text:
\section{Introduction}
In the Standard model (SM) rare B meson decays
are  induced
by one-loop W  exchange diagrams; therefore, new contributions
where some of the SM particles in the loop  are
replaced by nonstandard particles
like a charged Higgs boson, a gluino or a chargino,  are not suppressed
by an extra factor $\alpha/4\pi$ relative to the standard model amplitude.
The resulting sensitivity for nonstandard contributions implies the possibility
for an indirect observation of new physics, a strategy complementary to the
direct production of new particles.
The $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ decay, for example, plays
an important role in  restricting the parameter space of
extensions  of the SM like the minimal supersymmetric standard
model (MSSM) \cite{Susy,SusySusy},
in spite of the fact that the accuracy of the
experimental data on  ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$
used for such analyses
is not better than $30 \%$ at present. In this respect, also the $B \rightarrow
X_d \gamma$ decay
is of specific interest because its Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM)
suppression by the factor $|V_{td}|^2/|V_{ts}|^2$ in the SM may
not be true in extended models.

Within the framework of the SM, rare B decays are important
for constraining  the CKM matrix elements:
For example the $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ mode can be used to extract
$|V_{ts}|$. The is possibly the most direct measurement of this CKM matrix
element, as the decay mode $t \rightarrow W^+ s$ is difficult to measure.
Analogously, a future measurement of
the $B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$ decay rate will help to drastically reduce
the presently allowed region
of the CKM-Wolfenstein parameters $\rho$ and $\eta$.

In contrast to exclusive
decay channels,
inclusive decay modes are theoretically clean in the sense
that no specific model is needed
to describe the final hadronic state.
Nonperturbative effects in the inclusive modes are well
under control due to heavy quark effective theory.
For example, the decay width $\Gamma(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$
is well approximated by the partonic decay rate
$\Gamma(b\rightarrow X_s \gamma)$ which can be
analyzed in renormalization group improved perturbation theory.
The class of
non-perturbative effects which scales like $1/m_b^2$
is expected to be well below $10\%$ (\cite{Falk}, see also \cite{Alineu}).
This numerical
statement is supposed to hold also
for the non-perturbative contributions
which scale like $1/m_c^2$ \cite{Voloshin}.

The accuracy
in  the dominating perturbative contribution
was recently  improved to next-to-leading precision
\cite{AG91,Adel,Pott,GHW,Mikolaj,GH,CDGG,INFRARED}: The renormalization
scale dependence of the previous
leading-log result at the $\pm 25\%$-level
was substantially reduced to $\pm 6\%$ and
the central value increased by about $20\%$.

Much of the theoretical improvements carried out in the
context of the decay $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ can
straightforwardly adapted
for the decay $B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$. Like for the
former decay, the NLL-improved and
power-corrected decay rate for $B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$ has
much reduced theoretical uncertainty which would allow to extract more
precisely the CKM parameters from the measured branching ratio.

Finally, we mention that studies of direct CP violation in inclusive
$B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ and $B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$   decays
in the SM and in its extensions have been presented recently
\cite{Neubert,AG7}.

The rest of the article is organized as follows.
In section 2, we collect the experimental data recently presented by
CLEO and ALEPH and discuss the problems regarding
the photon energy spectrum.
In section 3, we recall the theoretical
framework in which rare B decays can be analyzed and discuss
the principle steps of the  complete NLL QCD calculation of the
inclusive $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ and $b \rightarrow d  \gamma$
modes.
In section 4, we review electroweak corrections
and further refinements which lead to the current theoretical
prediction of the $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ decay rate. We shortly discuss
the theoretical uncertainty and comment on bounds on physics beyond the SM.
\section{Experimental Data from CLEO and ALEPH, Photon Spectrum}
With the B-factories, presently under construction at SLAC (Babar) and KEK
(Belle), and also with the upgraded B-factory at CESR in Cornell (CLEO III),
the experimental situation regarding rare B decays will drastically change
in the near future. With the expected high luminosity, radiative B decays
will no longer be  rare events. Experimental accuracy of below $10\%$
in the inclusive $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ mode appears to be possible and even
the measurement of exclusive  $b \rightarrow d  \gamma$ modes could be in
reach.
This was  the motivation  to increase also the accuracy of
the theoretical prediction correspondingly.

However, experimental data is
already available (for a review see \cite{experiment2,experiment1}):
In 1993, the first evidence for a penguin induced B meson decay was found
by the CLEO collaboration. At the CESR $e^+ e^-$ storage ring,
which operates just
above the $B\bar B$ threshold at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance,
they measured the exclusive
electromagnetic penguin process $B \rightarrow K^* \gamma$.
The inclusive analogue $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ was also found by the CLEO
collaboration through the measurement of its characteristic photon
energy spectrum in 1994.
As this process is dominated by the two-body
decay $b \rightarrow s \gamma$, its photon energy spectrum
is expected to be a smeared delta function centered
at $E_\gamma \approx m_b/2$,
where the smearing is due to perturbative gluon Bremsstrahlung and due to
the non-perturbative Fermi motion of the b quark within the B meson.
Some lower cutoff in the photon energy has to be imposed in order to exclude
the background, mainly  from the non-leptonic charged
current processes  $b \rightarrow c q \bar{q}' + \gamma$ or
$b \rightarrow u q \bar{q}' + \gamma$, which have a typical Bremsstrahlung
spectrum being maximal at $E_\gamma =0$ and falling off for
larger values of $E_\gamma$.
Therefore only the ``kinematic'' branching ratio for
$B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ in the range between
$E_\gamma=2.2$ GeV and the kinematic endpoint at $E_\gamma= 2.7$
GeV could be measured directly.
To obtain from this measurement the total  branching ratio, one has to know
the fraction $R$ of the $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ events with
$E_\gamma \ge 2.2$ GeV.
This was done in \cite{AG91} where
the Fermi motion of the b quark in the B meson was
taken into account by using the phenomenological model by Altarelli et
al. (ACCMM model) \cite{ACCMM}.
Using this theoretical input regarding the photon energy spectrum,
the value  $R=0.87 \pm 0.06$ was used  for the fraction
by the CLEO collaboration, leading to the CLEO branching ratio
\cite{CLEOincl}
\begin{equation}
\label{cleoincl}
{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = (2.32 \pm 0.57 \pm 0.35) \times 10^{-4}
\end{equation}
Actually, there are two separate CLEO analyses. The first technique
constructs the inclusive rate by summing up the possible
exclusive final states. Background in the
measurement of exclusive modes is naturally  low because of kinematical
constraints
and of the beam energy constraint.
In the second technique  one measures the inclusive photon
spectrum near the end
point.
Background suppression is  more difficult.
For this purpose one uses topological differences between the spherical
$B\bar{B}$ events
and the two jets $e^+e^- \rightarrow q\bar{q}$. But the signal efficiency ($32
\%$) is very high compared to the first technique.
The branching ratio stated above (\ref{cleoincl})  is the average
of the two measurements, taking into account the correlation between
the two techniques. The first error is statistical and the second is systematic
(including
model dependence). The measurement  is based on a sample of $2.2 \times 10^6
B\bar B$
events.

This summer (1998), CLEO has presented an improved, but preliminary
 measurement
\cite{CLEOneu}
which is based on $53\%$ more data ($3.3 \times 10^6$ events).
 They also used the
slightly wider $E_{\gamma}$ window starting at $2.1$ GeV.
The relative error drops almost by a factor of $\sqrt{3}$:
\begin{equation}
\label{cleoneu}
{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = (3.15 \pm 0.35 \pm 0.32 \pm 0.26)
\times 10^{-4}
\end{equation}
The errors represent statistics, systematics, and
the model dependence, respectively.
In ref. \cite{CLEOneu} the kinematical branching fraction
${\cal B}^{2.1}$ for photons with energies in the
range between  2.1 GeV and 2.7 GeV is also given:
\begin{equation}
\label{cleoneu2}
{\cal B}^{2.1}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = (2.97 \pm 0.33 \pm 0.30 \pm 0.21)
\times 10^{-4}
\end{equation}
As
CLEO II still analyses more data,
one can expect an even better measurement soon.

There is also data at the $Z^0$ peak from the LEP experiments.
The ALEPH collaboration \cite{ALEPH} has measured the
inclusive
branching ratio
\begin{equation}
\label{braleph}
{\cal B}(H_b \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = (3.11 \pm 0.80 \pm 0.72) \times 10^{-4}.
\end{equation}
It should be noted that
the branching ratio in (\ref{braleph}) involves a different weighted
average of the B mesons and $\Lambda_b$ baryons produced in $Z^0$ decays
(hence the
symbol $H_b$) than the corresponding one given by CLEO.
High luminosity is more difficult to obtain
at higher $e^+e^-$ collision energies. Thus, $B\bar{B}$ samples
obtained by the LEP experiments are smaller than the one
at CESR.  The rate measured by ALEPH,
is consistent with the CLEO measurement.

The uncertainty regarding the fraction $R$ of the $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ events with
$E_\gamma \ge 2.2$ GeV spotted in the experimental measurement should
be
regarded as a purely theoretical uncertainty.
As mentioned above,
the fraction $R$ was calculated
in \cite{AG91} using the phenomenological model by Altarelli et
al., where the Fermi motion of the b quark in the B meson
is characterized by two parameters, the
average Fermi momentum $p_F$ of the b quark and the mass $m_q$ of the spectator
quark.
The error on the fraction $R$ is essentially obtained by varying
the model parameters $p_F$ and $m_q$ in the range for which the ACCMM
model correctly describes the energy spectrum of the charged lepton in
the semileptonic decays $B \rightarrow X_c \ell \nu$ and $B \rightarrow X_u \ell \nu$,
measured by CLEO and ARGUS.
In \cite{AG91} a first comparison between the calculated photon energy
spectrum
and the one measured by the CLEO collaboration was presented.
The (normalized) measured
photon energy spectrum and the theoretical one are in agreement for those
values of  $p_F$ and
$m_q$, which correctly describe the inclusive semileptonic CLEO data $B \rightarrow X_c
\ell \nu$ and $B \rightarrow X_u \ell \nu$;
at present, the data from the
radiative decays is, however, not precise enough to
further constrain the values of $p_F$ and $m_q$.
The best fit between
the theoretical and measured photon energy
spectrum is obtained for $p_F=450$ MeV and $m_q=0$.

