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The Prague Linguistic Circle and the Analogy between Musicology and Linguistics
Posted on 7 March 2017 by bartkarstens — 3 Comments
Bart Karstens
In recent historiography an upsurge in interest in the interaction between academic disciplines can be seen. This is in no small part due to the rise of the history of humanities as a specialized field of study.[1] On the one hand, writing a comprehensive history of the humanities is motivated by the idea that in some sense the humanistic disciplines form a whole and without general perspectives we cannot gain a proper understanding of the history of the separate disciplines that together constitute the humanistic spectrum.[2] On the other hand, there is the broader aim to integrate the history of the humanities with mainstream history of science and for this to happen the history of humanities should first become clearly recognizable as a respectable field of study. We are still a long way off from an integrated historiography of all knowledge-making disciplines, as the humanities have been largely neglected in historiography of science, and this attitude is not easy to overcome.[3]
An integrated picture may emerge through an analysis of connections between knowledge-making disciplines that have been established in the past. These connections are ultimately the result of the epistemic transfer of ideas, methods, experimental practices, teaching models, etc. Consider the case of the encounter between Roman Jakobson and Claude Lévi-Strauss in New York in 1941, where both were in exile at the time. As is well known, Lévi-Strauss acquired the structuralist method of analyzing kinship relations through his contact with Jakobson, who had been among the founders of structuralism in linguistics.[4] Consequently, structuralism had an enormous impact on anthropology, and from there also on a host of other disciplines. It is thus impossible to gain a proper understanding of modern anthropology without taking into account the epistemic transfer that took place between linguistics and anthropology in the 1940s.
The history of linguistics may potentially serve as a useful laboratory to study the interaction between disciplines, as the past has shown abundant cross-over between linguistics and a great variety of other fields, including biology, philosophy, computer science and psychology (to name just a few), with linguistics being on both the sending and receiving end of communication. This has of course not gone unnoticed in historiography of the language sciences, but may gain renewed importance when put in broader perspective.[5] The expertise of historians of linguistics can in this way also potentially reach a wider audience. Moreover, our analysis and assessment of the importance of the relation(s) between linguistics and other disciplines may still be incomplete. An example is the birth of historical and comparative linguistics in the 19th century. About this Morpurgo Davies writes: "In Germany, but also elsewhere, organic metaphors are often accompanied by references to the natural sciences and/or to the scientific character of the new linguistics. How important is the connection? How much did Friedrich Schlegel and his followers know about the sciences? How influential were these in the development of the new linguistics? A full enquiry is still a desideratum."[6]
Another desideratum presents itself on a historiographical level. We are still in need of a satisfactory approach that can capture the full scope of the interaction of knowledge-making disciplines. At the University of Amsterdam, a 4-year research project started in 2016 that has a primary focus on what we call 'the flow of cognitive goods'. 'Cognitive goods' is an umbrella term that was introduced to capture all elements of past science that have moved between disciplines. These include research methods, formalisms, principles, patterns, intellectual, theoretical and moral virtues, concepts, metaphors, argumentative and demonstrative techniques, and institutional practices. The idea is that following the career of such goods enables us to write a post-disciplinary history. Every flow makes a causal connection, and when these are added up we can distinguish causal chains that demonstrate how disciplines, at least historically, hang together.[7]
Causal connections have to be carefully distinguished from noting 'influence' or mere parallels. The spurious claim of Schleicher's Darwinism can still sometimes be heard even when it has been made clear long ago that Schleicher did not appropriate Darwin's evolutionary concept to the study of language but merely noted parallels between the Origin of Species and what he had been doing all along in his research on the life of linguistic 'organisms'.[8] We confront the difficult problem of distinguishing a noted parallel from a causal connection when we are trying to explain the genesis of the structuralist method of analyzing linguistic phenomena. According to Flack, Roman Jakobson must occupy a central position in this story, contrary to what generally happens in the historiography of structuralism in which both Saussure and Lévi-Strauss more often than not are presented as the main actors on the stage.[9]
Jakobson was a scholar of staggering versatility, who drew inspiration from avant-garde art, folklore, phenomenology, Gestalt psychology and the natural sciences.[10] Connections between linguistic structuralism and all these fields have been the subject of research.[11] Yet, there is still a lot to learn about the ideas Jakobson actually took over (instead of noting mere parallels), and how he fused these ideas together. A full investigation would require following the trajectory of cognitive goods, such as the very notion of structure, which came to play a prominent role in academic discourse only from the 19th century onwards.[12]
In the remainder of this blogpost, I would like to focus on one example of cross-disciplinary contact, namely that between musicology and linguistics. Jakobson wrote a brief article on this subject called 'Musikwissenschaft und Linguistik', which was published in the newspaper Prager Presse on 7 December 1932.[13] This newspaper was a platform for publications of the Prague Linguistic Circle, which was strongly supported by the Czech philosopher and statesman Masaryk, who also was the founder of the Prager Presse, a German-language newspaper which had the aim of integrating the German speaking minority into Czech society (see picture).[14] Jakobson's contribution contains a reflection on a lecture given by professor of musicology Gustav Wilhelm Becking in the context of the regular meetings of the Prague Linguistic Circle. Jakobson claims that this lecture "gehört zu den bedeutendsten Ereignissen des Prager wissenschaftlichen Lebens der letzten Zeit." Given the timing of the lecture this suggests that it might have contributed to shaping structuralism, and more specifically Jakobson's phonological theory of distinctive features, which was then still in development.[15] Let us therefore carefully examine the points of convergence that Jakobson highlights.
According to Jakobson, Becking, who had earlier discussed analogies between 'den phonologischen Grundproblemen und den Grundproblemen der modernen Musikwissenschaft', had now convincingly proved that the similarity between musicology and phonology was fundamental. In both musical and phonological systems the value of a sign depends on its position and on the relations it has to other signs in a particular system of signification. The physical realization in writing (notes or letters) or sound cannot be completely separated from the 'Ton' and 'Phonem' they represent, given the supposed unity of form and meaning, but the physical realization is nonetheless of secondary importance in both musical and phonological systems. Of central importance is the auditive and phonological value of the expressions and both musicology and linguistics must study (and come to understand) the relational systems in which these values acquire their full meaning.
In the lecture Becking gave the example of the difference in music perception of an African and a European. For an African it is the timbre ('Klangfarbe') that matters, for the European the pitch ('Tonhöhe'). Also when we compare medieval Gregorian chant with modern European music, it can, according to Becking, be noticed that in medieval times it was glissando ('Tonbewegung') that mattered most. These differences can for example lead to differences in perception of identity of pieces of music. From these examples Jakobson draws the following conclusion: "Das Wichtige in der Musik ist nicht die naturalistische Gegebenheit, nicht diejenigen Töne, die realisiert werden, sondern die, die gemeint werden. Der Eingeborene und der Europäer hören denselben Ton und meinen dabei ganz verschiedene Dinge, da sie ihn in Bezug auf zwei verschiedene musikalische Systeme auffassen; der Ton fungiert in der Musik als 'System-Ton'."[16] So, next to a distinction between physical realization and sound value we must not only place sound values into a system but at the same realize that a musical arrangement has been put together with particular intentions in mind. As Umberto Eco points out, music is not just organized sound, it is intentionally organized sound.[17] The implication is of course that phonological systems in languages work the same way. In the article Jakobson further argues that linguistic conventions, including accepted ways to convey intentions, must be sought on the level of the phonological system and not in etymology or the lexicon.
According to Becking, particular musical systems are closely connected to particular worldviews. He was working on a typology of musical systems consisting of four dimensions of increasing complexity. This interested Jakobson very much: "Die Gesetzmässigkeit des Systembaues erinnert an die Typologie der phonologischen Systemen."[18] With other members of the Prague school he had proposed a new way of classifying languages, not primarily on the basis of genealogical descent, which had been the common way of classification in the 19th century, but on the basis of structural similarities and differences. One could still find genetically related groups within the classification, but in the structuralist framework this has become a secondary analytical step. Languages could also have gained similarities through their proximity, which need not presuppose historic ties stretching over very long periods of time. Jakobson no longer spoke of language families but of language bonds. All languages characterized by phonological correlation of palatalization were for example classified as members of the Eurasian 'Sprachbund'.[19] In his lecture, Becking defended the theory that peoples of the Far East share a common musical system, which is characterized by a great number of small intervals. Jakobson now conjectures that phonological bonds may show considerable overlap with musical bonds. He says that the boundaries and characteristics of musical and phonological bonds need to be carefully compared and if musicology is further developed in this respect linguistics must follow suit and benefit from musicological expertise.
Finally, because of the structural similarities, the principles of development ('Grundsätze der Mutationen') of musical systems are akin to patterns of phonological development. In this respect musicology can learn from linguistics, which according to Jakobson had probed deeper into 'das ganzheitliche Verfahren' of phonological systems and as a consequence possessed a better articulated 'Theorie des Systembaus'. For example, he suggests that the concept of markedness, which had been developed in phonology, and the idea that particular marked and unmarked values are always correlated in terms of oppositions, should be applied to musical systems as well. Furthermore he believes that especially the poetic form of linguistic expression will provide excellent material for comparison with music ('besonders dankbares material').
Music is closest to language as a semiotic system in all these respects. For the most part Jakobson notes mere parallels between musical and phonological systems and hence we cannot speak of a flow between musicology and phonology. No ideas from musicology seem to have had a causal impact on the theory of distinctive features that was developed in this period.[20] However, with respect to systematic classification based on shared characteristics, linguistics could take up insights gained in musicology. Vice versa the concept of markedness can be said to have flown from linguistics to other fields of study, including musicology. But these can be considered as 'minor flows' as in both cases the general framework of analysis was already in place.
Yet we should not forget that structuralism was minted as a catch-all term to capture a profound change in thinking about science in all disciplines that was occurring at the time. "Were we to comprise the leading idea of present-day science in its most various manifestations, we could hardly find a more appropriate designation than structuralism. Any set of phenomena examined by contemporary science is treated not as a mechanical agglomeration but as a structural whole, and the basic task is to reveal the inner, whether static or developmental, laws of this system. What appears to be the focus of scientific preoccupations is no longer the outer stimulus, but the internal premises of the development; now the mechanical conception of processes yields to the question of their functions."[21] Establishing strong parallels with musicology reinforces this message even more so because the theory of musical systems provides insight in the workings of the human mind and the way perception operates. It can therefore hardly come closer to the theory of language systems. In this sense we can attach deeper significance to the similarities noted by Jakobson between linguistics and musicology, which goes beyond registering mere parallels between two distinct fields of study.
[1] Institutionalization is shaped through the conference series 'The Making of the Humanities', which has turned into an annual event and will be held for the 6th time in Oxford (UK) this year from 28-30 September. Last year the Society for the History of Humanities was created and the first issue of the new journal History of Humanities appeared with University of Chicago Press. See http://www.historyofhumanities.org for further information.
[2] Important book publications offering a comparative overview of the humanities include Bod, R. (2013) A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press and Turner, J. (2014) Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[3] The journal History of Humanities aims to be a platform for both forms of integration. A strong plea for the second one can be found in the Focus section titled 'The History of Humanities and the History of Science' in the leading history of science journal Isis 106, vol. 2.
[4] Mehlman, J. (2002) Émigré New York. French Intellectuals in Wartime Manhattan, 1940-1944. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
[5] Just to give a few publications in which cross-over between linguistics and other disciplines stands central: Bartsch R. and Vennemann T. eds. (1973) Linguistik und Nachbarwissenschaften. Kronberg: Scriptor Verlag; Hoenigswald H.M. and Wiener L. F. eds. (1987) Biological Metaphor and Cladistic Classification: an Interdisciplinary Perspective. London: Frances Pinter; Levelt W. (2013) A History of Psycholinguistics. The Pre-Chomskyan Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press and Bod (2013).
