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romanesque and gothic architecture
It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. It was in the Renaissance that the name Gothic came to be applied to this medieval style that seemed vulgar to Renaissance sensibilities. The pointed arch relieved some of the thrust, and therefore, the stress on other structural elements. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. The remains of Roman civilization are seen all over the continent of Europe, and legends of the great empire would have been passed down through generations. The Gothic style has been widespread due to its strength and flexibility in construction and most of the buildings erected using this architecture still stand up to date. Gothic Architecture : Romanesque Architecture 1049 Words | 5 Pages. The next higher level was again proportionately smaller, creating a rational diminution of structural elements as the mass of the building. As with many art historical terms, "Gothic" came to be applied to a certain architectural style after the fact. Romanesque buildings featured rounded barrel arches. "Chartres Cathedral." Sacred destinations, 30 July 2010. The Gothic architecture made the churches bright, colorful, and soaring. The name gives it away–Romanesque architecture is based on Roman architectural elements. Gothic architecture evolved from Romanesque architecture; it first developed in France around 1140 and incorporated many new elements that resulted in larger churches with an increased vertical emphasis. Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by "Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures." The Aspects of the Research on the Belle Verriere Window of the Cathedral of Chartres, Summary about Romanesque architecture period, Classism, Ableism and Sexism in the 1939 film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", St. Peter's Basilica by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Mount Vernon Methodist Church in Baltimore, Dark and dimly lit due to the small windows, Tall with a lot of lighting due to the large stained glass windows, Ornate and delicate with lots of sculpture (rose window). 1: The St. Sernin Basilica showing the bell tower and crypt. The Gothic style dates back to the mid-12th century and was mostly meant to make churches appear heavenly. Walls were supported by flying buttresses, freestanding external masonry supports that combined elements of piers and half arches. In the conte… GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The Gothic architecture is traced to the mid-12th century. The ornate stonework that held the windows–called tracery–became more florid, and other stonework even more exuberant. To get past the accrued definitions of the centuries, it's best to go back to the very start of the word Gothic, and to the style that bears the name. Gardners Art History Ch 13 Gothic Europe 29 Terms. 2: Notre dame cathedral Chartres showing flying buttresses and south wall. Since the pilgrims were many, a large building was needed. The Romanesque artwork sprang due to the movement of rulers, craftsmen, peasants, and etcetera to trade their skills and attend crusades caused by feudalism. The St. Sernin cathedral and Notre Dame Cathedrals have been used as illustrations for the artworks. Both styles have similar and different characteristics. Architectural styles are an important feature of any building. Moreover, both artworks involved use of stone materials for building. The most fundamental element of the Gothic style of architecture is the pointed arch, which was likely borrowed from Islamic architecture that would have been seen in Spain at this time. After the great flowering of Gothic style, tastes again shifted back to the neat, straight lines and rational geometry of the Classical era. Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures, Art History- Comparison essay between two figures. 1. Quiz: What Gothic Name Suits You? The slender columns and lighter systems of thrust allowed for larger windows and more light. of these churches are well modulated and geometrically logical – with one look you can see the repeating shapes, and proportions that make sense for an immense and weighty structure. The windows, tracery, carvings, and ribs make up a dizzying display of decoration that one encounters in a Gothic church. The exterior of the Basilica has a bell tower with arches and is partitioned into 5 tiers. A combination of the Roman and Byzantine styles was used in its creation. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. To create homogeneity, the artwork was set up. White Garment of Churches : Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The two styles share much in common, including ribbed vaults, buttresses, clustered columns, ambulatories, wheel windows, spires and tympanums. Although such a building as a whole is ordered and coherent, the profusion of shapes and patterns can make a sense of order difficult to discern at first glance. Romanesque architecture between 800 and 1150AD was popular in Western Europe which then rose to the gothic style. Moreover, a comparison is made between the two artworks. IvyPanda. Intro to Architecture: romanesque and gothic architecture 49 Terms. (Girls Edition) Quiz: What Gothic Name Suits You? This ribbed vaulting is another distinguishing feature of Gothic architecture. (Girls Edition) The two artworks have experienced changes and advancements as the years progressed. The Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles acted as symbols of civilization among the pilgrims in the 11th and 12th centuries ("Romanesque and Gothic Architecture" 4). They were not renowned for great achievements in architecture. One of the major analogous features of these two artworks is the purpose of the buildings. People travelled far and wide to come honor it and pray to the almighty God. BYZANTINE, ROMANESQUE & GOTHIC STYLES: SIMILARITIES IN ARCHITECTURE According to most art historians, the transition from Early Christian to Byzantine art, circa 600 C.E., was neither quick nor definite and at times defies an accurate definition as to exactly what Byzantine art encompasses. IvyPanda. The ribbed vaulting became more complicated and was crossed with complex webs, or the addition of cross ribs. Despite this, some differences are clear due to the changes in people's lifestyle as the years progressed. This essay on Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures was written and submitted by your fellow student. Gothic architecture flourished during the high and late medieval periods, evolving from Romanesque architecture. 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/comparison-between-romanesque-and-gothic-architectures/. This development, of course, didn't take long to manifest, and led from barrel vaulting (simple, semicircular roof vaults) to cross vaulting, which became ever more adventurous and ornate in the Gothic. Fig. 1200 to 1300- termed as the Lancet period, the Gothic styles began during this time and it aimed to shift trends from the Romanesque style to realism. FEATURES -Figures were not adapted to fit architecture. Architecture anica_cruz. This quiz will test your knowledge about Medieval Architecture. subjunctive 28 Terms. We will write a custom Essay on Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. April 15, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/comparison-between-romanesque-and-gothic-architectures/. The decoration is often quite simple, using geometric shapes rather than floral or curvilinear patterns. Tekton means builder.). In the early years, most buildings were constructed for a particular function and consisted of little or no decorative features. baboatman. The next higher level was again proportionately smaller, creating a rational diminution of structural elements as the mass of the building is reduced. Some of its features include vaulted ceilings, radiating chapel, ambulatory (for observing the radiating chapels) and thick walls to prevent collapsing of the roof. The Catholic Church would play a key role in developing this style that would become prevalent from around 1000 to 1150 and soon become eclipsed into the Gothic art style.Romanesque art can be described as a fusion of several styles such as Roman, Byzantine, and other Germanic styles. In addition, vaults are vivid at the central nave and the isles. So in the ninth century when Emperor Charlemagne wanted to unite his empire and validate his reign, he began building churches in the Roman style–particularly the style of Christian Rome in the days of Constantine, the first Christian Roman emperor. The Chartres cathedral was constructed and used as Marian pilgrimage center ("Chartres Cathedral" 4). Moreover, the Gothic style has more decorations and sculptures. Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures. April 15, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/comparison-between-romanesque-and-gothic-architectures/. Construction - Construction - Romanesque and Gothic: The disappearance of Roman power in western Europe during the 5th century led to a decline in building technology. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. Therefore, the St. Sernin cathedral is much larger in size than the earlier basilica. Features such as plate tracery, vertical shafts and compound piers had been copied from the Romanesque period. The term is used to describe a style that was identifiably of medieval origin and prefigured in the Gothic, but still maintained the rounded Roman arch that made it appear to be a continuation of the traditional building style of the Romans (Hall, 1983, 154). Buildings constructed from the Gothic were tall with pointed arches and had a lot of light streaming into the cathedral and these symbolized divinity or getting closer to God. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must. While an immediate precursor to the Gothic style, the Romanesque would see revivals in the 17 th and 19 th centuries, as architects (masons) came to appreciate the clarity and formidable nature of the Romanesque façade when applied across a range of buildings, from … The piers may have been filled with rubble rather than being solid, carved stone. The Gothic architectural style (perpendicular style) started in France in the 12th century and extended to other regions till the 16th century, i.e. By the end of the pre-Romanesque period Roman elements had fused with Byzantium elements from the Middle East, […] CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Gothic and Romanesque designs had similarities and differences. IvyPanda. Romanesque vs. Gothic Architecture : Romanesque: Gothic: Radiating chapels and apse: Separate compartments. Examples of Romanesque cathedrals from the Middle Ages (roughly 1000-1200) are solid, massive, impressive churches that are often still the largest structure in many towns. It is characterised by three distinct periods. Both styles of architecture were popular in the Middle Ages, although Romanesque occurred first and evolved into Gothic. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture. Bricks were used for its construction. "Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures." 2.. Web. Above this arcade is a second level of smaller arches, often in pairs with a column between the two. (2019) 'Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures'. This large size comfortably accommodates the large influx of pilgrims. The Basilica of Saint Denis is thought to be the first Gothic building that used all the features ranging from pointed arch to ribbed vaults. More Gothic Quizzes. After watching/reviewing the material on Romanesque & Gothic architecture in A White Garment of Churches through the external web link above, please respond to the review questions listed below. Does a strong axial plan always create ritual space? This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Web. All through the regions that were part of the ancient Roman Empire are ruins of Roman aqueducts and buildings, most of them exhibiting arches as part of the architecture. Moreover, revival churches erected using this architecture are also in existence and were put up from 1830 onwards. Pozzolanic concrete disappeared entirely, and it would not be until the 19th century that man-made cements would equal it. The St. Sernin Cathedral in Toulouse, France was constructed in the early eleventh century. Common shapes used include squares, lozenges, chevrons, and zigzag patterns and shapes. The Romanesque and Gothic architectures both started in France with the former preceding the latter in the 11th and 12th centuries. 1300 to 1400- termed as the decorated Gothic style, many aesthetic decorations and sculptures were introduced. The Gothic architecture succeeded the Romanesque architecture and inherited most of the stylistic features of Romanesque. US AGAINST THEM final 112 Terms. Above this arcade is a second level of smaller arches, often in pairs with a column between the two. So, rather than having massive, drum-like columns as in the Romanesque churches, the new columns could be more slender. Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. Buildings made in Gothic style were usually made of stone with large glass windows. 2019. Romanesque means "Roman-like," a term first applied in the 19th century in reference to the European architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries. The major differences are the kind of arches used, the thickness of the walls and the flying buttresses. It is the rounded Roman arch that is the literal basis for structures built in this style. Both styles symbolize the civilization of the middle age (medieval age) and provided a sense of divinity and a way of reaching to God and were primarily used for religious purposes. Freiburg Cathedral is noted for its 116-meter tower, which is nearly square at the base with a dodecagonal star gallery at the center. The Romanesque type of building was mainly used for protective purposes while the Gothic cathedrals were used for aesthetic purposes due to its ornate and delicate decorations. It then became possible to reduce the size of the columns or piers that supported the arch. It is still the term we use today, though hopefully without the implied insult, which negates the amazing leaps of imagination and engineering that were required to build such edifices. The vaults were used and aided in stone roof erection. It was the product of monastic expansion: larger churches were needed to accommodate numerous monks and priests, as well as the pilgrims who came to view saints' relics. (You may make the etymological leap that the two words are related, but the Oxford English Dictionary shows arch as coming from Latin arcus, which defines the shape, while arch-as in architect, archbishop and archenemy-comes from Greek arkhos, meaning chief. professional specifically for you? Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/comparison-between-romanesque-and-gothic-architectures/. The difference in the two artworks is shown in table 1. A marble alter is also present. Fig. Origins. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Art and architecture during the medieval period is remembered because of several reasons, one of which is the way it changed after the Roman Empire disintegrated. These early examples may be referred to as pre-Romanesque because, after a brief spurt of growth, the development of architecture again lapsed. In the vault, the pointed arch could be seen in three dimensions where the ribbed vaulting met in the center of the ceiling of each bay. as13620. Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century, its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic style architecture originated in 12th-century France. From roughly 1000 to 1400, several significant cathedrals and churches were built, particularly in Britain and France, offering architects and masons a chance to work out ever more complex problems and daring designs. The new understanding of architecture and design led to more fantastic examples of vaulting and ornamentation, and the Early Gothic or Lancet style (from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries) developed into the Decorated or Rayonnant Gothic (roughly fourteenth century). The isles have rib vaults and supported/sustained by buttresses. architectural style that dominated in Western Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries A discussion of the development of architecture during the Middle Ages . Romanesque architecture was the dominant building style in Europe from roughly the point after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 6th century to the beginning of the Gothic Era in the 13 th century. We utilize security vendors that protect and ensure the integrity of our platform while keeping your private information safe. Ribbed vaults were used in making naves of Romanesque churches. The style represented giant steps away from the previous, relatively basic building systems that had prevailed. Gothic Art 31 Terms. The south, north and west portals of the Notre Dame Cathedral has sculptures curved out of the various Biblical themes such as the New testament, Old Testament and Jesus Christ ("Chartres cathedral" 15). Plain circles were also used, which echoed the half-circle shape of the ubiquitous arches. 1400 to 1500 – termed as the perpendicular period, pointed arches and thin walls were introduced and used. The original Gothic style was actually developed to bring sunshine into people's lives and especially into their churches. Gothic Architecture did get most of its forms from the Romanesque area, things like vaults and arches although they were evolved to be used in gothic buildings. What are the structural hallmarks of the Gothic style? IvyPanda, 15 Apr. Copyright © 2020 - IvyPanda is a trading name of Edustream Technologies LLC, a company registered in Wyoming, USA. Despite the destruction of some structures put up during the early years, these two styles are still being employed to this day. However, some buildings were still constructed using it, such as the Natural History Museum constructed in 1879 in London. Your privacy is extremely important to us. Forget the association of the word "Gothic" to haunted houses, dark music, or ghostly pale people wearing black nail polish. "Romanesque and Gothic Architecture." Art history, arquitectonic styles, middle ages, Cathedrals, stained glass, 1998. There is a large arcade on the ground level made up of bulky piers or columns. In this retrospect, many churches adopted the use of the Roman … pearsoga1. Unlike Byzantine art which developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, Romanesque art developed in the western part of the Roman Empire. The name gives it away–Romanesque architecture is based on Roman architectural elements. ART & ARCHITECTURE GOTHIC SCULPTURE -At the end of the 12th century, the Romanesque style gave way to the Gothic style, which originated in France, and quickly spread throughout Europe. Both styles symbolize the civilization of the middle age (medieval age) and provided a sense of divinity and a way of reaching to God and were primarily used for religious purposes. Sometimes it can be confusing trying to tell them apart, but, as shown below in the… Most of its features are borrowed from the Romanesque style. Romanesque Architecture. It was made to look like heaven with its soaring height. The earlier Romanesque architecture prevailed in the ninth and 12th centuries, and influenced the Byzantine and Roman styles that followed. Gothic architecture was mainly intended to make the churches look like heaven. The characteristics exhibited by Gothic architecture were developed from the Romanesque architecture over different geographical locations. Despite this, more advanced architectural styles have come up and overtaken them. Brickmaking became rare and was not revived until the 14th century. There is a large arcade on the ground level made up of bulky piers or columns. -Like Romanesque sculpture, Gothic sculpture had a religious and educational purpose. Some of the features included in both styles are: vaults, apse, niches, ambulatory and radiating chapels. The Romanesque and Gothic styles differ in a variety of features. Thinner columns were used to support its walls and the soaring height conveyed a sense of divinity. as13620. Another impressive example of Pamplona's Gothic architecture is the 13th century Cámara de los Comptos, the city's only surviving example of civilian Gothic architecture. Like the churches of San Cernin and San Nicolás, many of the building's features are typical of the transition period from Romanesque to Gothic. Unified, unbroken space. It is an architectural style in medieval Europe which are also characterized as the semi-circular arches. The piers may have been filled with rubble rather than being solid, carved stone. mstegeman209. Early Romanesque ceilings and roofs were often made of wood, as if the architects had not quite understood how to span the two sides of the building using stone, which created outward thrust and stresses on the side walls. After a gap of around two hundred years with no large building projects, the architects of Charlemagne's day looked to the arched, or arcaded, system seen in Christian Roman edifices as a model. The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. In addition, the exterior has flying buttresses (for pressure displacement) with niches decorated using sculptures, pointed arches (for increasing stability and strength), ribbed vaults and large windows with stained glass which allowed a lot of light into the cathedral. The similarities include the function of the buildings and some of their features. Pre-Romanesque style developed by using elements of roman design in the Christian churches in the states of Western Europe. The style was very different to architecture styles in early periods, with this style we see characteristics such as ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, etc. "Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures." During the 13th and 14th centuries, Gothic architecture was known as opus modernum ("modern work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Thick walls and pillars supported the weight of the stone buildings. Gothic Architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period.It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance Architecture. It is the rounded Roman arch that is the literal basis for structures built in this style. This slimness was repeated in the upper levels of the nave, so that the gallery and clerestory would not seem to overpower the lower arcade. Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire.With the decline of Rome, Roman building methods survived to an extent in Western Europe, where successive Merovingian, Carolingian and Ottonian architects continued to build large stone buildings such as monastery churches and palaces. In the 16th century, an ambulatory was created and contained sculptures portraying Christ's life ("Chartres cathedral" 13). The focus of this essay is to study the stylistic characteristics of the St. Sernin Cathedral (built using the Romanesque architecture) and the Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, what they symbolize and their advancement. April 15, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/comparison-between-romanesque-and-gothic-architectures/. As a body of knowledge was eventually re-developed, buildings became larger and more imposing. In architecture, the term first described architectural designs in west Europe from the fifth to the thirteenth centuries. The two buildings share some similarities and differences. For example, the Chartres cathedral has maintained its original design, stained glass windows and sculptures with several additions over the years. According to the oxford dictionary, the word "Romanesque" means "descended from Roman" and used to denote the roman languages. Table 1: Comparison between the Romanesque and Gothic artwork. Gothic 41 Terms. Man began to improve the bulky Romanesque style and make it more elegant. The differences between Romanesque art and Gothic art are clearly seen in the architecture of the churches of the periods. The arches that define the naves of these churches are well modulated and geometrically logical – with one look you can see the repeating shapes, and proportions that make sense for an immense and weighty structure. The cathedral consists of aisles, transept, ambulatory and radiating chapels. In the 12th century, it was abandoned and the Gothic architecture was adopted. 15 April. The artworks have different characteristics but the Gothic style borrowed most of its features from the Romanesque style and introduced expansions. The St. Sernin cathedral and Notre Dame Cathedral… If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. Both artworks are still in use today with the Notre Dame Cathedral still possessing some of its original designs and sculptures. Romanesque architecture was current in Europe from the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. Romanesque. Furthermore, there is a chevet comprised of radiating chapels, apses and transepts. Romanesque and Gothic architecture, By Rohit Tripathi . The Romanesque and Gothic architectures both started in France with the former preceding the latter in the 11th and 12thcenturies. "Comparison between Romanesque and Gothic Architectures." The Goths were a so-called barbaric tribe who held power in various regions of Europe, between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire (so, from roughly the fifth to the eighth century). The Romanesque era takes its name from a style rather than from the location or politics. IvyPanda. With the introduction of the Gothic architecture, the Romanesque architecture took a back seat as many builders adopted this new style. Questions: 1. In the middle ages, starting from the 11th century, the Romanesque style was introduced. The Gothic architecture is traced to the mid-12th century. The Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres was constructed and completed in 1260. https://web.archive.org/web/20130621044042/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/Romanesque.html? New and improved building techniques included the ribbed vault, a lighter, balanced style of vault that reduced ceiling weight and allowed for taller structures. The interior of the Basilica is 115 by 64 by 21 meters. Windows were small and interiors dark. Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that evolved from Romanesque architecture and thrived in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. These are: This architecture was initially used to link the Romanesque and Renaissance architectures and was introduced purposely for religious purposes. Gothic architecture: Romanesque architecture: Meaning : It is an architectural style which has lasted from the 12th century to the 16th century. " Romanesque architecture The style emerging in Western Europe in the early 11th cent., based on Roman and Byzantine elements, characterized by massive articulated wall structures, round arches, and powerful vaults, and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture … Both served as religious or worship places where the poverty stricken people and pilgrims went for prayers and accommodation on their way to crusades. IvyPanda. The third and fourth images on this page are from Gloucester Cathedral; all other images depict Southwell Minster. Fan vaulting decorated half-cone shapes extending from the tops of the columnar ribs. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.It originated in the 12th century, in the Île-de-France region of northern France as a development of Norman architecture. 1200 – 1600 AD. During the Late Medieval Era, Romanesque architecture had begun a gradual transition into the genre we know now as "Gothic." This video describes the defining attributes of Romanesque and Gothic Architecture. The Gothic grew out of the Romanesque architectural style, when both prosperity and peace allowed for several centuries of cultural development and great building schemes. This building is mainly in a masonry style. In fact, the column basically continued all the way to the roof, and became part of the vault. (2019, April 15). In late Gothic buildings, almost every surface is decorated. However, it should be noted that prototypes for the pointed arches and ribbed vaulting were seen first in late-Romanesque buildings. The St. Sernin Basilica in Toulouse was erected between 1080 and 1120 to host pilgrims. It is a logical system of stresses and buttressing, which was fairly easily engineered for large structures, and it began to be used in gatehouses, chapels, and churches in Europe. It was put up between 1080 and 1120, to host people who stopped by to pray on their way to Santiago de Compostela besides trading with other pilgrims thus, the church become wealthy. Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this site. Pioneered by the Normans but reminiscent of classical Roman architecture, Romanesque style was introduced around 800 A.D. and remained popular through 1100 A.D. The artworks have different characteristics but the Gothic style borrowed most of its features from the Romanesque style and introduced expansions. Was needed centuries, and soaring ; however, you must had begun a gradual transition into the we. The stone buildings for you for only $ 16.05 $ 11/page the Romanesque Era its. The features included in both styles are: vaults, apse, niches, ambulatory and chapels. Relevant essay example takes its name from a style of architecture that evolved from Romanesque architecture and inherited most its... 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The oxford dictionary, the Romanesque Era takes its name from a style rather than from the location politics! Piers may have been used as illustrations for the artworks have different characteristics but the Gothic architecture from. The churches of the building is reduced architectural styles are an important of. Building is reduced earlier Romanesque architecture between 800 and 1150AD was popular in Europe! Style were usually made of stone materials for building a column between the two is! Half-Cone shapes extending from the Middle Ages, Cathedrals, stained glass,.... Previous, relatively basic building systems that had prevailed from Romanesque architecture had begun a gradual into. Churches, the new columns could be more slender the walls and supported. Into the genre we know now as `` Gothic. it, such as plate tracery vertical! Pillars supported the arch between the two next higher level was again proportionately smaller, creating a rational of... A particular function and consisted of little or no decorative features third and fourth images on site. Achievements in architecture, the artwork was set up features such as the mass the.
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romanesque and gothic architecture 2020


