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Watch Online Pan deng zhe
Pan deng zhe is a movie starring Jing Wu, Ziyi Zhang, and Boran Jing. The four members of the China Everest Climbing Commando confront the most difficult mount. The first four failures have cost them too much physical strength until...
Ziyi Zhang, Jing Wu, Yi Zhang, Boran Jing
Adventure, Action, Family, Thriller, Romance, Drama, History
Daniel Lee, Alai, Ying Shang
Mount Everest, Paandangze, Qomolangma, The Climbers, クライマーズ, Pandengzhe, Climbers
May 1960. Mount Everest, the second step under the cliff. The four members of the China Everest Climbing Commando are attacking the most difficult and most difficult "second step". This is their fifth assault. The first four failures have cost them too much physical strength - ...finally, the wind and snow stop the gap.
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22 customer reviews about action «Pan deng zhe»
William Kelley
A sweet story about the hardships of a girl in the wrong place, when she is adopted by the wealthy and powerful Duke of Wei. The Duke is the reincarnation of the last emperor and his wife has disappeared, so the girl's father decides to bring her back to the place where she was born. There, she is forced to grow up in a harsh environment, with no parents and little hope of getting any education. However, the Duke has a plan to teach her the way of the sword, and how to be a lady. As she grows up, she becomes an accomplished warrior, and it is up to the Duke to teach her to be a lady. As the Duke puts her to the test, the girl learns to be a lady, and becomes a capable warrior. The film is full of action and a nice story, which makes it a good film to watch.
First of all, I would like to say that I loved this film. I didn't see it in a theater, I saw it on DVD and it was great. I thought that the film was well directed, well acted, and very well written. I was surprised to see that this film was an adaptation of a book. The book was very good, I thought it was very dark and realistic, and I thought that it was a good idea to show the whole story from the point of view of the white people. It is a great film, and I would recommend it to anyone who likes historical films or if you just want to see a good movie.
Sunday, 03 Jan 2021 21:07
I really like the movie. The actors are great, the storyline is good and the music is good. The story is very similar to the book. The action scenes are great. The characters are very well done. The movie was very enjoyable. It has some funny parts. The movie is a good movie for people who want to see a movie and get some good entertainment. I hope this movie will become a classic and become a classic in the history of the movie industry.
Friday, 11 Dec 2020 20:30
The movie is not about the journey of the tiger, but about the journey of a mother and daughter. The mother is a social worker, who tries to understand her daughter's feelings. The daughter is a young woman who is an aspiring actress. The mother takes the daughter to a tour of the circus and, after some complications, they make it back home. The mother is a writer, who has a writer's block. The daughter is a model who is going to New York to study acting. This movie is the story of a mother and her daughter. The movie has a very good message. The mother is a social worker who is trying to understand her daughter's feelings. The mother wants to do something for her daughter, but the daughter is not able to do it. The mother wants to find a solution for the problem, but the daughter is not able to do it. This is a good message. This movie has good message.
Danielle Young
Wednesday, 18 Nov 2020 00:51
The first half of this movie was like watching a very long documentary, which is interesting to watch. The second half, however, became boring, and I was looking for something to happen. After the story about the "Fall of the Rabbit" and the Chinese spirit of revenge, it became very difficult to watch the story again. However, the movie was not a complete waste of time. I think it could have been better, but it was better than a 3 hour documentary. The special effects are not the best in the world, but they are not bad. The story is simple, but the way it is told is very good. I am not sure if I would watch it again. The music is great. I am not a big fan of the music, but the music of this movie is very good. I think that this is a movie that is better than "The Monkey King". I give it a 7/10.
I went into this film with very low expectations. My friend recommended it to me and I had heard it was a bit rubbish, but I'm glad I gave it a chance. The storyline was quite simple. A young Chinese girl (Wang) and her father (Chen) travel to the remote mountains of Tibet to find the legendary Seven Treasures. The journey takes a turn for the worse when the couple are attacked by bandits. The boy is taken to a village where he is subjected to horrible torture and has his ears cut off. He is later rescued by a Tibetan monk (Ving) who, along with his followers, help him escape the village. Along the way, the boy is taken into the care of a Chinese monk (Hsing) and the two travel through the snowy mountains. This film is not for everyone. If you are a fan of the sword and sorcery films, you may be disappointed. I don't think I could enjoy this film very much. The characters were not developed at all. They were just thrown in at the end without much development. However, this film is still an enjoyable film, it's just that I don't think I could enjoy it very much. The story is very simple and very boring. The characters are not very interesting and the story is just not that interesting. The story is not that good either. The actors were not very good. The boy was pretty bad at acting and he was not convincing. He was annoying. The girl was also not very good. She was not convincing. The boy was OK, but he did not have much to do in the film. The monk was not convincing either. He was just annoying. The little girl was OK, but she did not have much to do. Overall, this film is not very good. It's not that good, but it's not that bad either. I think that there is enough in the film to make it watchable for people who like sword and sorcery films. It's just not a very good film. I gave it a 7/10.
I was really looking forward to this movie, but it was a bit of a disappointment. I thought the story was going to be awesome and was pleasantly surprised. But the only thing that really made me think about this movie was that it was the first Chinese movie to have a character that is a very unique and original character. I also thought the actors did a great job. The acting was very good and you can really feel the emotions of each character. I really think this movie is a must see for any movie lover. If you are a fan of action movies, then this is definitely a movie you should check out. If you are a fan of fantasy movies, then this is definitely a movie you should check out.
Thursday, 05 Nov 2020 11:23
This movie is a great one. If you like fantasy, action, romance, etc. You will love this movie. This movie is about a girl named Dong-jin, who is taken to a mysterious island. She meets up with a young girl named Xiao Yi and a giant. The giant tells Dong-jin that she is special and that she must find her brother. She meets up with a group of people who were taken from a military camp. There is a villain named Jack who wants to kill Dong-jin. He wants to get her brother back. He also wants to be leader of a group of people. There is also a group of people who want to make sure that he doesn't get his brother back. They also want to be a part of a giant's tribe. The giant is very important to the story and he is very entertaining. The CGI is very good. There is one part in the movie that is very good and the CGI is very good. I give this movie a 9 out of 10.
Marie Murray
Das Miterer in the Forest of the Night (1999): Dir: James Wong / Cast: Chen Kaige, Lin Zhikai, Guan Chen, Kai Hu, Li Lu-Tung: Confusing, yet energetic and engaging film about the life of a young monk who is forced to serve the emperor in his quest to rid the world of evil spirits. He has been working for three years to uncover the source of evil. He goes into the forest to find the source. The film looks beautiful, but it is also slow, and the slow pace could have been used to its advantage. The film has a mixture of action and drama. Guan Chen has a great performance as the monk. He is well supported by the other cast members. Lin Zhikai has a small role as a monk who is close to the Emperor. Guan Chen's performance is the highlight of the film. Guan Chen has a cameo appearance. The ending is one of the best in the history of film. There is also a spiritual element to the film that is interesting and inspirational. Score: 7 / 10
Gregory N.
Saw this movie before I saw The Last Samurai and loved it. Is it better than The Last Samurai? I don't know, but it's a darn good movie. Great story, excellent characters and a nice tale, good thing about it is that, it's not only about fighting. It's about friendship, love, a lot of story, and a great atmosphere. The cinematography and scenes in the forest are great. The story is really good and I think this is the kind of movie that's not to be missed. It is definitely not my kind of movie, but it's good for a nice evening and for the kids and teenagers. It's not that simple, but I can't tell you how to say that I like this movie because I don't know any other kind.
A prince and his warrior become disenchanted with war and the military when they discover a large field where someone has been buried for decades and where an artifact may be buried with the remains. The prince is horrified to discover the two have found the same grave. The prince decides to leave and the warrior finds a way to rescue him. What I found most interesting about this movie is that despite the military nonsense, it was actually a very good, interesting film. I don't know if it was made for the specific reasons that it's titled, but the characters were developed very well. The romantic element was a nice touch and I really enjoyed the back and forth banter between the two. The battles are exciting and the action scenes are well done. I was impressed with the visual effects, especially the way the effects were used in the shots of the temple's new, beautiful areas. The setting of the temple and its surrounding was incredibly beautiful and this helped to show the simplicity of the god. I enjoyed the twist that was placed on the story. The ending was a bit of a letdown. The Prince and his Warrior find the same artifact, and he puts it into the temple's hand. I'm not a huge fan of having a "bad guy" do this, and the scene in the movie where the Prince begins to walk away with his hand on the artifact was a bit too much. Still, there are some great action scenes in the movie that makes up for it.
Lawrence A.
I was surprised with how well the movie was done, being a historical tale. I found that the movie was interesting to watch. It was about a bishan and her two sons, fighting for their land, the clan, and the land and people. The fight was very graphic and bloody. I was able to relate to the roles of the bishan, bishan's family and the clan. The bishan was really a pretty girl, but she was also pretty strong. She was not just fighting with her bishan brothers and sisters. She was fighting for her people. The bishan's family was pretty cool too. The bishan was fighting for her people, her people, and her land. I think that the movie really was pretty fun to watch. I really enjoyed it and found it to be a great movie.
Sean D.
A great story about the shifting tides and which way to go, who should live, who should die. After a period of murder, peace is declared by the Japanese Army. In a rice paddy, the 6th class, the five leaders of the two neighboring clans have an amiable talk, where it is decided that the chiefs will do their duty and refrain from killing. At this time, a tragic event occurs that unsettles the peace, and the Chinese Army and Japanese Army are both called upon to the border. The Border Patrol is made up of soldiers who patrol the border, and the 5 chiefs decide to join the Border Patrol. Soon, the 5 chief will have to kill 6 soldiers for their leader who is in a similar situation as the others. As we are introduced to the dark and hopeless world of the 5 chiefs and their five brothers and sisters, this movie is thrilling and realistic. It takes its time to get to the middle, and then it does not slow down until the end. The fight scenes are exciting, the acting is excellent, and the story is wonderful. The most amazing thing is that these battles, which are beautiful and unbelievable, are done by real soldiers.
Christine Stone
The only film I have seen from Chinese director Zhang Yimou, this film is unique. The film has some elements of Westerners in China, while also having elements of Chinese culture. The film is very different from all the other films of Zhang Yimou. As a filmmaker he is a very unique filmmaker. He keeps you interested until the end. I loved the way he had the audience not understand the subtitles, just like in his other films. I think that this film could be a good film for children. The film has a little of nudity, but not as much as in the other Zhang Yimou films. All in all, this is a must see.
Aaron Wade
The reason why this movie doesn't get 10 or even 9 stars is because it was very predictable. I didn't care for the characters that much because I could see they were fighting for no reason. Overall, I'd recommend watching it, but don't expect to be blown away. I'm rating this as a 7 because I still don't get why the movie gets so high praise. The acting is great, the cinematography is awesome, and the story is good, but most of all it's the characters. I still think that the characters are the weakest part of the film. The female lead is pretty much the only one that I can relate to. She is different from everyone else in that she didn't want to go to war, didn't go through the academy, didn't follow orders and fought for her country. I also felt that she was given the character of someone who is just a soldier. Even though her character is different, she is still a girl who doesn't want to be a soldier. The other characters are also basically the same, except for Chia and Wu, whose personalities I found really interesting. I like that they tried to make these characters that are different from everyone else in the world. Overall, I really enjoyed this movie, but I still don't think it's a movie I'd watch over and over. If you're looking for a fun, fast-paced action movie that is also a great drama, then this is the movie for you.
This is the second best Chinese movie I have seen, the first being "One Missed Call". This is a big movie, I could not think of it as a simple film. If you are like me and enjoy the thrill of watching dramatic, big-budget movies, you'll probably love this one. Not as much action as the other two, this one's a bit slow, but you still won't be bored. The story is about the Chinese emperor Hui-Dong, who was on his deathbed, but he had a friend. This friend, Han, goes to battle and helps to win the war. He takes the emperor's wife and finds a beautiful young woman, who is princess Jin. The princess goes into battle and the emperor is unable to fight, so he goes to war. This film is much different than the others in the first two and this is because this one's about the emperor's daughter. This film shows the struggle of the emperor to keep his daughter from falling in love with a prince, a prince that is not related to him. If he could defeat the prince, then his daughter would be safe, and so the story would end. The film ends in the emperor's palace and we find out that the emperor is not dead, but he is still weak. He is now a drunk, and he cannot fight. Jin shows up and tells him to go to the emperor's bed, and he takes a nap in the palace's hall. The next day, Han returns, with Jin, and they talk about everything and are a family. Han goes back to Hui-Dong, and tells him what he saw, and they become friends. The emperor learns that the prince of the capital is a young man who cannot fight, so he goes back to war. Han helps him, and we also see that the emperor is weak and cannot fight. The film ends with Han and Jin going to Hui-Dong's palace to talk to him, and the emperor then has a dream of his daughter. When the emperor wakes up, he discovers that Han and Jin are gone, and they are both dead. He goes to the palace, and finds Jin and Han's corpse. He awakes the princess, and we see her with a prince. The emperor leaves, and they watch their daughter transform into a beautiful woman. The princess and the prince become a couple, and the emperor gets a son. The emperor finally awakens the prince, and the prince has a son too, who he names Zhen. When the emperor and prince's son go to war, the emperor is not able to fight, and dies. The emperor and the prince marry and have a son. The emperor is now the emperor, and we see that Jin is now his wife, and the emperor is not able to fight anymore. He dies in the beginning of the third year, but Jin becomes his wife again. They get a daughter together, who becomes Jin. She becomes Jin's servant. She is now Hui-Dong's wife and the emperor's mother. Hui-Dong and Jin live together, and have a son. The film ends with the emperor passing the throne to Han. When the emperor dies, Han goes back to Hui-Dong. There he meets Jin and they marry. Jin and Hui-Dong become good friends. Hui-Dong's life
Evelyn Y.
I watched this film in Beijing last night and I couldn't stop thinking about it for days. It is definitely a fun film with lots of adventure and plenty of drama. China is a country of contrasts, though we are certainly not immune to the corruption that is rampant. The hero is this "what if" tough guy who always gets his man, the villain is this "how could you?" villian who gets his man and almost always gets his man. The two main characters have almost no lines in the film but their dialogs are very good. You can tell they have their own personalities and that there is a lot of inner conflict within the characters. It is interesting to see how much time the characters spend together and how they manage to bond. I loved the special effects used to portray the scenic landscape. They are spectacular and the red mist is very impressive. The fights are also very good, the horsemen make you feel like they are actual "movable objects" with a good performance from the rider. The other main actor, Pan Zhiyong (my favorite hero) also gave a good performance. I believe he did very well in his role. Overall, I think you can watch this film if you want to see a good martial arts movie with a lot of action and drama. I don't think you'll be disappointed. Good luck to everyone who enjoys this film!
Russell Tran
I've read many reviews that state they did not like the movie, and I've read some that say it was the best movie they ever saw. It is a good movie but there are parts of it that I don't think are that good. I think this is because the characters don't seem to be very deep, and also that they're somewhat one dimensional and their relationships feel like they should be more developed. In my opinion the three main characters are the three main characters and I think the movie could have benefited from having more depth to them. They're very interesting and the interactions with each other are fun and engaging but there are parts of the story that feel flat. The dragon was the most interesting and I liked how the dragon was able to communicate with the animals in order to save them. It's a very nice plot twist that I thought would have been better developed. The mother dragon was very interesting but I think it would have been a little more developed if she had some back story. There's a moment where she's in a trance and all she says is "I know" then the dragon says "I know that it's my mother" which is pretty interesting. I thought it could have been explored more. Overall the characters are very interesting and the plot twist at the end is good, but I would have liked to see more depth to the plot in order to make it more enjoyable. I think it's a good movie, I think it was well-done but it felt like a shallow movie.
Joseph K.
So, let's say this: Big Hero 6 was definitely not a bad movie, in fact it was the kind of movie that I had been waiting for. The ending was amazing, the story was incredibly good, and they even put in more of a drama than action. That's exactly what you get with this movie, except for one thing. It's really just a big superhero movie. When you have the Avengers and you have The Flash, they're really all really one character movie, and this one isn't that. It has some of the most amazing action sequences you've ever seen, and the story is actually well-written and just goes beyond what you'd expect from a superhero movie. There is nothing wrong with this movie. There are some things that are like a little too quick and some things that are kind of rushed and nothing feels rushed at all. I think that they were just trying to make this as the best superhero movie as possible, but they had more business to get to, and this movie just didn't measure up to their expectations.
To be honest, I am a bit skeptical about the negative comments and reviews. I love Bollywood movies but this movie has its flaws. For me, it is a bit over the top. At least that is how I personally felt. There is a sort of water and mud mixture in this movie which is quite comical at some parts. I agree with many of the positive reviews that it has an underlying message of family values and keeping the mother and father together. I also appreciate the film makers for trying to do a different kind of movie than others have done with herculean efforts. I just did not feel the same passion for the movie as I felt for some of the Bollywood movies. The story, though excellent and entertaining, lacks a little something. I did not feel the same passion and emotion towards the movie as I felt for some Bollywood movies. I feel the movie could have been much more captivating and more meaningful than it was. It is still a movie to me and I still think it is worth watching.
This film is a good one for kids. The plot is simple but the characters are very likable and there is plenty of action. It is a fairy tale, but very appealing to a child. In the olden days, if you wanted to be a princess, you had to wait until you were six or seven years old. Nowadays, we do not need to wait that long. Sometimes, we need to learn to fly in order to go to a different country. The problem with not having the right language, is that the children cannot speak French. As for the animals, they are really cute and well used. The high adventure, fun and adventure have been added into this wonderful film. One of the best family films I have seen in a long time.
Patricia Freeman
I have heard many of the criticism on this movie, and I don't know why. The movie in itself is fantastic. The effects are outstanding, and the action sequences are great. I wish the movie could have ended a little sooner, but I think the movie could have been longer. I would have liked to see more of the snowy forest, and more of the brave hero's journey. The love story between the girl and the man is good, but I would have liked more of the love story between the couple. The strength of the relationship between the characters is so strong, that it's hard to watch it without being moved by it. I really recommend this movie to anyone who likes fantasy, adventure, action, or love stories. You'll enjoy it.


