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Vietnam Update Sept 27: End of lockdown in sight
September 27, 2021 Uncategorized by Access Asia
After weeks of reporting mostly negative developments about the Covid-19 pandemic in Vietnam, this week's update is finally positive. Several key health indicators here have improved recently, while there has been a lot of official discussion of a 'new normal' beginning October 1 (Ho Chi Minh City's strict "shelter-in-place" lockdown expires on September 30). The seven-day rolling national average of Covid cases has fallen to 9,938 – the lowest that number has been in about five weeks – and health officials said that Ho Chi Minh City has passed its peak. Large-scale testing in at-risk areas over the weekend returned a positivity rate of just 0.2%. The following is Access Asia's Monday update on the situation in Vietnam in collaboration with Vietnam Weekly, a subscription-based publication covering current affairs in Vietnam.
On Saturday, Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh told a government meeting that Vietnam is officially moving away from 'zero-Covid' to "a safe, flexible adaptation and effective control of the disease."
In Ho Chi Minh City, municipal officials are drafting a new directive specifically for the city, which will be announced before the 1st. The good news is that this seems to imply that the current military-supported strict lockdown will not be extended.
Officials have also said that all barriers within the city will be removed, while travel permits will also be abolished – though checkpoints will remain in place at the city's entrances. This would be a huge step, as checkpoints and confusing permit regulations have made life miserable for delivery drivers and businesses currently able to operate.
The business sector (both domestic and foreign-invested) has been lobbying hard for a rapid national re-opening amid massive damage: the tourism sector, for example, has only been able to operate for three months so far this year, while tens of thousands of workers in the industry are unemployed. Vietravel, a leading tour operater, currently has just 20 active employees, compared to the usual 1,700. Meanwhile, foreign investors in Vietnam have warned the government that its strict lockdown rules in the south has forced some companies to move production (although Access Asia has yet to come across one). No matter the case, one thing is clear: the government is keenly aware that the restrictions that have crippled the economy since June cannot continue as the economic repercussions are becoming unacceptable. At a digital nationwide conference between government and the business community yesterday, Chinh said the country will run out of resources if it solely focuses on fighting the epidemic, while the head of the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry said that if lockdowns continue, business will collapse.
We expect that the worst is now behind us and in the coming weeks and months the economic narrative will turn from stand-still to rebound. In our view, the economic impact caused from Vietnam's 4th wave of Covid-19 will be a mere blimp in what is otherwise a positive growth story. We note that despite the short-term challenges, the macroeconomy is remarkably stable, inflation is under control, and foreign investors remain long-term upbeat on Vietnam. Remarkably, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow this year as of September 20 has grown by more than 4 percent year-on-year – despite the Covid-19 calamity. In particular, Vietnamese tech start-ups have attracted much foreign investment during the year, capitalizing on the country's young and tech savvy population. We see great potential for Vietnam's emerging fintech sector – and the Covid pandemic is only spurring its growth in Vietnam (and elsewhere in Southeast Asia). Meanwhile, other sectors are also fairing relatively well, including property, power, logistics and banking. While the short-term picture remains unclear, the long-term picture remains bright. We are confident that the economy will make a forceful recovery in the coming months.
Despite Vietnam's lock-down and restrictions of movement, Access Asia Group remains open for business in Vietnam. Our team here is still able to work remotely and diligently. Should you have any queries, please contact us at info@accessasiagroup.com and accessasiagroup@protonmail.com
Vietnam's gross domestic product could grow between 3.5%-4.0% this year, well below the government's earlier target of 6.5%, the country's Minister of Planning and Investment Nguyen Chi Dung was cited by state media as saying.
We don't yet know what this will mean for daily life in HCMC, but last night we learned that municipal officials are drafting a new directive specifically for the city, which will be announced before the 1st. The good news is that this seems to imply that the current military-supported strict lockdown will not be extended.
Officials have also said that all barriers within the city will be removed, while travel permits will also be abolished – though checkpoints will remain in place at the city's entrances.
This would be a huge step, as checkpoints and confusing permit regulations have made life miserable for delivery drivers and businesses currently able to operate.
This move toward a unique new directive came after city leaders asked for permission to create their own set of guidelines since, according to the health ministry's latest parameters, HCMC would still be considered 'very high risk,' making re-opening impossible.
One major issue that still needs to be clarified is how exactly the proposed 'green pass' system will work for fully vaccinated people. While digital records are being worked on (my vaccinations finally showed up in the app last week), it is not known where these will need to be used, or who will check them.
There hasn't been much discussion of how things are going in District 7 and Cu Chi, which were meant to pilot some potential new policies for the rest of the city.
There's also this confusing proposal regarding new traffic rules (if domestic media calls a plan 'elaborate,' you know it really is).
City agencies are also working on plans to bring workers who left earlier in the outbreak back: according to this, HCMC has worked with other provinces to help around 33,000 people return to their hometowns since July. Many others left without official assistance in order to escape when the outbreak was its worst: it's now time to figure out who wants to come back (and how).
(In fact, lots of people are still leaving the city, particularly for the Mekong Delta, where many provinces have loosened their lockdown restrictions amid falling case numbers.)
Overall, I'd say HCMC's direction remains somewhat confusing: we know changes will happen on Friday, but it's not at all clear what businesses will be able to re-open, who will be able to move around the city, whether in-person grocery shopping will resume city-wide, or whether outdoor exercise will finally be allowed again. (Though at least we know, according to this frankly baffling article, that beauty clinics and cosmetic departments at hospitals will be able to re-open.)
I'm still of the belief that little will happen fast, as everything so far has been extremely conservative and risk-averse, while officials do not want to get caught allowing crowds like Hanoi saw last week to gather on the streets.
While Friday's newsletter focused outside of HCMC, a lot of space this week will be devoted to the city, whose 'shelter-in-place' lockdown expires on September 30 (Thursday night).
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We all have things we look back and wish we did or handled differently. I looked back at my 22 year old self (now I'm 30) and came up with these list of things I wish I would have done differently. I hope you gyals can learn from my mistakes and experiences!
1. Not saying "yes" when I know I can't follow through.
Saying "No" upright when someone asks for a favor or invites you to an event is much less painful then flaking on the other person later on or making up an obvious excuse later in order not to go.
2. Know that the decisions made in the past don't define me forever.
No matter what your past looks like and no matter how scary the future may seem, if you chose to stop worrying and really focus on what is, you will realize that your worries were probably in vain.
3. Be picker with unpaid work.
Unpaid internships are so commonplace these days to help prepare you for the "real world" and a full-time job after school. However, if you are going to dedicate hours of your precious early 20's working for a company, you need to really be picky with your position. See #5 for more details on how to improve your unpaid internship experience.
4. Be less of a B*tch to my parents.
Growing up I always got tired of my parents always telling me what to do. Our parents are one of the few people in our lives who truly and unselfishly want what's best for us. Although sometimes we disagree with their opinions or their viewpoints, it doesn't mean that we should disrespect them or treat them poorly. After you graduate high school, you will have seen your parent's for 80% of the time you'll see them in your entire life. If that doesn't scare you into treating them better, then I don't know what will!
Everything is negotiable! Rarely are things in life absolute. Someone once said, "You don't get what you deserve, you get what you negotiate." For unpaid internships: try to see if the position absolutely has to be unpaid, or if the company can pay for other benefits, like food or commuting. Oftentimes the position is only unpaid because people don't NEGOTIATE!
When I got an interview for a job, not only did I buy a nice interview outfit, I also bought a whole wardrobe for that job title. Later when I found out that I didn't get the job, I had all these new clothes for the job that I didn't get. What I recommend is, buy ONE good interview outfit. Once you get the job, then fill your wardrobe with new clothes, The Devil Wears Prada style.
7. Accept that not every friend will last.
It's normal to slowly lose touch with your friends from school over time. They live different lives, get married, move for a new job, etc. This is why you should cherish the time you have with them now. Don't fight or argue over little things.
8. Say "no" to certain jobs.
Once you graduate, it will be tempting to find any job that will give you probably the biggest paycheck you will have seen to date. However, just because you are new in the market doesn't mean you should say yes to the first thing that comes. Be patient, and a better job may be around the corner. Don't be afraid to do some waitressing, barista-ing for a while until you find a job you really want.
Now that you've seen my list, tell me which one you think is the best in the comments!
We all have things we look back and wish we did or handled differently. Here are 8 things we wish we had done differently at 22.


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in Amnesty, illegal immigration, new world order, open borders
Latin American countries propose open borders in the Western Hemisphere
According to a report in El Universo, the Ecuadorian government will ask the Organization of American States (OAS) to consider pushing the U.S. to adopt an open-border policy to encourage all people of Northern and Southern America to be free to move throughout the region, thus ending the need for deportations.
