text:
Mines Saint-Étienne
Mines Saint-Étienne Actor in the industry of the future
Text of Mines Saint-Étienne
/ Pascal RAY Director
/ David DELAFOSSE Assistant Director in charge of research and innovation
/ Xavier OLAGNE Assistant Director in charge of student training
/ David FARA General Secretary
/ Cyril FAURE Director of relations with the economic world
/ Philippe LALEVEE Executive Director of G. Charpak Provence Campus, Director of the Microelectronics Centre of Provence (CMP)
/ Florence GRANGER International development and internationalisation manager
/ Marielle GOBRON Communication manager
/ Krzysztof WOLSKI Director of the Centre for Materials and Structural Sciences (SMS)
/ Philippe GROSSEAU Director of the Centre for Industrial and Natural Process Sciences (SPIN)
/ Stéphane AVRIL Director of the Centre for Engineering and Health (CIS)
/ Bruno LEGER Director of the Institut Henri Fayol
/ Guillaume DESBROSSE Director of La Rotonde, Centre for Scientific, Technical and Industrial Culture (CCSTI)
/ Christophe DESRAYAUD Director of the Science, Engineering and Health Doctoral School
contents ___ Mines Saint-Étienne in figures _ p4-5 Missions and structural projects _ p6-7 A fundamentally international School _ p8-9 Top class training _ p10-15 Mines Saint-Étienne and the economic world _ p16-17 Research, innovation and entrepreneurship at the School _ p18-19 The Centres for Teaching and Research _ p20-24 The Centre for Scientific, Technical and Industrial Culture _ p25 The Mines Saint-Étienne Foundation _ p26 Student clubs and Alumni networks _ p27
The management team of Mines Saint-Étienne___ / Pascal RAY Director
Since its creation in 1816, the École des Mines de Saint-Étienne has displayed an extraordinary spirit of innovation that
we continue to cultivate every day 200 years later, to make a School that now has its feet firmly in the 21st century.
Our School is proud of its history and continues to develop its expertise in areas of excellence and the avant-garde; our School
is constantly renewing itself and adapting, whilst continuing to serve its public and its partners.
It is both deeply anchored in its home territories: Saint-Étienne and Gardanne, and resolutely international.
Reflecting society's challenges, economic and others, our School offers training courses of great variety and top-flight
academic research focused on the real economy, which is attracting the interest of more and more companies.
Business is at the heart of our concerns, since the School plays an active role in economic development, employment and competitiveness policy.
Finally, the School continues to work to forge the necessary ties between society and the sciences and industry; by enriching its
offer in scientific, technical andindustrial culture for schools and the general public.
Welcome to Mines Saint-Étienne!
internal resources __
in English __
including 62% scientists
nationalities __
Mines Saint-Étienne member of the Institut Mines-Télécom___
The Institut Mines-Télécom, a body under the responsibility of the ministries in charge of Industry and Digital Technology, is a public higher education and research institution for innovation, in the engineering and digital fields. It is a grouping of 10 "grandes écoles", engineering and management school, strategic partners and affiliated establishments created jointly with universities and companies. It represents 13,200 students including 1,700 PhD students; 80 companies were incubated by the Institut Mines-Télécom Schools in 2014.
The Institut Mines-Télécom is developing in four strategic areas: training engineers for the decades to come, meeting the scientific and technical challenges of a society in transition, acting as a catalyst for economic development, playing a role on the world stage.
Les 4 missions de Mines Saint-Étienne ___
1 ___ Former des ingénieurs et des chercheurs
en développant l'excellence sur tous les diplômes
2 ___ Développer une recherche visant un haut niveau
académique, motivée par des applications et des questionnements industriels
3 ___ Être actrice des politiques de développement
économique, d'emploi et de compétitivité des entreprises
4 ___ Nouer des liens étroits entre société et industrie ;
assurer le développement de la culture scientifique, technique et industrielle auprès du plus grand nombre
The 4 missions of Mines Saint-Étienne ___
1 ___ To train engineers and researchers
by developing excellence in every diploma
2 ___ To develop research at a high academic level,
driven by industrial applications and issues
3 ___ To play an active role in forging companies' economic,
employment and competitiveness policies
4 ___ To establish close ties between society and industry; to develop scientific, technical and industrial culture
for the widest possible public
Manufacture du futur: pilot production line
------ Manufacture du futur supports SME/SMIs and intermediate-sized enterprises (ISEs) in their industrial, digital and energy transition in an approach that is part of the Industrie du futur programme in which the Institut Mines-Télécom is a member. Installed in a 700 m2 building on the Industrial Campus, this production line, which is intended to help accelerate the industrial transition, will implement metal additive manufacturing and substractive manufacturing. Joint project between 5 higher education institutions (Mines Saint-Étienne, Télécom Paris Tech, the ISTP, Télécom Saint-Étienne, Sigma Clermont), with the participation of a number of technical centres (CETIM, 2MATech (affiliated with Sigma Clermont), CEA Tech, a professional body, the IUMM) and supported by several partner companies: Fives Michelin Additive Solutions, Dassault Systèmes and Siemens. Manufacture du futur is a global solution for companies that are taking into account the human, operational and environmental implications of disruptive innovations. It mainly serves SME/VSE/SMIs whose core business involves transforming materials into products.
Manufacture du futur consists of three "bricks": the pilot industrial platform based on additive manufacturing (the industrial transition accelerator), support for SME/VSE/SMIs in collaboration with dedicated regional actors and staff training.
L Cube: living and learning lab
------ Mines Saint-Étienne is setting up collaborative innovation centres on both its campuses: these are places for mixing, creativity, experimentation and cross- fertilisation between students, academic bodies, industrialists and economic actors. A place that provides space for innovation and is designed to facilitate contacts and the emergence of collaborative, creative projects, L Cube includes in the heart of the project the dissemination of scientific, technical and industrial culture thanks to the competencies of La Rotonde. The L Cube is at once a place where people can be together and dialogue, a multifunctional document resource centre 2.0 and a centre for creation and innovation in teaching. On the Gardanne campus, the CPER ID-Fab project will be supporting the L Cube, offering a space for innovation in teaching for the ISMIN course, La Rotonde scientific culture centre in conjunction with the city of Gardanne and a platform for prototyping connected objects, in conjunction with the research laboratories of the CMP, the Micro-PackS platform and the EPRD.
Mines Saint-Étienne, A fundamentally international School ___
THE SCHOOL HAS HAD AN INTERNATIONAL REACH SINCE IT WAS CREATED.
The whole School has gone international!
------ An international outlook has been a priority throughout the School's history and it permeates every level of what we do: our courses, our research, our university and industrial partnership. From the strategic point of view, the School has recent chosen to concentrate its efforts on comprehensive partnerships that cover training; research, industrial cooperation and scientific culture with the best universities in the world. Every year, about five of our lecturer- researchers take part in long-term mobility schemes, which enables us to develop wide-ranging collaborations in the research field with universities such as Yale, Berkeley, Princeton, Mc Gill, PoliMilano, EPFL... To support research and the mobility schemes, the School participates in and coordinates numerous international and European projects. It has been awarded 3 ERC (European Research Council) grants of several million Euros over 5 years.
Our students are all international…
------ Over 110 exchange agreements including 20 dual diploma programmes with universities, most of which are top of the league tables in their countries, provide for student exchanges. All engineering students spend a period abroad, usually about 10 months, in a company or university. Support for our students going abroad is provided by the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Provence- Alpes-Côte d'Azur regional authorities, by Europe, by different bi-national programmes and by the Foundation.
At the same time, 35% of our students, all carefully selected and of very high calibre, are from overseas. Among our PhD and masters/engineering diploma students, more than 30 nationalities are represented. The system in place for welcoming and hosting overseas students is particularly appreciated, with a buddy scheme and a fun freshers' weekend out in the country organised by the students and permanent staff at the school. Continuously improving our hosting of our international students is one of our priorities. To attract as many very good international students as possible and stand out among other institutions, the School offers 7 masters courses taught in English in the subjects where it excels. And so the School and its students are undeniably bathed in a multicultural atmosphere. With the outcome that, in the end, virtually all the School's graduates will work in an international context. 25% of them will find a job abroad or work abroad at some stage in their career.
THE SCHOOL TAKES ACCOUNT OF AND STRIVES TO ANTICIPATE THE DIVERSITY AND VARIABILITY OF THE DEMAND FROM COMPANIES IN ORDER TO OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF CLEARLY IDENTIFIED TRAINING COURSES.
Top class training___
A training offer that reflect the diversity of the business world
------ Engineering training The School trains three types of engineers at its two campuses, Saint-Étienne and Georges Charpak Provence:
_ generalist engineers, known as ingénieurs civils des mines (30% of graduates),
_ new technologies engineers, ISMIN engineers (15%),
_ operational engineers, trained on sandwich courses whilst being paid by a salary by a company (55%).
Training through research The quality and potential of the School's laboratories enable it to offer sixteen research-based masters courses and to train, in ten different specialist areas, PhD students mainly destined for a career in industry.
Vocational training The School also offers shorter vocational training courses, also leading to a qualification, as part of a lifelong learning approach: specialist masters, BADGE (the Grandes Ecoles assessment of competency scheme), etc.
A strong principle: student-focused education
------ _ Personal educational relationships, inspired by the compagnonnage model,
_ A skills acquisition-based approach,
_ Teaching to encourage students to be active and to learn responsibility,
_ Exposure to research and innovation for all students,
_ A strong emphasis on training the "person" and being open to business, entrepreneurship and the wider world.
ICM training, the Ingénieur Civil des Mines Challenge yourself, design the future___ Mines Saint-Étienne has been training Ingénieurs Civils des Mines engineers for almost 200 years. It has always anticipated industrial and societal changes to prepare its students for the constantly changing demands of positions of responsibility in companies and the economic world.
___ Recruitment Joint "Mines-Ponts" competitive exam
Who are Ingénieurs Civils
------ An Ingénieur Civil des Mines is at once:
_ An enlightened and responsible manager, solidly anchored in the grass roots of the company and society,
_ An innovative and committed leader prepared for a globalised, constantly evolving context,
_ An inter-disciplinary engineer capable of both managing complexity and, if necessary, handling a highly specific subject at expert level.
Specific course features _ An integrated approach to science and management
_ An entirely individualised course: 16 choices to make
_ 65 coherent professional development pathways
_ 7 spent abroad, on average
_ 1 project that recurs every semester: community-based, innovation- entrepreneurship, research…
_ Openings: all sectors and all types of position
ISMIN training, Engineer specialising in Microelectronics and INformation Technology___ To take up the challenges of the new and digital technologies, modern companies need, more than ever, engineers with an enquiring mind, who are enterprising, creative and capable of transforming ideas into practice. It is these engineers that Mines Saint-Étienne aims to train with its ISMIN diploma.
___ Recruitment Joint "Mines-Télécom" competitive exam
Who are ISMIN engineers?
------ The ISMIN course is based on the acquisition of a dual skill set in microelectronics and information technology, with a strong orientation towards research and innovation. ISMIN engineers offer a much sought-after profile, with their capacity for adaptation, their international culture, their aptitude for team-working and their development potential, in fields ranging from high-level IT to nanotechnologies.
Specific course features _ 4 original and innovative 3rd year pathways: technologies & supply chain, electronics for energy, biomedical devices, mobility & safety
_ Project-based learning, in tune with their future professional practice
_ At least 3 months spent abroad
_ International High-Tech Campus, in the heart of Provence, with many laboratories and companies (technology platforms, startups)
_ Openings: studies, R&D, product engineer, projects in new technologies
Sandwich engineering courses: IGI, IGIN, IVE, ISEE___ Developed in collaboration with the ISTP (Institut Supérieur des Techniques de la Performance), a strategic partner of Mines Saint-Étienne, these courses meet the expectations of the economic world. They represent an original model for promoting excellence, in which the company is both an actor in and beneficiary of the training.
___ Recruitment Application process, must have a 2/3-year post-baccalaureate diploma in an industrial, technological or equivalent field (e.g. DUT, BTS, undergraduate degree).
Who are sandwich course engineers?
------ 4 engineering diplomas are offered through the apprenticeship and continuing education channels:
_ Industrial engineering (GI)
_ Embedded electronic systems engineering (SEE)
Trained through a sandwich course model through original and ambitious learning methods, which give him/her the capacity to model the company's problem, the sandwich course engineer acquires a strong results- focused professional culture. He/she is quickly operational in a job, ready to imagine and implement innovative, durable and progressive solutions.
Specific course features _ Situational learning (2/3 of course time in the company, 1/3 at the School)
_ Dual tutoring (academic and in- company): all the academic tutors are also engineers who have worked in industry themselves
_ Multi-disciplinary scientific training, emphasising research and innovation
_ An international component, with all students obliged to spend a period abroad
_ Openings: depending on specialist area, 40% of graduates remain in their company
Masters courses___
16 masters including 7 taught in English Chemistry and Materials Science _ Materials Science Engineering
Design _ Prospective Design
Process and Bioprocess Engineering _ Process Engineering and Industrial Energy Efficiency
Health Systems Engineering _ Cell and Tissue Engineering
Management and the Environment _ GEOSPHERES (Geography - Human/Environment Spaces - Resources)
Information Technology _ Data and Connected Systems (DSC) _ Cyber-Physical Social Systems (CPS2) _ Machine Learning and Data Mining (MLDM)
Applied Mathematics, Statistics _ Maths in action
Mechanical Engineering _ Tribology and Surface Engineering (TIS) _ Mechanics of Materials and Processes (MMP)
Optics, Imaging, Vision, Multimedia _ Advanced Imaging and Material Appearance (AIMA) : Metrology and Modelling _ Master Labex SISE (Surface and Interface Science and Engineering)
Risks and the Environment _ Industrial and Urban Environmental Sciences (SEIU)
Microelectronics _ Micro & Nanoelectronics (MINELEC)
2 specialist masters degrees _ Specialist masters in Energy Efficiency in Building Renovation
_ Specialist masters in Security of Integrated Systems & Applications
___ See all the details on our masters on
www.mines-saintetienne.fr
ANTICIPATION AND ACTION.
As part of a mission to monitor and listen out for what is happening in the economic world, the School takes part, alongside numerous institutions, at local and national level (clusters, competitiveness "poles", professional and industry bodies, Instituts Carnot, etc.) in different actions:
_ To identify the skills that will be needed by economic actors in the future and to formulate responses by designing training courses adapted to those needs
_ Orienting its research fields to anticipate on tomorrow's economic markets.
Organising and acting
_ Provide appropriate solutions from the economic and scientific point of view (training placements, sandwich courses, company-based (CIFRE) or vocational PhDs, industrial projects, research contracts, industrial chairs …),
_ Bring different actors together on specialist subjects by organising events (symposiums, seminars, etc.),
_ Create links between the world of business and the students and enable them to discover different jobs and sectors of industry (careers days, forums, etc.),
_ To develop entrepreneurship and provide technology maturation support for startups and their projects (R&D partnership centre).
Research, innovation and entrepreneurship at the School___
The Research and Innovation Department (DRI) coordinates the actions undertaken by the School's five Training and Research Centres, drives the School's main orientations and joint projects in research, innovation, research in partnerships, training in and through research in coordination with the training department and the dissemination of scientific and technical culture with La Rotonde. The DRI provides the coordination between the School's research and technology policy and that of the supervisory powers it is accountable to and its strategic partners: Institut Mines-Télécom for general research and innovation policy and the major social, economic and international challenges, ARMINES for research in partnerships and the Institute Carnot M.I.N.ES, University of Lyon and Aix-Marseille University for the PhD, Masters and "excellence projects" that come under the national Future Investments Plan (PIA).
Finally, the DRI offers coordination and support for the projects of Centres for Teaching and Research in four strategic areas:
_ Industrial Property, in close partnership with ARMINES and the Institut Carnot M.I.N.E.S.,
_ Relations with industrial "key accounts" and the setting up of Industrial Chairs in coordination with the Mines Saint-Étienne Foundation,
_ Organisation of international, and especially European, R&D projects with the internationalisation department,
_ The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes regional authority's "Regional Innovation and Smart Specialisation Strategy", the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region's "Regional Innovation and Internationalisation Economic Development Plan" , and the Saint-Etienne Métropole urban district's "Integrated Innovation and Digital Technologies Scheme" communities.
Created on the Georges Charpak Provence campus, the Research and Development Partnership Centre (EPRD) has set up an original model for transferring the results of research to the economic world. More than a simple "incubator", if offers, thanks to its proximity with the School's training and research centres, an environment conducive to technology maturation on the entrepreneurial projects selected. The result is a remarkable survival rate for the companies that the EPRD has hosted since 2006. The EPRD has also been developing on the Saint-Étienne campus since 2015.
TOP-FLIGHT ACADEMIC RESEARCH DRIVEN BY INDUSTRIAL ISSUES
The physical, physical-chemical and thermo-mechanical models, sometimes combined, are the result of experimental observations on the nano, micro and mesoscopic scales, thanks to state-of-the-art experimental equipment available on our instrument platforms. Initially focused on microstructure-property relationships, these models are today being developed so that we can get a better understanding and command of several manufacturing processes: sintering, ceramic microwaves, direct production of composites made from carbon fibre or biosourced materials and polymer, ceramic and metal additive manufacturing.
The modelling approach fits in naturally with the main centres of interest: manufacturing processes, resulting microstructures and structural and functional properties of materials. Its intrinsic complexity, coupled with the varied geometries arising out of industrial applications, implies the virtually systematic use of digital simulation. All the research themes are driven by a demand from industry in the energy, transport, industrial design and creation sectors, giving them high visibility and recognition at national and international level.
They rest on a continually developing pool of some thirty PhD theses, half of which are in-house resources. They are structured in the teaching and research centres around groups of 3 to 5 lecturer-researchers supported by engineers and technicians. This structure allows for a high degree of responsiveness faced with emerging technologies and new societal challenges seen from the angle of materials, as can be seen from some of our recent success stories: a teaching and research chair with a genuinely international reach in direct manufacturing processes, a patent on a new class of alloys, design of new functional surfaces.
The SMS centre is a driving force in structuring research at regional level as part of the Lyon-Saint-Étienne federation, the ManuTech initiative and the RAFAM network on metal additive manufacturing, the latter being reason for our strong involvement in the School's Manufacture du Futur project. Our association with the CNRS within the Georges Friedel Laboratory as well as the most recent HCERES evaluation are evidence of the high level of academic excellence in our research fields.
The SMS centre focuses its research on relations between processes,
microstructures and properties of materials.
Our attempts to master these relations in metal alloys,
ceramic materials and composites implies a multi-physical and
multi-scale modelling approach which forms the basis of the
"Materials by design" concept.
The Centre for Materials and Structural Sciences ___
C e n t r e f o r Te a c h i n g a n d R e s e a r c h
It is structured into three departments which develop activities in the field of processes for the environment and georesources, processes for using powders, processes for transforming solids and instrumentation and sensors. The Environmental and Georesources Processes department conducts research on the general issue of sus- tainable industrial production that consumes low quantities of resources (water, energy, raw materials). This department brings together competencies in mineral chemistry, crystallisation/dissolution and simulation, for the implementation of chemical processes, in the production and mining fields. The two areas of application are: "Crystallisation processes" and "Geo- processes".
The Granular Media Application Process department develops activities on the development, formulation and uses of powders in an approach that combines experimentation and modelling. Two themes are dealt with: "Physics and geometry of granular media" and "Powder technology".
The Solids Transformation Processes and Instrumentation department looks at solid-gas systems and is developing a unique body of know-how on the modelling of the physical-chemical transformations of solids and gas sensors. This department's activities are structured around two scientific topics: "Reactivity and transformation of solids" and "The electrical properties of solids in interaction with a gas and instrumentation".
Main areas of application
_ Oil/gas industry Expertise on gas hydrates on the deep ocean floor (partner: TOTAL). Other applications concerning industrial air conditioning, water treatment and carbon capture and storage are being studied with partners, _ Nuclear industry Corrosion issues with nuclear fuel cladding and modelling of fuel transformations (partners: CEA, AREVA, the IRSN…), _ Industrial processes using powdered solids in a very varied range of fields: health, building materials, technical ceramics (partners: Seppic, Calcia, Lafarge, Solvay, Kerneos, CEA, Mersen…), _ Process and polluting emissions control giving rise to strong development of gas sensors (partners: Renault, PSA, Electricfil, Meas, Arkema, Solvay, Bluestar…), _ Geosciences Resource management (water, energy, geo-reservoirs), recycling and recovery of industrial waste, rehabilitation of abandoned industrial sites and polluted sites,natural risks, sustainable development, in partnership with industry (IFPEN, Total, Harsco) or public institutions (BRGM, IRSTEA, ADEME, ONEMA, water agencies).
The purpose of the SPIN is ro contribute to clean, safe,
efficient production. A large part of the SPIN centre's
activities concern processes for the energy and environment
sectors, but also various industrial processes with the aim
of reducing their energy consumption and environmental impact.
Mobilised on the unifying theme of the energy efficiency of processes,
the SPIN centre is also fully involved in the issues around
the industry of the future.
The Centre for Industrial and Natural Process Sciences___
Our vision Out of this meshing of engineering sciences and life sciences will come the greatest advances for the health of our fellow citizens.
Our ambition The internationally recognised excellence of the research (INSERM and CNRS units) and the training provided by the CIS place the centre in a dynamic of technology transfer to accompany innovation in the medicine of the future.
_ Drug delivery. New molecules and nanomedicine have led to the emergence of targeted therapies thanks to micro-nanotechnology and digital technological solutions. Our projects are supported by the pharmaceutical industry and manufacturers of medical devices. _ Computer-assisted medical and surgical procedures such as surgical navigation and planning in endovascular surgery guarantee better treatment for the patient. Our work funded by the European Research Council and the ANR
concerns the in silico prediction of the risk of a ruptured aneurysm and the predictive planning of surgical scenarios by patient-specific digital simulation. _ Implants, prostheses and medical textiles can compensate for a deficient function or replace an organ. Our work is being conducted as part of the national Industrie du Futur programme. based on digital tools, it concerns the design and performance evaluation of devices as well as production processes, for example: production of bioceramics by additive manufacturing.
_ E-health, telemedecine and medical IT refer to all the healthcare technologies and services based on ICTs. Working with hospitals, the ARS (regional health authorities) and health data processing companies, we are providing industrial engineering solutions to improve the efficiency of the care pathway and control its costs.
The Engineering & Health Centre is at the heart
of the medicine of the future
The Engineering & Health Centre ___
CIS C e n t r e f o r Te a c h i n g a n d R e s e a r c h
That company needs to be efficient and perform well overall, including on the Sustainable Development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) aspects. This involves taking into account the "Sustainable Territorial Industrial Development" challenge, which implies an active participation in programmes such as Industrie du futur and Ville du futur . To do this, it employs the following competencies: Industrial engineering, Information technology, Mathematics, Environmental sciences, Management and Human and social sciences.
In concrete terms, this has led to our participation in research programmes on smarts grids, industrial and urban logistics, the internet of things, product service systems, the design of flexible and reconfigurable production systems, the management and optimisation of supply chains, the smart use of complex industrial simulators, environmental and societal impacts, IT system security, industrial risk management, CSR in SME-SMIs and innovation systems.
The Institut Henri Fayol responds to issues facing
the company today and tomorrow.
The Institut Henri Fayol ___
23 _
FAYOL C e n t r e f o r Te a c h i n g a n d R e s e a r c h
CMP C e n t r e f o r Te a c h i n g a n d R e s e a r c h
On site it has the Microelectronics Centre of Provence (CMP), a training and research centre with outstanding research laboratories such as the Micro-PackS technology platform where industrialists and academics work together. A top-level ISMIN engineering course, a Research and Development Partnership Centre (EPRD) that is able to pre-incubate startups, in conjunction with national and regional incubators. Taken together, this all gives the site a strong territorial base to by serving local economic development and disseminating scientific culture to the general public. With the SCS competitiveness cluster (it is a member of its committee), the campus participates in the development of the entire microelectronics sector in the PACA region, from silicon to its uses, and taking in telecommunications in conjunction with the Sophia-Antipolis campus. The CMP was created in 2003 at the heart of the French "microelectronics crescent", centred on two main companies, ST Microelectronics and Gemalto, which design and make electronic devices. By establishing strong partnerships with these leaders and by participating in and supporting the development of SMEs, in particular in the smartcard field, the CMP has become an important player and a strong contributor thanks to its 4 research departments, including one joint research team (ERC) with the CEA Tech, and its clean room with a large amount of state-of-the-art equipment.
The Micro-PackS technology platform, which is chaired by the CMP, and the clean room (man. G. Rondeau), together allow for collaborative research and development work, thanks to the poo- ling of resources, engineers and equipment.It constitutes an important point of attraction for the physical, electrical and security characterisation of communicating objects, thanks to the involvement of large groups, SMEs and startups as well as academics. The ID-Fab project, funded State-Region project contract (CPER) aims to transform the campus and project it into the 21st century. The CMP is made up of 4 research departments: "Bioelectronic" (man. G. Malliaras), which conducts research into the interfaces between the life sciences and organic electronics, "Flexible electronics" (man.T. Djenizian), which conducts research in the field on printed electronics on flexible and stretchable substrates; "Architecture and system security" (man. B. Robisson, CEA), ERC with the CEA Tech, which conducts research in the field of the material security of circuits against attacks of any type ; and "Science of manufacturing and logistics" (man. D. Feillet), which develops research projects in the modelling and optimisation of manufacturing processes, and in the use of connected objects in logistics.
The Georges Charpak Provence campus at Gardanne,
between Aix-en-Provence and Marseille,
who gave it his name. It constitutes a top-ranking
technological ecosystem in the fields of microelectronics,
security and the internet of things.
Microelectronics Centre of Provence ___
LA ROTONDE C e n t r e f o r S c i e n t i f i c , Te c h n i c a l a n d I n d u s t r i a l C u l t u r e
For 17 years the Centre has therefore been implement an active and creative programme of science communi- cation. It organises and coordinates events with a general appeal, citizens' encounter and innovative debates on scientific subjects. It manages and runs a dynamic cultural centre that is open to every type of public and receives 40,000 visitors every year. A resource and dissemination centre, La Rotonde designs and produces numerous educational materials (exhi- bitions, educational kits, multimedia materials, etc.). The centre also has a mission to support teachers in teaching science in primary schools, as it is a Centre Pilote Main à la pâte (hands-on centre).
Finally, with its special links with the École des Mines it plays an active role in the humanist training of student engineers PhD students, in showcasing research work and encouraging dialogue between the different actors in science - PhD students, researchers - and civil society. La Rotonde has earned a position as a major player in the development of science communication in this region and beyond. It asserts its role as a cog connecting the world of culture, education, industry, research and tourism, in the service of developing between science and society.
The only Centre for Scientific, Technical and Industrial Culture
(CCSTI) attached to a Grande Ecole, La Rotonde puts together programmes
of action to encourage the discovery
and appropriation of the sciences,
whether they are technical, industrial or social, by society at large.
Science, communication and social innovation___
The objective of Foundation, a recognised public interest body is clear: to raise private funds (from individuals and business) to give the School extra resources - on top of its State funding - which will enable it to assert its place among the top-ranking institutions for the training of engineers and high-level researchers.
Our ambition is to play major role in social advancement, economic development and all the current and forthcoming technological and social changes:
_ Partner of the Hexcel Chair in "Digital modelling", our Fondation is proud to be on board the "Next generation airplane"
_ Stanford, Cornell, Imperial College London, Harvard…: our bursaries have enabled almost 50 student engineers to access their dream complementary training.
A fantastic lever for our School since 1946.
The Mines Saint-Étienne Foundation ___
MAKING A STRATEGIC CONTRIBUTION TO A MAJOR INSTITUTION.
A rich student life on both campuses. The Bureaux des Élèves (students' union), a plethora of student clubs (sports, the arts, etc...), and a number of junior enterprises contribute to a busy and enriching life at the School.
The School maintains a privileged relationship with its Alumni networks, with the aim of continually improving its courses, sharing and transmitting knowledge. The Alumni associations help to establish and maintain contacts with and between our graduates after they leave: Mines Saint-Étienne Alumni, Mines Saint-Étienne Campus de Gardanne Alumni, and the Association des Ingénieurs ISTP Mines.
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Campus Georges Charpak Provence 880, route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne Tél. : +334 42 61 66 00
Campus Saint-Étienne 158 cours Fauriel - CS 62362 42023 Saint-Étienne cedex 2 Tél. : +334 77 42 01 23
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text:
Q: Best copper wire for solenoid I am going to make a solenoid that will only be required to lift a small metal rod for a couple of seconds - and not very often.
It has to run of a standard 9V battery and the small rod should be as big as possible. So - which wire gauge should I use to get the most lift? I am getting 100 grams of lacquered copper wire but can choose the gauge - from 0,15 to 2,00 mm. thick.
So longer but thin wire with a lot of turns or thicker but short wire with few turns?
Edit to clarify:
This is for a sort of puzzlebox.
The 9V is not my choice - that is what it has to be.
Different people will come and open it - each will have a "new" battery with them - so how long it will last is of no interest for me - as long as it can open the lock for a few seconds.
The small rod should be as big as possible because it is a lock - but I am aware that a 9V will probably not lift anything too big - therefore "small". I therefore do not have the measurements of it as I will chose it based on the solenoids capability.
I have next to no knowledge of the calculations regarding this project - it is pretty much trial and error. I just need to know which gauge will probably give me the best chances ;-)
Edited to further clarify:
When I write "as big as possible" I am not really looking for the max - I am looking for something long enough to penetrate the sides of the box sufficiently to be secure and something thick enough to not just snap if forced.
The rod will probably penetrate about 5-7 mm. and will have to be moved that distance.
The box is to commemorate the 200 year of the first lecture proving electromagnetism. This is also the reason that I want it as simple as possible with as few parts as possible as it will be made of plexiglass so that the opener can see that it is only electromagnetism doing the work. This is also why I want gravity to work as the locking-mechanism and the rod has to be lifted.

