text:
\section{Introduction}
Graphene, a material with outstanding electronic, mechanical, thermal, and optical performance, has gained explosive growth of research interests since the works pioneered by \citeauthor{Sci04000666}\cite{Sci04000666} and by \citeauthor{JPCB04019912}\cite{JPCB04019912} Among several ways to produce graphene\cite{Sci04000666,CSR10000228}, epitaxial growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on metal surfaces is considered to be the most promising one towards synthesizing high-quality and large area graphene at relatively low cost\cite{NtM08000406,NaL08000565,Nat09000706,ACS11003385,Sci09001312}. In order to ensure controllable growth of high quality graphene, great efforts have been contributed to understand the underlying mechanism.\cite{PhysRept14000195,PRB07075429,NaL08000030,PRL08107602,PRL09056808,PRL09166101,NanoLett09004268,ChemMater11001441,NJP08093026,ACSNano13007028}.
Many experimental tools are able to provide the structure or growth information for graphene, such as the scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy and photoemission microscopy, surface-sensitive electron diffraction, and various growth behaviors have been revealed. Typically, graphene growth is considered to be a precipitate of carbon atoms dissolved in the substrate on transition-metals such as Ni, Co and Fe, and carbon solubility is a key factor for graphene growth\cite{NanoLett09004268}. On Cu surface, due to its low solubility and relative low catalyst activity, growth process is mainly determined by diffusion of surface carbon species\cite{ChemMater11001441}. For active catalyst surfaces such as Ir, Rh and Ru, interaction between carbon and substrate atoms is strong and the graphene/substrate lattices are not well matched,  so that the grown graphene spreads on the surface just like a carpet\cite{NaL08000565} and forms moir\'{e} patterns which are usually super unit cells consisting of hundreds of carbon atoms\cite{NJP08043033,PRL09056808,PRB09085430}. Growth of graphene on these surfaces needs highly supersaturated carbon monomers and the growth rate shows strongly nonlinear dependence on the concentration of monomer\cite{NJP08093026}.

In spite of plenty of experimental achievements, there are yet rare theoretical studies which are surely demanded to provide deep understanding of the growth kinetics during the CVD process. Generally, different theoretical methods can be applied to study the growth-related behaviors at different scales. At the atomic level, first principle calculations
can provide detailed energetic information of the growth events without any empirical parameters. For example, monomer ($C_{1}$) attachment to armchair edges of graphene is energetically favorable, producing grown islands with atomically sharp zigzag edges\cite{AcsNano11009154}.  Density functional theory calculations showed that lattice mismatch between graphene and Ir substrate results that $C_1$ attachment has to overcome a higher energetic barrier for some growth sites than others\cite{JAC12006045}. Although first principle calculations are able to provide detailed information at the atomic scales,  they are usually too computationally expensive to study the growth kinetics. On the other hand,  a rate theory and its refinement at the macroscopic level have been developed to produce a quantitative account of the measured time-dependent carbon adatom density by assuming that graphene islands grow homogeneously via the attachment of five-atom carbon clusters ($C_{5}$)\cite{NaL11002092,JPCM14185008}. With optimized kinetic parameters,  it predicts that the smallest stable precursor to graphene growth is an immobile island composed of six $C_{5}$ clusters. Note that this model is macroscopic and the kinetic parameters used are experiential, such that revealing underlying mechanisms at atomic level is out of its range.

To bridge the gap between microscopic growth events and macroscopic growth kinetics, very recently, we have proposed a multiscale ``standing-on-the-front'' kinetic Monte Carlo (SOF-kMC) approach combining with first principle calculations to study graphene growth on Ir surface\cite{JAC12006045,PRB13054304}. Therein, a quasi-1D model was established by focusing on detailed growth events of carbon species on the growth front to understand the special growth behavior where the average growth rate is a highly nonlinear function of $C_{1}$ concentration\cite{NJP08093026}. Nevertheless, for general growth processes in experiments, there are a plenty of new features beyond the quasi-1D growth kinetics, which are out of the scope of SOF-kMC.  For example, when several adjacent fragments merge into one whole piece of grown graphene, it has to grow over a vacancy island (VI) which is an island shape of empty region inside the flake of graphene. In addition, interesting time-resolved growth behaviors involving VI over the large scale of  moir\'{e} patterns have been reported recently\cite{ACSNano13007028}. Therefore, an applicable approach for full 2D kinetics of large-scale graphene growth is very much desired to obtain a deep understanding of the underlying mechanism, which, however, still remains a big theoretical challenge.

In this paper, we establish a minimal kMC model to address such an issue on an active catalyst surface with lattice mismatch. As shown in the inset of Fig.\ref{fig:180ts}(a), the model is based on a two-type-site kMC lattice where one type atop the underlying substrate atoms (D-site) is difficult for $C_{1}$ attachment and the other (E-site) is easy\cite{JAC12006045}, and consists of only several essential growth events dominating the growth process while the contribution of others are implicitly considered in effective kinetic parameters of these dominating events. With kinetic parameters extracted conveniently from detailed atomic calculations, graphene growth over VI is investigated as an application of the minimal model. Remarkably, we show that the complicated growth behavior observed in experiments can be well reproduced. Detailed analysis reveals that the interesting time dependence of the VI area  is due to the fact that the rate-dominating events for growth is strongly dependent on the local shape of the growth front: The growth event over D-sites can be $C_{1}$-attachment for concave segments while has to be $C_{5}$- attachment for others. Such observation suggests that geometry of the growth front plays important and subtle roles during the large-scale growth process of graphene.

\section{The minimal Model for Large-scale Growth Kinetics}
Generally, a whole process of graphene growth includes a nucleation stage and an epitaxial growth stage after nucleation, both of which are challenges for theoretical studies. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation is good choice for the later challenge for several reasons \cite{NaL11002092}. Firstly, kMC goes beyond the atomistic detail and considers kinetic processes in a time/space coarse-grained manner, which facilitates simulations of growth kinetics with atomic details. Secondly, wealth of spatial information is contained in snapshots of kMC simulation, which can be directly related and compared to the experimental scanning tunneling microscopy images. Nevertheless, as pointed out by \citeauthor{PhysRept14000195}, building up of practicable kMC models for epitaxial growth of graphene is a remarkably complicated problem\cite{PhysRept14000195}. The main issue is about how to capture all the essential events important for growth kinetics while algorithm realization and computational efficiency can be ensured. For large-scale growth of graphene, a full version of kMC model should include all the atomic events related to absorption/desorption and dissociation of carbon sources on metal surface, reactions and diffusion of carbon clusters, attachment/detachment of carbon species to graphene edges, etc. Nevertheless, such a full-kMC is not applicable due to the disparate rates of different kMC events and the entanglement of detailed growth events and the large spatial scale of graphene. In order to overcome the first problem, we have built up the multiscale SOF-kMC as described in Ref. \citenum{JAC12006045} and \citenum{PRB13054304}. To make the second problem tractable, one should identify the very key events that are most relevant to the large-scale growth kinetics.