In the story, Hernan Holguin, sub-secretary of the Ecuadorian national department that oversees migrant issues, said he would bring this matter to the attention of OAS in an effort to solve the "human rights" and to halt the "irregular immigrants" deportations.
The move by Ecuador's leaders hopes to impose a new world order in the west. Hernan expressed that people around the globe are advancing to a 'universal citizenship' and the world at large has already accepted that world globalization extends beyond foreign trade and is advancing towards 'universal citizenship.'
The Ecuadorian government believes citizens of the world should be able to travel to countries whenever they want to.
The one-world proposal urges that "an integrated migrant policy with full respect for human rights in the framework of human mobility," Hernan explains. He also emphasized that the process of immigrant returning to their country of origin should be "orderly, planned and supported."
Once the process is in place, illegal immigrants could avoid being arrested on a minor infraction therefore eliminating the need for deportation. In order to avoid situations in which the undocumented immigrants are arrested for a minor infraction the treaty of sorts would eliminate the need for deportation from North America.
Hernan explained that in order for all nations to accept this new-world order it would be necessary for all countries to sign 'migratory agreement.'
Ecuador estimates that at least one-fifth of its population is already guilty of illegal migratory status. The countries that Ecuadorians migrate to are; America, Spain and Italy.
Hernan believes the Ecuador economic crisis in 1999 began the process to citizens seeking work outside their country.
The United States continues to be the top destination for Latin Americans seeking work, health care benefits and a better life. One problem that goes hand in hand with illegal immigration is crime. Currently one-third of California's prison population is Latin American. According to reports, those in prison are there for committing robberies, domestic abuse, drugs, rape and murder.
This is a staggering number and obviously adds a financial burden to the residents of California. This fact alone will give Californian's pause when the immigration reform battle heats up later this year.
Do read the El Universo article click here; http://www.eluniverso.com/2010/02/15/1/1360/ecuador-pedira-oea-libre-movilidad.html?p=1360&m=1860

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Newsflash! Holy Well researcher finds possible lost holy well under their house!
Yes difficult to believe. This site hasn't become Fakenews! As regular followers of this blog will know I do like to rediscover a lost holy or healing spring. But little did I think that I'd possibly find one literally under my very feet. That's right and you didn't miss read that! I am keeping some of the details like the exact location and other distinguishing features under wraps but hopefully you'll agree in the fact it is a curious story…which like many stories about springs is still not the complete work and there is some supposition.
Well well well
When I moved into my house I discovered a large yellow plastic mat in the hall and lifting this there was a hole. Looking down with a torch I saw brick steps and a room. It was a cellar. A cellar which I didn't know was there. Tentatively exploring I found a fair size room with brick arches and full of junk. Two things caught my attention one a hole at floor level and the other a bricked up doorway. Looking in the hole first it opened up to a chamber wide at the top and narrow at the bottom and carved into the sandstone rock – there was nothing in it but it was clearly a well – but this is not the well the post is about. It appeared to be a domestic well carved into the rock at some point. There appeared above to have been a framework to provide pump which would have gone to the outside above. It was a domestic well. Interesting and fairly unusual although locally there are a number taking advantage of the way in which water percolates through the sandstone stone
It was the bricked up doorway which interested me more. Fast forward a year and I decided to see what was behind the doorway. So we sledge hammered it!
What's behind the wall?
So behind the wall there was a rectangular structure set in the ground. It was surrounded by large granite slabs it appears From what I can see, there was water on the bottom a fact proved by dipping a tape measure in with paper on it. It appeared also to be around two feet deep. What else could it be but a chamber containing a spring. A possible spring head. The bottom of this spring chamber is rock as it appears to have an uneven nature but it is difficult to see. This is to be expected the floor of the cellar is stone and so the cellar was probably build around a natural cave with a spring in one corner. Inside the chamber is a water appears a lining possibly in lead which was done to seal it no doubt. The brick chamber looks Georgian in nature but the fabric around the spring head appears to be much older than the wall and indeed it sits unsymmetrically for no reason over part of the basin. The whole chamber has a dark material on the walls which appears to be lead. A neighbour had informed me of two facts he knew of the house one that it was lead lined, here was the evidence, and the other there was a tunnel which went down into town providing a way of servants to reach the big houses. This was very unlikely but looking at it laterally was it lead lined to contain water and so was the chamber a conduit house and the tunnel did not provide servants but a service, a water service, for the houses, a conduit tunnel more likely.
I must stress that there is no documentary evidence of a spring associated with the house. No ancient records. No well or spring marked on any map. No mention at all of any well least at all a holy one. However, I have been told by local historians that the church was situated by a spring in Anglo-Saxon times. A 1913 book of the town records discussing this Anglo-Saxon settlers:
"The new comers would find several beautiful springs rising to the west…and near to the foot of the hill, one being at the top of Church Lane. Round these springs, and by the streams flowing therefrom (where the main street now stands) they would clear the ground, build cabins chiefly of timber, and cultivate small strips of land, which would be gradually extended. Between the sites of the several springs they selected a spot on which they ultimately built a church, and it is pleasant to reflect that on that spot for a thousand years thanks and prayers have been offered to God for pardon and purity, peace and help, and every other blessing."
Could this be the actual well? I spoke with the chairmen of the local history story who is convinced it is indeed the original spring of the town. What is the name I wonder? An picture taken in the local library states that the house is called St. Helens. This is unusual as the church across the road is called St Mary's. Was it once called after St Helens? Unlikely. There is no evidence of a name change. But does it refer to the well. St Helen's Wells are not uncommon. And often they indicate a pre-Christian origin.
There is clearly more to find out so hopefully I way get more information I was post further on this.
Posted in Favourite site
The abecedary of sacred springs of the world: Mexico's sacred cenote
This year I am returning to my abdecary of holy wells and healings springs of the world I started in 2017. As Friar Diego de Landa observed in 1566 after visiting Chichen Itza:
"Into this well they have had, and then had, the custom of throwing men alive as a sacrifice to the gods, in times of draught, and they believed that they did not die though they never saw them again. They also threw into it a great many other things, like precious stones and things which they prized. And so, if this country had possessed gold, it would be this well that would have the great part of it."
Alfred M. Tozzer (trans.), ed. Landa's Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan
On the Yucatan peninsula, the limestone worn by millennia of the elements has created remarkable sink holes or cenotes that at Chichen Itza is known as the Cenote Sagrada, the sacred cenote or more disturbingly the Well of Sacrifice; an eerie and mysterious place but how true is it?
Site of sacrifice
Local tradition both Mayan and Spanish claim that before the Spanish settlements the Maya would sacrifice objects and human beings to placate Chaac the rain god. Ever keen to reveal the truth it was Edward Herbert Thompson who between 1904 to 1910 decided to dredge the bottom and revealed some interesting objects. Thompson was working through unstable times during the Mexican revolution and understandably perhaps some of the objects went missing before they were catalogued. His house was also burnt down during his time there consequently resulting in him losing notes.
Thompson is said to have bought the site and used a pulley system with a bucket. Although much of the early work involved clearing debris such as trees which hampered the procedure. The buckets would be removed and local people sifted through the water to find artefacts and categorise them accordingly. These objects according to Clemency Chase Coggins 1984 Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya Treasures from the Sacred Well at Chichen Itz were obsidian, wood, shells, bone cloth, rubber, pottery an flints as well as gold, jadeite, copal. Some of these materials were not native to the Yucatan peninsular suggesting that perhaps pilgrimages were made to the site and that it was an important cultural centre. Was there also evidence that some of the materials were purposely damaged before being thrown into it a common activity throughout the world to 'kill' the object before sacrificing it. What is interesting is the organic matter which was remarkably preserved particularly the wooden ones which indicated what weapons they sacrificed.
Thompson also decided to dive in 1909 into the Cenote but what with its unstable rocky bottom, loose trees and murky water, it was both hazardous and difficult to see. He was very produce that he was the last person to tread on the bottom of the Cenote adding:
"full of long narrow cracks, radiating from centers as if the glass bottom of a dish had been broken by a pointed instrument. We found down in the cracks and holes a grayish mud in which were imbedded the heavier gold objects, jades, and copper bells in numbers."
Other excavations were subsequently less successful, the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH) director William Folan in 1961 did find wooden ear flares with jade and turquoise mosac, a large chert knife, a gold sheathed bone with a wooden handle. The subsequent exploration of Norman Scott and Roman Pina-Chan in 1967-8 tried emptying the cenote and trying to clear the water. However, only 13 feet or so of water could be removed and it did not really clear.
What about the human sacrifice?