A: The limiting factor here will be the amount of current the 9V battery can source. This may be between 500mA and 1A, if you're using a typical alkaline type. (Energizer 9V datasheet)
Making electromagnets requires balancing voltage, current, wire gauge, and number of turns (total length of wire). For example, if you use a small length of reasonably large gauge wire (negligible resistance), the circuit will try to draw more current than the battery can supply, causing it to get hot and its lifetime severely shortened.
If you use a very fine gauge with many turns, there might be so little current that despite having many turns, the electromagnet is too weak for your application.
Start with the maximum current as a starting point. Since you are only engaging it for a few seconds, perhaps 500mA will work. If you use 32 AWG wire, which has a resistance of about 164Ω per ~300 meters, then you can determine the length of wire needed to draw that amount of current.
What resistance is needed for 500mA?
$$
R = E/I \\
R = 9V / 0.5A\\
R = 18Ω
$$
If 300 meters is 164Ω, then we can determine the fraction of that length that would be 18Ω:
$$
18 / 164 = 0.109\\
0.109 \times 300m = ~33m
$$
So you would need to wrap 33 meters of 32 AWG wire to have a resistance that draws 500mA.
But here is the complication: If you choose a thicker wire, the resistance will go down, making the current go up. But you'll also have a shorter wire, and fewer turns. So the goal is to optimize the number of ampere-turns: You want the highest current and a high number of turns.
Also of great importance here is the core diameter and material. The diameter will affect how many turns. My experience is that using a low carbon steel rod (more iron) -- something with high magnetic permeability -- will provide greater magnetic strength.
Because there are so many variables, I found utility in reading Rick Hoadley's Experiments with Electromagnets page. There is a link to a spreadsheet that allows you to enter core radius, wire gauge, coil length, and applied voltage to see the resulting number of turns, current, etc.
Although 9 volts can produce greater current with a given amount of resistance, a 9V battery can't provide as much current as 1.5V cells (AA, C, D), as Brian Drummond mentioned in comments. (This is because a 9V battery is made up of six quite small 1.5V cells that cannot source much current.)
Use the spreadsheet to experiment with different values for wire gauge and voltage. The gauss values will give you the resulting calculated field strength. To determine whether a given field strength is sufficient to lift the metal rod is beyond my knowledge; suffice to say, you might be building a few electromagnets before you succeed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You know the old questions, "where's a good plumber when you need one"? If you're trying to find help with issues related to your home or other property, look no further than Parfitt Plumbing. We cover a wide range of services.
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text:
Cross-dresser accused of cooking wife in Calif. kitchen
Nov. 22, 2012, 3:10 PM UTC
By Lauren Steussy and Steven Luke, NBCSanDiego.com
Editor's note: This story contains graphic details.
A man known to stroll his California neighborhood dressed as a woman has been accused of cooking the flesh and bones of his 73-year-old murdered wife.
According to police in Oceanside, north of San Diego, Anna Faris was found dead in her home at 11:10 a.m. Friday after neighbors reported a foul odor coming from the residence.
When officers went inside the home, they said they found the dismembered remains of the deceased woman cooking in pans in the couple's kitchen.
The heat was still on when authorities gained entrance to the residence, according to a complaint read by Katherine Flaherty, deputy district attorney with the County of San Diego.
See more stories at NBCSanDiego.com
Investigators also found Faris' head in the freezer and a workbench used for the mutilation in the bathroom. Near the workbench was a saw, a boning knife, other cutting instruments and pieces of bone in a plastic bag.
Flaherty said there was no evidence of cannibalism.
Detectives said they located the woman's husband, 68-year-old Frederick Hengl, in downtown Oceanside Friday. He voluntarily went with officers for questioning.
"After a brief conversation, police realized he was in the process of dismembering his wife's body," Flaherty said.
NYC cannibal case tests lines of fantasy, threat
Prosecutors believe Hengl killed his wife on or between Nov. 1 and 16.
In court on Wednesday, he pleaded not guilty to three charges filed against him, including first-degree murder and committing an unlawful act with human remains. His bail was set at $5 million.
Police said they're familiar with the couple, but hadn't been to the residence recently on calls of domestic violence.
However neighbors told NBC 7 on Friday that the couple was known for some unusual tendencies.
"The husband is actually known for dressing up like a woman and walking around the neighborhood. It's just a permanent fixture, I guess. It doesn't freak us out anymore," said resident Jason Chandler. "[The wife] stands out here with a knife and she takes her clothes off out here on the corner."
"She always carried around a knife. Just really weird; hostile," recalled neighbor Eric Chavez.
Lauren Steussy and Steven Luke, NBCSanDiego.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home>Games>3 Solutions That Can Help You In Having Multiple Pokemon Go Accounts On Your Phone
3 Solutions That Can Help You In Having Multiple Pokemon Go Accounts On Your Phone
by Gregory September 16, 2021 September 15, 2021 Games, Guide
Pokemon Go is a virtual game that can be played through your smartphone or tablet. In this game, you will get a character, and you have to operate him/her according to your choice. You have to find the pokemons' to get them and to earn points through it. You cannot play this game by sitting at a single place, and you have to walk around to find the pokemon. In the game, you will find a map that is made up according to your place, and it will place the pokemon in your place. You have to go by yourself by checking up the location of the pokemon and have to get it. There is no complexity in this game, and anyone can easily play it.
For playing this game, you have to create an account in the game first. In a single device, you are only allowed to open one account, and you cannot open more than that. But, for opening multiple accounts, you need to look after https://minionaccounts.com/, which includes all the solutions related to it. These solutions will help you create multiple accounts on your smartphone. Let's have a look at those solutions.
Solution-1 Twin Pokemon Go with either island or parallel spaces
Island and parallel space is a kind of application that helps us in creating multiple accounts on a single device. When you get inside the application, you will find that you can download a copy of every application and can create multiple accounts in it. You have to download Pokemon Go in it, and you have to create a new account in it, and you can make your own choice of account. The island will only support android devices, but the parallel space will support both the android and ios devices. Let's have a look at the steps for running parallel spaces in your smartphone:
Download the application of parallel spaces on your smartphone.
Launch the application in your device and allow all the permissions to it.
Tap Pokemon Go in that application and let the application do its work of making clones.
You will start seeing a new icon of Pokemon Go on your smartphone, and you can play the game by opening it.
Solution-2 Use the secure folder exploit in the smartphones and tablets made by Samsung
This solution is for the people who have Samsung's smartphones and tablets. You can easily download a clone of the game and can carte multiple accounts in it. You will have a private folder on your device, and you have to use it for the process. You have to do nothing; just download the game normally from the play store. After downloading the game, you need to download an 'apk' file of the game in that private folder manually. After downloading it, you need to install it. Now the most important part of the process starts; you have to download the official copy of the app in the secure folder. This will allow you to run two different instances of the game, but it will be one from the same account itself.
Solution-3 Create multiple google accounts
There are two ways of logging in to the Pokemon Go game. You can use your google as well as your Facebook account for logging in. If you make a fake profile on Facebook, then it will violate the rules. You can have a choice of opening a google account instead of doing this thing. You can create some accounts on google and then use them in the game. The problematic part is that you have to log out the accounts every time you want to switch on the other one. This will become trouble for you as no one can do this thing again and again.
The above-mentioned solutions are useful for us as we can have multiple accounts in a single game. This thing is done for fun by so many players, and you can do this on your smartphone itself. The solutions mentioned above are Twin Pokemon Go with either island or parallel spaces, Use the secure folder exploit in the smartphones and tablets made by Samsung, and Create multiple google accounts.
How to Get a Coronavirus Hardship Loan? – 7 Major Options
How could credit repair services assist you?