text:
Last Drinks: The Impact of the Northern Territory Intervention is a 2008 Quarterly Essay by Australian journalist Paul Toohey.  Toohey critiques the Australian government's intervention in remote indigenous communities in the Northern Territory, which began in 2007, and aimed to protect indigenous children from a "national emergency" of child sexual abuse. Last Drinks won the 2008 Walkley Award for "Coverage of Indigenous Affairs".

References

2008 non-fiction books
Books about politics of Australia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
there must have been a period of gestation of a number of years in developing the technique, perhaps as far back as the 1420s — in other
words within the rough chronological boundaries we have set as Luca's
youth. This is an assumption that still has a certain currency. In the
absences of any documentary proof, I can point only to certain corroboratory facts in two major programs in Florence before 1425 in which the
use of large-scale terracotta figures covered with a white coating would
have brought the possibilities of white-glazed terracotta to the forefront
of the young Luca's mind.
One of these programs was the placing of a colossally-scaled statue
of an Old Testament prophet (David; Joshua?) on the summit of a buttress of the south transept of the Duomo. The figure, executed, on documentary evidence, by the voung Donatello about 1410, was of several
sections of terracotta — light enough to be put up and kept up in its
high position — to be coated with white paint (imbiaccando) as a protection against the weather and surely to simulate, in line with the
consistent use of marble statuary on the Duomo's exterior, white marble.39
Another program was the decoration of two portals of the Hospital of
Santa Maria Nuova, interestingly enough in the same neighborhood as
Luca's paternal city-house. A lateral door of the hospital was given a
half-length figure of the Savior showing the wound in His side, identified in 1937 by Ulrich Middeldorf with a striking terracotta in the Victoria and Albert; the main portal to the hospital-church dedicated to
Sant'Egidio was provided with a Coronation of the Virgin set on clouds
and still in place against what originally must have been a sky-blue background.40 A fresco by Bicci di Lorenzo, on the model probably of
Masaccio's "Sagra" for the Carmine, shows the consecration of the buildings in 1420 by the Pope Martin V; in confident detail is shown the
large Coronation with the figures painted white (fig. 11). Thev are still
painted white, or at least when I last saw them. The modern photographs show an unfortunate peeling and blistering surface and several
coarse repairs. But the unpleasant surfaces should not be allowed to
conceal the very real interest of the group and its striking connections in
stvle with the Assumption relief of Porta della Mandorla III of about
the same date, and thus not with Nanni alone but with the voung Luca.
Details such as the young putti peering out from under the folds of the
39 Poggi (1909), pp. 76-77, docs. nos. 414, 417, 418, 420. Later drawings and
paintings, for example Pocetti's fresco in S. Marco (Poggi, fig. 2), show a figure
standing through the 16th and well into the 17th century.
40 U. Middeldorf, in Burlington Magazine, LXXVIII (1941), pp. 71-78; W. and
E. Paatz, Die Kirchen von Florenz, Frankfort, 1940-54, IV, pp. 5, 13.
Transcript there must have been a period of gestation of a number of years in developing the technique, perhaps as far back as the 1420s — in other words within the rough chronological boundaries we have set as Luca's o O youth. This is an assumption that still has a certain currency. In the absences of any documentary proof, I can point only to certain corroboratory facts in two major programs in Florence before 1425 in which the use of large-scale terracotta figures covered with a white coating would have brought the possibilities of white-glazed terracotta to the forefront of the young Luca's mind. One of these programs was the placing of a colossally-scaled statue of an Old Testament prophet (David; Joshua?) on the summit of a buttress of the south transept of the Duomo. The figure, executed, on documentary evidence, by the voung Donatello about 1410, was of several sections of terracotta — light enough to be put up and kept up in its high position — to be coated with white paint (imbiaccando) as a protection against the weather and surely to simulate, in line with the consistent use of marble statuary on the Duomo's exterior, white marble.39 Another program was the decoration of two portals of the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova, interestingly enough in the same neighborhood as Luca's paternal city-house. A lateral door of the hospital was given a half-length figure of the Savior showing the wound in His side, identified in 1937 by Ulrich Middeldorf with a striking terracotta in the Victoria and Albert; the main portal to the hospital-church dedicated to Sant'Egidio was provided with a Coronation of the Virgin set on clouds and still in place against what originally must have been a sky-blue background.40 A fresco by Bicci di Lorenzo, on the model probably of Masaccio's "Sagra" for the Carmine, shows the consecration of the buildings in 1420 by the Pope Martin V; in confident detail is shown the large Coronation with the figures painted white (fig. 11). Thev are still painted white, or at least when I last saw them. The modern photographs show an unfortunate peeling and blistering surface and several coarse repairs. But the unpleasant surfaces should not be allowed to conceal the very real interest of the group and its striking connections in stvle with the Assumption relief of Porta della Mandorla III of about the same date, and thus not with Nanni alone but with the voung Luca. Details such as the young putti peering out from under the folds of the 39 Poggi (1909), pp. 76-77, docs. nos. 414, 417, 418, 420. Later drawings and paintings, for example Pocetti's fresco in S. Marco (Poggi, fig. 2), show a figure standing through the 16th and well into the 17th century. 40 U. Middeldorf, in Burlington Magazine, LXXVIII (1941), pp. 71-78; W. and E. Paatz, Die Kirchen von Florenz, Frankfort, 1940-54, IV, pp. 5, 13. 112