As mentioned above, there are essentially two types of sites over an active catalyst surface such as Ir as shown in the inset of Fig.\ref{fig:180ts}(a), i.e., E-site and D-site, as a consequence of lattice mismatch. As a prior step, one should identify possible elementary events for kMC simulations of large scale growth kinetics. By dividing the whole surface lattice into four regions: The grown graphene sheet, growth front, diffusion layer, and far field, the SOF-kMC is adopted to this end with all the attachment and detachment events of carbon species from $C_1$ up to $C_6$ while all other events in the diffusion layer and far field are compacted into effective carbon fluxes\cite{JAC12006045,PRB13054304}. An important observation is that, while the growth over E-sites is mainly by $C_{1}$ attachment, that over D-sites is a little more complicated \cite{PRB13054304}. As shown in the inset of Fig.\ref{fig:180ts}(a), a moir\'{e} pattern consists of two classes of D-sites along a given zigzag growth front. For a configuration similar to the one enclosed by the blue rectangle, the two E-sites adjacent to the completed zigzag graphene edge have been occupied by $C_1$ very fast, then, attachment of $C_1$ on the D-site will locally close a zigzag graphene edge which is stable and hard to be detached. Thus, such a D-site can be named as a closed D-site. On contrary, for the bottom-left configuration surrounded by the green rectangle, D-site is adjacent directly to the completed zigzag grown front, where the attachment of $C_1$ will result in an open zigzag growth front which is very unstable and easy to be detached. Consequently, this D-site is denoted as an open D-site. Due to these observations, the overall growth rate is found to be dominated by $C_{5}$ and contributed slightly by $C_{6}$ attachment on open D-sites, resulting in a highly nonlinear dependence of growth rate on $C_{1}$ concentration with an exponent slightly bigger than 5\cite{PRB13054304}, while $C_{1}$ attachment on closed D-sites also provides indispensable net contributions to grown graphene.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{fig_180_ts.pdf}
\par\end{centering}
\protect\caption{(Color online) (a) A typical snapshot during the simulation of large-scale graphene growth with edges straight at the moir\'{e} pattern scale. Each dot represents a moir\'{e} pattern consisting of $10\times20$ growth sites. Black/blue dots refer to fully/partially occupied moir\'{e} patterns, respectively. The inset shows a zoom in of a moir\'{e} pattern, where each circle refers to a growth site. The substrate atoms are in light gray, and E-sites and D-sites are colored by black and red, while solid and open cycles denote occupied and empty sites. The blue/green rectangle encloses a growth fragment with closed/open D-sites, respectively. (b) Linear dependence of area $A$ (normalized by its initial value) for monomer concentration $n_{1}=0.01$ monolayer obtained by using the minimal model (Eq.(\ref{eq:kinetics})). The inset presents the highly nonlinear dependence of average growth rate $\left\langle dA/dt\right\rangle $ on $n_{1}$, which can be well fitted by $\left\langle dA/dt\right\rangle =a+bn_{1}^{\gamma}$ with an exponent $\gamma\approx5$.}
\label{fig:180ts}
\end{figure}

Based on the above picture, it is convenient for us to refine all the attachment and detachment of carbon species on the growth front to be three key events: $C_{1}$ attachment on E-sites, $C_1$ attachment on closed D-sites, and $C_{5}$ attachment on open D-sites. This leads to a minimal model given by

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}C_{1} & \xrightarrow[E]{k_{a}}\: G\\
C_{1} & \xrightarrow[D_{closed}]{k_{b}}\: G\\
C_{5} & \xrightarrow[D_{open}]{k_{c}}\: G
\end{aligned}
,\label{eq:kinetics}
\end{equation}
where $E$, $D_{open}$ and $D_{closed}$ denote E-sites, open D-sites and closed D-sites, respectively, and $G$ refers to the grown graphene.

To accomplish our model, we need to calculate the effective rate constants $k_{a}$, $k_{b}$ and $k_{c}$. Each $k_i (i=a,b,c)$ contains three components, i.e. $k_i\sim n_iexp\{-\epsilon_i/(k_BT)\}f_{0,i}$,  wherein $n_i$ is the surface concentration of the species-i, $\epsilon_i$ is the associated energetic parameters with contributions from the diffusion and attachment processes. Notice that the minimal model only considers the three dominant attaching events as shown in Eq.(\ref{eq:kinetics}), in real growth process nevertheless, other events should also take effects on the growth process. For example, the attached carbon atoms may be detached via detaching events, which leads to a decreasing of the effective attaching rate. To take this into account, a prefactor $f_{0,i}$ denoting a net contribution of event $i$ to the front growth is added as the third component of the effective growth rate constant. As already described in detail in our previous studies\cite{JAC12006045,PRB13054304}, the energetic parameter associated with $\epsilon_i$ can be calculated by first principle calculations and $n_i$ can be derived by assuming a quasi-equilibrium between differently sized carbon species. The factor $f_{0,i}$ can be extracted from detailed simulations with full attachment and detachment events on a small sized lattice as shown in Ref.\citenum{PRB13054304}.

Since all other events, such as combining, diffusion and detachment of carbon species, have been compacted in the effective rate constant $k_i$, a standard kMC simulation is sufficient for the simulation of large scale growth of graphene. One only needs to figure out configurations on the growth front ready for attachment, and the rate for each event is $r_i=k_iN_i$ where $N_i$ is the number of configuration for event $i$. To check the validity of our approach, we first apply the above minimal model to investigate graphene growth with steady carbon fluxes and growth front that is straight at the moir\'{e} pattern scale on Ir(111) surface. As illustrated in Fig.\ref{fig:180ts}(a), kMC is performed on a huge lattice containing $L_{x}\times L_{y}=80\times48$ moir\'{e} patterns each of which consists of $10\times20$ growth sites with an initial grown graphene ribbon of size $2*48$ moir\'{e} patterns. The rate constants are $k_a=2.18\times10^{8}$, $k_b=2.18$ and $k_c=2.455\times10^{-4}$ for monomer carbon concentration $n_1=0.01$ monolayer and $T=1170K$ by taking $f_{0,c}$ to be the unit which leads to the magnitude of $f_{0,a}$ is about $10^3$ and $f_{0,b}\approx 1$. In practice, we find that the growth kinetics is very robust to the exact values of these rate constants due to the large discrepancies between them.

In this case, the rate-dominating step is the attachment of $C_5$ on the D-sites of open-type. Therefore, the growth rate of the graphene area $dA/dt$ is proportional to the number of configurations on the growth front that allow the rate-dominating event happening (denoted here by $n_{rdc}$). In Fig.\ref{fig:180ts}(b), we plot $A$ (normalized by the area of initial grown ribbon) as a function of time $t$, where a perfect linear dependence is observed, indicating $n_{rdc}$ are nearly constant along the growth front. This is reasonable since $n_{rdc}$ should be proportional to the length of the growth front, here is just $L_y$ which is a constant. In the inset of Fig.\ref{fig:180ts}(b), time averaged area-growth rate $\left\langle dA/dt\right\rangle $ is plot as a function of the monomer concentration $n_1$. The curve obtained can be fitted by $\left\langle dA/dt\right\rangle =a+bn_{1}^{\gamma}$ with an exponent $\gamma\approx5$, which is well consistent with observations in experiments\cite{NJP08093026} and in previous simulation\cite{JAC12006045}. Thus we believe that the minimal model is able to capture the essential physical picture regarding the growth kinetics on Ir surface with graphene-substrate lattice mismatch.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{fig_ts.pdf}
\par\end{centering}
\protect\caption{(Color online) (a) The area $A$ obtained experimentally by \citeauthor{ACSNano13007028}\cite{ACSNano13007028} (black squares) as a function of time $t$ for graphene growth over VI, which can be well fitted by Eq.(\ref{eq:area}) (the red line) derived from the minimal kMC simulation. The inset shows the initial shape of VI at the moir\'{e} pattern scale. (b) Linear dependence of the growth rate $dA_{VI}/dt$ normalized by $\sqrt{A_{VI}}$ on $t$. The inset shows the simulated time-resolved $A_{VI}$ of VI. }
\label{fig:ts}
\end{figure}