What of course interests archaeologists is the human sacrificial remains. The bones found in the site had marks that concurred with wounds associated with sacrifice These sacrifices consisted of both male and females, children and infants Guillermo de Anda (2007) Sacrifice and Ritual Body Mutilation in Postclassical Maya Society: Taphonomy of the Human Remains from Chichén Itzá's Cenote Sagrado". In Vera Tiesler and Andrea Cucina (eds.). New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society.of the University of Yucatán, states that Mayan mythology emphasises that children 6 to 12 were often male being captured or purchased. Those kidnaped were collected whilst parents toiled fields, or via battle. They were more often than not killed prior to being thrown and what made this site special that it was a sacrificial one as others were used for domestic supplies. Perhaps the last person to witness this was Franciscan leader Diego de Landa as he claimed to have witnessed live sacrifices:
" the custom of throwing men alive as a sacrifice to the gods, in times of draught, and they believed that they did not die though they never saw them again."
Posted in First Nation, Pagan gods, Votive
Tags: antiquarian, archeology, Ceremonies, earth mysteries, holy wells, Holy wells blog, Holy wells healing springs Spas folklore local history antiquarian, Holywell blog, legends
Guest blog post: Ffynnon Leinw – Holy Well or natural wonder by Tristan Gray Hulse (part two)
It is a pleasure to present Tristan Gray Hulse's second part of his monograph on Ffynnon Leinw
On the Tuesday of Holy Week 1188 Giraldus and Archbishop Baldwin rode from Bangor to Rhuddlan Castle, where they were entertained for the night. On Wednesday Baldwin preached the Crusade in Rhuddlan, before saying Mass in St Asaph cathedral, after which his party rode on to spend the night at Basingwerk Abbey, near Holywell. On the Thursday they rode to Chester. At some point (Giraldus' mention is made between his accounts of Tuesday evening and the events of Wednesday, so that he probably heard it at Rhuddlan on Tuesday night) they were told of a spring not far from Rhuddlan which ebbed and flowed twice daily with the tides, but which was also liable to rise and fall frequently throughout the day. Humphrey Llwyd identified Giraldus' unnamed spring with an unnamed ebbing-and-flowing well in Cilcain parish; adding that the spring was observed to dry up at a certain time of the year. Llwyd's identification of Giraldus' spring with the Cilcain well was followed by David Powel, who named the latter as Ffynnon Leinw; and Camden followed Powel in locating an ebbing-and-flowing spring in the parish of Cilcain, without naming it. Richard Mostyn and, after him, Edward Lhwyd, suggested that Ffynnon Asa, in Cwm parish, as being closer to Rhuddlan, was a more plausible match for Giraldus' spring; also noting that Ffynnon Leinw no longer ebbed and flowed.
Giraldus' topographical notices in the Itinerarium were almost entirely anecdotal, apparently dependent upon the casual comments of his hosts; the hit-and-miss character of this kind of information-gathering can be assessed from the fact that, although he spent a night at Basingwerk, he has no account of St Winefride's Well, Holywell, although its fame was by then long established in north-east Wales and the northern Marches – its absence is best explained by assuming that no-one happened to mention the Holywell well to Giraldus during his few brief hours at Basingwerk.
Ffynnon Leinw and Ffynnon Asa were not the only ebbing-and-flowing wells in Wales. Giraldus had mentioned another one in his Itinerarium Cambriae, at Dinefwr (I, 10: Giraldus 1908, 74). Francis Jones wrote that ebbing and flowing was "a claim common to many Welsh wells". (Jones 1954, 53: Jones noticed the claim for a Ffynnon Fednant, in Caernarfonshire – ib. 154; Llandyfeisant Well, Carmarthenshire, i.e., the Dinefwr well – p. 171; Ff. Asa and Ff. Leinw, in Flintshire – 178, 180; Ff. Maen y Milgi, Llandrillo, in Merioneth – 193; two wells at Chepstow, Monmouthshire – 196; and St Non's Well, at St Davids, Carncwn Well, at Newport, Ff. Lygaid, at St Davids, and Pencw Wells, at Goodwick, all in Pembrokeshire – 210, 212, 213, 216.) James Rattue (1995, 114) notes that such wells were reported in England, and were particularly attractive to antiquarian writers such as Camden; on p. 117 he quotes Camden quoting an ode by Sir John Stradling to an ebbing-and-flowing well at Newton, in Glamorganshire. (This is St John's Well, Newton; Jones 1954, 183, listed the well, but missed the ebbing-and-flowing claim, and Stradling's poem.)
Less than two miles from Rhuddlan, Ffynnon Asa is a plausible identification for Giraldus' spring; Ffynnon Leinw, rather less so. But, given the sheer number of wells for which such claims were made, it cannot be certain that Giraldus' spring should be identified with either Ffynnon Asa or Ffynnon Leinw. What is certain is that the ubiquity of Camden's Britannia guaranteed that a well in Cilcain parish – more exactly identified by Powel with Ffynnon Leinw – was for centuries identified as being fed by an ebbing-and-flowing spring.
So far as I am aware, the claim of regular twice-daily ebbing and flowing has never been established for any of the many springs for which the claim has been made in the past. What is probably being witnessed by such claims is a common but irregular fluctuation in water levels created by sustained periods of more or less rainfall, observed casually, from time to time, by persons who noted different water levels each time they had cause to visit the well, and invoked the example of the universal regular tidal ebbing and flowing as an explanation of a local phenomenon. In certain instances it may be that one has to do with a periodic spring, dry for part of the year, but returning after prolonged rainfall; certainly this seems to be what Humphrey Llwyd was recording for the Cilcain well.
Flintshire is famous for its wells, which owe their existence to the Carboniferous Limestone that constitutes its central plain. This rock is porous and the water percolates it till it comes in contact with impermeable shale or clay, where it accumulates and finds its way again to the surface through some of the many fissures … Ffynnon Leinw, "the flowing well," in Cilcain parish, was at one time an intermittent spring, flowing at regular intervals, owing to syphon action, but it has long lost this peculiarity (Edwards 1914, 25, 27).
This and related phenomena are common in the local limestone landscape. Numbers of the rivers and streams flowing through Cilcain parish run underground for some distance at certain times of the year; as the Parochialia noted:
All their rivulets dive. [It names the Alun, "underground abt 3 quarters of a mile" (it sinks at a place below Cilcain village called Hesp Alun, "the dry Alun"); the Fechlas, "underground hlf a mile it breaks forth at a place therefore call'd tarth y Dŵr" (Tardd y Dŵr, "eruption, or issue, of water"); and the Cain, "dives for hlf a mile more and so to Alen within the P'ish".] They have severall other Rills that dive (Lhwyd 1909, 80-1).
(The overflow from Ffynnon Leinw drains into the Fechlas; Tardd y Dŵr is two-thirds of a mile west of the well: SJ 175 675. Tardd y Dŵr and Ffynnon Leinw are both in the former Cilcain township of Dolfechlas.) The places of their re-emergence would all exhibit greater or lesser volumes of water, depending on the rainfall. With regard to Ffynnon Leinw, more careful observation (as suggested by Richard Mostyn and Pennant) would have cleared up the popular suggestion of any twice-daily ebbing and flowing.
The suggestion here is that Ffynnon Leinw, before its final drying-up as a result of mining locally (cf. RCAHM 1912, 16; Davies 1959, 65 – if indeed it has really dried up; it would seem still to flow periodically: cf. Davis 2003, 71), was a periodic spring whose flow varied with the rainfall, and which often ceased to flow altogether during drier periods of the year. This idea is perhaps reinforced by the name of the well. The element leinw has caused placename scholars a number of problems (cf. e.g. Davies 1959, 65), but it may simply relate in some way to the verb llanw or llenwi, "to fill", and to the masculine noun llanw, "influx". (The ll > l is simply the regular lenition, following the feminine noun ffynnon, "well"; in just this way the personal names Mair and Mihangel mutate to give Ffynnon Fair and Ffynnon Fihangel. ) It is in this sense that Pennant understood the element, when he translated Ffynnon Leinw as "the flowing well". Professor Hywel Wyn Owen has commented on the name:
The form leinw cannot be explained as a noun or adjective. Most Welsh speakers would know leinw from Psalms 84.6 'y glaw a leinw y llynnau' ["the rain also filleth the pools" – AV]. That was in the old translation … The Psalms use leads me to suspect that the well was originally y ffynnon a leinw 'the well which fills'. In time the relative pronoun was omitted leaving us with y ffynnon leinw > Ffynnon Leinw (pers. comm. to TGH, 14 December 2015).
The name would thus seem to reference the sudden filling of a well with the recommencement of a periodic spring after heavy rain. It would seem not to carry any inevitable sense of a regular ebbing and flowing like the sea's tides, but only of flowing; though doubtless the secondary use of the noun llanw for "the flow of the tide" would facilitate any popular misinterpretation of such periodic springs as regularly ebbing and flowing.