Besides this phenomenological model by Altarelli et al.,
 more fundamental theoretical methods
are  available today to implement the bound state effects, namely by making use
of operator product expansion techniques in the framework of heavy quark
effective theory (HQET).
A new analysis along these lines  was recently presented \cite{Kagan}.
Unfortunately, the operator product expansion breaks down
near the endpoint of the photon energy  spectrum and therefore an infinite
number of leading-twist corrections  has to be resummed into
a non-perturbative universal "shape function" which determines the
light-cone momentum distribution of the b-quark in the B meson. The physical
decay distributions are then obtained from a convolution of parton model spectra
with this shape function.
At present this function cannot be calculated, but there is at least some
information
on the moments of the shape function which are related to the forward matrix
elements
of local operators. Ans\"atze  for the shape
function, constrained by the latter information, are used.
In contrast to the older analysis based on the ACCMM model,
the new analysis of Kagan and Neubert \cite{Kagan}
includes the full NLL information. Their
fraction
$R=0.78^{+0.09}_{-0.11}$ (for the energy cut $E_\gamma > 2.2$ GeV)
is significantly
smaller than the factor used by CLEO.
The larger error on $R$ implies that the theoretical uncertainty in the
calculation of Fermi motion effects has been underestimated until now.
Clearly, a lower experimental cut decreases the sensitivity
to the parameters of the shape function (or, more general, the
model dependence as one can already see from the new CLEO measurement.)
Another future aim should be to determine the shape function
(and analogously the parameter of the ACCMM model)
by using the high-precision measurements of the photon  energy
spectrum.

\section{QCD Corrections at the NLL level}

Short distance QCD corrections
enhance the partonic decay rate $ \Gamma(b \rightarrow s \gamma)$  by more than a factor of
two.
These QCD effects bring in large logarithms of the form
$\alpha_s^n(m_b) \, \log^m(m_b/M)$,
where $M=m_t$ or $M=m_W$ and $m \le n$ (with $n=0,1,2,...$).
This is a natural  feature in any process where two different mass scales
are present.
In order to get a reasonable result, one has  to resum at least
the leading-log (LL) series ($m=n$).
Working to next-to-leading-log (NLL) precision means that one is also resumming
all the
terms of the form $\alpha_s(m_b) \, \left(\alpha_s^n(m_b) \, \ln^n (m_b/M)\right)$.

The error of the leading logarithmic (LL) result \cite{counterterm}
was  dominated by a large renormalization scale dependence
at the $\pm 25\%$ level which indicates the importance of the NLL series.
Moreover, such a NLL program
is also important in order to ensure validity
of renormalization group improved perturbation theory in the example  under
question.
It was recently found in Multi-Higgs Doublet Models \cite{BG}
that the truncation of the perturbative series at the NLL level is often not
appropriate.

A suitable framework to achieve the necessary resummations
of the large logs is an  effective
low-energy theory, obtained by integrating out the
heavy particles which in the SM are the top quark and the $W$-boson.
The effective Hamiltonian relevant for $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ and
$b \rightarrow s g$ in the SM and many of its extensions reads
\begin{equation}
\label{heff}
H_{eff}(b \rightarrow s \gamma)
       = - \frac{4 G_{F}}{\sqrt{2}} \, \lambda_{t} \, \sum_{i=1}^{8}
C_{i}(\mu) \, O_i(\mu) \quad
\end{equation}
where $O_i(\mu)$ are the relevant operators,
$C_{i}(\mu)$ are the corresponding Wilson coefficients,
which contain the complete top- and W- mass dependence,
and $\lambda_t=V_{tb}V_{ts}^*$ with $V_{ij}$ being the
CKM matrix elements. The CKM dependence globally factorizes,
because we work in the approximation $\lambda_u=0$ (for $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$).

Neglecting operators with dimension $>6$ which are suppressed
by higher powers of $1/m_{W/t}$ and using the equations
of motion for the operators, one arrives at the following basis
of dimension 6 operators
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{operators}
O_1 &=& \left( \bar{c}_{L \beta} \gamma^\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \,
        \left( \bar{s}_{L \alpha} \gamma_\mu c_{L \beta} \right)\,, \nonumber \\
O_2 &=& \left( \bar{c}_{L \alpha} \gamma^\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \,
        \left( \bar{s}_{L \beta} \gamma_\mu c_{L \beta} \right) \,,\nonumber \\
O_7 &=& \frac{e}{16\pi^{2}} \, \bar{s}_{\alpha} \, \sigma^{\mu \nu}
      \, (m_{b}(\mu)  R) \, b_{\alpha} \ F_{\mu \nu} \,,
        \nonumber \\
O_8 &=& \frac{g_s}{16\pi^{2}} \, \bar{s}_{\alpha} \, \sigma^{\mu \nu}
      \, (m_{b}(\mu)  R) \, \frac{\lambda^A_{\alpha \beta}}{2} \,b_{\beta}
      \ G^A_{\mu \nu} \quad .
\end{eqnarray}

Because the Wilson coefficients of the penguin induced Four-Fermi
operators $O_3,..O_6$ are very small, we do not list them here.

In this framework the next-to-leading logarithmic terms
$\alpha_s(m_b) \, (\alpha_s^n(m_b) \log^n(m_b/m_{W/t}))$
in the $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ amplitude
have two sources:\\
{\bf 1} $\bullet$ The corrections to the Wilson coefficients $C_i(\mu)$ at the
scale $\mu \approx m_b$.\\
 {\bf 2} $\bullet$ The corrections to the matrix elements of the operators $O_i$
also at the low-energy scale $\mu \approx m_b$.\\
Only the sum of the two
contributions is renormalization scheme
independent and in fact,
from the $\mu$-independence of the effective Hamiltonian,
one can derive a renormalization group equation
(RGE) for the Wilson
coefficients $C_i(\mu)$:
\begin{equation}
\label{RGE}
\mu \frac{d}{d\mu} C_i(\mu) = \gamma_{ji} \, C_j(\mu) \quad ,
\end{equation}
where the $(8 \times 8)$ matrix $\gamma$ is the anomalous dimension
matrix of the operators $O_i$.
The standard procedure to calculate the two contributions involves the
following three steps:\\
{\bf ad 1a} $\bullet$  One matches the full standard model theory
with the effective theory at the scale $\mu=\mu_W$, where
$\mu_W$ denotes a scale of order $m_W$ or $m_t$. At this scale,
the matrix elements of the operators  in the
effective theory lead to the  same logarithms  as the full theory
calculation.
Consequently, the Wilson coefficients
$C_i(\mu_W)$ only pick up small QCD corrections,
which can be calculated in fixed-order perturbation theory.
In the LL (NLL) program, the matching has to be worked out to order
$\alpha_s^0$ ($\alpha_s^1$).\\
{\bf ad 1b} $\bullet$ Solving the RGE (\ref{RGE}) and using the $C_i(\mu_W)$
of Step 1a as initial conditions, one performs the
evolution of these Wilson coefficients from
$\mu=\mu_W$ down to $\mu = \mu_b$, where $\mu_b$ is of the order of $m_b$.
As the matrix elements of the operators evaluated at the low scale
$\mu_b$ are free of large logarithms, the latter are contained in resummed
form in the Wilson coefficients. For a LL (NLL) calculation, this RGE step
has to be performed using the anomalous dimension matrix $\gamma_{ji}$  up
to order $\alpha_s^1$ ($\alpha_s^2$).\\
{\bf ad 2} $\bullet$ The corrections to the matrix elements
of the operators $\langle s \gamma |O_i (\mu)|b \rangle$ at the scale  $\mu = \mu_b$
have to be calculated to order $\alpha_s^0$ ($\alpha_s^1$) in the LL (NLL)
calculation.

All three steps (1a,1b,2) to NLL precision involve rather difficult
calculations.   The most difficult part in Step 1a is the
 two-loop (or  order $\alpha_s$) matching of the dipole operators $O_7$ and $O_8$.
It involves two-loop diagrams both in the full and in the effective theory.
It was worked out by Adel and Yao \cite{Adel} some time ago.
As this is a crucial step in the NLL program,
Greub and Hurth confirmed their findings in a detailed re-calculation
using a different method \cite{GH}.
Recently, two further recalculations of this result were presented
\cite{CDGG,INFRARED}.
Step 2 basically consists of Bremsstrahlung corrections and virtual
corrections. While the Bremsstrahlung corrections
were worked out some time ago by Ali and Greub \cite{AG91} and have
 been confirmed and extended by Pott \cite{Pott}. A
complete analysis of the virtual two-loop corrections (up to the contributions
of the Four-Fermi operators with very small coefficients) was presented
by Greub, Hurth and Wyler \cite{GHW}.
The order $\alpha_s^2$ anomalous matrix (Step 1b) has been
worked out
by Chetyrkin, Misiak and M\"unz \cite{Mikolaj}. The extraction of some of
the elements in the $O(\alpha_s^2)$ anomalous
dimension matrix involves pole parts of three-loop diagrams.

Combining the NLL calculations of all the three steps (1a+b,2),
the first theoretical prediction to NLL  precision
for the branching ratio
was presented in \cite{Mikolaj}:
\begin{equation}
\label{mikolajend}
BR(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)=(3.28 \pm 0.33) \times 10^{-4}.
\end{equation}
The theoretical error
has two dominant sources:  The
$\mu$ dependence is reduced to about $6\%$. The other main uncertainty of $5\%$
stems from the $m_c/m_b$ dependence. This first theoretical NLL prediction already included the
nonperturbative correction which scale with $1/m_b^2$ which are rather small
at the $1\%$ level.
Later, also nonperturbative contributions from $c\bar c$ intermediate states
were considered which scale with $1/m_c^2$ \cite{Voloshin}.
Detailed investigations \cite{Voloshin}
show that
these contributions enlarge
the branching ratio by $3\%$.