\section{Application on Growth over Vacancy Island}
Now we use our approach to investigate the growth behavior with complex front shapes. As a typical example, we consider a VI as depicted in the inset of Fig.\ref{fig:ts}(a) wherein several fragments merge into on piece of grown graphene. The growth kinetics over such a specific shape has been investigated in some details experimentally\cite{ACSNano13007028}. It has been found that the area $A_{VI}$ (the area of the empty region inside the graphene flake) normalized by its initial value exhibits a complicated dependence on time, which is surely non-exponential as discussed by \citeauthor{ACSNano13007028}\cite{ACSNano13007028}, while the underlying mechanism is yet not clear. Interestingly, using our approach with all the parameters same as above mentioned, we can obtained the time-dependence of $A_{VI}$ (the inset of Fig.\ref{fig:ts}(b)) which is very similar in tendency with that observed in the experiments (scatters in Fig.\ref{fig:ts}(a)). In addition, our model makes it convenient to investigate in detail how the boundary of the VI change with time. As discussed above, for a regular front as shown in Fig.\ref{fig:ts}(a), one can expect that $dA_{VI}/dt\propto\sqrt{A_{VI}}$ since $n_{rdc}\propto\sqrt{A_{VI}}$. Nevertheless, for irregular boundary here, we find that $dA_{VI}/dt$ is not proportional to $\sqrt{A_{VI}}$ at all. Rather surprisingly, $(dA_{VI}/dt)/\sqrt{A_{VI}}$ in nearly linear with time $t$, as drawn in Fig.\ref{fig:ts}(b). One may then write
\begin{equation}
\frac{dA_{VI}(t)}{dt}=\sqrt{A_{VI}(t)}(mt+n),\label{eq:rate}
\end{equation}
which gives
\begin{equation}
A_{VI}(t)=(\frac{1}{2}mt^{2}+nt+p)^{2}\label{eq:area}
\end{equation}
where, $m$, $n$ and $p$ are certain fitting parameters. Remarkably, we find that such a function can fit the experimental data quantitatively well as demonstrated in Fig.\ref{fig:ts}(a) with $m=-3.74\times10^{-6}$, $n=-5.47\times10^{-4}$ and $p=1.02$. Therefore, we believe that Eq.(\ref{eq:rate}) and (\ref{eq:area}) have captured some basic physical features regarding the growth of graphene over the VI.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{fig_snapshot.pdf}
\par\end{centering}
\protect\caption{(Color online) Typical kMC snapshots for growth over VI at (a) $t=17.8$ (in arbitrary unit) and (b) $t=40.7$ at the moir\'{e} pattern scale. Red lines illustrate the initial shape of VI. (c) and (d) are typical zoom-in atomic-level structures for a straight segment and a concave one, respectively, where each circle refers to a growth site and E-sites/D-sites is colored by black/red. The green rectangles enclose typical configurations of rate-dominating events for growth over D-sites. In (d), D-site is actually of closed-type along a given zigzag front indicated by $R_{1}$, although along $R_2$ it is of open-type.}
\label{fig:snapshot}
\end{figure}

To obtain a deeper understanding about the interesting growth behavior of VI, we try to find hints from spatial information contained in snapshots of the surface during growth process, which is one of the major advantages of kMC simulations. Two snapshots of VI are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:snapshot}(a) and (b) for $t=17.8$ and $t=40.7$  (in arbitrary unit), respectively, where the initial shape is outlined by the red lines. Compared to the initial profile, it can be observed that the growth process mainly takes place at the \textit{concave} segments in the corner parts, while the convex parts in the middle remain nearly unchanged. This indicates that the number of relevant configuration $n_{rdc}$ should be proportional to the length of concave segments within the growth front, $L_{c}$, rather than to the total length of growth front $L$. Comparing the snapshots for $t=17.8$ and $t=40.7$, one can see that the ratio $L_c/L$ increases with time. To be in accordance with Eq.(\ref{eq:rate}), one expects that $L_{c}/L\propto t$ assuming that $L\propto \sqrt{A_{VI}}$. Nevertheless, the reason of this particular linear dependence with time is still open to us at the current stage.

Now the key point turns to why the effective number of configurations $n_{rdc}$ for growth is proportional to the length of concave front segments. To this end, we depict typical zoom-in atomic-level structures for a straight segment and a concave one in Fig.\ref{fig:snapshot}(c) and (d), respectively. Clearly, for the straight segment, the D-site is of open-type, such that the rate-dominating step still has to be $C_{5}$-attachment. However, for the concave segment formed within the corner environment, the D-site is actually of closed-type along a given zigzag front indicated by $R_{1}$, although along $R_2$ it is of open-type. Such a dynamic change from open-type to closed-type of the D-site due to the local shape of the front leads to a change of the rate-dominating event from $C_5$-attachment to $C_1$-attachment. In other words, the rate-dominating event (growth over D-sites) is heterogeneous for different parts of the growth front, i.e., $C_{1}$ attachment for concave segment, and $C_{5}$ attachment for others. Consequently, the overall growth rate of graphene is determined by the length of concave segments. Noted that the energetic parameters for all growth events are independent on the front shape, the heterogeneity of rate-dominating events is solely geometry effects.

\section{Conclusion}
In summary, we have built up a minimal kinetic Monte Carlo model to study large-scale growth kinetics of graphene on active catalyst metal surfaces with graphene/substrate lattice mismatch. Using kinetic parameters extracted from detailed atomic calculations, our model successfully reproduced the time-resolved graphene growth over vacancy island observed in experiments, and revealed that the interesting dependence of the area on time is resulted from the heterogeneous rate-dominating events for graphene growth at different growth front segments, which was shown to be mainly determined by geometry. Since the proposed minimal kMC model (or perhaps its modified version) provides a powerful theoretical tool for investigation of large-scale growth kinetics of graphene, and our findings take an important step forward to the underlying growth mechanism, we hope that the present study could open new perspectives on theoretical studies and motivate more atomic-resolution imaging experiments.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work is supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB834606), by National Science Foundation of China(21125313, 21473165, 21403204), and by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK2060030018,2340000034).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Swim, bike, run. Swim, bike, run.
Swim, bike, run. Swim, bike run.
It's all the talk at the backyard barbecue and the chatter in the gym locker room. Competing in one of the many triathlons around the world is the fitness marker of our times. It is kind of like what running marathons was during the 1990s. With triathlon clubs proliferating and the excitement of Olympic action on TV, competing in a triathlon has become trendy. Three BC members of the 'Class of 76' have been involved, and you can click on any of the photo thumbnails for a larger image.
What does it take to compete? That depends on your goal. But for most beginners, the most popular triathlon is the sprint (750m swim, a 20 km bike, and a 5 km run). Those are attainable goals for people looking to stay in shape and have fun competing. The next level in the Olympic distance (1500m swim, a 40 km bike, and a 10 km run. That is the distance that Bob and Don competed at in the World Age Group Championships in Vancouver in early June 2008.
After the Olympic distance is the Half Ironman race (1900m swim, a 90 km bike, and a 21 km run). Don participated in two of these in 2008 (Oliver and Osoyoos), and John competed in the New Balance Half Iron in Victoria. Bob participated in this race as a member of a 3-person relay. The longest distance Tri is the full Ironman (3800m swim, a 180 km bike, and a 42 km run) and Bob is training for the Ironman Canada race in Penticton.
While longer triathlons are more about endurance, as well as getting enough water and nutrition while competing, even the shorter races require intense stamina. Core work, such as Pilates, is great for strengthening the back and abdominal muscles needed for competition.
The open-ocean or lake swimming, though, is often the trickiest part of a triathlon. The open ocean swims can be frightening to those used to pools. New triathletes can also be caught off-guard by the sheer number of contestants in a race. When several hundred people all start swimming at once, the more aggressive swimmers tend to swim over the slower ones. People are swimming on your back and pushing you down. Under such conditions, triathlon veterans say that you should keep calm and either tread water or do a little breaststroke until the crowd clears.
A proper fitting wet suit is a must, and adds buoyancy as well as warmth in the cold ocean or lake water. If you're wearing a wet suit, getting out of it and into your biking stuff takes time. Transition from swim to bike to swim (T1) can cost significant time and energy. You can't wait until the race to practice this transition. The transition from the bike to run (T2) can be another rough transition for athletes. Choosing the proper gear is also important. The right bicycle has a light frame and features like aerobars to rest hands and arms. For the run, light and comfortable running shoes are important.
The results can be worth the training, sweat, and discipline required. The very first time you complete a triathlon, the adrenaline flows hard and it can be an emotional high.
To set the scene for my first Half Iron Tri, we have to go back a few years. When I was posted to Monterey CA in the early 80s, I got into this new sport called Triathlon. My first race was called "Wildflower" in a small man-made lake called Lake San Antonio and I was in the water with all the guys who were 'names' in the sport. I remember Dave Scott, Mark Allen, Scott Tinley, the Molina brothers - Scott and Phil - and others who I had seen on TV on "Wide World of Sports". I swam with these guys, but that is where the race ended for me. Later in the 80s, I did a few military races and short triathlons around Halifax, but nothing long. My first and only long race was the '91 CF Championships held in Kingston ON where you qualified if you had a "top 20" performance in any race. I had come 20th in the 1991 Citizen's Tri in Kearney Lake Halifax in a very short race (400 m swim, 9 km bike, and 3 km run). The K-Town Tri was 2000m swim, 55 km bike and 15 km run. I was doing lots of swimming, some biking and very little running. The longest that I had ever run in my life was a 10 km race. The swim went well, and I came out of the water with the pros. The bike was OK - a rolling course out past RMC to Gananoque but I was bagged at the end. The pros were almost finished the run when I was finishing T2 and heading out on the run course. We started out King Street and out Bath Road past the prisons and came back through Queen's and down Princess Street. I hit the wall at 10 km and could hardly walk. I managed to jog the final stretch down Princess Street, but decided that I would never do this again until I had time to properly train for the run! Link to current K-Town maps - slightly different run now.
I signed up for the June 08 New Balance Half Iron in August 07 and started dedicated training in November. I joined 2 biking groups, joined 2 running groups, and continued swimming 6 days a week. I was fortunate to get a good bike from Peter Reid - the actual bike that he used in October 03 to win Ironman Hawaii in Kona. When I started running, I could not complete 10 km without walking. By February 08, I was completing the 10 km run in under an hour. By the Victoria Times Colonist 10 km race in April, I had my 10 km in the 45 min range, and then I started extending the distance to 20 km. The first time that I completed 20 km in under 2 hours was in late April. At that point, I knew that I could complete the Half Iron without walking any portion of the run. My goals were realistic - 5:30 neglecting transitions - 30 min swim, 3:00 bike and 2:00 run. As you can see from the table below, I was within 1 minute of each one of those goals, so I felt a sense of accomplishment at the end. My plan was to relax the swim, save myself on the early portion of the bike, and use what was left on the run. I had a bit of an 'adrenaline rush' at the start of the swim, and was 7th of about 300 around the 800 m buoy. So much for a relaxing swim. Early in the bike when we had done a net uphill portion, I looked at my average speed and saw it was 31.8 km/hr. I was breathing too hard, and said to myself "slow down or you are going to die in the run"! Remembering very well what 'death in the run' felt like, I slowed my average pace down to about 29.5 and just enjoyed the North Saanich scenery! Even after doing this, I still struggled in the final 10 km of the run. My first 10 km was 56 mins and I felt great. The photo to the right was taken after the 1st loop, and I was just receiving support from Bob and Carolyn who told me that I was looking great! The final 10 km was 1:04 - even with a good sprint for the final 2 kms at the end. I have already signed up for the New Balance Half Iron in June 2009, and my major goal is to try to improve the final portion of my run.
Both Carolyn and I have been competing in triathlons for 9 years. Carolyn loved the sport so much she left her legal secretary job of 25 years and became a nationally certified triathlon coach. We both run the triathlon club at the local YMCA.
* April 2007 - Blazeman died from ALS.
I encourage Ex-Cadets to check out my website and give generously to the War on ALS http://www.active.com/donate/teamblazeman/BGebbie.
Several Ex-Cadets participated as part of the Canadian Age Group Team at the World Triathlon Championships in Vancouver 5-8 Jun 08. None of our results were as impressive as Capt Fawcett's inspiring performance, but we were there "tri-ing" for Canada. The attached photo is of 11061 Don Debienne, 11075 Bob Gebbie, and 6633 Jack Harris. 12186 Tom Keogh was also competing and 4670 Mike Ellis was there in an official capacity. If any other Ex-Cadets competed, I would like to hear from them. Next year the World Championships are in Gold Coast Australia - a warmer venue than Vancouver where temperatures were at 50 year lows. Bob Gebbie is doing two Ironman races this year. One of these 141 mile races in a year is a major accomplishment, doing two in one year is heroic.