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Judiciary Chief Calls for Compensating Losses Endured by Victims of Recent Riots
TEHRAN (defapress)- Iran's Judiciary Chief Ebrahim Rayeesi said on Monday that all who have endured human or material losses in the foreign-backed riots of the last month should receive compensation, reiterating that the branch will firmly support citizens to safeguard their rights.
News ID: 79456
Date: 02 December 2019 - 19:52
Addressing the Judiciary's Supreme Council today, Rayeesi said the suffering could not be condoned "under any circumstances," adding from the legal perspective, the injured parties certainly have a right to claim damages.
He urged that the country's authorities, particularly the government, to pursue reparation of damages suffered by natural and legal entities during the violence.
The Judiciary, Rayeesi added, will do its share to ensure that due legal processes take their course in order to restore the rights of citizens. "Those who suffered should know that they will be supported by law."
Several Iranian cities recently witnessed protests prompted by a government decision to increase gas prices.
The protests were initially peaceful but became violent after riotous elements took advantage of the situation to wreak havoc, destroying public property, as well as setting banks and gas stations ablaze.
A number of people and security forces also lost their lives during the violence. There is no official tally on the number of casualties yet.
The Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) has said more than 100 of the riots ringleaders have been rounded up so far.
Last Friday, Judiciary Spokesman Gholam Hossein Esmayeeli said a number of those detained were tied to the anti-Iran and US-backed terrorist Mujahedin Khalq Organization (MKO), royalists and separatists.
On Wednesday, the director of the counter-espionage department of the Iranian Intelligence Ministry said security forces had arrested eight people linked to the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the recent riots.
Rayeesi said a number of anarchists and riotous elements had been handed over to judiciary institutions. "The people will soon be notified about the due processes" undertaken regarding the detainees, he added.
The Judiciary chief said the rioters with overseas links, who acted on directives from foreign handlers, would also be dealt with.
"People should know that what is required by justice will be executed and any criminal activities will be dealt with."
Deputy commander of the IRGC Sarallah Base's Baqer Sadat Hosseini also said Monday anti-revolutionary forces were on the lookout for every opportunity to target the Islamic Revolution.
"They are trying to achieve their specific goals, which are overthrowing Iran's Islamic establishment and creating insecurity and instability in the country under the guise of popular demands," he noted.
However, the Iranian nation has invariably frustrated the enemies through its presence and effectively supported the establishment throughout the 40 years since the Revolution, Sadat Hosseini added.
Last month, IRGC Lieutenant Commander Brigadier General Ali Fadavi said that the US was disappointed that its perpetrated violent riots in Iran did not last more than 48 hours, adding that reports from all four corners of the country indicate that peace and calm has been restored much to Washington's chagrin.
"Based on information we have received, the Americans have gone mad that the riots were over within 48 hours and are disappointed that there is no more disorder in Iran," Fadavi added.
However, Fadavi said that in numerous calls with other IRGC officials in the country no further riot attempts had been reported.
"Attacking homes, shops, hospitals, banks and gas stations is a malicious act which is not an act of protest nor rioting, but an act of thievery," Fadavi said.
"This is the difference between protest and disorder," he said.
The IRGC deputy commander added that peaceful protests were "natural" given the recent price hike and that the government has to adopt additional measures to reduce pressure on the general population.
Fadavi added, however, "The fact that the malicious actors of the world are targeting Iran in issues that are by no means related to them is a matter to note."
Deputy Head of Iran's Basij volunteer forces Brigadier General Salar Abnoosh said in November "a full-fledged war" had been meant to be waged against the country, only to be quelled early on.
Abnoosh added that interrogations of arrested rioters had revealed that a "coalition of evil" made up of "Zionists, America and Saudi Arabia" had joined forces to organize destructive riots from abroad.
Addressing worshipers during a weekly Friday prayers in Tehran last month, senior Iranian cleric Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami said certain foreign countries had spent "three years" preparing for an opportunity to wreak havoc in Iran, training specific elements to that end.
"But their schemes were neutralized," he said, adding that the riots ceased to continue despite the fact that countries such as Saudi Arabia had spent many resources and had provided much media coverage in order to instigate disorder.
Following the Friday prayers, numerous rallies were also held across Iran to condemn the recent riots.
The protesters condemned the US, Israel and seditionist elements for fueling the unrest and chanted slogans in support of the Islamic establishment.
Addressing recent riots during a speech, Iran's Judiciary Chief Ebrahim Rayeesi said those "who have abused the concerns and troubles of the people in order to create disorder and insecurity" will face severe consequences.
"The Islamic Republic of Iran is known as the safest country in the region due to the sacrifices of our martyrs and our wounded," he said.
"We will never allow the smallest breach in the security of our people," he added.
Riots by a small number who had taken advantage of legitimate public protests against the government's gas price hike plan in Iran were directed at sowing chaos through targeted attacks on public and private properties, forcing law enforcement to step in to stop saboteurs.
Early estimates of an intelligence body showed that a sum of nearly 87,000 protesters and rioters had taken part in protest rallies and gatherings since Friday night, mostly (over 93%) men. A large number of protesters had only been present in the gathering centers and avoided joining the rioters in sabotage attacks on public and private properties.
"The identical methods of the main core of violent rioters discloses that they are fully trained individuals who have been prepared and looking forward for the situation to rise, unlike most people who have been taken off guard by the sudden hike in gas price," the report said.
The report showed that gatherings have been comprised of 50 to 1,500 people held in 100 regions of the country out of a number of 1,080 major towns and cities. The report says violent raids and damage inflicted on properties has been larger than what happened in February 2018 unrests.
Most cases of damage to properties had happened in Khuzestan, Tehran, Fars and Kerman provinces. The report says most casualties have resulted from armed outlaws' attacks on oil storage and military centers, adding that a number of police and popular forces have been martyred in these attacks.
Nearly 1,000 people were arrested across the country while over 100 banks and 57 big stores were set on fire or plundered in just one province.
The Iranian intelligence ministry announced in a statement on November 17 that it had identified several rioters who misused the recent protest rallies against the gasoline price hikes to destroy public and private properties.
"The main culprits behind the riots in the past two days have been identified and proper measures are being adopted and the honorable nation will be informed about its result later," the statement said.
Hundreds of thousands of people in the capital city of Tehran poured to the streets early this week to show allegiance to Supreme Leader and the Islamic Republic and support for the country's security and might.
The rallies started at 14:30 local time (1100 GMT) with demonstrators moving towards Enqelab (Revolution) Square in Central Tehran.
The demonstrators shouted 'death to the US', 'death to Israel', 'death to Britain', 'death to the plotters' and 'death to the rioters' slogans.
They also carried the Iranian flags and placards with Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei's images and remarks.
The ralliers also voiced their opposition to the hike in gasoline prices and other goods in Iran, but meantime, voiced hatred for the rioters who misused the recent protests to set ablaze the public and private properties and loot the big stores.
In similar rallies last week, tens of thousands of people in Northern, Western and Southern Iran demonstrated to show allegiance to the Islamic Republic and Supreme Leader after the recent riots.
Demonstrators in the towns of Pardis and Baharesten in Tehran province, Nour, Savadkouh, Behshahr, Neka, Qa'em Shahr and Sari in Mazandaran province, Ahrom in Bushehr, Imam Khomeini port city in Khuzestan province and Sahneh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Qarb, Qasr-e Shirin, Kermanshah and Javanroud in Kermanshah province held massive rallies to condemn the rioters who misused the popular protests to destroy and set fire at public properties last week.
They shouted slogans, including 'death to the US' and 'death to Israel' to deplore their officials' interfering remarks against Iran as well as 'death to the rioters' and 'death to plotters' to condemn their acts of sabotage during the recent unrests.
The protestors also carried placards which called on the government to show more attention to people's welfare and living conditions and urged the judiciary to sue and seriously punish those who distorted security and tranquility of people in the recent riots.
Similar demonstrations have been underway throughout the country in the past few days.
Message end/


text:
Clifton Jones (ur. 26 lipca 1937 w Saint Andrew na Jamajce) – brytyjski aktor telewizyjny i filmowy, najbardziej znany jako David Kano w klasycznym brytyjskim serialu science fiction RAI/ITV Kosmos 1999 (1975-76).