Anon., Cambrian Traveller's Guide, ed. 1, Stourport: George Nicholson, 1808; ed. 2, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, 1813
Anon., "The Parish of Mold", 3 parts, The Cambro-Briton vol. 1, London: 1819, 136-43, 179-84, 298-300
Anon., "Extracts from a MS of Ancient Date, giving some Customs and Usages in North Wales", Archaeologia Cambrensis 40 (1885) 150-6
Anon., "Obituary, The Rev. Elias Owen of Llan y Blodwel", Archaeologia Cambrensis 56 (1901) 322-4
Browne, Sir Thomas, ed. Geoffrey Keynes, Selected Writings, London: Faber and Faber, 1970
Camden, William, ed., Anglica, Normannica, Hibernica, Cambrica, a veteribus scripta [&c], Frankfurt: 1603
Camden, William, Britannia; sive Florentissimorum Regnorum, Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae, & Insularum adiacentium ex intima antiquitate Chorographica descriptio, Frankfurt: Johann Bringer, 1616
Camden, William, rev. Edmund Gibson, Britannia: or a Chorographical Description of Great Britain and Ireland … Translated into English, with Additions and Improvements, second ed., vol. 2, London: Awnsham Churchill, 1722
Carlisle, Nicholas, A Topographical Dictionary of the Dominion of Wales, London: 1811
Cartwright, Jane, Feminine Sanctity and Spirituality in Medieval Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2008
Cathrall, William, The History of North Wales [&c], vol. 2, Manchester: 1828
Cox, Phil, "The Lost Chapel of St Leonard", 1970: accessed 10/12/2015 on the Caer Alyn Archaeological and Heritage website, http://caeralyn.org
Davies, Ellis, Flintshire Place-Names, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1959
Davis, Paul, Sacred Springs: In Search of the Holy Wells and Spas of Wales, Llanfoist: Blorenge Books, 2003
Duffy, Eamon, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c.1400-c.1580, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992
Edwards, J,M., Flintshire (Cambridge County Geographies), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914
Evans, J., The Beauties of England and Wales: or, Original Delineations, Topographical, Historical, and Descriptive, of each County, vol. 17 (North Wales), London: J. Harris [&c], 1812
Farmer, David Hugh, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, ed. 5, Oxford: University Press, 2003
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Gray, Madeleine, Images of Piety: The iconography of traditional religion in late medieval Wales (BAR British Series 316), Oxford: Archaeopress, 2000
Gruffydd, Eirlys a Ken Lloyd, Ffynhonnau Cymru. Cyfrol 2: Ffynhonnau Caernarfon, Dinbych, Y Fflint a Môn, Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 1999
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15 books about Atomic bomb
Atomic Doctors: Conscience and Complicity at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age
James L. Nolan, Jr.
Library of Congress R725.5.N65 2020 | Dewey Decimal 174.2
An unflinching examination of the moral and professional dilemmas faced by physicians who took part in the Manhattan Project.
After his father died, James L. Nolan, Jr., took possession of a box of private family materials. To his surprise, the small secret archive contained a treasure trove of information about his grandfather's role as a doctor in the Manhattan Project. Dr. Nolan, it turned out, had been a significant figure. A talented ob-gyn radiologist, he cared for the scientists on the project, organized safety and evacuation plans for the Trinity test at Alamogordo, escorted the "Little Boy" bomb from Los Alamos to the Pacific Islands, and was one of the first Americans to enter the irradiated ruins of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Participation on the project challenged Dr. Nolan's instincts as a healer. He and his medical colleagues were often conflicted, torn between their duty and desire to win the war and their oaths to protect life. Atomic Doctors follows these physicians as they sought to maximize the health and safety of those exposed to nuclear radiation, all the while serving leaders determined to minimize delays and maintain secrecy. Called upon both to guard against the harmful effects of radiation and to downplay its hazards, doctors struggled with the ethics of ending the deadliest of all wars using the most lethal of all weapons. Their work became a very human drama of ideals, co-optation, and complicity.
A vital and vivid account of a largely unknown chapter in atomic history, Atomic Doctors is a profound meditation on the moral dilemmas that ordinary people face in extraordinary times.
The Contours of America's Cold War
Matthew Farish
Library of Congress E169.12.F37 2010 | Dewey Decimal 973.918
In The Contours of America's Cold War, Matthew Farish explores new ways of conceptualizing space as part of post-World War II American militarism. He demonstrates how the social sciences were militarized in the early Cold War period, producing spatial knowledge that was of immediate use to the state as it sought to expand its reach across the globe.
Geographic knowledge generated for the Cold War was a form of power, Farish argues, and it was given an urgency in the panels, advisory boards, and study groups established to address the challenges of an atomic world. He investigates how the scales of the city, the continent, the region, the globe, and, by extension, outer space, were brought together as strategic spaces, categories that provided a cartographic orientation for the Cold War and influenced military deployments, diplomacy, espionage, and finance.
Farish analyzes the surprising range of knowledge production involved in the project of claiming and classifying American space. Backed by military and intelligence funding, physicists and policy makers, soldiers and social scientists came together to study and shape the United States and its place in a divided world.
Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations: Historical Essays
Sadao Asada
Library of Congress E183.8.J3A83 2007 | Dewey Decimal 303.482520730904
Ever since Commodore Perry sailed into Uraga Channel, relations between the United States and Japan have been characterized by culture shock. Now a distinguished Japanese historian critically analyzes contemporary thought, public opinion, and behavior in the two countries over the course of the twentieth century, offering a binational perspective on culture shock as it has affected their relations.
In these essays, Sadao Asada examines the historical interaction between these two countries from 1890 to 2006, focusing on naval strategy, transpacific racism, and the atomic bomb controversy. For each topic, he offers a rigorous analysis of both American and Japanese perceptions, showing how cultural relations and the interchange of ideas have been complex—and occasionally destructive.
Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations contains insightful essays on the influence of Alfred Mahan on the Japanese navy and on American images of Japan during the 1920s. Other essays consider the progressive breakdown of relations between the two countries and the origins of the Pacific War from the viewpoint of the Japanese navy, then tackle the ultimate shock of the atomic bomb and Japan's surrender, tracing changing perceptions of the decision to use the bomb on both sides of the Pacific over the course of sixty years. In discussing these subjects, Asada draws on Japanese sources largely inaccessible to Western scholars to provide a host of eye-opening insights for non-Japanese readers.
After studying in America for nine years and receiving degrees from both Carleton College and Yale University, Asada returned to Japan to face his own reverse culture shock. His insights raise important questions of why people on opposite sides of the Pacific see things differently and adapt their perceptions to different purposes. This book marks a major effort toward reconstructing and understanding the conflicted course of Japanese-American relations during the first half of the twentieth century.
The Dragon's Tail: Americans Face the Atomic Age
Robert A. Jacobs
University of Massachusetts Press, 2009
Library of Congress E169.12.J265 2010 | Dewey Decimal 973.91
When President Harry Truman introduced the atomic bomb to the world in 1945, he described it as a God-given harnessing of "the basic power of the universe." Six days later a New York Times editorial framed the dilemma of the new Atomic Age for its readers: "Here the long pilgrimage of man on Earth turns towards darkness or towards light." American nuclear scientists, aware of the dangers their work involved, referred to one of their most critical experiments as "tickling the dragon's tail."
Even after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most Americans may not have been sure what an atomic bomb was or how it worked. But they did sense that it had fundamentally changed the future of the human race. In this book, Robert Jacobs analyzes the early impact of nuclear weapons on American culture and society. He does so by examining a broad range of stories, or "nuclear narratives," that sought to come to grips with the implications of the bomb's unprecedented and almost unimaginable power.
Beginning with what he calls the "primary nuclear narrative," which depicted atomic power as a critical agent of social change that would either destroy the world or transform it for the better, Jacobs explores a variety of common themes and images related to the destructive power of the bomb, the effects of radiation, and ways of surviving nuclear war. He looks at civil defense pamphlets, magazines, novels, and films to recover the stories the U.S. government told its citizens and soldiers as well as those presented in popular culture.
According to Jacobs, this early period of Cold War nuclear culture—from 1945 to the banning of above-ground testing in 1963—was distinctive for two reasons: not only did atmospheric testing make Americans keenly aware of the presence of nuclear weapons in their lives, but radioactive fallout from the tests also made these weapons a serious threat to public health, separate from yet directly linked to the danger of nuclear war.
Edward Teller: The Real Dr. Strangelove
Peter Goodchild
Library of Congress QC16.T37G66 2004 | Dewey Decimal 623.45119092
One Nobel Prize–winning physicist called Edward Teller, "A great man of vast imagination…[one of the] most thoughtful statesmen of science." Another called him, "A danger to all that is important… It would have been a better world without [him]." That both opinions about Teller were commonly held and equally true is one of the enduring mysteries about the man dubbed "the father of the H-bomb." In the story of Teller's life and career, told here in greater depth and detail than ever before, Peter Goodchild unravels the complex web of harsh early experiences, character flaws, and personal and professional frustrations that lay behind the paradox of "the real Dr. Strangelove."