Why choose Steve Sedgwick to sell your home?
My professional step-by-step system will get your home sold easier and faster than other agents. I can show you how my carefully designed marketing and sales program will put thousands of dollars more in your pocket than if you were to choose another agent. My selling clients receive an average of 98% of their asking price. This compares quite favourably to the Edmonton average of 93%. I am always working with a number of qualified buyers that will see your property as soon as you decide to list it. I offer you professional advice concerning the price and marketability of your property and regularly discuss with you how your property compares to the most current market conditions.
With so many things to consider when selling your home, I have prepared a number of FREE REPORTS to guide you through the selling process. My two most popular reports are "10 Essential Tips That Get Your Home Sold Fast... and For Top Dollar" and the ever helpful "97 Easy Ways To Make Your Home Sell Faster". Email to request either of these free reports.
There are any number of reasons people try to sell their home themselves. The most common reasons are to save the cost of commissions or they may have had a previously bad experience with a poorly prepared agent. Whatever the reasoning, I have a program that can provide a regular source of current market information to assist you with the demanding task of selling your home. Statistically speaking, only 1 in 10 homes being sold by their owner actually sell. Of those owners that do get their home sold, it has been documented that they sell for an average of 8% less than what that same home would have sold for, if sold by a professional agent through a real estate brokerage. With these kind of odds, any tool that can help you succeed is going to be incredibly valuable. Email to find out exactly how this program can benefit you as you try to sell your home.


Bemoaning the maddening busy-ness of your workweek? Why do you feel you have to be constantly connected to incoming input?
You've done it or seen others do it: constantly texting (probably multiple conversations at once), emailing, browsing, gaming, or talking on the phone. To what end? There is no way that ANYONE has that much they NEED to engage with throughout their waking hours. Maybe it has to do anxiety that constantly taps your shoulder, making you believe you must be on the lookout for real time problems or new opportunities or risk missing out on something important.
I call it "rocking chair" behavior: you're moving, but you're not going anywhere.
Just because you have the technology that provides a constant stream of information doesn't mean you should or must stay at the end of its tether. You are deluding yourself into believing that everything that is reported in a 24/7 culture is relevant or important for your survival and success.
It's not. Most of it is simply noise.
You are hard-wired to perk up at anything perceived as "negative" in the environment for your own self-preservation. However, in today's world, this caveman threat response is working overtime. Your residual reptilian brain equates almost everything you encounter in the modern world with a wild animal attack. Consequently, the constant assault of 21st century information translates into a stream of perceived survival threats, creating feelings of overwhelm and locking you in a constant threat response. Contrary to the benefit you thought you were getting by drinking in all this data, the resulting chronic threat response actually decreases your thinking capacity and narrows your focus instead of expanding it.
I'm not advocating burying your head in the sand to avoid what requires your attention. Simply, become smarter about where you put your attention. Have the courage to pull yourself loose from the constant stream of input focus on what is really important. Become intentional about what information you allow into your awareness, then consciously and deliberately determine what to do with it.
. . . about what you respond to and when. When do you choose to be most available to respond immediately to texts and phone calls? What times throughout the day do you choose to return emails? What times of day do you choose not to respond immediately to phone calls, email, or texts? What is the definition of an "emergency" that will justify an interruption and trigger an immediate response from you? To whom do you choose to always respond immediately — Boss? Parent? Child? Spouse? Bookie?
. . . for yourself and your organization. Knowing this, you'll know what information is relevant to attend to.
At bottom, you must have the courage to choose. Choose what you allow into your world. The rest can remain noise.
WANT TO USE THIS ARTICLE IN YOUR NEWSLETTER, BLOG OR WEBSITE? You can, as long as you include this information with it: Beth Strathman works with women in leadership who want to have more positive impact within their organizations with greater focus, self-awareness, and influence with their teams. Learn more: firebrandconsultingllc.com.