text:
Home / Aviva Premiership / Exeter Chiefs won't panic after third straight loss
Exeter Chiefs won't panic after third straight loss
By Rugby Week on 5th January 2015
Haydn Thomas has insisted that the Exeter Chiefs will not start to panic after they fell to a third successive Aviva Premiership defeat on Saturday.
In what was Thomas' 200th appearance for the Devon outfit, it was former club Gloucester who took the spoils 26-25 in a highly entertaining encounter at a packed Sandy Park.
After back-to-back losses away to Sale Sharks and Bath Rugby, Rob Baxter's side were hoping a return to familiar home surroundings would provide the ideal catalyst for them to rediscover their winning formula.
Sadly, it was not to be as the Cherry and Whites stubbornly held firm in the latter stages to deny their hosts, who were left kicking themselves at the final whistle despite tries from Jack Nowell, Matt Jess and the free-scoring Thomas Waldrom.
Despite the setback, Thomas says the frustration that exists within the Exeter ranks will be channelled in the right way this week and that the Chiefs will head to London Irish this Sunday determiend to get themselves firmly back on track.
"It's a big game for us against London Irish, but it was a big game for us against Gloucester," said the 32-year-old. "We've got to start putting in some performances that are going to get us results.
"Obviously because we've lost the last three now and are chasing a win it's even more important but I don't think we'll change anything, we'll look at ourselves and look to improve the bits we can improve and look to get a better performance."
Having trailed 6-0 at the break on Saturday, the Chiefs were much improved after the break and held the lead a number of times until Ben Morgan claimed a crucial converted score late in the half.
Head coach Baxter was frustrated after the contest, and Thomas said that was the same for all of the players.
"It's massively frustrating," said Thomas, who was unable to celebrate his milestone as he would have wanted. "All I can think about is the game and how it slipped away from us.
"We're really disappointed not to get the win but Gloucester played well, we weren't good enough and you've got to be on top of your game to get results in the Premiership.
"I think if we'd played to our full potential we would have won, so I can see why Rob (Baxter) is frustrated. I'm frustrated and I think everyone in the squad is frustrated."
For Gloucester the win not only ended their disappointing festive period that saw them crash to home defeats against Bath and Wasps, but gave them the perfect start to 2015 where they will be looking to kick on.
Waldrom's ninth try of the season left the Chiefs a point down with nine minutes to play, but Gareth Steenson – who had already kicked 10 points – hit an upright with his conversion attempt.
Gloucester were able to see out the remaining minutes, and Thomas said his side need to find some greater consistency after seeing their eight-game winning run turn into a losing habit.
"That's why the teams at the top of the table are there, because they can put in an accurate performance week in, week out," he said. "We've got to look to get that sort of consistency into our game."
And one of the positives for the Chiefs was that the game attracted a record crowd, with 12,621 people packing into Sandy Park to watch the derby.
Thomas continued: "I've never experienced anything like it, the crowd were superb – Sandy Park is just getting better and better."
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text:
The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control: Completely Revised and Updated by William Olkowski, Sheila Daar, Helga Olkowski
Crafts, Hobbies & Home | Gardening & Landscape Design
The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control: Completely Revised and Updated
William Olkowski, Sheila Daar, Helga Olkowski
Taunton Press; Revised, Updated edition (March 5, 2013)
The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control: Completely Revised and Updated - William Olkowski, Sheila Daar, Helga Olkowski
'However, unlike many popular books on pest management, this one includes not only directions for managing individual pests, but also pest management theory. It's like the difference between being given a fish and learning to fish.'
- San Francisco Chronicle
'This guide walks you through what you need to know to claim control of your garden without harsh chemicals.'
- Houston Lifestyles & Homes
'This book gives gardeners a logical framework and solid information to help you deal with pests and diseases you will inevitably encounter in your garden.' - Scott Aker, Horticulturist, The American Gardner
'The reader learns the right chemicals, microbial, inorganic, organic and botanical tools for each task. The uses and dangers of each method - with an explanation of chemical toxicity levels - are detailed enough for the gardner to make truly informed decisions on pest control.'
- Fort Collins Coloradoan
An indispensible guide every gardener, landscape professional, and small farmer in America should have. Before pests wreak havoc on your property, you'll want to have the latest revised and completely updated edition of The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control. It's your secret weapon for safeguarding ornamentals and edibles.
Identify the problem before it's too late. This easy-to-use guide walks you through everything you need to know to take control of your plantings without using harsh chemicals. Learn eco-friendly ways to deal with all the pests, insects, and diseases that can afflict tomatoes and vegetable gardens, flowering plants and shrubs, roses, lawns and shade trees.
A thoughtful approach to pest management. In-depth chapters include an introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM), safe and sane weed management, and overall best treatments. Know all the possible solutions to the problem you're facing, ranging from indirect strategies such as pruning to direct physical and biological controls to least-toxic chemical controls.
Smart strategies to remedy what's ailing your garden. The trend today is away from strong chemical combatants and toward more natural, or at least, less toxic approaches to a healthy garden. For these eco-friendly gardeners and homeowners, The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Controls provides solutions that deal with immediate problems with fewer unintended consequences that can cause long-lasting damage.
The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control: Completely Revised and Updated by William Olkowski, Sheila Daar, Helga Olkowski - free download
Link for Download FB2 version The Gardener's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control: Completely Revised and Updated by William Olkowski, Sheila Daar, Helga Olkowski
Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using Less Pesticid ...
Urban Pest Management in Australia
The Organic Gardening Bible: Successful Gardening the Natural Way
INTEGRATED INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT-PHYSIOLOGICAL & MOLECULAR APPROACHES: ...
Grape Pest Management
Garden Problem Solver (Royal Horticultural Society Handbooks)
Insects and Diseases of Australian Potato Crops
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Chemicals for Pest Control (C.I.L.)


