text:
Capital of Ukraine
This article is about the capital of Ukraine. For other uses, see Kiev (disambiguation).
City with special status in Kiev City Municipality, Ukraine
City with special status
Clockwise (from upper left): Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Verkhovna Rada, statue of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Independence Square, House with Chimaeras, Red University Building
Kiev in Ukraine
Show map of Ukraine
Kiev (Europe)
Kiev City Municipality
AD 482 (officially)[2]
Kiev City Council
Raions
Darnytsia Raion
Desna Raion
Dnipro Raion
Holosiiv Raion
Obolon Raion
Pechersk Raion
Podil Raion
Shevchenko Raion
Solomianka Raion
Sviatoshyn Raion
• Mayor and Head of City State Administration
Vitali Klitschko[3][4]
• City with special status
839 km2 (324 sq mi)
3,375,000[5] of the Kiev metropolitan area
Kievan,[6] Kyivan[7]
GDP (2017)
US$26.29 billion
01xxx–04xxx
Vehicle registration plate
AA (before 2004: КА, КВ, КЕ, КН, КІ, KT)
kyivcity.gov.ua
Kiev or Kyiv[a] (Ukrainian: Київ, romanized: Kyiv; Russian: Киев, romanized: Kiyev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974[1] (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press),[12] making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.[13]
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kiev Metro.
The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders. During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars,[14] until its capture by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours, first Lithuania, then Poland and Russia.[15]
The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1918, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from Soviet Russia, Kiev became its capital. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. The city was almost completely ruined during World War II but quickly recovered in the postwar years, remaining the Soviet Union's third-largest city.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained Ukraine's capital and experienced a steady influx of ethnic Ukrainian migrants from other regions of the country.[16] During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest and wealthiest city. Its armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology, but new sectors of the economy such as services and finance facilitated Kiev's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of housing and urban infrastructure. Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine; parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections.[17][18][19][20]
3 Environment
3.1 Geography
4 Legal status, local government and politics
4.1 Legal status and local government
4.2 Politics
4.3.1 Traditional subdivision
4.3.2 Formal subdivision
5.1 Historical population
5.2 Ethnic composition
5.3 Jews
6 Cityscape
7.1 Attractions
7.5 Kiev city anthem
8.1 Industry
8.2 Manufacture
9 Education and science
9.1 Scientific research
9.2 University education
9.3 Secondary education
9.4 Public libraries
10 Transportation
10.1 Local public transport
10.2 Roads and bridges
10.3 Air transport
10.4 Railways
11.1 Twin towns and sister cities
11.2 Other cooperation agreements
12 Notable people from Kiev
13 Honour
Fragment of the New Universal Atlas by John Cary, London, 1808. The city was situated on the borderline between the former Polish (left) and Russian (right) zones of influence, with the name being Russified to Kiev.
Kiev is the traditional and most commonly used English name for the city.[21] Kyiv is used officially by the city, and it is gaining in frequency in English-language sources.
As a prominent city with a long history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The spelling Kiev was derived from the Old East Slavic form Kyjevŭ (Cyrillic: Кꙑєвъ).[22] The name is associated with that of Kyi (Кий), the legendary eponymous founder of the city.
Early English sources use various names, including Kiou, Kiow, Kiew, Kiovia. On one of the oldest English maps of the region, Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae published by Ortelius (London, 1570) the name of the city is spelled Kiou. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is Kiiow, and the region was named Kÿowia. In the book Travels, by Joseph Marshall (London, 1772), the city is called Kiovia.[23] The form Kiev corresponds to Russian orthography and pronunciation [ˈkʲijɪf], during a time when Kiev was in the Russian Empire (from 1708, being the seat of a governorate).[citation needed]
In English, Kiev was used in print as early as in 1804 in John Cary's "New map of Europe, from the latest authorities" in Cary's new universal atlas published in London. Mary Holderness's travelogue New Russia: Journey from Riga to the Crimea by way of Kiev was published in 1823.[24] The Oxford English Dictionary included Kiev in a quotation by 1883, and Kyiv in 2018.[25]
Kiev City State Administration official request for the Wikimedia Foundation to switch Kiev to Kyiv
Kyiv is the romanized version of the name of the city used in modern Ukrainian. After Ukraine's 1991 independence, the Ukrainian government introduced the national rules for transliteration of geographic names into the Latin alphabet for legislative and official acts in October 1995,[26] according to which the Ukrainian name Київ is romanized as Kyiv. These rules are applied for place names and addresses, as well as personal names in passports, street signs, and so on. In 2018, the Foreign Ministry of Ukraine launched a worldwide online campaign called #CorrectUA promoting the use of current official Ukrainian place-name spellings.[27][28]
The place name Kyiv is standardized in the authoritative database of Ukraine's toponyms maintained by Ukraine's mapping agency Derzhheokadastr. The United Nations GEGN Geographical Names Database uses Kyiv.[29] The United States Board on Geographic Names (or BGN) changed its standard transliteration in October 2006[30][31][32] and updated the conventional name of the city in June 2019,[33] in its database used by the US government and influencing other international bodies. The International Air Transport Association updated its spelling to Kyiv in October 2019.[34][35] Kyiv is also used by the European Union,[36] all English-speaking foreign diplomatic missions,[37] and several international organizations.[38] Many English-language news sources have adopted Kyiv in their style guides, including media in Ukraine,[39] the Associated Press[40][41] and Canadian Press[42] news services, and the CBC (which switched twice),[42][43] The Economist,[44] The Guardian,[45] The Wall Street Journal,[46] The Globe and Mail,[47] the BBC,[48] The Washington Post,[49] and The New York Times.[50]
Alternative romanizations used in English-language sources include Kyïv (according to the ALA–LC romanization used in bibliographic cataloguing), Kyjiv (scholarly transliteration used in linguistics), and Kyyiv (the 1965 BGN/PCGN transliteration standard).
Main articles: History of Kiev, Timeline of Kiev, Principality of Kiev, and Grand Prince of Kiev
Historical affiliations
Kievan Rus 882–1363
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1363–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1649
Cossack Hetmanate 1649–1667
Russian Empire 1667–1917
Ukrainian People's Republic 1917–1921
Soviet Union 1921–1991
Ukraine 1991–present
Kiev, one of the oldest cities of Eastern Europe, played a pivotal role in the development of the medieval East Slavic civilization as well as in the modern Ukrainian nation.[citation needed]
The first known humans in the region of Kiev lived there in the late paleolithic period (Stone Age).[51] The population around Kiev during the Bronze Age formed part of so-called Tripillian culture, as witnessed by objects found in the area.[52] During the early Iron Age certain tribes settled around Kiev that practiced land cultivation, husbandry and trading with the Scythians, and with ancient states of the northern Black Sea coast.[51] Findings of Roman coins of the 2nd to the 4th centuries suggest trade relations with the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.[51] The carriers of Zarubintsy culture are considered the direct ancestors of the ancient Slavs who later established Kiev.[51] Notable archaeologists of the area around Kiev include Vikentiy Khvoyka.
Scholars continue to debate about the period in which the city was founded: some date the founding to the late 9th century,[53] other historians have preferred a date of 482 AD.[54][55] In 1982, the city celebrated its 1,500th anniversary.[54] According to archaeological data, the foundation of Kiev dates to the second half of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century.[51] There is also a claim to find reference to the city in Ptolemy's 2nd-century work as Metropolity.[56]
Legendary Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid in the Radziwiłł Chronicle
Legendary accounts tell of the origin of the city; one legend features a founding family, members of a Slavic tribe (Polans): the leader Kyi, the eldest, his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and also their sister Lybid, who allegedly founded the city (See the Primary Chronicle).[51] According to the Chronicle the name Kyiv/Kiev means "belonging to Kyi".[51] Another legend states that Saint Andrew passed through the area (1st century), and where he erected a cross, a church was built.[by whom?] Since the Middle Ages an image of Saint Michael represented the city as well as the duchy.
