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Relationship Between the Global North and South in the Political Economy
22nd Mar 2019 Economics Reference this
How does bringing the historical and contemporary relationship between North and South affect our understanding of the Global Political Economy?
Global Political Economy can be understood by the merits and outcome of globalization, a phenomenon that links people and technology to one another and intertwines ideas across nations and borders. It is within globalization that we begin to understand the engines of market power, the reach of economic might and global development of individual states as well as the holistic lens when viewing the relationship of each state in relation to one another. Globalization's contribution to Global Political Economy proves itself to be the masterpiece that defines the global status quo of the world today, with capabilities of ideas exported from one hemisphere to the other, transcending an assembly line of productions in one continent then having parts assembled in another to be sold in and to an entirely other country. A relationship building transaction that is molded by the inner workings of parties spanning across the globe dependent on one another from the initial stage of resources to accumulation of capital and the labor behind the production. These linkages of globalization stretch further beyond when globalization first took any shape or form and today it has transformed the market and the global status quo into a powerhouse. Rooted from the dependent relationship of the North and South, a relationship that best describes a collection of developed and wealthy nation states with its partners of developing and underdeveloped states. This marriage of the North and South has been the epitome of relationships and the drive behind Globalization and its contribution to Global Political Economy. To fully understand the accomplishments or perhaps even missteps of Globalization towards Global Political Economy is within the sum of its parts; the relationship between the North and South.
The North and South, often referred to as the Global North and Global South, separating the collection of nation states above and below the equator with many exceptions but simply to group the developed and the developing countries. An aspect driven on the gap of a socio-economic and political divide. The North covering countries of North America, Western Europe, Australia, Brunei as well as the Asian Tigers, and the South as the rest of the world living in the Third World. In understanding the relationship between the countries in the Global North and Global South, would be to analyze the history of the relationship and its evolution into the one today, essentially the dynamics of how its historical past juxtaposed with its contemporary upbringing can affect and provide a clearer understanding of Global Political Economy.
The historical aspect that will be examined will be one that predates post-colonialism and prior to the de-colonialization after the Second World War. If it predates post-colonialism then it's the history and relationship stir of colonialism itself, one that
"Given colonialism's deep entrenchment in the power structures of the global political economy, however, the 'abyssal global lines' dividing metropolitan and peripheral societies keep on reproducing themselves (Santos 2014B)."
A dependent relationship fueled by Marxist capitalism and its merits on profit-making capabilities with Neoliberalist institutions and agency that entrap and perpetuate the mechanisms of the rooted structures of Immanuel Wallerstein's World System's Theory. The World System theory provides structures of the historical relationship between the North and South with motives towards Marxist's capital accumulation in pursuits of profits. Neoliberalist institutions bound with the World System's Theory and capital accumulation ensures that the process of exploitation and unequal exchange remain cyclical. Motivated by profits through capitalism, provided by the interconnectedness of the classes; the possessors of capital and that of the laborers, and within this structure, paints a relationship between the North and South as a union of capitalism and dependency.
Capitalism resulted in the possessors and the non-possessors; the capitalists and laborers which created a division in the classes. Understood by the wielders of economic might whom would employ those who would labor the work – wherever at the lowest cost. An ordain that soon exploited the working class into an unequal exchange; profits went to wielders of capital and marginalized amount for the workers. Production and profits meant eliminating costs by all means necessary, a feat that would have to begin at accumulation and production itself. A progress to keep accumulation of capital endless and almost perpetual, and the structure in place guaranteed the turning of spokes in this wheel of capitalism would be exploitation through the already placed structures of colonialism.
"Smith's elaboration of the labor theory of value allowed him to understand accumulation as a global process, including colonialism and imperialism as constitutive. This theory this laid the premises for conceptualizing historical inter-connectedness, contradicting the assumptions of the stadial theory Smith himself elaborated: a theory that was closely linked to Smith's free trade doctrine and the interests of the British bourgeoisie at the dawn of the industrial revolution." (Pradella)
Pradella asserts that Smith's labor theory understood accumulated on a global scale taking into account colonialism and imperialism as the establishers of accumulation that reflected the interests of the British during the industrial revolution.