[6] Morpurgo Davies, A. (1998) History of Linguistics. Vol IV: Nineteenth-Century Linguistics. London and New York: Longman, pp. 88-89. For an attempt at clarification see Karstens, B. (2012) 'Bopp the Builder. Discipline Formation as Hybridization: the Case of Comparative Linguistics'. In: R. Bod, J. Maat and T. Weststeijn, eds., The Making of the Humanities. Volume II: From Early Modern to Modern Disciplines. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp.103-127.
[7] See the website http://www.flow.humanities.uva.nl. The project is very much open to suggestions and comments, for which a discussion platform has been created.
[8] Koerner, E.F.K. (1989) 'On the Problem of 'Influence' in Linguistic Historiography'. In: idem. Practicing Linguistics Historiography. Selected Essays. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 31-46. The key primary source is: August Schleicher, Die Darwinische Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft. Offenes Sendschreiben an Herrn Dr. Ernst Häckel, Professor der Zoologie und Director des zoologischen Museums an der Universität Jena (Weimar 1863).
[9] Flack, P. (2016) 'Roman Jakobson and the Transition of German Thought to the Structuralist Paradigm'. Acta Structuralica 1-1, pp.1-15.
[10] Gasparov, B. (2014) 'Futurism and Phonology: The Futurist Roots of Jakobson's Approach to Language'. Ulbandus Review 16, pp. 84-112; Holenstein, E. (1975) Roman Jakobsons Phänomenologischer Strukturalismus. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Jakobson devoted several papers to the relation between linguistics and other disciplines, which can be found in the Selected Writings series: https://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/16068 .
[11] The central point of reference now is Sériot, P. (2014) Structure and the Whole. East, West and Non-Darwinian Biology in the Origins of Structural Linguistics. Trans. A. Jacobs-Colas. Boston, Berlin: De Gruyter, Mouton.
[12] To find the roots of 20th century structuralism, Flack (2016) also suggests that we need to probe deeper into the 19th century, especially with respect to phenomenology.
[13] Reprinted in: Jakobson, R. (1971) 'Musikwissenschaft und Linguistik'. In: R. Jakobson ed., Selected Writings II: Word and Language. The Hague-Paris: Mouton, pp. 551-553.
[14] Bernátek, M. (2014) 'The Prague Linguistic Circle and the Prager Presse'. Theatralia, Brno: Masarykova univerzita, roč. 17, č. 2, pp. 175-187.
[15] Sériot (2014) pp. 73-78.
[16] Jakobson (1971) pp. 551-552, emphasis added.
[17] Here the connection to German phenomenology, in particular the Brentano school, presents itself: Eco, U (1987) 'The Influence of Roman Jakobson on the Development of Semiotics'. In: M. Krampen et al. (eds.), Classics of Semiotics. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 109-127.
[18] Jakobson (1971) p. 552.
[19] The Eurasian 'Sprachbund' roughly corresponded to the borders of the Soviet Union. The political implications of this theory are a hot potato, and continue to be highly controversial to the present day. See Marácz, L. (2015) Towards Eurasian Linguistic Isoglosses: the Case of Turkic and Hungarian. Astana, Kazakhstan: International Turkic Academy.
[20] At least I have not been able to find such a reference in any of Jakobson's papers.
[21] Jakobson R. (1929) 'Romantické všeslovanství-nová slavistika [Romantic pan-Slavism: a new Slavistics']. Čin 1-1, pp. 10–12, there p.11. Percival, K.W. (2011) 'Roman Jakobson and the Birth of Linguistic Structuralism'. Sign Systems Studies 1, pp. 236-262 gives the same quote on p. 244 and suggests that this is actually the earliest use of the word structuralism by a linguist.
How to cite this post
Karstens, Bart. 2017. The Prague Linguistic Circle and the Analogy between Musicology and Linguistics. History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences. https://hiphilangsci.net/2017/03/07/prague-musicology-linguistics/
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Tagged with: history of humanities, musicology, Prague Linguistic Circle, Roman Jakobson
Posted in 20th century, Article, Europe, History, Linguistics, Phonology
3 comments on "The Prague Linguistic Circle and the Analogy between Musicology and Linguistics"
Joseph Greenberg's comparative notebooks | History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences says:
[…] was staggeringly broad by contemporary standards. Not only was he an accomplished musician (see the previous hiphilangsci post for more on the productive exchange between music and linguistics), his work bore the imprint of […]
Patrick Flack says:
Dear Bart,
Thanks for this very interesting post, which I have belatedly discovered. I like very much the idea of thinking about structuralism and the history of the language sciences in terms of a history of the humanities.
Simultaneously to your blog an article of mine specifically on Becking came out, you might be interested in taking a look (http://ophen.org/pub-132097).
Discussing Disciplinary Development: The role of the First International Congress of Linguists (1928) in the formation of the discipline of general linguistics | History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences says:
[…] point of view to study the influence of cross-disciplinary interactions. As Bart Karstens argued in his post of March 2017, the history of linguistics provides a useful laboratory for this kind of […]
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Rolf Müller
Karin von Schwarzenberg
The cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic hub regulating various pathways involved in tumor metabolism. Here we report that vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibition differentially affects regulation of AMPK in tumor and nontumor cells and that this differential regulation contributes to the selectivity of V-ATPase inhibitors for tumor cells. In nonmalignant cells, the V-ATPase inhibitor archazolid increased phosphorylation and lysosomal localization of AMPK. We noted that AMPK localization has a prosurvival role, as AMPK silencing decreased cellular growth rates.
Dephosphorylation activates the interferon-stimulated Schlafen family member 11 in the DNA damage response
Vol. 294Issue 40p14674–14685Published online: August 8, 2019
Dane Malone
Rea M. Lardelli
Manqing Li
Human Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that we previously have demonstrated to ablate translation of HIV proteins based on the virus's distinct codon preference. Additionally, lack of SLFN11 expression has been linked to the resistance of cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents (DDAs). We recently resolved the underlying mechanism, finding that it involves SLFN11-mediated cleavage of select tRNAs predominantly employed in the translation of the ATR and ATM Ser/Thr kinases, thereby establishing SLFN11 as a novel tRNA endonuclease.
Individual and combined presenilin 1 and 2 knockouts reveal that both have highly overlapping functions in HEK293T cells
Vol. 294Issue 29p11276–11285Published online: June 5, 2019
Christian B. Lessard
Edgardo Rodriguez
Thomas B. Ladd
Lisa M. Minter
Barbara A. Osborne
Lucio Miele
Presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 and 2) are the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase, a multiprotein protease that cleaves amyloid protein precursor and other type I transmembrane proteins. Previous studies with mouse models or cells have indicated differences in PS1 and PS2 functions. We have recently reported that clinical γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), initially developed to manage Alzheimer's disease and now being considered for other therapeutic interventions, are both pharmacologically and functionally distinct.
Engineered protein disaggregases mitigate toxicity of aberrant prion-like fusion proteins underlying sarcoma
Vol. 294Issue 29p11286–11296Published online: July 19, 2019
Jeremy J. Ryan
Macy L. Sprunger
Kayla Holthaus
James Shorter
Meredith E. Jackrel
FUS and EWSR1 are RNA-binding proteins with prion-like domains (PrLDs) that aggregate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The FUS and EWSR1 genes are also prone to chromosomal translocation events, which result in aberrant fusions between portions of the PrLDs of FUS and EWSR1 and the transcription factors CHOP and FLI. The resulting fusion proteins, FUS-CHOP and EWS-FLI, drive aberrant transcriptional programs that underpin liposarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, respectively.
Illuminating the Onco-GPCRome: Novel G protein–coupled receptor-driven oncocrine networks and targets for cancer immunotherapy
Victoria Wu
Huwate Yeerna
Nijiro Nohata
Joshua Chiou
Olivier Harismendy
Francesco Raimondi
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest gene family of cell membrane–associated molecules mediating signal transmission, and their involvement in key physiological functions is well-established. The ability of GPCRs to regulate a vast array of fundamental biological processes, such as cardiovascular functions, immune responses, hormone and enzyme release from endocrine and exocrine glands, neurotransmission, and sensory perception (e.g. vision, odor, and taste), is largely due to the diversity of these receptors and the layers of their downstream signaling circuits.
Accelerated Communications
Multiple conformational states of the HPK1 kinase domain in complex with sunitinib reveal the structural changes accompanying HPK1 trans-regulation
Michele McTigue
Rebecca A. Gallego
Ted W. Johnson
Sergei Timofeevski
Michael Maestre
Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1 or MAP4K1) is a Ser/Thr kinase that operates via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways to dampen the T-cell response and antitumor immunity. Accordingly, selective HPK1 inhibition is considered a means to enhance antitumor immunity. Sunitinib, a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor approved for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and pancreatic cancer, has been reported to inhibit HPK1 in vitro.
WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1/CCN4) stimulates melanoma invasion and metastasis by promoting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Vol. 294Issue 14p5261–5280Published online: February 5, 2019
Wentao Deng
Audry Fernandez
Sarah L. McLaughlin
David J. Klinke II
Besides intrinsic changes, malignant cells also release soluble signals that reshape their microenvironment. Among these signals is WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), a secreted matricellular protein whose expression is elevated in several cancers, including melanoma, and is associated with reduced survival of patients diagnosed with primary melanoma. Here, we found that WISP1 knockout increases cell proliferation and represses wound healing, migration, and invasion of mouse and human melanoma cells in multiple in vitro assays.
Pathways to disease from natural variations in human cytoplasmic tRNAs
Vol. 294Issue 14p5294–5308Published online: January 14, 2019
Jeremy T. Lant
Matthew D. Berg
Ilka U. Heinemann
Christopher J. Brandl
Patrick O'Donoghue
Perfectly accurate translation of mRNA into protein is not a prerequisite for life. Resulting from errors in protein synthesis, mistranslation occurs in all cells, including human cells. The human genome encodes >600 tRNA genes, providing both the raw material for genetic variation and a buffer to ensure that resulting translation errors occur at tolerable levels. On the basis of data from the 1000 Genomes Project, we highlight the unanticipated prevalence of mistranslating tRNA variants in the human population and review studies on synthetic and natural tRNA mutations that cause mistranslation or de-regulate protein synthesis.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNAs in human disease: an introduction to the JBC Reviews thematic series
Vol. 294Issue 14p5292–5293Published online: February 24, 2019
Karin Musier-Forsyth
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs for use in protein synthesis. This historical function of ARSs and tRNAs is fairly well understood. However, ARSs and tRNAs also perform noncanonical functions that are continuing to be unveiled at a rapid pace. The expanded functions of these essential molecules of life range from roles in retroviral replication to stimulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity; DNA repair, splicing, and transcriptional and translational regulation; and other aspects of cellular homeostasis.
A small-molecule ligand of valosin-containing protein/p97 inhibits cancer cell–accelerated fibroblast migration
Vol. 294Issue 9p2988–2996Published online: January 4, 2019
Kruthi Suvarna
Kaori Honda
Makoto Muroi
Yasumitsu Kondoh
Hiroyuki Osada
Nobumoto Watanabe
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are fibroblasts activated by surrounding cancer cells. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts exhibit enhanced cell migration, which plays an important role in cancer metastasis. Previously, we demonstrated enhanced migration of NIH3T3 fibroblasts when they were cultured in the presence of MCF7 breast cancer cells. Human fibroblasts displayed a similar phenomenon even when they were co-cultured with cancer cells other than MCF7 cells. In this study, we screened ∼16,000 compounds from the RIKEN Natural Products Depository chemical library for inhibitors of enhanced NIH3T3 cell migration in the presence of MCF7.
SRC tyrosine kinase activates the YAP/TAZ axis and thereby drives tumor growth and metastasis
John M. Lamar
Yuxuan Xiao
Emily Norton
Zhi-Gang Jiang
Genevieve M. Gerhard
Simrin Kooner
When properly employed, targeted therapies are effective cancer treatments. However, the development of such therapies requires the identification of targetable drivers of cancer development and metastasis. The expression and nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are increased in many human cancers, and experimental evidence indicates that aberrant YAP or TAZ activation drives tumor formation and metastasis.
Functional genomic characterization of a synthetic anti-HER3 antibody reveals a role for ubiquitination by RNF41 in the anti-proliferative response
Vol. 294Issue 4p1396–1409Published online: December 6, 2018
Jacob P. Turowec
Esther W.T. Lau
Xiaowei Wang
Kevin R. Brown
Frederic A. Fellouse
Kamaldeep K. Jawanda
Dysregulation of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases is involved in the progression of many cancers. Antibodies targeting the dimerization domains of family members EGFR and HER2 are approved cancer therapeutics, but efficacy is restricted to a subset of tumors and resistance often develops in response to treatment. A third family member, HER3, heterodimerizes with both EGFR and HER2 and has also been implicated in cancer. Consequently, there is strong interest in developing antibodies that target HER3, but to date, no therapeutics have been approved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tesla interior-With Tesla's larger battery options, 85kWh, you should be able to run about 50 mil on a full charge, but for me it dropped to 30-35. It is enough anyway good for everyday driving in the city. You can download the car home from a household outlet, but this will require 33 hours for a full charge. A normal night charge provides approximately 15 mile distance.
To the end, it is also meant to tesla interior owners can travel almost anywhere in Europe and recharge their cars only on super-charging stations. Speaking city so Tesla funnily enough oil country best-selling car, which to some extent is because the cars are subsidized? But this is about feeling, and the reason is not logical. It has been said that if Apple had built a car it would have been a Tesla, and it does not require many minutes in the car before experiencing relationship.