Urodzony na Jamajce, w 1954 przeniósł się do Wielkiej Brytanii. Studiował w Italian Conti Stage School i występował na scenie.

Wybrana filmografia

Filmy fabularne
 1959: Life in Emergency Ward 10
 1963: Z życia VIP'ów (The V.I.P.s) jako Jamajski pasażer
 1968: Tylko wtedy, gdy się śmieję (Only When I Larf) jako Generał Sakut
 1968: Joanna jako Czarny Detektyw
 1978: Wzgórze królików (Watership Down) jako czarny królik (głos)
 1984: Sheena - królowa dżungli (Sheena) jako Król Jabalani
 1991: Porcelanowy księżyc (China Moon) jako dr Ocampo

Seriale TV
 1960: Scotland Yard jako Ted
 1961-62: Emergency Ward 10 jako Jeremiah Sanders
 1962: Studio 4 jako Człowiek
 1970: Kate jako dr Seward
 1970: Z Cars jako Nogan
 1971: Partnerzy (The Persuaders!) jako dr Kibu
 1971: Jason King jako Sebastian
 1975-76: Kosmos 1999 (Space: 1999) jako David Kano
 1977: 1990 jako Henry Tasker
 1991: Star Trek: Następne pokolenie jako Ensign Craig / Klingon Helmsman

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Brytyjscy aktorzy filmowi
Brytyjscy aktorzy telewizyjni
Brytyjscy aktorzy głosowi
Urodzeni w 1937


text:
A Village from my country
By sdf	 On Nov 17, 2018
Tabqa – Ja'aber village is located on the left bank of the Euphrates river, 18 km from the north side and 50 km west of Raqqa.
The village overlooks the Euphrates dam, which lies to the south of it, while a small Swedish village extends to the east, and Mahmudli's Badia in the north and the forested area to the west.
Ja'aber is named after the ancient castle of the same name and is considered one of the most important archaeological sites in the area. Ja'abar castle is located about 3 km from the village and dates back to the 5th century AH.
The village is characterized by the beauty of nature trees and spectacular views, and the availability of water in the lake Euphrates dam encouraged the people to grow trees and irrigated agricultural crops, so that the village and its archaeological site a place of tourism frequented by people from everywhere.
The village was liberated as part of Qazab AL-Furat campaign on 25/12/2016 and was later restored and finally liberated on January 7, 2017 after heavy fighting with terrorists of Daesh organization, where the village and its castle were the headquarters of an organization to carry out its operations and used castle as a prison for its detainees.
"Mahmoud Hilal" A resident of Ja'aber village spoke to us about his village and said: Since the groups of the Free Army and then AL-Nusra front entered to the village the human activity in the village clearly decreased, and led to the migration of a number of residents of the village outside Syria, until the village was liberated and began to witness remarkable development and improvement In the level of services in terms of services and education in addition to the availability of security and safety for the people.
He added: "The population of this village, about 1300 people and the majority of the tribe of Ajeel, and most of them work in agriculture and fishing, and some of them work outside Syria
SDF. Media Center
Al-Nusra frontJa'aber villageJaabar Castletribe of Ajeel
sdf 1764 posts 0 comments
Agriculture Directorate in Hasakah Continues to Distribute Seeds to Farmers


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Microsoft.Ajax.Utilities
{

    public class BinaryOperator : Expression
    {
        private AstNode m_operand1;
        private AstNode m_operand2;

        public AstNode Operand1
        {
            get { return m_operand1; }
            set
            {
                ReplaceNode(ref m_operand1, value);
            }
        }

        public AstNode Operand2
        {
            get { return m_operand2; }
            set
            {
                ReplaceNode(ref m_operand2, value);
            }
        }

        public JSToken OperatorToken { get; set; }
        public Context OperatorContext { get; set; }

        public override Context TerminatingContext
        {
            get
            {
                // if we have one, return it. If not, see ifthe right-hand side has one
                return base.TerminatingContext ?? Operand2.IfNotNull(n => n.TerminatingContext);
            }
        }

        public BinaryOperator(Context context)
            : base(context)
        {
        }

        public override OperatorPrecedence Precedence
        {
            get
            {
                switch (OperatorToken)
                {
                    case JSToken.Comma:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Comma;

                    case JSToken.Assign:
                    case JSToken.BitwiseAndAssign:
                    case JSToken.BitwiseOrAssign:
                    case JSToken.BitwiseXorAssign:
                    case JSToken.DivideAssign:
                    case JSToken.LeftShiftAssign:
                    case JSToken.MinusAssign:
                    case JSToken.ModuloAssign:
                    case JSToken.MultiplyAssign:
                    case JSToken.RightShiftAssign:
                    case JSToken.UnsignedRightShiftAssign:
                    case JSToken.PlusAssign:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Assignment;

                    case JSToken.LogicalOr:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.LogicalOr;

                    case JSToken.LogicalAnd:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.LogicalAnd;

                    case JSToken.BitwiseOr:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.BitwiseOr;

                    case JSToken.BitwiseXor:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.BitwiseXor;

                    case JSToken.BitwiseAnd:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.BitwiseAnd;

                    case JSToken.Equal:
                    case JSToken.NotEqual:
                    case JSToken.StrictEqual:
                    case JSToken.StrictNotEqual:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Equality;

                    case JSToken.GreaterThan:
                    case JSToken.GreaterThanEqual:
                    case JSToken.In:
                    case JSToken.InstanceOf:
                    case JSToken.LessThan:
                    case JSToken.LessThanEqual:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Relational;

                    case JSToken.LeftShift:
                    case JSToken.RightShift:
                    case JSToken.UnsignedRightShift:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Shift;

                    case JSToken.Multiply:
                    case JSToken.Divide:
                    case JSToken.Modulo:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Multiplicative;

                    case JSToken.Plus:
                    case JSToken.Minus:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.Additive;

                    default:
                        return OperatorPrecedence.None;
                }
            }
        }

        public override PrimitiveType FindPrimitiveType()
        {
            PrimitiveType leftType;
            PrimitiveType rightType;

            switch (OperatorToken)
            {
                case JSToken.Assign:
                case JSToken.Comma:
                    // returns whatever type the right operand is
                    return Operand2.FindPrimitiveType();

                case JSToken.BitwiseAnd:
                case JSToken.BitwiseAndAssign:
                case JSToken.BitwiseOr:
                case JSToken.BitwiseOrAssign:
                case JSToken.BitwiseXor:
                case JSToken.BitwiseXorAssign:
                case JSToken.Divide:
                case JSToken.DivideAssign:
                case JSToken.LeftShift:
                case JSToken.LeftShiftAssign:
                case JSToken.Minus:
                case JSToken.MinusAssign:
                case JSToken.Modulo:
                case JSToken.ModuloAssign:
                case JSToken.Multiply:
                case JSToken.MultiplyAssign:
                case JSToken.RightShift:
                case JSToken.RightShiftAssign:
                case JSToken.UnsignedRightShift:
                case JSToken.UnsignedRightShiftAssign:
                    // always returns a number
                    return PrimitiveType.Number;

                case JSToken.Equal:
                case JSToken.GreaterThan:
                case JSToken.GreaterThanEqual:
                case JSToken.In:
                case JSToken.InstanceOf:
                case JSToken.LessThan:
                case JSToken.LessThanEqual:
                case JSToken.NotEqual:
                case JSToken.StrictEqual:
                case JSToken.StrictNotEqual:
                    // always returns a boolean
                    return PrimitiveType.Boolean;

                case JSToken.PlusAssign:
                case JSToken.Plus:
                    // if either operand is known to be a string, then the result type is a string.
                    // otherwise the result is numeric if both types are known.
                    leftType = Operand1.FindPrimitiveType();
                    rightType = Operand2.FindPrimitiveType();

                    return (leftType == PrimitiveType.String || rightType == PrimitiveType.String)
                        ? PrimitiveType.String
                        : (leftType != PrimitiveType.Other && rightType != PrimitiveType.Other
                            ? PrimitiveType.Number
                            : PrimitiveType.Other);

                case JSToken.LogicalAnd:
                case JSToken.LogicalOr:
                    // these two are special. They return either the left or the right operand
                    // (depending on their values), so unless they are both known types AND the same,
                    // then we can't know for sure.
                    leftType = Operand1.FindPrimitiveType();
                    if (leftType != PrimitiveType.Other)
                    {
                        if (leftType == Operand2.FindPrimitiveType())
                        {
                            // they are both the same and neither is unknown
                            return leftType;
                        }
                    }