A colonial power that relished its dominance over others that can be put under focus in examining a historical and contemporary relationship would be the British Empire. Beginning in the late 17th and 18th century, the Empire's conquest for power sought riches through trade rather than military conquest. Power that led the British Empire to house many colonies under its rule, colonizing countries that even today live on its colonial legacy of once being under the British Empire. The country to focus in this historical relationship is that of India under the British Empire. India was colonized by the Empire from 1858 until its eventual independence in 1947, the rule over the Indian subcontinent was ushered in by the industrial revolution which intertwined the economies of India and Great Britain. It is within this colonial rule of India by the British Empire that will be examined for both the historical and contemporary relationship, from colonial and imperialism to post-colonial legacy. The divide grew from just a distinction in the classes within a society to a transnational class divide between nations, this transitioned from lower wages and exploitation of workers across borders. A 'ready' group of laborers were available as colonization took place, the Indian population were taken to be laborers on cotton fields, built railways and bridges, dug canals and operated telegraph links all to facilitate the British power's efficiency in transport and trade. The transnational class divide through colonialization allotted societies of other nation as laborers. The evolution of the holders of capital from being the elite class over another to that of an elite nation over a lesser,
"capitalism thus seemed to favor one class against another, and the more competitive nation against the less." (Marx)
Essentially slavery took over as the laboring class of manufacture and reinforced the unequal exchange of transactions but instead of within a society, the scale grew to that of a nation over another. This highlighted the interlinkages between the developments in Europe and the rest of the world, with the cyclical progression of colonialism and capitalism as the mechanism to keep this in motion, a relationship had been forged between the colonizers and the colonized.
Colonialism may have begun as a tool to assert dominance over a lesser state, assimilating societies, accumulating resources but with imperialism; instilling political and societal power, it grew to become a placed structure of exploitation and unequal exchange. The exchange would be of a developed wealthy nation investing capital in a lesser state for the means of production through the use of resources of both materials and human capital – slavery, a traffic in human flesh.
"Marx's articles on China, show accumulation constantly generates a hierarchy of forms of labor exploitation within the highly integrated British colonial system. Traffic in human flesh, a new form of slave trade," (Pradella, [1976:378-370])
Colonialism bred slavery and with this instrument drew human capital like never before, no longer was it simply the exploitation of raw materials and resources for production but also of people. The relationship between capitalism and colonialism is that in cutting cost meant using people to the extreme, an instrument of production and an essential cog in machinery to propel the capitalist states into industrial grandeur. It is within this scope that,
"Marx's close attention to the relationship between capitalism and colonialism is that direct slavery is just as much the pivot of bourgeois industry as machinery, credit, etc. Without slavery, you have no cotton, without cotton, no industry. It is slavery that gave the colonies their value, it is the colonies that created world trade, and it is world trade that is the precondition of large scale-industry. This slavery is an economic category of the great importance." (Pradella on Marx, 1976, [1847]:167)
The period before post-colonialism, one that thrived on its predecessor; colonialism and imperialism, was driven by capitalism. The need to accumulate capital and investment to maximize profit making. This interconnectedness branched out globally, with Wallerstein's World System's Theory as the
"crucial contribution to understanding global interconnectedness"
(Dussel and Yanez, 1980, 69)
The theory postulates a political superstructure, intertwined in sets of sovereign states defined as well as constrained by their membership in an interstate network system. A system that, given a single state, doesn't allow for the capability to transform the single world empire or breakage from the interconnectedness. The interconnectedness meant a dependent relationship between the capitalist and the laborers; investment of capital for lost-cost labor and raw materials with the intent for a high value-added element after production. This unequal exchange left laboring nations no choice due to gaps in development and capital, and the perpetual exchange only widen the divide. Food grains transported from the agricultural markets in India to markets as flour increased usability and created a higher value-added essence to the raw material, this unequal exchange left Indians to suffer major famine by the tens of millions during British occupation as colonial administers moved large amounts of food grains for trade.
Wallerstein, understood the expansion of this Europe-centered World System in terms of market relations and doesn't stray far from Marxist's capital accumulation and Adam Smith's value on labor.
"In the Wealth of Nations, Smith, to respond to the crisis of the First British Empire, proposed a new project of empire expanding in the populous and fertile countries of Asia." (1961[1776], II:484)
The response to the crisis with a new project of empire sought out countries in Asia as the peripheries and a place to increase production with cost cuttings means, which began this transition to a network of interconnectedness.