The $B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$ decay can be treated analogously.
The effective Hamiltonian  is the same
in  the processes $b \rightarrow s \gamma (+g)$ and $b \rightarrow d \gamma (+g)$
up to the obvious
replacement of the $s$-quark field by the $d$-quark field.
However, as $\lambda_u$ for $b \rightarrow d \gamma$ is not small relative to
$\lambda_t$ and $\lambda_c$, one also has to encounter
the operators proportional
to $\lambda_u$.
The matching conditions $C_i(m_W)$
and the solutions
of the RG equations, yielding $C_i(\mu_b)$, coincide
with those needed for the process $b \rightarrow s \gamma (+g)$.
The power corrections in $1/m_b^2$ and $1/m_c^2$ (besides the CKM factors)
are also the same for both modes. However, the so-called long-distance
contributions
from the intermediate $u$-quark in the penguin loops are different.
These are  suppressed in the $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ mode due to the
unfavorable CKM matrix elements. In $B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$, however, there
is
no CKM-suppression  and one
has to include the long-distance intermediate $u$-quark contributions.
The non-perturbative contribution generated by the $u$-quark loop
can only be modeled at present.
\section{Theoretical Predictions, Current Status}
The prediction for the partonic $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ decay rate  is usually
normalized by the semileptonic decay rate in order to get rid of
uncertainties
related to the fifth power of the b quark mass.
Moreover, often an explicit lower cut on the photon energy in the
Bremsstrahlung correction is made:

\begin{equation}
R_{quark}(\delta) =
\frac{\Gamma[ b \rightarrow s \gamma]+\Gamma[ b \rightarrow s \gamma  gluon]_\delta}{\Gamma[ b
\rightarrow X_c e \bar{\nu}_e ]}
\end{equation}
where the subscript $\delta$ means that only photons with energy
$E_{\gamma} > (1-\delta) E_{\gamma}^{max} = (1-\delta) \frac{m_b}{2}$ are
counted.
The ratio $R_{quark}$ is divergent in the limit $\delta \rightarrow 1$ due to
the
unphysical soft photon divergence in the subprocess $b \rightarrow s \gamma
gluon$.
In this limit only the sum of $\Gamma[b \rightarrow s \gamma]$,
$\Gamma[b \rightarrow s  gluon]$ and $\Gamma[b \rightarrow s \gamma gluon]$ is a reasonable
physical quantity, in which all divergences cancel out.
In \cite{GHW} the limit $\delta \rightarrow 1$ is taken and the singularities
are removed by adding the virtual photon corrections to $b \rightarrow s gluon$.
In  \cite{Mikolaj} the "total" partonic $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ is defined
by using the value at $\delta=0.99$. However, in \cite{Kagan} it was shown that
this
is not the most suitable choice, because the theoretical result becomes
more sensitive to the unphysical soft-photon divergence than the first
numerical results indicated.
The authors of \cite{Kagan} use $\delta=0.90$ as their optimized definition
of the total decay rate. They  also
suggest to
directly compare theory and experiment
using the same energy cuts as CLEO($E_{\gamma}>2.1 (2.2)$ GeV). Then
the theoretical uncertainty  regarding the photon energy spectrum discussed in
section 2 would occur
naturally in the theoretical prediction.

Using the measured semileptonic branching ratio ${\cal B}^{sl}_{exp.}$,
the  branching ratio ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$ is given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = R_{quark}  \times {\cal B}^{sl}_{exp.} (1 +
\Delta_{nonpert})
\end{equation}
where
$\Delta_{nonpert}$ contains
the $1/m^2_b$ and $1/m^2_c$ corrections, whose effects
amount to $+1\%$ and $+3\%$, respectively.

The NLL QCD analysis for the branching ratio
${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$
is
further based on the following values for the input parameters \cite{BG}:
$\alpha_s(M_Z)=0.119\pm 0.004$, $m_b-m_c=3.39\pm 0.04$ GeV,
$m_c/m_b=0.29\pm 0.02$,
$ m_t(\mbox{pole})=(175\pm 5)$~GeV, ${\cal B}_{sl}=(10.49 \pm 0.46)\%$,
$\alpha_{em}^{-1}=(130.3 \pm 2.3)$.
For the CKM  matrix factor $|V_{ts}^*V_{tb}/V_{cb}|^2$ the number $(0.95 \pm
0.03)$
is used.
For these values of the input parameters, one gets
\begin{equation}
\label{AG7end}
{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = (3.57 \pm 0.32)\times 10^{-4}.
\end{equation}
The shift in the central value compared
with the prediction (\ref{mikolajend})
has different sources.
The recently discovered nonperturbative corrections  scaling with $m_c^2$
are included in addition.
Besides slightly different input parameters,
the discussed convention $\delta \rightarrow 1$ is used (\ref{AG7end}),
 while in
(\ref{mikolajend}) $\delta=0.99$ was chosen.
The central value is also sensitive to the details how the uncalculated
next-next-leading
order terms are discarded. We note that in (\ref{AG7end})
the factor $1/\Gamma_{sl}$ is not expanded in $\alpha_s$. (If one does so, the
central value
in (\ref{AG7end}) decreases from $3.57 \times 10^{-4}$ to
$3.46 \times 10^{-4}$.)

We emphasize that
for a comparison with the ALEPH measurement (\ref{braleph}) one should use
consistently
the measured semileptonic branching ratio ${\cal B}(H_b \rightarrow X_{c,u} \ell
\nu)=(11.16 \pm 0.20)\%$.
This leads to a larger theoretical prediction for the LEP experiments.

Quite recently, A. Czarnecki and W. Marciano \cite{Marciano}
calculated part of the electroweak two-loop contributions, namely contributions
from  fermion loops in gauge boson
propagators ($\gamma$ and $W$) and from short-distance photonic loop corrections
which are considered to be the two dominant classes of electroweak
corrections. They  found that these new contributions reduce the $R_{quark}$
(\ref{AG7end}) by $9\%$.
They observed   that the on-shell value of the fine
structure constant  $1/\alpha_{em}=137$ is more appropriate for real
photon emission instead of
the value $1/\alpha_{em} = (130.3 \pm 2.3)$ used in previous analyses.
Their loop calculations confirmed this expectation.
This change in $\alpha_{em}$ represents the main
reduction of $-5\%$ in $R_{quark}$.
Also recently, Strumia \cite{Strumia} made a complete analysis of the
heavy top and the heavy Higgs corrections
to $b \rightarrow s \gamma$ in the limit
$m_W \rightarrow 0$.
The correction is below $1\%$ which indicates  that
the $-2.2\%$ correction from the fermion loop contribution stated in
\cite{Marciano} could be an overestimation.
Kagan and Neubert \cite{Kagan} improved the QED analysis made in
\cite{Marciano}
by resumming the contributions of order
$\alpha ln(m_W/\mu_b) (\alpha_s ln(m_W/\mu_b)^n$
to all orders (while in \cite{Marciano} only the $n=0$ contribution
was included).
This resummation decreases the QED corrections.

Including only the resummed QED corrections, using the on-shell value of
$\alpha_{em}$
and
working with the
convention $\delta \rightarrow 1$ in $R_{quark}$, we end up with
the current theoretical prediction
\begin{equation}
\label{end2}
{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) = (3.32 \pm 0.14 \pm 0.26)\times 10^{-4},
\end{equation}
where the first error represents the uncertainty regarding the scale dependences
on $\mu_b$ and $\mu_W$, while the second error is the
uncertainty due to the input parameters.

A complete NLL calculation
of the $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ branching ratio in the simplest
extension of the SM, namely the Two-Higgs-Doublet Model (2HDM), was recently
presented in \cite{CDGG,BG}. In the 2HDM of Type II (which already represents
a good approximation for
gauge-mediated
supersymmetric models with large $\tan\beta$ where the charged Higgs
contribution dominates the chargino contribution) a lower
bound on the mass of the charged Higgs boson of about $250$ GeV was found
for large  $\tan\beta$. This bound was based on the CLEO upper limit
($95 \%$ C.L.) of
$4.2 \times 10^{-4}$ for ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$ \cite{CLEOincl}
and the electromagnetic corrections discussed above were not included.
Taking into account these corrections, and using the most recent
upper CLEO bound ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma) < 4.5 \times 10^{-4}$ (at
$95 \%$ C.L.) \cite{CLEOneu}, the lower bound for the mass
of the charged Higgs bosons
is at about 165 GeV \cite{newcontour} for large $\tan \beta$.
This value should be compared
with the lower bound of 45 GeV found in the direct search for the charged
Higgs boson at LEP-I. The validity of the bound at $\sim 55$ GeV from
LEP-II was criticized in \cite{Djouadi}.
Quite recently,
a more general SUSY scenario was presented
\cite{susyneu}, where
in particular the possibility of destructive interference of the chargino
and the charged Higgs contribution is analyzed.

Instead of making a theoretical standard model
prediction for the branching ratio
${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$,
one can use the experimental data  and theory in order to directly determine
the combination $|V_{tb} V_{ts}^*|/|V_{cb}|$ of CKM matrix elements;
in turn, one can determine
$|V_{ts}|$, by making use of the relatively well  known
CKM matrix elements $V_{cb}$ and $V_{tb}$.
An update of the analysis done by A. Ali \cite{aliokt97},
using the CLEO data (\ref{cleoneu}),
the ALEPH data (\ref{braleph}), and including
all new contributions on the theoretical side, leads to
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{|V_{ts}^* V_{tb}|}{|V_{cb}|} &=& 0.95 \pm 0.08_{exp.} \pm 0.05_{th.}
\quad \rm{CLEO} \nonumber \\
\frac{|V_{ts}^* V_{tb}|}{|V_{cb}|} &=& 0.91 \pm 0.15_{exp.} \pm 0.04_{th.}
\quad \rm{ALEPH.}
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray*}
The average of the two measurements yields
\begin{equation}
 \frac{|V_{ts}^* V_{tb}|}{|V_{cb}|} = 0.93 \pm 0.09  \pm 0.03
=0.93 \pm 0.10
\end{equation}
where in the very last step the theoretical and experimental errors were
added in quadrature.
Using
$|V_{tb}|=0.99 \pm 0.15$ from the CDF
measurement and  $|V_{cb}|=0.0393 \pm 0.0028$
extracted from semileptonic $B$ decays
, one obtains
\begin{equation}
\label{vts}
|V_{ts}|=0.037 \pm 0.007,
\end{equation}
where all the errors were added in quadrature. This  is probably
the most direct determination of this CKM matrix element,
as mentioned in the introduction.
With an improved measurement of ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$
and $V_{tb}$, one expects to reduce the present error on $|V_{ts}|$
by a factor of 2 or even more.