Discover the different ways in which your little one moves to get from one place to another!
Babies develop and grow at amazing speed. One day, they could be struggling to flip themselves over onto their stomach, the next day, they will be toddling around and grabbing at everything their tiny hands can hold.
Most babies learn how to crawl before they reach the walking stage. However, some babies skip the crawling stage and jump straight to walking.
"Babies usually learn to crawl at between 6 to 10 months of age. Most babies start taking their first steps at between 9 and 12 months of age. Around 15 months, they should be able to walk unaided," says Dr Vanni Gunaseelan, a clinical psychologist.
If your little one does not start crawling or showing any interest in moving by 12 months, bring him to the paediatrician for an evaluation. Do note that premature babies may take a longer time to start crawling and reach other developmental milestones, as compared to their peers, Dr Vaani explains.
So, how do you encourage your little sprout to start crawling? Dr Vaani suggests providing a safe and comfortable space for your baby to move around, and also to encourage more tummy time. Letting babies play on their tummies – as this will help them learn how to roll, slither around on their tummy, and sit up.
Reducing the amount of time your cherub spends in restrictive baby equipment such as walkers and baby bouncers will help as well. "Make sure you do not forcefully push your child to crawl as that might affect the rate at which they learn to crawl," Dr Vaani warns.
If you observe your munchkin wriggling about on the floor, or crawling backwards, don't panic! He might have just found a unique way of moving about. "What matters is that the child is moving and getting mobile to strengthen their stability and muscles before they start walking." Dr Vaani assures.
Want to know what to expect when baby starts moving? Here are unique (and sometimes hilarious) ways in which bubba goes from point A to B!
Dr Vaani Gunaseelan is a clinical psychologist at Think Psychological Services.