. An exclusive firewall allows all traffic through except for the traffic matching the ruleset. An inclusive firewall does the reverse. It only allows traffic matching the rules through and blocks everything else.
An inclusive firewall offers much better control of the outgoing traffic, making it a better choice for systems that offer services to the public Internet. It also controls the type of traffic originating from the public Internet that can gain access to your private network. All traffic that does not match the rules, is blocked and logged by design. Inclusive firewalls are generally safer than exclusive firewalls because they significantly reduce the risk of allowing unwanted traffic to pass through them.
Note: Unless noted otherwise, all configuration and example rulesets in this chapter, create inclusive type firewalls.
. This type of firewall keeps track of which connections are opened through the firewall and will only allow traffic through which either matches an existing connection or opens a new one. The disadvantage of a stateful firewall is that it can be vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks if a lot of new connections are opened very fast. With most firewalls it is possible to use a combination of stateful and non-stateful behavior to make an optimal firewall for the site.


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Meghan Markle's wedding dress: Will she wear Ralph & Russo or Erdem? Or shock us completely?
Bridal industry experts think Ralph & Russo and Erdem are the two labels in the lead to design Meghan Markle's wedding gown.
Meghan Markle's wedding dress: Will she wear Ralph & Russo or Erdem? Or shock us completely? Bridal industry experts think Ralph & Russo and Erdem are the two labels in the lead to design Meghan Markle's wedding gown. Check out this story on cincinnati.com: https://usat.ly/2IlMmFC
Erin Jensen, USA Today Published 3:36 p.m. ET May 7, 2018 | Updated 6:43 p.m. ET May 9, 2018
Meghan Markle will walk down the aisle shortly, but the question remains: Who will she wear?(Photo: HANNAH MCKAY/AFP/Getty Images)
Here comes the bride, all dressed in… ?
Who Meghan Markle will be wearing when she exits her car in front of St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle on May 19 is the top mystery surrounding her upcoming wedding to Prince Harry.
If you check with the bookies, Paddy Power suspended bets as the company is "fairly sure" when Markle walks down the aisle, accompanied by her father, Thomas Markle, she'll be wearing Ralph & Russo — again. The London-based company led by Tamara Ralph and Michael Russo designed the sheer and beaded gown Markle wore for her engagement photos.
Celebrities favor the brand with a whimsical and high-glam aesthetic. Elizabeth Banks, Sofia Vergara, Heidi Klum, Alessandra Ambrosio and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley all wore Ralph & Russo designs to this year's Vanity Fair Oscar Party.
Experts agree Ralph & Russo is a top contender, followed closely by Erdem. Markle and Duchess Kate have both donned looks by Canadian-born designer Erdem Moralıoğlu.
Shelley Brown, fashion and beauty editor at The Knot, says Ralph & Russo is a "strong contender."
"The one I think might be most likely is Ralph & Russo, because obviously she'll want to show the support for British fashion, and they're a London-based luxury label that also has a couture label that already has a built-in bridal line," says Brown.
More: Harry-Meghan nuptials: 'We're all looking for the kiss,' says author Andrew Morton
Wearing Erdem would allow Markle to honor Britain as well as Canada, her home while filming Suits. "Erdem is a Canadian designer based in London, so she'll also be able to have that Canadian connection, but still kind of pay homage to the royal family's British roots," Brown says.
"I don't think she'll be wearing Alexander McQueen," she adds, "simply because Kate Middleton obviously wore Alexander McQueen, and that was such an iconic dress."
While Don O'Neill, creative director for bridal and special occasion brand Theia, believes ultimately Markle is "going to surprise all of us," his vote is also for Ralph & Russo.
"Their wedding gowns are exquisite," he says. "Their trains would fill a football stadium they're so big and elaborate and grand."
More: How watching 'Suits' has changed, now that Meghan Markle is almost royal
Ornate, elegant and wonderfully unique - a detailed look at the beautiful Ralph & Russo Bridal gowns. Crafted from conception to creation by over 100 skilled artisans in our London Atelier. #ralphandrusso
A post shared by Ralph & Russo (@ralphandrusso) on Nov 6, 2017 at 7:31am PST
Though Erdem does not have a bridal line, Vatana Watters, president, founder and CEO of Watters bridal designs doesn't count them out.
"I think anybody would make time and embrace it and (be) up for the challenge," she says. "I think this is a great opportunity for that brand, or any of the brands, to shine and do something custom for (Meghan). It's a once-in-a-lifetime kind of wedding; Anybody would be excited to collaborate with (her)."
Will Meghan wear two dresses?
Kathryn Money, style expert and vice president of strategy and merchandising for Brilliant Earth jewelers, believes Markle will wear two dresses, as Kate did, on her wedding day: Erdem for the ceremony, followed by a sentimental choice: Elizabeth Emanuel. Emanuel and her then-husband David Emanuel designed Princess Diana's billowing wedding day look in 1981. Emanuel told People magazine in December she would be starting a new line, Emanuel Mayfair, focused on bridal and evening wear.
"For the reception dress, I think that she'll choose something short in length, so something a little more whimsical but still sophisticated, which I think reflects her personal style quite well," Money says.
Brown says a second dress would be a unique way for Markle to express herself while abiding by the general guideline that the royal family dress modestly.
"She could have that more formal dress for the ceremony that feels more traditional and kind of more buttoned-up, and then, if she wanted to, change into something for the reception that was more fun and fashion-forward," Brown says. Markle's friend French designer Roland Mouret is leading candidate for this second look, Brown notes. (A seemingly flustered Mouret had "no comment" when asked if he would design Markle's dress earlier this year.)
Lady Diana Spencer's gown, which she wore when she wed Prince Charles in 1981, was crafted by David and Elizabeth Emanuel. (Photo: AP)
Sleek and chic vs. Full and grand
Markle shared her bridal tastes with Glamour in 2016.
"I personally prefer wedding dresses that are whimsical or subtly romantic," she said. "Delphine Manivet and Christos Costarellos are faves of mine for their uniqueness and beauty. And I will always be a fan of Elie Saab. J. Mendel is spectacular as well, especially for more structural designs."
In the same interview, she described Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy's simple Narciso Rodriguez slip wedding dress as "Everything goals."
When Markle married producer Trevor Engelson in Jamaica in 2011, her wedding dress suited the beachy locale. She picked a strapless, bohemian gown spruced up with a glitzy belt.
Brown — taking into account the significantly larger audience this go-around — contemplates the need for a more iconic option.
"This will be a historic moment in time for the British royal family, so I do wonder if she'd be able to get away with wearing a very sleek, almost slip dress," Brown says. "I think it's going to have to be something a little bit grand."
Duchess Kate, with her sister, Pippa Middleton, wore Alexander McQueen when she married Prince William in 2011. (Photo: Pascal Le Segretain)
But neither Brown nor O'Neill predict a ballgown in Markle's future. Instead O'Neill envisions "something very sleek."
"I think she'll wear something body conscious/body fitting," he says. "I think she could probably surprise us all and wear something as simple as an all-white crepe gown that's totally fitted to the body with long sleeves and has this enormous mermaid train."
"I don't see her with something that will be fussy and overly elaborate," he adds.
More: Meghan Markle looks sleek (and breaks royal protocol) in all black with a Gucci clutch
More: Meghan Markle steps out in a marvelous white dress a month before her wedding
Don O'Neill, Creative Director for Theia, sketches his vision for Meghan Markle's wedding dress. (Photo: Courtesy Theia)
More: Meghan Markle attends the Queen's birthday concert in navy blue cape dress
More: Meghan Markle looks ready for spring in green, floral dress and blazer
The dress seen 'round the world
While a designer is yet to be confirmed, one thing O'Neill knows is Markle's wedding day style will be highly influential.
"As with all celebrities in the world of fashion — and again, even with Kate — the dress, once it goes out there and becomes part of the global psyche. It influences how people see wedding gowns and it will influence how brides choose to be dressed on their wedding day," he says. "So, no matter what she wears, elements of that dress will immediately be filtered into fashion."
Kate's wedding day looks inspired labels like A.B.S. by Allen Schwartz to speedily make knockoffs. People reported the inspired looks came a short 12 hours after the ceremony. JS Collections also came out with a "Duchess" dress influenced by Kate's ceremony gown. Even now, the gown influences fashion. Recently, H&M produced a nearly sold-out dress that resembles Kate's gown.
"There are elements of what she will do that will become part of everybody's collections, because it's how fashion works," O'Neill says. "We are a reflection of what happens in society, and she's going to make a major impact that will affect hundreds of millions of women that will tune in and watch, and it will influence how people want to dress in the future when it comes to their own wedding."
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's fairy-tale romance
And baby makes three: Eleven months after they announced their engagement, Prince Harry and wife Duchess Meghan are expecting their first child. Kensington Palace announced the news Monday, Oct. 15, a few hours after the couple landed in Sydney to begin their 16-day tour of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga. AP
In hindsight, we'd really like to know what Harry was telling his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, at the wedding of his cousin, Princess Eugenie, on Oct. 12. AARON CHOWN, AFP/Getty Images
Prince Harry and Duchess Meghan made an official visit to Sussex on Oct. 3, 2018 in Chichester, United Kingdom. The Duke and Duchess married on May 19th 2018 in Windsor and were styled the Duke & Duchess of Sussex by Queen Elizabeth II on the morning of their May 19 wedding. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
They greeted well-wishers upon their arrival. DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS, AFP/Getty Images
During their visit, they visited the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. It was originally built in the late 1780s as a seaside retreat for King George IV before he took the throne and later turned into a museum. Tim Ireland, AP
They also greeted local school children in Brighton. Tabatha Fireman, Getty Images
The also donned protective eyewear to open the University of Chichester's Technology Park in Chichester, West Sussex. HEATHCLIFF O'MALLEY, AFP/Getty Images
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle commemorated Anzac Day on April 25, 2018. The day highlights the first major military action Australian and New Zealand forces made during WWI. ADRIAN DENNIS/AFP/Getty Images
Days after becoming a father for the third time, Prince William joined his brother and soon-to-be sister-in-law for services at Westminster Abbey. William greeted her with kisses on both cheeks. Frank Augstein/AP
The three sat together during the service of Thanksgiving and Commemoration. WPA Pool/Getty Images
Earlier in the day, Markle and her prince attended a dawn service in Hyde Park Corner. For the occasion, she wore a gray SMYTHE coat. WPA Pool/Getty Images
For both services, Markle donned a red poppy in remembrance of fallen soldiers. TOLGA AKMEN/AFP/Getty Images
Meghan Markle wore a v-neck dress by Hugo Boss while attending a memorial service with her fiancé Prince Harry in London on April 23. The memorial commemorated the 25th anniversary of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black British teen who was killed in a racially motivated attack. STR, EPA-EFE
Here they are during the memorial service, which took place at St Martin-in-the-Fields church in Trafalgar Square. DAVID PARKER, AFP/Getty Images
Meghan Markle and Prince Harry arrived at the Queen's birthday concert on April 21 wearing matching blue. Markle opted for a navy blue cape dress by Stella McCartney with matching navy suede pumps by Manolo Blahnik and a charming golden clutch by Naeem Khan. JOHN STILLWELL, AFP/Getty Images
Here they are at their seats in the Royal box in the Royal Albert Hall in London. JOHN STILLWELL, AFP/Getty Images
Markle looked ready for spring in a green floral dress by Self Portrait while attending an Invictus Games reception with her fiancé in London on April 21. Alastair Grant, AP
During the reception, she and her future hubby spoke with guests and received Invictus Games jackets from Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Turnbull and his wife Lucy Turnbull. Alastair Grant, AP
Meghan Markle and Prince Harry attended a women's empowerment reception at the Royal Aeronautical Society during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in London, April 19, 2018. Chris Jackson, AP
Although black is usually reserved for royal funerals it's not entirely unprecedented for royals-in-waiting to don the color, and Markle looked nothing short of sleek in a dress with an asymmetrical neckline by Black Halo. CHRIS JACKSON, AFP/Getty Images
The royal couple-to-be showed off their obvious chemistry when they attended a women's empowerment reception during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in London, April 19, 2018. Chris Jackson, AP
As usual, Meghan Markle glowed for her latest public appearance prior to her May 19 wedding to Prince Harry, just one month away. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle stepped out during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in London on April 18, 2018. Frank Augstein/AP
The two, set to wed in just over a month, both donned sharp blazers. Frank Augstein/AP
Markle's tossed a Camilla and Marc blazer over her pinstripe Altuzarra dress. Samir Hussein/WireImage
Our favorite part of her chic ensemble is her sophisticated mixing of stripes. Chris Jackson/Getty Images
All wedding planning and no fun could make for dull royals, but thankfully Prince Harry and Meghan Markle can turn to the Invictus Games. On April 6, the couple stepped out in Bath, England to attend the UK Team Trials for the competition to be held in Sydney in October. The international sport event gives wounded, injured and sick servicemen and women -- both veteran and active -- the opportunity to compete. Chris Jackson/Getty Images
Keeping close to his fiancée, Harry pointed something out to her at the trials. Chris Jackson/Getty Images
Markle mirrored her love's casual look, sporting an Invictus Games polo, 3/4-length olive coat and bootcut jeans. Samir Hussein/WireImage