Hungarians at Kiev in 830 during the times of Rus' Khaganate
There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the city was founded. Scattered Slavic settlements existed in the area from the 6th century, but it is unclear whether any of them later developed into the city. The Primary Chronicle (a main source of information about the early history of the area) mentions Slavic Kievans telling Askold and Dir that they lived without a local ruler and paid a tribute to the Khazars in an entry attributed to the 9th century. At least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress, called Sambat (Old Turkic for "High Place") was built to defend the area. At some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Kiev fell under the rule of Varangians (see Askold and Dir, and Oleg of Novgorod) and became the nucleus of the Rus' polity. The Primary Chronicle dates Oleg's conquest of the town in 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, dispute this and maintain that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s (documentary evidence exists to support this assertion – see the Kievian Letter and Schechter Letter). Other historians suggest that Magyar tribes ruled the city between 840 and 878, before migrating with some Khazar tribes to Hungary. According to these scholars the building of the fortress of Kiev was finished in 840 under the leadership of Keő (Keve), Csák and Geréb, the three brothers, possibly members of the Tarján tribe. The three names appear in the Kiev Chronicle as Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv – none of these names are Slavic, and Russian historians have always struggled to account for their meanings and origins. Their names were put into the Kiev Chronicle in the 12th century and they were identified as old-Russian mythological heroes.[57]
The Baptism of Kievans, a painting by Klavdiy Lebedev
During the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire. However, the site stood on the historical trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, and in the late 9th century or early 10th century a Varangian nobility started to rule Kiev, which became the nucleus of the Rus' polity, whose 'Golden Age' (11th to early 12th centuries) has from the 19th century become referred to as Kievan Rus'. In 968 the nomadic Pechenegs attacked and then besieged the city.[58] In 1000 AD the city had a population of 45,000.[59]
In March 1169 Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked Kiev, leaving the old town and the prince's hall in ruins.[60][61] He took many pieces of religious artwork - including the Theotokos of Vladimir icon - from nearby Vyshhorod.[62] In 1203 Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his Kipchak allies captured and burned Kiev. In the 1230s the city was besieged and ravaged by different Rus' princes several times. The town had not recovered from Bogolyubsky's sack and the subsequent destruction, when in 1240 the Mongol invasion of Rus', led by Batu Khan, completed the destruction of Kiev.[63] These events had a profound effect on the future of the city and on the East Slavic civilization. Before Bogolyubsky's pillaging, Kiev had had a reputation as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding 100,000 in the beginning of the 12th century.[64]
Bolesław I of Poland and Sviatopolk the Accursed at Kiev, in a legendary moment of hitting the Golden Gate with the Szczerbiec sword. Painting by Jan Matejko
In the early 1320s a Lithuanian army led by Grand Duke Gediminas defeated a Slavic army led by Stanislav of Kiev at the Battle on the Irpen' River and conquered the city. The Tatars, who also claimed Kiev, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kiev was ruled by a Lithuanian prince, it had to pay tribute to the Golden Horde. Finally, as a result of the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, incorporated Kiev and surrounding areas into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[65] In 1482 Crimean Tatars sacked and burned much of Kiev.[66] With the 1569 (Union of Lublin), when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established, the Lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kiev region (Podolia, Volhynia, and Podlachia) were transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and Kiev became the capital of Kiev Voivodeship.[67] The 1658 Treaty of Hadiach envisaged Kiev becoming the capital of the Grand Duchy of Rus' within the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth,[68] but this provision of the treaty never went into operation.[69] Occupied by the Russian troops since the 1654 (Treaty of Pereyaslav), Kiev became a part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 on (Truce of Andrusovo) and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of the Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kiev have ever been ratified.[70] In the Russian Empire Kiev was a primary Christian centre, attracting pilgrims, and the cradle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century the city's commercial importance remained marginal.
Cossack Bohdan Khmelnytsky entering Kiev after the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination. Painting by Mykola Ivasiuk
In 1834 the Russian government established Saint Vladimir University, now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861). (Shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the geography department). The medical faculty of the Saint Vladimir University, separated into an independent institution in 1919–1921 during the Soviet period, became the Bogomolets National Medical University in 1995.
During the 18th and 19th centuries the Russian military and ecclesiastical authorities dominated city life;[citation needed] the Russian Orthodox Church had involvement in a significant part of Kiev's infrastructure and commercial activity. In the late 1840s the historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Russian: Nikolay Kostomarov), founded a secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saint Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free Slavic peoples with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the Russian authorities quickly suppressed the society.
Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kiev experienced growing Russification in the 19th century by means of Russian migration, administrative actions and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century the Russian-speaking part of the population dominated the city centre, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent.[citation needed] However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian nobles, military and merchants made recurrent attempts to preserve native culture in Kiev (by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies etc.)
Kiev in the late 19th century
During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kiev became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river. By 1900 the city had also become a significant industrial centre, having a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities as well as notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). In 1892 the first electric tram line of the Russian Empire started running in Kiev (the 3rd in the world).
Kiev prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce of its southwest. In the turbulent period following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Kiev became the capital of several successive Ukrainian states and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: World War I, during which German soldiers occupied it from 2 March 1918 to November 1918, the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922, and the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. During the last three months of 1919, Kiev was intermittently controlled by the White Army. Kiev changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to August 1920.[71]
Kiev's council chambers in 1930
From 1921 to 1991 the city formed part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a founding republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. The major events that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the interwar period all affected Kiev: the 1920s Ukrainization as well as the migration of the rural Ukrainophone population made the Russophone city Ukrainian-speaking and bolstered the development of Ukrainian cultural life in the city; the Soviet Industrialization that started in the late 1920s turned the city, a former centre of commerce and religion, into a major industrial, technological and scientific centre; the 1932–1933 Great Famine devastated the part of the migrant population not registered for ration cards; and Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the city's intelligentsia[72][73][74]
In 1934 Kiev became the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city boomed again during the years of Soviet industrialization as its population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were established, some of which exist today.
Ruins of Kiev during World War II
In World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, and Nazi Germany occupied it from 19 September 1941 to 6 November 1943. Axis forces killed or captured more than 600,000 Soviet soldiers in the great encirclement Battle of Kiev in 1941. Most of those captured never returned alive.[75] Shortly after the Wehrmacht occupied the city, a team of NKVD officers who had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the Khreshchatyk, the main street of the city, where German military and civil authorities had occupied most of the buildings; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless.
Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local Jews they could find, nearly 34,000,[76] and massacred them at Babi Yar in Kiev over the course of 29 to 30 September 1941.[77] In the months that followed, thousands more were taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated[by whom?] that the Germans murdered more than 100,000 people of various ethnic groups, mostly civilians, at Babi Yar during World War II.[78]
The Ukrainian national flag was raised outside Kiev's City Hall for the first time on 24 July 1990.
Kiev recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most important city of the Soviet Union. The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of the city. However, the prevailing northward winds blew most of the radioactive debris away from Kiev.
In the course of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Ukrainian parliament proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in the city on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the Orange Revolution. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kiev became the primary location of Euromaidan.
Environment[edit]
See also: Kiev Mountains
Landsat 7 image of Kiev and the Dnieper
Geographically, Kiev is located on the border of the Polesia woodland ecological zone, a part of the European mixed woods area, and the East European forest steppe biome. However, the city's unique landscape distinguishes it from the surrounding region. Kiev is completely surrounded by Kiev Oblast.
Originally on the right bank, today Kiev is located on both sides of the Dnieper, which flows southwards through the city towards the Black Sea. The older and higher right-bank (western) part of the city sits on numerous wooded hills (Kiev Hills), with ravines and small rivers. Kiev's geographical relief contributed to its toponyms, such as Podil (means lower), Pechersk (caves), and uzviz (a steep street, "descent"). Kiev is a part of the larger Dnieper Upland adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper in its mid-flow, and which contributes to the city's elevation change. The northern outskirts of the city border the Polesian Lowland. Kiev expanded into the Dnieper Lowland on the left bank (to the east) as late as the 20th century. The whole portion of Kiev on the left bank of the Dnieper is generally referred to as Left bank (Ukrainian: Лівий берег, Livyi bereh). Significant areas of the left bank Dnieper valley were artificially sand-deposited, and are protected by dams.
Within the city the Dnieper River forms a branching system of tributaries, isles, and harbors within the city limits. The city is close to the mouth of the Desna River and the Kiev Reservoir in the north, and the Kaniv Reservoir in the south. Both the Dnieper and Desna rivers are navigable at Kiev, although regulated by the reservoir shipping locks and limited by winter freeze-over.