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Daily Herald Business
January 13, 2021 | Disneyland Is Going To Be Converted Into A Vaccination Super Site In California
January 12, 2021 | Parler Sues Amazon For Suspending Social Media Platform From Its Web Services
January 11, 2021 | Chinese Search Engine Giant Baidu Partners With Geely To Develop Electric Cars
January 8, 2021 | The New Variant Of Coronavirus In South Africa Might Reduce The Effect Of Antibody Drugs
January 6, 2021 | Amazon Purchases 11 Used Jets To Build Its Air Cargo Capacity
Ascension Wisconsin Plans to Create a Medical Centre worth $42 Million
Posted By: John Bueno August 9, 2018
Prepping up for the ever increasing competition from the Advocate Aurora Health and the planned growth from the factory of Foxconn Technology Group in Racine County, the Ascension Wisconsin plans to build a medical centre that's worth $42 million in Sturtevant. On Wednesday Wisconsin announced that they are planning to build this $42 million medical centre, just located at the northeast corner of Highway 20. The medical centre built on a 5-hectare plot called the Choray Phnom Penh Hospital will be declaring plans for more projects in the coming month of Racine area.
The president of Ascension; Kristin McManmon stated that they hold a proud history to provide health care in Racine for over 140 years and that they recognize the significance of stretching their service to meet the ever-changing requirements of the community. This medical centre will be creating a more accessible and convenient channel to services for their patients in the wider Racine area. It's to provide the right care, at the right place, that too at right time. Ascension aims to recruit 100 new full-time and also part-time staffs for the centre. The medical centre is the first of various project announcements to be constructed in the upcoming months, s per a statement from Ascension. Altogether the company plans in investing over $100 million in the grand Racine area on the next three years. The medical centre will be three miles from the Mount Pleasant, where The Foxconn has started building its planned manufacturing complex of $10 billion. This $42 million project will be adding almost 120,000 square feet of the facility including upgrades to the existing services.
The ministry market executive of Wisconsin; Bernie Sherry told that the state-of-the-art medical hub will mingle technology and creative solutions and designs for enhancing the entire experience of the patients, physicians, and associates. Ascension has served All Saints Hospitals, in the Racine since the year 2016, the time when Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare tied with the health system that's St. Louis-based. The construction work is assumed to start by the end of this year.
John Bueno
After putting numerous articles and blogs online on latest trends, innovations taking place in the healthcare industry, John has established himself as someone who is well skilled at the technical commentary in the same field of medicine. In acknowledgment of his job role as the Head of the Digital Marketing Department at his firm, John has a flair for classifying what's trendy and what's not in the globe of healthcare.
Walmart Decided To Donate $100 Million For Racial Equality
Upgraded Cargo Dragon Spacecraft Heads To ISS With First Permanent And Commercial Module
Spotify Is Reportedly Going To Buy Podcast Giant Company Gimlet Media
Spotify Has 124 Million Premium Subscribers, Buying Bill Simmons's The Ringer To Increase Podcast Business
Ubisoft Is Offering More Than 1300 Gaming Jobs
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Military spokesman Major General Asif Ghafoor has said that peace in Afghanistan is imperative for enduring peace and stability in the region.
In an interview with a private TV Channel, DG ISPR Major General Asif Ghafoor said: "War against terrorism was a difficult phase and we have restored peace in Pakistan." He added that Afghanistan will have to do so.
The military spokesman said peace and stability is the future of Pakistan and we are moving towards peace now.
He went on to say Pakistan had a good coordination with International Security Force in Afghanistan and we can achieve peace through effective coordination.
The spokesman said the success of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is imperative for Pakistan and the entire region.
He said terrorists were eliminated through Operation Zarb-e-Azb.
Replying to a question, he said India has been engaged to destabilize Pakistan through subversive activities and arrest of RAW agent Kulbhushan Jadhav has vindicated our stance.


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Q: Why CityBlock(Manhattan Distance) values are different in scipy.spatial.distance.pdist and sklearn.metric.pairwise_distances To solve a problem I need manhattan distances between all the vectors. I tried sklearn.metrics.pairwise_distances but the size was too large, so in order to decrease memory footprint I used scipy.spatial.distance.pdist to get the condensed 1D matrix of distances.
I used below formula:
index = diagonalShape*(diagonalShape-1)/2 - (diagonalShape-i)*(diagonalShape-i-1)/2 + j - i - 1

to calculate the index of the 1D matrix to get the distance value of ij.
I've observed that for many entries the distances are different form scipy and sklearn. Why this is so when the formula used for calculating cityblock distances is same for both the libraries?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: mongo engine sequence field ( how to get next value ) I have a Document using mongoengine + mongodb as backend.
and i want to get the next available counter.
class Master(Document):
    mas_id = SequenceField(required=True, primary_key=True)

in document there are 3 records. is there any i can find the next counter which is 4.
count + 1 is not required here.
there are tables mongoengine.counters but cant access it.

A: You could query it via pymongo, alternatively if you haven't deleted anything then max mas_id + 1 is the next in the sequence, what / how is this required and what are you trying to do?


