This show is performed in English.
Cal Wilson moved from New Zealand across the Tasman in 2003 and has gone on to become one of Australia's most popular comedians, a recurring favourite on prime-time television shows including being in the core ensemble cast in Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia. Joel Dommett burst onto the comedy scene in 2007 and quickly established himself as one of the most exciting comedians on the circuit. He has become a regular face on TV, from being a finalist in 2017's I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here!, Comedy Central's Joel and Nish vs The World, and a panelist on Sky 1's Bring the Noise. Starting stand up at only 15 years old, Joel Creasey has harnessed his outrageous wit, sass and unrivalled story telling abilities to cement himself as Australia's undisputed 'Crown Prince of Comedy' and one of the most-sought after and hottest comedians in the world.


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Blockchain And A Cryptocurrency Fueled Music Economy
(Hypebot) – This article looks at what we've from learned from the era of illegal downloading as well as the evolving role of record companies in a potentially cryptocurrency fueled music economy.
Guest Post by Bryce Weiner on Zapchain
Digital rights management (DRM) solutions utilizing blockchain technology have long been a dream of evangelists, however nearly every existing implementation doesn't seem to fully appreciate the scale and scope of the problems facing artists.
In 2015 music mogul Jay-Z lined up an incredibly impressive array of celebrities to promote his TIDAL streaming service, which promised to level the playing field between artists and recording companies. It failed spectacularly because Jay-Z didn't seek the participation of the other side of the equation, and not a single label (other than his own) was represented.
Why do we need record companies?
The record industry gained its bad reputation from the exploitation of artists in the 1950s and 60s. The tales are such legend that it was represented as a character in the Sopranos and the ruthlessness by which such deals were executed echo through history to today. Notable artists such as Grandmaster Flash have long championed the return of funds appropriated by disingenuous record execs that robbed entire communities of their income and culture. The Internet Age and the coming Blockchain Age hold much promise for independent artists, but it doesn't eliminate the needs for the legal protection of created works. In this new paradigm, record companies are a sword and shield for artists and their works in an industry that is still as cutthroat as it was 40 years ago.
Girl Talk is an artist who creates original works from material completely derived from other artists. The NY Times called his works a"lawsuit waiting to happen", however the artist argues his mashups are governed under "fair use". The simple truth is that his albums (which the author owns) do not represent a significant enough monetary value to pursue. It does not, however, eliminate the ethical argument that his works are, for all intents and purposes, created from stolen material. This has an analog in the software industry, open source licenses. However open source license holders have the same problem as indie artists: the costs of fighting a lawsuit for compensation is usually greater than the artist can afford or the compensation that may be awarded. For signed artists, this is a battle fought by the record companies on their behalf. For unsigned artists, there is little recourse. In a global marketplace, the problem becomes exponential as jurisdiction for appeal of grievance becomes a very real cost issue.
On the other end of the spectrum are artists such as the Grateful Dead, which employed a licensing regime that has been summed up as "once we play it, its yours." This contributed to the popularity of the band as fans would record individual performances and sell them. This model was very effective given the aggressive touring schedule and the times in which they existed, however in a modern market such efforts do not yield the same results. Other acts such as Phish and The String Cheese Incident have attempted similar models, but have demonstrably not enjoyed the same broad level of appeal or success in such efforts. Such efforts of "open source music" have the knock-on effect of making such acts unsuitable for radio or broadcast airplay due to licensing concerns, which even in the Internet Age is still a non-trivial amount of revenue.
When one observes the music industry in its entirety with a critical eye it becomes clear that any solution attempting to address any of these issues must be flexible enough to incorporate the political intent of the artists, be that intent independent monetization or the traditional route of mass marketing and distribution.
The lessons of Napster, Grooveshark, and Pirate Bay
Napster created the very concept of "digital music sharing" but when efforts were made by the creators of Napster to influence the music industry directly, those efforts failed due to an antagonistic approach and the egos of participants on both sides. A meeting of the minds was never reached, and Napster fell by the wayside to be replaced by more compliant services such as Rhapsody and Pandora. It should be noted that the word "compliant" in this sense means that such services paid the record companies for the rights to distribute their content on their platforms.
The ill-fated Grooveshark attempted to force the issue by creating a subscription based service for the transfer of digital content, however they also created an antagonistic relationship with the music industry which also lead to their eventual demise, and the rise of such platforms as Spotfiy and Rdio, which have subsequently enjoyed a large margin of success.
The Pirate Bay is now gone, but its effects on the music industry live on. The single greatest threat to the music industry is BitTorrent and this fact has not gone unnoticed. Increasingly complex DRM schemes have been employed, even to the extent that some labels offering digital content downloads with the purchase of physical media.
These incidents were a wakeup call for the recording industry: the landscape is changing and the costs of pursuing copyright and distribution infractions was becoming prohibitive, not to mention aggravating still-open wounds from 50 years ago, and threatened a public relations nightmare.
The Blockchain: A silver bullet?
The single technology that may be employed to resolve the concerns of all parties involved is the blockchain. Indies, signed artists, record labels, distributors, "experience platforms" such as Spotify and Pandora and consumers may have their interests equally served through a responsible application of blockchain technology when paired with a firm understanding of the pains of everyone involved in the music supply chain.
The application of smart contracts and modern cryptographic techniques reveals a route by which the unsigned indie artist can enjoy the legal protections currently enjoyed by major acts, while at the same time creating an accounting regime that is suitable for signed artists.
A successful blockchain-based DRM solution must be truly inclusive of the concerns of all parties involved and at the same time create value. This requires a very measured approach to the application of the technology and simply allowing downloads for Bitcoin doesn't exactly solve the problems that are known to exist.
An excellent example of this is the recent success of Taylor Swift in her brilliant negotiation of new licensing for her creations with both Spotify and Apple Music. Ms. Swift's victory is a victory for all music artists and it is the opinion of this author that it has set a new tone for the compensation of artists for their work by digital experience platforms.
While not every artist enjoys the clout Ms. Swift enjoys, it sets the precedent that artists will no longer allow their works to be distributed by the millions and not be compensated appropriately. It is a model which can and should be employed across the industry and its this author's pleasure to directly participate in that evolution. The governing bodies for both signed and independent artists have come together to create a content licensing and management system that serves the needs of their industry and does so in a responsible, well considered manner.
The music industry is going to disrupt itself, and do so for the benefit of everyone.
That is, after all, what Bitcoin and blockchains are about.
The Inside Out Podcast With Paul Mecurio: Adam Savage, Co-Host "Mythbusters," Host – "Tested.Com"
Wasserman Music Brings Their Entertainment Accelerator Experience To Howard University In 2023
Dave Matthews Band Announces 2023 North American Headline Tour and New Album

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


by The IJ Staff Feb. 19, 2018 09:45 a.m.
Great-West Life announced Feb. 15 that it will contribute $300,000 over three years to the Creative Destruction Lab – Toronto (CDL), which is located at the University of Toronto's Rotman School of Management. The lab works with technology startups with the potential to deliver improvements to economic productivity and human well-being.
"With Creative Destruction Lab, we're looking to foster the next great innovations in health and financial technology," said Ben Harrison, Vice-President, Innovation, Great-West Life. "Our industry is changing, and we want to be at the table with disruptive entrepreneurs helping scale their businesses and learning from their ingenuity. We're looking for creative ideas and partnership opportunities with the potential to transform how we do business and improve the financial, physical and mental well-being of Canadians."
The lab's nine-month program gives entrepreneurs access to experienced industry mentors, business development support from top Rotman business students, and funding opportunities with venture capital firms.
"At the Creative Destruction Lab, we are privileged to work with many innovative leaders across different industries such as financial technology," said Sonia Sennik, Executive Director of CDL-Global. "Great-West Life is enthusiastic to collaborate with our ventures in pursuit of innovative breakthroughs for their company and customers. We are excited to have their support."