text:
\section{Introduction and motivations}

This work is part of a research investigation of accretion disks
arising around compact objects (black holes, neutron stars, etc.
). In this first paper we formulate a generalized Grad-Shafranov
equation which determines the self-generated equilibrium magnetic
field, via a quiescent dynamo effect.

The occurrence of dynamo effects of this type is essentially
ubiquitous in character both in laboratory and space plasmas. In
particular, it is well known that the phenomenon may exist even in
plasmas which are at fluid (or kinetic) equilibrium, or
sufficiently close to it, in the sense that the fluid fields (and,
respectively, the kinetic distribution function) characterizing
the plasma are stationary (or quasi-stationary). This corresponds
to the appearance of a self-generated magnetic field in quiescent
plasmas, i.e., in the absence of significant turbulence phenomena.
The same may happen also in accretion disk (AD) plasmas. In
particular, the self-generated magnetic field may become
comparable in magnitude, or even larger, than that may be produced
by the central object. This circumstance, it should be stressed,
might occur even in the case of low density AD plasmas. In this
paper we intend to pose the problem of the theoretical description
of self-consistent gravitational plasma equilibria appropriate for
modelling AD plasmas (in this context, what is meant by an
"equilibrium" is stationary-flow solution). Their investigation is
of fundamental importance for understanding the phenomenology of
accretion disks. The very existence of these equilibria is
actually suggested by observations, which show evidence of
quiescent and essentially non-relativistic, AD plasmas close to
compact stars, thus indicating that accretion disks may be
characterized by slowly varying EM and fluid fields. Gravitational
Hall-MHD equilibria (G-Hall-MHD) represent an important aspect of
the phenomenology accretion disk (AD) plasmas. This is true
especially for those AD which occur near compact objects (black
holes, neutron stars, etc. ) where the presence of strong EM
fields is expected. These fields, and particularly the electric
field, may locally be extremely intense, so that AD plasmas are
likely to be locally non-neutral and therefore characterized by
the presence of Hall currents. In this paper we analyze the
combined role of the diamagnetic effects arising in a rotating
plasma, Hall currents produced by local deviations from charge
neutrality, and the influence of space-time curvature produced by
the central object. It is important to stress, however, that two
classes of equilibria can in principle be distinguished, which are
respectively \textit{fluid} and also \textit{kinetic}. In the
first case only the fluid fields are required to be stationary,
while in the second also the kinetic distribution function must be
stationary. In addition, for kinetic equilibria, additional
prescriptions can in principle be added. Therefore, the two
problems, although evidently related, should be treated
separately. The purpose of this work is the investigation of the
first type of equilibrium. In particular, here we intend to
address the problem of the formulation of a generalized
Grad-Shafranov (GGS) equation suitable for the investigation of
G-Hall-MHD equilibria in AD's. The investigation of kinetic
equilibria is instead left to the accompanying paper
\cite{Cremaschini2008b}. Based on a two-fluid description of the
plasma, in which relativistic corrections due to space-time
curvature are taken into account only by introducing a suitable
Pseudo-Newtonian potential, the theory is applicable to the
investigation of axisymmetric equilibria which occur in the
central regions of the AD where the plasma particles are taken to
still be non relativistic in the sense that their rotational
velocities are much smaller that $c$. In the same region the
plasma flow velocity and current density of each plasma species
are determined self-consistently by taking into account the
relevant diamagnetic currents, including the Hall current and the
gravitational drift produced by space-time curvature. The theory
permits the explicit numerical determination of the equilibrium
magnetic field. The approach appears to be relevant for the
investigation of a variety of possible plasma equilibria in AD's.
Despite earlier investigations, carried out by several authors,
including for example Chandrasekhar (1956, \cite{Chandrasekhar})
and Morozov and Solov'ev (1963, \cite{Morozov}) and more recently
by Krasheninnikov and Catto \cite{Catto1999}, Throumoulopoulos and
Tasso (2001) \cite{Tasso}, McClements and A. Thyagaraya (2001,
\cite{McClements}) and by Ghanbari and Abbassi (2004,
\cite{Ghanbari}), a consistent theoretical description of these
equilibria - a challange for astrophysicists and mathematical
physicists alike - has not yet been obtained. We refer in
particular both to the approximate solutions and to the nature of
the physical models adopted so far. For example, in some of
previous works, factorized
approximate solutions for the dipolar magnetic field were used \cite%
{Catto1999,Tasso}, while in many cases the AD model is based on a
single-fluid ideal-MHD description, assuming quasi-neutral
rotating or non-rotating plasmas (see for example
\cite{Catto1999}) which are assumed to be subject to the action of
a purely classical Newtonian potential for the central object.
Other treatments \cite{Ghanbari}, which investigate the problem of
self-gravitating accretion disks, adopt a self-similar solution
method while ignoring completely relativistic effects and the
possible presence of self-generated EM fields. In a subsequent
development McClements and Thyagaraja \cite{McClements} tackled
the problem of constructing the relevant set of fluid equations,
in particular a generalized Grad-Shafranov equation for the
magnetic field, to be applied to numerical simulations of
gravitational AD plasmas. \ Their approach, while still
considering only a purely non-relativistic quasi-neutral plasma,
represents an interesting development. In fact, adopting a more
realistic two-fluid model based on ideal-MHD equations, it allows
- in principle - the numerical investigation of gravitational
plasma equilibria with arbitrary flows and subject to the action
of an arbitrary self-consistent (axisymmetric) magnetic field.
Nevertheless several aspects of the theory deserve further
investigation. \ A first basic issue is related to the very
formulation of the theoretical model appropriate for AD plasmas.
In fact, AD's close to compact objects can be characterized by
extremely intense EM (both magnetic and electric) fields as well
by gravitational fields. It follows that AD plasmas are likely to
be locally non-neutral and therefore Hall currents may be present.
This suggests therefore that such equilibria should be described
in the framework of the Hall-MHD theory. These equilibria are here
denoted as gravitational Hall-MHD (G-Hall-MHD) equilibria. \ In
addition, for the description of equilibria occurring close to
compact stars, the effect of space-time curvature is expected to
become significant. Another problem to be further clarified,
however, is related to the determination of the self-generated
toroidal magnetic field arising in AD plasmas. In fact at
equilibrium, in the absence of radial flows and of an
externally-generated toroidal magnetic field, the self-consistent
magnetic field is expected to be purely poloidal. Its precise
relationship with the poloidal magnetic field in the plasma as
well with the relevant diamagnetic currents driven by plasma
inhomogeneities and flows has yet to be determined. Finally, an
interesting theoretical issue is related to the possible existence
of bifurcated plasma equilibria. These might correspond to AD's
characterized - in some suitable sense - by the presence of "high"
or "low" magnetic fields respectively. Besides the existence of
the bifurcation effect, an interesting closely related question is
obviously its possible role in the determination of the observed
phenomenology of AD's occurring close to compact objects. In this
paper, the focus of the investigation is on the combined role of
the diamagnetic effects produced by the rotating plasma, and in
particular the influence of Hall current and of space-time
curvature, for the possible generation of \textit{quiescent dynamo
effects} in these equilibria. This permits a detailed analysis of
the formation and the structure of these equilibria occurring in
the central regions of the AD where non-relativistic plasmas are
actually expected. Extending previous approaches, (in particular
Krashennikov and Catto, 1999 \cite{Catto1999} and Throumoulopoulos
and
Tasso, 2001 \cite{Tasso} and McClements and Thyagaraja, 2001 \cite%
{McClements}), the main goal of this work is the formulation of a
generalized Grad-Shafranov (GGS) equation suitable for the
investigation of G-Hall-MHD equilibria in AD's where
non-relativistic plasmas are present (Cremaschini et al., 2008
\cite{Cremaschini2008}). For this purpose the equilibria are
assumed to be generated by a strong axisymmetric stellar magnetic
field and by the gravitating plasma characterizing the AD. Basic
features of the theoretical model adopted include: the assumptions
of finite plasma rotation, two-species fluid fields,
divergence-free electric current density and (primarily) toroidal
plasma current. As a consequence, an equilibrium equation is
obtained from Ampere's law for the poloidal magnetic flux
function. An approximate solution method for the GGS equation is
presented which allows one to construct systematically approximate
analytical solutions near the equatorial plane of the AD. The
approach may be relevant for the investigation of a variety of
possible G-Hall-MHD equilibria in AD's.