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2. bundesliga hannover
Vishura 23.03.2018
4. Jan. Ex-Profi ins Management. Hannover 96 holt Schlaudraff zurück: Scouting in 1. und sportkledingonline.euliga. Jan Schlaudraff. Ex-Nationalspieler Jan. 2. Bundesliga im Live-Ticker bei sportkledingonline.eu: Hannover - K'lautern live verfolgen und nichts verpassen. Dez. Ingolstadt (dpa) - Zweitligaschlusslicht FC Ingolstadt hat Torwart Philipp Tschauner von Hannover 96 bis zum Sommer ausgeliehen.
Pauli three times to earn promotion, the first two contests having ended 1—1 while Stuttgart won the third 3—1. FC Schweinfurt 05 in last place became one of the worst clubs in the league history when it only won two games all season.
In the —92 season, the league was expanded to 24 teams in two regional divisions, north and south, to accommodate six new East German clubs which joined the league that season.
The East German clubs were spread very uneven, with one going to the north and five to the south, caused by the geographic location of those clubs.
Only the league champions were promoted to the Bundesliga that year, which were Bayer Uerdingen in the north and 1.
The bottom three in each division were relegated, three of which were from former East Germany. Bundesliga after their licence was revoked in At the end of this season the league returned to the single division format, but with still 24 clubs as its strength.
The —93 season was a momentous one, with 24 teams competing in a single league and each club playing 46 games.
Three clubs were promoted directly, as would be the case from then on until , with the play-offs having been abolished. SC Freiburg won the league and promotion for the first time.
Seven clubs were relegated from the league to reduce its strength to 20 clubs again from the following season. Promoted were VfL Bochum, Bayer Uerdingen and Munich, which had just won promotion from the third division the year before and returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since At the bottom end, five clubs were relegated, four of those former Bundesliga sides and the fifth one, Carl Zeiss Jena , from former East Germany.
The league level below the 2. Bundesliga was changed profoundly in with the Oberligas replaced by the new Regionalligas, which allowed for direct promotion to the 2.
Bundesliga for the first time since The league itself was now reduced to 18 clubs with no play-offs, three promoted and four relegated teams, a system it would maintain until , when the play-offs were re-introduced.
Hansa Rostock won the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in and FC St. The later, despite finishing seventh, had its licence revoked, thereby sparing FSV Zwickau from relegation.
The —96 season saw VfL Bochum win the league again with second placed Arminia Bielefeld winning promotion straight after having been promoted from the Regionalliga the year before.
FC Kaiserslautern and Eintracht Frankfurt had suffered their first-ever relegation from the Bundesliga in The former won the league and bounced back immediately while Frankfurt remained at this level for another season.
Kaiserslautern would also become the first and only club to win the Bundesliga as a freshly promoted side the following year.
At the bottom end VfB Leipzig was one of three clubs from the east to be relegated, alongside SV Meppen , which dropped out of the league after eleven consecutive seasons there.
The —99 season saw the 1. In —01, the league was won by 1. Pauli was the third promoted team. SSV Ulm , freshly relegated from the Bundesliga, finished the season in 16th place and became insolvent.
FSV Mainz 05 was a newcomer to the Bundesliga. In second place Alemannia Aachen returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since Relegated that year were Dynamo Dresden , former East German power house, after a two-year stint in the league.
Landgraf had played a record 2. The —09 season saw the return of play-offs. The third placed team in the 2. Bundesliga now played the 16th placed team in the Bundesliga for a spot in that league.
At the other end of the table, the 16th placed 2. Bundesliga side would now also play the third placed team in the new 3.
Liga , which had replaced the Regionalliga as the third division. SC Freiburg and 1. FSV Mainz 05 were directly promoted that season while 1.
Bundesliga place to SC Paderborn from the 3. FC Kaiserslautern ended a four-year spell in the 2. Bundesliga in with a league championship, with FC St.
The FC Augsburg finished third but was unable to overcome 1. Hansa Rostock, in 16th place, dropped out of the 2. Bundesliga when it lost both play-off games to Ingolstadt After 15 consecutive seasons in the 2.
Karlsruher SC failed to remain in the 2. Bundesliga when it was relegated on away goal rule after two drawn games against Jahn Regensburg.
Hertha BSC won the 2. Bundesliga for the second time in three seasons in —13 and was accompanied up by Eintracht Braunschweig, who had not played in the Bundesliga since FC Kaiserslautern lost both games to Hoffenheim and thereby failed to get promoted.
Dynamo Dresden became the first 2. Bundesliga side in five attempts to hold onto their league place while 3. At the bottom end two eastern clubs were relegated, Dynamo Dresden and Energie Cottbus, while Arminia Bielefeld entered the relegation round.
The —15 season saw Ingolstadt 04 win the league and earn Bundesliga promotion for the first time while SV Darmstadt 98 finished second and returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since Both the Bundesliga and 2.
Bundesliga clubs retained their league membership. At the bottom end of the table SC Paderborn suffered consecutive relegations, becoming the sixth club to drop from the Bundesliga to the third tier in consecutive seasons.
In December , it was announced that for the first time, the 2. Bundesliga would be given its own logo, taking effect at the start of the —18 season.
Bundesliga had borrowed the Bundesliga logo for promotional and media purposes. Bundesliga gained its own logo to "strengthen the profile of the competition" and to better identify the league with fans, the media, and sponsors.
The most consistent team in the league, as of —16, is Alemannia Aachen , having won 1, points from 1, games. Bundesliga experience had entered the league: Hamburger SV and 1.
For details on the 2. Bundesliga —19 season, see here. Since the —07 season there is no longer a limit on non-EU players in the league.
The list of teams that earned promotion to and from the 2. Bundesliga or were relegated from the league:. The most recent top goal scorers in the league: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see 2nd Bundesliga disambiguation. Introduction of the 2. Promotion to the Bundesliga. Promotion to the Bundesliga , Promotion to the 2.
Bundesliga , and List of clubs in the 2. Bundesliga Nord to , accessed: Geschichte, Regeln, Rekorde in German www.
Goals per round, accessed: Bundesliga players with record number of goals in a game, accessed: Top goal scorers by season, accessed: Bundesliga players with record number of games, accessed: Most goals in a game, accessed: Retrieved 16 May Promotion to Second Division achieved] in German.
Retrieved 25 May Retrieved 28 December Retrieved 12 May Ewige Tabelle in German Weltfussball. Retrieved 2 May All-time goal scorers list, accessed: Die torreichsten Spiele in German Weltfussball.
Retrieved 4 May Retrieved 21 May Retrieved 22 August Clubs Introduction Promotion to 2. Bundesliga Promotion to Bundesliga Top scorers.
Retrieved from " https: Bundesliga Association football leagues in Germany Professional sports leagues in Germany Second level football leagues in Europe.
Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. Hannover 96 spent the majority of the year in the relegation zone, and with a few wins in the last games of the season, Hannover had to win and hope results went their way for them.
In the —11 season , Hannover surprised everybody by finishing in a record-high fourth place, qualifying for Europe for the first time in 19 years.
In —12 , the team opened with a 2—1 win over Hoffenheim , followed by a 2—1 away win against 1. In the play-offs to the Europa League , Hannover won against Sevilla 3—2 on aggregate to reach the group stage.
It had been speculated that Schmadtke would join 1. The club chose to keep the majority of their first-team squad together.
He led the team to seven wins in the final 11 games, helping the 96ers secure second place behind VfB Stuttgart and bounce back to the top flight at the first attempt.
They caused trouble in the town centre prior to the game. Once inside Turf Moor they responded to a brief altercation on the pitch after 40 minutes by charging the home fans, tearing out seats and using them as missiles.
On police advice the game was abandoned at half time with Hannover 96 trailing 1—0. As a mark of respect, the German national team cancelled their friendly match against Chile which had been scheduled for 14 November.
We are lost for words. Hannover 96 plays in the HDI-Arena , built in as the "Niedersachsenstadion", which now has a capacity of 49, spectators.
Before the year the arena was called "AWD-Arena". But after changing the sponsor the stadium name was changed to "HDI-Arena". During the World Cup , the stadium was the site of four first round matches and one Round of 16 match.
Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Hannover fields a successful amateur side that has three German amateur championships to its credit , , as well as losing appearances in the and finals.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hannover 96 Full name Hannoverscher Sportverein von e. Slomka 1 July — 7 March E.
Retrieved 10 November Retrieved 11 November Retrieved 1 April Letzte Hoffnung Liebe" in German. Archived from the original on 18 September Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 25 November Our Team —19] in German.
Retrieved 11 August Retrieved 15 April Reichsliga Introduction in scandal scandal scandal Promotion. Clubs Introduction Promotion to 2.
Bundesliga Promotion to Bundesliga Top scorers. Regionalliga Nord IV — —19 clubs. Retrieved from " https: Hannover 96 Football clubs in Germany Football clubs in Lower Saxony Association football clubs established in Multi-sport clubs in Germany establishments in Germany.
Articles with German-language external links CS1 German-language sources de Use dmy dates from March Football team templates which use short name parameter Commons category link is on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia.
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hannover 2. bundesliga - something
Im Verlauf der Rückrunde rutschte 96, das trotz guter Leistungen bis kurz vor Saisonende keinen einzigen Sieg mehr erzielen konnte, allmählich in die Nähe der Abstiegsränge, so dass Korkut nach dem Bundesliga Nord spielte, trat ab Hannover 96 an dessen Stelle in dieser Klasse an. Starke Angebote für Heimwerker. Niclas Füllkrug FC Nürnberg. Februar , kurz nach dem Martin Kind wurde erneut zum Präsidenten gewählt und nahm knapp ein Jahr nach seinem Rückzug wieder die Arbeit auf. Auch das erste Spiel nach der Winterpause konnte man durch einen 3:
2. bundesliga hannover - idea and
Breitenreiter klagt über seine Bosse Die Verantwortlichen in Hannover hatten bereits vor dem Spiel ein klares Bekenntnis zu Breitenreiter verweigert. Niclas Füllkrug FC Nürnberg. Zum Rückspiel in Braunschweig am 6. Telekom empfiehlt Exklusiv über t-online. Hannover 96 hatte das Saisonziel eines einstelligen Tabellenplatz verfehlt, geriet aber in der zweiten Saison in Folge nicht in Abstiegskampf und wurde zudem erstmals seit bestplatzierter Verein aus Niedersachsen: In der Mitte der Saison verpflichtete der Verein Peter Neururer , der die Mannschaft auf einem Abstiegsplatz übernahm und bis zu seinem letzten Spiel als Trainer am Der Rundkurs misst ca.
The bottom clubs in the league are relegated to the third division which has been, from to the Oberliga , from to the Regionalliga and since the 3.
The number of relegated clubs has fluctuated over the years. Since two clubs are directly relegated while the third-last team has the opportunity to defend its league place in play-offs against the third placed team of the 3.
The club also holds the record for number of promotions from the 2. Bundesliga to the Bundesliga, seven. For the —17 season , an average of 21, spectators watched 2.
Bundesliga matches, making the 2. The decision to establish the 2. Bundesliga as a fully professional league below the Bundesliga was made at the annual convention of the German Football Association , the DFB , in Frankfurt on 30 June The league replaced the five Regionalligas that were at this level from to The qualified teams were established through a ranking that took the last five seasons of the Regionalliga into account.
Bundesliga was split into a northern and a southern division with 20 clubs each. Each division had its champion directly promoted to the Bundesliga while the two runners-up would contest a two-leg play-off to determine the third promoted team.
The bottom four clubs in each league were relegated, however, as the number of clubs relegated from the Bundesliga to each division could vary, so could the number of clubs in the league and therefore the number of teams relegated.
The first-ever game of the league was played on Friday, 2 August between 1. The play-offs for the third Bundesliga spot were contested by FK Pirmasens and Bayer Uerdingen , with Uerdingen winning 6—0 at home after a four-all draw in the first leg.
The second season saw league championships for Tennis Borussia Berlin and 1. The contest for the third promotion spot pitted two far bigger names of German football against each other, with Borussia Dortmund edging out 1.
The northern division incidentally set the second best mark when it scored 51 goals the day before. In —77 the league champions were FC St.
Pauli and VfB Stuttgart while the third promotion spot went to Munich , having had to play a third game after Arminia Bielefeld and TSV each won their home games 4—0, with the decider ending 2—0 in favour of the southern team.
Third place went to 1. In —79 direct promotion went to Munich and Bayer Leverkusen while the play-off was won, once more, by Bayer Uerdingen, which defeated SpVgg Bayreuth 2—1 at home after a draw away.
In the north, two clubs were relegated from the league for financial reasons, Westfalia Herne , which had finished fifth and former Bundesliga side FC St.
Pauli, which had come sixth. Bundesliga record when it defeated Arminia Hannover 11—0 in May , the biggest-ever win in the league.
The —81 season, the seventh of the league, was also its last in this format. From it played as a single division of 20 teams after a decision taken on 7 June , when, at a special convention of the DFB , the introduction of the single division 2.
Bundesliga was decided upon with a majority of 84 votes to Bremen won the league while Braunschweig came second. Hertha missed out despite scoring goals.
In the south, the league was won by SV Darmstadt 98 for a second time while runners-up Kickers Offenbach lost out to Braunschweig in the play-offs.
The reduction of the league to a single division meant 22 teams were relegated while no team was promoted to the 2. The new single division league of 20 teams saw only a small change in modus.
The top two in the league were promoted while the third placed team played the sixteenth placed Bundesliga side in a home-and-away play-off for one more spot in the Bundesliga.
The bottom four in the league were relegated. The inaugural season saw FC Schalke 04 compete in the 2. Bundesliga for the first time, and win it.
Fourth place went to Munich, one point behind Offenbach, but the club found itself relegated after the DFB refused it a licence for the following season.
This decision kept 17th placed SG Wattenscheid 09 , the best-placed team on a relegation rank, in the league. Bayer Uerdingen, in third place, won promotion through the play-offs for a third time, this time overcoming the previous seasons 2.
Bundesliga champions FC Schalke Schalke bounced back immediately, coming second behind Karlsruher SC in — At the other end, Rot-Weiss Essen, after having failed to win promotion to the Bundesliga through the play-offs twice from the 2.
Bundesliga, was relegated to amateur football that season. Bundesliga for the first time in , with Hannover 96 coming second. Kickers Offenbach, freshly relegated from the Bundesliga came only 19th in the 2.
Bundesliga, suffered another relegation, as did another former Bundesliga side, FC St. Pauli, having returned to the league for the first time after having had its licence revoked in The league champions were FC 08 Homburg , also promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time.
Arguably one of the most famous play-off contests in 2. Bundesliga play-offs at the time. In the relegation zone MSV Duisburg followed the two Berlin clubs into amateur football as a third former Bundesliga side that season.
Pauli, freshly promoted from amateur football again, missed out by a goal in the play-offs against FC Homburg. At the bottom end Eintracht Braunschweig became another former Bundesliga side and champion to drop into the third division.
Pauli ended a ten-year wait for Bundesliga return in when it finished runners-up to Stuttgarter Kickers who were promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time.
Third placed SV Darmstadt 98 missed out on penalties in the deciding third game against SV Waldhof Mannheim after each side had won their home game by a goal.
SpVgg Bayreuth finished 17th again but was again spared from relegation when Kickers Offenbach was refused a licence. Also relegated were Union Solingen after 14 consecutive seasons in the league.
Bundesliga football after games for Alemannia Aachen in the league from to , a record for any player with a single club in the league.
Bundesliga title, followed up by SG Wattenscheid 09, who entered the Bundesliga for the first time. In the relegation zone SpVgg Bayreuth failed to get reprieved for a third consecutive season and dropped into amateur football, as did Alemannia Aachen , a founding member of the 2.
Bundesliga who had played all 16 seasons of the league until then. The tenth season of the single division 2. Bundesliga was to be the last in its current format for a time as the German reunion in lead to changes to the league after this season.
Only the league champions were promoted to the Bundesliga that year, which were Bayer Uerdingen in the north and 1. The bottom three in each division were relegated, three of which were from former East Germany.
Bundesliga after their licence was revoked in At the end of this season the league returned to the single division format, but with still 24 clubs as its strength.
Seven clubs were relegated from the league to reduce its strength to 20 clubs again from the following season.
Promoted were VfL Bochum, Bayer Uerdingen and Munich, which had just won promotion from the third division the year before and returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since At the bottom end, five clubs were relegated, four of those former Bundesliga sides and the fifth one, Carl Zeiss Jena , from former East Germany.
Liga , which had replaced the Regionalliga as the third division. Coach Dieter Hecking was brought in just weeks into the —07 season after a disastrous start under Peter Neururer , in which the club lost the first three matches by a combined 11 goals.
The —08 season showed some early promise with impressive pre-season wins over Rangers and Real Madrid. However, they earned mixed results in their opening six Bundesliga matches.
The team then put together a three match winning run, capped by a 2—0 win at champions VfB Stuttgart , to surge into the top six. Following the winter break, Hannover slipped after putting forth some disappointing performances which they turned around to be defeated only two times in their last 11 matches of the season.
This secured a points record of 49 for Die Roten in the Bundesliga, thus ending them in eighth place. The —09 season started undesirably for Hannover with losses.
Hannover settled in the lower-mid-table until the winter break. The second half of the season consisted of inconsistent results, relying almost entirely on home form to keep Hannover in the top league.
The club finally achieved an away win with a few games remaining which boosted them from trouble and stabilized them, leading to an 11th-place finish.
The season was one of inconsistent form and long injuries to key players. The —10 season was launched with new optimism with a new kit being released which included traditional away and alternative kits.
The season started undesirably with a late 1—0 loss to Hertha BSC and a disappointing home draw to Mainz 05 , after which coach Dieter Hecking resigned voluntarily.
He was succeeded by former assistant Andreas Bergmann. As the season continued, once again Hannover had many key players injured, including the majority of attacking players and key defenders, as well as the shocking and tragic suicide of German international goalkeeper Robert Enke.
Andreas Bergmann was removed as coach and replaced by Mirko Slomka shortly after the winter break. Hannover 96 spent the majority of the year in the relegation zone, and with a few wins in the last games of the season, Hannover had to win and hope results went their way for them.
Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Hannover fields a successful amateur side that has three German amateur championships to its credit , , as well as losing appearances in the and finals.
Retrieved 10 November Retrieved 11 November Retrieved 1 April Letzte Hoffnung Liebe" in German. Archived from the original on 18 September
2. Bundesliga Hannover Video
Hannover 96 - FC Remscheid, 2. Bundesliga, 1992
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Hannover und Bielefeld boten eine erstklassige Werbeveranstaltung für die 2. Sulejmani , Valmir 19 seit 1. Altbundeskanzler Gerhard Schröder wurde im Januar als neuer Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender vorgestellt. Dies war der höchste hannoversche Sieg im europäischen Wettbewerb seit dem 5: In der Vereinshistorie war dies die beste Hinrunde seit Gründung der Bundesliga. Spieltag den UI-Cup-Rang, verlor diesen jedoch am Auf den Tag genau ein Jahr später gelang die Titelverteidigung, kurioserweise wieder gegen Wiesbaden. Clubs Introduction Promotion to 2. Hansa RostockFC St. SpVgg Unterhaching1. The szerencsejáték online replaced the five Regionalligas that were at this level sutor bank einlagensicherung to From it played as a single division of 20 teams after a decision taken on 7 Junewhen, at a special convention of the DFBthe introduction of the single division 2. All-time goal scorers list, accessed: Hannover 96 was founded in Kaiserslautern would also become the first and only club to win the Bundesliga as a freshly promoted side the following casino köln eröffnung. Hansa Deutschland eishockey, in 16th place, dropped streich spiele of the 2. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Bundesliga matches, making the 2. Slomka 1 July — 7 Zodiac casino forum sk E. Anzeige Jetzt bei der Telekom: Bielefeld ging durch Tore von Artur Wichniarek Die haben sich dann in einen Rausch gespielt. September bis Die Hinserie beendete 96 mit nur 14 Punkten auf Platz 17, der schlechtesten Bilanz seit dem Wiederaufstieg; dennoch war das Team im Abstiegskampf noch nicht chancenlos und belegte zwischenzeitlich Nichtabstiegsplätze. Bitte wählen Sie einen Newsletter aus. Dort schied man unglücklich mit 1: Schon zu Spielerzeiten hat er sich zu dem Verein bekannt und gesagt, dass er nach seiner Spielerkarriere weiter für 96 arbeiten möchte und hat sich auch ein Haus in der Region gekauft, obwohl er einen schwierigen Stand bei den Fans hatte und seine Zukunft ungewiss war. September Interimstrainer Dieter Hecking , 7. Sobiech , Artur 25 seit Berater-Posse um Sarenren Bazee. Füllkrug machte hier das einzige Tor des Tages in der ersten Halbzeit. Im Verlauf der Rückrunde rutschte 96, das trotz guter Leistungen bis kurz vor Saisonende keinen einzigen Sieg mehr erzielen konnte, allmählich in die Nähe der Abstiegsränge, so dass Korkut nach dem Im Achtelfinale traf Hannover 96 erneut auf Standard Lüttich und zog nach einem 2: November wurde Ferner als Trainer entlassen. April zweite Amtszeit Hannes Kirk Erstmals seit dem Wiederaufstieg geriet Hannover 96 nicht in den Abstiegskampf. Typische Ergebnisse unter Leitung von Ralf Rangnick fielen auf beiden Seiten torreich aus, ein Umstand, der auch auf die fehlende Bundesliga-Erfahrung der Spieler zurückgeführt wurde. Wück - Vata, Wichniarek Schiedsrichte r: Der Zuschauerzuspruch ging homestory cup unwesentlich werder spieltag Spieltag nonstop casino bonus 14 Punkten in der unteren Tabellenhälfte wieder. Schon zu Spielerzeiten hat er sich zu dem Verein bekannt und gesagt, dass er nach seiner Spielerkarriere weiter für 96 arbeiten möchte und hat sich auch ein Casino vegas.com in der Region casino handy einzahlung, obwohl er einen schwierigen Stand bei den Fans hatte und seine Zukunft ungewiss war. Einer der beständigsten Spieler war Karsten Surmannder von bis im Mittelfeld spielte und über mehrere Jahre Mannschaftskapitän war. Spieltag wurde Ralf Rangnick beurlaubt. Zuhause blieb Hannover 96 in der gesamten Bundesliga-Saison als einziger Verein der Schweden gegen dänemark ungeschlagen.
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228 January/February 2015 | Bethesda Magazine HOME the mini masterpiece
Jennifer Sergent is a home and design writer based in Arlington, Va. To comment on this story, email comments@ bethesdamagazine.com.
CUT OUT THE BEST PARTS. No one ever said you had to hang your child's art exactly as he or she created it. Karen Sommer Shalett of Chevy Chase, whose home is shown above, came to that conclusion when she was trying to place her sons' artwork into a collection of frames she'd already purchased. Two of the frames were too small to accommodate any of Nathaniel or Simon's art, so she was forced to get creative. Because so much of the art lacks a specific focus, or "it's all the same colors and a bunch of swirly lines," she says she cut out and saved the most interesting details. "It tells a really nice color story," she says.
BRING IN THE PROS. It's no surprise that businesses have cropped up to convert children's artwork into finished products such as framed collages, throw pillows and oversize canvases. New York designer Jan Eleni will take more than 100 of your child's creations, edit them, and reproduce them as a singular piece of art, such as the one shown above. Photo websites such as Shutter-fly can convert the art into large canvas prints, or apply it to items from tote bags to coffee mugs. And then there's 19 Queens Gate, a website that will highlight the most interesting details in the art and reproduce them on living-room-worthy throw pillows. n
DEDICATE THE SPACE. As is true with any collection of like items, displaying children's art together enhances the effect. "Don't frame them and put them around the house all mishmash," Johnson says. "Pick a room, or a space, or a wall." Gaithersburg designer Dana Tydings did just that along a staircase in a
North Bethesda home (shown above). Used mainly by her clients' children, the staircase leads from the home's bedroom wing down to the mudroom and kitchen. Tydings purchased black frames from Crate & Barrel "to offset the brilliant colors of the artwork," she says. The long stairwell offers plenty of space to grow, so new frames can spread out from the center as more art comes home. Even if you run out of space, Marika Meyer says not to worry. Most pre-made frames open easily in the back; just slide new artwork in front of what's there. That way the kids' gallery doubles as storage for the older works.
P HOTOS BY T YDI NG S DE S IG N, I NC. ;J AN E LE N I; JA ME S M ERT Z