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Sheffield Property & Housing
Coppen Estates. . . .Sheffield
By feline01 October 21, 2012 in Sheffield Property & Housing
watchcoll
Well, he is actually the solicitor dealing with the enfranchisement. However, as it's Sunday & i was pondering the issue i thought I'd write on here in case it would help anyone else & see what people's opinion is. I'll be emailing Mr Shaw to ask for an update in the week. In the meantime, maybe someone else has some useful input?
Sorry but i didnt think J Shaw would let things go for so long and not sort it or give an explanation not very good is it
He was also the conveyancer who dealt with the sale of my house & i don't particularly think he's being complacent now. He is very professional. After all, i haven't instructed him to actually do anything yet. Other than send coppen another letter last year. I'm just wondering what other people's experiences are with Coppen. How obstinate were they? Like i said, I'm in no rush, so have time on my hands.
My daughter bought a house in S13 about 5 years ago they were horrible and did it through insurance to get completion . There were about 10 houses about 30 years old and Coppen holds freehold and previous owner had not paid G. R.for 6 years. Turned out Coppen were making one of the other houses pay it for them all , I shall be attempting to buy the free hold for her soon so please keep me posted . Thanks. Spider 1
sedith
Don't touch anything with leasehold. The Mosborough townships are a ticking timebomb, with many properties less than 60 yrs to run on their lease, thus making them unmortgageable. This seriously affects property prices!
Like most all generalisations, that's terrible advice. (See what I did there?)
Look at the duration of the lease, there are many in Sheffield with 800 or 900 years still to run and a rent of £2/year. That's not a ticking timebomb, more of a slightly warm woopee cushion.
Confuddler
Or... seek advice before purchasing. Leases can be extended or the lease (sorry, freehold reversion) bought. These things have predictable / knowable / confirmable costs that you can then factor into the price you are prepared to pay. Yes, it's more complicated than desirable but it doesn't need to be a barrier to purchasing a property.
Jeffrey Shaw
True. In my experience, not all solicitors explain the leasehold aspects fully enough before the purchaser client exchanges contracts.
Not all solicitors even seem to understand them. The solicitors for the person buying my parents old house, on having found out it was leasehold (house remember) kept demanding that they be sent details of the annual maintenance charge and asking other questions that only apply to flats.
Sadly, I have to agree with you.
If I don't know the answer to a question, I tell the client "I don't know."
If I'm asked for advice about an area of law which I do not handle, ditto;
and I refer the client to somebody who does know.
No solicitor should ever be guessing in unfamiliar legal territory.
grovewill
Coppen Estates want to charge me about £300 for "permission" to have a one storey extension built on my home. Is this standard practice? Does anyone have any experience or knowledge of this - any advice etc gratefully received!
No such fee is payable or even lawful.
Why? Well, let's look at s.19(2) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927.
It's copied below, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/17-18/36/section/19, with my added underlinings:
In all leases whether made before or after the commencement of this Act containing a covenant condition or agreement against the making of improvements without a licence or consent, such covenant condition or agreement shall be deemed, notwithstanding any express provision to the contrary, to be subject to a proviso that such licence or consent is not to be unreasonably withheld; but this proviso does not preclude the right to require as a condition of such licence or consent the payment of a reasonable sum in respect of any damage to or diminution in the value of the premises or any neighbouring premises belonging to the landlord, and of any legal or other expenses properly incurred in connection with such licence or consent nor, in the case of an improvement which does not add to the letting value of the holding, does it preclude the right to require as a condition of such licence or consent, where such a requirement would be reasonable, an undertaking on the part of the tenant to reinstate the premises in the condition in which they were before the improvement was executed.
Briefly, that means as follows:
1. L cannot refuse/delay consent to an alteration that improves the property.
2. L cannot charge a lump sum fee.
3. L can charge only its properly-incurred legal and administrative fees for issuing consent.
Edited May 17, 2017 by Jeffrey Shaw


We offer unforgettable adventurous canoe trips for girls in the pristine wilderness of the Canadian North. With the support of experienced female staff, girls face challenges in their own way in an outdoor setting. This all girl environment gives girls a chance to be fully themselves, to take positive risks, and to learn invaluable leadership skills. Most importantly, girls have a summer filled with fun, laughter and friendship.
At Keewaydin a girl's belief in her capabilities will grow throughout the summer due to the nature of our program, compassionate staff, supportive teaching, and opportunities to learn and master daily tasks. Through wilderness experiential learning, girls are able to take positive risks and experience significant growth, greater self-esteem, confidence, and inner strength. Wilderness canoe tripping also gives young women the opportunity to find their inner voices and the confidence to express those voices both at camp and at home.
On canoe trips girls develop deep friendships with their section mates and bond with the staff both as leaders and experienced outdoor enthusiasts. By celebrating their own strength, and by connecting with other girls, young women gain a strong sense of self-worth on canoe trips. Girls are able to take the confidence and problem solving skills they've learned at camp and apply these skills in real world challenges.
To help girls feel safe, accepted and have a sense of belonging to the camp community.
To give girls the opportunity to take positive risks and to challenge themselves.
To foster positive gender identity.
To develop and/or strengthen girls' love for physical activity and the outdoors.
To bolster girl's physical and emotional resiliency.
To gain competence in wilderness canoe travel.
Each season we enroll about 60 female campers who are assigned to wigwams based on age, experience and physical maturity. Each wigwam is split into smaller single gender tripping groups of 4-8 campers called "sections". The duration and difficulty of trips is determined by the age and level of experience of each section.
Kokomis Sections (3 or 6 week sessions): Two trips ( one 5 night and one 10 night) from our Devil's Island base camp.
Winisk Sections (6 week session): Three trips (one 4 night, one 10 night, and one 21 night) from our Devil's Island base camp.
Evans Outpost (6 week session): Based out of Keewaydin's cabin on the shores of Kawaweogama Lake in western Ontario. Campers travel to the Evans Outpost via train from Temagami. Trips range in length from 15 to 25 days in the Wabakimi Provincial Park region.
Temagami Wigwams (6 or 7 week sessions): Expedition length trips through remote regions of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec and Labrador. Section 1 is our biggest, most exciting, and most rewarding adventure, which is 7 weeks long and culminates on Hudson Bay.
Life On Trip starts on Devil's Island, our 50 acre base camp on Lake Temagami in the Near North of Ontario. Known for its pristine setting, abundant wildlife, and clear waters connected by portage trails that have been in use for generations, the Temagami region is the perfect setting for our canoe trips. Campers are quickly assigned to a group, their "section"; each section will paddle out from Devil's Island on multiple trips of increasing length during the summer. Sections travel (making loops in the surrounding region) and camp on the shores of new lakes and rivers at night.
Travel days are filled with paddling, swimming, portaging, storytelling, singing, swimming again, cooking meals, eating and making and breaking camp. Campers have a chance to see wildlife, waterfalls, and ancient sites, as well as to learn and master new skills.
Rest Days (non-travel days) are often scheduled for a spectacular campsite on a beautiful lake, a fun place to swim, an old growth forest to visit, a superb fishing spot, or a good place to wash clothes. Campers have a chance to relax by sleeping-in, cooking extravagant meals, fishing, reading, playing games and exploring.
I love the confidence that Sophie has gained through her summers at Keewaydin. We see such growth in her each summer she returns. There is nothing like spending six weeks in the wilderness, taking care of your own needs to encourage growth and strengthen self-esteem. Sophie loves the girls she goes on trip with and has come to need a break from constant activities and electronics overload. I think it is possible she is addicted to Northern Ontario air and water." – Karry Hatch, Keewaydin Temagami Parent.
Time in camp between trips is spent relaxing (lying on a dock!) and preparing for the next trip. There are hot showers, a chance to send and receive mail the old fashioned way (we provide campers with postcards to write home between trips) and three delicious dining hall meals a day. Staff and campers organize informal recreational activities such as basketball, frisbee, softball, soccer, volleyball or tennis as well as swimming and fishing. During their time in base camp, campers help re-outfit their food supplies, wash clothes, organize their camping gear and plan their next trip in the Keewaydin map room.
Campers have the opportunity to tell tales of their journeys at informal campfires that are open for all to attend. It is a time to celebrate each other's shared experiences and sing a few Keewaydin songs.
Midseason is a four day event that marks the midpoint of the summer for campers canoeing out of base camp. There are contests where sections work together to demonstrate cooking and camping skills. In addition there are informal individual competitions in swimming and canoeing. Evenings are lively with campfires and a midseason show where sections perform skits and sing songs with the entire camp. Friends and family can visit and stay at the Ojibway Family Lodge on Devil's Island.
Before camp closes for the season, all sections are welcomed back to Devil's Island. For two days campers participate in friendly competition, ceremony, and a final campfire. The oldest boys and girls from the season's long trips have the opportunity to tell stories of the summer, in their own words. It is a festive occasion where the youngest and oldest campers have the opportunity to share their adventures and spend time with family and friends. It is a magical experience. Friends and family frequently come up for end of season; reservations should be made at Ojibway Family Lodge on Devil's Island well in advance.
Keewaydin has a fully equipped infirmary and medical personnel on site twenty-four hours a day while camp is in session. If further medical services are needed, hospitals are available in nearby North Bay and New Liskeard.
While in base camp nutritious and well-balanced meals are prepared by the camp cook and served family style. While out on trip campers participate in cooking their own food, eating three hot meals a day.
Keewaydin's greatest asset has always been its experienced and dedicated staff. Nearly all of our trip staff members are former campers who have "graduated" following many successive seasons at Keewaydin. They join the staff as assistant staff and work their way up through the ranks as they return each summer. Typically our staff members have about eight years of experience canoe tripping with Keewaydin. Together with the headquarters staff at base camp, the trip staff provide leadership and guidance while acting as mentors to their campers.
Each section is led by the staffwoman who is the senior member of the section's staff team. They are responsible for the overall safety and well being of every member of the group, making all decisions regarding the group's welfare. These staff are assisted by the guide, who is the second in charge and oversees all trip preparations. In addition the guide plans the route, sets the pace, and is responsible for establishing camp, cooking and taking care of the trip equipment. The staff involve campers with any or all of these activities as their age and interest permit. In younger groups the staff and guide are supported by up to three assistant staff to help with chores and provide additional supervision.
Staff Training focuses on the tools trip leaders need to be successful. All trip leaders complete the 80 hour Wilderness First Responder medical course, the eight hour Wilderness Water Safety course as well as training in leadership and canoe and equipment repair. The leadership training is specifically focused on building skills and self-esteem in the campers.
In addition, staff spend time learning about the social/emotional lives of children with renowned psychologist and author, Michael Thompson (Raising Cain and Homesick and Happy).
Did you like the short video? Click Here to check out the long video!