Let us finally move to the predictions for the
$ B \rightarrow X_d \gamma$ decay \cite{AG7}.
One finds that for $\mu_b=2.5$ GeV (and the central values of the input
 parameters) the difference between the LL and NLL results is
$\sim 10\%$, increasing the branching ratio in the NLL case.
For a fixed value of the CKM-Wolfenstein parameters
$\rho$ and $\eta$, the theoretical uncertainty of the branching
ratio is:
$\Delta {\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_d \gamma)/ {\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_d \gamma)
=
\pm (6-10)\%$.
Of particular theoretical interest is the ratio of the
branching ratios, defined as
\begin{equation}
\label{dsgamma}
R(d\gamma/s\gamma) \equiv \frac{{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_d \gamma)}
                           {{\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)},
\end{equation}
in which a good part of the theoretical uncertainties cancels.
As expected,
the uncertainty in the ratio $R(d\gamma/s\gamma)$ is indeed smaller.
This suggests that
a future  measurement of $R(d\gamma/s\gamma)$ will have a large impact on
the CKM phenomenology.

Varying the CKM-Wolfenstein parameters $\rho$ and $\eta$ in the range
$-0.1 \leq \rho \leq 0.4$ and $0.2 \leq \eta \leq 0.46$ and taking into
account other parametric dependences stated above, the
results (without electroweak corrections) are
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{summarybrasy}
6.0 \times 10^{-6} &\leq &
 {\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_d \gamma)   \leq 2.6 \times 10^{-5}~, \nonumber\\
0.017 &\leq & R(d\gamma/s\gamma) \leq 0.074~.\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
These quantities are expected to be measurable at the forthcoming high
luminosity B facilities. At present only upper bounds on corresponding
exclusive  modes are available from CLEO II, namely ${\cal B}(B^0\rightarrow
\rho^0\,\gamma)=<3.9\cdot10^{-5} $, ${\cal B}(B^0\rightarrow \omega\,
\gamma)=<1.3\cdot10^{-5} $, and ${\cal B}(B^-\rightarrow
\rho^-\,\gamma)=<1.1\cdot10^{-5}$ \cite{experiment1}.

\section{Summary}
Significant theoretical progress in the analysis of
inclusive rare radiative B-decays has been
achieved during the last few years. In particular, the completion of the
NLL QCD calculation for the dominating perturbative contribution
and further refinements on nonperturbative and  electroweak corrections
and on the photon energy spectrum lead to the present
theoretical prediction of the $B \rightarrow X_s \gamma$ branching ratio
with a substantially  improved precision.
These  theoretical improvements  call for more precise experimental data
which one can expect from the B-factories and the upgraded CLEO
experiment in the next years. This experimental data will provide
important tests of the SM and its extensions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Tom Brady net worth: how Brady made his $475 million fortune
When NFL legend Tom Brady left the field at the end of the final game of the 2022 season, he was the league's career leader in passing yards (89,214) and touchdowns (649). He also left with an estimated net worth of $512 million.
Brady made about $332 million playing quarterback for the National Football League's New England Patriots and Tampa Bay Buccaneers for 23 seasons, the highest career earnings of any football player in history.
Also see: These top athletes are investing in corn instead of crypto
He achieved this despite never once being the highest-paid player in the league during his Hall of Fame career. His spot as the NFL's biggest earner could be overtaken by fellow signal callers Aaron Rodgers or Matthew Stafford in the coming years if Brady elects to retire from the game.
Tom Brady is the highest earner in the history of the National Football League.
Spotrac
Brady's fiscal performance off the gridiron has been nearly as legendary as his work between the lines.
See also: Usain Bolt is missing $12 million from his investment portfolio, his manager says
As of 2022, Brady had earned at least $180 million over the past 23 years from endorsements, licensing, appearances and memorabilia, according to estimates from Sportico. Brady's endorsement calculation was made in May 2022, and any gains or losses Brady may have had since then are not included in that figure.
That endorsement total would put Brady's net worth around $512 million if you combine his on- and off-field earnings.
Some of Brady's lucrative endorsement deals are with Under Armour
UAA,
Ugg and Upper Deck.
He has also launched an apparel company called Brady Brand, a fitness company called TB12 and the NFT platform Autograph.
"The future is exciting," he said on Instagram last year. "I'm fortunate to have cofounded incredible companies like @autograph.io @bradybrand @tb12sports that I am excited to continue to help build and grow."
Last January, Autograph revealed a $170 million funding round, and the Bay Area native and University of Michigan alumnus has inked partnerships with sports betting company DraftKings
DKNG,
to produce and distribute nonfungible tokens.
But not all of Brady's financial moves have been successful. According to reporting from the New York Post and Forbes that analyzed court documents, Brady owned 1.1 million shares of the now-bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange FTX that were valued at roughly $45 million. FTX's bankruptcy proceedings are ongoing, and changes to Brady's net worth as it relates to his FTX investment have not yet been calculated.
It's unclear if Brady will be paid anything for his FTX shares, but it seems unlikely. As the SEC points out, when it comes to bankruptcy, stockholders "are last in line to be repaid if the company fails."
Brady has also agreed to contract with Fox Sports to announce NFL games once he decides to retire. That deal is a 10-year contract worth up to $375 million, the largest in sportscasting history.
Total wealth analysis is not an exact science and cannot account for every single asset and liability an individual has.
Now read: How Kobe Bryant made his $600 million fortune — and who is in charge of it now?
It's inevitable that Brady's tenure as the top earner in the NFL will at some point come to an end. Last year, Buffalo Bills quarterback Josh Allen signed a $258 million contract, and Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes signed a $500 million deal the year before, per Spotrac. When the latter is paid out in full, Mahomes will likely have eclipsed Brady in terms of salary earnings.
"It'll be one day at a time, truly," Brady said about deciding on whether he'll retire this offseason after the Bucs lost to the Dallas Cowboys on Monday night.
Categories Trending Tags advertising, Advertising/Public Relations/Marketing, American Football, analysts' comments, Analysts' Comments/Recommendations, article_normal, arts, boston, brady, Broadcasting, buccaneers, Business, Business/Consumer Services, C&E Exclusion Filter, C&E Industry News Filter, consumer services, Content Types, contract, corporate, Corporate/Industrial News, DKNG, DraftKings Inc., Factiva Filters, football, fortune, foxboro, foxborough, giselle, hospitality, industrial news, internet, Internet/Online Services, labor, Labor/Personnel Issues, leisure, Leisure/Arts/Hospitality, marketing, media, million, net, newengland, online services, personnel issues, Public Relations, quarterback, recommendations, Routine General News, Salary, sporting facilities, Sporting Facilities/Venues, sports, Sports Organizations, tampa, Technology, Television Broadcasting, Tom, tombrady, UAA, Under Armour Inc. Cl A, venues, Worth
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Takeaway: This webcast between Kyle Bass and Keith McCullough aired 4/8. Video replay is now available.
Renowned hedge fund manager Kyle Bass (founder of Hayman Capital) bet against the subprime mortgage market ahead of the 2007 financial crisis. Watch the replay from this interview between Bass and Hedgeye CEO Keith McCullough's pro-to-pro discussion on China, global recession, and why interest rates may head to near zero by 2020.
CLICK HERE TO WATCH THE REPLAY.


The period during which a monarch rules is a reign.
This Spelling quiz is called 'Words beginning with ref...' and it has been written by teachers to help you if you are studying the subject at elementary school. Playing educational quizzes is an enjoyable way to learn if you are in the 3rd, 4th or 5th grade - aged 8 to 11.
Enjoy this quiz on spelling words beginning at ref.
"No matter how calmly you try to referee, parenting will eventually produce bizarre behavior, and I'm not talking about the kids. Their behavior is always normal." - Bill Cosby.