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Hell-o, we are S.H.O.U.T and this is our first compilation album "Monster Madness" to celebrate 5 years and 5 albums, we wanted to do a compilation of the best songs,it includes 17 tracks which are recorded between 2013-2017,be sure to also check out our latest album The Curse!
Four super-rockers together to keep Rock'n'Roll alive.
Hi guys! We are Revel Mind from Finland. We have three members with female singer/bassist. So far we have released one EP and a single called 'Should i?', that you can listen to on Spotify!


At Protect-all, we have the unique ability to offer a line of stock printable laminating films, as well as custom printable topcoats. If your application requires a simple surface printed bar code, or a more detailed multicolor offset or screen printing, we have a film solution.
We can tailor a cost-effective printable surface treatment for your unique application. Printable films are offered in gloss, matte, silver, and holographic products. Contact your Protect-all representative for more details.


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Our Radio Rocks is the sixth single by PJ & Duncan and the last to be taken from their debut album Psyche. As a single, it was released on 13 February 1995. It reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart.

The music video shows the duo singing the song. Several scenes show dancers and a model of a transmitter atop a planet.

Chart performance

Weekly Charts

References
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kK9Bpc7zdQ
2. http://www.discogs.com/PJ-Duncan-AKA-Our-Radio-Rocks/release/1682902

1995 singles
Ant & Dec songs
Pop-rap songs
1995 songs
Telstar Records singles
Songs written by Nicky Graham
Songs written by Deni Lew

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Implementation of Electric Cars
November 16, 2015 July 8, 2019 Brad Kelechava Leave a comment
The most popular method of powering automobiles is and has been with gasoline-powered combustion engines, despite the many other potential power sources that could be used. Cars are a necessity in many locations throughout the world where public transportation is not viable, especially in the majority of the United States. However, there has been a great deal of concern raised about the dependence on oil, a nonrenewable natural resource that emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Combustion engines can still be utilized sustainably for some time into the future, but finding a long-term, cleaner source of energy for cars is ideal. An incredibly likely option for this is the electric car, which, despite being around for some time, has yet to gain immense popularity.
The onset of the electric car was back in the early 1830s, when Scottish inventor Robert Anderson invented the first crude electric carriage, which was powered by primary cells. The first practical electric car was created by American Thomas Davenport just after this time in 1835. Throughout the rest of the Nineteenth Century, different inventors and companies improved upon this type of vehicle, making 90 percent of the taxicabs in New York City in the year 1899 electric. However, in 1908, Henry Ford popularized the combustion engine automobile through the release of the first Model T. With gasoline-powered cars being more affordable and giving consumers the opportunity to travel long distances, the electric car ceased to be a viable product in the 1920s. Despite the fact that it is long estranged from mainstream inclusion into society, interest in the electric car has still been prevalent since this time, especially in the Twenty-First Century.
In terms of mileage, the majority of electric cars are incomparable with the current gasoline powered cars that are on the market. Several different car manufacturers have been producing electric cars for some time now, very few of which can exceed 90 miles of travel on a single charge. This gives them potential for city use, but for long trips on highways or out in the country, they are certainly not ideal. To assist with extended travel, a car such as the Chevy Volt and the Ford Fusion Energi can be operated with only an electric engine until the majority of the charge is used up, after which a combustible engine switches on and the automobile begins to drive as a hybrid. This style of automobile is more efficient than traditional combustion engines, but it still requires the use of gasoline to function. The 100 percent electric car with the greatest driving range is the Tesla Model S, which travels over 200 miles on a single charge.
The cost of electric cars has also delayed their widespread implementation. Most electric automobiles are priced slightly higher than their conventional counterparts are, so it can be difficult for a consumer to justify purchasing an electric car for the financial reason of saving money on gas. The Tesla, despite being able to travel considerable distances on single charge, ranges in price from $70,000-$105,000, which is far out of reach for the common person. For electric cars to become more popular, one of the greatest changes needed would be to lower the price.
Another issue is the aesthetics, since people will always want their cars to look nice and appealing to justify the significant sums of money that they are required to spend on them. This quality has been lacking in some hybrids and electric cars in the past several decades. However, newer electric cars have been modeled more after conventional cars, which allows them to bear the same qualities as automobiles that are admired for their looks. A significant aspect of the design of Tesla automobiles was the inspiration from Lotus Cars. Elon Musk, the mind behind Tesla, is so obsessed with Lotus that he paid almost $1 million for the James Bond Lotus Espirit submarine car from the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me and modeled the Tesla after the cars that he admires. By using a style that has already been popular for its aesthetics, Musk ensured that his electric car has physical appeal to his consumers.
Standards for electric vehicles, addressing terminology and specifications for vehicle design, are available on the ANSI Webstore.
Electric and Natural Gas Vehicles Vehicles
ISO 26262:2018 – Road Vehicles Functional Safety Standards
Electric Cars: There Are Still Few, But the Future is Hopeful
2018 Canadian Electrical Code Released
CISPR 25 Ed. 4.0 b:2016: Corrigendum to the On-Board Receivers Standard
ANSI/ASSE Z15.1-2017: Safe Practices for Motor Vehicle Operations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hilary Hires Own Intern For Pall-Ex
Entrepreneur Hilary Devey is leading by example by appointing a contestant from her Channel 4 show The Intern to the marketing division at Pall-Ex.
Hilary invited former restaurant waitress Alexzandra Worthington to join the team at her European palletised freight network after she made a big impression on the business guru during filming.
Viewers saw Alexzandra, from Parbold near Wigan, battling it out with two other candidates in the final episode of The Intern for a job at publishing giant Mills & Boon. Despite not winning the position, Hilary saw a great deal of potential in 22-year-old Alexzandra:
"If I'm honest, I saw a little bit of myself in her," commented Hilary. "She displayed the same determination and tenacity that I had to have when setting up Pall-Ex. Alex also has a spark that makes her instantly memorable and likeable, a great trait for a role in marketing, and I knew she would be the perfect fit with my team.
"Filming The Intern showed me just how many talented youngsters are out there fighting to get a foot on the career ladder. It's such a competitive marketplace and I'm thrilled to be in a position to be able to help people like Alexzandra and give them the break they deserve."
For Alexzandra, taking part in the show has been a life changing experience:
"It sounds like a cliché, but it really has been," said Alexzandra. "Despite not getting the original job, it has worked out much better than I ever imagined.
"If I'm honest, my heart has always been set on a marketing and events role, so when Hilary offered me the job I couldn't have been happier. Relocating to Leicestershire has been a big change, but well worth it.
"Before The Intern came along, I was waitressing through necessity. I knew I had much more to give and was determined to prove myself. The current jobs market is tough and many people of my age are struggling. It goes to show that you have to persevere and have confidence in your own skills."
Alexzandra's new role as marketing trainee will see her working alongside the existing marketing team at Pall-Ex, supporting the efforts of UK members, as well as helping to launch the firm's growing number of European networks, including Pall-Ex France and Pall-Ex Polska.
Further details on Pall-Ex can be found at www.pallex.co.uk
Image: Hilary Devey with Alexzandra Worthington (far right) and her fellow contestants on The Intern.
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Golden era of swimming recalled
The 1950s are often regarded as the golden era of Australian swimming.
Recently the National Film and Sound Archive received a donation of rare film footage of swimmers at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games at Vancouver in 1954. It includes local swimmers Lorraine Crapp (now Lorraine Thurlow) and Jon Henricks.
The local Concord community contributed to a fund to send swimmers Jon Hendricks and Lorraine Crapp and oarsman David Anderson to the Vancouver Games. Lorraine Crapp, who was just 15 years old at the time, won the 110-yard and 440-yard gold medals at Vancouver. Upon their return from the Games there was a special civic reception for the three athletes at Concord Council Chambers (at that time situated on Burwood Road, Concord). The photograph shows Lorraine Crapp, wearing the official Games uniform, with David Anderson following. The girls acting as a guard of honour are swimmers from the Cabarita Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club of which Lorraine was a member. More images of the civic reception can be seen on flickr.
All three athletes went on to participate in the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne with both Lorraine Crapp and Jon Henricks winning gold medals.
Posted in Cabarita, Concord
Tags: Cabarita Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club, Canada bay Connections, City of Canada Bay, Commonwealth Games, Concord, Empire Games Vancouver, swimming
Local club made a big splash
In the early 1950s the Cabarita Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club had a big impact on Australian women's swimming.
The club was founded by Lesley Thicknesse who had been a diver at the Empire (now Commonwealth) Games in London in 1934. Her three daughters Janet, Val and Pam along with Lorraine and Thelma Crapp were among the first members of the club. Based at Cabarita Baths (now Cabarita Swimming Centre), six members of the club were part of the Australian team at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne.
In view of the regimens of today's elite swimmers, it's interesting to reflect on training 1950s style. Winter calisthenics classes were held on the backyard lawn of the Thicknesse family home. Participants were reminded to 'bring a rug or small blanket'. However, training was under the guidance of Frank Guthrie, one of the great coaches of the period, who helped Lorraine Crapp achieve enormous success in the pool.
The photograph shows Pat Huntingford and Lorraine Crapp participating in a Cabarita Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club calisthenics class in 1955.
City of Canada Bay is hosting a family fun day at Bayview Park, Concord on Saturday, 21 March 2015, 12noon – 4pm as part of the Parramatta River Catchment Group – Our Living River initiative, to make the Parramatta swimmable again. Come along, it's free!
Posted in Cabarita
Tags: Cabarita, Cabarita Baths, Cabarita Ladies' Amateur Swimming Club, Canada bay Connections, City of Canada Bay, Concord-Cabarita Coronation Baths, Lorraine Crapp, Parramatta River, swimming, swimming pools