In total, there are 448 bodies of open water within the boundaries of Kiev, which include the Dnieper itself, its reservoirs, and several small rivers, dozens of lakes and artificially created ponds. They occupy 7949 hectares. Additionally, the city has 16 developed beaches (totalling 140 hectares) and 35 near-water recreational areas (covering more than 1,000 hectares). Many are used for pleasure and recreation, although some of the bodies of water are not suitable for swimming.[79]
According to the UN 2011 evaluation, there were no risks of natural disasters in Kiev and its metropolitan area[80]
Kiev has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).[81] The warmest months are June, July, and August, with mean temperatures of 13.8 to 24.8 °C (56.8 to 76.6 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with mean temperatures of −4.6 to −1.1 °C (23.7 to 30.0 °F). The highest ever temperature recorded in the city was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) on 30 July 1936.[82][83] The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was −32.9 °C (−27.2 °F) on 11 January 1951.[82][83] Snow cover usually lies from mid-November to the end of March, with the frost-free period lasting 180 days on average, but surpassing 200 days in recent years.[84]
Climate data for Kiev (1981–2010, extremes 1881–present)
(102.9) 39.3
(25.7) −3
(−7.4) −30.0
17 17 10 2 0.2 0 0 0 0.03 2 9 16 73
42 64 112 162 257 273 287 252 189 123 51 31 1,843
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net,[85] Central Observatory for Geophysics (extremes)[82][83]
Source #2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[86] and Weather Atlas[87]
Legal status, local government and politics[edit]
Legal status and local government[edit]
Main article: Legal status and local government of Kiev
The municipality of the city of Kiev has a special legal status within Ukraine compared to the other administrative subdivisions of the country. The most significant difference is that the city is considered as a region of Ukraine (see Regions of Ukraine). It is the only city that has double jurisdiction. The Head of City State Administration — the city's governor, is appointed by the President of Ukraine, while the Head of the City Council — the Mayor of Kiev, is elected by local popular vote.
The current Mayor of Kiev is Vitali Klitschko who was sworn in on 5 June 2014;[3] after he had won the 25 May 2014 Kiev mayoral elections with almost 57% of the votes.[88] Since 25 June 2014 Klitschko is also Head of Kiev City Administration.[4]
Most key buildings of the national government are located along Hrushevskoho Street (vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho) and Institute Street (vulytsia Instytutska). Hrushevskoho Street is named after the Ukrainian academician, politician, historian, and statesman Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, who wrote an academic book titled: "Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII" about the history of Bar, Ukraine.[89] That portion of the city is also unofficially known as the government quarter (Ukrainian: урядовий квартал).
The city state administration and council is located in the Kiev City council building on Khreshchatyk Street. The oblast state administration and council is located in the Kiev Oblast council building on ploshcha Lesi Ukrayinky (Lesya Ukrayinka Square). The Kiev-Sviatoshyn Raion state administration is located near Kiltseva doroha (Ring Road) on prospekt Peremohy (Victory Parkway), while the Kiev-Svyatoshyn Raion local council is located on vulytsia Yantarna (Yantarnaya Street).
Government buildings in Kiev
The seat of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
The presidential administration building
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The seat of Kiev City State and City Council on Khreshchatyk Street
Main article: 2015 Kiev local election
The growing political and economic role of the city, combined with its international relations, as well as extensive internet and social network penetration,[90] have made Kiev the most pro-Western and pro-democracy region of Ukraine; (so called) National Democratic parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union receive most votes during elections in Kiev.[17][18][19][20] In a poll conducted by the Kiev International Institute of Sociology in the first half of February 2014, 5.3% of those polled in Kiev believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state", nationwide this percentage was 12.5.[91]
View to the left bank neighbourhoods of Kiev
See also: Category:Neighborhoods and raions of Kiev
Main article: Subdivisions of Kiev
Traditional subdivision[edit]
Berezniaky neighbourhood in Dnipro Raion
The Dnieper River naturally divides Kiev into the Right Bank and the Left Bank areas. Historically located on the western right bank of the river, the city expanded into the left bank only in the 20th century. Most of Kiev's attractions as well as the majority of business and governmental institutions are located on the right bank. The eastern 'Left Bank' is predominantly residential. There are large industrial and green areas in both the Right Bank and the Left Bank.
Kiev is further informally divided into historical or territorial neighbourhoods, each housing from about 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants.
A panoramic view of Right-Bank Kiev, where the city centre is located (May 2011)
Formal subdivision[edit]
The ten raions (districts) of Kiev
Г — Holosiiv Raion
О — Obolon Raion
Печ — Pechersk Raion
Под — Podil Raion
Ш — Shevchenko Raion
Св — Sviatoshyn Raion
Сол — Solomianka Raion
Left-bank districts
Дар — Darnytsia Raion
Дес — Desna Raion
Дн — Dnipro Raion
The first known formal subdivision of Kiev dates to 1810 when the city was subdivided into 4 parts: Pechersk, Starokyiv, and the first and the second parts of Podil. In 1833–1834 according to Tsar Nicholas I's decree, Kiev was subdivided into 6 police raions (districts); later being increased to 10. In 1917, there were 8 Raion Councils (Duma), which were reorganised by bolsheviks into 6 Party-Territory Raions.
During the Soviet era, as the city was expanding, the number of raions also gradually increased. These newer districts of the city, along with some older areas were then named in honour of prominent communists and socialist-revolutionary figures; however, due to the way in which many communist party members eventually, after a certain period of time, fell out of favour and so were replaced with new, fresher minds, so too did the names of Kiev's districts change accordingly.
The last raion reform took place in 2001 when the number of raions has been decreased from 14 to 10.
Under Oleksandr Omelchenko (mayor from 1999 to 2006), there were further plans for the merger of some raions and revision of their boundaries, and the total number of raions had been planned to be decreased from 10 to 7. With the election of the new mayor-elect (Leonid Chernovetsky) in 2006, these plans were shelved.
Each raion has its own locally elected government with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs.
See also: Kiev metropolitan area
According to the official registration statistics, there were 2,847,200 residents within the city limits of Kiev in July 2013.[1]
Historical population[edit]
42,000 +320.0%
430,500 −31.3%
991,000 +450.6%
2,615,300 −0.9%
at 1 January of respective year.[92][93]
According to the All-Ukrainian Census, the population of Kiev in 2001 was 2,611,300.[12] The historic changes in population are shown in the side table. According to the census, some 1,393,000 (53.3%) were female and 1,219,000 (46.7%) were male. Comparing the results with the previous census (1989) shows the trend of population ageing which, while prevalent throughout the country, is partly offset in Kiev by the inflow of working age migrants. Some 1,069,700 people had higher or completed secondary education, a significant increase of 21.7% since 1989.
The June 2007 unofficial population estimate based on amount of bakery products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) gave a number of at least 3.5 million people.[94]
Ethnic composition[edit]
According to the 2001 census data, more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups reside within the territory of Kiev. Ukrainians constitute the largest ethnic group in Kiev, and they account for 2,110,800 people, or 82.2% of the population. Russians comprise 337,300 (13.1%), Jews 17,900 (0.7%), Belarusians 16,500 (0.6%), Poles 6,900 (0.3%), Armenians 4,900 (0.2%), Azerbaijanis 2,600 (0.1%), Tatars 2,500 (0.1%), Georgians 2,400 (0.1%), Moldovans 1,900 (0.1%).
Both Ukrainian and Russian are commonly spoken in the city; approximately 75% of Kiev's population responded "Ukrainian" to the 2001 census question on their native language, roughly 25% responded "Russian".[95] According to a 2006 survey, Ukrainian is used at home by 23% of Kievans, 52% use Russian and 24% switch between both.[96] In the 2003 sociological survey, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked, 52% said 'mostly Russian', 32% 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure', 14% 'mostly Ukrainian', and 4.3% 'exclusively Ukrainian'.[97]
According to the census of 1897, of Kiev's approximately 240,000 people approximately 56% of the population spoke the Russian language, 23% spoke the Ukrainian language, 13% spoke Yiddish, 7% spoke Polish and 1% spoke the Belarusian language.[98]
Most of the city's non-Slav population comprises Tatars, Caucasians and other people from the former Soviet Union.