text:
Rite Aid Stock Analysis – Is RAD a Good Stock to Buy or Sell Now?
Rite Aid Stock Analysis – Is RAD a Good Investment (Buy, Sell or Hold)?
Year to date, Rite Aid stock (RAD) has risen by 115%. The surge in RAD's stock price is causing investors to question if Rite Aid stock is still a good buy and hold at the current price, or whether the stock has risen too far, too fast, making it a sell (or even a short sale).
115% Surge in Rite Aid Stock (YTD)
On a comparative basis, as indicated by the stock chart below, Rite Aid stock has been performing extremely well against competitors such as CVS Caremark (CVS), Walgreen Co. (WAG) and Wal-Mart Stores (WMT), especially since April 2013.
In the below fundamental and valuation stock analysis report, MarketConsensus News reviews Rite Aid Corporation to determine whether the stock (RAD) rates as a Buy, Sell, Hold or Short.
Rite Aid Stock Analysis (Is Rite Aid a Good Investment or a Sell?)
Rite Aid Fundamental Analysis
RAD Stock Valuation Overview
Favorable / Negative Catalysts for the Stock
Bottom Line Conclusion
RAD released its Q1 2014 earnings results in June. Overall, the company seems to have met analysts' expectations for both Revenue and Earnings per Share (EPS). Investors, however, were expecting a much stronger result. For the top line, Rite Aid reported revenues of $6.3B. This represented a 3% decline in revenue compared to the same quarter last year. The company attributes 2.7% of this decline to the impact from lower-cost generic drugs. The drop in revenue also reflects a 2.5% decrease in same store sales. Both Pharmacy sales and the number of prescriptions filled by same stores declined by 458 basis-points and 0.1% respectively.
On a brighter note, the company's Net Income for Q1 2014 rose to $89.7M, or $0.09 per diluted share. This compares favorably to the Q1 2013 Net Loss of $28.1M, or $0.03 per diluted share. Primary contributors to the Net Income included an increase in Adjusted EBITDA, and a decline in interest and other debt retirement-related expenditure. EBITDA, which came in at $344.8M compared to $274.2M from a year ago, improved largely on the backs of improved margins from new generic drugs, incremental margins from front-end sales, and strong cost-cutting and expense control.
See Also: Johnson & Johnson's Strong Growth Opportunities
The company's Gross Margins came in at 28.9%, which was slightly better (by 190 basis points) than the previous year's Q1 quarter. The reported 3.4% of Operating Margins came in at 250 basis points higher than the prior year, with Net Margins improving 180 basis points.
RAD management also provided guidance for its full year 2014 performance, with sales expected to come in between $24.9B and $25.3B. With respect to same store sales, the company is expecting anywhere from a decrease of 0.75%, to an increase of 0.75% compared to last year. The company expects to generate Net Income for 2014 in the range of $22.0M and $162.0M, or between $0.01 and $0.16 per diluted share.
As reported by Bloomberg Businessweek, Rite Aid is expected to generate an EPS of $0.02 for the next quarter (Q2), and $0.06 for the subsequent quarter (Q3). Analysts also expect the company's revenues to stay flat at around $6.2B for the next two quarters, with full-year revenue for the next two fiscal years (2014 and 2015) to also come in flat at around $25.2B.
RAD Valuation Overview
On a Market Cap basis, RAD (with a MC of $2.49B) is clearly a dwarf compared to its main competitors: CVS Caremark (CVS), Walgreen Co. (WAG) and Wal-Mart Stores (WMT). WAG's Market Cap is $244.41B, CVS has a Cap of $70.51B and WAG has a Cap $41.90B. Some might argue that WMT is not entirely a direct competitor, with pharmacy and prescription management accounting for only a fraction of its business.
See Also: Is Walmart Stock a Good Buy, Sell or Hold at the Current Price?
Price/Sales (TTM): On a P/S (TTM) valuation, RAD is by far the cheapest of the 4 peers, trading at multiples of 0.10x, which is significantly cheaper than the industry average of 0.37x for this metric. All of the other 3 competitors are trading in the low to high 50's for this valuation metric.
While RAD offers a very competitive Return on Assets of 7.75%, compared to 7.12%, 6.68% and 8.73% for CVS, WAG and WMT respectively, investors should be wary of the high amount of debt that the company carries on its balance sheet. For instance, given that RAD's Market Capital ($2.49B) is almost 96% less than that of CVS ($70.51), its total debt ($5.91B) is only about 38% shy of that of its much larger Market Capped competitor ($9.66B).
Other News: Top Auto Insurance Firms – Does Your Insurance Company Rank Well?
Favorable / Negative Catalysts Impacting Rite Aid Stock
One of the biggest negatives for RAD is the increasing competition it is facing from big players like Wal-Mart and Walgreen. Other retail pharmacy chains and mail order pharmacies also pose a competitive threat for the drug store chain operator.
According to DrugstoreNews.Com, RAD was amongst 5 drugstore operators that together accounted for 63% of all U.S. prescription drug revenues, totaling nearly $277B last year. As the current U.S. administration's health care reforms (Obama Care) kicks in, RAD is also likely to be a beneficiary of increased spending on prescription drugs. This should prove very accretive to the company's longer term profitability.
See Also: Choosing the Right Investment Advisor and Financial Planner
Last year saw a plethora of M&A activity in the pharmacy space, including the merger between Express Scripts and Medco Health Solutions. Most analysts believe that while there is likely to be a temporary pause in such activity this year (no major announcements have been made so far), the trend is likely to continue in the coming years. Should this prediction come true, it will lead to much larger competitors for RAD, which may have to respond with an appropriate strategy of its own.
Aging populations and an increased focus on health care by individuals, communities and governments can prove to be a favorable longer-term catalyst for RAD's growth and profitability. The trend for individuals and institutions to shift from higher-priced proprietary drugs to cheaper generic alternatives could also serve well for RAD, as that will lead to higher margins for the company.
Based on the analysis above on whether Rite Aid Stock (RAD) is a good buy, sell or hold, in our opinion RAD currently rates as a HOLD, but a potential BUY if the company's financial prospects increase or in the event of a pull back on the stock.
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Six mornings a week, my dad commuted to his drugstore in North Philadelphia. By closing time, he had been there for almost 14 hours, but I never heard him complain. He enjoyed his work, and it may never have occurred to him that there was anything to complain about. When I was in high school, I started working with my dad at the store. Every Friday afternoon I took the subway, and on Saturday afternoon drove with my mom. My job was stocking shelves, serving customers, occasionally counting pills to help fill prescriptions, and eating lots of candy bars. Sometimes mom packed dinner, and sometimes I walked down to the Horn and Hardarts cafeteria at Broad and Erie and brought back a hot meal to eat at the store. By the end of the day, we were all ready to go home. Around 9:30 I mopped the floor, then descended rickety stairs to check the cellar door. Finally we positioned bars across the windows, set the alarm, and went outside.
One Saturday, we drove south on 17th Street, turned left on to Ontario, and started east towards Broad Street, when a large man ran out between two cars and flagged us down. He knocked on the window, yelling at us to open up, gesturing down the street towards some unseen quarry. It was a cop, fiddling with his holster, preparing to draw his gun. As my mother reached over her shoulder to unlock the door, the strangest thing happened. Her hands grabbed wildly at the latch as if she was pulling up, but time after time her fingers missed and the door remained locked. I watched in growing horror as precious time slipped away.
This is exactly what always bothered me about my mother, and here was yet another proof. She was a klutz, and just in the most urgent moment, she failed to come through. I cursed the luck that gave me such an incompetent mother. Losing patience, the cop ran to a taxi that pulled up behind us. The driver of that vehicle knew how to open his door. The cop jumped in and they pulled around us and drove off in pursuit. Meanwhile, I was filled with wonder at how my mother who had been opening car doors her whole life could have failed at such a simple task, and fumed the whole way home.
At first glance, such intense moments appear to be excellent material for a memoir. Jeanette Walls' wildly successful memoir, "Glass Castle," seems like a collection of such experiences. But taken as a whole, her book is more than a compilation of zany moments. Each episode contributes to an intimate, compassionate portrayal of real human beings. Memories are simply the raw material for memoirs, like pigments for a painter or clay for a sculptor, and shaping them into the story is not an exhaustive collection but an artistic synthesis. So no matter how many high powered incidents come to mind, I still don't necessarily end up with a readable book that authentically portrays my life. To turn anecdotes into a life story, there is much creative work to do.
For one thing, I must place the experience in context. We didn't just appear on that street. We arrived there through the natural course of our daily lives. So I back up and explain what we were doing there in the first place. That episode with the cop makes the whole night come to life — the drugstore, the neighborhood, and my relationship with my parents. As this anecdote falls onto paper, I begin to see the world of that teenage boy, broadening my insight into the night and also expanding my understanding of how it fit into my whole life.
For example, I'm not very well coordinated myself, and during my teenage years I was especially disappointed by my lack of agility. Feeling my frustration with my mom that night awakens the recognition that neither of my parents nor any of us three kids were athletic. I have recently been reading about hereditary factors that cluster together the characteristics of nerdiness and lack of physical coordination. (see my Asperger's article). The incident with the car lock suggests that this might help explain the Waxler family. I file that observation for future consideration.
The incident stirs up an observation about my relationship with my dad. He was a loving man, and always treated me with kindness and respect, but we never talked much. I don't remember having had a single conversation with him, which made him seem distant. Now that I am reading about us as two characters in a story, a fact jumps out. Working in the drugstore with my father, gave me an opportunity to spend large swaths of time shoulder to shoulder with him, helping him in the store that supported the family. Now I realize we were partners, in a manly sort of way. I've envied other boys who worked with their dad on the farm or the family business, and now I realized until I was 18, I was one of those boys.
The fact that we had to put bars on the window and set the alarm, and that a cop was running around chasing criminals, foreshadows the fact that a few years later, corner drugstores would become targets for violent crime. When I went away to college, dad's good friend, Sam Dreidink, who owned a drugstore a few miles away, was held up at gunpoint. On the way out, the robbery completed, his assailant shot Sam in the stomach. He lived, but in terrific pain for the rest of his life. A few months later, my dad was held up. During the robbery, he was forced to his knees with a shotgun pointed at his head. They stole his money and whatever narcotics he had in stock. When they left, he was still whole in body, but that incident ended his years in the drugstore.
My mom lived 70 more years, during which I discovered her apparent lapses in "common sense" often moved conversations in unexpected directions, offering the people in her life zest and interest, cleverness and fun. Her lack of predictability turned out to be one of her endearing traits, and instead of feeling manipulated or confused by her approach, I became one of her many admirers. Forty years after that night in the car, I knew that behind a thin facade of silliness, she was an authentic, fascinating person. Which makes me wonder as I read my story if she knew exactly what she was doing, and in her own klutzy way she was protecting her family from a man with a gun.
Writing Prompt: Write an anecdote from your life that has dramatic intensity. Using that anecdote as a core, backtrack and describe what lead up to it. Also, go forward and see what happens afterward. Try it a few times, or with a few anecdotes, to see if you can find a beginning, middle, and end. Could this be a chapter in your memoir? Could it become a standalone short story?
Take one of your written dramatic anecdotes. You now have three different points of view about the same event. One is the memory of what it felt to be back there. Another is a reader, reading a written story about characters in the incident. The third is an adult, with a much broader understanding not only of the incident but who the people are, where they've been, and where they are going. Dance amidst these three points of view find new thoughts and connections that help put it in place. Consider what the people wanted. What were they thinking when they performed this particular action? What other episode does this story remind you of? How did your or their flaws influence the course of events? How have you or they changed since then?
This entry was posted in Drama, Family, My own life, Writing Prompt and tagged Family Memoirs, Philadelphia Regional, Storytelling, Writing Prompt by jerrywaxler. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
03 Nov 2022 / justice Print
Crime-victims scheme paid out €3.8m last year
The chair of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Tribunal has said that an increase in the number of tribunal members allowed it to deal with more appeals last year.
Conor Heaney said that a decision to hold hearings virtually had also contributed to the rise in the number of files considered.
The number of members was doubled from seven to 14 last year, as part of a reform of how the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme operates
The scheme provides compensation to victims of violent crime in the State. It has been in place since 1974, but had been revised only once before last year.
The tribunal also administers a separate compensation scheme for prison officers who suffer personal injuries due to a violent crime experienced in the course of their duties.
COVID-19 affects applications
Its 2021 annual report shows that the tribunal received 182 applications last year – 118 under the general scheme, and 64 under the prison-officer scheme.
The figure for the general scheme was up from 114 in 2020, but well below the 145 received in 2019.
The tribunal says that the reduced number of applications in 2020 and 2021 may reflect the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on level of violent crime.
The body held 42 hearings last year, all remote, with 28 linked to the general compensation scheme. This was a significant increase from the 18 appeals heard in 2020.
The number of files sent to tribunal members also rose – from 335 in 2020 to 455 last year.
Decisions now published
The report shows that 120 applicants accepted and received awards totalling just under €2.3 million last year from the tribunal under the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme.
Under the prison-officer scheme, there were 57 awards, worth €1.5 million, accepted and received by applicants.
After changes to the scheme last year, decisions of the tribunal are now being made available publicly. These are redacted to remove personal data.
Related to justice
More funds for groups supporting crime victims
Ruhama gets biggest allocation from €5.25m pot
CCBE President Perakis takes office
Lawyer has previously advised European Commission
770 British prisoners on remand for over two years
House of Commons reports calls for alternatives
MLRC seminar on mental health and homelessness
Examining challenges in accessing accommodation