The historical relationship between the North and South was built upon the foundations of colonialism driven by capital. It forged a relationship that structured a dependency between the core, the North, with the peripheries, the South, one based on unequal exchange and exploitation for profits. Exploitation of human capital and raw materials for the exchange of development in the South sewn through imperialism. The relationship created a superstructure that allowed for no restructuring and no breakage from the system. This historical aspect explains one half in understanding how the relationship of the North and South affects the Global Political Economy, its counterpart, the contemporary relationship may shed further light.
The contemporary relationship is examined through the postcolonial condition is the flipside of the colonial ensuing coin of the historical past between the North and South. The aftermath of de-colonialization and transformation of the world system to rid of colonialism and its legacy. Colonialism and its legacy created disturbance in the socio-economic and political sphere separating the arbitrary hemispheres in two, the post-colonial condition seeks to stabilize this relationship. In stabilizing the relationship would be to restore inequalities, rid the legacies of colonialism, counter balance power between the North and South beginning with the decolonization after the Second World War. This relationship, juxtaposed to the forged relationship of the historical mold of the dependency between the North and South considerably affects our understanding of the Global Political Economy.
The post-colonialist condition are the particular states of the many colonies that were freed from colonial rule during the second half of the twentieth century and are now living on the legacy of colonialism. The condition itself pertains further to not just simply living in retrospective nostalgia of once being under colonial rule but rather its longevity in instilled culture, structures, societal practices and norms as well as identity. The culture and societal practices of language, music and sports reinforces the legacy of post-colonialism much like of the British rule over India even after gaining independence in 1974. Structures of institutions like schools and churches reinforces the legacy through religion and instilled beliefs. The reinforcement of legacy through practices, language, music and sports may seem to be mediocre in a globalized world system where everything is accessible through technology, but remains to be predominantly instilled within colonized states. Trades and market power on the other hand asserts itself to be another reinforcement of the legacy left behind by the relationship of the North and South. This legacy of market power translates to core-like activities and dominance over the periphery and semi-periphery evident in the value added profiteering mechanisms that exploit low wages and raw materials from the latter nodes of the world systems still present today.
"Competitive accumulation produces uneven and combined development as it tends to concentrate high value-added production" (Pradella, 2014)
Pradella argues that competitive accumulation or capital accumulation, with Marx's primitive accumulation, but taken to a global scale results in 'uneven and combined development' through high value-added production. The means in having production and manufacture in a periphery or semi-periphery state, then having value-added upon distribution is the unequal exchange resulting from core-like activities through exploitation of the peripheries and the profits spoiled by the core. The argument that the exploitation ensues development for the peripheries and the South is yet another unequal demise. The development in the South is simply to maintain or make efficient of the systems in place must like the British rule over India did spark major infrastructure and development for the Indian subcontinent, but these developments can be accounted on the basis that it was necessary for the British to provide such infrastructure to usher in this economic flourishment. Railways, roads, canals, bridges and even telegraph links were built and established in India to transport cotton to ports in Bombay for shipments to the Empire. The British, "alone can set the East on the path of capitalist development," this uneven and combined development paints the narrative of colonized India that the developments and infrastructure were simply to further economic gain by the British and the spillovers of capitalism by the British were enjoyed by the colonized. This colonial power's spillovers weren't all positive, even after 60 years of occupation, skilled laborers were lacking and superior posts held by Indians accounted for a mere ten percent of the workforce. Human capital was utilized to its full capacity but positions of superiority weren't taught or relayed to the locals.
The idealistic pursuit to rid of the legacies of colonialism and instilled structures of imperialism and the reinforced hierarchy of the dependency of World Systems through core-to-periphery activities would be to reset the economic market and history of the world status quo. Such pursuit is limited by the historical relationship embedded between the North and South into one that to restructure the system would be an implausible feat to simply reset and wipe the slate clean. The limitations of the historically forged relationship between the North and South would be the legacy of colonialism itself, and the structures already in place would be an impossibility to rid of when capitalism and accumulation is deeply rooted in society and hierarchical structures of dependency.
"But limits of de-colonialization and modernist/nationalist projects in the South with deep economic inequalities that marked colonial era continued into the present. Post-colonialism highlights continuing legacy of colonialism and imperialism; de-colonialization changed, did not eliminate, this relationship (Loomba 2005)."