                    // if we get here, then we don't know the type
                    return PrimitiveType.Other;

                default:
                    // shouldn't get here....
                    return PrimitiveType.Other;
            }
        }

        public override IEnumerable<AstNode> Children
        {
            get
            {
                return EnumerateNonNullNodes(Operand1, Operand2);
            }
        }

        public override void Accept(IVisitor visitor)
        {
            if (visitor == null) return;
            visitor.Visit(this);
        }

        public override bool ReplaceChild(AstNode oldNode, AstNode newNode)
        {
            if (Operand1 == oldNode)
            {
                Operand1 = newNode;
                return true;
            }
            if (Operand2 == oldNode)
            {
                Operand2 = newNode;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public override AstNode LeftHandSide
        {
            get
            {
                if (OperatorToken == JSToken.Comma)
                {
                    // for comma-operators, the leftmost item is the leftmost item of the
                    // rightmost operand. And the operand2 might be a list.
                    var list = Operand2 as AstNodeList;
                    if (list != null && list.Count > 0)
                    {
                        // the right-hand side is a list, so we want the LAST item
                        return list[list.Count - 1].LeftHandSide;
                    }

                    // not a list, just ask the right-hand operand what its leftmost node is
                    return Operand2.LeftHandSide;
                }

                // not a comma, so operand1 is on the left
                return Operand1.LeftHandSide;
            }
        }

        public void SwapOperands()
        {
            // swap the operands -- we don't need to go through ReplaceChild or the
            // property setters because we don't need to change the Parent pointers
            // or anything like that.
            AstNode temp = m_operand1;
            m_operand1 = m_operand2;
            m_operand2 = temp;
        }

        public override bool IsEquivalentTo(AstNode otherNode)
        {
            // a binary operator is equivalent to another binary operator if the operator is the same and
            // both operands are also equivalent
            var otherBinary = otherNode as BinaryOperator;
            return otherBinary != null
                && OperatorToken == otherBinary.OperatorToken
                && Operand1.IsEquivalentTo(otherBinary.Operand1)
                && Operand2.IsEquivalentTo(otherBinary.Operand2);
        }

        public bool IsAssign
        {
            get
            {
                switch(OperatorToken)
                {
                    case JSToken.Assign:
                    case JSToken.PlusAssign:
                    case JSToken.MinusAssign:
                    case JSToken.MultiplyAssign:
                    case JSToken.DivideAssign:
                    case JSToken.ModuloAssign:
                    case JSToken.BitwiseAndAssign:
                    case JSToken.BitwiseOrAssign:
                    case JSToken.BitwiseXorAssign:
                    case JSToken.LeftShiftAssign:
                    case JSToken.RightShiftAssign:
                    case JSToken.UnsignedRightShiftAssign:
                        return true;

                    default:
                        return false;
                }
            }
        }

        internal override string GetFunctionGuess(AstNode target)
        {
            return Operand2 == target
                ? IsAssign ? Operand1.GetFunctionGuess(this) : Parent.GetFunctionGuess(this)
                : string.Empty;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if the expression contains an in-operator
        /// </summary>
        public override bool ContainsInOperator
        {
            get
            {
                // if we are an in-operator, then yeah: we contain one.
                // otherwise recurse the operands.
                return OperatorToken == JSToken.In
                    ? true
                    : Operand1.ContainsInOperator || Operand2.ContainsInOperator;
            }
        }

        public override bool IsConstant
        {
            get
            {
                return Operand1.IfNotNull(o => o.IsConstant) && Operand2.IfNotNull(o => o.IsConstant);
            }
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return (Operand1 == null ? "<null>" : Operand1.ToString())
                + ' ' + OutputVisitor.OperatorString(OperatorToken) + ' '
                + (Operand2 == null ? "<null>" : Operand2.ToString());
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Thanks to you both. That works now and boots to the Windows boot menu with the grldr entry I added. Selecting Windows 10 boots fine and msinfo32 confirms it is in Legacy mode.
I've created an entry in menu.lst just replacing the find and root lines with root (hd0,1) and removing the boot line from the end.
So now I'll copy menu.lst from (hd0,5) to (hd0,1) which will perhaps make grldr able to find it a bit quicker and keep it safe from accidental tampering/deletion.
Yes , since grldr looks for menu.lst *everywhere* the "earlier" partition, the sooner it will be found.
If I recall correctly the issues revolve around issues with hybernate/sleep and with update (but surely you don't want to update the Windows 10 when booted in Legacy mode, that should be only an "emergency only" kind of booting).
I'll review that thread sometime but as you say, this legacy mode boot option is very much there just in case I ever happen to need it in an emergency, so I'm not worried if it has some issues.
Having deleted grldr and menu.lst from everywhere except (hd0,1) now, I can't say it's made anything noticeably quicker, I still see the default menu briefly before it finds the proper one. I guess it's just down to the strange way this BIOS operates that's causing this. It's not a problem anyway.
but it didn't really make any difference. The main delay seems to be when the BIOS (or UMBR) is locating grldr, as that's when the screen flickers three times. After it finds it and loads the default menu, it only shows very briefly before loading menu.lst.
this makes it look for a default \menu.lst file.
if you get rid of the 'title' line there will be no 1 second delay either.
The main delay seems to be when the BIOS (or UMBR) is locating grldr, as that's when the screen flickers three times. After it finds it and loads the default menu, it only shows very briefly before loading menu.lst.
but as you say, that is not worth worrying.
I double-checked every partition on the SSD (except for MSR which can't be mounted) and there's no other instances of grldr anywhere, so I wonder if the umbr code includes an embedded menu that can't be edited with BootICE?
Well, open grldr (the one linked to by UMBR) in wordpad (yes wordpad, NOT notepad) and scroll till the end of it to make sure.
The UMBR code is just a teeny-tiny "launcher", it has no menu.lst (not any grub4dos commands) in it.
BUT you should need to re-run UMBR after having edited the grldr so that length/checksum matches (maybe it isn't needed because you are making it shorter, but you never know).
Thanks. Re-running UMBR has fixed it and now I don't see any default menu before my menu.lst appears.
I checked glrdr in wordpad first and it did only show "configfile (hd0,1)/menu.lst" at the end (excuse the poor quality of this photo), so I don't know where grub/umbr was finding the default menu.
I might be misunderstanding umbr but does that tell it to look for grldr on (hd0,0) first and then if it can't find it there, on (hd0,1)? (hd0,0) is the recovery partition and didn't have grldr or menu.lst on it so I copied them across and it's a bit quicker now, the screen only flickers once instead of 2-3 times before the menu appears. Of course I've set grldr to load menu.lst from (hd0,1) but I doubt it would be any quicker if I changed it to load it from (hd0,0), so I think we've done as much as we can (and really it's fine anyway and my brother will never notice or care about any slight delay).
adds a command to chainload the PBR or bootsector of the specified partition, (hd0,0) in this case, this option is used only if the grldr is not found, so - in theory - it shouldn't matter at all, it is more likely that having re-run the UMBR with the modified grldr what appears as a checksum (and the length of the file) have been corrected and thus the booting is somehow more "fluid".
Ah I understand, it looks for grldr at the location specified by file1 (and file2 and file3 if they are specified) and if it can't find it, it falls back to trying to boot the PBR or bootsector specified by -d and -p.
You're probably right that re-running umbr corrected some sort of checksum but that still doesn't explain where it was getting the default menu from, when I'd overwritten it with my custom one in the only grldr present on the entire SSD.
Yep, though for some reasons (most probably a glitch in the matrix), seemingly only "file1" and "file 2" actually work as the PBR/bootsector specified by -d and -p goes on third entry (and the fourth is empty).
I would suggest you to create and give him a bootable USB stick (or even better a bootable DVD if the laptop has the drive) for those emergencies that happen before TemViewer (or similar) can work.