My spiritual name is Ginew Gabii Noondogozit Ikwe, meaning Eagle Calling Woman. I am a member of Rolling River First Nation, Manitoba and grew up in rural Manitoba in The Pas. I am a Registered Dietitian working at Nanaandawewigamig (First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba) with the Diabetes Integration Project (DIP). As the sole dietitian on the project, I work with all 20 of the First Nation communities that DIP services across Manitoba. Previous to this position, among other short-term positions, I worked in the fly-in community of Garden Hill First Nation for almost one year as the Clinical Dietitian. I have always had a passion for working with First Nations communities and helping to prevent diabetes and its' complications. I am currently working towards obtaining my Certified Diabetes Educator designation to advance my knowledge and skills in this area.


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Q: How to properly replace jquery mobile pages in the DOM I am using jquery mobile and custom i18n functionality. When the user changes the language from the settings I want to remove the existing pages and put them again into the DOM (I am using Handlebars.js so the new pages will be shown in the new language).
What is the proper way to accomplish this? Simply removing the pages with .remove() and then appending them to the DOM is definitely not the way to go - the history gets broken, the pages don't get enhanced and I'm not even sure if it is possible to change the current page this way.
Is this even possible or should I consider refactoring my i18n so it doesn't require refreshing the whole DOM?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Jerram Falkus Group is a multi-faceted construction organisation that offers traditional values and experience coupled with modern, innovative service providing excellence at every stage.
Our specialist divisions bring knowledge and expertise to projects that is difficult to equal. We offer this expertise in construction through commercial and industrial, education, community, healthcare, sports and leisure, residential, heritage, and social housing.
Our quality policy ensures that projects are delivered to the highest standards, with a thoughtful approach to the environment, and always with a Client focused and collaborative approach.
As the Jerram Falkus Group continues to move forward and develop with the times, the management is determined to continue, against current trends, to offer employees the same stability and reassurances as Clients have a right to expect.
With experience dating back to 1884, a philosophy based on strong management systems and 3 divisions enabling us to offer a full construction and bespoke joinery service, the Jerram Falkus Group can offer your next project a competitive advantage.


Out the road is a colloquial term for a region of the City and Borough of Juneau, capitol of the U.S. state of Alaska, extending from Auke Bay north to a point roughly 45 miles from downtown Juneau to where "The Road" dead ends at Echo Cove, a natural harbor with a boat ramp, parking lot, and several camping areas. Out the road is by far the largest percentage of land area of Juneau, but very sparsely populated; in spring 1998, the Juneau Economic Development Council put its population at 1,348. Houses in the area are usually expensive, many selling in the $500,000 to $1,000,000 range.
"The Road" is referred to without a name by residents of Juneau out of habit, stemming from confusion as to its actual name. There are two versions officially recorded: Old Glacier Highway is the name of the root road, and at one point was the name for the entire length. The state government then dubbed the section from Auke Bay to Echo Cove the Veterans Memorial Highway. This name is used by the State, while the City and Borough has retained the name Old Glacier Highway, and continues to publish materials using that name.


Pocket IGN has recently announced two new Pokemon games for GameBoy Advance. They are Pokemon Fire Red and Pokemon Leaf Green. They are remakes of the original Pokemon games released in Japan, Pokemon Red and Green (Red and Blue in the U.S.) You will be able to choose either Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle in these two games. They will be also compatible with Ruby, Sapphire, and Colosseum.
Although it is not known when this game will be released in Japan, I will try to get screenshots and general information for these games. I think that this is a real exciting thing for all Pokemon fans!
After 43 episodes of Advanced Generation in Japan, Misty returns! The 44th episode shows Misty in all new clothes! It's totally yellow, and she has a blue ring around her neck. Wonder if she'll change to her old clothes.


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Q: Report dataset ending refreshing time PowerBI I am wondering if we can report the ending dataset refreshing time in the powerBI report. I googled and found some useful tips to add last refreshing time (starting refreshing time) in the report. However, I need my clients to know if the report is refreshed, so the ending dataset refreshing time provides more info for my case.

Thank you

A: I don't know if you can include the end time within the report itself but, for me, you can see that information at the top of the report page when you expand the Data updated dropdown.

(This is in the online service at https://app.powerbi.com.)