Goodchild's biography draws on interviews with more than fifty of Teller's colleagues and friends. Their voices echo through the book, expressing admiration and contempt, affection and hatred, as we observe Teller's involvement in every stage of building the atomic bomb, and his subsequent pursuit of causes that drew the world deeper into the Cold War—alienating many of his scientific colleagues even as he provided the intellectual lead for politicians, the military, and presidents as they shaped Western policy. Goodchild interviewed Teller himself at the end of his life, and what emerges from this interview, as well as from Teller's memoirs and recently unearthed correspondence, is a clearer view of the contradictions and controversies that riddled the man's life. Most of all, though, this absorbing biography rescues Edward Teller from the caricatures that have served to describe him until now. In their place, Goodchild shows us one of the most powerful scientists of the twentieth century in all his enigmatic humanity.
Folding Paper Cranes: An Atomic Memoir
Leonard Bird
Library of Congress VE25.B57A3 2005 | Dewey Decimal 355.0217
Between 1951 and 1962 the Atomic Energy Commission triggered some one hundred atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons at the Nevada Test Site. U.S. military troops who participated in these tests were exposed to high doses of radiation. Among them was a young Marine named Leonard Bird. In Folding Paper Cranes Bird juxtaposes his devastating experience of those atomic exercises with three visits over his lifetime—one in the 1950s before his Nevada assignment, one in 1981, and one in the early 1990s—to the International Park for World Peace in Hiroshima.
Among the monuments to tragedy and hope in Hiroshima's Peace Park stands a statue of Sadako Sasaki holding a crane in her outstretched arms. Sadako was two years old when the atomic bomb was dropped on her city; she was diagnosed with leukemia ten years later. According to popular Japanese belief, folding a thousand paper cranes brings good fortune. Sadako spent the last months of her young life folding hundreds of paper cranes. She folded 644 before she died.
As he journeys from the Geiger counters, radioactive dust, and mushroom clouds of the Nevada desert to the bronze and ivory memorials for the dead in Japan, Bird—himself a survivor of radiation-induced cancer—seeks to make peace with his past and with a future shadowed by nuclear proliferation. His paper cranes are the poetry and prose of this haunting memoir.
The Meanings of J. Robert Oppenheimer
Lindsey Michael Banco
University of Iowa Press, 2016
Library of Congress QC16.O62B36 2016 | Dewey Decimal 530.092
He called the first atomic bomb "technically sweet," yet as he watched its brilliant light explode over the New Mexico desert in 1945 in advance of the black horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he also thought of the line from the Hindu epic The Bhagavad Gita: "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the single most recognizable face of the atomic bomb, and a man whose name has become almost synonymous with Cold War American nuclear science, was and still is a conflicted, controversial figure who has come to represent an equally ambivalent technology.
The Meanings of J. Robert Oppenheimer examines how he has been represented over the past seven decades in biographies, histories, fiction, comics, photographs, film, television, documentaries, theater, and museums. Lindsey Michael Banco gathers an unprecedented group of cultural texts and seeks to understand the multiple meanings Oppenheimer has held in American popular culture since 1945. He traces the ways these representations of Oppenheimer have influenced public understanding of the atomic bomb, technology, physics, the figure of the scientist, the role of science in war, and even what it means to pursue knowledge of the world around us. Questioning and unpacking both how and why Oppenheimer is depicted as he is across time and genre, this book is broad in scope, profound in detail, and offers unique insights into the rise of nuclear culture and how we think about the relationship between history, imagination, science, and nuclear weapons today.
The Night of the Physicists: Operation Epsilon: Heisenberg, Hahn, Weizsäcker and the German Bomb
Richard von Schirach
Haus Publishing, 2015
Library of Congress QC773.3.G3S3513 2015
In the spring of 1945 the Allies arrested the physicists they believed had worked on the German nuclear programme. Interned in an English country house owned by MI6, their conversations were secretly recorded. Operation Epsilon sought to determine how close Nazi Germany had come to building an atomic bomb. It was in this quiet setting – Farm Hall, near Cambridge – that the interned physicists first heard of the attack on Hiroshima. Aside from changing the course of history, that night was also one of great shock and personal defeat for the physicists – they were under the assumption that they alone had discovered nuclear fission. This is the story of Nazi Germany's hunt for a nuclear bomb. It is a tale of the genius and guilt of lauded, respected scientists.
Nuclear Forces: The Making of the Physicist Hans Bethe
Silvan S. Schweber
Library of Congress QC774.B4S39 2012 | Dewey Decimal 530.092
On the fiftieth anniversary of Hiroshima, Nobel-winning physicist Hans Bethe called on his fellow scientists to stop working on weapons of mass destruction. What drove Bethe, the head of Theoretical Physics at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project, to renounce the weaponry he had once worked so tirelessly to create? That is one of the questions answered by Nuclear Forces, a riveting biography of Bethe's early life and development as both a scientist and a man of principle.
As Silvan Schweber follows Bethe from his childhood in Germany, to laboratories in Italy and England, and on to Cornell University, he shows how these differing environments were reflected in the kind of physics Bethe produced. Many of the young quantum physicists in the 1930s, including Bethe, had Jewish roots, and Schweber considers how Liberal Judaism in Germany helps explain their remarkable contributions. A portrait emerges of a man whose strategy for staying on top of a deeply hierarchical field was to tackle only those problems he knew he could solve.
Bethe's emotional maturation was shaped by his father and by two women of Jewish background: his overly possessive mother and his wife, who would later serve as an ethical touchstone during the turbulent years he spent designing nuclear bombs. Situating Bethe in the context of the various communities where he worked, Schweber provides a full picture of prewar developments in physics that changed the modern world, and of a scientist shaped by the unprecedented moral dilemmas those developments in turn created.
The Nuclear Muse: Literature, Physics, and the First Atomic Bombs
John Canaday
University of Wisconsin Press, 2000
Library of Congress QC791.96.C36 2000 | Dewey Decimal 355.825119
John Canaday analyzes a variety of texts produced by physicists before, during, and after the Second World War, including Niels Bohr's "The Quantum Postulate"; the Blegdamsvej Faust, a parody of Goethe's Faust that cast physicists as its principle characters; The Los Alamos Primer, the technical lectures used for training at Los Alamos; scientists' descriptions of their work and of the Trinity test; and Leo Szilard's post-war novella, The Voice of the Dolphins.
Oppenheimer Is Watching Me: A Memoir
Jeff Porter
Library of Congress E169.Z8P5924 2007 | Dewey Decimal 973.92
When he discovers that his father worked on missiles for a defense contractor, Jeff Porter is inspired to revisit America's atomic past and our fallen heroes, in particular J. Robert Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb. The result, Oppenheimer Is Watching Me, takes readers back to the cold war, when men in lab coats toyed with the properties of matter and fears of national security troubled our sleep. With an eye for strange symmetries, Porter traces how one panicky moment shaped the lives of a generation.
Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect
Charles Thorpe
Library of Congress QC16.O62T56 2006 | Dewey Decimal 530.092
At a time when the Manhattan Project was synonymous with large-scale science, physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–67) represented the new sociocultural power of the American intellectual. Catapulted to fame as director of the Los Alamos atomic weapons laboratory, Oppenheimer occupied a key position in the compact between science and the state that developed out of World War II. By tracing the making—and unmaking—of Oppenheimer's wartime and postwar scientific identity, Charles Thorpe illustrates the struggles over the role of the scientist in relation to nuclear weapons, the state, and culture.
A stylish intellectual biography, Oppenheimer maps out changes in the roles of scientists and intellectuals in twentieth-century America, ultimately revealing transformations in Oppenheimer's persona that coincided with changing attitudes toward science in society.
"This is an outstandingly well-researched book, a pleasure to read and distinguished by the high quality of its observations and judgments. It will be of special interest to scholars of modern history, but non-specialist readers will enjoy the clarity that Thorpe brings to common misunderstandings about his subject."—Graham Farmelo, Times Higher Education Supplement
"A fascinating new perspective. . . . Thorpe's book provides the best perspective yet for understanding Oppenheimer's Los Alamos years, which were critical, after all, not only to his life but, for better or worse, the history of mankind."—Catherine Westfall, Nature
Principles of American Nuclear Chemistry: A Novel
Thomas McMahon
Library of Congress PS3563.C3858P75 2003 | Dewey Decimal 813.54
What was life like for the scientists working at Los Alamos? Thomas McMahon imagines this life through the wide eyes of young Tim MacLaurin, the thirteen-year-old son of an MIT physicist who, inspired by a young woman named Maryann, worked on the project. Filled with the sensuous excitement of scientific discovery and the outrageous behavior of people pushed beyond their limits, Principles of American Nuclear Chemistry is a beautifully written coming-of-age story that explores the mysterious connections between love and work, inspiration and history.