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Short for International Labour Organisation, founded in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, which created the League of Nations. In 1946, it became the first specialised agency of the UN. Based in Geneva, it formulates international LABOUR standards, setting out desired minimum rights for workers: freedom of association; the right to organise and engage in collective bargaining; equality of opportunity and treatment; and the abolition of forced labour. It also compiles international labour statistics. One reason for its formation was the hope that international labour standards would stop countries using lower standards to gain a COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE. From the 1980s onwards, the ILO approach came under attack as attention turned to the costs of high labour standards, notably slower economic GROWTH. Universal minimum labour standards might also work against FREE TRADE. Imposing rich-country labour standards on poorer countries might help keep the rich rich and the poor poor.
Short for International Monetary Fund, referee and, when the need arises, rescuer of the world's FINANCIAL SYSTEM. The IMF was set up in 1944 at BRETTON WOODS, along with the WORLD BANK, to supervise the newly established fixed EXCHANGE RATE system. After this fell apart in 1971-73, the IMF became more involved with its member countries' economic policies, doling out advice on FISCAL POLICY and MONETARY POLICY as well as microeconomic changes such as PRIVATISATION, of which it became a forceful advocate. In the 1980s, it played a leading part in sorting out the problems of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES' mounting DEBT. More recently, it has several times co-ordinated and helped to finance assistance to countries with a currency crisis.
The Fund has been criticised for the CONDITIONALITY of its support, which is usually given only if the recipient country promises to implement IMF-approved economic reforms. Unfortunately, the IMF has often approved 'one size fits all' policies that, not much later, turned out to be inappropriate. It has also been accused of creating MORAL HAZARD, in effect encouraging governments (and FIRMS, BANKS and other investors) to behave recklessly by giving them reason to expect that if things go badly the IMF will organise a bail-out. Indeed, some financiers have described an INVESTMENT in a financially shaky country as a 'moral-hazard play' because they were so confident that the IMF would ensure the safety of their MONEY, one way or another. Following the economic crisis in Asia during the late 1990s, and again after the crisis in Argentina early in this decade, some policymakers argued (to no avail) for the IMF to be abolished, as the absence of its safety net would encourage more prudent behaviour all round. More sympathetic folk argued that the IMF should evolve into a global LENDER OF LAST RESORT.
See MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION and OLIGOPOLY.
Purchases of foreign goods and SERVICES; the opposite of EXPORTS.
The flow of MONEY to the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: WAGES to LABOUR; PROFIT to ENTERPRISE and CAPITAL; INTEREST also to capital; RENT to LAND. Wages left for spending after paying taxes is known as disposable INCOME. For countries, see NATIONAL INCOME.
A change in the DEMAND for a good or service caused by a change in the INCOME of consumers rather than, say, a change in consumer tastes. Contrast with SUBSTITUTION EFFECT.
A much-loathed method of TAXATION based on earnings. It was first collected in 1797 by the Dutch Batavian Republic. In the UK it was introduced in 1799 as a "temporary" measure to finance a war against Napoleon, abolished in 1816 and reintroduced, forever, in 1842. In most countries, people do not pay it until their INCOME exceeds a minimum threshold, and richer people pay a higher rate of income tax than poorer people. Since the 1980s, the unpopularity with voters of high rates of income tax and concern that high rates discourage valuable economic activity have led many governments to reduce income-tax rates. However, this has not necessarily reduced the amount of total revenue collected in income tax (see LAFFER CURVE). Nor do governments that have reduced income tax rates always cut other sorts of taxes; on the contrary, they have often increased them sharply to make up for any revenue lost as a result of lower rates of income tax.
The importance of being there already. FIRMS that are in a market can have a significant COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE over aspiring entrants to that market, for instance, through having the opportunity to erect barriers to entry. (See FIRST-MOVER ADVANTAGE.)
Economists love to compile indices aggregating lots of individual data, so they can analyse broad trends in the behaviour of an economy. INFLATION is measured by an index of consumer (retail) PRICES. There are indices of all sorts of things that are bought and sold of which perhaps the best known are share price indices like the Dow Jones Industrial Average or FTSE-100. The main challenges in compiling an index are what, exactly, to include in it and what weight to give the different things that are included. A particularly tricky question is how to change an index over time. Measures of inflation are based on the price of a basket of things bought by a typical consumer. As the quality and choice of products in the basket change over time, the inflation index ought to take this into account. How, exactly, is much debated.
Keeping pace with INFLATION. In many countries, WAGES, pensions, UNEMPLOYMENT benefits and some other sorts of INCOME are automatically raised according to recent movements in the consumer PRICE index. This allows these different sorts of income to retain their value in REAL TERMS.
A curve that joins together different combinations of goods and SERVICES that would each give the consumer the same amount of satisfaction (UTILITY). In other words, consumers are indifferent to which of the combinations they get.
Taxes that do not come straight out of a person's pay packet or ASSETS, or out of company PROFIT. For example, a CONSUMPTION tax, such as VALUE-ADDED tax (see EXPENDITURE TAX). Contrast with DIRECT TAXATION, such as INCOME TAX. Indirect taxation has become increasingly popular with politicians because it may be less noticeable to people paying it than income tax and is harder to avoid paying.
When the SUPPLY or DEMAND for something is insensitive to changes in another variable, such as PRICE. (See ELASTICITY.)
Does economic GROWTH create more or less equality? Do unequal societies grow more or less slowly than equal ones? Economists have debated these questions for as long as anyone can remember. One problem is to agree which sort of inequality matters: equality of outcome (that is, INCOME) or of opportunity? Another is how then to measure it. Equality of opportunity, which, in theory, should make a difference to growth, because it is about giving people the chance to make the most of their HUMAN CAPITAL, is probably beyond the ability of statisticians to analyse rigorously. The most often used measure of income inequality is the GINI COEFFICIENT.
The evidence suggests that extreme poverty is more likely to slow growth than income inequality itself. This is because very poor people cannot buy the education they need to enable them to become richer and their children may be forced to forgo schooling in order to work for money.
Economic growth has generally reduced inequality within a country. This has been partly as a result of redistributive tax and benefits systems, which have become so significant that they may now be causing slower growth in some countries. The availability of WELFARE benefits may have discouraged unemployed people from seeking out a better job; and the high taxes needed to pay for the benefits may have discouraged some wealthy people from working as hard as they would have done under a friendlier tax regime. However, the NEW ECONOMY may see inequality in rich countries widen again, thanks to its alleged WINNER-TAKES-ALL distribution of financial rewards.
Products that are less in demand as consumers get richer. For NORMAL GOODS, DEMAND increases as consumers have more to spend.
Rising PRICES, across the board. Inflation means less bang for your buck, as it erodes the purchasing power of a unit of currency. Inflation usually refers to CONSUMER PRICES, but it can also be applied to other prices (wholesale goods, WAGES, ASSETS, and so on). It is usually expressed as an annual percentage rate of change on an INDEX NUMBER. For much of human history inflation has not been an important part of economic life. Before 1930, prices were as likely to fall as rise during any given year, and in the long run these ups and downs usually cancelled each other out. By contrast, by the end of the 20th century, 60-year-old Americans had seen prices rise by over 1,000% during their lifetime. The most spectacular period of inflation in industrialised countries took place during the 1970s, partly as a result of sharp increases in oil prices implemented by the OPEC CARTEL. Although these countries have mostly regained control over inflation since the 1980s, it continued to be a source of serious problems in many DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
Inflation would not do much damage if it were predictable, as everybody could build into their decision making the prospect of higher prices in future. In practice, it is unpredictable, which means that people are often surprised by price increases. This reduces economic efficiency, not least because people take fewer risks to minimise the chances of suffering too severely from a PRICE SHOCK. The faster the rate of inflation, the harder it is to predict future inflation. Indeed, this uncertainty can cause people to lose confidence in a currency as a store of value. This is why HYPER-INFLATION is so damaging.
Most economists agree that an economy is most likely to function efficiently if inflation is low. Ideally, MACROECONOMIC POLICY should aim for stable prices. Some economists argue that a low level of inflation can be a good thing, however, if it is a result of INNOVATION. New products are launched at high prices, which quickly come down through COMPETITION. Most economists reckon that DEFLATION (falling AVERAGE prices) is best avoided.
To keep inflation low you need to know what causes it. Economists have plenty of theories but no absolutely cast-iron conclusions. Inflation, Milton FRIEDMAN once said, 'is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon'. Monetarists reckon that to stabilise prices the rate of GROWTH of the MONEY SUPPLY needs to be carefully controlled. However, implementing this has proven difficult, as the relationship between measures of the money supply identified by monetarists and the rate of inflation has typically broken down as soon as policymakers have tried to target it. KEYNESIAN economists believe that inflation can occur independently of monetary conditions. Other economists focus on the importance of institutional factors, such as whether the INTEREST RATE is set by politicians or (preferably) by an independent CENTRAL BANK, and whether that central bank is set an inflation target.
Is there a relationship between inflation and the level of UNEMPLOYMENT? In the 1950s, the PHILLIPS CURVE seemed to indicate that policymakers could trade off higher inflation for lower unemployment. Later experience suggested that although inflating the economy could lower unemployment in the short run, in the long run you ended up with unemployment at least as high as before and rising inflation as well. Economists then came up with the idea of the NAIRU (non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment), the rate of unemployment below which inflation would start to accelerate. However, in the late 1990s, in both the United States and the UK, the unemployment rate fell well below what most economists thought was the NAIRU yet inflation did not pick up. This caused some economists to argue that technological and other changes wrought by the NEW ECONOMY meant that inflation was dead. Traditionalists said it was merely resting.
The goal of monetary policy in many countries is to ensure that inflation is neither too high nor too low. It became fashionable during the 1990s to set a country's central bank an explicit rate of inflation to target. By 1998, some 54 central banks had an inflation target, compared with just eight at the end of 1990, the year in which New Zealand's Reserve Bank became the first to be set a target. In most industrialised countries, the target, or, typically, the mid-point of a target range, for consumer-price inflation is between 1% and 2.5%. The reason it is not zero is that official price indices overstate inflation, and that the countries would prefer a little inflation to any deflation.
Monetary poilcy takes time to have an impact. So central banks usually base their policy changes on a forecast of inflation, not its current rate. If forecast inflation in two years' time, say, is above the target, interest rates are raised. If it is below target, rates are cut.
Why have an inflation target? Setting an inflation target usually goes hand-in-hand with allowing a central bank considerable discretion in setting policy, so transparency in its decision-making is vital and is therefore usually increased as part of the process of adopting a target. More fundamentally, by making it easier to judge whether policy is on track, an inflation target makes it easier to hold a central bank to account for its performance. The pay of central bankers can be designed to reward them for achieving the target. But some central bankers argue that an inflation target restricts their policy flexibility too much, which is one reason why the world's most powerful central bank, America's Federal Reserve, has argued (so far successfully) against having one.
The oil that keeps the economy working smoothly. Economic EFFICIENCY is likely to be greatest when information is comprehensive, accurate and cheaply available. Many of the problems facing economies arise from people making decisions without all the information they need. One reason for the failure of the COMMAND ECONOMY is that GOVERNMENT planners were not good at gathering and processing information. Adam SMITH's metaphor of the INVISIBLE HAND is all about how, in many cases, free markets are much more efficient at processing information on the needs of all the participants in an economy than is the visible, and often dead, hand of state planners. ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, when one party to a deal knows more than the other party, can be a serious source of inefficiency and MARKET FAILURE. Uncertainty can also impose large economic costs. The internet, by greatly increasing the availability and lowering the price of information, is helping to boost economic efficiency. But there are inefficiencies the internet will not be able to solve. Uncertainty will remain a huge source of economic inefficiency. Alas, potentially the most useful information, about what will happen in the future, is never available until it is too late.
The economic arteries and veins. Roads, ports, railways, airports, power lines, pipes and wires that enable people, goods, commodities, water, energy and INFORMATION to move about efficiently. Increasingly, infrastructure is regarded as a crucial source of economic COMPETITIVENESS. INVESTMENT in infrastructure can yield unusually high returns because it increases people's choices: of where to live and work, what to consume, what sort of economic activities to carry out, and of other people to communicate with. Some parts of a country's infrastructure may be a NATURAL MONOPOLY, such as water pipes. Others, such as traffic lights, may be PUBLIC GOODS. Some may have a NETWORK EFFECT, such as telephone cables. Each of these factors has encouraged GOVERNMENT provision of infrastructure, often with the familiar downsides of state intervention: bad planning, inefficient delivery and CORRUPTION.
A vital contributor to economic GROWTH. The big challenge for FIRMS and governments is to make it happen more often. Although nobody is entirely sure why innovation takes place, new theories of ENDOGENOUS growth try to model the innovation process, rather than just assume it happens for unexplained, EXOGENOUS reasons. The role of incentives seems to be particularly important. Although some innovations are the result of scientists and others engaged in the noble pursuit of knowledge, most, especially their commercial applications, are the result of entrepreneurs seeking PROFIT. Joseph SCHUMPETER, a leading practitioner of AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS, described this as a process of 'creative destruction'. A firm innovates successfully and is rewarded with unusually high profits, which in turn encourages rivals to come up with a superior innovation.
To encourage innovation, innovators must be allowed to make a decent profit, otherwise they will not incur the RISK and expense of trying to come up with useful innovations. Most countries have PATENTS and other laws protecting intellectual property, which allow innovators to enjoy a (usually temporary) MONOPOLY over their innovation. Economists disagree over how long that protection should last, given the inefficiencies that result from any monopoly.