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News Release - March 4, 2016
Supreme Court Committee Provides Guidance to Judges on Attending Political Fundraising or Endorsement Events
The California Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions (CJEO) has adopted a formal advisory opinion providing guidance to judges and judicial candidates to assist them in determining the types of activities they may engage in...
Feature - March 30, 2016
Can a Presiding Judge Disqualify an Entire Bench?
Can a presiding judge disqualify an entire bench? The answer is a decisive "no", according to the Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions, the ethical rule is that no judge may decide if another judge is disqualified. But they also gave...
Supreme Court Committees
CJEO Website
Courts Mourn the Passing of Justice Richard Mosk
LOS ANGELES—Associate Justice Richard M. Mosk passed away after a brief illness on Sunday, April 17, 2016. Justice Mosk was the son of Supreme Court of California Associate Justice Stanley Mosk, and had just retired from the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Five in March. He was 76.
Legacy Project Video
In the News - LA Times
National Archives - Papers
Feature - April 29, 2016
Justice Judith McConnell Honored for Work in Civic Education
Chief Justice Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye has selected Administrative Presiding Justice Judith D. McConnell for the Chief Justice's Award for Exemplary Service and Leadership for her outstanding work in civics.
Judith McConnell, 4th District Court of Appeal
Award for Exemplary Service and Leadership
Feature - May 2, 2016
Supreme Court Begins Live Webcasting
The Supreme Court of California will begin live webcasting of its early-May three-day oral argument calendar session in San Francisco, beginning May 3. The decision to webcast the court's oral argument calendar sessions was announced by Chief Justice Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye in her 2016 State of the Judiciary Address to a joint session of the California Legislature in March.
Supreme Court Homepage
Justices' Bios
At the Lectern
Feature - May 20, 2016
Public Comment Plays Unique Role in Judicial Ethics Opinions
Public comment helps the Supreme Court of California's Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions draft advisory opinions on ethics issues of importance to California's judges—it also helps them decide whether to publish an opinion or redraft based on the comments received.
Feature - July 7, 2016
When should a judge who is a former prosecutor be disqualified from a criminal proceeding?
Recent U.S. Supreme Court's Williams v. Pennsylvania case applies a disqualification standard for former prosecutors similar to earlier California Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions (CJEO) advice—CJEO extends its advice to service in a prior conviction.
Disqualification for Prior Appearance as a Deputy District Attorney in Another …
News Release - November 22, 2016
Supreme Court Makes Appointments to Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions
SAN FRANCISCO--The California Supreme Court today announced the reappointment of Justice Judith L. Haller of the Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District and Judge Michael T. Garcia (Ret.) of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, and the appointment of Judge Samantha P. Jessner of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County to fill a vacancy, to four-year terms on the Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions.
Contact CJEO
Feature - November 30, 2016
Ethics Committee Advises Judge May Swear In New DA
The Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions (CJEO) issued oral advice that a judge may administer the oath of office to a newly elected district attorney. CJEO Oral Advice Summary 2016-018 concludes that because judges are authorized by law to administer the oath of office that all public office holders are required to take under the California Constitution, doing so is an official function of judicial office.
CJEO Oral Advice Summary 2016-018
Committee Website
Oral Advice Summaries
Informal Opinion Summaries
Judges May No Longer Accept a Fee for Performing Marriages
The Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions (CJEO) issued oral advice that judges must follow a new law prohibiting compensation for solemnizing a marriage--legislation effective January 1, 2017, changes the law.
Oral Advice Summary 2016-019
News Release - February 10, 2017
Supreme Court Appoints International Commercial Arbitration Working Group
SAN FRANCISCO—Chief Justice Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye today announced, on behalf of the Supreme Court of California, the creation of a Supreme Court International Commercial Arbitration Working Group to study the possibility of allowing foreign and out-of-state attorneys to represent parties in international commercial arbitrations situated in California.
Supreme Court of California
Supreme Court Ethics Committee Advises Judges Against Investments in Marijuana Enterprises
SAN FRANCISCO—The California Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Ethics Opinions (CJEO) has adopted a formal advisory opinion advising judges that maintaining any interest in an enterprise that involves medical or recreational marijuana is incompatible with the obligation to follow the law under California Code of Judicial Ethics.
Informal Opinions
Oral Advice
(-) Committee On Judicial Ethics Opinions
(-) Chief Justice
(-) California Supreme Court
(-) Courts of Appeal
(-) California Supreme Court 47
(-) Courts of Appeal 26
Fourth Appellate District 24
Commission On Judicial Appointments 18
(-) Committee On Judicial Ethics Opinions 36
(-) Chief Justice 21


Consumer waste from the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is turning a Hawaiian beach "into plastic", Tropic of Cancer presenter Simon Reeve has found.
Conservationist Sam Gon escorted him to the remote Kamilo Beach on Hawaii, where plastic bottles, bags, tyres, rusting petrol cans, and other waste from around the world washes up.
They found more plastic particles than sand, as they dug a hole on what has been described as "the world's dirtiest beach".
Tropic of Cancer - Laos to Hawaii is on Sunday 25 April, 2000 BST, BBC Two.


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09/12/2015 3:36 AM IST | Updated 15/07/2016 8:25 AM IST
India Can Beat Climate Change With Trees On Farms: World Agroforestry Chief
By Betwa Sharma
Dethan Punalur via Getty Images
Tea plantation in a slope near Ooty with shade trees
PARIS -- Humans have planted trees for over 11,000 years. Evidence suggests that fig trees in the Middle East were one of the first to be grown for picking fruit. Now, trees are on the frontline of the battle against climate change.
Besides giving firewood and fruits, preventing soil erosion and retaining water, trees can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
Negotiators from over 190 countries are at the U.N. Climate Change Conference to reach an agreement on how to reduce CO2 emissions so that global temperature rise can be arrested at 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
Tony Simons, Director General of the World Agroforestry Centre, told HuffPost India that when trees evolved 350 million years ago, Earth's temperature was 10 degrees hotter and CO2 concentration was 10 times more than it is today.
Agroforestry is the practice of cultivating trees on agricultural land.
"Trees are wonderful. They are the largest living things, the oldest living things. Trees made the world inhabitable for humans," said Simons. "Nothing is better than a tree for sequestering carbon, nothing is better than a tree for bringing up water from depth."
But forest cover is down to 30 percent from 60 percent after the last ice age, which ended around 11,500 years ago. In India, forest cover is around 24 percent, and the Modi government has promised to increase this to 33 percent in order to absorb 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030.
But where will the government find 27 million hectares of land for an almost 10 percent increase in forest cover?
In his conversation with HuffPost India at COP21, Simons said that if India wants to plant more trees without taking land away from people, it would have to be on agricultural land and farms.
Simons also talked about how these trees would also allow farmers to diversify on their produce instead of banking on just one crop which could be destroyed by unseasonal rains or drought. The frequency of extreme weather events is expected to increase due to climate change.
"The future of forestry is on farms," he said.
Trees are wonderful. They are the largest living things, the oldest living things. Trees made the world inhabitable for humans
READ: In Villages With Failed Crops, Depression Is Taking Root
Why should farmers plant trees near their agricultural fields?
Tree planting has gone on for a long time but it's often for a few needs and not as much for cash. Fruit trees can you give that extra income. If you are a coffee farmer, you get paid once a year. If you are a cocoa farmer, you get paid once a year. There are a lot of trees that you can get a monthly return on because you are continuously picking or harvesting something. Tea is a good example of that.
We know with climate change, extreme events are occurring more and more often. It takes very long for people to adjust. So if one of your enterprises fails then you need two or three others. We don't want farmers committing suicide, we don't want farmers to sell their land or move to slums and cities.
How is planting trees near agricultural fields better than just planting trees when it comes to combating climate change?
The ability of those fields (with trees) to absorb high temperatures or water stress if you get drought or flooding. When you have more organic matter in the soil, it will hold water for longer. During the dry season, trees have leaves which you can feed to goats, cows and buffaloes to keep them alive.
We talk about a 2 degrees climate change, the drop in temperature under the shade of a tree is somewhere between 4 and 6 degrees.
If you plant a big eucalyptus forest of a thousand hectares and you have a fire, you lose the lot. If you have the same trees planted in 10,000 fields, you have 10,000 fire fighters. So it's putting that management and the benefit of trees back into the hands of the people.
The drop in temperature under the shade of a tree is somewhere between 4 and 6 degrees.
India plans to increase its forest cover from to 24 to 33 percent to absorb CO2 as part of its national action plan to counter climate change. Where is the space for these trees?
That is about 27 million hectares of land and it is not going to be recreating natural forests and there isn't too much degraded forest to rehabilitate. It's going to be in agricultural fields and agricultural lands.
The importance of those trees is also in terms of recycling water, providing shade, and making those environments more resilient to climate change. Trees put a lot of organic matter into the soil and that organic carbon is what puts sand and silt and clay together. It takes 100 years to build up a single layer of top soil and you can lose that in a single rainfall event. So when it rains, you want your soil to be a sponge, not a sieve.
READ: Quit Blaming India, Support Its Transition To Cleaner Development: U.N. Deputy Climate Change Chief Interview
What is climate-smart agriculture?
It is a triple win of trying to increase production, trying to reduce emissions, and trying to adapt to the changing climate. In very simple terms, climate smart agriculture is trying to simultaneously intensify and diversify agriculture production.
Is climate smart agriculture already practiced in India?
It is in a way. It may not be called climate-smart. Some farmers look for the multi benefit. The key problem is getting the message out. There are a lot of NGOs doing that, a lot of state extension agents. But I think the future is going to be through small scale private entrepreneurs who see an opportunity in being input providers. It will be young people. Even with urbanisation, there are still going to be 800-900 million people living in rural areas: how do we have them fully employed, how are they engaged, and how can they do things differently. I think it is an opportunity for India to turn on its head how it looks at diversifying agriculture.
We have to produce the same amount of food in the next 40 years that we have in the last 8000.
How does agroforestry help deal with climate change?
If you keep drawing out of the soil - water, organic matter - you are depleting it. Just that nature doesn't send us an invoice for all these services that it is providing. On an average around the world, the cost of production is three of four times than the agriculture produce.
Climate Change has been with us for a very long time. Just that now, the direction of change, which used to take a million years, is now happening ten or twenty times faster. And that's the problem. It's so rapid that we don't know how to respond. And we are locked into the finite amount of land that we have. We have to produce the same amount of food in the next 40 years that we have in the last 8000. It can be done more efficiently. But if we continue to rely on the four main cereals - rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum - then we will continue to struggle. The world eats too much meat.
This is about creating diversification. It's a long term change. It is not going to happen overnight. But if you're going in the wrong direction then there is going to environmental disaster.
So it's putting that management and the benefit of trees back into the hands of the people.
COP21 coverage on HuffPost India is supported by CANSA and PAIRVI.
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Photo gallery Exotic Trees In India See Gallery
Exotic Trees In India
Betwa Sharma Politics Editor, HuffPost India
MORE: news politics India agroforestry india climate change India climate change talks India COP 21 india deforestation India forest cover India INDCs India Paris COP 21 India trees on farms World Agroforestry Centre