A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that 94% of Kiev was ethnic Ukrainian, and 5% ethnic Russian. The languages spoken at home were Ukrainian (27%), Russian (32%), and an equal combination of Ukrainian and Russian (40%).[99]
Jews[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in Kiev
The Jews of Kiev are first mentioned in a 10th century letter, but the Jewish population remained relatively small until the nineteenth century.[100] A series of pogroms was carried out in 1882, and another in 1905. On the eve of World War I, the city's Jewish population was over 81,000,[101] and by 1939 there were approximately 224,000 Jews in Kiev,[100] some of whom fled the city ahead of the German invasion of the Soviet Union that began in June 1941. On September 29 and 30, 1941, nearly 34,000 Kievan Jews were massacred at Babi Yar by the German Wehrmacht, SS, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, and local collaborators.[102][103] Jews began returning to Kiev at the end of the war, where they experienced a further pogrom in September, 1945.[104] Kiev's Jewish community in the early twenty-first century numbers about 20,000. There are two major synagogues in the city: the Great Choral Synagogue and the Brodsky Choral Synagogue.[105]
Cityscape[edit]
See also: Category:Buildings and structures in Kiev
A panoramic view of Podil, one of Kiev's central neighborhoods
Modern Kiev is a mix of the old (Kiev preserved about 70 percent of more than 1,000 buildings built during 1907–1914[106]) and the new, seen in everything from the architecture to the stores and to the people themselves. When the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev many new buildings were commissioned to give the city "the gloss and polish of a capital".[106] In the discussions centered on how to create a showcase city center the current city center of Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) were not the obvious choices.[106] Some of the early, ultimately not materialised, ideas included a part of Pechersk, Lypky, European Square and Mykhailivska Square.[106] The plans of building massive monuments (of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin) were also abandoned; due to lack of money (in the 1930s–1950s) and because of Kiev's hilly landscape.[106] Experiencing rapid population growth between the 1970s and the mid-1990s, the city has continued its consistent growth after the turn of the millennium. As a result, Kiev's central districts provide a dotted contrast of new, modern buildings among the pale yellows, blues and greys of older apartments. Urban sprawl has gradually reduced, while population densities of suburbs has increased. The most expensive properties are located in the Pechersk, and Khreshchatyk areas. It is also prestigious to own a property in newly constructed buildings in the Kharkivskyi Raion or Obolon along the Dnieper.
Ukrainian independence at the turn of the millennium has heralded other changes. Western-style residential complexes, modern nightclubs, classy restaurants and prestigious hotels opened in the centre. And most importantly, with the easing of the visa rules in 2005,[107] Ukraine is positioning itself as a prime tourist attraction, with Kiev, among the other large cities, looking to profit from new opportunities. The centre of Kiev has been cleaned up and buildings have been restored and redecorated, especially Khreshchatyk and Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Many historic areas of Kiev, such as Andriyivskyy Descent, have become popular street vendor locations, where one can find traditional Ukrainian art, religious items, books, game sets (most commonly chess) as well as jewellery for sale.[108]
At the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, Kiev was the only Commonwealth of Independent States city to have been inscribed into the TOP30 European Green City Index (placed 30th).[109]
Kiev's most famous historical architecture complexes are the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), which are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Noteworthy historical architectural landmarks also include the Mariyinsky Palace (designed and constructed from 1745 to 1752, then reconstructed in 1870), several Orthodox churches such as St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Andrew's, St. Vladimir's, the reconstructed Golden Gate and others.
One of Kiev's widely recognized modern landmarks is the highly visible giant Mother Motherland statue made of titanium standing at the Museum of The History of Ukraine in World War II on the Right bank of the Dnieper River. Other notable sites is the cylindrical Salut hotel, located across from Glory Square and the eternal flame at the World War Two memorial Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the House with Chimaeras.
Among Kiev's best-known monuments are Mikhail Mikeshin's statue of Bohdan Khmelnytsky astride his horse located near St. Sophia Cathedral, the venerated Vladimir the Great (St. Vladimir), the baptizer of Rus', overlooking the river above Podil from Volodymyrska Hill, the monument to Kyi, Schek and Khoryv and Lybid, the legendary founders of the city located at the Dnieper embankment. On Independence Square in the city centre, two monuments elevate two of the city protectors; the historic protector of Kiev Michael Archangel atop a reconstruction of one of the old city's gates and a modern invention, the goddess-protector Berehynia atop a tall column.
Architecture and historically significant sites and monuments in Kiev
Holy Dormition Cathedral
St. Sophia Cathedral
St. Volodymyr's Cathedral
St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
Intercession Convent
St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral
Saint Andrew's Church
National Bank of Ukraine
"House With Chimaeras"
Brodsky Choral Synagogue - Moorish Revival architecture
See also: Category:Culture in Kiev
The Kiev National Opera House
The Kiev Academic Puppet Theatre
Kiev was the historic cultural centre of the East Slavic civilization and a major cradle for the Christianization of Kievan Rus'. Kiev retained through centuries its cultural importance and even at times of relative decay, it remained the centre of primary importance of Eastern Orthodox Christianity . Its sacred sites, which include the Kiev Pechersk Lavra (the Monastery of the Caves) and the Saint Sophia Cathedral are probably the most famous, attracted pilgrims for centuries and now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site remain the primary religious centres as well as the major tourist attraction. The above-mentioned sites are also part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine collection.
Kiev's theatres include, the Kiev Opera House, Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater, Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater of Russian Drama, the Kiev Puppet Theater, October Palace and National Philharmonic of Ukraine and others. In 1946 Kiev had four theatres, one opera house and one concert hall,[110] but most tickets then were allocated to "privileged groups".[110]
A public concert held on Maidan Nezalezhnosti during Kiev's 2005 Eurovision Song Contest
Other significant cultural centres include the Dovzhenko Film Studios, and the Kiev Circus. The most important of the city's many museums are the Kiev State Historical Museum, Museum of The History of Ukraine in World War II, the National Art Museum, the Museum of Western and Oriental Art, the Pinchuk Art Centre and the National Museum of Russian art.
In 2005 Kiev hosted the 50th annual Eurovision Song Contest and in 2017 the 62nd annual Eurovision Song Contest
Numerous songs and paintings were dedicated to the city. Some songs became part of Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish folklore, less known are German and Jewish. The most popular songs are "How not to love you, Kiev of mine?" and "Kiev Valtz". Renowned Ukrainian composer Oleksandr Bilash wrote an operetta called "Legend of Kiev".
Attractions[edit]
It is said that one can walk from one end of Kiev to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade of its many trees. Most characteristic are the horse-chestnuts (Ukrainian: каштани, kashtany).
Kiev is known as a green city with two botanical gardens and numerous large and small parks. The Museum of The History of Ukraine in World War II is located here, which offers both indoor and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant hills overlooking the Dnieper river.
The monument to St. Volodymyr, the Baptiser of Rus', overlooking from Volodymyrska Hill the scenic panorama of the left bank of Dniepr is one of the symbols of Kiev, often depicted in paintings and photographic works of the city.
Among the numerous islands, Venetsianskyi (or Hydropark) is the most developed. It is accessible by metro or by car, and includes an amusement park, swimming beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs. The Victory Park (Park Peremohy) located near Darnytsia subway station is a popular destination for strollers, joggers, and cyclists. Boating, fishing, and water sports are popular pastimes in Kiev. The area lakes and rivers freeze over in the winter and ice fishermen are a frequent sight, as are children with their ice skates. However, the peak of summer draws out a greater mass of people to the shores for swimming or sunbathing, with daytime high temperatures sometimes reaching 30 to 34 °C (86 to 93 °F).[citation needed]
Lilacs in the National Botanical Garden, with the Vydubychi Monastery, Darnitskiy Rail Bridge and left-bank Kiev visible in the background
The centre of Kiev (Independence Square and Khreschatyk Street) becomes a large outdoor party place at night during summer months, with thousands of people having a good time in nearby restaurants, clubs and outdoor cafes. The central streets are closed for auto traffic on weekends and holidays. Andriyivskyy Descent is one of the best known historic streets and a major tourist attraction in Kiev. The hill is the site of the Castle of Richard the Lionheart; the baroque-style St Andrew's Church; the home of Kiev born writer, Mikhail Bulgakov; the monument to Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kiev and of Novgorod; and numerous other monuments.[111][112]
A wide variety of farm produce is available in many of Kiev's farmer markets with the Besarabsky Market located in the very centre of the city being most famous. Each residential region has its own market, or rynok. Here one will find table after table of individuals hawking everything imaginable: vegetables, fresh and smoked meats, fish, cheese, honey, dairy products such as milk and home-made smetana (sour cream), caviar, cut flowers, housewares, tools and hardware, and clothing. Each of the markets has its own unique mix of products with some markets devoted solely to specific wares such as automobiles, car parts, pets, clothing, flowers, and other things.