For most of the second half of the 20th century, governments played a crucial role in funding and directing pure research and early-stage development. In the 1980s, however, legal changes in the United States started to reduce this role. One change aimed to move technological development out of the country's state-financed national laboratories. Another allowed universities, not-for-profit research institutes and small businesses doing research under government contract to keep the technologies they had developed and to apply for patents in their own names. This appears to have contributed to a surge in innovation in the United States, as government researchers and university professors teamed up with outside FIRMS, or started their own. Hoping for similar results, many other countries have followed suit.
Is innovation all it is cracked up to be, or is it just change for change's sake? A few years ago, Robert Solow, a Nobel prize-winning economist, observed that 'you can see the computer age everywhere these days except in the PRODUCTIVITY statistics'. Although new computer technology clearly had affected people and firms in visible and obvious ways, the slowdown in productivity growth that had afflicted the American economy since the 1970s did not appear to have been reversed. Believers in the NEW ECONOMY argued that the 'Solow Paradox' no longer holds true; in the late 1990s, the computer revolution started to deliver the productivity growth long promised. Even so, this shows that innovation can take a long time to deliver the goods.
A practice that was made illegal in the United States in 1934 and in the UK in 1980, and is now banned (for SHARES, at least) in most countries. Insider trading involves using INFORMATION that is not in the public domain but that will move the PRICE of a share, BOND or currency when it is made public. An insider trade takes place when someone with privileged, confidential access to that information trades to take advantage of the fact that prices will move when the news gets out. This is frowned on because investors may lose confidence in FINANCIAL MARKETS if they see insiders taking advantage of advantageous ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION to enrich themselves at the expense of outsiders. But some economists reckon that insider trading leads to more efficient markets: by transmitting the inside information to the market, it makes the price of, say, a company's shares more accurate. This may be true, but most financial regulators are willing to sacrifice a degree of accuracy in pricing to ensure that outsiders (the great majority of investors) feel they are being treated fairly.
See EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS.
The big hitters of the FINANCIAL MARKETS: pension funds, fund-management companies, INSURANCE companies, investment BANKS, HEDGE FUNDS, charitable endowment trusts. In the United States, around half of publicly traded SHARES are owned by institutions and half by individual investors. In the UK, institutions own over two-thirds of listed shares. This gives them considerable clout, including the ability to move the PRICES in financial markets and to call company bosses to account. But because institutions mostly invest other people's MONEY, they are themselves prone to AGENCY COSTS, sometimes acting against the best long-term interests of the people who trust them with their SAVINGS.
In economic terms, anything used to reduce the downside of RISK. In its most familiar form, insurance is provided through a policy purchased from an insurance company. But a fuller definition would also include, say, a financial SECURITY (or anything else) used to HEDGE, as well as assistance available in the event of disaster. It could even be provided by the GOVERNMENT, in various ways, including WELFARE payments to sick or poor people and legal protection from CREDITORS in the event of BANKRUPTCY.
Conventional insurance works by pooling the risks of many people (or FIRMS, and so on), all of whom might claim but in practice only a few actually do. The cost of providing assistance to those that claim is spread over all the potential claimants, thus making the insurance affordable to all.
Despite the enormous attraction of insurance, private markets in insurance often work badly, or not at all. Economists have identified three main reasons for this.
Private firms are unwilling to provide insurance if they are uncertain about the likely cost of providing sufficient cover, especially if it is potentially unlimited.
MORAL HAZARD means that people with insurance may take greater risks because they know they are protected, so the insurer may get a bigger bill than it bargained for.
Insurers are at risk of ADVERSE SELECTION. The people who are most likely to claim buy insurance, and those who are least likely to claim do not buy it. In this situation, setting a PRICE for insurance that will generate enough premiums to cover all claims is tricky, if not impossible.
Insurers have found ways of reducing the impact of these problems. For example, to counter adverse selection, they set higher health-insurance rates for people who smoke. To limit moral hazard, they offer reduced premiums to people who agree to pay the first so-many dollars or pounds of any claim.
An efficient system of insurance, in its broadest sense, can contribute to economic GROWTH by encouraging entrepreneurial risk taking and by enabling people to choose which risks they take and which they protect themselves against.
Valuable things, even though you cannot drop them on your foot - an idea, say, especially one protected by a PATENT; an effective corporate culture; HUMAN CAPITAL; a popular brand. Contrast with TANGIBLE ASSETS.
The part of a country's or a firm's CAPITAL or an individual's HUMAN CAPITAL that consists of ideas rather than something more physical. It can often be protected through PATENTS or other intellectual property laws.
The cost of borrowing, which compensates lenders for the RISK they take in making their money available to borrowers. Without interest there would be little lending and thus a lot less economic activity. The charging of interest is contrary to Sharia (Islamic) law, being considered USURY. Some American states also have usury laws, imposing tough conditions on the terms set by lenders, although not actually prohibiting interest. Yet, as the recent rise of a substantial banking industry in Islamic Middle Eastern countries shows, when economic GROWTH is a priority, ways can usually be found to pay lenders to lend.
INTEREST is usually expressed at an annual rate: the amount of interest that would be paid during a year divided by the amount of money loaned. Developed economies offer many different interest rates, reflecting the length of the loan and the riskiness and wealth of the borrower. People often use the term 'interest rate' when they mean the short-term interest rate charged to BANKS. For instance, when a CENTRAL BANK raises or cuts interest rates, it changes only the PRICE it charges to banks borrowing money overnight, expressed as an annual rate. BOND YIELDS are a better measure of the interest rate on loans that do not have to be repaid for many years. Unlike short-term interest rates, bond yields are determined not by central bankers but by the SUPPLY and DEMAND for MONEY, which is heavily influenced by the expected rate of INFLATION.
A helping hand for poor countries from rich countries. This, at least, is the intention. In practice, in many cases aid has done little good for its intended recipients (improved health care is a notable exception) and has sometimes made matters worse. Poor countries that receive lots of aid grow no faster, on average, than those that receive very little. By contrast, perhaps the most successful aid programme ever - the MARSHALL PLAN for rebuilding Europe after the second world war - involved rich countries giving to other hitherto rich countries.
During the second half of the 20th century rich countries gave over $1 trillion in aid to poor ones. During the 1990s, however, flows of official aid stagnated. In 2001, official aid was a little over $50 billion, roughly one quarter of the GDP of donor countries. On top of this were private-sector donations from NGOs (non-government organisations) worth an estimated $6 billion. Increasingly, such sums were exceeded by private FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT. In an attempt to reinvigorate international aid, in 2000 the UN committed itself to eight ambitious Millennium Development Goals for reducing global poverty by 2015.
Why has aid achieved so little? Donations have often ended up in the OFFSHORE BANK accounts of corrupt politicians and officials in poor countries. MONEY has often been given with strings attached, so that much of this 'tied' aid is spent on companies and corrupt politicians and officials in the donor country. War has ravaged many potentially beneficial aid projects. Moreover, some aid has been motivated by political goals - for example, shoring up anti-communist governments - rather than economic ones.
The lesson of history is that aid will often be wasted unless it is carefully aimed at countries with a genuine commitment to sound economic management. Analysis by the WORLD BANK sorted 56 aid-receiving countries by the quality of their economic management. Those with good policies (low INFLATION, a BUDGET surplus and openness to trade) and good institutions (little CORRUPTION, strong rule of law, effective bureaucracy) benefited from the aid they received. Those with poor policies and institutions did not. This accounts for the growing popularity of CONDITIONALITY in aid.
See ILO.
See IMF.
See FREE TRADE.
When CENTRAL BANKS try to influence an EXCHANGE RATE by buying the currency they want to appreciate and selling the one they want to weaken. The evidence seems to suggest that it is at best a short-term measure. In the longer term, governments probably do not have the resources to beat MARKET FORCES.
Putting MONEY to work, in the hope of making even more money. Investment takes two main forms: direct spending on buildings, machinery and so forth, and indirect spending on financial SECURITIES, such as BONDS and SHARES.
Traditionally, economic theory says that a country's total investment must equal its total SAVINGS. But this has never been true in the short run and, as a result of GLOBALISATION, may never be even in the long run, as countries with low savings can attract investment from overseas and foreign savers lacking opportunities at home can invest abroad (see FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT).
The more of its GDP a country invests, the faster its economy should grow. This is why GOVERNMENTS try so hard to increase total investment, for instance, using tax breaks and subsidies, or direct PUBLIC SPENDING on INFRASTRUCTURE. However, recent evidence suggests that the best way to encourage private-sector investment is to pursue stable macroeconomic policies, with low INFLATION, low INTEREST RATES and low rates of TAXATION. Curiously, economic studies have not found evidence that higher levels of investment lead to higher rates of GDP GROWTH. One explanation for this is that the circumstances and manner in which money is invested count at least as much as the total sums invested. It ain't how much you do, it's the way that you do it.
Adam SMITH's shorthand for the ability of the free market to allocate FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, goods and SERVICES to their most valuable use. If everybody acts from self-interest, spurred on by the PROFIT motive, then the economy will work more efficiently, and more productively, than it would do were economic activity directed instead by some sort of central planner. It is, wrote Smith, as if an 'invisible hand' guides the actions of individuals to combine for the common good. Smith recognised that the invisible hand was not infallible, however, and that some GOVERNMENT action might be needed, such as to impose ANTITRUST laws, enforce PROPERTY RIGHTS, and to provide policing and national defence.
EXPORTS and IMPORTS of things you cannot touch or see: SERVICES, such as banking or advertising and other intangibles, such as copyrights. Invisible trade accounts for a growing slice of the value of world trade.
Investment from abroad; the opposite of OUTWARD INVESTMENT (see FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT).
Essential Economics
Economics A-Z is adapted from "Essential Economics", by Matthew Bishop - Bloomberg Press; Economist Books.
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After months of planning and many years of hoping, Gundersen St. Joseph's officially broke ground on Oct. 18 for their new 64,000 square foot hospital and clinic.
It was standing room only as over 200 community members converged at the site of the new facility on Water Avenue to be part of the historic event which was broadcast live on Facebook.
Guests were welcomed by Gundersen St. Joseph's mascot, Joe the Bald Eagle, and handed a commemorative spirit level, a keepsake for this very special day. Guests were also asked to sign pebbles as a "guestbook." These pebbles will be placed in a vase and displayed in the new facility as recognition to all who helped break ground.
The proceedings began with a welcome by Jim Mlsna, chairman of the Board of Directors for Gundersen St. Joseph's Hospital and Clinics. Mlsna gave an emotional speech which talked about the difficulties the organization faced before the affiliation with Gundersen Health System. Mlsna also noted that the staff has worked hard to over-come challenges and are now recognized as one of the top 20 critical access hospitals in the nation for quality.
Mlsna then introduced Danni Gearhart, CEO of Gundersen St. Joseph's Hospital and Clinics, who recognized the support from the community, local and regional elected officials, present and former St. Joe's staff and those who "came before us." "These groups have been the life and have provided the inspiration and passion for Gundersen St. Joseph's since our Hospital was first built. This passion burns as bright today as it did 65 years ago," said Gearhart. "You may have heard me talk about making positive "ripples" in the community. Your support – the community's support – of this project provides the biggest ripples of all. These ripples impact care well beyond our walls. Your support will make a difference for healthier patients, healthier staff and a healthier community."
Gearhart was followed by Scott Rathgaber, MD, CEO of Gundersen Health System, who echoed the dedication of the staff who has "kept this place alive and kept the quality high" which has allowed them to invest in a building that "matches the excellence of the people who work here." Rathgaber also spoke to the system's dedication to "providing [patients] the services they need where they live." "This new facility symbolizes our commitment to future generations who aren't even here yet… and the health of our communities."
Dr. Rathgaber was followed by David Prechel, a local businessman and co-chair of the campaign steering committee tasked with raising funds to support the construction project. Prechel provided an update on the status of the capital campaign. "We started with the employees of Gundersen St. Joseph's," Prechel began. "So far, the staff have raised over $99,000," to which the crowd responded with applause. Prechel continued by identifying groups that had contributed to the campaign including St. Joseph's leadership, St. Joseph's Memorial Foundation, St. Joseph's board of directors, St. Joseph's medical staff and members of the campaign steering committee. "Today I'm proud to stand here and say we've reached $1.4 million so far," Prechel concluded, to applause from the crowd.
Prechel then invited John Weger, chairman of St. Joseph's Memorial Foundation, to recognize donors who had pledged over $50,000. This included the Hillsboro Lions, David and Nancy Prechel and the St. Joseph's Memorial Foundation. Weger also payed homage to the late Lloyd and Elsie Glebe. Lloyd Glebe was a resident in the nursing home who passed away in March 2007. Upon his passing, Glebe left a significant gift to the St. Joseph's Memorial Foundation with the wish that it be used for the building of a new facility. Weger announced that Glebe's gift was used to purchase the property to the east of the current facility and that it was "so fitting that the ground we're about to break is the ground that his gift made possible."
Mlsna then invited former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson to say a few words. Gov. Thompson gave a passionate speech about his love of rural healthcare and the "tremendous need in rural hospitals like St. Joe's." Gov. Thompson mentioned that he had three children born in Gundersen St. Joseph's hospital and described the hospital as a "beacon of hope and opportunity." "I believe in this hospital and I believe in rural health," said Thompson. "And I believe that we're going to have a great hospital and a great lake!"
Ground was broken by leadership of Gundersen St. Joseph's and Gundersen Health System followed by members of the board of directors, St. Joseph's Memorial Foundation, elected officials, staff and community members.
Those in attendance included community members, past and current clinic and hospital staff and leaders, and local and regional elected officials.
About 15 minutes after the end of the celebration, crews began surveying the site and excavators were delivered the day after.
The project is expected to take 18-24 months with an additional six months for demolition of the current facility which was built in 1953.