text:
Q: Getting last row's data in the map My objective is to create a map.
It have reqid,name and lowest status number of a set as a key.
Here set refers to rows belonging to a specific Reqid.
The value of the map is an Arraylist which consists of all rows as objects of a specific id.
public class MapKey {
  private Integer id;
  private String name;
  private Integer status;

   public MapKey(Integer id, String name,Integer status) {
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    this.status=status;
  }
   @Override toString,hashCode,equals
  public class Dashboard {
  int REQUEST_ID;
  String name;
  int price;
  int status;
  public int getREQUEST_ID() {
    return REQUEST_ID;
 }
 public void setREQUEST_ID(int rEQUEST_ID) {
    REQUEST_ID = rEQUEST_ID;
 }
 //getters and setters

 public class DBConnection {
public ArrayList<Dashboard>  getStoreResult() {
    ArrayList<Dashboard> dashRec=new ArrayList<Dashboard>();
    Dashboard dash = new Dashboard();

    try{
        Class.forName("");
        Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("");
        Statement st=con.createStatement();
        ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("");
        HashMap<Object, List<Dashboard>> map = new HashMap<>();
        int status=100;
        int reqid=0;
        String name1=null;
        while (rs.next()) {
            Integer id = rs.getInt(1);
            String name=rs.getString(2);
            if(reqid==0) {
                reqid=id;
                name1=name;
            }
            if(reqid !=id) {
                MapKey key = new MapKey(reqid,name1,status);
                map.put(key, dashRec);
                reqid=id;
                name1=name;
                dashRec= new ArrayList<Dashboard>();
                status=100;
            }

            dash = new Dashboard();
            dash.setREQUEST_ID(id);
            dash.setLOGIN_USER(name);
            dash.setPRICE(rs.getInt(3));
            dash.setSTATUS(rs.getInt(4));
            dashRec.add(dash);
            if(rs.getInt(4)<=status) {
                status=rs.getInt(4);
            }
        }

The output is like:
MapKey [reqid=123, name=A,status=1]:[Dashboard [reqid=123, NAME=A,
PRICE=5,STATUS=2],Dashboard [reqid=123, NAME=A, PRICE=10,STATUS=3],...,..]

It captures data only till reqid 456, However my code cant capture last unique reqid row data in the map.
SQL Database:

A: try this,
        Map<MapKey, List<Dashboard>> map = new HashMap<>();
        while (rs.next()) {
            int reqId = rs.getInt(1);
            String name = rs.getString(2);
            int price = rs.getInt(3);
            int status = rs.getInt(4);

            //iterate map look for existing data
            boolean exist = false;
            for (Map.Entry<MapKey, List<Dashboard>> entry : map.entrySet()) {
                MapKey mapKey = entry.getKey();
                List<Dashboard> dashboards = entry.getValue();
                if (mapKey.getId()==reqId && mapKey.getName().equals(name)) {
                    exist = true;
                    //check for status and update it if lower than existing status
                    if (status < mapKey.getStatus())
                        mapKey.setStatus(status);

                    //add dashboard
                    Dashboard dashboard = new Dashboard();
                    dashboard.setREQUEST_ID(reqId);
                    dashboard.setName(name);
                    dashboard.setPrice(price);
                    dashboard.setStatus(status);
                    dashboards.add(dashboard);
                }
            }
            if (!exist) {
                MapKey mapKey = new MapKey(reqId, name, status);

                Dashboard dashboard = new Dashboard();
                dashboard.setREQUEST_ID(reqId);
                dashboard.setName(name);
                dashboard.setPrice(price);
                dashboard.setStatus(status);
                List<Dashboard> dashboards = new ArrayList<>();
                dashboards.add(dashboard);

                map.put(mapKey, dashboards);
            }
        }

Update: 2nd answer if cannot set values to MapKey
        Map<Map<String, Object>, List<Dashboard>> map = new HashMap<>();
        while (rs.next()) {
            int reqId = rs.getInt(1);
            String name = rs.getString(2);
            int price = rs.getInt(3);
            int status = rs.getInt(4);

            //iterate map look for existing data
            boolean exist = false;
            for (Map.Entry<Map<String, Object>, List<Dashboard>> entry : map.entrySet()) {
                Map<String,Object> mapKey = entry.getKey();
                List<Dashboard> dashboards = entry.getValue();
                if (mapKey.get("id").toString().equals(reqId) && mapKey.get("name").toString().equals(name)) {
                    exist = true;
                    //check for status and update it if lower than existing status
                    if (status < Integer.valueOf(mapKey.get("status").toString()))
                        mapKey.put("status", status);

                    //add dashboard
                    Dashboard dashboard = new Dashboard();
                    dashboard.setREQUEST_ID(reqId);
                    dashboard.setName(name);
                    dashboard.setPrice(price);
                    dashboard.setStatus(status);
                    dashboards.add(dashboard);
                }
            }
            if (!exist) {
                Map<String,Object> mapKey = new HashMap<>();
                mapKey.put("id", reqId);
                mapKey.put("name", name);
                mapKey.put("status", status);

                Dashboard dashboard = new Dashboard();
                dashboard.setREQUEST_ID(reqId);
                dashboard.setName(name);
                dashboard.setPrice(price);
                dashboard.setStatus(status);
                List<Dashboard> dashboards = new ArrayList<>();
                dashboards.add(dashboard);

                map.put(mapKey, dashboards);
            }
        }
        Map<MapKey, List<Dashboard>> map0 = new HashMap<>();
        for (Map.Entry<Map<String, Object>, List<Dashboard>> entry : map.entrySet()) {
            Map<String,Object> mapKey = entry.getKey();
            List<Dashboard> dashboards = entry.getValue();
            MapKey mapKey0 = new MapKey(
                Integer.valueOf(mapKey.get("id").toString()),
                mapKey.get("name").toString(),
                Integer.valueOf(mapKey.get("status").toString()));
                map0.put(mapKey0, dashboards);
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


LOS ANGELES (AP) Cody Bellinger is leading off for the Dodgers in Game 5 of the NL Championship Series on Wednesday, hours after his game-winning single pulled Los Angeles into a 2-all tie with Milwaukee in the best-of-seven series.
Bellinger singled home the winning run with two outs in the 13th inning of a 2-1 victory Tuesday night that lasted more than five hours. The Dodgers primarily have been using Chris Taylor in the leadoff spot.
Manager Dave Roberts said he made the change to "shake things up" and because he likes Bellinger's at-bats against Brewers left-handed starter Wade Miley.
Bellinger started Games 1 and 3 and entered as a pinch-hitter in the sixth inning of Game 4.
Max Muncy is starting at second base and hitting fifth for the Dodgers. Austin Barnes is starting at catcher for the second straight game while Yasmani Grandal continues to struggle.
The Brewers are starting Hernan Perez at second base, his first start since Game 1 of the series. He will hit fifth.
Erik Kratz is back starting at catcher and hitting seventh. He started Games 2 and 3 and came off the bench in the 11th inning on Tuesday for Milwaukee.
In another move, the Brewers added right-hander Zach Davies to the NLCS roster, replacing Gio Gonzalez, who left Game 4 with a high left ankle sprain.
That means if the Brewers make it to the World Series, Gonzalez cannot be on the roster since a player replaced due to injury in one series is required to sit out the next one.
Davies wasn't on the roster for the NL Division Series. He had a 2-7 record and 4.77 ERA in 13 starts during the regular season.
The series shifts back to Milwaukee for Game 6 on Friday.


text:
Charlotte Amalie von Hessen-Kassel (* 27. April 1650 in Kassel; † 27. März 1714 in Kopenhagen) war eine Prinzessin von Hessen-Kassel und durch Heirat Königin von Dänemark.

Leben
Charlotte Amalie war die älteste Tochter des Landgrafen Wilhelm VI. von Hessen-Kassel (1629–1663) aus dessen Ehe mit Hedwig Sophie (1623–1683), Tochter des Kurfürsten Georg Wilhelm von Brandenburg. Die Prinzessin wurde streng reformistisch erzogen.

Sie heiratete am 25. Juni 1667 in Nykøbing den dänischen Kronprinzen und späteren König Christian V. von Dänemark und Norwegen. Im Ehevertrag wurde festgelegt, dass sie ihren reformierten Glauben behalten durfte. Damit ist sie die einzige dänische Königin, die nicht zum lutherischen Glauben übertrat. Anfangs wurde sie allerdings an der Ausübung ihres Glaubens behindert. Anlässlich der Krönung Christians V. 1670 wurde gefordert, dass die Königin vor ihrer Salbung konvertiere. Charlotte Amalie schaltete erfolgreich ihre Mutter und ihren Onkel Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg ein, um zu vermitteln.