At the city's southern outskirts, near the historic Pyrohiv village, there is an outdoor museum, officially called the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine It has an area of 1.5 square kilometres (1 sq mi). This territory houses several "mini-villages" that represent by region the traditional rural architecture of Ukraine.
Kiev also has numerous recreational attractions like bowling alleys, go-cart tracks, paintball venues, billiard halls and even shooting ranges. The 100-year-old Kiev Zoo is located on 40 hectares and according to CBC "the zoo has 2,600 animals from 328 species".[113]
A panoramic view of Mykhailiv Square (central Kiev). From left to right: the Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (behind the monument to Princess Olga) and St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
Museums and galleries[edit]
See also: Museums in Kiev
The Museum of The History of Ukraine in World War II and the Motherland Monument
The National Historical Museum of Ukraine
Kiev is home to some 40 different museums.[114] In 2009 they recorded a total of 4.3 million visits.[114]
The Museum of The History of Ukraine in World War II is a memorial complex commemorating the Eastern Front of World War II located in the hills on the right-bank of the Dnieper River in Pechersk. Kiev fortress is the 19th-century fortification buildings situated in Ukrainian capital Kiev, that once belonged to western Russian fortresses. These structures (once a united complex) were built in the Pechersk and neighbourhoods by the Russian army. Now some of the buildings are restored and turned into a museum called the Kiev Fortress, while others are in use in various military and commercial installations. The National Art Museum of Ukraine is a museum dedicated to Ukrainian art. The Golden Gate is a historic gateway in the ancient city's walls. The name Zoloti Vorota is also used for a nearby theatre and a station of the Kiev Metro. The small Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum acts as both a memorial and historical center devoted to the events surrounding the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and its effect on the Ukrainian people, the environment, and subsequent attitudes toward the safety of nuclear power as a whole.
Sports[edit]
See also: Category:Sport in Kiev
The annual 5.5-kilometre (3.4-mile) 'Run under the Chestnuts' is a popular public sporting event in Kiev, with hundreds taking part every year.
Kiev has many professional and amateur football clubs, including Dynamo Kyiv, Arsenal Kyiv and FC Obolon Kyiv which play in the Ukrainian Premier League. Of these three, Dynamo Kyiv has had the most success over the course of its history. For example, up until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the club won 13 USSR Championships, 9 USSR Cups, and 3 USSR Super Cups, thus making Dynamo the most successful club in the history of the Soviet Top League.[115]
Other prominent non-football sport clubs in the city include: the Sokil Kiev ice hockey club and BC Budivelnyk basketball club. Both of these teams play in the highest Ukrainian leagues for their respective sports. Budivelnyk was founded in 1945, Sokil was founded in 1963, during the existence of the Soviet Union. Both these teams play their home games at the Kiev Palace of Sports.
During the 1980 Summer Olympics held in the Soviet Union, Kiev held the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of the football tournament at its Olympic Stadium, which was reconstructed specially for the event. From 1 December 2008 stadium the stadium underwent a full-scale reconstruction in order to satisfy standards put in place by UEFA for hosting the Euro 2012 football tournament; the opening ceremony took place in the presence of president Viktor Yanukovich on 8 October 2011,[116] with the first major event being a Shakira concert which was specially planned to coincide with the stadium's re-opening during Euro 2012. Other notable sport stadiums/sport complexes in Kiev include the Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium, the Palace of Sports, among many others.
Most Ukrainian national teams play their home international matches in Kiev. The Ukraine national football team, for example, will play matches at the re-constructed Olympic Stadium from 2011.
The Hilton Hotel in Kiev
See also: Category:Tourist attractions in Kiev
Since introducing a visa-free regime for EU-member states and Switzerland in 2005, Ukraine has seen a steady increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting the country.[117] Before the 2008–09 recession the average annual growth in the number of foreign visits in Kiev was 23% over a three-year period.[118] In 2009 a total of 1.6 million tourists stayed in Kiev hotels, of whom almost 259,000 (ca. 16%) were foreigners.[118] After UEFA Euro 2012, the city became the most popular destination for European tourists. A record number of 1.8 million foreign tourists was registered then along with about 2.5 million domestic tourists. More than 850,000 foreign tourists visited Kyiv in the first half of 2018, as compared to 660,000 tourists over the same period in 2013. As of 2018 the hotel occupancy rate from May to September averages 45–50%. Hostels and three-star hotels are approximately 90% full, four-star hotels 65-70%. Six five-star hotels average 50-55% occupancy. Ordinary tourists generally come from May to October, business tourists from September to May.[119]
Kiev city anthem[edit]
In 2014 the Kiev city's council established the city's anthem.[120] It became a 1962 song, "Yak tebe ne lyubyty, Kyieve miy!"[120] (Ukrainian: Як тебе не любити, Києве мій!, roughly "How one cannot love you, Kyiv, my dear!").
See also: Category:Economy of Kiev, Economy of Ukraine
TsUM department store
As with most capital cities, Kiev is a major administrative, cultural and scientific centre of the country. It is the largest city in Ukraine in terms of both population and area and enjoys the highest levels of business activity. On 1 January 2010 there were around 238,000 business entities registered in Kiev.[121]
Official figures show that between 2004 and 2008 Kiev's economy outstripped the rest of the country's, growing by an annual average of 11.5%.[122][123] Following the global financial crisis that began in 2007, Kiev's economy suffered a severe setback in 2009 with gross regional product contracting by 13.5% in real terms.[122] Although a record high, the decline in activity was 1.6 percentage points smaller than that for the country as a whole.[123] The economy in Kiev, as in the rest of Ukraine, recovered somewhat in 2010 and 2011. Kiev is a middle-income city, with prices currently comparable to many mid-size American cities (i.e., considerably lower than Western Europe).
Because the city boasts a large and diverse economic base and is not dependent on any single industry and/or company, its unemployment rate has historically been relatively low – only 3.75% over 2005–2008.[124] Indeed, even as the rate of joblessness jumped to 7.1% in 2009, it remained far below the national average of 9.6%.[124][125]
As of July 2019, the average monthly net salary in Kiev reached 16,249 UAH (€560 / US$ 630) [126][127]
Kiev is the undisputed center of business and commerce of Ukraine and home to the country's largest companies, such as Naftogaz Ukrainy, Energorynok and Kyivstar. In 2010 the city accounted for 18% of national retail sales and 24% of all construction activity.[128][129][130][131] Indeed, real estate is one of the major forces in Kiev's economy. Average prices of apartments are the highest in the country and among the highest in eastern Europe.[132] Kiev also ranks high in terms of commercial real estate for it is here where the country's tallest office buildings (such as Gulliver and Parus) and some of Ukraine's biggest shopping malls (such as Dream Town and Ocean Plaza) are located.
Kiev is home to many of Ukraine's largest businesses.
In May 2011 Kiev authorities presented a 15-year development strategy which calls for attracting as much as EUR82 billion of foreign investment by 2025 to modernize the city's transport and utilities infrastructure and make it more attractive for tourists.[133]
Historical economic data
Nominal GRP (UAH bn)[122] 61.4 77.1 95.3 135.9 169.6 169.5 196.6 223.8 275.7
Nominal GRP (USD bn)**[122][134] 11.5 15.0 18.9 26.9 32.2 21.8 24.8 28.0 34.5
Nominal GRP per capita (USD)**[122][134] 4,348 5,616 6,972 9,860 11,693 7,841 8,875 10,007 12,192 13,687
Monthly wage (USD)**[134][135] 182 259 342 455 584 406 432 504 577
Unemployment rate (%)***[136] n/a 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.3 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.7
Retail sales (UAH bn)[128] n/a n/a n/a 34.87 46.50 42.79 50.09 62.80 73.00 77.14
Retail sales (USD bn)[128][134] n/a n/a n/a 6.90 8.83 5.49 6.31 7.88 9.14 9.65
Foreign direct investment (USD bn)[137] 2.1 3.0 4.8 7.0 11.7 16.8 19.2 21.8 24.9 27.3
* – data not available; ** – calculated at annual average official exchange rate; *** – ILO methodology (% of workforce).
Industry[edit]
Primary industries in Kiev include utilities – i.e., electricity, gas and water supply (26% of total industrial output), manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco products (22%), chemical (17%), mechanical engineering (13%) and manufacture of paper and paper products, including publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media (11%).[138] The Institute of Oil Transportation is headquartered here.