Compound Eye /I by Kirsten Berg – Photo by Kirsten Berg.
Burning Man 2015. Artist and designer Kirsten Berg presents Compound Eye /I a totemic installation featuring multifaceted mirrored orbs that stare back at those who look into them. The sculpture reflects the viewers' innerself with its many eyes like a giant insect.
Compound Eye /I by Kirsten Berg – Photo by Tray Ratcliff.
RELATED STORY: ArchiPanic is on its way to turn visionary architectures into coal at Burning Man 2015 in Nevada's Black Rock desert. The epic festival that gathers free spirits from all over the planet will go on show from august 30 to september 7. Click on the picture and have look at our architectural preview.
"The Arbour" temporary cathedral by Josh Haywood, Burning Man 2015 – Courtesy of Josh Haywood.
Compound Eye/I is composed of mirrored spheres surfaced with hundreds o lens-like convex mirrors. The orbs are stack one on top of the other referencing the compound eyes of insects. The installation resembles a Buddha head or Mandelbrot fractal.
Compound Eye/I by Kirsten Berg – Photo by Philipe Glade.
Kirsten Berg says "As we circle around it, reflected lights follow our movement… as if we are being watched. Looking into the shifting centers of the glistening lenses, we meet our own gaze. As we realize it is the act of sight and engagement of our own form that animates these pupils, our sense of separate-ness from the art is challenged".
Compound Eye/I by Kirsten Berg – Photo by Jim Hammer.
The eye as an instrument of reflection merges with the 'I' as an object of reflection. Boundaries blur between perspectives of inner and outer, personal and collective. The result is a picture of interconnected reflections "with us as facets of a greater, compound, "I" or eye" – comments the artist.
Kirsten Berg lives in Southeast Asia most of the year, and the inspiration for "Compound Eye/I" was a fusion of her personal and aesthetic interests: the nodes on Buddha heads, the tapering spires of stupas, the interconnected jewels on the mythological Indra's net in Buddhist sutras and the compound lenses that comprise the eyes of insects.