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Movie Reviews
TV/Movie News
Alita Battle Angel review by Bobby Blakey
Robert Rodriguez is one of those directors that has offered up a lot of projects that were risks and more often than not worked, but became cult status hits or iconic. While he has been staying busy running his El Rey Network and producing it's been a while since we have had him in the director's seat. Now he is back at the helm alongside producer James Cameron for his latest film Alita: Battle Angel based off the popular anime of the same name starring stars Rosa Salazar, Jennifer Connelly, Christoph Waltz, Michelle Rodriguez, Eiza Gonzalez, Jeff Fahey, Mahersala Ali, and Jackie Earle Haley. Could this film successfully bring this anime to life or will it forget where it came from?
Alita Battle Angel follows the mysterious Dr. Ido who finds Alita, a lethal and dangerous being from an age of despair while trolling for cyborg parts. She cannot remember who she is, or where she came from, but to Dr. Ido, the truth is all too clear. She is the one being who can break the cycle of death and destruction left behind from Tiphares. But to accomplish her true purpose, she must fight and kill. And that is where Alita's true significance comes to bear. She is an angel from heaven. She is an angel of death. Let me start off saying I have never read any of the comics or seen any of the anime films to this property. I know of it and have seen some of the imagery over the years, but for all intents and purposes this was my first foray into this world.
The trailers to this movie are the kind that can easily throw people off most notably with the look of Alita's large eyes. I was looking forward to the film, but feared that it might be a mess that made little sense due to the marketing itself, but I am glad to report I was wrong. I really enjoyed this film from beginning to end. Sure there are some slower elements and it takes a bit to get used to some of the CGI effects initially, but it didn't take long before I was all in. The story is
pretty simple with just enough twists and turns to keep you invested without ever trying to be overly mysterious. The visuals are stunning and thankfully they shot mostly on real sets to create the actual world.
While it all looks great and fully immerses you in this new version of the world none of that matters if you don't buy into Alita herself. Initially she is a bit off putting, but for me putting it in perspective to her being a cyborg made it work to perfection. Even through the CGI you still get the emotion and nuances of Rosa Salazar's performance. If there was anything I had a real issue with it came with her chemistry with Keean Johnson's Hugo. It worked most of the time, but there are times where it just fell flat for me, but thankfully not enough to affect the overall finished product.
The attention to detail in the look and feel along with the insanely awesome action just delivered a ton of fun on the big screen. The fight sequences alone sold me on most of the film because they were handled so well and of course add to that a mix of half human / half cyborg killing machines and you have one hell of a fun ride.
In addition to the film this release features tons of bonus content including trailers, featurettes, Robert Rodriguez 10 minute cooking school and so much more. Join the fight of the future when Alita Battle Angel available now on digital, 4K Ultra, Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray and DVD from 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
© 2016 Hollywood Matrimony. Proudly created with Wix.com


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The Future Of SA Hip Hop Is Looking Bright As Kiddo CSA Releases His Newest EP So Far, So Great
Headlines, Music / September 21, 2022 September 21, 2022 / By Editor
'It is an artist's duty to reflect the times in which we live', this statement by Nina Simone is an axiom by which Kiddo CSA lives. His current release So Far, So Great, is his take on the emotional energy that flows in and out of human existence. He has an acute awareness of where he is in life and the forces, including his own will, that go him here. Kiddo CSA's music, at this point in time, is almost magical in how he connects himself with the people closest to him, both living and with him in spirit.
Kiddo CSA's conceptual interests lie heavily in finding new ideas and moulding new energy to expand South African Hip Hop and music overall. So Far, So Great is his attempt at this and how he might present a body that reflects his creative spirit while also inspiring listeners to look within for the answers they seek to move their own lives to the next level.
So Far, So Great begins with 'By My Side, a tune where Kiddo CSA teleports back to high school when he first fell in love. In the London Rhodes produced number he explores how a specific relationship has informed his response and resolve now. In the next three songs, the rapper uses to process self-love. In 'Letter 2 Myself' (produced by TriggaNasty) says 'Life begins when you release all stress' and imagines what that looks and feels like. 'Blessed' embraces freedom and self-expression, allowing Kiddo CSA to work through his doubts and fears and know just how blessed he is to be alive. The last song 'Higher', is the most emotional Kiddo CSA has ever been. The song has elements of his late girlfriend and he processes many other situations in his life from which he needed to move higher in this particular song the rapper says:
'I didn't specifically put her [my girlfriend] on the front end of it all… there are other issues discussed in the song that I was able to deal with, her death being one of them. So to move past that is for life to take me higher… As the chorus goes and cries out for me to go higher … to a place where I don't ever have to go back to when I was writing that song'
The lead track for the album 'Go' is a moment for the rapper to hop on a more fast-paced, Trap-focused number produced by King Jillz. Kiddo CSA is on the go, on the run, and about his paper. The number is meant to encourage people, regardless of aspiration, to get going and push forward on their dreams.
So Far, So Great is full of energy and spirit, a foundation laid by producers London Rhodes, TriggaNasty, and King Jillz which Kiddo CSA over which Kiddo CSA effortlessly flows. Kiddo CSA has described his story and journey into his purpose as one filled with divine intervention. This awareness is present throughout the EP and he raps about how it has kept him going. The future looks bright for the new wave rapper not only because he is well on his way to superstardom but because he believes and embodies it.
'So Far, So Great' Track Listing:
Letter 2 Myself
So Far, So Great is now live, listen/stream here: https://WarnerMusicAfrica.lnk.to/So_Far_So_Great
Follow his journey here:
Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | TikTok


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Рентгеногра́фия (от Рентген (фамилия учёного, открывшего этот вид электромагнитных волн) + , пишу) — исследование внутренней структуры объектов, которые проецируются при помощи рентгеновских лучей на специальную плёнку или бумагу.

Наиболее часто термин относится к медицинскому неинвазивному исследованию, основанному на получении суммарного проекционного изображения анатомических структур организма посредством прохождения через них рентгеновских лучей и регистрации степени ослабления рентгеновского излучения.