Loomba argues that even with decolonization, the relationship rooted with colonialism, imperialism and the ensuing legacy of both changes nothing and Loomba takes it further in that it cements the relationship built to the one today. One of cyclical processes that ensures that unequal exchange within the Global Political Economy. The legacy of the British Empire in India is evident in aspects of instilled culture such as the English language's grasp in India as one of the central government's official languages, spoken by 400 million speakers as well as English taught in schools. As for sports, cricket was introduced during the British rule and remains dominantly played and enjoyed in the country. In terms of trade, India and the UK share a strategic partnership, India stands as the third largest investor in the UK and the historical relationship exhibits the UK as beneficiaries of reversed colonialism where non-Western countries impact the West where the UK considers India as one of the fastest growing economics. The brokerage of a free trade agreement post-Brexit estimates a 50% increase in exports from UK to India and 12% increase in reciprocity. The legacy of colonialism is apparent upon brokerage an FTA between the partners when India insists on an unnegotiable leverage for the UK to welcome higher levels of immigrants. Decolonization issued half a century ago but its legacy remains adamant.
De-colonialization took place in this contemporary state but the relationship between the North and South did not eliminate, the merits and outcomes of such restructuring is the resulting shift in the lens that capitalism and how colonialism is viewed from. No longer is it viewed from the "capitalist narrative" but rather from the economically-ill and inequality driven societies of the South.
The "'narrative of capital', turns the violence of mercantile trade, war, genocide, conquest and colonialism into a story of universal progress, development, modernization and freedom," (Chatterjee, 1993, 235). Chatterjee argues that decolonization did nothing to restructure placed systems of colonialization and imperialism that produced unequal exchange, this narrative of capital remains seamlessly intact. However, the narrative shifts from the North exploiting the South through colonial rule by unfair trade deals, and mismanagement of human capital through slavery into a narrative of development; an opportune moment for the helping hand of the North to aid and provide development and infrastructure for the South. Chatterjee solidifies that the relationship is no different to the one that existed prior to the restructuring and indefinitely exhibits the same relationship of unequal exchange, simply a veil in its place to shroud its true nature. Chatterjee shares Marx's perception that "the colonial world in his eyes, was a privileged vantage point from which to analyze capitalist society" (Pradella).
The restructure shifted the lens of which capitalism is viewed, no longer is it from the perspective of the North but rather through the South's, but even with a shift in perspective, the limitations of restructuring a firmly forged relationship is that it eliminates nothing. With nothing changed means the status quo of the Global Political Economic relationship between the North and South remains untarnished by decolonization. Untarnished and in full motion, as Karl Kautsky alludes to a stage-setting transition for imperialism and legacies of colonialism. Colonial domination reflects the relationship of the North and South to be one of total domination, but with this placed structure and de-colonialization and shift in perception Karl Kautsky argues that this domination isn't dead. Kautsky asserts that imperialism serves as a stage for something more grandeur, ultra-imperialism, based on the hierarchical fixtures of the historical relationship of the North and South driven on capitalism and exploitation, the shift is towards transnationalism.
Leading capitalists, corporations and cartels coming together on a transnational basis to keep fixtures of the World System in place rendering war obsolete as the dependency of the weaker states on the wealthy is stronger than ever. Stronger on the notion of the historically built gap of development and inequality that fueled profit for the capitalist elite and maintained inequality for the labor states. History proves to be the mechanism that maintains this cyclical relationship. This 'ultra-imperialism' termed by Kautsky denotes that with the legacies of colonialism, and the instruments of imperialism mounted on the relationship of dependency; a transnational dependency through globalism is the status quo of the Global Political Economy. War may no longer ensue as every nation remains to be dependent on one another, save for an anomalistic country like North Korea.
Another limitation of de-colonialization and the post-colonial condition would be the underestimation of the role of agency. The agency's crucial role in maintaining the hegemonic power's, the core node of the world system, and pursuit to reinforce the longevity of the activities of the core to the peripheries in this ironclad relationship. The facilitation of cooperation between bureaucracy, corporations, entrepreneurial sectors and the working class maintains the world system and evolves into the Modern World System of the dependency between nations based on trades and economic interdependence. The agencies the ensure a cyclical relationship would be through free trade agreements, contracts that maintains that trade be prioritized between parties. A prioritization that through the shifted lens, provides trade outlets for developing nations, but through the capitalist narrative, perpetual exchange between core and peripheries. The insistent by the Indian government to accept higher levels of immigrants to birth a free trade agreement post-Brexit is an attempt balance the exchange, one that exhibits aspects of reversed colonialism rooted by the legacy of colonialism. Marx would agree that a push for the movement of immigrants is the importance given to the Labor Value Theory, but rather than the value deemed by the labor put into a good or service, it is the potential of value of labor that is leveraged by India – the exploited periphery to the United Kingdom. The role of the agency alludes faintly to Kautsky's "ultra-imperialism" in the sense that an interconnectedness of sectors within a society with colonial legacies fuels the transnational dependency between the North and South, clearing a painted grandeur setting Kautsky suggests with "ultra-imperialism" in this transitioned status quo.