\section{Construction of gravitational-Hall-MHD equilibria}

Let us now assume that the AD plasma is formed by two species of
charged particles: one species of ions and one of electrons. The
plasma is considered stationary, "collisionless" (or, in a proper
sense, weakly collisional) and axisymmetric, i.e., independent of
the azimuth $\varphi $ when referred to a set of cylindrical
coordinates $(R,\varphi ,z)$ for which the axis $R=0$ is a
principal axis. In such a case a complete description of
the plasma can be obtained in terms of the species-dependent number density (%
$n_{s}$), flow velocity ($\mathbf{V}_{s}$) and tensor-pressure ($\underline{%
\underline{\Pi }}_{s}$), together with the EM fields $\left\{ \mathbf{E}%
=-\nabla \phi \mathbf{,B}\right\} ,$ both externally produced
and/or self-generated, and the effective gravitational potential
produced by the central object and by the plasma itself, in which
the plasma is immersed. In particular, denoting by $\mathbf{b}$
the local unit vector of the magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$, ignoring
electron inertia contributions and the effect of binary
collisions, the species momentum balance equations read
respectively for ions and electrons%
\begin{equation}
m_{i}n_{i}\mathbf{V}_{i}\cdot \nabla \mathbf{V}_{i}+\nabla \cdot \underline{%
\underline{\Pi }}_{i}+m_{i}n_{i}\nabla _{R}U^{eff}-q_{s}n_{i}\mathbf{E}-%
\frac{q_{i}}{c}n_{i}\mathbf{V}_{i}\times \mathbf{B=0,}
\label{momentum-i}
\end{equation}%
\begin{equation}
\nabla \cdot \underline{\underline{\Pi }}_{e}-q_{e}n_{e}\mathbf{E}-\frac{%
q_{e}}{c}n_{e}\mathbf{V}_{e}\times \mathbf{B=0.}
\label{momentum-e}
\end{equation}%
It follows that the plasma current density takes the form $\mathbf{J=J}%
_{\parallel }\mathbf{b+J}_{\perp H}+\mathbf{J}_{\perp D},$ where $\mathbf{J}%
_{\parallel }$ is the parallel current density to be defined so as
to fulfill identically the isochoricity condition $\nabla \cdot
\mathbf{J=0.}$
Here $\mathbf{J}_{\perp H}=\frac{c\rho \mathbf{E\times b}}{B}$ and $\mathbf{J%
}_{\perp D}=\frac{c\rho \mathbf{E}^{(d)}\mathbf{\times b}}{B}$
denote
respectively the so-called Hall and diamagnetic current densities, while $%
\rho $ and $\mathbf{E}^{(d)}$ are the local charge density of the
plasma and the diamagnetic electric field $\mathbf{E}^{(d)}$ at
equilibrium, which is defined so that
\begin{equation}
\rho \mathbf{E}^{(d)}\equiv -m_{i}n_{i}\mathbf{V}_{i}\cdot \nabla \mathbf{V}%
_{i}-\nabla \cdot \underline{\underline{\Pi }}-m_{i}n_{i}\nabla
_{R}U^{eff}. \label{Diamagnetic E_field}
\end{equation}%
Here $U^{eff}$ denotes a suitable effective (pseudo-Newtonian)
gravitational potential taking into account relativistic
corrections of the Newtonian potential \cite{Cremaschini2008}.
Moreover, we assume that for a strongly
magnetized plasma, the tensor pressure $\underline{\underline{\Pi }}%
=\sum\limits_{s=e,i}$ $\underline{\underline{\Pi }}_{s}$ is
diagonal,
i.e., $\underline{\underline{\Pi }}_{s}$ is of the form $\underline{%
\underline{\Pi }}_{s}=P_{s\parallel }\mathbf{bb}+P_{s}\left( \underline{%
\underline{\mathbf{1}}}-\mathbf{bb}\right) $, where $P_{s\parallel }$ and $%
P_{s}$\ denote respectively the scalar parallel and perpendicular
pressures for each species defined with respect to the magnetic field direction ($\mathbf{b}$%
). In the following they are assumed to be suitably prescribed
scalar fields, for example, to be considered as specified by means
of an appropriate fluid or kinetic closure condition or directly
determined via experimental observations or from numerical
experiments.
Then $\nabla \cdot \underline{%
\underline{\Pi }}_{s}=\nabla P_{s}+\mathbf{bB\cdot \nabla }\left( \frac{%
P_{s\parallel }-P_{s}}{B}\right) +(P_{s\parallel
}-P_{s})\mathbf{b\cdot \nabla b,}$ where invoking again Ampere's
law and neglecting finite-$\beta $
effects, one obtains $\mathbf{b\cdot \nabla b\cong }\nabla \ln B\mathbf{%
\cdot }\left(
\underline{\underline{\mathbf{1}}}-\mathbf{bb}\right) .$ \ In the
following we shall ignore the effects due to the gravitational
self-field of the plasma and require
\begin{equation}
P_{s\parallel }=P_{s}+\delta _{1}p_{s},  \label{A-1}
\end{equation}%
\
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{V}_{s}(\mathbf{r},t)=V_{Ts}\mathbf{e}_{\varphi }+\delta _{2}V_{R}%
\mathbf{e}_{R}+\delta _{2}V_{z}\mathbf{e}_{z},  \label{A-2}
\end{equation}%
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}_{p}+\varepsilon \mathbf{B}_{T}\equiv \nabla
\psi \times \nabla \varphi +\delta _{3}I(\psi )\mathbf{e}_{\varphi
},  \label{A-3}
\end{equation}%
where
\begin{equation}
\delta _{1},\delta _{2},\delta _{3}\ll 1,  \label{A-4}
\end{equation}%
where $\delta _{i}$ ($i=1,2,3$) are dimensionless parameters. Here
the notation
is standard. \ In particular $\mathbf{e}_{\varphi }=R\nabla \varphi ,$ $%
\mathbf{e}_{R}$ and $\mathbf{e}_{z}$ are the toroidal, radial and $z$%
-direction unit vectors, $\Omega _{s}$ is the toroidal angular
velocity of each species and $\psi $ is a suitable poloidal flux function. Moreover, $%
V_{Ts}\equiv \Omega _{s}R,$ $V_{R}$ and $V_{z}$ are the toroidal,
radial and
$z$-direction flow velocities, while $\mathbf{B}_{p}$ and $\delta _{3}%
\mathbf{B}_{T}$ denote the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields.