Manufacture[edit]
The An-124, the largest aircraft ever mass-produced, designed by Antonov in Kiev
Kuznya na Rybalskomu, naval production
Antonov Serial Production Plant (former Aviant), airplanes manufacturing
Aeros, small aircraft production
Kiev Roshen Factory, confectionery
Kiev Arsenal (former arms manufacturer), specializes in production of optic-precision instruments
Obolon, brewery
Kiev Aircraft Repair Plant 410, repair factory located at Zhulyany Airport
Education and science[edit]
See also: Category:Education in Kiev
Scientific research[edit]
The UNIT (Ukrainian National IT) Factory is a full-stack web development training school.
The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is based in Kiev.
Scientific research is conducted in many institutes of higher education and, additionally, in many research institutes affiliated with the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Kiev is home to Ukraine's ministry of education and science, and is also noted for its contributions to medical and computer science research.
In 2016 UNIT Factory (Ukrainian National IT Factory) opened. It offers a completely new format of IT education. The education is completely free for all trainees subject to compliance with the terms of the program. Within this project are the Technology Companies' Development Center (TCDC), BIONIC University open inter-corporate IT-university, as well as two hi-tech laboratories—VR Lab (Crytek) and Smart City lab.[139]
University education[edit]
National Taras Shevchenko University
Kiev hosts many universities, the major ones being Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University,[140] the National Technical University "Kiev Polytechnic Institute",[141] Kyiv-Mohyla Academy[142] and the Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics. Of these, the Mohyla Academy is the oldest, founded as a theological school in 1632, but Shevchenko University, founded in 1834, is the oldest in continuous operation. The total number of institutions of higher education in Kiev approaches 200,[143] allowing young people to pursue almost any line of study. While education traditionally remains largely in the hands of the state there are several accredited private institutions in the city.
Secondary education[edit]
There are about 530 general secondary schools and ca. 680 nursery schools and kindergartens in Kiev.[144] Additionally, there are evening schools for adults, specialist technical schools and the Evangel Theological Seminary.
Public libraries[edit]
There are many libraries in the city with the Vernadsky National Library, which is Ukraine's main academic library and scientific information centre, as well as one of the world's largest national libraries, being the largest and most important one.[145] The National Library is affiliated with the Academy of Sciences in so far as it is a deposit library and thus serves as the academy's archives' store. The national library is the world's foremost repository of Jewish folk music recorded on Edison wax cylinders. Their Collection of Jewish Musical Folklore (1912–1947) was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005.[146]
Main article: Transport in Kiev
Local public transport[edit]
Trolleybus ElektroLAZ-301 at Sofia Square, passing by the statue of Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Local public transportation in Kiev includes the Metro (underground), buses and minibuses, trolleybuses, trams, taxi and funicular. There is also an intra-city ring railway service.
The publicly owned and operated Kiev Metro is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of the city. The Metro is continuously expanding towards the city limits to meet growing demand, currently having three lines with a total length of 66.1 kilometres (41.1 miles) and 51 stations (some of which are renowned architectural landmarks). The Metro carries around 1.422 million passengers daily[147] accounting for 38% of the Kiev's public transport load. In 2011, the total number of trips exceeded 519 million.
The historic Kiev tram system was the first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire and the third one in Europe after the Berlin Straßenbahn and the Budapest tramway. The tram system currently consists of 139.9 km (86.9 mi) of track,[148] including 14 km (8.7 mi) two Rapid Tram lines, served by 21 routes with the use of 523 tram cars. Once a well maintained and widely used method of transport, the system is now gradually being phased out in favor of buses and trolleybuses.
The Kiev funicular was constructed during 1902–1905. It connects the historic Uppertown, and the lower commercial neighborhood of Podil through the steep Volodymyrska Hill overseeing the Dnieper River. The line consists of only two stations.
All public road transport (except for some minibuses) is operated by the united Kyivpastrans municipal company. It is heavily subsidized by the city.
The Kiev public transport system, except for taxi, uses a simple flat rate tariff system regardless of distance traveled: tickets or tokens must be purchased each time a vehicle is boarded. Digital ticket system is already established in Kiev Metro, with plans for other transport modes. Discount passes are available for grade school and higher education students. Pensioners use public transportation free. There are monthly passes in all combinations of public transportation. Ticket prices are regulated by the city government, and the cost of one ride is far lower than in Western Europe.
The taxi market in Kiev is expansive but not regulated. In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is not regulated. There is a fierce competition between private taxi companies.
Zoloti Vorota Metro Station Cental Hall
Pozniaky metro station
MAZ-215 Bus in Kiev
Taxi and trolleybus
Kiev funicular
Station of Kiev funicular
A ship near the Kiev River Port passenger terminal
The Novo-Darnytskyi Bridge over the Dnieper river
A modern Pesa Tram in Kiev
Pivdennyi (Southern) Bridge
Roads and bridges[edit]
Kiev represents the focal point of Ukraine's "national roads" system, thus linked by road to all cities of the country. European routes , and intersect in Kiev.
There are 8 over-Dnieper bridges and dozens of grade-separated intersections in the city. Several new intersections are under construction. There are plans to build a full-size, fully grade-separated ring road around Kiev.[149][150][151]
In 2009, Kiev's roads were in poor technical condition and maintained inadequately.[152]
Traffic jams and lack of parking space are growing problems for all road transport services in Kiev.
Air transport[edit]
Kiev is served by two international passenger airports: the Boryspil Airport located 30 kilometres (19 miles) away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhulyany Airport on the southern outskirts of the city. There are also the Gostomel cargo airport and additional three operating airfields facilitating the Antonov aircraft manufacturing company and general aviation.
Railways[edit]
Railways are Kiev's main mode of intracity and suburban transportation. The city has a developed railroad infrastructure including a long-distance passenger station, 6 cargo stations, depots, and repairing facilities. However, this system still fails to meet the demand for passenger service. Particularly, the Kiev Passenger Railway Station is the city's only long-distance passenger terminal (vokzal).
Construction is underway for turning the large Darnytsia Railway Station on the left-bank part of Kiev into a long-distance passenger hub, which may ease traffic at the central station.[153] Bridges over the Dnieper River are another problem restricting the development of city's railway system. Presently, only one rail bridge out of two is available for intense train traffic. A new combined rail-auto bridge is under construction, as a part of Darnytsia project.
In 2011 the Kiev city administration established a new 'Urban Train' for Kiev. This service runs at standard 4- to 10-minute intervals throughout the day and follows a circular route around the city centre, which allows it to serve many of Kiev's inner suburbs. Interchanges between the Kiev Metro and Fast Tram exist at many of the urban train's station stops.[154]
Suburban 'Elektrichka' trains are serviced by the publicly owned Ukrainian Railways. The suburban train service is fast, and unbeatably safe in terms of traffic accidents. But the trains are not reliable, as they may fall significantly behind schedule, may not be safe in terms of crime, and the elektrichka cars are poorly maintained and are overcrowded in rush hours.
There are 5 elektrichka directions from Kiev:
Nizhyn (north-eastern)
Hrebinka (south-eastern)
Myronivka (southern)
Fastiv (south-western)
Korosten (western)
More than a dozen of elektrichka stops are located within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use the suburban trains.
International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Kiev is twinned with:
Ankara, Turkey (since 1993)[155]
Baku, Azerbaijan[156]
Beijing, China (since 1993)[157]
Wuhan, China (since 1990)[158]
Bratislava, Slovakia[159]
Chicago, Illinois, United States[160]
Chișinău, Moldova (since 1999)[161]
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (since 1989)[162]
Florence, Italy[163]
Kastoria, Greece (since 1998)[164]
Kraków, Poland (since 1993)[165]
Kyoto, Japan[166]
Leipzig, Germany (since 1961)[167]
Munich, Germany[168]
Odense, Denmark[169]
Riga, Latvia (since 1998)[170]
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[171]
Tbilisi, Georgia (since 1999)[172]
Vienna, Austria[173]
Vilnius, Lithuania[174]
Warsaw, Poland (since 1994)[175]
In February 2016 the Kiev city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Volgograd, Ulan-Ude, Makhachkala, and the Komi Republic due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[176][177]
Other cooperation agreements[edit]
Belgrade, Serbia[178]
Lisbon, Portugal[179]
Toronto, Ontario, Canada[180]
Yerevan, Armenia[181]
Notable people from Kiev[edit]
Pianist Vladimir Horowitz was born in Kiev.
Nikolai Amosov, Soviet and Ukrainian heart surgeon and inventor
Oleh Blokhin, Ukrainian football player
Leonid Bronevoy, Soviet and Russian actor
Nikolai Berdyaev, Russian Orthodox religious and political philosopher
Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer
Konstantin Buteyko, creator of the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders
Zino Davidoff (born Sussele-Meier Davidoff), Swiss premium tobacco manufacturer; known as "King of Cigars"
Ilya Ehrenburg, Soviet writer, journalist, translator, and cultural figure
André Grabar, historian of Romanesque art and the art of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Bulgarian Empire
Eugeniusz Horbaczewski, Polish fighter pilot
Milton Horn, Russian American sculptor
Vladimir Horowitz, classical pianist
Milla Jovovich, American actress
Jan Koum, American computer programmer, CEO and co-founder of WhatsApp
Ana Layevska, Ukrainian-Mexican actress
Serge Lifar, French ballet dancer
Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Soviet and Ukrainian football coach
Kazimir Malevich, pioneer of geometric abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde Suprematist movement
Golda Meir, Israeli politician, the fourth Prime Minister of Israel
Moses of Kiev, 12th century Talmudist
Alexander Ostrowski, mathematician
Nicholas Pritzker, scion of the Pritzker Family
Lev Shestov, Russian existentialist philosopher
Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian footballer
Igor Sikorsky, Russian-American aviation pioneer
Alexander Vertinsky, Russian and Soviet singer, composer, poet, cabaret artist, and actor
Honour[edit]
Kiev Peninsula in Graham Land, Antarctica is named after the city of Kiev.[182]
^ English: /ˈkiːɛv, -ɛf, kiːˈɛv, -ˈɛf/ KEE-ev, -ef, kee-EV, -EF,[9][10] US also /kiːv/ KEEV.[11] Ukrainian: [ˈkɪjiu̯] ( listen). Russian: [ˈkʲi(j)ɪf].
^ a b c Чисельність населення м.Києва (in Ukrainian). UkrStat.gov.ua. 1 November 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ Oksana Lyachynska (31 May 2012). "Kyiv's 1,530th birthday marked with fun, protest". Kyiv Post.
^ a b Vitali Klitschko sworn in as mayor of Kiev, Interfax-Ukraine (5 June 2014)
^ a b Poroshenko appoints Klitschko head of Kyiv city administration – decree, Interfax-Ukraine (25 June 2014)
Poroshenko orders Klitschko to bring title of best European capital back to Kyiv, Interfax-Ukraine (25 June 2014)
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^ Zraick, Karen (13 November 2019). "Wait, How Do You Pronounce Kiev?". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ a b The most recent Ukrainian census, conducted on 5 December 2001, gave the population of Kiev as 2 611 300 (Ukrcensus.gov.ua – Kyiv city Web address accessed on 4 August 2007). Estimates based on the amount of bakery products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) suggest a minimum of 3.5 million. "There are up to 1.5 mln undercounted residents in Kiev", Korrespondent, 15 June 2005(in Russian)
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^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2nd, Revised ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-1-4426-9879-6.
^ a b (in Ukrainian) Виборчі комісії фіксують перемогу опозиційних кандидатів у Києві
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^ a b У кожного киянина в голові – досвід Майдану (in Ukrainian). 20 April 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
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^ As of November 2019, the Oxford English Dictionary included 29 quotations with Kiev, one with Kiew, five with Kiow, and one with Kyiv. This spelling is also given by the Encyclopædia Britannica (with alternative titles Kiyev, Kyiv, and Kyyiv) and the 2000 Columbia Encyclopedia.
^ The form Кꙑєвь (Kyiev) is used in old Rus' chronicles like Lavretian Chronicle (Мстиславъ Кꙑєвьскꙑи, Mstislav Kyievski; Кꙑӕне, Kyiene 'Kievans'), Novgorod Chronicles and others.
^ Marshall, Joseph, fl.1770 (1971) [1772]. Travels through Germany, Russia, and Poland in the years 1769 and 1770. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-02763-X. LCCN 77135821. Originally published: London, J. Almon, 1773, LCCN 03-5435.
^ Holderness, Mary (1823). Journey from Riga to the Crimea, with some account of the manners and customs of the colonists of new Russia. London: Sherwood, Jones and co. p. 316. LCCN 04024846. OCLC 5073195.
^ "I, n.1". OED Online. Oxford University Press. September 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019. 2017 Thai News Service (Nexis) 21 Apr. Kyiv filed a lawsuit against Russia at the ICJ for intervening militarily.
^ "Resolution of the ukrainian commission for legal terminology No. 5". Ukrainian Commission for Legal Terminology. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ "The Economist starts using Kyiv instead of Kiev". Ukrinform. 30 October 2019.
^ "CorrectUA". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ "Geographical Names Database". United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2006/430604.shtml
^ U.S. Begins to Spell Kiev as Kyiv About.com Geography, Friday 20 October 2006
^ https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/world/us-government-changes-spelling-of-capital-to-kyiv-25273.html
^ "#KyivNotKiev: U.S. To Change International Database Spelling Of Ukraine's Capital". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
^ "#KyivnotKiev: IATA changes spelling of Ukrainian capital". www.unian.info. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
^ "Airline and Airport Code Search". IATA.org (Search results returned for location name "Kyiv", not "Kiev"). Retrieved 20 November 2019.
^ "Interinstitutional style guide — Annex A5 — List of countries, territories and currencies". European Union Publications Office. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
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^ The list includes NATO, OSCE, World Bank, International Air Travel Association
^ Kyiv Post, the leading English language publication in Ukraine.
^ Stylebook, A. P. (14 August 2019). "AP has changed its style for the capital of Ukraine to Kyiv, in line with the Ukrainian government's preferred transliteration to English and increasing usage. Include a reference in stories to the former spelling of Kiev. The food dish remains chicken Kiev". @APStylebook. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ Daniszewski, John (14 August 2019). "An update on AP style on Kyiv". The Definitive Source (blog.ap.org). Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ a b Waldie, Paul (5 February 2014). "What's in a name? Plenty if you're from Ukraine". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^ Shewchuk, Blair (26 November 2004). "Kiev or a Kyiv? Turin or Torino?". CBC News. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ The Economist Style Guide. London: Profile Books. 2005. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-86197-916-2.
^ "Guardian and Observer style guide: K". The Guardian. 6 November 2015. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ Power, Bill (3 October 2019). "Vol. 32, No. 9: Kyiv". WSJ. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ Morrow, Adrian (10 October 2019). "The Globe is changing its style on the capital of Ukraine from the Russian-derived 'Kiev' to 'Kyiv,' the transliteration the Ukrainian government uses. (A style note informs us we will continue to spell 'chicken Kiev' the old way)". @adrianmorrow on Twitter. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "K". BBC Academy.
^ Taylor, Adam (16 October 2019). "Inbox: 'The Washington Post is changing its style on the capital of Ukraine, which we will now render as Kyiv, rather than Kiev, effective immediately... The spelling Kiev may still appear in historical contexts, the dish chicken Kiev and when quoting written material...'". @mradamtaylor on Twitter. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ Kramer, Andrew E. (18 November 2019). "The New York Times has switched to Kyiv, instead of Kiev, as the spelling for the Ukrainian capital. The change discontinues a Russian transliteration of the city's name, though one that had been in wide use in English for many decades". @AndrewKramerNYT on Twitter (NYT Moscow correspondent). Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ a b c d e f g Kiev at Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia
^ Kiev in the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia: "Населення періоду мідного віку на тер. К. було носієм т. з. трипільської культури; відомі й знахідки окремих предметів бронзового віку."
^ Rabinovich GA From the history of urban settlements in the eastern Slavs. In the book.: History, culture, folklore and ethnography of the Slavic peoples. M. 1968. 134.
^ a b Kiev at Encyclopedia of Britannica
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^ The Destruction of Kiev, University of Toronto Research Repository
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^ Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева, Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.
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^ Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (p. 290) – "2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers".