Wesentlichen Einfluss hatte die Königin bei der Aufnahme von vertriebenen Hugenotten aus Frankreich in Dänemark. Der König erließ 1685 umfangreiche Privilegien für die Glaubensflüchtlinge. Im Jahr 1689 wurde die mit großem Anteil von Charlotte Amalie errichtete erste Reformierte Kirche in Kopenhagen geweiht. Die Königin ist Stifterin aller reformierten Gemeinden in Dänemark und ist verantwortlich für die freie Religionsausübung aller Reformierten in den dänischen Staaten, die sie zudem mit reichen Kirchenstiftungen bedachte.

Ihre Beliebtheit in Dänemark steigerte sich erheblich, als sie an der Organisation zur Verteidigung Kopenhagens teilnahm, als Karl XII. von Schweden um 1700 Seeland überfiel. Ihre Ländereien in Dänemark verwaltete sie sorgfältig.

Die Stadt Charlotte Amalie im damaligen Dänisch-Westindien und das Schloss Charlottenborg in Kopenhagen sind nach ihr benannt. Letzteres ließ sie umbauen, bezog es 1699 und lebte dort bis zu ihrem Tode. Seit 1754 beherbergt das Gebäude die Königlich Dänische Kunstakademie. Bestattet ist Charlotte Amalie im Dom zu Roskilde.

Vorfahren

Nachkommen
Aus ihrer Ehe hatte Charlotte Amalie folgende Kinder:
 Friedrich IV. (1671–1730), König von Dänemark
 ⚭ 1. 1695 Herzogin Luise zu Mecklenburg (1667–1721)
 ⚭ 2. 1721 Gräfin Anna Sophie von Reventlow (1693–1743)
 Christian (1672–1673)
 Christian (1675–1695)
 Sophie Hedwig (1677–1735)
 Christiane Charlotte (1679–1689)
 Karl (1680–1729)
 Wilhelm (1687–1705)

Siehe auch
 Stammtafel der dänischen Könige

Literatur
 Louis Bobé: Charlotte Amalie, Königin zu Dänemark, Prinzessin zu Hessen-Cassel und die Anfänge der deutsch und französisch reformierten Kirche zu Kopenhagen. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen 1940.
 Eckhart G. Franz (Hrsg.): Haus Hessen. Biografisches Lexikon. (= Arbeiten der Hessischen Historischen Kommission N.F., Bd. 34) Hessische Historische Kommission, Darmstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-88443-411-6, Nr. HK 29, S. 110–112 (Holger Th. Gräf).
 Pauline Puppel: Die Regentin. Vormundschaftliche Herrschaft in Hessen 1500–1700 (= Geschichte und Geschlechter. Band 43). Campus, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-593-37480-3, S. 247–248 (books.google.com).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Christian V. (Dänemark und Norwegen)
Königin (Dänemark)
Königin (Norwegen)
Gräfin (Oldenburg)
Prinz (Hessen-Kassel)
Familienmitglied des Hauses Hessen (Linie Kassel)
⚭Charlotte Amalie #HessenKassel
Geboren 1650
Gestorben 1714
Frau


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In reading this book I have been struck with a gnawing hunger for more of God, more of His Spirit, more of His presence and more of His power in my life. The manner in which John G. Lake writes has had a riveting effect on my heart. Because of what has been resonating within me as a result of allowing my spirit to marinate in these words, I have elected to share a few snippets of richness with you. I pray that your spirit will be blessed, and perhaps tantalized for more of what has been given through this magnificent gift of the baptism of the Holy Ghost.
The Baptism of the Holy Ghost is the greatest event in Christian history, greater than the crucifixion, of greater import than the resurrection, greater than the ascension, greater than the glorification. It was the end and finality of crucifixion and resurrection, ascension and glorification.
If Jesus Christ had been crucified and there had been no resurrection, His death would have been without avail, insofar as the salvation of mankind is concerned. Or if He had risen from the grave in resurrection, and failed to reach the throne of God, and received from the Father the Gift of the Holy Ghost, the purpose for which He died, and for which He arose, would have been missed.
It is because there was no failure, it is because Jesus went to the ultimate, to the very Throne and heart of God, and secured right out of the heavenly treasury of the Eternal Soul, the Almighty Spirit, and poured it forth upon the world in divine baptism that we are here tonight.
There is no subject in all the Word of God that seems to me should be approached with so much holy reverence as the subject of the Baptism of the Holy Ghost. Beloved, my heart bleeds every day of my life when I hear the flippancy with which Christians discuss the Baptism of the Holy Ghost.
When Moses entered into the presence of God at the Burning Bush, God said "Put off thy shoes from thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground." How much more so when the individual comes into the presence of God looking for the Baptism of the Holy Ghost, and remembers that in order to obtain this Gift, Jesus Christ lived in the world, bled on the cross, entered into the darkness of death and hell and the grave, grappled with and strangled that accursed power, came forth again, and finally ascended to Heaven in order to secure it for you and me. If there is anything under Heaven that ought to command our reverence, our Holy reverence, our reverence beyond anything else in the world, it surely is the subject of the Baptism of the Holy Ghost.
The Day of Pentecost was the birthday of Christianity. Christianity never existed until the Holy Ghost came from Heaven. The ministry of Jesus in the world was His own divine preparation of the world for His ultimate and final ministry. His ultimate and final ministry was to be BY THE SPIRIT.
The ministry of Jesus during His earth life was localized by His humanity, localized again in that His message was only given to Israel. But the descent of the Holy Ghost brought to the souls of men a UNIVERSAL ministry of Jesus to every man right from the heart of God. Heavenly contact with the eternal God in power set their nature all aflame for God and with God, exalted their natures into God and made the recipient GOD-LIKE. Man became God-like!
Supposing that God in His goodness would let us look into that scene of scenes at the Throne of God, when the heavens lifted up their gates, and the Lord of Glory came in. Oh, if we could, beloved, we would have a better comprehension of the Baptism of the Holy Ghost.
I love that dear old word "Ghost." The Anglo-Saxon is "Ghest", a spiritual guest, heavenly visitor, spiritual presence, the Angel One. And that Angel One that comes to you and me, comes right out of the heart of the Eternal God, breathed through the soul of Jesus Christ!
I believe that the first essential in a real Holy Ghost church and a real Holy Ghost work, is to begin to surround the Baptism of the Holy Ghost with that due reverence of God with which an experience so sacred, and that cost such an awful price, should be surrounded.
Sometimes I have tried to get it clear before my soul that God LIVES IN ME. I have tried to note the incoming influence and power of that pure, sweet, living Spirit of the Eternal God. I have tried to realize His presence in my spirit, in my soul, in my hands, in my feet, in my person and being—a habitation of God, a habitation of God! God equipping the soul to minister Himself, God, to the world. God equipping the soul of man that he may live forever in harmony of mind with God. God furnishing to the soul of man the POWER of His personality, by which man is made as God. For all the God-like qualities of your heart is due to the fact that God, by the Spirit, dwells in you.
YOU may have God! That is the wonder of the Baptism of the Holy Ghost. It is not a work of grace; it is God possessing you. Oh, your heart may have been as sinful as the heart of man ever was sinful. But Christ comes to your soul. That spirit of darkness that possessed you goes, and in its stead, a new Spirit comes in, the Spirit of Christ. YOU have become a new creature, a saved man, a God-filled man.
Jesus went to Heaven in order that the very treasury of the heart of the Eternal God might be unlocked for your benefit, and that out of the very soul of the Eternal God, the streams of His life and nature would possess you from the crown of your head to the sole of your feet, and that there would be just as much of the Eternal God in your toe nails and in your brain as are capable of containing. In other words, from the very soles of your feet to the last hair on the top of your head, every cell of your being would be a residence of the Spirit of the living God. Man is made alive by God and with God, by the spirit. And in the truest sense, man is the dwelling place of God, the house of God, the tabernacle of the Most High.
Listen! "The words that I speak, I speak not of myself, but the Father that DWELLETH in Me." "But the Father dwelleth in Me." Where did the Eternal Father dwell in Jesus Christ? Why, in every part of His being, within and without—in the spirit of Him, in the soul of Him, in the brain of Him, in the body of Him, in the blood of Him, in the bones of Him! Every single, solitary cell of His structure was the dwelling place of God, of God, OF GOD!
Do you want Him? You can have Him. Oh, He will come and fill your soul. Oh, the Holy Ghost will take possession of your life. He will reveal the wonder of Heaven and the glory of God, and the richness and purity of His holiness, and make you sweet and God-like forever.
Thou art not far away, Oh, God! Our souls tonight are enveloped in the Eternal God. We feel Thee round about us. We feel Thy precious loving arm, and the beating of Thy heart, and the pulsing of Thy heavenly soul, and we are asking thee, my God, that the truth of the Eternal shall be breathed into us forever, until all our nature is submerged in God, buried up in God, infilled with God, revealing God.