Her ensemble was perfect for greeting Invictus Games hopefuls. Karwai Tang/Karwai Tang/WireImage
Harry actively cheered on one runner, a fellow member of the red head club. BEN STANSALL/AFP/Getty Images
With less than two months to go before saying, 'I do,' Prince Harry and Meghan Markle embarked on their first official joint visit to Northern Ireland on March 23, 2018. Karwai Tang/WireImage
The pair visited the Eikon Exhibition Centre and attend Amazing the Space, a youth-led peace-building initiative. Chris Jackson/Getty Images
Upon arrival, Markle was presented with a sunny floral arrangement. MARK MARLOW/AFP/Getty Images
Once inside the Eikon Exhibition Centre, Markle shed her Mackage coat, revealing her stylish ensemble, a chic pairing of a Victoria Beckham knit sweater with a Greta Constantine skirt, Jimmy Choo pumps and a handbag by Charlotte Elizabeth. Niall Carson/AP
An important step in Meghan Markle's royal education: Her first joint official appearance with Queen Elizabeth II and the royal family. Prince Harry and his American fiancee attended the Commonwealth Day Service at Westminster Abbey on March 12, 2018. DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS, AFP/Getty Images
Meghan Markle wore a creamy white coat by Amanda Wakeley and a matching beret-style hat over a dark dress for the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey on March 12, 2018. Samir Hussein/WireImage
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle accompanied Prince William and Duchess Kate of Cambridge to the Commonwealth Day Service at Westminster Abbey on March 12, 2018. DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS, AFP/Getty Images
Meghan Markle's coat featured an upturned collar and fastened at the waist. She wore a dark blue dress and navy suede heels. DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS, AFP/Getty Images
After the service, the young royals, including Meghan Markle, met with school children in the abbey dean's yard. Meghan crouched to receive a posy of flowers from a young girl. DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS, AFP/Getty Images
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are greeted by children excitedly waving the British flag as they arrive in Birmingham, England for International Women's Day on March 8, 2018. Matt Dunham/AP
Markle took the time to meet the local students. Hannah McKay/AP
During their visit, Markle and her prince visited Millennium Point, a destination providing workspace to organizations focused on STEM and education. WPA Pool/Getty Images
Meghan Markle made her first joint appearance with Harry, Prince William and Duchess Kate at the first Royal Foundation Forum on Feb.28, 2018 in London. Markle's name will be added to the foundation's title when she weds and launches her new life as royal philanthropist. CHRIS JACKSON, AFP/Getty Images
Meghan Markle was all smiles at the first annual Royal Foundation Forum in London on Feb. 28, 2018, joining Duchess Kate and Princes William and Harry onstage for the occasion. Chris Jackson, AP
Markle chose a navy Jason Wu dress to mark the occasion. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
The fourth stop on the "Meet Meghan Markle" tour of the United Kingdom found Prince Harry and his bride-to-be in picturesque Edinburgh in Scotland, where their first event of the day was a walkabout outside Edinburgh Castle, on Feb. 13, 2018. ROBERT PERRY, EPA-EFE
Holding hands, the couple were greeted by large and enthusiastic crowds in Edinburgh. Markle's fashion gesture on her first official visit to Scotland included wearing a Burberry tartan coat and carrying a crossbody bag by Scottish brand Strathberry, Feb. 13, 2018. WPA Pool, Getty Images
As Prince Harry introduces Meghan Markle to the United Kingdom, with their latest stop in Edinburgh, Scotland, the couple have continued to disregard stuffy royal custom with plenty of public displays of affection and touching. ROBERT PERRY, EPA-EFE
The crowd of fans waited hours in chilly weather to greet Prince Harry and his fiancée Meghan Markle on a walkabout at Edinburgh Castle in Scotland on Feb. 13, 2018. ANDREW MILLIGAN, AFP/Getty Images
Prince Harry and his fiancée Meghan Markle are introduced to Cruachan IV, the Shetland pony Regimental mascot for the Black Watch; the obstreperous pony tried to nip at the royal fingers as Harry and Meghan laughed. ROBERT PERRY, EPA-EFE
Note that Meghan Markle's coat is similar to that of the pony mascot of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. ANDY BUCHANAN, AFP/Getty Images
After their visit to Edinburgh Castle, the couple moved on to Social Bite, a cafe that helps feed the homeless and a favorite charity for Prince Harry. WPA Pool, Getty Images
In another impressive royal backdrop, Harry and Meghan went to the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the seat of Scottish royalty, including Harry's distant Scottish ancestors, Mary Queen of Scots, and her son, King James 1 of England. The couple walked the corridors of the palace on their way to a reception for young people. Scotland's Year of Young People 2018 aims to inspire Scotland through celebrating youth achievements and strengthening their voice on social issues. ANDREW MILLIGAN, AFP/Getty Images
Prince Harry and his fiancée Meghan Markle at a reception for young people in the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, during their visit to Scotland on Feb. 13, 2018. Her all-black outfit under included sailor-style Veronica Beard palazzo pants and high heels. ANDREW MILLIGAN, AFP/Getty Images
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle arrived under an umbrella for the Endeavour Fund Awards in London on Feb. 1, 2018. FACUNDO ARRIZABALAGA, EPA-EFE
The couple looked sharp while attending the annual charity event, both wearing suits. She wore an Alexander McQueen tuxedo-style pantsuit with ankle-length pants over black heels. BEN STANSALL, AFP/Getty Images
They also greeted guests during a pre-ceremony reception. This was Markle's first official evening appearance with Prince Harry as part of her royal-to-be training. WPA Pool, Getty Images
Prince Harry and his fiancée Meghan Markle visited Wales on Jan. 18, 2018, in the latest stop on the "Meet Meghan" tour of Britain before their May 19 wedding. Chris Jackson, Chris Jackson/Getty Images
Meghan Markle enchanted a crowd during a walkabout at Cardiff Castle during her visit with Prince Harry to Cardiff, Wales, Jan. 18, 2018. FACUNDO ARRIZABALAGA, EPA-EFE
For her visit to Cardiff Castle in Wales, royal bride-to-be Meghan Markle wore a black Stella McCartney coat cinched with a wide ribbon-style belt, plus black boots. She carried a mini-saddlebag purse by the British brand Demellier. Karwai Tang/WireImage
With iconic Cardiff Castle as a backdrop, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle plunged into a walkabout, shaking hands with children, many waving Welsh flags and even some American flags, during thier visit to Cardiff, Wales, on Jan. 18, 2018. Chris Jackson, Chris Jackson/Getty Images
Two primary school kids, Harry Smith and Megan Taylor, presented a wedding gift to Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, a Celtic love spoon in a red box, during the engaged couple's visit to Cardiff, Wales on Jan. 18, 2018. WPA Pool, Getty Images
Meghan Markle inside the Drawing Room during a visit to Cardiff Castle in Wales, Jan. 18, 2018. Ben Birchall, AP
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle attend a street dance class during their visit to Star Hub on Jan.18, 2018 in Cardiff, Wales. Under her Stella McCartney coat, Markle wore a wide-shouldered jacket in wool herringbone by Theory, with black jeans. WPA Pool, Getty Images
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle visit Reprezent 107.3FM on Jan. 9, 2018 in London. The Reprezent training program "was established in 2008 in response to an alarming rise in knife crime, to help young people develop and socialize through radio," Kensington Palace tweeted the day of the event. Samir Hussein/WireImage
Markle, bundled-up in a scarf and 3/4-length coat, beamed beside her fiancé, Prince Harry. ADRIAN DENNIS/AFP/Getty Images
The couple, who isn't afraid to pack on the PDA, held hands during their engagement. Frank Augstein/AP
Prince Harry and his fiancee Meghan Markle arrive to attend the traditional Christmas Day service, at St. Mary Magdalene Church in Sandringham, England, Dec. 25, 2017. Alastair Grant, AP
Prince William, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, Meghan Markle and Prince Harry attend the Christmas Day Church service at Church of St Mary Magdalene on Dec. 25, 2017. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
Meghan Markle was wearing a Sentaler wide collar camel coat cinched at the waist, topped with a caramel brown round hat featuring a twisty detail, plus matching gloves, suede boots and small round purse. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
(L-R) Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Britain's Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, Meghan Markle and Prince Harry follow Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip after attending the Royal Family's traditional Christmas Day church service. Adrian Dennis, AFP/Getty Images
Duchess Kate and Meghan Markle arrive to attend the Royal Family's traditional Christmas Day church service. Adrian Dennis, AFP/Getty Images
Meghan Markle attends the royal family's Christmas Day Church service. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
Meghan Markle joined Prince Harry for her first pre-Christmas lunch at Buckingham Palace on Dec. 20, 2017. FACUNDO ARRIZABALAGA/EPA-EFE
With Harry behind the wheel, Markle sat on the passenger side giving photographers a hint of the tea-length Self-Portrait dress she wore for the occasion. Karwai Tang/WireImage
The pair ventured on their first official engagement in Nottingham, England on Dec. 1, 2017. JEREMY SELWYN, AFP/Getty Images
Harry waved to the crowd outside of the Nottingham's National Justice Museum. OLI SCARFF, AFP/Getty Images
Markle also waved to the public, while showcasing her bright and warm smile. Chris Jackson, Getty Images
Harry and Markle also waved together, natch. OLI SCARFF, AFP/Getty Images
Markle, with Harry, also gave those that gathered a nice view of her engagement ring which features two diamonds from Princess Diana's personal collection. NIGEL RODDIS, EPA-EFE
Markle shook numerous hands while greeting the crowd. WPA Pool, Getty Images
Including the small hand of this young child. OLI SCARFF, AFP/Getty Images
Markle also accepted lots of bouquets during the walkabout. WPA Pool, Getty Images
Wouldn't those flowers look nice on the table with a roasted chicken (the meal Markle and Harry were prepping when he popped the question)? WPA Pool, Getty Images
While at Nottingham Contemporary, Harry and Markle scoped out the Terrence Higgins Trust World AIDS Day charity fair. ADRIAN DENNIS, AFP/Getty Images
They also, as one might expect, shook more hands. Adrian Dennis, AP
On Nov. 27, 2017, Harry and Markle posed for photos the day their engagement was announced in the Sunken Gardens at Kensington Palace, where Harry resides. Chris Jackson
The lovebirds were all smiles for photogs. Chris Jackson
Harry and Markle have the gazing-lovingly-at-each-other-thing down. Chris Jackson
The center stone for Markle's engagement ring, which Harry designed, comes from Botswana. DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS, AFP/Getty Images
On Sept. 25, 2017, Markle and Harry were snapped in Toronto at the Invictus Games, an athletic competition Harry founded for wounded warriors. Samir Hussein
This appearance marked the first time the couple was photographed at a public event. Samir Hussein/WireImage
The two appeared very much in love. Chris Jackson
They arrived for the wheelchair tennis competition holding hands. Nathan Denette, AP
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First it was the Beatles—and now it's the Monkees. Seems like the "older folks" just can't stand it when young people become popular and successful—and manage to stay that way! The Monkees, caught in a crossfire of abuse from magazine writers and newspaper columnists (from all over the world), have a hard time trying to convince one and all that, while Davy, Mike, Peter and Micky are unique individuals, they are still a working team. And that working team is called the Monkees. And the Monkees are NOT finished!
Not only do the guys have three one-hour specs on NBC-TV forthcoming next season, but their old Monkee segments are scheduled for re-runs on Saturday mornings on CBS-TV; their movie is scheduled to be released around Thanksgiving; they are most likely playing concert tours of America during the month of August; and—needless to say—they are still cutting single and LP records (their next single is scheduled for release early in August and their next LP—the soundtrack of their movie, which is still called Untitled—is scheduled to be released this coming fall before the movie is released).
Apart from their efforts as a group the Monkees, of course, are accomplishing a great deal individually. Probably the most meaningful event to take place in Monkee-land lately was David Jones' secret surprise visit to young Rhonda Cook of Phoenix, Arizona. Rhonda, who lost her left leg after being run over by a car while she was dashing across a busy street clutching a Monkee LP, had whispered to the doctors that her only wish in life was to see Davy Jones. When Davy heard of this, he quietly hopped on a jet and visited Rhonda (and also spent a few moments with her girl friend Patti, who was hit at the same time Rhonda was and who was in the intensive care area of the hospital). The world knows about Davy's first visit to Rhonda, but no one but 16 (and you) was advised that Davy went back late in May to visit Rhonda in the hospital for the second time. In fact, he missed the party Mike held to celebrate the release of his rock-symphony LP on Dot records, The Wichita Train Whistle.
On May 27, Mike and Phyllis Nesmith had a big blast at their beautiful Beverly Hills home to celebrate the release of the above-mentioned LP. Lynne Randell, who was among the guests at the Nesmiths' party, called 16 to exclaim, "The LP is brilliant! It's fab! It's a blast!" Lynne went on to describe how celebrities from all walks of life sat around listening to the record over and over again—and how, when Mike tried to play something else, they insisted that he continue to play The Wichita Train Whistle. Let's all hope this is just the beginning of an arranging–conducting career for multi-talented Mike.
When Samantha Juste decided that it was time to go home to visit her folks for a few weeks Micky Dolenz, of course, took her to the L.A. airport. He presented her with a round-trip ticket, but a week after she was gone, he presented himself with the same! Seems he missed Sam too much, so he went off to England to see her and to meet her folks. While there, he appeared on Top Of The Pops (an English TV Show), caught the Scaffold's show (he and Sam ran into Paul McCartney backstage), and tried to sneak off to Scotland to go fishing for a few days.
Peter spent the early spring getting his brand new beautiful home—swimming pool and all—in Studio City ready for a mid-June visit from his brother and sister, Chris and Anne Thorkelson. For more news about Peter, turn to Page 30.