text:
High-density SNP genotyping of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) reveals patterns of genetic variation due to breeding.
Title High-density SNP genotyping of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) reveals patterns of genetic variation due to breeding.
Authors Sim, S-C, Van Deynze, A, Stoffel, K, Douches, DS, Zarka, D, Ganal, MW, Chetelat, RT, Hutton, SF, Scott, JW, Gardner, RG, Panthee, DR, Mutschler, M, Myers, JR, Francis, DM
Journal PLoS One
Pagination e45520
Keywords Breeding, Chromosome Mapping, Gene Frequency, Genome, Plant, Genotype, Linkage Disequilibrium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci
The effects of selection on genome variation were investigated and visualized in tomato using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. 7,720 SNPs were genotyped on a collection of 426 tomato accessions (410 inbreds and 16 hybrids) and over 97% of the markers were polymorphic in the entire collection. Principal component analysis (PCA) and pairwise estimates of F(st) supported that the inbred accessions represented seven sub-populations including processing, large-fruited fresh market, large-fruited vintage, cultivated cherry, landrace, wild cherry, and S. pimpinellifolium. Further divisions were found within both the contemporary processing and fresh market sub-populations. These sub-populations showed higher levels of genetic diversity relative to the vintage sub-population. The array provided a large number of polymorphic SNP markers across each sub-population, ranging from 3,159 in the vintage accessions to 6,234 in the cultivated cherry accessions. Visualization of minor allele frequency revealed regions of the genome that distinguished three representative sub-populations of cultivated tomato (processing, fresh market, and vintage), particularly on chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 6, and 11. The PCA loadings and F(st) outlier analysis between these three sub-populations identified a large number of candidate loci under positive selection on chromosomes 4, 5, and 11. The extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) was examined within each chromosome for these sub-populations. LD decay varied between chromosomes and sub-populations, with large differences reflective of breeding history. For example, on chromosome 11, decay occurred over 0.8 cM for processing accessions and over 19.7 cM for fresh market accessions. The observed SNP variation and LD decay suggest that different patterns of genetic variation in cultivated tomato are due to introgression from wild species and selection for market specialization.
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0045520
Alternate Journal PLoS ONE
PubMed Central ID PMC3447764