История

История рентгенологии начинается в 1895 году, когда Вильгельм Конрад Рентген впервые зарегистрировал затемнение фотопластинки под действием рентгеновского излучения. Им же было обнаружено, что при прохождении рентгеновских лучей через ткани кисти на фотопластинке формируется изображение костного скелета. Это открытие стало первым в мире методом медицинской визуализации, до этого нельзя было прижизненно, не инвазивно получить изображение органов и тканей. Рентгенография очень быстро распространилась по всему миру. В 1896 году в России был сделан первый рентгеновский снимок.

В 1918 году в России была создана первая рентгенологическая клиника. Рентгенография используется для диагностики всё большего числа заболеваний. Активно развивается рентгенография лёгких. В 1921 году в Петрограде был открыт первый рентген стоматологический кабинет. Активно ведутся исследования, совершенствуются рентгеновские аппараты. Советское правительство выделяет средства на развёртывание производства рентгеновского оборудования в России. Рентгенология и производство оборудования выходят на мировой уровень.

Сейчас рентген грудной клетки часто используется для диагностики заболеваний, вызванных инфекциями лёгких. Однако этот метод оказался малоэффективен для обнаружения ранних стадий вирусных пневмоний, вызванных COVID-19.

Американские исследователи во главе с профессором Университета штата Огайо изучили рентгеновские снимки 630 пациентов с подтверждённым коронавирусом и выраженными симптомами. В 89 процентах случаев на рентгене не было заметно никаких отклонений, или они были незначительными. Практика врачей ГКБ №40 в посёлке Коммунарка, которые первыми приняли на себя удар пандемии в России, также подтвердила эти выводы. Тем не менее, на более поздних этапах с помощью рентгенографии можно получить точные и качественные результаты. Именно поэтому в текущей ситуации особенно актуальны портативные аппараты, которые можно применять в палатах пациентов в тяжёлом состоянии.

В настоящее время рентгенография остаётся основным методом диагностики поражений костно-суставной системы. Важную роль играет при обследовании лёгких, особенно в качестве скринингового метода. Методы контрастной рентгенографии позволяют оценить состояние внутреннего рельефа полых органов, распространённость свищевых ходов и др.

13 июля 2018 года новозеландскими учёными в Женеве был представлен рентгеновский аппарат, который способен делать трёхмерные цветные снимки.

Применение

В медицине
Рентгенография применяется для диагностики:
Рентгенологическое исследование (далее РИ) органов позволяет уточнить форму данных органов, их положение, тонус, перистальтику, состояние рельефа слизистой оболочки.
 РИ желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки (дуоденография) важно для распознавания гастрита, язвенных поражений и опухолей.
 РИ желчного пузыря (холецистография) и желчевыводящих путей (холеграфия) проводят для оценки контуров, размеров, просвета внутри- и внепечёночных желчных протоков, наличие или отсутствие конкрементов, уточняют концентрационную и сократительную функции желчного пузыря.
 РИ толстой кишки (ирригоскопия) применяется для распознавания опухолей, полипов, дивертикулов и кишечной непроходимости.
 рентгенография грудной клетки — инфекционные, опухолевые и другие заболевания,
 позвоночника — дегенеративно-дистрофические (остеохондроз, спондилёз, искривления), инфекционные и воспалительные (различные виды спондилитов), опухолевые заболевания.
 различных отделов периферического скелета — на предмет различных травматических (переломы, вывихи), инфекционных и опухолевых изменений.
 брюшной полости — перфорации органов, функции почек (экскреторная урография) и другие изменения.
 Метросальпингография — контрастное рентгенологическое исследование полости матки и проходимости фаллопиевых труб.
 зубов — ортопантомография
 РИ молочной железы — маммография

В технике и технологии
Рентгенография — один из важнейших видов неразрушающего контроля. Применяется в процессе производства и эксплуатации для контроля:
 Отливок и поковок на наличие трещин, газовых и усадочных раковин;
 Сварочных швов на наличие непроваров, тепловых и механических трещин, включений шлака, раковин;
 Несущих конструкций, валов, осей, корпусов на наличие внутренних трещин и изломов;
 Неразборных или трудноразборных машин и механизмов на правильность взаимного расположения элементов их целостности и наличия необходимых зазоров;
 Железобетона на наличие пустот, трещин смещения или разрушения арматуры и закладных элементов;
 Металлургических печей в процессе работы на образование отложений на внутренних поверхностях;
 Различных металлических деталей на предмет обнаружения непредусмотренных конструкцией или умышленно замаскированных сварочных швов, отверстий и полостей, заполненных иными материалами. В частности для выявления факта замены маркировочной надписи, содержащей VIN на кузове автомобиля.

В криминалистике
 Исследования внутренней структуры предметов;
 Исследование деталей автомобилей или оружия на предмет изменения маркировки (в последние годы заменяется другими методами анализа);
 Судебно-медицинские исследования.

В реставрации и экспертизе художественных ценностей
 Исследования «почерка» художника;
 Исследования следов восстановления полотна;
 Исследования скрытых изображений (при повторном использовании холста);

Получение изображения

Методика регистрации рентгеновского излучения
Получение изображения основано на ослаблении рентгеновского излучения при его прохождении через различные ткани с последующей регистрацией его на рентгеночувствительную плёнку. В результате прохождения через образования разной плотности и состава пучок излучения рассеивается и тормозится, в связи с чем на плёнке формируется изображение разной степени интенсивности. В результате, на плёнке получается усреднённое, суммационное изображение всех тканей (тень). Из этого следует, что для получения адекватного рентгеновского снимка необходимо проводить исследование рентгенологически неоднородных образований.

В современных рентгеновских аппаратах регистрация выходного излучения может производиться на специальную кассету с плёнкой или на электронную матрицу. Аппараты, обладающие электронной чувствительной матрицей, стоят значительно дороже аналоговых устройств. При этом печать плёнок производится только при необходимости, а диагностическое изображение выводится на монитор и, в некоторых системах, сохраняется в базе данных вместе с остальными данными о пациенте.

Принципы выполнения рентгенографии
При диагностической рентгенографии целесообразно проведение снимков не менее, чем в двух проекциях. Это связано с тем, что рентгенограмма представляет собой плоское изображение трёхмерного объекта. И как следствие локализацию обнаруженного патологического очага можно установить только с помощью 2 проекций.

Методика получения изображения
Оптическая плотность почернения рентгеновской пленки пропорциональна произведению тока рентгеновской трубки и времени на напряжение в пятой степени. Напряжение на трубке, кроме того, должно соответствовать виду исследования, поскольку оно влияет на жесткость излучения, от которого зависит проникающая способность рентгеновских лучей и контрастность изображения.
Таким образом, качество полученного рентгеновского снимка определяется тремя основными параметрами: напряжением, подаваемым на рентгеновскую трубку, силой тока и выдержкой (длительностью рентгеновского излучения). В зависимости от исследуемых анатомических образований и антропометрии пациента эти параметры могут существенно изменяться. Существуют средние значения для разных органов и тканей, но следует учитывать, что фактические значения будут отличаться в зависимости от аппарата, где проводится исследование и пациента, которому проводится рентгенография. Для каждого аппарата составляется индивидуальная таблица значений. Значения эти не абсолютные и корректируются по мере выполнения исследования. Качество выполняемых снимков во многом зависит от способности рентгенолаборанта адекватно адаптировать таблицу средних значений к конкретному пациенту.
Для снижения динамической нерезкости снимков, вызванной не абсолютной неподвижностью исследуемого органа или самого пациента, требуемая  должна создаваться при короткой выдержке и большой пиковой мощности рентгеновской трубки.

Запись изображения
В России наиболее распространённым способом записи рентгеновского изображения является фиксация его на рентгеночувствительной плёнке с последующей его проявкой. В настоящее время также существуют системы, обеспечивающие регистрацию данных в цифровом виде. В большинстве развитых стран этот способ уже вытеснил аналоговый. В России в связи с высокой стоимостью и сложностью изготовления данный вид оборудования по распространённости уступает аналоговому.