There are many reasons why students prefer Camden over Bankstown for their flight training in Sydney.
It's generally more cost effective!
Bankstown is the busiest training airport in Australia. There are regularly delays in taking off and landing, delays that cost you time and money.
At Camden it is rare that to experience delays of this nature.
At Bankstown it is necessary to fly for some distance before you can start performing manoeuvres and climb to higher altitudes. This is due to the proximity of Bankstown Airport to Sydney Airport.
At Camden you are only 2 nautical miles (less than 4km) from the student training area. Being so close to the training area saves both time and money while training.
At Bankstown there are typically a lot of other aircraft in the circuit that can make radio communication more difficult and distracting for a new student.
At Camden there are less distractions, this allows a student early in their training to concentrate on flying.
Camden has an Air Traffic Control tower that operates daily between 8am and 6pm. While the tower is in operation it provides students with experience in a controlled environment.
Early morning when the tower is closed students are able to practice procedures for non-controlled aerodromes, the same procedures used by the majority of aerodromes in Australia. Additionally, when ATC is not operational students are taught decision making and risk management techniques for operating at airports without air traffic control services.
When ATC is not operating there are no landing fees attracted - reducing the cost of training.
Camden has both a sealed and grass runway for powered aircraft. This allows you to practice on both and determine how your aircraft performs on different surfaces.
Unlike Bankstown our runways are not parallel. This allows you to pick a runway most suited to the wind, or specifically pick a runway that is not favourable for crosswind practice.
Camden has an RNAV(GNSS) approach procedure that is readily available for practice.
The airport is surrounded on three sides by the Nepean River, located within view of the Blue Mountains and picturesque Camden township. It sure beats flying over suburbia and industrial area!
Most weekends you will also see many gliders soaring in the skies to the south of the airfield, before returning for landing just in front of our main hangar.
Camden is typically less than an hour drive from the Sydney CBD.