This wonderful area has communal swimming pool, sauna, pool, clubhouse.
to Cha-Am city.Detta area has many good restaurants, shops, everything is here.
Type V has a wide and symmetrical front with long extended terraces. With its L-shaped open living space, the house has its charm in having front-facing aspects of both the kitchen and living room. Terrace is located directly on the anterior aspect of the house, which broadens the view of the garden.
Standard features include European kitchen with laminate top fitted with wash basin and mixed tap, full kitchen appliances (electric stove, oven, hood), the water outlet of the water heater and mixed taps, ceramic tile throughout, air conditioning throughout, a free-standing carport, lawn and hedge fence around the plot.
NOTE: The standard land size to fit this house is 440 square meters. Note that the display case (shown) have smaller terrace space than the current design that has a terrace extended forward across the width of the house.


text:
La Taça de Portugal 1996-1997 fu la 57ª edizione della Coppa di Portogallo, una competizione sotto la giurisdizione della Federazione calcistica portoghese.

La finale, tenutasi il 10 maggio 1997 presso lo Stadio nazionale di Jamor a Oeiras, vide vincitore il Boavista per 3-2 contro il Benfica. Per la squadra di Porto si tratta della quinta coppa nazionale in bacheca.

Ottavi di finale

Quarti di finale

Semifinali

Finale

Formazioni

Coppa di Portogallo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The worst kept secret in the NFL is out, which is that the Bills will be looking for a coach this offseason as today it was announced that Rex Ryan has been shown the door.
The #Bills have fired Rex and Rob Ryan.
The Bill have dropped six of his past nine games, with the only win over at the time winless Browns two weeks ago. Buffalo also went 1-7 this season against teams currently with a winning record.
He posted a 15-16 record in 31 games with Buffalo and has a 61-66 overall record as a coach, including four consecutive non-winning seasons before being fired by the Jets after the 2014 season.


.Blando J, Sharma A, Higa MG, et al. Comparison of immune infiltrates in melanoma and pancreatic cancer highlights VISTA as a potential target in pancreatic cancer[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019,DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811067116.


Hello I am , October 31st, 2018, This is my post about Wall Mounted Charging Stations Dubious Station Shelf 5 Steps With Pictures Decorating Ideas 0, on this page you can see so beautiful design about Wall Mounted Charging Stations Dubious Station Shelf 5 Steps With Pictures Decorating Ideas 0, the first picture in this post is the best picture we use about Wall Mounted Charging Stations Dubious Station Shelf 5 Steps With Pictures Decorating Ideas 0, detail on photo's above, you can see in the second paragraph.
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text:
Who Should I Start? Ben Roethlisberger or Josh Allen
Ben Roethlisberger - Pittsburgh (QB)
Ben Roethlisberger News
Throws two TDs in final game
Sunday, January 16, 9:53 PM
Roethlisberger completed 29 of 44 pass attempts for 215 yards and two touchdowns in Sunday's 42-21 loss to Kansas City.
Josh Allen - Buffalo (QB)
32.0 45.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Josh Allen News
Five TD passes in wild-card win
Saturday, January 15, 9:02 PM
Allen completed 21 of 25 passes for 308 yards with five touchdowns and no interceptions during the Bills' 47-17 win over the Patriots in an AFC wild-card matchup Saturday night. He also rushed six times for 66 yards.
Ben Roethlisberger vs. Josh Allen
Still trying to decide between Roethlisberger and Allen? Check on the latest news to make sure both players are active and healthy. Our PPR projections show that Ben Roethlisberger is projected to score 0.0 points this week while Josh Allen is projected to score 32.0 points.


River Island takes you from the party to the after party with its fashion-forward styles. Look out for its standout party dresses, feminine details, statement jackets and cool denim including skinny-cut jeans and cute denim shorts, which sit alongside its directional footwear and swimwear ranges.
Copyright © 2019 www.thecentralperkcorner.it.All Rights Reserved.


Walking On Water Celebrates 15 Years!!!
I hope that you and your family had a very blessed Christmas and are looking forward to 2011. Over the past six months, it has been so encouraging to celebrate 15 years of God's blessings on the Walking On Water ministry. We had a great time at the 15 year celebration banquets in San Diego, Newport Beach, and Pensacola, Florida. Without your prayers, encouragement, time, and financial support, reaching over four million people with the Gospel would not have been possible! I can't tell you how thankful I am for all God has already done in and through the Walking On Water ministry worldwide.
God truly has done more than we could have asked or imagined over the past 15 years. I am so excited for 2011 as I see God leading us into an incredible season of sharing the Gospel message with this generation. Please be praying for many lives to be impacted through the surf camps, outreach events, Walking On Water DVD distribution, Bethany Hamilton's Soul Surfer theatrical release, the release of the Promised Land Israel surf movie, and our mission trips.
Below is the video link to the 15 year celebration video that is five minutes in length.
We appreciate your much needed prayer and financial support as 2010 comes to an end! To make a donation online CLICK HERE.
Please forward this email to any friends who might be interested in learning more.
May God bless you and your family in 2011!


The Nest Bedding Alexander Memory Foam mattress incorporates a premium quality, topnotch density memory foam and a soft quilted top to provide a plethora of benefits of name brand memory foam mattresses with no off-gassing, and at a reasonable price.
Crafted and designed in the USA using locally-sourced materials, providing evenly–distributed comfort at an sensible price, the Alexander mattress was ranked at the top of most review websites as the most comfortable bed.
All of their mattresses can be found in multiple relaxation firmness choices, and with 2 memory foam mattresses, 3 hybrid models, and 1 latex, I'm sure you'll definitely find the firmness and support that works best for you. So, whether or not you are weigh very little, heavier, a side sleeper, or you deal with some sort of pain, Nest can match your preferences on at least one of their beds.
Alexander Signature: The Alexander Signature mattress uses memory foam. The comfort layer features four layers: a quilted cover made of polyester and cotton, an uppermost layer of 4 PCF memory foam, a center layer of 4 PCF polyfoam, and a bottom layer of transitional polyfoam. The support core is made with 1.8 PCF polyfoam. The Alexander Signature is available in two firmness options: Medium and Luxury Firm.
Love & Sleep: The Love & Sleep memory foam mattress is built with layers of 2.8 PCF memory foam and polyfoam from the comfort layer. The support core is constructed from 1.8 PCF polyfoam. The Love & Sleep is offered in 2 firmness options: Luxury Firm and Medium.
Alexander Hybrid Luxury Contour: The Alexander Hybrid Luxury Contour highlights a comfort system containing 3 layers: a cover made of 2.5 PCF copper-treated, phase-change gel memory foam; a core layer of 3 PCF polyfoam; and a base layer of 4 PCF memory foam. The support core is built with a high-density polyfoam edge reinforcement and individually-wrapped coils.
Hybrid Latex: The Hybrid Latex model has one layer of Dunlop latex in the comfort system. The support center is made with individually-wrapped coils and a base layer of 1.8 PCF high-density polyfoam. The zippered cover is made with a blend of wool and cotton.
Latex Mattress: The Latex Mattress is available in 'Blended Latex' and 'Organic Latex' options; these variants have the same general structure, but vary substantially when it comes to price-point with the Organic variant being more expensive. Furthermore, the Latex Mattress is offered in 3 firmness options. The 'Soft w/topper' option features a comfort layer built from soft Dunlop latex, as well as a three-inch Dunlop latex topper. This variant is more expensive because of the inclusion of the topper. The 'Medium' and 'Firm' models forgo the topper; the 'Medium' uses a soft Dunlop latex comfort layer and a firm Dunlop latex support center, while the 'Firm' uses a firm Dunlop latex comfort layer and a gentle Dunlop latex support center.
The three different firmness levels of the Alexander Signature Hybrid all make use of the same general structure, but with slightly varying densities and foams. Each bed begins with 8 inches of individually-wrapped support coils. The second layer is 1 inch of "SmartFlow" support polyfoam, that's made to increase airflow and aids with heat retention. Each firmness level utilizes 3 PCF (pounds per cubic foot foam within this layer. The subsequent layer is 1.5 inches of either 2.5 PCF copper-treated "Energex" polyfoam (Plush), 3.5 PCF copper-infused Energex polyfoam (Medium) or 4.5 PCF slow-recovery memory foam (Luxury Firm). The last layer is 1.5" of "TitanChil" cooling polyfoam. The bed cover is 1.5 inches of 4 PCF gel-infused memory foam inside a quilted, cooling cloth. This offers a pillowtop-like feel.
The Alexander Signature Hybrid is produced in 3 firmness settings: Plush (3), Medium (5) and a Luxury Firm (8). Firmness level is measured on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being the least firm and 10 being the firmest. You can pick between Plush, Medium, and Luxury firm. Weight is crucial on what you would prefer. Generally, heavier people prefer firmer mattresses while lighter people normally discover they can get more hug and shape on softer beds.
Hybrids don't isolate movement as well as all-foam mattresses typically do, because springs permit movement to more easily transfer across the surface of the mattress. The Alexander Signature Hybrid, however, has various foam layers on top of its springs. These layers help the bed absorb motion to a significant extent. As soon as I tossed and turned next to my partner, you could not see much movement in her body. She said that she could feel it, but it was minimal. Despite this, the bed still features exceptional bounce.
In case you have mobility issues, moving around while lying down can be challenging. Classic memory foam frequently caused so much sinkage that it made it tough to move around. However, if you have too much rebound, it's easy to disturb sleep.
You may experience some sinkage with the Alexander Signature Hybrid due to its plush foam top layers. But this sinking feeling differs from what you would obtain with a more conventional memory foam mattress as it is mitigated by the bed's supportive individually-wrapped coil system. This means you will sink, but will still be able to move around easily and get out of bed without too much effort. While there's some sinkage here, it is not quite as dramatic as it would be on a typical memory foam mattress. This creates great pressure relief without that stuck-in-the-bed feeling.
The inner-spring coil support base of the Alexander Signature Hybrid works to fortify its edges. This provides a flat sleeping surface across the entire bed and helps prevent sinkage and sagging around the perimeter of the bed. The spring coils are great at setting that solid base you want. When I moved in a variety of positions, I felt fairly well-supported. I could feel and you can actually see where I do sink in a quite a bit, but the sinkage from the mattress abruptly ends where the spring coils start. Despite the plush foam uppermost layers, this mattress is quite supportive, thanks to the 8 inches of pocketed coils at its base. It is very effortless to get in and out of the bed, and I'm well–supported when I lie on the edge, a big advantage for sleep spouses.
The Alexander Signature Hybrid sleeps relatively cool. The spring coils permit sufficient airflow, helping to reduce body heat. The foam layers, which normally trap heat, are treated with cooling gel and copper to prevent this common issue. This bed is a great match for people who want to sleep cool. This hybrid does a fantastic job of dispersing and isolating heat, leading to a sleeping experience that is wonderfully cool.
Once an Alexander Signature Hybrid mattress is created, it is compressed, vacuum-sealed in plastic and delivered to your front door in a box that is marked. Whenever a mattress is compressed and vacuum-sealed, it has a tendency to have a temporary smell when it's unboxed. This smell is known as "off-gassing." You can anticipate to experience this with the Alexander Signature Hybrid, but the odor should fade fast.
If you are certain that one of the Nest mattresses is the ideal mattress for you, the dimensions and pricing information for the mattress can be found below. But please note that these prices reflect standard pricing, excluding my special promo. Click here to receive my promo discount and get 5% off your mattress today.
All in all, the Alexander Signature Select Series is a great mattress for someone who enjoys a quality constructed mattress that's firm yet comfortable. I recommend it to anyone who prefers the pillow-top feel and knowing that their mattress is healthy for the environment.


text:
Cliff House en Manitou Springs, Colorado, es un hotel de estilo Queen Anne en el distrito histórico de Manitou Springs. Es una lista del Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos. Es miembro de Historic Hotels of America, el programa oficial del National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Historia
El Sr. Webster y el Sr. Shurtleff, empresarios de Canadá, aportaron la inversión para construir , el segundo hotel más grande de Manitou Springs en 1874. Se encuentra cerca de Soda y Navajo Springs. Antes de su incorporación, en algún momento después de 1874, podía albergar hasta 100 personas.

El hotel, que alguna vez fue una parada de diligencias, fue visitado por Clark Gable y Theodore Roosevelt.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Cliff House (sitio oficial)

Historic Hotels of America
Wikipedia:Artículos con coordenadas en Wikidata


text:
Trulioo Names Steve Munford the New President & CEO
CEO Insights team
CEO Insights team, 0
Steve will join the company as President & Chief Executive Officer, effective March 30.
Trulioo, a global identity verification startup, announces the appointment of Steve Munford as the new President & Chief Executive Officer. Steve takes over the charge by replacing Stephen Ufford, the co-founder and CEO of the company. However, with this amendment in the leadership roles, Stephen will be assuming his new role as the Chairman of the Trulioo's Board of Directors.
Under Stephen's leadership, Vancouver-based Trulioo has raised $70 million CAD the previous year from several large financial institutions, including Goldman Sachs Growth Equity, Citi Ventures, and American Express Ventures. Trulioo has raised a total of $96.6 million to date.
Prior to establishing Trulioo, Stephen co-founded and led three consumer data-driven companies before they were acquired by the Irish multinational consumer credit reporting company Experian. Stephen remaining the major shareholder of Trulioo, will continue to add value to the company by providing guidance from his accumulated experience and industry knowledge through his new role on the Board.
Steve is an established leader in security and enterprise software with extensive experience in leading companies through rapid growth. Prior to joining Trulioo, Steve mostly recently served as interim CEO at Carbonite in 2019, where he was responsible for heading the company through its sale to OpenText. In 2018 he was the interim CEO at Absolute Software, where he was later on appointed as the permanent CEO. Before this Steve was CEO at Sophos from 2006 to 2012 and, during that time, he headed the company through a period of notable growth, more than tripling bookings. Sophos sold to the private equity group Apax in 2010 and then to Thoma Bravo in 2020. Prior to his role as CEO, Mr. Munford was
President of ActiveState before its acquisition by Sophos in 2003. Under his leadership, ActiveState established itself as a global leader in email security software.
"The smartest thing a founder can do during a period of dramatic growth is to step aside and hand over the reins to someone with a successful track record of driving exponential business growth with integrity and assurance."
Stepping down from the CEO role, Stephen states that he believes this to be the optimal time for the company to transition to a new CEO. He says, "The smartest thing a founder can do during a period of dramatic growth is to step aside and hand over the reins to someone with a successful track record of driving exponential business growth with integrity and assurance."
Expressing his gratitude, he further avers, "I am extremely confident in Steve and look forward to working closely with him as he takes on this role and delves deeper into how best to globally scale Trulioo's products and operations."
On the appointment Steve comments, "I am truly honored and humbled to be joining Trulioo in the role of CEO at this pivotal time. Not only is the company one of the biggest startup success stories in Canada, but it has earned the trust of so many international customers and partners around the world." He adds further, "The talented and dedicated team at Trulioo have built a world-class identity verification network to enable trust in today's borderless digital economy. I share their commitment to excellence, empowerment and technological innovation to help advance their mission of financial inclusion."
"I am extremely proud of what my team and I have built over the last decade here at Trulioo. Steve's hire marks an important milestone for me at Trulioo, as it's the beginning of even bigger and better things for our company, employees, customers, and stakeholders," says Stephen. He also adds, "There is no doubt in my mind we are creating an iconic brand in the identity space, and an anchor tenant of the Canadian technology sector."
Cyber-Terrorists Strike US Health Agencies amidst Coronavirus Response
How Female Entrepreneurs are Reshaping the Business World


text:
Q: Heroku deploy fail w/ Angular. Sh: 1: ng: not found. How to get Heroku to recognize "ng" command? I've gone through a ton of old StackOverflow posts and followed instructions for every one of them but none of them work. I'm just trying to deploy a static one page site with no backend, but its coming up with an application error.
I'm using Heroku CLI and the deploy is working, but the site doesn't work and when I check the "heroku logs" this is the output I'm getting:
2023-01-09T13:58:20.102130+00:00 app[web.1]: sh: 1: ng: not found
2023-01-09T13:58:20.229260+00:00 heroku[web.1]: Process exited with status 127
2023-01-09T13:58:20.282782+00:00 heroku[web.1]: State changed from starting to crashed
2023-01-09T13:58:20.287984+00:00 heroku[web.1]: State changed from crashed to starting

https://pastebin.com/TTxQAnmG

This is my current package.json:
{
  "name": "fmentor-country",
  "version": "0.0.0",
  "scripts": {
    "ng": "ng",
    "start": "ng serve",
    "build": "ng build",
    "watch": "ng build --watch --configuration development",
    "test": "ng test"

  },
  "private": true,
  "dependencies": {
    "@angular-devkit/build-angular": "^15.0.2",
    "@angular/animations": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/cdk": "^15.0.4",
    "@angular/common": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/compiler": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/core": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/forms": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/material": "^15.0.4",
    "@angular/platform-browser": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/platform-browser-dynamic": "^15.0.0",
    "@angular/router": "^15.0.0",
    "@emotion/react": "^11.10.5",
    "@emotion/styled": "^11.10.5",
    "@mui/material": "^5.11.3",
    "typescript": "~4.8.2",
    "rxjs": "~7.5.0",
    "tslib": "^2.3.0",
    "zone.js": "~0.12.0",
    "@angular/cli": "~15.0.2",
    "@angular/compiler-cli": "^15.0.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@angular/cli": "~15.0.2",
    "@angular/compiler-cli": "^15.0.0",
    "@types/jasmine": "~4.3.0",
    "jasmine-core": "~4.5.0",
    "karma": "~6.4.0",
    "karma-chrome-launcher": "~3.1.0",
    "karma-coverage": "~2.2.0",
    "karma-jasmine": "~5.1.0",
    "karma-jasmine-html-reporter": "~2.0.0",
    "typescript": "~4.8.2"
  },

  "engines": {
    "node": "16.13.1",
    "npm": "8.5.2"
  }
}

I've gone through almost every StackOverflow post on google and nothing is working. I've tried:
Angular 5 Deploy to Heroku Fails with Application Error H10
In your package.json, copy

"@angular/cli": "1.7.3"", "@angular/compiler-cli": "^5.2.0"

from devDependencies to dependencies.

Create a postinstall script in package.json -

Under "scripts", add a postinstall command:

"postinstall": "ng build --aot --prod"

This tells Heroku to build the application using Ahead Of Time (AOT) compiler and make it production-ready. This will create a dist folder where all html and javascript converted version of our app will be launched from.

Add node and npm engines -

You will need to add the Node and NPM engines that Heroku will use to run your application. Preferably, it should be same version you have on your machine. So, run node -v and npm -v to get the correct version and include it in your package.json file like so:

"engine": { "node": "8.9.4", "npm": "5.6.0" }

Copy typescript to dependencies -

Copy "typescript": "~2.5.3" from devDependencies to dependencies to also inform Heroku what typescript version to use.

However this line:
Under "scripts", add a postinstall command:

"postinstall": "ng build --aot --prod"

gets me a failed build with the output saying:
remote: Error: Unknown argument: prod
remote:
remote: -----> Build failed

https://pastebin.com/huEXL398
its the same error when I replace "postinstall" with "heroku-postbuild" too. So I took it out of the package.json and hoped the dependencies alone would be enough to fix it but it doesn't.

Similar advice is found in multiple other SO posts like:
Heroku deploy issue sh: 1: ng: not found?
you can let heroku build your dev dependencies by setting environment: NPM_CONFIG_PRODUCTION to false. (how?)

or you can move (angular 9)
@angular/cli,
@angular/compiler-cli
@angular-devkit/build-angular
typescript
from devDependencies to dependencies.