Аналоговая
Существуют следующие варианты получения изображения с помощью рентгеночувствительной плёнки.

Одним из ранее применяемых методов получения снимков пригодной к использованию плотности является переэкспозиция с последующей недопроявкой, сделанной при визуальном контроле. В настоящее время данный метод считается устаревшим и в мире широко не используется.

Другой способ — адекватная экспозиция (что сложнее) и полная проявка. При первом методе рентгеновская нагрузка на пациента получается завышенной, однако при втором возможно появление необходимости проведения повторной съёмки. Появление возможности предпросмотра на экране компьютеризированной рентгеновской установки с цифровой матрицей и автоматических проявочных машин снижают потребности и возможности использования первого метода.

Качество снимка снижает динамическая нерезкость. То есть размытие снимка связано с движением пациента во время облучения. Определённую проблему представляет собой вторичное излучение, оно формируется в результате отражения рентгеновского излучения от различных объектов. Для фильтрации рассеянного излучения применяют фильтрационные решётки, состоящие из чередующихся полос рентгенпрозрачного и рентгеннепрозрачного материала. Данный фильтр отсеивает вторичное излучение, но он так же ослабляет центральный пучок, в связи с чем требуется большая доза облучения для получения адекватного снимка. Вопрос о необходимости использования фильтрующих решёток решается в зависимости от размеров пациента и органа, подвергающегося рентгенографии.

Многие современные рентгеновские плёнки имеют очень низкую собственную рентгеновскую чувствительность и рассчитаны на применение с усиливающими флуоресцентными экранами, светящимися голубым или зелёным видимым светом при облучении рентгеновским излучением. Такие экраны вместе с плёнкой помещаются в кассету, которая после снимка извлекается из рентгеновского аппарата и затем производится проявка плёнки. Проявка плёнки может производиться несколькими способами.
 Полностью автоматически, когда в аппарат закладывается кассета, после чего проявочная машина извлекает плёнку, проявляет, сушит и заправляет новую.
 Полуавтоматически, когда плёнка извлекается и загружается вручную, а проявочная машина только проявляет и сушит плёнку.
 Полностью вручную, когда проявка происходит в баках-танках, извлечение, заправку, проявку плёнки осуществляет рентген лаборант.

Для рентгенологического анализа изображения аналоговый рентгеновский снимок фиксируется на подсвечивающем устройстве с ярким экраном — негатоскопе.

Цифровая

Разрешающая способность
Разрешающая способность достигает 0,5 мм (1 пара линий на миллиметр соответствует 2 пикселям/мм).

Одним из самых высоких разрешений плёнки считается «26 пар линий на мм», что примерно соответствует разрешающей способности 0,02 мм.

Подготовка пациента к рентгенологическому исследованию
Специальная подготовка пациентов к рентгенологическому исследованию в основном не требуется, однако для исследования органов пищеварения имеются следующие методы подготовки:
 Раньше проводили специальные диеты, исключали из рациона продукты, способствующие метеоризму, проводили очистительную клизму, но сейчас общепринято, что для РИ желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки пациентов с нормальной функцией кишечника не требует никаких приготовлений. Однако, при резком выраженном метеоризме и упорных запорах проводят очистительную клизму за 2 часа до исследования. При наличии в желудке пациента большого количества жидкости, слизи, остатков пищи проводят промывание желудка за 3 часа до исследования

 Перед холецистографией также исключают возможность метеоризма и применяют рентгеноконтрастный йодсодержащий препарат (холевид, йопагност 1 г на 20 кг живой массы). Препарат попадает в печень и накапливается в желчном пузыре. Для определения сократительной способности желчного пузыря, пациенту дают ещё желчегонное средство — 2 сырых яичных желтка или 20 г сорбита.

 Перед холеграфией пациенту вводят внутривенно контрастное вещество (билигност, билитраст и др.), контрастирующее желчные протоки.

 Перед ирригографией проводят с помощью контрастной клизмы (BaSO4 из расчёта 400 г на 1600 мл воды). Накануне исследования пациенту дают 30 г касторового масла, вечером ставят очистительную клизму. Пациент не ужинает, на следующий день лёгкий завтрак, две очистительные клизмы, контрастная клизма.

Преимущества рентгенографии
 Широкая доступность метода и лёгкость в проведении исследований.
 Для большинства исследований не требуется специальной подготовки пациента.
 Относительно низкая стоимость исследования.
 Снимки могут быть использованы для консультации у другого специалиста или в другом учреждении (в отличие от УЗИ-снимков, где необходимо проведение повторного исследования, так как полученные изображения являются оператор-зависимыми).

Недостатки рентгенографии
 Статичность изображения — сложность оценки функции органа.
 Наличие ионизирующего излучения, способного оказать вредное воздействие на пациента.
 Информативность классической рентгенографии значительно ниже таких современных методов медицинской визуализации, как КТ, МРТ и др. Обычные рентгеновские изображения отражают проекционное наслоение сложных анатомических структур, то есть их суммационную рентгеновскую тень, в отличие от послойных серий изображений, получаемых современными томографическими методами.
 Без применения контрастирующих веществ рентгенография недостаточно информативна для анализа изменений в мягких тканях, мало отличающихся по плотности (например, при изучении органов брюшной полости).

См. также
 Рентгенология
 Флюорография
 Детектор рентгеновского излучения
 Цифровая рентгенография
 Рентгеноскопия
 Рентгеновский микроскоп

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Производители медицинских решений в области рентгенографии
 Royal Philips Electronics

Рентгенология
Неразрушающий контроль

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lady Nelson, was launched in Bermuda in 1801. Lady Nelson traded between London and Curacoa until 1803. She then became a whaler for J. Atkins and was valued at £6,500 in 1802. Under Captain James Lindsey (or Linsey) she sailed for the Galapagos. She was lost there on 15 November 1804. At the time of her loss she had 100 tons of oil. Her crew were saved.

Citations and references
Citations

Reverences
Clayton, Jane M. (2014) Ships employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775-1815: An alphabetical list of ships. (Berforts Group).

1801 ships
Ships built in Bermuda
Whaling ships
Maritime incidents in 1804
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean


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VP-26 Begins Historic Last Deployment Of The P-3C Orion
P-8 Poseidon To Take Over P-3's Mission
The "Tridents" of Patrol Squadron (VP) 26 began their last deployment with the P-3C Orion aircraft with a send-off of their first two planes out of Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Jan. 22.
The historic occasion was attended by senior leadership, family and friends of VP-26 Sailors and members of the Jacksonville community. "This is a historic deployment for you," said Rear Adm. Matthew J. Carter, commander of Patrol and Reconnaissance Group. "You are the last operational P-3 squadron on the East Coast. Once you go, we are a P-8 only force. That does not diminish anything you do with this aircraft. America has given us the best, and this aircraft is still a very capable airplane."
Carter knows firsthand how much the P-3 community has contributed to the success of the Navy's mission. He served as both executive officer and commanding officer of VP-26, and he told the Sailors just how special it is to wear the Trident colors.
"We have been flying this aircraft for 50 years," said Carter. "The whole squadron, from the admin department, the maintainers and the aircrew has continued to go out and do great things, and I know you are going to go out on this deployment and do great."
Preparing the squadron for a deployment presents its challenges which include everything from packing up parts and equipment, preparing junior Sailors for their first deployment and making sure Sailors are up to date with their training.
"Seeing that there are not many P-3s around and this being the last P-3 deployment for the East Coast," said VP-26 Command Master Chief James B. Daniels. "Getting parts has been a big issue. Also, since most of our preparations have been during the holidays, we needed to work hard to make sure our Sailors were trained on what is expected of them and they were ready for deployment, but the squadron has met its challenges and now is ready to go."
The support from family and friends is an integral part of the success of the Sailors. "My family is so supportive and so much a part of my life," said Aviation Electronics Technician 2nd Class David Heder. "Having to leave them is the hardest part of deployments."
Heder's wife and two children were there to show their support. Heder said that he was a little nervous and sad to leave his family. "I'm looking forward to this as much as I can," said Heder. "I miss my family when I'm away, but I have a job to do and I enjoy it because I learn something new every day, and I'm challenged every day."
Heder said this is his second history-making deployment since he has been in the Navy. "I actually helped introduce the P-8 while I served at VP-30," said Heder. "It's cool to be able to say that I was a part of the P-8 coming in and now a part of the P-3 going out in Jacksonville."
Retired Chief William W. Stewart, from the aviation structural mechanic community and a Jacksonville resident, was present to witness this historic day. Stewart served 30 years in the Navy and was factory-trained on the P-3 in 1962. "I was assigned to VP-9 as an airframes chief after training with Lockheed on the P-3s and went on their first deployment with the aircraft in November 1964," said Stewart. "It's kind of sad to see the P-3 go, but it's an evolution. It's a new age; we have cell phones, wide-screen TVs and now the P-8s."
VP-26 became the Navy's first operational P-3B squadron in January 1966, when the squadron received the first production of the P-3B while stationed at Naval Air Station, Brunswick, Maine. "I am so proud of all the Sailors who have worked so hard to keep these aircraft flying for so many years," said Cmdr. Gregory Smith, VP-26 commanding officer.
(Images from file)
FMI: www.navy.mil/local/nasjax