\section{G-Hall-MHD equilibria with a purely poloidal magnetic field}

Let us now investigate in particular the case in which the radial and $z$%
-direction flow velocities and the toroidal magnetic field are
negligible while the fluid pressure of each species is isotropic.
In this case the gravitational-Hall-MHD (G-Hall-MHD) formulation
is simply achieved by invoking the stationary Maxwell equations
for the equilibrium EM fields and the momentum equations for
$\mathbf{V}_{s}$ for each species. Let us determine explicitly the
toroidal angular rotation velocity $\Omega _{s}$ for each species.
In this case, invoking the ordering (\ref{A-4}) and neglecting
corrections proportional to $\delta _{i}$ (for $i=1,2,3$), the
$\nabla R$ component of
the momentum equation for ions gives \emph{the bifurcated solutions}:%
\begin{equation}
\Omega _{i}{}^{\pm }=\frac{1}{2m_{i}}\left\{ -q_{i}\frac{\left(
\nabla \psi \cdot \nabla R\right) }{cR}\pm \sqrt{\left(
q_{i}\frac{\left( \nabla \psi
\cdot \nabla R\right) }{cR}\right) ^{2}+4\frac{m_{i}}{R}\left[ \frac{1}{ni}%
\nabla _{R}P_{i}+q_{i}\nabla _{R}\phi +m_{i}\nabla _{R}U^{eff}\right] }%
\right\} ,  \label{ion toroidal rotation frequence}
\end{equation}%
where $q_{i}$ is the ion electric charge (while in the following
$q_{e}$ denotes the electron charge). For electrons, neglecting
electron-inertia effects and considering again the $\nabla R$
component
of the momentum equation, one obtains%
\begin{equation}
\Omega _{e}\cong c\frac{\partial \phi }{\partial \psi }+c\frac{1}{q_{e}n_{e}}%
\frac{\partial P_{e}}{\partial \psi }. \label{electron frequency}
\end{equation}%
Finally, in the same approximation, the $\nabla z$ components of
the same equations gives respectively two constraint equations for
the (isotropic) scalar pressure of each species
$P_{s}=n_{s}T_{s}$, i.e., respectively for ions
and electrons%
\begin{equation}
\nabla _{z}P_{i}+n_{i}q_{i}\left( -\nabla _{z}\phi +\frac{R\Omega _{i}}{cR}%
\left( \nabla \psi \cdot \nabla z\right) \right) +n_{i}m_{i}\nabla
_{z}U^{eff}=0.  \label{Pz}
\end{equation}%
\begin{equation}
\nabla _{z}P_{e}+n_{e}q_{e}\left( -\nabla _{z}\phi +\frac{R\Omega _{e}}{cR}%
\left( \nabla \psi \cdot \nabla z\right) \right) =0.  \label{Pze}
\end{equation}%
These results show at once that in the present case:

\begin{itemize}
\item The fluid
(G-Hall-MHD) equilibria admit generally two distinct solutions
$\Omega _{i}{}^{\pm }$ for the ion angular velocity. Both of them
are in principle admissible. Nevertheless, one can see that in the
limit in which all the terms become small and negligible except
the gravitational one, one recovers the customary Keplerian (or
pseudo-Keplerian) solution. Nevertheless, in general AD plasmas,
both signs are admissible and they correspond to the two possible
rotational directions of the ion species (clockwise or
counterclockwise, according to the unit vector which defines the
reference system). As a basic implication, in the two cases the
parallel and the diamagnetic currents may differ significantly. In
such a case the bifurcation is expected to give rise to quite
disparate physical conditions for the AD, which correspond
respectively to the occurrence of "strong" and "weak" poloidal
magnetic fields in the AD plasma.
\end{itemize}

The existence domain of the velocity solution is determined by
requiring the
strictly positivity of the argument of the square root:%
\begin{equation}
\left( q_{i}\frac{\left( \nabla \psi \cdot \nabla R\right)
}{cR}\right) ^{2}+4\frac{m_{i}}{R}\left[ \frac{1}{n_{i}}\nabla
_{R}P_{i}+q_{i}\nabla _{R}\phi +m_{i}\nabla _{R}U^{eff}\right] >0
\end{equation}%
This domain is determined by the magnetic field, the pressure, the
density, the electrostatic and gravitational profiles. Whenever
the above condition is violated, the ion velocity becomes
imaginary. As this is a non-physical solution, we say that in the
domains where this happens the equilibrium does not exist.

\begin{itemize}
\item The treatment of the gravitational field produced by the central
massive object is handled by the introduction of a pseudo-Newtonian potential $%
G^{eff}$ \cite{Cremaschini2008}$.$ This allows us to take into
account relativistic corrections carried by the local space-time
curvature.

\item The density and pressure profiles for ions and electrons ($n_{i},n_{e}$
and $P_{i},P_{e}$) remain in principle arbitrary, being subject
only to the species constraint equations (\ref{Pz}). In
particular, if the density profiles are prescribed together with
the pressure of each species on the equatorial plane, [i.e.$,$
$P_{s}(R,z=0)]$, Eq.(\ref{Pz}) determines uniquely, for each
species $s,$ the vertical profile (i.e., the $z-$dependence) of
the its partial pressure $P_{s}$.

\item In the central region of the AD where $\Omega _{e}$ is sufficiently
large [see Eq.(\ref{electron frequency})] the electrostatic field,
in particular its component $E_{\psi }=-\nabla \psi \cdot \nabla
\phi /|\nabla \psi |$ which drives the toroidal rotation of the
electrons, is expected to become very strong.
\end{itemize}

Let us now investigate the relevant Maxwell equations: the Poisson
equation for the electrostatic field $\mathbf{E}$ and Ampere's law
for the magnetic field. These give respectively for the
electrostatic potential $\phi $ and the poloidal flux function the
pde's
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{R}\frac{\partial }{\partial R}\left( R\frac{\partial \phi }{%
\partial R}\right) +\frac{\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial z^{2}}=-4\pi \left(
|q_{i}|n_{i}-|e|n_{e}\right) ,
\end{equation}%
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{R}\frac{\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial z^{2}}+\frac{1}{R}\frac{%
\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial R^{2}}=-\frac{4\pi R}{c}\left(
|q_{i}|n_{i}\Omega _{i}-|e|n_{e}\Omega _{e}\right) ,
\end{equation}%
to be identified respectively with the Poisson equation and the
generalized Grad-Shafranov equation.

\section{Conditions of validity and closure conditions}

We now make a few comments on the theory developed here. The first
one concerns the assumption of a weakly collisional plasma for the
AD, whereby the various (plasma) species are allowed to have
different velocities. This requires that the mean free path for
all of the species must be assumed to be much larger than the
characteristic macroscopic scale length ($L$) of the relevant
fluid fields ($\phi _{1},...,\phi _{N}$). In particular, $L$ can
be identified locally with $L=\inf_{i=1,N}(L_{i}),$ where
$L_{i}^{-1}=\left\vert \nabla \ln \phi _{i}\right\vert $ is the
scale length associated with the gradient of the fluid field $\phi
_{i}.$ This assumption has the important consequence that the
current density (and hence the self-consistent magnetic field
which it generates) can become very strong even in a low density
plasma. A second aspect concerns the physical conditions in which
Hall-current effects are expected to play a significant role for
G-Hall-MHD
equilibria. In this regard it is important to point out again that Eq.(\ref%
{electron frequency}) implies that in the central regions of the
AD, where $\Omega _{e}$ is sufficiently large, the electrostatic
field can be expected to become very strong. Hence, local
deviations from quasi-neutrality, should be expected in these
equilibria. This means that the Debye length $\lambda
_{Ds}=1/\sqrt{\frac{4\pi Z_{s}^{2}e^{2}n_{s}}{T_{s}}}$ of each
species may become locally comparable to the macroscopic
characteristic scale length ($L$) of the plasma equilibrium. The
third aspect concerns the peculiar feature discovered here for
G-Hall-MHD equilibria, related to the existence of bifurcated
solutions for the ion toroidal angular velocity. It is obvious
that, for a prescribed magnetic field (produced by the central
object), the direction of ion flow velocity in the outer regions
of the AD uniquely determines the sign of the ion toroidal angular
frequency also in the central region. As a consequence, it depends
on the direction of injection for the charged particles at the
external boundary of the disk, where the plasma flow is expected
to be almost Keplerian. With the specification of this boundary
condition the equilibrium solution therefore becomes unique.

Another issue is related to the closure conditions for the
Hall-MHD equations. \ To resolve the indeterminacy in the density
and pressure of each species the equilibrium magnetic and electric
fields have been determined under the assumption of suitably
prescribing the pressure of each species on the equatorial plane
$P_{s}(R,z=0).$ We can motivate the necessity and the use itself
of the closure relations by the following arguments:

1) this is a standard approach in plasma physics. For example, the
same technique is used while studying plasma equilibria for
laboratory plasmas;

2) generally, the set of fluid equations for plasmas may not be
closed even at equilibrium, at least in the case of locally
non-Maxwellian kinetic equilibria.

In general, the closure problem may be solved by adopting one of
the following alternative approaches:

1) taking the density or temperature profiles for each species
from experimental data. This would require observational data to
be reduced and compared with theoretical models.

On the other hand, the theoretical model also suggests possible
interesting developments related specifically to the adoption of:

2) phenomenological fluid closure conditions (from numerical
experiments);

3) kinetic closure conditions, in which the undetermined fluid
fields are prescribed via kinetic theory.

Finally - as indicated above - a completely different viewpoint
lies in the investigation of kinetic equilibria. This involves the
requirement that the G-Hall-MHD equilibrium corresponds actually
to an underlying kinetic equilibrium, to be suitably prescribed.
This point and related issues relevant for the fluid/kinetic
evaluation of G-Hall-MHD equilibria will be
discussed in greater detail in the accompanying paper \cite{Cremaschini2008b}%
.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper the relevant equations which describe G-Hall-MHD
equilibria have been investigated. From the above analysis we
summarize the following main aspects:

1) the relevant equations describing fluid equilibria of this type
have been obtained under the assumption of axial symmetry and a
collisionless plasma;

2) the effect produced by equilibrium diamagnetic currents
generated by the plasma, including non-neutrality and the Hall
current, have been taken into account;

3) the effect of differential rotation produced by the non rigid
toroidal rotation of the AD has been taken into account by
including the toroidal angular frequency of each species;

4) allowance has been made for the inclusion of relativistic
effects by taking into account the space-time curvature generated
by the central compact object;

5) no assumption of local quasi-neutrality has been invoked.