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Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Resources from Wikiversity
Київська міська державна адміністрація – official web portal of the Kiev City State Administration (in Ukrainian)
Official Kiev tourism portal
Istanbul 2004 Eurovision Song Contest Hosts
Stockholm 2016 Eurovision Song Contest Hosts
Seven Wonders of Ukraine
Sofiyivsky Park
Kiev Pechersk Lavra
Kamianets-Podilskyi Complex
Khortytsia
Chersonesus
Saint Sophia Cathedral
Khotyn Fortress
Askania-Nova
Granite-steppe lands of Buh
Dniester Canyon
Marble Caves
Podillian Tovtry
Lake Svitiaz
Lake Synevyr
Lutsk Upper Castle
Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle
Akkerman Castle
Metropolitan Palace
Kachanivka Palace
and descent
House with Chimaeras
Vydubychi Monastery
St Volodymyr's Cathedral
Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (Old Podil)
Saint Sophia's Cathedral
Subdivisions of Kiev
Darnytskyi
Desnianskyi
Dniprovskyi
Holosiivskyi
Obolonskyi
Pecherskyi
Podilskyi
Shevchenkivskyi
Solomianskyi
Sviatoshynskyi
Neighborhoods1
Right-bank
Akademmistechko
Askold's Grave
Uhorske Urochyshche
Baikove Cemetery
Batyieva Hora
Borshchahivka
Cherepanova Hora
Chokolivka
Chorna Hora
Demiivka
Feofaniya
Holosiiv
Koncha-Zaspa
Korchuvate
Kurenivka
Lukyanivka
Lypky
Lysa Hora
Minskyi Masyv
Nyvky
Obolon
Old Kiev
Pankivshchyna
Pechersk
Berestove
Klov
Vasylkivska Rohatka
Petrivka
Pyrohiv
Podil
Priorka
Pushcha-Vodytsia
Rybalskyi Ostriv
Shuliavka
Solomianka
Sovky
Sviatoshyn
Syrets
Tatarka
Telychka
Teremky
Vidradnyi
Vydubychi
Vynohradar
Yevbaz
Zabaikove
Zamkova Hora
Zhuliany
Zvirynets
Venetsiansky
Dolobetsky
Trukhaniv
Chortoryi
Rusanivka
Vodnykiv
Lopukhovaty
Velykyi
Kozatsky
Olzhyn
Zhukiv
Left-bank
Berezniaky
Bortnychi
Bykivnia
Chervonyi Khutir
Darnytsia
Kharkivskyi Masyv
Livoberezhnyi Masyv
Osokorky
Pozniaky
Troieshchyna
Voskresenka
1Unofficial designation
Category:Urban districts of Kiev
Category:Neighborhoods in Kiev
Administrative divisions of Ukraine
Capital: Kiev
Oblasts
Donetsk2
Luhansk2
Zakarpattia
Cities with special status
Sevastopol1
Autonomous republic
Administrative centers
Uzhhorod
1Claimed and controlled by Russia as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol
2Regions are partly controlled by Pro-Russian seperatists states of Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic
Cities in Ukraine
City of regional significance
City of district significance
Makiivka
Kamianske
Sievierodonetsk
Yenakiieve
Crimea is the subject of a territorial dispute between Ukraine (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) and Russia (Republic of Crimea)
Armenia–Azerbaijan
Russia–Ukraine
Ellinikós Telikós
Eurosong - A MAD Show
Eirodziesma
Dziesma
Malta Song for Europe
Malta Eurovision Song Contest
MontenegroSong
Montevizija
Concours Eurovision
Die Grosse Entscheidungsshow
Marcel Bezençon Awards
OGAE
OGAE Video Contest
OGAE Second Chance Contest
Barbara Dex Award
and concerts
Eurovision Song Contest Previews
Songs of Europe
Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest
Best of Eurovision
Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits
Het Grote Songfestivalfeest
Hero Cities of the Soviet Union
Brest Fortress
Historical Capitals of Rus', Ukrainian states and states on Ukrainian soil1
Medieval Ukrainian states
Kievan Rus'
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Halych
Cossack Hetmanate
Chyhyryn
Baturyn
Hlukhiv
Grand Principality of Rus'
Ukrainian states after
Russian Empire and
before Ukrainian SSR
West Ukrainian People's Republic
Stanyslaviv
Ukrainian People's Republic
Kiev (1917–1920)
* Ukrainian Soviet Republic
Ukrainian SSR (since 1917),
independent Ukraine (since 1991)
Ukrainian SSR (part of the
SU 1922-91), Ukraine
Kharkiv (1919-1934)
Kiev (since 1934)
1Meaning (Cossack) states on the territory of current Ukraine
Capitals of European states and territories
Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.
Amsterdam, Netherlands1
Ankara, Turkey3
Baku, Azerbaijan3
Brussels, Belgium2
Chișinău, Moldova
Douglas, Isle of Man (UK)
Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK)4
Gibraltar, Gibraltar (UK)
Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
Moscow, Russia3
Nicosia, Cyprus4
North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus4
Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan3
Podgorica, Montenegro
Pristina, Kosovo
Riga, Latvia
Saint Helier, Jersey (UK)
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey (UK)
San Marino, San Marino
Skopje, North Macedonia
Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh3
Sukhumi, Abkhazia3
Tbilisi, Georgia3
Tiraspol, Transnistria
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Vatican City5
Yerevan, Armenia4
1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
3 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and Asia
4 Entirely in Western Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe
5 A city-state
MusicBrainz: 51c526a4-ed34-4eaf-94cf-0b96cd019d47


Tired of that nagging back pain and that stiff, weak neck? Well, this is not only the best exercise for your neck, it'll also help keep your back pain-free.
Lie on your back and put your hands beside your head.
Push up off your feet and push your chest back at the same time. Rest on your forehead (or as close as you can get).
Now rock back and forth, decreasing the distance between your legs and head.
Keep your body really tight and flex every muscle from your chest, neck, back, all the way to your legs and feet.
In the beginning, just work on being comfortable in this position and becoming more flexible. Once you can touch your nose to the mat, try holding it there for 30 seconds. Once you can do that, hold it for a minute, then two, then three. Once you can hold it for three, take your hands away and fold them in front of you across your chest.
Try not to relax any part of your body while bridging and really focus on keeping your body tight. The longest I've ever held the bridge is fifteen minutes. Several T Nation forum members have started doing this exercise and are raving about how their neck and back pains have vanished. Join the club and get started on bridging.


Items for PROTECTING the Tire and Wheel while servicing.
Sliding BEAD LEVER PROTECTORS - 10 pack. Helps prevent wheel damage by eliminating bead lever metal contact. OEM / Aftermarket Interchanges: TC183605, TC 183605, 183605, 8183605, BW-1236-05.
12 pack of plastic INSERTS for steel mounting head on some Coats and other brand tire changers. Inserts snap over the roller. OEM / Aftermarket Interchanges: TI182963, TI 182963, 8182961, 8182963, 182961, 182963.
Mount / De-mount Shoe PROTECTOR for FMC 8700 & 8800 Tire Changers.OEM / Aftermarket Interchanges: 87084, 00087084000, 87084000.


• SUPERIOR STEREO HD SOUND with SELECTABLE BASS LEVELS: Two premium acoustic drivers and subwoofers deliver excellent stereo sound and bass. Use the 'super' button to select between two different sound effects, as well as to enable Siri on your iPhone. Works great with soundtracks, audio books, relaxing sounds, and even techno music. Stream music or internet radio services such as Pandora, Spotify and iHeartRadio as well.
• 16W POWERFUL VOLUME with PORTABLE SIZE: Amazing, loud volume from the small speakers, and distortion-free at maximum volume. Perfect for your home, family room, kitchen, bathroom, car, and parties. The portable, super light, and anti-vibration design is suitable for travel and hiking.
• Bluetooth 4.2 Tech and NFC : Equipped with the latest v4.2 Bluetooth technology for low power and optimal wireless performance. Includes NFC tech for fast pairing. Compatible with all Bluetooth devices like iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, Echo Dot, Smartphones, Tablets, Chromebook, Laptops and TVs. Use the 3.5mm audio cable for non-Bluetooth devices. And now with a built-in mic for hands-free calling.
• IPX5 WATERPROOF RATING: Designed to be dust-proof, splash-proof and rain-proof. It is perfect for the beach, poolside, boat and golf cart. Can resist gentle water sprays and splashes, but cannot be submerged in water.
• INCREDIBLE BATTERY LIFE: MBOX Bluetooth Speakers can deliver 12+ hours of play time on a full charge.
Hussar is dedicated to the Highest Quality Audio Products and Best Customer Services. Your COMPLETE SATISFACTION is always our goal!