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Set in the world of women's competitive body building, Léa Pearl (Julia Föry) is set to compete for the championship title of Miss Heaven, until her plans are upended by an unexpected visitor.
Pelé: Birth of a Legend
From the slums of Brazil to center stage at the world's biggest sporting event, Pelé's rise to become the youngest-ever World Cup winner, at the age of 17, was nothing short of a miracle. Full of laughs, life lessons, and heart, this inspiring bio...
Phantom Cowboys
This searing documentary, which spans nearly a decade, is a meditation on youth, tradition, and the evolving hopes and dreams of modern adolescents in the forgotten industrial towns across America.
Executive Produced by Michael Strahan, Play It Forward is a rousing portrait of All-American NFL tight end Tony Gonzalez and his older brother, and wingman, Chris. Over the course of a year- his final in the NFL- future hall-of-famer Tony puts hi...
Porzingod
A prayer for the New York Knicks.
Racing Dreams
What Little League is to baseball, go-karting is to auto racing. Oscar®-nominated director Marshall Curry (Street Fight) follows the exhilarating and emotional journeys of three top racers competing for the national championship. Three adolescents...
Redbelt
Mike Terry (Chiwetel Ejiofor) is a Jiu-jitsu teacher who has avoided the prizefighting circuit by operating a self-defense studio. An accident on a dark, rainy night changes Terry's life dramatically, introducing him to a world of promoters (Ricky...
Refuge City
Tomek is one of the thousands of people who have just gathered for the match on Saturday evening. He is standing on the highest floor, above everyone, a faithful fan of his team. This match, however, is going to be exceptional. If his team looses,...
Despite his alpha-male reputation, tennis ace Dick Raskind always felt different from other guys. But it wasn't until his 40s, after getting married and having a son, that Dick was reborn as Renée Richards. Renée was still dynamite on the tennis c...
Revolution in the Ring
The story of Cuban boxer Teofilo Stevenson, who in 1962 chose to stay in his home country rather than defect, this film examines through the lens of Cuban-American politics how his life and the life of the Cuban people were dramatically altered by...
Rudo y Cursi
Stars Gael García Bernal and Diego Luna and producers Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro (Pan's Labyrinth, Hellboy), and Alejandro González Iñárritu (Babel) present a splendid, riotous fi...
Without one eccentric Jewish immigrant from Transylvania, the New York City Marathon simply wouldn't exist. Ehrlich's fun, loving, and inspirational tribute to the late Fred Lebow shows how one man's imagination and determination created one of th...
Run Mama Run
Run Mama Run is an examination of motherhood and athleticism through the eyes of Sarah Brown, an elite track athlete who will continue to train through pregnancy and postpartum with help of her trainer and husband Darren Brown.
Run: The Robert Young Story
Ultramarathon runner Rob Young attempts to set a record running across the United States, but his efforts are marred by allegations of fraud.
Sambá
Cisco has his back against the ropes. After spending 15 years in an American jail, he's returned to the Dominican Republic yet is unable to get a job, a problem compounded by his mother's ailing health and his younger brother's delinquent habits. ...
Shorts: ESPN Sports Shorts
Four character driven shorts docs focusing on inspiring underdogs, from a female sumo wrestler in Japan to the mind of a high school football coach born without limbs. The stories highlight that for true competitors beating the odds is only half t...
In 1978, several NFL cheerleaders posed in Playboy magazine, having received approval from team management. But when the issue hit newstands, it unleashed a wave of repercussions for the women themselves—and their team.
Skateboarding's First Wave
A look at the early days of skateboarding culture in Southern California, and the group of kids that would shape its role in media and society.
Slaying The Badger
Before Lance Armstrong, there was Greg LeMond, now the first and only American to win the Tour de France. In this engrossing documentary, LeMond looks back at the pivotal 1986 Tour and his increasingly vicious rivalry with Bernard Hinault, "T...
Sonic Break
Directed by Stevan Riley (Listen to Me, Marlon), Sonic Break explores the sports psychology and mental training that helped Felix Baumgartner to jump from the Earth's stratosphere.