The present theory can be generalized in several ways, to include
- in particular - the kinetic treatment of G-Hall-MHD equilibria
(to be discussed in the accompanying paper
\cite{Cremaschini2008b}), species-dependent flow velocities having
both toroidal and radial flow velocities, as well as the
additional presence of a toroidal magnetic field produced by the
plasma flows, of an anisotropic pressure tensor and of
self-gravitating AD's. Based on the present theory, G-Hall-MHD
equilibria can be investigated utilizing a perturbative solution
method based on a power series expansion near to the equatorial
plane ($z=0$) \cite{Cremaschini2008}. This permits an analysis of
the combined role of Hall, diamagnetic and relativistic curvature
effects, which are all expected to play a significant role in the
central regions of AD's. \

\bigskip

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work has been developed in cooperation with the CMFD Team,
Consortium for Magneto-fluid-dynamics (Trieste University,
Trieste, Italy), within the framework of the MIUR (Italian
Ministry of University and Research) PRIN Programme: {\it Modelli
della teoria cinetica matematica nello studio dei sistemi
complessi nelle scienze applicate}. Support is acknowledged (by
A.B.) from ICTP (International Center for Theoretical Physics,
Trieste, Italy) and the University of Trieste, Italy, (by M.T.)
from COST Action P17 (EPM, {\it Electromagnetic Processing of
Materials}) and GNFM (National Group of Mathematical Physics) of
INDAM (Italian National Institute for Advanced Mathematics).

\section*{Notice}
$^{\S }$ contributed paper at RGD26 (Kyoto, Japan, July 2008).
\newpage
\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


View the Bronchitis report page.
Anybody can develop acute bronchitis, but you are at an increased risk if you are elderly, smoke, or have a weak immune system.
Most cases of acute bronchitis last from a few days to a couple of weeks, depending on how severe it is. Elderly people and those with a weak immune system or other chronic illness may develop more severe symptoms and take longer to recover.
What can be done at home to treat acute bronchitis?
Some of the infections that cause acute bronchitis can be contagious, which means that they can be easily passed on to another person. Acute bronchitis can be spread by breathing in the droplets from an infected person's sneeze or cough.


What was a surprise was the performance of the two leads, ProfessorX and Magneto - they were both very good, Magneto especially gave a great performance. I'd also missed the fact that Kevin Bacon was playing the bad guy, I don't remember seeing much of him since footloose, but he did a convincing psycho bad guy.
Peace was never an option. I think everything began from this words. I can't wait when I can watch all the episods of Xmen Saga in right order.


Seapoint Farms Organic Edamame Spaghetti at Netrition.com.
Edamame (ed-ah-MAH-may) are little green soybeans that come in pods like peas. They are harvested when 80 to 90% mature. Edamame is packed with all the essential amino acids, full of rich protein and nutritional goodness. Edamame is naturally gluten free and low calorie, contains no cholesterol and is an excellent source of protein, iron, and calcium. Edamame is an excellent source of protein for those who follow a plant-based diet.
Seapoint Farms Organic Edamame Spaghetti is a high protein, low carb, gluten free pasta. Edamame Spaghetti contains 24g of protein per serving.


text:
The Last 'King' o...
Thomas Davey, Pilton Lace Twister
uploaded: Jul 27, 2019
Thomas Davey was born in Goodleigh in late 1802 and moved to Pilton to work as a lace twister in one of the lace factories. In 1839 he married Grace Parker of Pilton, the year after her father had died, and they bought a house in Priory Place, Pilton, on land sold leasehold by James Whyte of Pilton House to John Gerry of Pilton in 1833. John Gerry had passed his lease on to Daniel Jones of Pilton in 1837 who then passed it on to Thomas Davey.
Thomas and Grace Davey had seven children, but only four survived to adulthood. Grace died on 6 August 1848, a few days after the birth of her seventh child, a son called Edwin, who only survived until the following February. Later in 1849 Thomas Davey moved with his five surviving children to Tiverton where he was employed as a silk lace twister in John Heathcoat's lace-making factory. Thomas married again in 1855 and, shortly afterwards, changed his name to Davis, the reason apparently being that there were too many other people called Davey in the town.
The photograph of Thomas Davey was taken in August 1864, when he was 61.
Please download a more detailed version of the story of John Davey written by his descendent Roger Davis to whom great thanks are due. Thomas Davey was his great-great-grandfather.
james whyte
priory place
thomas davey
goodleigh
grace parker
john gerry
john heathcoat
lace-making


text:
Q: Logic for Form Validation for JS Assume I have two forms, firstName and lastName.
I have an alphanumericvalidation method which I tested individually.
   function alphaNumericValidation(Name)
   {
     if(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(firstName.value) || firstName.value == "")
     {
       Name.style.border = "1px solid red";
       Name.focus();
       return false;
    }
    return true;
   }

now, I have a validation method which the code submits to:
 <input type="submit" name="smbt" id="smbt" value="Next" class="nextBtn" onclick="return validation();"/>

the validation method is written as
  function validation()
  {
    var firstName = document.getElementById("firstName");
    var lastName = document.getElementById("lastName");

    if (alphaNumericValidation(firstName))
    {
        if (alphaNumericValidation(lastName))
        {
            return true;
        }
   }
   else
            return false;

however the logic is wrong and it does not work as intended. What am I doing wrong?

A: Try this:
function alphaNumericValidation(Name) {
  if(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(Name.value) || Name.value == "") {
    Name.style.border = "1px solid red";
    Name.focus();
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

You are testing on firstName inside alphaNumericValidation, it should be Name there, as you are passing firstName (or lastName) as the Name parameter to alphaNumericValidation.
Edit
Your validation() function does not return anything if only firstName is valid and lastName is not valid.
function validation() {
  var firstName = document.getElementById("firstName");
  var lastName = document.getElementById("lastName");

  if (alphaNumericValidation(firstName)) {
    if (alphaNumericValidation(lastName)) {
      return true;
    }
  // <-- When it gets to here, nothing is returned.. you could add `return false;` here to fix it.
  }
  else
    return false;

Try this instead:
if (alphaNumericValidation(firstName) && alphaNumericValidation(lastName)) {
  return true;
}
else
  return false;

Edit 2
You could just keep putting if statements inside if statements, that would work just fine as long as you make sure the function always returns something.
In your case I would probably write something like this:
function validation() {

  var firstName = document.getElementById("firstName");
  var lastName = document.getElementById("lastName");

  var valid = true;

  valid = valid ? alphaNumericValidation(firstName) : false;
  valid = valid ? alphaNumericValidation(lastName) : false;

  return valid;

}

This will keep running your validations until one of them returns false, then it will skip the ones after that and validation() will return false.


Adventures in Babywearing asked the other day, what are your favorite babywearing photos? I realize that I have not taken that many pictures when I am carrying her or really good pictures. But so far...I do have a few favorites that I would like to share with you.
The one with the moby wrap was the first time I wore her successfully. Ergo with my husband, that is his carrier. The ring sling, my mom made.
HOW adorable!! I love the colors of your sling, too!


text:
package org.apache.beam.runners.fnexecution;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;

import com.google.common.net.HostAndPort;
import io.grpc.BindableService;
import io.grpc.Server;
import io.grpc.netty.NettyServerBuilder;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketAddress;
import org.apache.beam.harness.channel.SocketAddressFactory;
import org.apache.beam.model.pipeline.v1.Endpoints;

/**
 * A {@link Server gRPC server} factory.
 */
public abstract class ServerFactory {
  /**
   * Create a default {@link ServerFactory}.
   */
  public static ServerFactory createDefault() {
    return new InetSocketAddressServerFactory();
  }

  /**
   * Creates an instance of this server using an ephemeral port chosen automatically. The chosen
   * port is accessible to the caller from the URL set in the input {@link
   * Endpoints.ApiServiceDescriptor.Builder}.
   */
  public abstract Server allocatePortAndCreate(
      BindableService service, Endpoints.ApiServiceDescriptor.Builder builder) throws IOException;

  /**
   * Creates an instance of this server at the address specified by the given service descriptor.
   */
  public abstract Server create(
      BindableService service, Endpoints.ApiServiceDescriptor serviceDescriptor) throws IOException;

  /**
   * Creates a {@link Server gRPC Server} using the default server factory.
   *
   * <p>The server is created listening any open port on "localhost".
   */
  public static class InetSocketAddressServerFactory extends ServerFactory {
    private InetSocketAddressServerFactory() {}

    @Override
    public Server allocatePortAndCreate(
        BindableService service, Endpoints.ApiServiceDescriptor.Builder apiServiceDescriptor)
        throws IOException {
      InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress(), 0);
      Server server = createServer(service, address);
      apiServiceDescriptor.setUrl(
          HostAndPort.fromParts(address.getHostName(), server.getPort()).toString());
      return server;
    }

    @Override
    public Server create(BindableService service, Endpoints.ApiServiceDescriptor serviceDescriptor)
        throws IOException {
      SocketAddress socketAddress = SocketAddressFactory.createFrom(serviceDescriptor.getUrl());
      checkArgument(
          socketAddress instanceof InetSocketAddress,
          "%s %s requires a host:port socket address, got %s",
          getClass().getSimpleName(), ServerFactory.class.getSimpleName(),
          serviceDescriptor.getUrl());
      return createServer(service, (InetSocketAddress) socketAddress);
    }

    private static Server createServer(BindableService service, InetSocketAddress socket)
        throws IOException {
      Server server =
          NettyServerBuilder.forPort(socket.getPort())
              .addService(service)
              // Set the message size to max value here. The actual size is governed by the
              // buffer size in the layers above.
              .maxMessageSize(Integer.MAX_VALUE)
              .build();
      server.start();
      return server;
    }

  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub