The transition operators and matrix elements between the ground and excited states are given
as,
\begin{align}
 {\mathcal M}(IS0) &= \sum_{i=1}^A(\bm r_i - \bm r_{cm})^2,\\
 {\mathcal M}_\mu(IS1) &= \sum_{i=1}^A(\bm r_i - \bm r_{cm})^2
 {\mathcal Y}_{1\mu}(\bm r_i - \bm r_{cm})\\
 M(IS0;0^+_1\rightarrow 0^+_n) &= \braket{0^+_n|{\mathcal M}(IS0)|0^+_1},\\
 M(IS1;0^+_1\rightarrow 1^-_n) &= \braket{1^-_n||{\mathcal M}_0(IS1)||0^+_1}\nonumber\\
 &=\sqrt{3}\braket{1^-_n|{\mathcal M}_0(IS1)|0^+_1},
\end{align}
where $\bm r_i$ and $\bm r_{cm}$ denote the single-particle and center-of-mass coordinates,
respectively. The solid spherical harmonics is defined as
${\mathcal Y}_{1\mu}(\bm r) = rY_{1\mu}(\hat r)$.
We also calculated the cluster $S$-factors of the ground and exited states to
see how the clustering and IS monopole and dipole transitions are correlated to each other.

\begin{figure*}[t!]
 \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig/is1.eps}
 \caption{(a) The cluster $S$-factors for the ground and excited $0^+$ states. (b) Same as (a) but
 for the excited $1^-$ states. (c) The IS monopole transition matrix from the ground state to the
 excited $0^+$ states. (d) The IS dipole transition matrix from the ground state to the
 excited $1^-$ states.}
 \label{fig:is01}
\end{figure*}

The results are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:is01} where the panels (a) and (b) show the cluster
$S$-factors of $0^+$ and $1^-$ states, while the panels (c) and (d) shows the IS monopole
and dipole transition matrices. The calculated $S$-factors confirm the clustering
systematics summarized in Fig. \ref{fig:illust1}. Owing to the duality of the shell and
cluster, the ground state has large $S$-factor for the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)
configuration which amounts to 0.68 and has non-negligible $S$-factor for the
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configuration. The $0^+_6$ state is regarded as the
pronounced $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) cluster state, while the $0^+_5(0^+_2)$ state
is regarded as the pronounced $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster states from their
$S$-factors. One also sees that the $1^-_{\rm I}$ state and a group of $1^-$ state denoted
by $1^-_{\rm V}$ are the  $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) cluster states and paired with the ground
state and the $0^+_6$ state, respectively, while the $1^-_{\rm II}$ state should be paired
with the $0^+_5$ state to constitute the $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ doublet.
In the same way, the $S$-factors clearly show that the $0^+_3$ and $1^-_{\rm III}$ states
are the $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ doublet, and the $0^+_4$ and $1^-_{\rm IV}$ states are
the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) doublet although the ${}^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$
configuration is also mixed in the $1^-_{\rm IV}$ states.

It is very impressive to see that the IS monopole and dipole strengths shown in the
panels (c) and (d) are very strongly correlated to the $S$-factors for the
${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configurations, but almost
insensitive to the other cluster and non-cluster states except for a couple of $1^-$ states
around 17 MeV. Because the IS monopole and dipole operators activate the degree-of-freedom
of cluster excitation embedded in the ground state, the transition strengths to the
${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (A) and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster states are as strong
as the single-particle estimates which are given as,
\begin{align}
 M(IS0)_{WU} &= \frac{3}{5}(1.2A^{1/3})^2 \simeq 8.0\ {\rm fm^2}\\
 M(IS1)_{WU} &= \sqrt{\frac{3}{16\pi}}(1.2A^{1/3})^3 \simeq 11.8\ {\rm fm^2}.
\end{align}
Therefore, we can conclude that the IS monopole and dipole transitions are good probe to identify
the $^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ clustering.

Recently, an interesting and promising experimental data was reported by the measurement of the
$^{28}{\rm Si}(\alpha,\alpha'){}^{28}{\rm Si}^*$ inelastic scattering
\cite{Peach2016,Adsley2016}. It was found that a couple of $0^+$ states above 9 MeV are strongly
populated and deduced to have large IS monopole transition strengths. Hence, they are suggested as
strong candidates of the $\alpha$  cluster states \cite{Adsley2016}. We expect that the detailed
comparison of the IS monopole and dipole transition strengths between experiment and theory will
reveal the clustering systematics in $^{28}{\rm Si}$.

\section{Summary}  \label{sec:5}
In summary, we have investigated the clustering systematics in $^{28}{\rm Si}$ based on the
antisymmetrized molecular dynamics. It is found that the inversion doublet bands with various
kinds of reflection-asymmetric cluster configuration appears in the excited states, and the IS
monopole and dipole transitions are good probe for ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster states.

The energy variation by using $d$-constraint yielded various kinds of cluster configurations with
positive- and negative-parity, while the $\beta\gamma$-constraint yielded mean-field
configurations. It is found that the cluster configurations become identical to the mean-field
configurations at small inter-cluster distance because of the duality of mean-field (shell) and
cluster. In particular, it is emphasized that the oblate deformed  ground state has the duality of
the ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ configurations.

The GCM calculation showed that a group of the ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and
$^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster bands are generated by the excitation of the
inter-cluster motion embedded in the ground state. In addition to them, the prolate and SD
bands have the duality of $^{16}{\rm O}+{}^{12}{\rm C}$ and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$
clustering, respectively. Because of their reflection-asymmetric intrinsic configurations, they
are accompanied by the negative-parity bands to constitute the inversion doublets.

Because of the duality of the ground state, it is numerically shown that the
${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T) and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster bands have enhanced
IS monopole and dipole transition matrices which are as large as the single-particle estimates.
On the other hand, other cluster states and non-cluster states are rather insensitive to the
IS monopole and dipole transitions. Hence, we conclude that the ${}^{24}{\rm Mg}+\alpha$ (T)
and $^{20}{\rm Ne}+{}^{8}{\rm Be}$ cluster bands can be identified from their enhanced
transitions. We expect that more quantitative comparison with the experiments will reveal
the clustering systematics in $^{28}{\rm Si}$.

\begin{acknowledgements}
The authors thanks to Prof. Kanada-En'yo and Prof. Kawabata and Prof. Ito for the fruitful
discussions. Part of the numerical calculations were performed by using the supercomputers at
the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and at Yukawa Institute for Theoretical
 Physics (YITP) in Kyoto University. The support by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on
 Innovative Areas from MEXT (Grant No. 2404:24105008) and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. 16J03654,
 25800124 and  16K05339 are acknowledged.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: how to declare a variable as extern in objectivec,so that i can access that in any view controller i want to access the same variable in all view controllers ....

A: extern is a C keyword, and works the same in Objective-C as in straight C.  In your header file, declare your variable:
extern NSString *myGlobal;

And then set it in your .m file.
However, this is frequently a poor coding practice; it is generally preferable to explicitly hand your view controllers some kind of state object or data source.

A: Instead of putting in an extern for variables, store your data in the AppDelegate instance - or in some other singleton.  Then you can get to it, and modify it, from anywhere.

A: While I'll admit I still use the AppDelegate solution quite often, I believe the singleton design pattern is a better solution. Here's a link to a solution and the reasoning.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Friday was a rather interesting day for the Indians coaching staff, as manager Terry Francona took them all on a little adventure – skydiving.
Francona went out on his own (in a tandem of course) on his first jump of his life last weekend, and was so impressed with the experience that today he grabbed the likes of Brad Mills and Carl Willis and went out for another jump.
"It's probably pretty much what I expected, which was exciting. It was cool. What an experience, Mills said after he touched Earth again.


Philippines is in South-eastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam.
The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected President and was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a 10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese occupation during WWII, and US forces and Filipinos fought together during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946 the Philippines attained their independence.
The 20-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS ended in 1986, when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into exile and installed Corazon AQUINO as president. Fidel RAMOS was elected president in 1992 and his administration was marked by greater stability and progress on economic reforms. In 1992, the US closed its last military bases on the islands.
What is the international telephone dialling code for Philippines?
The International dialling code for Philippines is +63.


text:
Business Specializations/
Logistics Sector/
The Logistics Sector
In Apulia, the word logistics has become a synonym for economic growth and development in all its productive sectors. Ports, the interport, roads, rail routes and airports are as much tools for progress in the region as research and innovation, and not just in the transport sector, but for the entire regional economy.
Apulia's logistic system comprises a strategic network of connections characterized by an ever-more efficient inter-modal transport scheme of connecting roads, railway lines, ports and airports. The region's geographic position means it is also a European gateway for other Mediterranean countries and the Balkans, and of course its 865 km of coastline means that cultural and commercial exchanges have always been part of the region's life.
The logistics network is divided into two inter-dependent levels: the first comprises the large intermodal centres whose purpose is to manage the flow of goods in and out of the region, whilst the second is dispersed across the territory and is an integral part of the functionality of the logistics of the region's productive business clusters.
Infomobilty is another aspect of this sector. Of all Apulia's most important projects in fact, SITIP – the integrated computerised information system of Apulian ports – represents the first step towards an integrated network of logistics services. SITIP also provides online access to the various services linked to all port activities involving the traffic of goods. Technology is used in the sphere of public transportation to bring together operators and services whilst also providing users with information. Public transport is also an area in which the regional government is committed to developing networks of multi-modal and integrated (road-rail-air-sea) services and to bring about a common regional tariff.
Apulia today benefits from an excellent infrastructure both inside and outside the region's borders. It comprises:
12.000 km of road network that includes 2 important motorway hubs
1528 km of railway lines
A port system with 3 major ports (Bari, Brindisi, and Taranto)
6 minor ports (Manfredonia (FG), Barletta (Ba), Molfetta (Ba), Monopoli (Ba), Otranto (Le), Gallipoli (Le)
1 interport
4 airports including 2 international (Bari and Brindisi), 1 domestic (Foggia) and 1 cargo (Grottaglie Taranto)
The innovative interpretation the regional government wants to assign to the logistics sector involves the integration of services and the creation of a single system truly able to compete on the international market.
Browse the brochure
Apulia Logistic Business Cluster
The Apulia Logistics Business Cluster was born with the objective of creating added value through action in the entire regional logistics system. It gathers companies, research centers, universities and associations for development specific to the sector. The Cluster Development Program outlines five macro-projects, guided by three key strategies: competitiveness; innovation; internationalization. Apulia's strategic position guarantees the Logistics Business Cluster a top role in any transport and passenger traffic related to the Mediterranean Sea. The cluster includes: 158 Companies, 3 Universities (University of Bari, University of Salento, Bari Polytechnic) 2 Research centers CC-ICT Sud (Southern ICT Competencies Center), Southern Transport Innovation Center, National Research Council, 34 Government agencies, business /professional /academic associations and unions.
For information on activities by the Apulian Logistics Business Cluster: distrettologisticopugliese@assindustria.ta.it
The Airport System
Bari AIRPORT
The 'Karol Wojtyla' International Airport of Bari is the most important in Apulia for volume of traffic, with 3.6 million individual arrivals and departures in 2013. The airport has been upgraded remarkably, with newly developed infrastructure, greater accessibility, and construction of a railway spur line for intermodality.
These developments have made the Bari Airport one of the most important in the Italian system, as indicated by its inclusion in the National Airports Strategy. The airport is served by the most important national and international companies, including low-cost lines, thus ensuring that Bari and its surrounding territories are served by regular connections with all the most important European markets.
Brindisi AIRPORT
The Salento Airport, near Brindisi, is Apulia's second-ranked airport for passenger traffic (roughly 2.0 million passengers in 2013). It provides access to a territory that includes the provinces of Brindisi, Lecce and Taranto. In the strategy of transport systems integration, the Salento Airport is in the unique position of having seaport facilities immediately adjacent, so that in fact the airport and port compose a single complex. Data from recent years show how the airport is continuing to register strong growth in both international line and charter traffic (respectively +2.0% and +12.0% in 2013,).
Foggia AIRPORT
The Foggia Airport serves a basin of traffic with strong potential, particularly in the tourist sector. In recent years the terminal has been enlarged and improved through a series of interventions. The airport currently serves primarily for helicopter flights to the nearby Tremiti Islands. Planning for a project to lengthen the main runway is currently well under way, with the objective of providing still greater capacities, particularly for service in the tourism market.
Grottaglie AIRPORT
'Marcello Arlotta' Airport at Grottaglie is situated only a few kilometers from Taranto. This is one of Italy's most important cargo airports, closely linked to the aerospace sector. The main runway length is 3,200 meters, making it one of the longest in the country. This means it can service the massive B747 LCF planes used in transshipment of Boeing 787 Dreamliner products, manufactured in Apulian factories.
The airport is currently the focus of a series of interventions for enlargement and additional infrastructure, with strong support from the regional government in agreement with Aeroporti di Puglia SpA and the major companies in the region. The aim is to provide Italy with infrastructure of European stature, for the support of research and production activities in the aerospace sector.
Bari Dry Port
the Apulia Regional Dry Port, strategically situated at less than five kilometers from Bari, from Karl Wojtyla International Airport and the nearest superhighway is the biggest of Apulia's dry ports and one of the largest in southern Italy.
Bari Dry Port's strategic position makes it the only Mediterranean structure capable of managing traffic both towards the Balkans area and along the by Bari-Varna (Bulgaria) Trans-European Corridor 8, as well as into Greece and Turkey.
BARI Dry port IN NUMBERS
500,000 m2 total yards an d floor -space
1300 Arrivals and departures daily (all vectors )
1 million tons of cargo per year
4 Direct -line rail connections to other major Italian intermodal hubs
Apulia's Seaports
The Apulia port system consists of the three major or "national-level" ports of Bari, Brindisi and Taranto and six secondary (regional provincial) ports: Manfredonia (Foggia), Barletta (Bari), Molfetta (Bari), Monopoli (Bari), Otranto (Lecce) and Gallipoli (Lecce).
The port of Bari
The Port of Bari is the main access node to the Bari-Varna (Bulgaria) Trans-European Corridor 8, which connects the entire south of Italy with the Black Sea regions to the east. The port is strategically situated, with excellent connections to the main urban, industrial and agricultural areas of the entire south, and is heavily used for both goods and passengers.
The port of Brindisi
The Port of Brindisi, is another multi-use node, serving commercial, industrial and tourist traffic. The port plays a central role in connections to Eastern Europe, especially to the Baltic nations, Greece and Turkey. The facilities are developed in three separate basins, as a whole considered one of the safest ports in the lower Adriatic.
The port of Taranto
The Port of Taranto is the third-ranked in Italy for goods shipment. The fact of the surrounding lands, free of urban concentrations, has permitted major expansions to support a full range of functions. The port is still developing and growing, with a strategy of achieving a greater role in traffic for the entire Mediterranean.
The railway system
The territorial network totals 1,200 km of lines, primarily in north-south corridors. Over half of this is managed by the main national company, Trenitalia. The oldest of the remaining four companies is Gargano Railways, founded in 1931: one of the first companies in Italy to shift from steam to electrical-powered locomotives. South-East Railways, also founded in the early 1900s, is the second-largest private rail company in Italy, at 474 total km of track. The remaining two companies, "North Bari" and "Appulo Lucane" were founded somewhat later.
The road system
Apulia regional network, now counting 313 km of superhighways, 1600 km of national highways, and finally 1400 of regional and 8200 km of provincial roads. This dense network, plus the presence of two important national superhighway nodes (Bologna-Taranto and Naples-Canosa di Puglia) ensures excellent road transport directly into continental Europe.
A number of upgrading projects are currently under way to increase the road network, and particularly to improve the urban and rural-highway connections with superhighways.
Video Logistics Sector
IN EVIDENZA IN EVIDENZA
Pubblicato il bando Voucher Fiere 2018/2019 Aperta la finestra per inviare le domande di Voucher Fiere 2018/2019 per le MPMI pugliesi. Cinque milioni di Euro la dotazione del bando. Read More
REGIONE PUGLIA - SPECIALE FIERA 2019
The list of assets
Missione di operatori della meccatronica e dell'ICT, Tunisi 12-14 febbraio 2020
DIRECTLINE WITH INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PROMOTION DEPARTMENT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Christian is 21, Valentina, 17. They are together, but he is unemployed and her father isn't too fond of him. They are expecting a baby: something that they didn't look for. Now, they want to get married before anyone starts to notice her growing belly.


text:
Investors pushed Oslo Poor's up almost 1 percent – Rec Silicon rose sharply after an agreement with the largest shareholder
Remembrance at the stumbling block: – This also concerns us
– The best strikers in the world right now – VG
Najuma Ojukwu September 18, 2022 4 min read
Most goals: Robert Lewandowski and Erling Braut Haaland scored new goals on Saturday. Photo: Reuters / AP
Goals are still pouring in for Erling Braut Haaland (22), but the Norwegian's average goals are not the best in the major European leagues.
One of them who is narrowly ahead is Robert Lewandowski of Barcelona. The Pole scored two more goals when Barcelona beat Elche 3-0 on Saturday. Haaland scored one goal, as City beat Wolverhampton with the same score.
They are the best strikers in the world now. One is 22 and the other is 34, Jan Ag Feuertoft says of Haaland and Lewandowski.
The former Bundesliga duo could boast insane goal rates at the start of the 2022/23 season:
Haaland has 14 goals in 10 matches. he has 1.53 Scores in 90 minutes.
Lewandowski 11 goals in 8 games and 1.57 Scores in 90 minutes.
Looking at the players in the top five leagues who have played at least five games this season, the duo's average goalscorer have only been lost by Udinese striker Beto. The Portuguese has four goals in six matches, but when he came off the bench in four matches, he can boast of averaging 1.58 goals per 90 minutes.
See the stats below.
These are the players who have scored the highest goal average in the major leagues of England, Spain, Italy, Germany and France.
The average score is just one of the many similarities between Haaland and Lewandowski. In the run-up to City's game against Wolverhampton on Saturday afternoon, BT Sport provided a statistic as it looked closely at the number of touches star players have per goal.
See also Ukrainian football champions on their way to Norway:
Since Haaland's first match with Borussia Dortmund in 2020, he's scored every 28 times he's been in contact with the ball. Only another person can point out similar numbers, and that is Lewandowski, who scores for every 33 touches.
– Lewandowski several years ago was a copy of Marco van Basten, the best striker I've ever seen. Then comes Erling, who has scored 100 goals since leaving Red Bull Salzburg. This is an absolutely incredible statistic. It is a privilege to experience two of the best strikers of our time at the moment, says Fjørtoft. The former national team striker has followed both strikers closely in recent years, and was also central to a recent Viaplay documentary about Haaland's selection for the club.
Watch where Haaland and Lewandowski score on the field their goals.
Viaplay expert Lars Theranos cites stability as the most striking similarity between Haaland and Lewandowski.
Remember that we are talking about two of the most comprehensively analyzed attackers in the world. All teams and defenders in theory know everything about how to stop them. But week after week, almost nobody manages it, Tjærnås tells VG.
The other – and the similarity that is a bit underrated – is how much more than scorers they are. Lewandowski is also a very smart attacking combination, especially since the collaboration between him and Thomas Muller at Bayern Munich gave Aha experiences to his football intelligence. Erling continues to be a player who connects defenders and also does a great job at pressing.
Tjærnås further explains that they both have the ability to score from different angles and distances, with both legs and head.
See also Farid Pearl's goal gives Rangnick a perfect start at Manchester United - VG
The biggest difference is in body and physique. Erling is physical stuff, which means he wins more physically strong matches, and even better with defenders close to his body. Lewandowski is a very smart person, who can find holes that almost no one sees, and can see many forward moves. Tjærnås says he has a silky smooth finish, while Erling is a better player from long distance.
Watch Haaland's goal and the rest of the shots from City's 3-0 win over Wolverhampton.
Lewandowski was the league's top scorer in all of Haaland's seasons in the Bundesliga. In the 2020/21 season, he broke the record set by 49-year-old Gerd Muller when he scored 41 goals in 29 league games.
Now experts in England are wondering if Haaland can achieve the Premier League scoring record. Alan Shearer and Andy Cole scored 34 goals in the 93/94 and 94/95 seasons, respectively, but then in 42 league rounds. Liverpool star Mohamed Salah holds the record for the number of goals in 38 league rounds. Al-Masry scored 32 goals in his first season on 17/18.
– He's on the right track, my advice is 35 goals. He has a chance to set records, because in the team he dominates in total. He gets at least one chance per turn. Good chances, not half chances. He's a great footballer, but the most important factor is that he has the hunger and will to do it, says studio Rio Ferdinand BT Sports.
– Show that he is able to score in different ways. I don't think there is a defender today who can stop everything he brings. I think he was there when Andy Cole and Alan Shearer played, says former Manchester City goalkeeper Jolyon Lescott.
See also Serie A football | Scandal scenes in France. Players had to flee the crowd:
Haaland was not completely satisfied with the photographer on his way to the break against Wolverhampton.
Shearer is also the player to score the most goals in Premier League history, with a total of 260 goals. Experts also wonder if Haaland can beat this record.
– It's too early to say. I don't know if he'll be here long enough to break that record, but I think he'll set a new record for goals this season, Lescott assures.
Najuma Ojukwu
"Infuriatingly humble internet trailblazer. Twitter buff. Beer nerd. Bacon scholar. Coffee practitioner."
Previous – Those who are not here are not at work – NRK Sport – Sports news, results and broadcast schedule
Next Marit Bjørgen Calls For Profiles – Bjørgen Warning: Haaland Impact Concerns
Warholm refuses to open up to Russia: – They use sports as propaganda
He reveals a special gift from the deceased client: – I will have it for the rest of my life
Premier League transfer record: Enzo is ready for Chelsea


The NYPD had tweeted that an officer recovered marijuana from a suspect "where the sun don't shine," and people assumed the obvious.
On Thursday, police for the New York Police Department's 23rd Precinct were tweeting about how one of their officers recovered some weed from a suspect "where the sun don't shine."
A sample of the response to this tweet about Officer Febres' "dedication."
"On October 6, 2016 in front of 154 East 106 Street Kevin Pelotte, male, 26 was arrested and charged with criminal possession of a weapon, and unlawful possession of marijuana. Four bags of marijuana were found on the inside of Pelotte's pants."


text:
Pseudocalamobius ceylonensis är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Stefan von Breuning 1940. Pseudocalamobius ceylonensis ingår i släktet Pseudocalamobius och familjen långhorningar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Sri Lanka. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Långhorningar
ceylonensis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ulla Plener (* 12. Februar 1933 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Historikerin, die am Institut für Imperialismusforschung der Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim ZK der SED tätig war.

Leben

Plener ist die Tochter der deutschen Résistance-Kämpfer Marie-Luise Plener und Kurt Plener. Kurz nach ihrer Geburt mussten beide Eltern wegen ihrer Aktivitäten in der KPD Deutschland verlassen, die Familie wurde getrennt. Der Vater ging nach Dänemark, Ulla Plener mit ihrer Mutter ins sowjetische Exil. Ihre Kindheit verbrachte sie in einem Heim der Internationalen Roten Hilfe in Ivanowo, während ihre Mutter sich der französischen Résistance anschloss. Nach Kriegsende trafen sich beide in Berlin wieder.

Wissenschaftliche Leistungen

Von 1951 bis 1956 studierte Ulla Plener Geschichte an einer Moskauer Universität. Sie promovierte und habilitierte in Berlin 1969 (Promotion A) und 1975 (Promotion B) mit Themen zur Geschichte der SPD 1945 bis 1949. Daraus entstand als Kurzfassung 1981 ihr Werk SPD 1945–1949. Konzeption, Praxis, Ergebnisse. Sie war Dozentin und Forschungsbereichsleiterin am Institut für Imperialismusforschung der Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim ZK der SED.

Nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung setzte Ulla Plener ihre Studien zur Sozialdemokratie fort und veröffentlichte Biographien des Gewerkschaftsführers Theodor Leipart sowie des SPD-Vorsitzenden Kurt Schumacher. Eng verbunden mit diesen Forschungen sind Texte Pleners zur Theorie und Praxis der Wirtschaftsdemokratie.

Ein zweites Schwerpunktthema war die französische Résistance; es erschienen sowohl eine Sammelbiographie von deutschen Frauen, die in der Résistance aktiv waren, als auch eine Einzelbiographie ihrer Mutter Marie-Luise Plener-Huber.

Vor 1989 nicht möglich aber danach umso wichtiger wurde für Plener eine historische Aufarbeitung des Stalinismus. Ulla Plener untersuchte 1997 "Frauenschicksale unter Stalin" und veröffentlichte 2006 einen Gedenkband über deutsche Opfer des Großen Terrors in der Sowjetunion. Die Namen zahlreicher, zuvor oft unbekannter Opfer wurden hier genannt und ihr Schicksal erläutert. In diesem Zusammenhang erschien 2009 auch eine Biographie des 1942 erschossenen Spanienkämpfers Mirko Beer mit Fotos und Dokumenten.

Die Erstveröffentlichung von bisher unbekannten Tagebüchern und Briefen Max Hoelz' aus den Jahren 1929–1933 erfolgte in einem von Ulla Plener herausgegebenen Sammelband.

Plener war bis zur Einstellung der Zeitschrift Redakteurin der von der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung herausgegebenen Zeitschrift Utopie kreativ und war aktiv in der Redaktion des Jahrbuchs für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung.

Seit 1998 ist sie gewähltes Mitglied der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

Werke (chronologisch, Auswahl)

Als Autorin

 "Ich bereue mein Leben nicht." Marie-Luise Plener-Huber: Die Lebensgeschichte einer Idealistin. NoRa, Berlin, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86557-220-2
 Mirko Beer – Biographie in Dokumenten, Nora-Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86557-182-3.
 Rosa Luxemburg und Lenin: Gemeinsamkeiten und Kontroversen, Berlin 2009 ISBN 978-3-86557-191-5.
 Die SED-Führung 1946–1953: vom Einheitsapostel zum kalten Krieger in der Arbeiterbewegung. Chronik und Dokumente ihres Umgangs mit der SPD, Rostock 2008.
 Der feindliche Bruder: Kurt Schumacher. Intentionen, Politik, Ergebnisse 1921 bis 1952. Berlin 2003.
 Verratene Ideale: zur Geschichte deutscher Emigranten in der Sowjetunion in den 30er Jahren, Trafo-Verlag, Berlin 2000.
 Theodor Leipart: Persönlichkeit, Handlungsmotive, Wirken, Bilanz – ein Lebensbild mit Dokumenten (1867–1947), erschienen in zwei Halbbänden: 1. Biographie (Berlin 2000), 2. Dokumente (Berlin 2001).
 Theodor Leipart (1867–1947). Lebensbild eines Gewerkschafters, Berlin 1999
 Helmut Schinkel: zwischen Vogelers Barkenhoff und Stalins Lager. Biographie eines Reformpädagogen (1902–1946), Trafo-Verlag, 2. Auflage Berlin 1998.
 Leben mit Hoffnung in Pein – Frauenschicksale unter Stalin, Frankfurt (Oder) 1997.
 Arbeiterbewegung – demokratische Hauptkraft im Kapitalismus, Staatsverlag der DDR, Berlin 1988.
 Klassenkampf und Demokratie – Beiträge zur Kritik der bürgerlichen Ideologie und des Revisionismus, Berlin 1982.
 SPD 1945–1949. Konzeption, Praxis, Ergebnisse. Berlin/DDR 1981 (Dietz).

Als Herausgeberin

 Die Treuhand, der Widerstand in Betrieben der DDR, die Gewerkschaften (1990–1994), NoRa Verlag, Berlin 2011.
 Die Novemberrevolution 1918/1919 in Deutschland für bürgerliche und sozialistische Demokratie, Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2009.
 Clara Zetkin in ihrer Zeit – neue Fakten, Erkenntnisse, Wertungen, Berlin 2008. - Als pdf online.
 Frauen aus Deutschland in der französischen Résistance: eine Dokumentation. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, Berlin 2006.
 mit Natalia Mussienko: Verurteilt zur Höchststrafe: Tod durch Erschießen – Todesopfer aus Deutschland und deutscher Nationalität im großen Terror in der Sowjetunion 1937/1938, Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2006.  - Als PDF online.
 Max Hoelz: "Ich grüße und küsse Dich – Rot Front!" Tagebücher und Briefe, Moskau 1929 bis 1933, hg. v. U. Plener. Berlin 2005 - Als PDF online.
 Kurt Schumacher in der "Schwäbischen Tagwacht" über Demokratie und Kommunisten – Aufsätze und Redeberichte (1926–1933) / ausgewählt und kommentiert von Ulla Plener zu seinem 100. Geburtstag, Berlin 1995.
 mit Joachim Poweleit: Sozialdemokratie heute – Beiträge zur Analyse der Programmdiskussion in der Sozialdemokratie (erschienen in der Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim ZK der SED), Berlin 1989.
 Sozialdemokratie in Westeuropa heute: Stellung im politischen System, Verhältnis zu sozialen und politischen Kräften (erarbeitet von einem Kollektiv des Forschungsbereichs Bewusstheit und Organisiertheit der Arbeiterbewegung Kapitalistischer Industrieländer des Instituts für Imperialismusforschung. Unter Leitung von Ulla Plener und Horst Fisch), Berlin 1986.
 Lisa Gavrič: Die Straße der Wirklichkeit. Bericht eines Lebens, Berlin 1984.

Literatur
 Plener, Ulla. In: Collegium Politicum an der Universität Hamburg. Arbeitsgruppe Historiographie (Hrsg.): Geschichtswissenschaftler in Mitteldeutschland. Ferd. Dümmerls Verlag, Bonn, Hannover, Hamburg, München 1965, S. 74.

Weblinks

 Online-Textsammlung von Ulla Plener auf den Seiten der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung.
 Rezension zu "Ich bereue mein Leben nicht" von Wolfram Adolphi
 "Was für ein Leben"! – Rezension von Karlen Vesper.
 Ulla Plener: Wirtschaftsdemokratie in der Programmdiskussion der neuen Linken (aus UtopieKreativ vom 9. Januar 2007).
 Ulla Plener/Natalia Mussienko (Hrsg.): Verurteilt zur Höchststrafe: Tod durch Erschießen, Berlin 2006 Volltext als PDF
 Ulla Plener (Hrsg.): Clara Zetkin in ihrer Zeit, Volltext als PDF.
 Ulla Plener: »Sozialdemokratismus« – Instrument der SED-Führung im Kalten Krieg gegen Teile der Arbeiterbewegung (1948–1953), Utopie Kreativ Nr. 161, März 2004 Volltext als PDF.

Einzelnachweise

Neuzeithistoriker
Mitglied der Leibniz-Sozietät
Deutscher
Geboren 1933
Frau


text:
Q: SQL convert DateTime to Date (SQL server 2005) I want to convert this:
2014-07-15 15:01:16.880
To:
2014-07-15
Or to: 2014-07-15 00:00:00:000
What is the best way to do this?
By the way, My database is inside a Microsoft SQL 2005 Server
Thanks in advance

A: There is no Date datatype in SQL Server 2005, it was added in SQL Server 2008.
To go with your second alternative, you can truncate the datetime to midnight on the same day:
SELECT DATEADD(DAY, DATEDIFF(DAY,0, YourDateColumn), 0)
FROM   YourTable

A: You could use CONVERT to do the conversion.
SELECT CONVERT('2014-07-15 15:01:16.880', GETDATE(), 112)


SuperKids Software Review of Lilo & Stitch 2: Hamsterviel Havoc.
In Lilo & Stitch 2: Hamsterviel Havoc, Hamsterviel has turned all of Stitch's cousins evil, with the help of Gantu and Experiment 624. Now it's up to Lilo and Stitch to save Hawaii and the Experiments, and restore them to good.
With the help of Plinkley and Jamba, each of Stitch's cousins are returned to their good states of mind. When Gantu steals an experiment and heads into outer space, Lili and Stitch follow to continue their adventure. Will Lilo and Stitch stop Hamsterviel before it's too late?
Although captivating and fun are words that aptly describe this program, educational would be more than a small stretch. Even our kid reviewers were reduced to expressing educational values like, "...develops hand-eye coordination" and "... practices memory games". But, in all fairness, the program makes no claims in this area.
Users who previously enjoyed "Lilo & Stitch" or "Stitch the Movie", will get a kick out of "Lilo & Stitch 2: Hamsterviel Havoc." With many familiar characters, this is a natural follow-on adventure program. Unlike the passive experience of watching a movie, here the user gets to participate in blowing up bad guys, and racing the clock. Ok, it's still a passive experience, but a more interactive one. Our young testers had difficulty putting this one down.
Video game fans who like the Lilo & Stitch movies and TV shows, will find this one pretty compelling.
See SuperKids' comparisons with other problem solving software titles, and the Buyers Guide for current market prices of this GameBoy Advance / PlayStation2 program.


Cherry the shy Asian who at first could not hurt a fly but had her chance to get even with Ray for a disrespect in the past that happen between them. She simply scissored and smothers his head and face. She crushes him basically over and over and doesn't stop until he can't move anymore and he is out cold after she smothers so much. She gets up and walks off and you can see her beautiful feet through out the whole time she is giving him this beating..


text:
Die folgende Übersicht ist eine Liste vietnamesischer Schriftsteller und Dichter.

14. bis 18. Jahrhundert
 Nguyễn Trãi (1380–1442)
 Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (1491–1585)
 Nguyễn Dữ (16. Jahrhundert)
 Đặng Trần Côn (um 1705–1745)
 Lê Quý Đôn (1726–1784)
 Hồ Xuân Hương (1772–1822)
 Nguyễn Du (1765–1820)

19. Jahrhundert
 Trương Vĩnh Ký (1837–1898)
 Phan Khôi (1887–1959)

20. Jahrhundert
 Nhất Linh (1906–1963)
 Đồ Phồn (Bùi Huy Phồn) (1911/12–1990)
 Lưu Trọng Lư (1911/12–1991)
 Vũ Trọng Phụng (1912–1939)
 Hàn Mặc Tử (1912–1940)
 Nguyễn Thị Manh Manh (1914–2005)
 Nam Cao (1915–1951)
 Nguyễn Đức Thuận (1916–1985)
 Xuân Diệu (1916–1985)
 Bùi Hiển (1919–2009)
 Chê Lan Viên (1920–1989)
 Tố Hữu (1920–2002)
 Tô Hoài (1920–2014)
 Nguyễn Văn Bổng (1921–2001)
 Hoàng Cầm (1922–2010)
 Nguyễn Đình Thi (1924–2003)
 Trần Văn Dần (1926–1997)
 Hữu Mai (1926–2007)
 Elula Perrin (1929–2003)
 Nguyễn Thế Phương (1930–1989)
 Nguyễn Khải (1930–2008)
 Nguyễn Xuân Thiều (* 1930)
 Vũ Thị Thường (* 1930)
 Nguyễn Kiến (* 1933)
 Anh Đức (1935–2014)
 Xuan Trinh (1936–1991)
 Ma Văn Kháng (* 1936)
 Bằng Việt (* 1941)
 Hữu Thịnh (* 1942)
 Đỗ Chu (* 1944)
 Dương Thu Hương (* 1947)
 Nguyen Duc Mau (* 1948)
 Lê Minh Khuê (* 1949)
 Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (1950–2021)
 Bảo Ninh (* 1952)
 Nguyễn Nhật Ánh (* 1955)
 Phạm Thị Hoài (* 1960)
 Lan Cao (* 1961)
 Ngô Tự Lập (* 1962)
 Nguyễn Ngọc Tư (* 1976)

Siehe auch
 Vietnamesische Literatur

Vietnamesisch
!Schriftsteller
Schriftsteller


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How to watch Miami Dolphins vs. Buffalo Bills Week 17 on TV, live stream
The Miami Dolphins will play the Buffalo Bills on Sunday and try to hold onto their spot in the NFL playoffs.
The game is scheduled to kick off at 1 p.m. ET.
The Dolphins (10-5) are tied with the Baltimore Ravens, Cleveland Browns and Indianapolis Colts for the AFC's three wild card spots. Miami clinches a playoff spot with a win or a loss by any of the other three teams. Ryan Fitzpatrick replaced Tua Tagovailoa last week and led a fourth-quarter comeback win at the Las Vegas Raiders. Fitzpatrick is unavailable Sunday after testing positive for COVID-19.
The Bills (12-3) have clinched the AFC East title. They can clinch the No. 2 seed in the AFC playoff bracket with a win. Buffalo has won five straight games behind a high-powered offense led by quarterback Josh Allen and wide receiver Stefon Diggs.
The Bills beat the Dolphins 31-28 in Week 2 at Hard Rock Stadium.
'Holy Dolphins?':Twitter learns all about FitzMagic in crazy win over Raiders
How to watch Dolphins vs. Bills
Game start: 1 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 3
Announcers: Kevin Harlan (play-by-play), Trent Green (analyst)
Online radio: TuneIn
New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo has banned fans from professional games and most college games all season, though some fans will be allowed at Bills Stadium in Orchard Park for their playoff opener next week.
Tape Don't Lie:Observations on Tua, Fitzpatrick and more from the Raiders win
Do it yourself:Winds aren't blowing in Dolphins' favor should they need scoreboard help Sunday
Joe Schad:Dolphins' Josh Boyer should be considered for NFL assistant coach of year


We've all seen good adaptations of things we love and we've all seen bad ones. But what, exactly, makes an adaptation good? For the past… pretty much forever… Hollywood, in particular, has been adapting anything it could get its hands on. From books, to tv, to theatre, to video games, Hollywood loves adaptations. The problem is that the adaptations are often not very good at all. You see this with books, like Eragon and the Percy Jackson series and TV shows like Dark Shadows and Video Games like Assassin's Creed and musicals like RENT and even anime like Death Note and Ghost in the Shell.
The question becomes, why are there so many lousy adaptations? Especially when most of them are based on properties that are really well made in their original mediums? Where is the disconnect?
Contrary to popular belief, there really is an art to adaptation. There are four key things that a good adaptation must adhere to. Respect for the source material and characters, not being a slave to the source material, knowing what to change and what to keep, and telling a story in the most cohesive and interesting way that utilizes the best of what the specific medium has to offer.


It takes a certain amount of courage when you first come out as a lesbian to family members and friends, but once you get past all that you still might struggle to find the right match for you – especially if you live in a small town. One of the best ways around this is by joining and online dating site for lesbians. That's why we put together some awesome reviews of the best lesbian dating sites and apps out there for you. No matter what category you fit into – whether you consider yourself a butch lesbian, a lipstick lesbian, or even if you prefer not to be categorized we think you'll find these reviews helpful.
Why use a dating site to find your next lesbian lover? Well for one thing it beats the heck out of trying to find a local hotspot in your area that provides a social gathering place for lesbian women – these are definitely out there, but they're not to everyone's tastes. A dating site welcomes everybody no matter what their social or sexual preferences. It doesn't matter whether you're looking for friendship, a casual encounter, or a meaningful relationship – an online dating site can help you with whatever you're looking for.
As part of the Cupid network Pinkcupid.com boasts a ton of experience in the online dating world and this vast experience allows them to provide the best dating service possible for lesbian women. While this may only be one dating site niche they're involved in, the Cupid network is known for asking the right questions and providing the right matches no matter what your lifestyle choice. Pinkcupid.com has been one of the premier dating sites for lesbian women since 2006. Pinkcupid.com is a very professional and well-organized dating site for lesbian women. It has all of the major features you'll find on every good dating site, but it's tailored towards lesbian needs. I particularly liked the ability to refine your search based on the type of lesbian experience you're looking for. With millions of registered members you're virtually guaranteed to find a match using this site.
Dating Service for Lesbians Who Are Looking for Something Serious.
Elite Singles Lesbian Dating is a part of Elite Service's dating community, a well-known and successful site which caters to both heterosexual and homosexual users who are looking for a serious commitment. Since few years they are bringing single lesbians around the world to find their perfect match. With unique features and huge database it's a perfect place to start your love adventure today. Meeting Lesbian singles has never been that easy. It is well organized website which provides great help in finding your perfect match. With variety sites for hookups and short dates, Elite Single is dating service for those of ladies who are looking for something serious. Because of targeted user base, on-point matching system, mobile availability and educated experts you are not going to find a better dating site. If you're still in doubt about the website in any manner, take a look on it yourself.
LDate.com is one of the oldest lesbian dating sites on the net. They've been bringing lesbian women together successfully for over 14 years and that type of experience has allowed them to refine and tweak their service so that they can provide the best matchmaking experience for lesbians possible. With a unique blend of features and a focus on providing an intimate atmosphere for you to meet someone this site is one of the best meeting places for lesbian women online. It has been creating beautiful lesbian relationships for more than 14 years and while it may not be one of the largest lesbian dating sites around it is one of the most intimate. With over 20,000 active members at any given time you can be confident that you can find the right match on this site. It's full of unique features and its professional organization make it easy to recommend the site.
PinkWink.com is a fairly new entrant into the online lesbian dating seem. This site began life as a lesbian dating site in 2012, but it's done great things in that short time. According to the sites own statistics they already boast millions of members and even if this is a bit of an exaggeration the site does have more than 20,000 unique visitors every month – that's pretty impressive for a site that's only been around for three or four years. As one of the fastest growing dating sites on the web PinkWink.com has come a long way in a very short time. Although it's only been around since 2012 and already boasts more than 1 million members and it has more than 20,000 unique visits per month. People like this site for reason and that reason is that it does a good job of providing you relevant matches that actually live near you. When it comes to a dating site that's really the only thing that matters.
As the largest and most popular dating network online Match.com has a site for just about everyone and that includes lesbians. Living the lesbian lifestyle will always come with its challenges, especially if you live in a small town, but Match.com for lesbians can help you meet up with the perfect match that's just around the corner. With over 20 years of online matchmaking experience Match.com offers a refined service you won't find anywhere else – it doesn't hurt that they have over 60 million members either. Match for Lesbians is one of the best sites available for lesbian women. Although it's 3.5 million members includes all niches, with that many members you can be sure that that there is a large pool of lesbian matches to choose from. It includes a ton of features to make your online dating experience better and it makes it easy to connect with their experts if you have any questions. If you're looking to get involved in the dating world this is a great place to start.
Sometimes when you come across a site it strikes you as something just a little bit different and that's the reaction I had when I first visited Pink Sofa.com. This is a site designed by a lesbian woman for lesbian women and as a result it's a site that will make you comfortable and at home. This site's been around now for more than 13 years and in that time they've had a chance to refine their website and create a warm and welcoming environment. They pride themselves on 10 guiding principles which they've used as a basis to create their great service. Pink Sofa is without a doubt one of the top five lesbian dating sites online today. With a focus on 10 core values that they use to govern their site and a professional approach to matchmaking they've quite simply got things right. If you're lesbian or bisexual woman looking to find the perfect match or even if you just want someone for friendship this is the place to be.


If you are ready to take the next step in your career, Dickinson State University offers a variety of certificate, associate, and bachelor degree programs available on-campus and on-line.
Dickinson State University participates in the North Dakota University System Bakken U education initiative. Dickinson State University offers a variety of certificate, associate, and bachelor degree programs available on-campus and on-line. If you are ready to take the next step in your career, explore the opportunities available at Dickinson State University.
Part of the North Dakota University System, Dickinson State is one of 5 colleges and universities that participates in the Bakken U education initiative. Whether you work directly in an energy related field, or you are seeking to strengthen your professional skills, there is a program at Dickinson State University that can help you achieve your goals.


Volvo has launched the 2014 S80 facelift in India for Rs 41.35 lakh at an event held at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi. Globally unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, the car is available with two diesel engines and features a number of cosmetic and technological updates to set it apart from the previous car.
The base D4 version has been priced at Rs 41.35 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi) while the D5 version has been priced at Rs 44.80 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi). The Volvo India website lists five trim levels for the new S80- Standard, Kinetic, Momentum, Summum and Inscription with a number of customisation options.
Volvo continues to employ Ford's D3 architecture and the overall design in the 2014 S80. The front of the car adorns a new smaller and wider grille, more in line with the other Volvo cars, a restyled bumper and headlamps, which now integrate LED Daytime Running Lights (DRLs). The S80 also gets new alloys, more rounded tail lamps and a redesigned rear bumper with integrated dual-exhausts.
Equipment wise, the car has been updated with Sensus Connected Touch infotainment system with a 7-inch display, Active High Beam control, heated windscreen anda three-spoke steering wheel with paddle-shifters. A new Laser Assisted Automatic Braking system senses emergency situations beforehand and pre-charges the brakes to increase the impact of braking or even deploys them in case they aren't applied on time. New upholstery with a wider choice of colours has also been introduced for the interiors.
Like the architecture, the engines in the Volvo S80 have also been borrowed from Ford. The D4 variant is powered by a 2.0-litre diesel engine and the D5 variant is powered by a 2.4-litre, both of which are five-cylinder units. While the former produces 163bhp and 400 Nm of torque, the latter one produces 215bhp and 440Nm torque. The S80 is electronically limited to 225kmph.
Volvo brand is globally known for the high safety standards of its cars. Though the S80 does look quite plain Jane, it is equipped well and priced very competitively. The 2014 S80 will be Volvo's contender in the luxury sedan segment, till the next generation S80 arrives by 2017, which based on Volvo's all-new Scalable Product Architecture (SPA). The S80 is imported as a completely-built-unit (CBU) for the Indian market and goes up against Audi A6, BMW 5 Series, Jaguar XF and the Mercedes E-Class.