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text:
Controlling supply: the concept of need in liquor licensing
Roy Light & Susan Heenan
There is a worrying lack of consistency in applying the criterion of need. For some it means under-provision whereas for other licensing committees it refers to demand. Some committees rely regularly on the criterion of need whereas others do not.
A decision on a particular case takes into account the following evidence (in order of importance): police objections, witnesses, radius maps of existing premises, petitions, letters, trade objections and, finally, market research.
Policies produced by licensing committees ranged in length from 2 to 48 pages.
54% of respondents were happy to dispense with the criterion of need.
Proving need has become a complex issue. There is a small army of experts who travel around the country producing radius maps, demographic analyses, licensing surveys and market research studies.
There has been a strong move in recent years to drop the criterion of need. Public health seems largely to have been ignored but there is still a strong focus on noise, nuisance and disorder.
Download final report (0.5Mb)
Note: This report was funded and/or written by our predecessor organisation, the Alcohol Education Research Council (AERC).
Applications for liquor licences have to satisfy three criteria. The applicant must not be disqualified from holding a licence, must be a fit and proper person and premises must be structurally adapted to the type of licence required. Although the concept of need or demand appears nowhere in the legislation, justices may also refuse an application if there appears to be no need for another licensed establishment. Using the criterion of need, the most fit and proper persons may be refused a licence for the most suitable premises. The concept of need is one of the most contentious issues in the licensing field and the least easily defined. This study completed by Roy Light and Susan Heenan, from the University of the West of England, summarises the views of 48 chairmen of licensing committees. Policy documents were also analysed in order to shed some light on the way in which the need criterion is interpreted.
A greater element of consistency needs to be introduced into liquor licensing. The Good Practice Guide, produced by the Justices' Clerks Society, promises to do this but it is essential that the implementation of guidelines such as these be monitored.
The move towards easier entry to the licensed trade with a counter-balance of more rigorous enforcement and a wider range of sanctions has implications for policing, which need to be examined.
Abandonment of the need criterion will result in an increase in the availability of alcohol.The consequences for alcohol-related problems must be kept under review.
Need does not appear in the legislation, but its use by licensing tribunals is older than Parliament itself, although its application has varied considerably over the years. Put simply, increases in alcohol-related problems have led to stricter controls on numbers of outlets, while social and commercial pressures for liberalisation have prompted relaxation of controls. The use of this criterion was strong in the 1780's (led by a campaign on vice and morality) and in the1980's (lager louts and public health concerns).
Whilst chairmen to the licensing justices formed the main research population for this study, the opinions of others were also canvassed (mainly licensing lawyers).
Lawyers were keen to abandon need. which they saw as unfairly limiting entry to the trade and restricting competition.
Police were not in favour of abandoning need, expressing concern over possible increases in alcohol-related crime and disorder.
Some lawyers expressed the view that licensing committees sometimes hide behind need when refusing an application.
Research and development grants Availability Licensing
Effective age-gating for online alcohol sales
Understanding the link between alcohol excises and the price of alcoholic drinks in UK supermarkets using scanner data
Alcohol outlet density and alcohol-related hospital admissions in England: a geographical analysis