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Pierre de Saint Jacob, né à Mervans le  et mort à Dijon le  est un historien français, spécialiste de l'histoire rurale, notamment de la Bourgogne à l'époque moderne.

Son œuvre maîtresse est la thèse qu'il a consacrée aux Paysans de la Bourgogne du nord au dernier siècle de l'Ancien Régime (1960). Sa thèse complémentaire, intitulée Documents relatifs à la communauté villageoise en Bourgogne (1962), rassemble des sources et documents souvent utilisés par les chercheurs.

Il a également écrit de nombreux articles scientifiques qui ont fait l'objet d'une réédition en 2008, sous le titre Des terroirs et des hommes.

Biographie
Pierre de Saint Jacob est né le , à Mervans, en Saône-et-Loire. Après avoir obtenu son certificat d'études primaires, en , alors que son père est encore sur le front, il poursuit de brillantes études à Louhans et entre en  à l'École normale de Mâcon. Il en sort premier trois ans plus tard.

Instituteur stagiaire à Montceau-les-Mines, en pays d'immigration ouvrière, il enseigne ensuite à l'école de garçons de Louhans, de 1925 à 1929, puis au collège. Malgré les obligations de trente heures hebdomadaires de classe, il se lance dans des études supérieures, s'inscrit comme étudiant à la Faculté des lettres de Dijon, apprend seul le latin nécessaire pour obtenir le baccalauréat puis la licence ès-lettres (1930), et enfin étudie l'anglais. Il est élève de Gaston Roupnel et de Pierre Trahard.
En , il se met en congé pour préparer le diplôme d'études supérieures (1932) et l'agrégation, à Dijon puis à Lyon, où l'un de ses professeurs sera André Allix. Après plusieurs échecs successifs à l'agrégation, il reprend l'enseignement, à Tournus puis au lycée de Tournon. Il apprend à jouer du violon, se passionne pour l'art, la peinture en particulier, pour l'Italie, pour la Renaissance et les Lumières du , ce « siècle intelligent », disait-il.

À partir de 1935, il engage son travail de chercheur et écrit ses premiers articles sur les troubles agraires en Bourgogne de 1770 à 1789 ou sur l'assolement au , dessinant ainsi les grandes lignes de sa thèse. A la rentrée de 1936, il est nommé au lycée Gérôme de Vesoul. Enfin, en 1938, il se classe 4e au concours de l'agrégation et, en , il rejoint le lycée Carnot à Dijon.

En , Pierre de Saint Jacob épouse Fernande Thabussot, jeune agrégée d'histoire, professeur au lycée de jeunes filles de Dijon. Ils auront deux enfants, Françoise et Yves. Mis à part un détachement au CNRS de 1946 à 1948, Pierre de Saint Jacob enseigne près de vingt ans au lycée Carnot, notamment dans les classes de khâgne, avant d'être nommé à la Faculté des lettres en 1957, où ses talents de pédagogue et son approche attentive des élèves sont unanimement reconnus.

Pierre de Saint Jacob a toujours gardé des liens étroits avec son ancien professeur, Gaston Roupnel, qui l'encourage dans les années 1930 à surmonter les déceptions de l'agrégation et à engager rapidement sa thèse, dont le  sujet avait été choisi avec Marc Bloch, avant sa disparition tragique. Le chantier de la thèse, conduit avec Ernest Labrousse, va dès lors occuper entièrement son esprit, un travail inlassable, appuyé sur le dépouillement des archives et étayé par une succession de nombreux articles - notamment la série sur la communauté rurale.

Tout au long de ces années, il confronte avec passion ses hypothèses avec celles de ses amis historiens – médiévistes, modernistes ou « contemporains » – juristes ou géographes : Robert Folz, Georges Chevrier, Roland Martin, le recteur Bouchard, Lucien Febvre, Robert Boutruche, Pierre Massé, Roger Dion, Victor Tapié ou Robert Schnerb, et ceux de la jeune génération d'alors, Pierre Goubert ou Jean Jacquart.

Éprouvé par le décès prématuré de son épouse, en 1958, il termine sa thèse, Les paysans de la Bourgogne du nord au dernier siècle de l'Ancien Régime, qu'il soutient en Sorbonne le . Il n'aura pas le temps de la voir publiée. Pierre de Saint Jacob meurt d'un accident cardiaque le , à la veille de sa nomination à la chaire d'histoire moderne de l'université de Dijon, créée pour lui. En 1961, cette thèse est récompensée du prix Thérouanne de l'Académie française.

Il repose au cimetière de son village natal, Mervans.

Publications
 (avec Marie Bullier, Pierre Quarré, Charles Oursel) Visages de la Bourgogne, Horizons de France, Paris, 1942
 Les paysans de la Bourgogne du nord au dernier siècle de l'Ancien régime, Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1960. (reéd. Associations d'histoire des sociétés rurales-éditions universitaires de Dijon, 1995)
 Documents relatifs à la communauté villageoise en Bourgogne du milieu du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française, Les Belles Lettres, 1962

Bibliographie
 Préface de la réédition des Paysans de la Bourgogne du nord par Jean-Marc Moriceau, Bibliothèque d'histoire rurale - AHSR - Rennes et Dijon - 1995
 Préface de Campagnes en mouvement en France du XVI au XIX siècle, par Antoine Follain qui a réuni les actes du colloque « Autour de Pierre de Saint Jacob » tenu à Dijon les 23 et , Éditions universitaires de Dijon, 2008
 Postface de Des terroirs et des hommes, études sur le monde rural et le pays bourguignon (XVI-XVIII siècle), par Pierre Lévêque, Éditions universitaires de Dijon, 2008
 L'influence de Pierre de Saint Jacob sur l'historiographie anglophone, par James Collins, professeur à l'Université de Georgetown à Washington, in ibid.
 Oraison funèbre prononcée par le recteur de l'Académie de Dijon, publiée au début de la thèse de Pierre de Saint Jacob (Publications de l'Université de Dijon, XXI, Société Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1960).
 Maurice Dommanget, chronique les livres d'histoire, in L'École libératrice, 21-12-1962, p. 673
 .

Liens externes

 Site de l'Association Pierre de Saint Jacob
 Bibliographie complète
 Fac similé des « Documents relatifs à la communauté villageoise »
 Portrait paru dans la presse bourguignonne

Historien français du XXe siècle
Historien régionaliste français
Historien de la Bourgogne
Historien du social
Étudiant de l'université de Bourgogne
Étudiant de la faculté des lettres de Paris
Enseignant au collège Gérôme
Enseignant au lycée Carnot (Dijon)
Naissance en janvier 1906
Naissance en Saône-et-Loire
Décès en novembre 1960
Décès à Dijon
Décès à 54 ans
Lauréat du prix Thérouanne


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