Truman and the Hiroshima Cult
Robert P. Newman
Library of Congress D767.25.N3N48 1995 | Dewey Decimal 940.5425
The United States dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 to end World War II as quickly and with as few casualties as possible. That is the compelling and elegantly simple argument Newman puts forward in his new study of World War II's end, Truman and the Hiroshima Cult. According to Newman: (1) The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey conclusions that Japan was ready to surrender without "the Bomb" are fraudulent; (2) America's "unconditional surrender" doctrine did not significantly prolong the war; and (3) President Harry S. Truman's decision to use atomic weapons on Japanese cities was not a "racist act," nor was it a calculated political maneuver to threaten Joseph Stalin's Eastern hegemony. Simply stated, Newman argues that Truman made a sensible military decision. As commander in chief, he was concerned with ending a devastating and costly war as quickly as possible and with saving millions of lives.
Yet, Newman goes further in his discussion, seeking the reasons why so much hostility has been generated by what happened in the skies over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August, 1945. The source of discontent, he concludes, is a "cult" that has grown up in the United States since the 1960s. It was weaned on the disillusionment spawned by concerns about a military industrial complex, American duplicity and failure in the Vietnam War, and a mistrust of government following Watergate. The cult has a shrine, a holy day, a distinctive rhetoric of victimization, various items of scripture, and, in Japan, support from a powerful Marxist constituency. "As with other cults, it is ahistorical," Newman declares. "Its devotees elevate fugitive and unrepresentative events to cosmic status. And most of all, they believe." Newman's analysis goes to the heart of the process by which scholars interpret historical events and raises disturbing issues about the way historians select and distort evidence about the past to suit special political agendas.
Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later
Robert James Maddox
Library of Congress D767.25.H6M23 2004
The highly acclaimed Weapons for Victory originally appeared in 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the end of World War II. Now, in this paperback edition, Robert James Maddox provides a new introduction about the ongoing controversy related to the decision to bomb Hiroshima.
Atomic Doctors
Conscience and Complicity at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age
Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations
The Dragon's Tail
Americans Face the Atomic Age
The Real Dr. Strangelove
Folding Paper Cranes
An Atomic Memoir
The Night of the Physicists
Operation Epsilon: Heisenberg, Hahn, Weizsäcker and the German Bomb
Nuclear Forces
The Making of the Physicist Hans Bethe
The Nuclear Muse
Literature, Physics, and the First Atomic Bombs
Oppenheimer Is Watching Me
The Tragic Intellect
Principles of American Nuclear Chemistry
Weapons for Victory
The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later


The first models of cars with a body pickup appeared in Europe and America in the early twentieth century. They were double and had a rear cargo area, on which had the loads. Use them mainly as a vehicle for distribution of retail goods in small shops as well as a vehicle for farmers and various special vehicles construction and repair services.
In Third World countries these kind of Toyota models are widely used in the conduct of hostilities. They set the heavy machine guns and light guns. One of the stages of conflict in Chad with Libya even inscribed in the history of the world under the name "Toyota War".


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EXCLUSIVE - EU aims to rule on Amazon's Luxembourg tax deal by July - sources
By Foo Yun Chee
BRUSSELS - EU state aid regulators aim to rule on Amazon's tax deal with Luxembourg by July, two people familiar with the matter said on Thursday, and it may order the country's tax authorities to recover about 400 million euros ($448 million) in back taxes.
Amazon boxes are seen stacked for delivery in the Manhattan borough of New York City, January 29, 2016. REUTERS/Mike Segar/File Photo
The European Commission's decision will come after a near-two year investigation into whether a Luxembourg 2003 tax ruling for an Amazon subsidiary allows the company to pay less tax there than other companies, giving it an unfair advantage.
The 400-million-euro figure is a preliminary assessment and may be revised after discussions with other units in the Commission, one of the sources said.
The two sources said a panel of experienced officials met recently to review the strengths and weaknesses of the case, a move usually reserved for complex and high-profile cases.
An EU official questioned whether the commission's final decision on the legality of the tax deal would be in line with the current thinking of officials working on the case.
The European Commission declined comment. Luxembourg and Amazon had no immediate comment.
Amazon overhauled its European tax practices in May last year allowing it to book sales and pay taxes in Britain, Germany, Spain and Italy instead of channeling all sales through Luxembourg. The move could raise its tax bill.
Multinational firms face increasing public scrutiny of their tax affairs following popular outrage at revelations of complex offshore schemes to minimise payments. The European Commission, led by former Luxembourg premier Jean-Claude Juncker, has pledged to make rules more transparent across the EU.
The EU's crackdown on so-called sweetheart deals involving U.S. firms has been criticised by U.S. Treasury Secretary Jack Lew who in February demanded that European Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager reconsider such probes because they created disturbing precedents.
This would be the fourth ruling by the EU competition enforcer following an order in October last year to Luxembourg to claw back up to 30 million euros from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and a similar order to the Dutch tax authorities related to Starbucks Corp.
The Commission in January told Belgium to recover around 700 million euros from 35 companies including Anheuser-Busch InBev, BP and BASF because of their participation in an illegal tax scheme.
Other outstanding similar cases are Commission probes of whether Apple paid too little tax in Ireland and burger chain McDonald's too little in Luxembourg.
($1 = 0.8925 euros)


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Monster Hunter: World What to Do After Beating the Story
Monster Hunter: World is a very large game and has many things for you to do. The Story of the game is actually pretty long but compared to the rest of the game after you beat it, it does not really compare to the time you must put into it. Even if you beat the main story, you are still able to replay the missions and even do tons of other things. Here is a great guide to Monster Hunter: World I found on Amazon, check it out here. You could beat the story by yourself but it is a lot more fun if you beat it with a friend.
It takes the average person about 50 hours of gameplay to beat just the main story alone, which makes the money you put into it definitely worth it. If you are a completionist and you want to complete everything on one single character, then you are talking about an average of 380-400 hours depending on the person. That is not counting the new creatures and DLCs that will be added in the future. It is constantly getting updated by the Developers. Here is all the stuff you can do after beating the main story:
Play the Optional Quests
Play the Special Assignments
Help others through the Story
Play the Arena
Farm Tempered Monsters
Get to the max Hunter Rank
Iceborne DLC
Go for 100% completion
Fight new monsters being released
Optional Quests are missions that the player does not need to complete to beat the main story. The reason these quests are there is so that the player has a way to level up for the next story quest or if they want to farm a specific monster. These quests are given to the player when they first start the game so you could complete them all as you are playing the main story. It does give you the option to replay them once you have beaten that specific mission just in case you didn't get what you wanted.
The way to find these quests is if you go to the board and enter the Optional Quest section. There are a bunch of mission types that you must complete: finding a monster, low-rank and high-rank count as separate, capturing monsters, low-rank and high-rank count as separate, hunting a certain number of different tempered monsters, and killing a certain amount of a specific creature. You can also accept quests from Villagers in the main hub area.
You can do these particular quests only once each, though you can join people posting the quest even if you have already completed the quest yourself. A few of these Special Assignments act as gates in a quest line, opening up the next one in sequence. The others are either the final quest in the line or a standalone quest that unlocks the full fight with the new monster. This is what you are ultimately after because completing these quests will unlock a somewhat equivalent Optional Quests that you fight this new monster in, and that quest is repeatable indefinitely for farming and glory!
These quests usually open up when a new creature is added to the game. They are some of the best quests to complete because of all the different loot items you can get from them. They usually have a new set of armor and new weapon types for each new quest that is released and is definitely worth checking out when you have the time in the game.
Playing with other people is a huge highlight of the game because you can experience everything with another person. It does not matter if you play with a friend or a random person, as long as you are having fun it does not really matter. The best part of beating the story is that you can receive messages to help other people through their playthroughs as long as they ask for help. Some people might not be doing soo well in a mission and need help so why not help them.
It does not count as cheating because it was put into the game and plus if you help the person, you get loot at the end of the quest when you finish it. It is not like you are just wasting time helping another person with their mission. It is also really nice to help out someone at a lower level because they almost look up to you with all our gear and weapons that you have. Make sure you try to use your time wisely and help others through the hard parts of the game.
The Arena Quests are only found in the Gathering Hub area where you can visit other players who join your lobby. Walk up to the desk and choose the Arena and it will take you to a bunch of different Quests that you can choose from. The Arena Quests are a lot similar to normal quests except the fact that you don't have your own gear to fight with. The game gives you a choice between specific weapons and it automatically equips different armor for you.
In the actual quest, you must kill a creature in a certain amount of time or else you will automatically lose the quest. When you finally complete a quest, you are given Arena Tokens depending on how well you played during the match. The more quests that you complete, you will be rewarded with even better items than you did before and you will also get access to better Arena Quests. If you can complete all the Quests, then you will be rewarded with a lot of tokens that can be turned in for better items.