If it takes up too much time and requires sacrifice, most people won't even make an attempt and they'll even go out of their way to justify it by creating excuses. People will trick themselves into believing their own excuses.
Humans are bound by habits and rarely like to step outside of what is comfortable. No one wants to be the odd one out. But the only way to be noticed is to be peculiarly different, and most people are scared to be themselves in fear of what others will say.
If you can see yourself crossing the finish line, you are already halfway there…all you need to do now is take the necessary actions to get there. But maybe you are too lazy to start off with.
Most dreams are extinguished before they even get started because most people are fearful of what others may think and say about them. It's normal to seek the support and validation of the ones closest to you, but when you have a vision that only you can see, you have to learn how to develop a thick skin and selective hearing.
The most detrimental thing any of us has ever been told is to be realistic. Ideas that change the world are not "realistic", they are revolutionary and they are ideas that the world has never seen before, hence the overwhelming impact of the idea to a point where the world has no choice but to change.
We all would love to get it right on the first try, whatever it is that we are working toward, but failure is a key part of the process. This part of the process isn't where we give up and go with something safe, failure is where we get all the answers to the test.
People will fight tooth and nail for something that they really want. The difference between successful people and people who settle is this… successful people never quit.
We are the total sum of the individuals that we spend the most amount of time with. Energy is contagious, whether it be positive or negative. Hence don't limit yourself to certain people.


PITTSBURGH (AP) — Pittsburgh's pair of bald eagles now have their first egg of the year.
The Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania says the egg was spotted via a live webcam at the nest around 6:45 p.m. Tuesday.
Both Hays eagles will now take turns incubating the egg until it hatches, which typically takes 35 days.
The birds are the first pair of bald eagles to nest in city limits in more than 150 years.
The birds have built four different nests near the Monongahela River since 2013 and produced eight eaglets.
Livestream video of the eagles' nest is available online at the Audubon Society website.


Join me and my dear friend, world-renowned photographer, Robert Sturman for a unique yoga and photography retreat to Tulum, Mexico in partnership with Yoga Journal. We'll be staying at a beachfront-eco-chic resort in the Yucatan! This pairing is for practitioners interested in being either in-front of or behind the camera. Deepen your yoga practice, dine on delicious gourmet cuisine, enjoy eco-lux accommodations, relax in the sun, and share heartfelt connection with new friends from all over the world.
Space is limited and spots fill up quickly!


text:
Bodega Hotline 0115 950 5078
Bar & Garden
You are here: Home / Gigs / Ryan Hamilton & The Harlequin Ghosts / Archive: 2019 / Ryan Hamilton & The Harlequin Ghosts
Ryan Hamilton & The Harlequin Ghosts
14+ event • Live upstairs bar at The Bodega
Supported by: Brad Dear
Doors open: at 7:00pm
Ryan Hamilton & the Harlequin Ghosts: potted history
Based near Fort Worth, Texas, singer/songwriter Ryan Hamilton released his first solo album, the critically acclaimed 'Hell of a Day', back in 2015. Prior to this, Ryan had experienced success across North America and Canada with former band Smile Smile.
February 2017 saw the first release under the banner 'Ryan Hamilton and the Traitors' – with the album 'the Devil's in the Detail', produced by Dave Draper and hailing the introduction of the 'Traitors' – Mickey Richards on Drums and Rob Lane on bass. Single 'Heavy Heart' was playlisted by Kerrang! Radio, as later was the follow-up 'Smarter', also put into heavy rotation by XS Manchester.
These tracks, along with the charity single (for Samaritans) 'F**k You Brain', written & recorded with former touring buddy Ginger Wildheart, have in turn been voted Classic Rock Magazine's 'Track of the Week'. Little Steven/Stevie van Zandt has not only bestowed upon the band the honour of 'coolest song in the world' multiple times already, he also play-listed half the album on his Sirius XM show, Little Steven's Underground Garage.
Album and live reviews were universally glowing, hotly followed by the live album 'Capital Spirits' and in 2018 the EP 'Traitors Club – Year 1'.
Ryan hosts his own podcast through Milieu Media Group, 'Ryan Hamilton's Lost the Plotcast' which has been a Top 10 iTunes success. Guests already having appeared include artists Amanda Palmer and Frank Turner.
Upon signing to Stevie Van Zandt's 'Wicked Cool' label in June 2018 the band underwent a name change and are now recognised as Ryan Hamilton and the Harlequin Ghosts. New music is expected from the band on Wicked Cool in Spring 2019.
BRAD DEAR
23 Pelham Street, Nottingham. NG1 2ED
Getting a gig : This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. | Jobs/lost property : This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Artwork by Jennie Webber


Hey all! I want to do a review on the Desa Fresh Mart Kebab that I bought at it's branch at Damai yesterday. It was just a coincidence that I wanted to eat it as I heard from an old friend they sell kebabs there and it tastes real good.
Step into the doorway and I can already smell the chicken roasting! I'm not sure if it's all just chicken or anything else for it seemed like there were cheese too.
Thought I would get meat stuck in sticks, but then I got the burger version! xD Didn't know there's a burger version either till that moment. Haha! xD Baru aku tau~ The size of this kebab is like the average size of burgers, like Ramli burger dat.
The extra goodness about this kebab is that you can have it hot! Straight from the oven! I mean from the...rotating thingy! Once in the car I couldn't wait to get my hands on it, hun practically finished the kebab in 2 minutes. xD He has such a wide mouth.
♥ The patty is a pita bread, so it's healthier than the normal burger patty.
♥ It tastes good, juicy chicken indeed.
♥ This may not be a healthy meal. The use of ketchup sauce/ chili sauce isn't a healthy option. It may contain preservatives, colouring and maybe even flavourings.
♥ People who can just spend RM4 for lunch won't go for this one as this won't fill the tummy up to 6pm.
So I think I'd buy this again if I'm in a hurry like that day or as a snack (maybe share it).


sjsawyer.me 9 out of 10 based on 137 ratings. 1,506 user reviews.
I have a Ford 4000 SU, 3 cylinder Diesel. I have been using the above information to try and decipher my serial number in formation. I am trying to narrow down what year my tractor is so I can buy the correct manuals for it.


I have been visiting this park for 71 years. It's peaceful, beautiful and relaxing. Could not ask for more for a park "up on the hill" as we call it.
We go there to walk, to play with the grandkids, to relax with a great view, or to attend an outdoor concert. This park has it all.
Absolutely beautiful. Decided to just go for a walk. Great place for a photo shoot. I would definitly bring my kids here.
In a city riddled with congestion and dilapidated regions This park is a breath of nature. There are many community functions that happen here and it's a good place to connect.
Walnut Hill park is one of the most lovely places to visit in New Britain you can take a walk among the roses and flowers and enjoy a lovely sun set.
Great place for walking/running. Open area with a museum on grounds. Great shows and events throughout the year. Good times.
Get quick answers from Walnut Hill Park staff and past visitors.


text:
Assessing Diversity Levels in Selected Wine Regions of South Moravia (Czech Republic)
Lucia Ragasová 1
Tomáš Kopta 1
Jan Winkler 2
Robert Pokluda 1
Department of Vegetable Growing and Floriculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valtická, Lednice, Czech Republic
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Lucia Ragasová
Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
landscape diversity
non-crop vegetation
South Moravia
RDA ordination analysis
Agriculture, including the viticulture practices of the 1950s-1980s, has led to a great decrease in diversity and simplification of the landscape. Such an environment does not support biodiversity, thus does not provide an ecosystem service, and is very vulnerable to changes and pest attacks. This agricultural production needs high inputs and so cannot be considered to be sustainable. The aim of our work was to assess the diversity of the vineyard sites of South Moravia according to proportions of noncrop vegetation, cropland and bare soil vineyards. The relationship between land-use and locality was analysed with Canoco 5 software for ordination analysis. Areas with bare soil vineyards, cropland and intensive orchards can be regarded as areas that decrease the diversity of the landscape, while elements such as non-crop vegetation and extensive old orchards support and increase landscape diversity. This landscape with high diversity provides an environment for a number of plant and animal species, which leads to the preservation and support of the biodiversity of the whole ecosystem. The highest landscape diversity was assessed in the Mikulov region, with 12% non-crop vegetation and the Strážnice region (8%), while the worst situation is in Valtice region, where 53% and in Znojmo 43% of the total are designed for grapevine production (vineyard sites) and used as cropland.
Effect of Newly Created Water Reservoirs on Agricultural Landscape Stability


The video posted below is without a doubt one of the greatest to ever populate the Internet — a little hyperbolic? Probably, but yes, it's that good. To be clear, I am more than a bit bias — I love Emma Stone. Not only is she one of the better actresses in Hollywood today, and gorgeous, but she has that type of spunky personality that appears both on screen and in real life (<– this link is legendary). Even outside her best movies (Easy A, Crazy, Stupid, Love.), this lip sync contest is amongst her finest work. Did I mention I love Emma Stone?
It's also worth noting that I am a huge fan of Jimmy Fallon — in his short tenure as host of The Tonight Show, he has undoubtedly ascended to the late night throne — sorry Conan, I still love you. This segment, Lip Sync Battle, is my favorite from the show as it pits Fallon against his famous guests. He's had many memorable battles, Joseph Gordon-Levitt comes to mind, but this battle versus Emma Stone is now champion in my book. Although this video is seven minutes long, it's worth every single second. Especially Emma's second song — don't miss that.
Big ups for Emma taking on "Hook" by Blues Traveler, one of my favorite songs as a teen — the song has never looked so good — did I mention I love Emma Stone?


We are a team of 200 people united by the desire to face the hardest challenges across the world today.
The Institute aims to strengthen its fundraising operation so that it can support its ongoing development, growth and expanding influence. We are looking to recruit a Manager to join our small and dynamic team in London to support this effort and diversify our institutional donor funding base including a broad range of foundations and bilateral and multilateral institutional donors. As a member of the Institute, you will be joining an international staff community of c.200 people, based in 4 continents.
The Institute is looking for a Research Analyst to join our Governance team in London. This role is focused on driving high quality research on the issues of countering extremism and International security and counter-terrorism.
The ideal candidate will have a masters degree in a relevant area and work experience as a researcher/analyst in a similar field.
Applications will be reviewed on a rolling basis and interviews will be held subsequently.
The adviser will be responsible for providing management consulting skill sets to a team that primarily works on research and advocacy in the UK policy space. We are looking for an experienced management consultant who has experience working with the public sector, ideally in the UK or beyond, and someone who has strong PPT and framework abilities.
We are looking to hire an Economist with strong quantitative skills, an entrepreneurial approach to empirical investigation and a good policy brain, to contribute to the analytical basis of our research and policy agenda.
As a exceptional analyst, you will be adept at finding ways to add value to the work of colleagues leading the development of analysis and policy in areas ranging from public services reform to taxation, from transport to corporate governance, injecting critical thinking and quantitative rigour.
We are looking to hire a Senior Economist with strong quantitative skills, an entrepreneurial approach to empirical investigation and a good policy brain, to provide the analytical ballast for our policy agenda.
As an exceptional analyst, you will be adept at finding ways to add value to the work of colleagues leading the development of analysis and policy in areas ranging from public services reform to taxation, from transport to corporate governance, injecting critical thinking and quantitative rigour.
The Institute has been supporting Rwanda for ten years, and for the past 20 years, it has focused on economic development and improving the well-being of its citizens.
The current project strategy is focused on supporting the government's agenda for economic transformation through a network of experienced advisers based at the centre of government and in key ministries and institutions. To support this work in Rwanda, we are currently searching for an experienced strategic adviser to contribute to strengthening the education planning in the Ministry of Education by supporting planning, implementation, M&E, reporting and provide strategic advice on decision-making.
The Tony Blair Institute for Global Change is looking for positive, driven and compassionate women to become mentors for our Compass project, in which you'll use your skills and experience to build the self-esteem and resilience of young women as they embark on transition to higher education.
Compass is a project of the Tony Blair Institute that is supporting young women to realise their career aspirations whilst helping them navigate the complex challenges they face in Britain today.
If you are looking for opportunities to help more young women from disadvantaged communities in east and north London, and expand your own networks of professional women, please apply today.
Please note this is an unpaid volunteer programme.
...because to tackle global challenges, we must innovate and take smart risks.
...because working together we can overcome even the largest problems.
...because our work is ultimately about improving people's lives.


CONVEYOR APPARATUS FOR PAPER TUBE DRYING EQUIPMENT - TAICANG QUANQIAN MACHINERY AUTOMATION CO., LTD.
A conveyor apparatus for paper tube drying equipment, comprising a conveyor belt (1). A plurality of baffles (2) is fixedly mounted on the conveyor belt (1), wherein the intervals between every two adjacent baffles (2) are equal. Placement grooves (3) are formed between every two adjacent baffles (2). Support plates (4) are provided at the bottoms of the placement grooves (3). Several pairs of vibration blocks (5) are provided on each support plate (4), wherein an angle of 45 degrees is formed between the vibration blocks (5) and the support plate (4). Drying holes (6) are provided on the baffles (2). The apparatus ensures that paper tubes would not be polluted by a lubricant during a drying process, improves the evenness of heat applied to the paper tubes, and improves the drying efficiency.


Vaikom has a unique place in legends, history and travel books Having one of the most revred temples, believed to have been consecrated by Parasurama, Vaikom is on every pilgrim�s wish list. Being the epicentre of an agitation against untouchability led by Mahatma Gandhi, Vaikom is on every nationalist�s itinerary.
Nestled on the bank of one of the tributaries of Vembanadu lake in kUmarakom. Our royal mansion spread across in more than seven acres. The palatial building is built in precise planning and ecofriendly to provide maximum freedom for relaxation to our guests. Each and every suite is artistically designed and furnished with all modern amenities. The view of panoramic beauty of paddy fields and flowing life through the canal from the suite can evoke the poet in you. We take meticulous care to keep the entire area very tidy and hygienic. Well trained service personnel are our asset to provide our guests to feel homely because we value our guests as Gods, as the scriptures say �adhithi Devo Bhava�( guest is God). In addition to strong compound wall we have round the clock security personnel to keep guard and ensure security of our valued guests.


I know I'm little late with his, but this following release is too good. Personally, I've listen to Zombie Nation's Album "RGB" quite a lot. It was one of the best LP's in 2012 and Turbo Recordings honors him with a solid selection of remixes from Zoo Brazil, Popof, Modek, TWR72, joeFarr and J. Tijn.
They picked Sweepy, Suede, Momplays, Pony and Meathead and those six incredible artists to give them some remix-treatment. Absolutly amazing techno tracks like my favourites made by joeFarr, TWR72 and the brilliant Modek remix. He's just insane. But just get yourself listen to it and pick your favourites on Beatport.