I didn't want to do the:
NPM_CONFIG_PRODUCTION = false

thing because of this GH post saying its problematic
https://github.com/npm/npm/issues/14168
and
Heroku deployment failed? How to deploy Angular App + NodeJs properly?
The answer is in this Angular CLI issue.

In it, they recommend that within your package.json file:

Move

"@angular/cli": "7.3.1",
    "@angular/compiler-cli": "7.2.4",

from the "devDependencies" to "dependencies", "as that's the missing ng error. Also, change postinstall for heroku-postbuild as it achieves the same thing, but doesn't trigger a build when you're installing deps locally"

This one too:
Failed Heroku deploy: sh: 1: ng: not found

Are there any updates to these answers? Or is my case different because it's only a static site with no backend so the fix instructions aren't the same?
How do I get Heroku to recognize Angular's "ng" command?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tuborgflasken (dänisch für "Die Tuborgflasche") ist ein 1888 errichteter Aussichtsturm in Gestalt einer Bierflasche. Das markante, etwa 30 Meter hohe Bauwerk steht hinter einer Tankstelle am Strandvejen in Hellerup, einem Stadtteil Gentoftes im Großraum Kopenhagen. Der Turm wurde als Werbeträger für die seinerzeit eigenständige Tuborg-Brauerei gebaut, die heute zum Carlsberg-Konzern gehört. Der Name Tuborg leitet sich vom Landsitz Thuesborg ab, der um 1690 von Jonas Nielsen Thue in Hellerup errichtet wurde.

Konstruktion

Die Tuborgflasche, die auf einer Holzkonstruktion steht, war mehreren baulichen Veränderungen unterworfen. Ursprünglich war der Aussichtsturm mit Dänemarks erstem nicht von Menschen angetriebenen Fahrstuhl ausgestattet. Die Aufzugsanlage wurde nach kurzer Zeit durch eine Wendeltreppe ersetzt; Leinen an der Außenverkleidung wurde gegen Glasfasergewebe ausgetauscht. Die charakteristische äußere Form des Turms blieb jedoch erhalten.

Geschichte

Nordische Industrie-, Ackerbau- und Kunstausstellung 1888
Tuborgflasken wurde 1888 nach den Entwürfen des dänischen Architekten Viggo Klein (1850–1913) gebaut und war der Beitrag Tuborgs zur Nordischen Industrie-, Ackerbau- und Kunstausstellung im gleichen Jahr. Das Ausstellungsgelände gehörte zum Vergnügungspark Tivoli, der sich in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Halmtorv, dem heutigen Rathausplatz von Kopenhagen, befand. Als Neuheit und modern galt damals der Fahrstuhl im Innern des Turmes, der die Veranstaltungsgäste zur Aussichtsplattform beförderte. Aufsehen erregte auch das elektrisch betriebene Licht an der Spitze. Dadurch war Tuborgflasken nicht nur ein Werbeträger der Brauerei, sondern repräsentierte auch die technologische und industrielle Entwicklung im dänischen Königreich.

Umzüge
Nach der Ausstellung wurde der Fahrstuhl abmontiert und der Turm erhielt einen neuen Standort auf dem Gelände der Tuborg-Brauerei. Das Wahrzeichen des Unternehmens stand fortan in Hellerup und wurde Teil des Tuborg-Pavillons, einer in den 1880er Jahren errichteten Raststätte für Ausflügler und Durchreisende. Für fünf Øre war es über eine Treppe weiterhin möglich, nach oben zu gelangen und die Aussicht zu genießen. Das Geld für die Turmbesteigung wurde zurückerstattet, wenn am angrenzenden Tuborg-Pavillon ein Bier verzehrt wurde. Der Pavillon schloss 1925 seine Pforten – nach Klagen von Gastronomen, die die Konkurrenz vom eigenen Bierlieferanten beklagten. Danach waren dort eine Autowerkstatt und Ausstellungsräume untergebracht, bis der Pavillon 1934 abgerissen wurde.

Zum 100-jährigen Bestehen wurde der 30 Tonnen schwere Turm 1988 abermals im Zentrum Kopenhagens auf dem Rådhuspladsen aufgestellt. Der Umzug stand in Verbindung mit den Feierlichkeiten zum 150-jährigen Jubiläum des Dänischen Industrierates. Nach seiner Rückkehr erhielt der Turm einen neuen Standort am Hauptsitz von Tuborg.

Überlegungen des Denkmalschutzes
Die Sonderbauaufsicht (Det Særlige Bygningssyn), eine beratende Kommission des dänischen Kulturministeriums, lehnte 2003 einen Antrag auf Denkmalschutz für Tuborgflasken ab. Die Kunsthistorikerin Elisabeth Buchwald begründete die Ablehnung mit allzu vielen baulichen Veränderungen, die das Gebäude durchlaufen hatte. Nach Ansicht der Bauaufsicht war von der Originalsubstanz des Gebäudes zu wenig intakt geblieben. Antragsteller war die Landesvereinigung für Gebäude und Landschaftskultur (Landsforeningen for Bygnings- og Landskabskultur); deren Vorsitzender bedauerte die Entscheidung und bezeichnete das Bauwerk als ein "sehr spektakuläres kulturhistorisches Denkmal, ein(en) Teil der Industriegeschichte Dänemarks und ein Wahrzeichen im Stadtbild Kopenhagens." Obgleich die Bauaufsicht den "architektonischen und kulturhistorischen Wert" nicht anerkennt, ist Tuborgflasken seit 2000 Teil eines Lokalplans der Gentofte Kommune, die den Aussichtsturm als "höchst erhaltenswert" einstuft.

Pläne des Carlsberger Marketingchefs im Jahr 2002, die Flasche abzureißen und an ihrer Stelle vorläufig eine ebenfalls 30 Meter hohe Bierdose zu errichten, stießen auf Entsetzen beim Verschönerungsverein der Hauptstadt. Stattdessen wurde das Bauwerk 2003 umfangreich renoviert.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bierkultur
Aussichtsturm in Europa
Aussichtsturm in Dänemark
Bauwerk in Gentofte Kommune
Außenwerbung
Bauwerk aus Holz
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Bier (Dänemark)
Carlsberg (Brauerei)


Ideal for long-term use in low to medium noise levels or shorter periods in high noise levels.
Ball joint pressure system ensures constant force and is tested for up to 10,000 "in-out" oscillations (good for more than five years).
An ultra-lightweight, high performance noise attenuating earmuff.
The H8 is the perfect choice for landscaping and grounds maintenance, light manufacturing or similar workplace scenarios.


text:
Busiest Memorial Day Weekend for travel in 12 years
(KTVU) - Memorial Day weekend has arrived and it is expected to be the busiest Memorial Day weekend for travel in 12 years.
AAA says most people are driving.
CHP says Memorial Day weekend is one of the most dangerous periods for people on the road. It is a maximum enforcement period, and it started Friday at 6 p.m. and lasts until 11:59 p.m. on Monday.
They say drivers break the law day and night. Officer Mathew Goldstein says, "We see a lot of it in the morning, where people will be celebrating over the weekend and they'll go late into the night and it'll carry over all the way into the morning when they drive home."
During a ride-along we did with the highway patrol, it didn't take long for the officer to find and cite two drivers behaving badly. He spotted a white Toyota pickup driving on the shoulder of the road to try to get around the traffic backup.
The driver says he was rushing because he was late picking up his wife. Soon after that citing, officers spotted a distracted driver in a green minivan.
It appears the driver was taking video with his cell phone while driving.
Triple A says 39 people are traveling and the majority will be hitting the road. Prices at the pump are more than last Memorial Day weekend, but experts say that with an improved economy and lower unemployment- people are willing to spend the money.
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San Francisco's Chinatown sends strength to victims of Southern California mass shooting


text:
Gwyneth Paltrow, Chris Martin Separating After 10 Years: We "Always Will Be a Family"
By Allison Takeda
Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin, who have two kids together, are separating after 10 years of marriage Charley Gallay/Getty Images
Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin have decided to separate — or, in their words, "consciously uncouple." The Oscar-winning actress announced the sad news in a statement on her official website for her lifestyle brand Goop on Tuesday, March 25.
PHOTOS: Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin's marriage through the years
"It is with hearts full of sadness that we have decided to separate," the statement read. "We have been working hard for well over a year, some of it together, some of it separated, to see what might have been possible between us, and we have come to the conclusion that while we love each other very much we will remain separate."
PHOTOS: Gwyneth through the years
"We are, however, and always will be a family, and in many ways we are closer than we have ever been," the Glee guest star, 41, said of her husband, 37, with whom she shares daughter Apple, 9, and son Moses, 7. "We are parents first and foremost, to two incredibly wonderful children and we ask for their and our space and privacy to be respected at this difficult time."
"We have always conducted our relationship privately," the statement continued, "and we hope that as we consciously uncouple and co-parent, we will be able to continue in the same manner."
PHOTOS: Gwyneth's surprise BFFs
Paltrow and the British Coldplay singer met in 2002 and were married the next year in Southern California. Since their December 2003 wedding, they've weathered more than a few storms, which the actress has talked openly about in interviews.
"It's hard being married," she told Glamour U.K. last June. "You go through great times, you go through terrible times. We're the same as any couple."


The example shows an article published and displayed by Google in AMP format. If you observe, the URL area of the browser shows it being part of Google.com. That means, if anybody wants to copy paste the URL to share via social media or some other way were sharing Google's URL, not the actual address of our site.
However, in the end, it made no real difference. When shared outside, Google AMP URLs, it just redirect back to the publishers. For many users, it's just safer and more dependable to have people sharing their own direct URLs.
For the people, who hold down on the anchor button, Google says it will trigger the native share feature of the browser being used. With Safari, that means easy access to things like Social Media such as Twitter and Face book. However, it lacks native share with Google Chrome, so nothing should happen.
Next, to the anchor button, the three dots that Google calls the overflow icon brings up help information about how AMP is displayed.
Those who use Google's search app on iOS, then the native sharing is enabled already. Google States that the users who use Google search through its native features or app on Android, they will get URL sharing features in the very near future.
Google also admitted that it always looks at ways to use the Web Share API in case if publishers make use of it then the AMP header can share directly. Whether this is quite enough to please some publishers will remain to be seen.
Moreover, it depends highly on users recognizing what the new anchor button is intended for. Users who keep copying and pasting from the address bar will continue to get Google URLs.