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Omnipotence and Mercy | Fr. James V. Schall, S. J. | August 21, 2009 | Ignatius Insight
"Since God himself is now near us, we can know him; he shows us his Face and enters our world. There is no longer any need to make do with those other powers, because he is the true power, the Omnipotent." -- Benedict XVI, Aosta Cathedral, July 24, 2009.
While in the Italian mountains, the Holy Father officiated at Vespers in the Cathedral at Aosta, during which he gave a brief, but incisive homily. He began by citing a Vesper prayer, itself based on Paul's Letter to the Romans. The pope noted that the Italian text of the prayer begins simply: "Merciful Father." Then he amusingly chides the Italian bishops responsible for this translation. The Latin text, the pope pointed out, is a little "fuller." It says: "Almighty and Merciful God." He added, that, in Caritas in veritate, he tried to show the importance of God both in one's private sphere and in "the life of society, of the world, of history."
One's relationship to God is a profoundly personal matter. Each person has a relation to other persons. If the relation to God is not a living one, then no other relation to anything else "can find its right form." This remark means that a disordered relation to God will also result in a disordered relation to others. The same principle holds for society and for humanity as a whole. Without God in the right place, with His power, we have nothing by which to guide ourselves. We lack a compass.
Thus, "we must bring the reality of God back into our world." Yet, "how can we know God?" Benedict recalled that he regularly meets bishops from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, so their concerns are vivid to him. These bishops differ in many ways, but they have one thing in common. "They all know that God exists, one God, that 'god' is a singular noun, that the gods are not God, that God exists, God." Yet, God seems "absent." He "hides, we do not know his Face."
Most religions thus deal not with God but with "objects. They are aware of nearer "powers." These are spirits, ancestors or, I suppose, even demons. People thus "make do" with the nearer powers. What Christianity is about is the closing of the distance to God. God takes the initiative to make Himself "truly known." He shows "his Face." We can see His Face. No veil covers Him any longer. "There is no longer any need to make do with those other powers, because he is the true power, the Omnipotent."
God shows His Face. He enters our world. Here the pope remarked: "I do not know why the world 'omnipotent' has been omitted from the Italian text, but it is true that we feel a little threatened by the word 'omnipotent'; it seems to limit our freedom, it seems to be too strong." We are afraid, in other words, that God will "limit" what we choose to do, whereas He makes it possible that we actually become what we are. One would hope that the Italian bishops hasten to restore the original wording!
The pope then proceeded to explain why the word "omnipotent" needs to be in the text—omnipotent and merciful. "The omnipotence of God is not an arbitrary power, because God is Good, he is Truth, and therefore he can do anything, but he cannot act against good, he cannot act against truth, love or freedom, because he himself is good, love, and true freedom." God is indeed all powerful, but this power of His is what founds truth, goodness, and freedom. It is what makes these things more than mere pious musings.
God does not have an "evil eye." His is the eye that sees what it loves. Good is being. Benedict repeated the opening of the prayer, this time in its fullness: "Almighty and Merciful God." The merciful should not be there without the almighty. Mercy without power has no effect but weakness. Benedict then recalls a "Roman prayer" that related to the Book of Wisdom. It says: "O God, show your omnipotence through pardon and mercy." Pardon and mercy are themselves manifestations of omnipotence. Thus "the summit of God's power is mercy and pardon. This position does not mean that God's power is not also justice, as Benedict says in Spe Salvi. It is only because God is all powerful and all knowing that He can also be merciful and can pardon. Pardon and mercy do not deny justice but see behind it.
Our normal understanding of someone with power is a rich man, a commander, a politician, a boxer. Benedict even cites here Stalin's famous quip: "How many divisions does the pope have?" The fact that he has no divisions does not mean that he has no power; nor does it mean that someone with many divisions at his disposal is really powerful in the things that count. "In his mercy, God demonstrates true power." Recall that for Aquinas, the world is in fact created in mercy, from nothing, such is the divine power.
God has redeemed the world. What sort of "power" did He use? God has suffered with us through His Son. The pope next added: "This is the summit of his power, that he can suffer with us." The suffering of the Father is vicarious through His Son, but it is none the less real. Those who love suffer when those whom they love suffer. Ordinarily, we cannot imagine how God might "suffer." When we grasp the Incarnation of the Son, we can see how He might suffer, though we still must grasp the reasons why this redemptive path is the one God chose to follow. He embraced the power of mercy, not that of might and awesome fear. Thus, our own suffering is never just our suffering. God has shown a capacity and will to suffer with us. He does this for the reasons that cause suffering, that is, the need to forgive sins that are repented.
Obviously, a major obstacle remains. "Why was it necessary to suffer to save the world?" Initially, we might say that it was not necessary. Conceivably other options were open. We assume that the one who was in fact chosen was chosen because it best achieved what God was about in creating us in the first place, namely that we freely accept the gift of eternal life offered to us. The reason that God chose the path of suffering through His Son on the Cross had to do with our freedom. His power could not destroy our freedom to save us. "There exists an ocean of evil, of injustice, hatred and violence, and the many victims of hatred and injustice have the right to see justice done." This passage recalls what the Benedict said in Spe Salvi about the necessity of the "judgment of the living and the dead."
"God," the pope told us, "cannot ignore the cries of the suffering who are oppressed by injustice. To forgive is not to ignore, but to transform." Forgiveness does not mean that what was terribly done has no meaning or consequence. Just the opposite—it means that those who suffered can alone forgive those who caused their sufferings. Thus, "God must enter into the world in order to set against the ocean of injustice a larger ocean of goodness and of love. And this is the event of the Cross from that moment, against the ocean of evil, there exists a river that is boundless, and so ever mightier than all the injustices of the world, a river of goodness, truth, and love."
The image of the two waves, one of injustice and one of mercy, is designed to show how mercy can overcome injustice. But it all depends on the willingness of the one who caused the injustices to repent and ask forgiveness. This is the divine limit. God cannot create man free and then take it away and leave the same being in existence. If this forgiveness is not in some way asked, even God can do nothing but pursue justice, which is exactly what the pope implies. The divine power does not and cannot make evil good. What it does is to allow those who have done evil to repent and be forgiven, even unto seventy times seventy times.
The pope concluded this brief homily with an exalted hymn in honor of the God who forgives us, in his power. Benedict refers to Teilhard's cosmic liturgy in which the very world itself praises God through man, now redeemed and forgiven. "We ourselves with our whole being must be adoration and sacrifice and by transforming our world, give it back to God. The role of the priesthood is to consecrate the world so that it may become a living host, a liturgy so that the liturgy may not be something alongside the reality of the world, but that the world itself shall become a living host, a liturgy."
What Benedict said so beautifully here is mindful of what he said of the priesthood in the Spirit of the Liturgy, that the priest is the mediator between God and man, that he, like those who believe and repent, all face the Father, whose Face they can look upon because of the Incarnation of His Son who suffered, died, and was buried, who rose again on the third day, who ascended into heaven and will come again to "judge the living and the dead."
Such is the divine omnipotence, that it has the power to be merciful to us, to save us, if we will.
Related Ignatius Insight Articles, Excerpts, and Interviews:
• Caritas in Veritate: "Its Principal Driving Force" | Fr. James V. Schall, S.J.
• CWR Round-Table: Caritas in Veritate | Catholic World Report
• Benedict XVI's Theological Vision: An Introduction | Monsignor Joseph Murphy | From the introduction to Christ, Our Joy: The Theological Vision of Pope Benedict XVI
• Pope Benedict XVI, Theologian of Joy | Monsignor Joseph Murphy | An interview with the author of Christ, Our Joy: The Theological Vision of Pope Benedict XVI
• Spe Salvi and Vatican II | Brian A. Graebe
• Vatican II and the Ecclesiology of Joseph Ratzinger | Maximilian Heinrich Heim | Introduction to Joseph Ratzinger: Life in the Church and Living Theology.
• The Courage To Be Imperfect | Fr. D. Vincent Twomey, S.V.D. | The Introduction to Pope Benedict XVI: The Conscience of Our Age
• The Theological Genius of Joseph Ratzinger | An Interview with Fr. D. Vincent Twomey, S.V.D.
• Secularity: On Benedict XVI and the Role of Religion in Society | Fr. James V. Schall, S.J.
• First Musings on Benedict XVI's First Encyclical | Fr. Joseph Fessio, S.J.
• The Encyclical: God's Eros Is Agape | Fr. James V. Schall, S.J.
He is the author of numerous books on social issues, spirituality, culture, and literature including Another Sort of Learning, Idylls and Rambles, A Student's Guide to Liberal Learning, The Life of the Mind (ISI, 2006), The Sum Total of Human Happiness (St. Augustine's Press, 2007), and The Regensburg Lecture (St. Augustine's Press, 2007). His most recent book from Ignatius Press is The Order of Things (Ignatius Press, 2007). His new book, The Mind That Is Catholic: Philosophical and Political Essays, is now available from The Catholic University Press. Read more of his essays on his website.


When you deal with multiple related components on client-side, you can define rules how their data will be linked. So changed value in some component will be reflected in other components.
when selection in master component is changed - slave component gets new data.
slave can take new data from server side.
Basically, you can load data just once, in single global data store and define rules, how different components will use it.
If you have 2 forms bound to a DataStore object, sequential saving their changes can provoke data loss. In this case, use the saveBatch() method to prevent losses and save data simultaneously.


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Peyton Manning: Wes Welker's suspension a 'self-inflicted wound'
Lindsay H. Jones
ENGLEWOOD, Colo. — It was supposed to be the day that Wes Welker showed up at work and received clearance to practice — one of the final hurdles to pass before he'd be deemed able to play in Sunday's season opener.
But Welker was allowed inside Denver Broncos' headquarters only briefly Wednesday morning, enough time to stand in front of a team meeting and apologize for a four-game suspension that began Tuesday night, when the NFL upheld Welker's punishment for a positive test for a banned amphetamine. By the time the Broncos took the field, Welker was gone, and he won't be allowed back until Oct. 6.
"Wes just wanted us to know how important this team is to him, how much we mean to him, and what he's going to do when he gets back," tight end Julius Thomas said. "There is nothing he can do to change where he is at right now, but we know that when he comes back, he'll be a man on a mission and we're looking forward to embracing him when that day comes."
Welker's suspension came as a surprise to the Broncos only in its timing, so late on Tuesday that coaches had already spent the day planning as if Welker would be able to be on the field against the Indianapolis Colts. When the team received definitive word that Welker's appeal had failed — he missed two practices last month to attend the hearing — those plans were scrapped.
The Broncos were instead left to devise a plan for who will fill Welker's role as the team's primary slot receiver, a trusty third-down weapon for Peyton Manning and proven red-zone threat who had 10 touchdowns last season.
Welker, meanwhile, gets five weeks away from football (four game weeks, and Denver's bye), time the Broncos are hoping Welker will use to stay in shape while also allowing himself to completely recover from his latest concussion.
The concussion Welker suffered in a preseason game on Aug. 23 was his third in the last 10 months.
"Sometimes, these things are blessings in disguise. I'm sure this extra (five) weeks will give him plenty of time to heal," head coach John Fox said.
Welker's suspension is just the latest in a string of off-field issues that have plagued the Broncos in recent years. He's the second significant contributor to get in trouble this year, joining kicker Matt Prater, who is serving a four-game ban for an alcohol-related substance abuse policy violation. The Broncos also lost Von Miller to a six-game ban last year and former Bronco D.J. Williams to a nine-game suspension in 2012.
It's an ugly track record for one of the NFL's best teams. But the Broncos survived Miller's suspension — they went 6-0 without him — and a variety of other issues last year, including Fox's emergency heart surgery, to win the AFC championship.
Still, a suspension for a former team captain, a veteran player with a sterling off-field reputation, came as a bombshell. This isn't an ACL tear, or even a head injury. This should have been preventable.
"Losing Wes is a self-inflicted wound. It's different than an injury, but I still put it in the adversity category," Manning said.
"You find out a little bit about your team, and can you handle it? It's easy when everything is going smooth and you don't have any kind of adversity. Hopefully last year will have prepared us for these types of situations," Manning said. "The third year running we've had a starting player suspended. That's not something the Broncos want to brag about, but it's the reality. We have been able to win games despite that. Says something about the way we've handled and persevered through some circumstances we would rather not have been there. There's no question it's a test, and we'll see how we handle this test."
The Broncos made moves in recent months and weeks to prepare for time without Welker, for concussion or legal reasons. Denver signed versatile receiver Emmanuel Sanders in March, and he's expected to spend more time lining up in the slot in Welker's absence. Denver also kept undrafted rookie receiver Isiah Burse, a pure slot receiver and kick returner, on the 53-man roster, and on Wednesday promoted receiver Nathan Palmer off the practice squad
Tight end Jacob Tamme could also see more work, particularly on third downs, and second-round pick Cody Latimer might receive some of Welker's red zone targets.
"The players that are here, we'll stick together, raise our level of play and try to persevere," Manning said. "It won't be easy. It would be disrespectful to and inaccurate to say it's an easy transition to lose Wes Welker. It's a challenge and one our team has accepted and we're going to try to find way to overcome it."
Follow Lindsay H. Jones on Twitter @bylindsayhjones.