Tempered Monsters are buffed versions of large monsters that hit much harder than their regular counterparts. They don't have any more health than normal monsters, but their added punch really ups the challenge. Tempered Monsters are divided into three categories: ones you can take on at Hunter Ranks 13-29, Hunter Ranks 30-49, and then Hunter Rank 50+. When you're going about your regular hunts, you can come across tracks and traces of Tempered Monsters which are marked in blue by your Scoutflies. Collect them, and you'll eventually unlock a tempered Investigation.
Tempered monsters are necessary to get various types of items called Streamstones and Spiritvein Gems. Streamstone Shards, Streamstones, and Gleaming Streamstones can be used to meld decorations, while Spiritvein Gems are used in augmenting Master Rank weapons. Stream stones and Spiritvein Gems can also be used to unlock the limit of armor upgrades, allowing them to increase their defense. Farming these monster types is perfect for getting the endgame items.
When you first start your character, your Hunter Rank will be Rank 1. As you complete all types of missions, you will level up your Hunter Rank. The higher your Rank, the better the quests you will receive. By the end of the story, you will be about Hunter Rank 15 because the game locks you from going any higher until you complete an objective. You will then be locked at Hunter Rank 29, and then again at Hunter Rank 49. Once you get past that point, you won't be locked from any other Ranks.
The max Hunter Rank that you can achieve is Hunter Rank 999. That is obviously very hard to get to but it is definitely possible if you want to sink hundreds of hours into the game. I would recommend going for the highest Rank that you can get to and not to the max in the game. Try to get above Hunter Rank 150 but you really don't need to go any higher unless you are a hardcore completionist.
The Iceborne DLC is a huge expansion that was added to the game. It is currently on consoles and will come to PC in January 2020. The DLC expands on the original story in Monster Hunter: World and adds tons of new monsters to fight, new locations, weapons, armor, and specialized tools. Each of the newly added items will be helpful in taking down the harder monsters of the expansion. Iceborne also introduces the new higher difficulty Master Rank, a brand-new quest tier that makes new and existing monsters more ferocious than ever. The extreme cold is also the setting for brand new frigid climate foes such as the Banbaro and the Beotodus.
Each of the 14 weapon types in the game will get an overhaul by adding new moves and specials to each of them so it is almost like learning a new weapon. The area called Hoarfrost Reach is where the expansion takes place and is currently the largest area in the entire game. It is definitely worth looking into if you are on console, but sorry PC players because we have to wait a little while before it comes out for us.
The whole point of the game is to just have fun with it. Try not to get angry or worked up about anything because it is just a game. As I said before, the thing that makes this game really fun is the fact that you can play with a friend or random person because you have someone doing the same thing you are doing. Also, progressing at the same time and place as another person gives a sense of completing everything at the same time. If you have a friend that plays the game, then play it with them. If you don't, find a random player and become friends with them so you can play through it.
The best thing to do in-game that is really fun is just going on an expedition in any of the worlds. You can then free roam around the area and collect as many materials as you can. You can then kill any creature that you can find and you can even track a large creature and fight it. There is really no other feeling like tracking a creature and collecting its parts after you defeat it. If you own the game, go ahead and try an expedition.
Every person should have a goal to where they want to get to in the game, but the best goal you can go for is 100% completion. That is when you have completed every single Optional Quest and has defeated every monster that the game has in its arsenal. The only way to get to that point is to basically never stop playing the game and never give up. Giving up when you have completed the main story is pretty lazy because you have soo much more to do afterward. I am not saying you have to complete the entire game, just make that your goal and you will never be bored.
Completing the game will take about 380-400 hours so if you want to go for that, be prepared to put a lot of time into the game. I would not recommend doing this if you want to play other games because it will take up all of your time unless you want to do it little by little. All I am saying is to have a goal when playing so you have something to work up to in the end. If not, you are just playing the game for nothing.
There are always new creatures coming to the game whether in the Iceborne DLC or in the base game. Monsters like the Behemoth, Deviljho, Kirin, Kulve Taroth, Lunastra, and the Leshen have been added after the game's release, not counting the new monsters in Iceborne. As they add new creatures, all you have to do to fight them is to look in the Special Assignments page and there will be a starter quest to find the specific creature. There are also small monsters that roam around the world and can give you some good stuff if you can kill them. They aren't really a threat though.
As new monsters come out, you should try to fight as many as you can because with new monsters come new weapons and armor for you to collect. If you can collect as many items as you can, your storage will fill up with all sorts of new armor and gear for you to use. Mix and match different sets to make your own individual look and changing your weapon changes up the gameplay drastically. Make sure you fight the new creatures.
In conclusion, Monster Hunter: World is a huge game that requires a lot of time if you want to get into it. If you are just starting, then get ready for a long journey, especially if you have the Iceborne expansion. Remember that it does not come out on PC until January 2020 so get some money ready to buy it as it comes out. Also, it is good to know that when you actually beat the game, you can always start another character and go again! Have fun playing the game and don't get bored.
By Author Caleb Simmons
Categories Games, Monster Hunter: World
ArmorCompletionistIceborneMonster HunterWeaponsWorld
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Irving's American Progeny Essay, Research Paper
Irving's American Progeny
Washington Irving had the unique opportunity of helping a new nation forge its own identity. America, fresh out of the revolution, looked for an author to take charge and create something that seemed to be missing from the newly born nation. He took this responsibility seriously and made a mythology that founded an American literary tradition. He took bits and pieces from the Old World and incorporated them into the New in such a manner that what he wrote appeared original, and yet tied into a tradition that was centuries old. He did this in a manner that astonished many Europeans who believed an American could never produce literature with such a strong English foundation. Although Irving relied heavily on European influence, he drew distinct lines between the American and the European and his plot lines illustrate the struggle between the United States and England.
This amazing period in the nation's history provided an excellent backdrop for Irving's work. "'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow' (is)…a celebration of the bounty of the United States," (Bowden, 72). This bounty fueled the fire of social change that was burning in the U.S. at the time. "If we ever had a period during which social progress was not retarded then it was exactly the period Rip slept through. In that generation we were transformed from a group of loosely bound and often provincial colonies into a cocky and independent republic with a new kind of government and—as the story itself makes clear enough—a whole new and new-fashioned spirit," (Young, 466). Irving took full advantage of the new scene around him, and immortalized himself by demonstrating the importance of what he saw. "'When I first wrote the Legend of Rip Van Winkle," so Irving remembered it in 1843, "my thoughts had been for some time turned towards giving a color of romance and tradition to interesting points of our national scenery which is so generally deficient in our country,'" (Wagenknecht, 174). Irving used his characters as depictions of American ideals and emotions in order to show the drastic change that had recently occurred.
Sleeping through the American Revolution forced Rip Van Winkle to cope with the amazing changes that had taken place while he was asleep. "Rip's country has changed its name. On the hotel sign, George III has given way to George Washington. Rip is no longer even Rip Van Winkle; his own son now answers to that designation," (Hedges, 140). "From Rip's point of view, the village he left represented private turmoil and public tranquility. At the story's end, Rip enjoys private tranquility in a village given over to public turmoil. It is almost as if the one is the price that Rip has to pay for the other," (Roth, 158-159). Rip's world had undergone unpredictable changes, but he quickly got back into the swing of his old easygoing life swapping stories outside of the hotel.
Irving also demonstrated the volatility of the times by his definition of history. "Irving's introduction of Ichabod Crane defines a particular problem of the early American writer. "In this by-place of nature," he writes, "there abode, in a remote period of American history, that is to say, some thirty years since, a worthy wight of the name Ichabod Crane." The archaic substantive wight serves to emphasize the incongruity of the introduction; only in the America of the time could a remote period of history be defined as thirty years," (Martin, 336-337). Irving took this peculiarity and used it to his advantage in a humorous way. He allowed Americans to laugh at the newness of their government while helping them realize the exceptionality of the time period they had just experienced.
He also uses humor in creating his American mythology, while scoffing at those who believe in such supernatural occurrences. Springer gives validity to the imaginative elements of "The Legend". "What Irving does is show us the value of imagination in bringing wonder and enjoyment into our logic bound lives," (483). Martin disagrees with this notion. Crane "loses all chance for the double prize of Katrina and the wealth of the Van Tassel farm when, terrified by his excessive imagination, he is literally run out of the region by Brom Bones impersonating the Headless Horseman. Brom Bones—the scoffer at superstition, who boasts that he has ridden a winning race against the Headless Horseman—triumphs and marries Katrina and is the victor of the tale," (337). Therefore, the true winner in the story, the true American (discussed later) wins by playing on the superstitions of his opponent. "The telling effect of "Sleepy Hollow," (and) "Rip Van Winkle,"…arises from the fact that the legendary is so firmly interwoven with earthy realism," (Snell, 383). The entire concept would fail if these two aspects were not so delicately worked together.