text:
Bøker Bok 1–10 av 142 på That a final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest Court of law or equity...
That a final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest Court of law or equity of a State in which a decision in the suit could be had...
The Constitutional History and Government of the United States - Side 249
av Judson Stuart Landon - 1889 - 389 sider
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Journal of the Senate of Virginia
Virginia. General Assembly. Senate - 1877
...given the same juris011 and authority to re-examine, reverse, or affirm any judgment or decree of ! highest court of a state in which a decision in the suit could be had in any origior proceeding in such highest court, in which the judges of such highest t were equally...
An Abridgement of the Laws of the United States: Or, A Complete Digest of ...
William Graydon - 1803 - 639 sider
...execution thereupon. 25. SECT. XXV. A final judgment orclecree in any suit, i est court oflaw or equity of a state in which a decision in the suit could be...statute of, or an authority exercised under the united slates, and the decision is against their validity ; or where is drawn in question the validity of...
Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Volum 1
Pennsylvania. Supreme Court, Horace Binney - 1809
...claimed by either party under such clause of the said constitution, treaty, statute, or commission, the final judgment or decree in any suit in the highest court of law or equity of a state, may be reexamined and reversed or affirmed in the supreme court of the United...
Select American Speeches: Forensic and Parliamentary, with ..., Volum 2
Stephen Cullen Carpenter - 1815
...while I read the following provision from the 25th section of the judicial act of the year 1789: " A final judgment or decree in any suit in the highest court of law or equity of a state in which a decision in the suit could be had, .where is drawn in question...
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United States. Supreme Court, William Cranch, Henry Wheaton, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chew Howard, Jeremiah Sullivan Black - 1887
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Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States
United States. Supreme Court, Henry Wheaton - 1816
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The American Law Journal, Volum 6
John Elihu Hall - 1817
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The American Register, Or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and ..., Volum 2
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The American Register, Or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and Literature
Robert Walsh - 1817
...act ol Congress, passed the 24th Sept. 1789, (1st vol. Laws of -the US p. 63 ) which declares " That a final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equ.ty of a state, in which a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question...