Irving relied on older mythology as a source for his work. "Rip Van Winkle," for instance, uses the age-old story of a character falling asleep for long periods of time and then reawakening. "The sleep-motive in "Rip Van Winkle" has roots which run very deep in world literature. There is the classical story about Epimenides, who retired into a cave to escape the heat of the day when he should have been watching his flock, and slept there for fifty-seven years," (Wagenknecht, "The Work" 363). This phenomenon serves as a way of showing that although American culture was fairly new, it had its roots in the ancient lore of the Europeans.
At the same time, Ichabod Crane's obsession with Cotton Mather served to demonstrate that Americans had formed their own witch tales, even in the short time spent in the New World. "But Ichabod reasserts the dominance of evil over American self-reliance: he quotes Mather on witches, and describes the ghosts he has seen himself," (Hoffman, 351). Although the puritan belief in witches traveled the Atlantic with the settlers, Americans had taken this belief and formed a very unique and embarrassing American story/history shortly after their arrival. With this in mind, he went on to separate American folklore from European by using images that were purely American.
Washington Irving used America's European connection as a source of history, while highlighting differences in order to create an authentic American identity.
He praised the landscape and the bounty of the nearly virgin earth, which England lacked. Brom Van Brunt chose the pumpkin, a purely American fruit, as a substitute for his head, which he threw at Ichabod Crane to drive him out of Sleepy Hollow. The pumpkin symbolizes America's separation from Europe, because it enabled the pilgrims to remain on this continent as demonstrated through the annual Thanksgiving festival.
Crane represents England in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," thereby giving credence to the pumpkin theory. He incorporated corporal punishment into his curriculum at the school where he taught. "Truth to say, he was a conscientious man, that ever bore in mind the golden maxim, "spare the rod and spoil the child."—Ichabod Crane's scholars certainly were not spoiled," (Irving, 951). Although he abused his pupils, he was just kind enough to prevent losing the sustenance he received from their parents. "Indeed, it behooved him to keep on good terms with his pupils. The revenue arising from his school was small, and would have been scarcely sufficient to furnish him with daily bread, for he was a huge feeder, and though lank, had the dilating powers of an Anaconda; but to help out his maintenance, he…boarded and lodged at the houses of the farmers, whose children he instructed," (Irving, 951). Similarly, the English abused their American subjects until they were driven out by the brute force for which this country is so well known.
Ichabod also resembled England in his perception of Katrina Van Tassel. "As the enraptured Ichabod fancied all this, and as he rolled his great green eyes over the fat meadow lands, the rich fields of wheat, of rye of buckwheat, and Indian corn, and the orchards burthened with ruddy fruit, which surrounded the warm tenement of Van Tassel, his heart yearned after the damsel who was to inherit these domains, and his imagination expanded with the idea, how they might be readily turned into cash," (Irving, 955). Crane witnessed the American bounty and wished to tap into the unlimited resources. He did not love her for who she was on the inside, but rather, what she could do for him. Katrina represents America because whoever wins her also wins the treasures of her father.
Crane recognized this fact as well as Brom Van Brunt, the story's symbol of the American people. Crane wished to take Katrina, as well as their children and possessions, and travel to new territory, away from Sleepy Hollow, where she was born and raised, much as England had taken America's resources away from her people in order to replenish depleted funds. Van Brunt recognized Crane's self-interest and therefore fought to keep the treasure where it rightfully belonged.
Ichabod's destructive tendencies were shown through Irving's description of him riding to the party. "He rode with short stirrups, which brought his knees nearly up to the pommel of the saddle; his sharp elbows stuck out like grasshoppers'; he carried his whip perpendicularly in his hand, like a sceptre, and as the horse jogged on, the motion of his arms was not unlike the flapping of wings," (Irving, 959). The grasshopper image is humorous, but grasshoppers are renowned for their ability to destroy the wealth of the land. This particular insect had his eyes set on the land of Van Tassel. The imagery of the whip resembling a sceptre brings to mind the monarchy, which the pedagogue represents. The borrowed horse, upon which he rode also produces thoughts of England.
Gunpowder, the "broken-down plough horse," had one good eye which "had the gleam of a genuine devil in it," (Irving, 959). This worthless, mean-spirited beast provided a stark contrast to the lusty young steed that carried Brom Bones. Daredevil easily overtook gunpowder as Brom chased Ichabod, pretending to be the headless horseman. The old way of doing things (Gunpowder) simply would not suffice in the New World (the world of Daredevil), and therefore the culinary symbol of America (the pumpkin) came crashing onto Ichabod's head.
"Rip Van Winkle" has a strong European influence as well. Irving tied European explorers into "Rip Van Winkle" showing that although America had formed its own identity, an identity that could not be separated from those who made it possible. The story introduced Rip as the descendant of "The Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant," (Irving, 938). But after Rip awoke, there is no mention of the Europeans, or the wife who is symbolic of England.
Irving painted a colorful picture of Rip's home life by saying, "Those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad, who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long suffering," (Irving, 938). Perhaps Rip would have been more productive at home without his wife breathing down his neck, just as America would have been more satisfying to Britain, had it not been held beneath the English thumb.
The liquor of the little men pushed Rip into a twenty-year stupor, just as the propaganda of men such as Samuel Adams forced Americans into the mental snooze that necessarily accompanies war. Just as Rip awoke to view the trickery of his short companions, the Americans awoke to realize that no government is perfect. Otherwise there would be no men arguing over politics. These busy people about the once quiet town make a statement about the new democracy. Although they had gained a greater opportunity for self-advancement, they had, perhaps, lost a bit of the happiness that they enjoyed through idleness.
Rip's confusion seems to say something about the American identity crisis at the time. He questioned if he was really himself because his son and namesake had grown to fill his lazy shoes. "Rip…Beheld a precise counterpart of himself, as he went up the mountain: apparently as lazy, and certainly as ragged. The poor fellow was now completely confounded. He doubted his own identity, and whether he was himself or another man," (Irving, 945). Fortunately, Rip reveled in boredom. He was too old to work, and so he sat around to talk politics. Although he was pleased with the lack of oppression, he had no one to relate to. The Americans were similarly working to find their place in the world without Mother England watching over them. They had succeeded in accomplishing their goals, and had to ask themselves what they were supposed to do next.
Several of the physical changes of the town hold political significance as well. "Instead of the great tree that used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on top that looked like a red night cap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes—all this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognised on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George…was singularly metamorphosed. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a sceptre, …and underneath was painted in large characters GENERAL WASHINGTON," (Irving, 944). Cutting down the old tree represents an "out with the old in with the new" attitude, that the Americans must have felt after claiming their liberty. The tree was replaced with a symbol of the new way of life—the flag with a liberty cap. The sign makes a powerful statement all its own. Government is government no matter how you paint it. They had traded one George for another, even if they did not want to admit it.
Although Irving's descriptions of the physical realm have political undertones, they also achieve his previously stated purpose of giving attention to the national scenery. His vivid descriptions of the Catskills give the reader a dreaminess that could be accomplished by no other means besides actually going there. He painted the landscape in such a way that it would stick in the readers' minds and help them to realize the magnificent opportunities presented daily in a land of seemingly endless natural resources.
Although he dismissed the myth of the headless horseman as a hoax put forth by
Brom Bones, he created a legend that lived far into the future. The story of the little men at ninepins also presents a legend of the thunderous mountains. "Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene, but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder," (942). These myths gave the youthful America a sense of belonging in a world of well-established nations.
These two stories took the American literary tradition from its infancy into adolescence. They served as a foundation for later writers, and put the American landscape into words. The basic breakdown of the two stories is as follows: anyone can make it in America. The dreamers may barely scrape by, but brute force takes the cake.
Bowden, Mary W., Washington Irving. Boston: Twayne, 1981.
Hedges, William L., Washington Irving: An American Study. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965.
Hoffman, Daniel. "Prefigurations: 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.'" PMLA, Vol. LXVII (1953): 425-435. Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 343-355
Irving Washington, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 1820. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: Norton, 1998. 948-969.
—"Rip Van Winkle." 1819. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: Norton, 1998. 936-948.
Martin, Terence. "Rip, Ichabod, and the American Imagination." American Literature, vol. XXX (1959): 137-149. Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 330-342.
Roth, Martin, Comedy and America. Port Washington: Kennidat, 1976.
Snell, George, "Washington Irving: A Revelation." The Shapers of American Fiction: 1798-1947, (1947). 105-16. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1982. 382-383.
Springer, Haskell. "Introduction to Rip Van Winkle & The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." (1974). Rpt. in A Century of Commentary on the works on Washington Irving. Ed. Andrew B. Myers. Tarrytown: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976. 480-486.
Wagenknecht, Edward, Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed. New York: Oxford UP, 1962.
Young, Philip, Fallen From Time: Rip Van Winkle. Kenyon Review, Vol. XXII (1960): 547-73. 457-479.
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