The historical and contemporary relationship of the North and South, forged through instruments of colonialism and imperialism created a mechanism for a cyclical relationship based on capitalistic profit for the North at the expense of an economical and societal exploitation of the South. Structured around an iron-clad fixture of an interstate world system that leaves no room for breakage of the core and periphery status quo leading to a unified but unequal global society.
"The social devastation in countries like India and China was the organic concentration on a world scale, but 'cosmopolitan exploitation' not just a class but an entire nation could grow rich at the expense of another." (Pradella)
The cosmopolitan exploitation is no longer the exploitation of a class structure within a society but rather an entire society within the network of the global market, fueled into the World System Theory of the core exploiting the peripheries and the inability to break-free from the dependency.
The historical relationship exhibited through colonialism and imperialism structures an exploitative relationship between the North and South; a transaction of human capital and high value-added to induce profits in production spanning across nations categorizing nations as either wealthy capitalist state or a weaker exploited one. The contemporary seeks to stabilize the manufactured inequality between the two, deemed a failure in stabilization and resulted in a shift in perspective of once a violent means for mercantile trade to one that sought development and prosperity for the exploited. The lens shifted but the relationship remained potent for unequal exchange and exploitation, its inability to restructure this dependency and superstructure is evident that the historical foundations of the relationship influences the contemporary considerably. An influence that sought to right wrongs but instead solidify the pre-existing relationship of unequal exchange. The union between capitalism and dependency of the historical relationship juxtaposed with a perspective lens shift and distancing from colonial legacy understands the Global Political Economy as one that, through Globalization and its instruments of transnationalism, is unified but unequal. The lens examines the relationship between the North and South as one that no longer glorifies slavery but feeds on the dependent behavior that the North provides stability, infrastructure and development for the South in these fair transactions. The Global Political Economy may be headed towards an "ultra-imperialistic" nature of transnationalism where all sectors are engulfed in one single ordeal to maintain this cyclical relationship of dependency for profit from the building blocks of the historical past and mirroring of the contemporary relationship between the North and South plays a crucial role in understanding the Global Political Economy and the Global status quo of today.
Chatterjee, Partha. The nation and its fragments: colonial and postcolonial histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2007.
Pradella, Lucia "Globalization and the Critique of Political Economy: New Insights from Marx's Writings." Political Economy. (2014) King's College London, UK
Loomba, Ania "Colonialism/Postcolonialism, A Critical Idiom" (2005) Routledge
Wallerstein, I. (1983), 'The Instances of Hegemony in the History of the World Economy', International Journal of Comparative Sociology, XXIV:1-2, pp. 100-08
Pradella L (2017), Marx and the Global South: Connecting History and Value Theory', Sociology, 51(1) 146 –161
Amin, S. (1996), 'The Challenge of Globalization', Review of International Political Economy, 3:2, pp. 216-259
Callinicos, A. (2007), 'Globalization, Imperialism, and the Capitalist World System', in D. Held and A. McGrew, eds, Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies (Cambridge: Polity) (KEATS)
Callinicos, A. (2016), 'Marxism and the Very Idea of Critical Political Economy', in Cafruny, Talani, and Pozo, pp. 49-65
Smith, A. (1776), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford: OUP, 1976; Chapter 2-3)
Pradella, L. (2015), Globalization and the Critique of Political Economy, Chapter 2: 'Globalisation: Between Economics and Politics', pp. 13–42
UKEssays. (November 2018). Relationship Between the Global North and South in the Political Economy. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/global-north-south-political-economy-2367.php?vref=1
"Relationship Between the Global North and South in the Political Economy." ukessays.com. 11 2018. UKEssays. 01 2021 <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/global-north-south-political-economy-2367.php?vref=1>.
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Centenariosuchus is an extinct genus of caimanine crocodylian known from the Miocene of the Panama Canal Zone of Panama. It contains a single species, Centenariosuchus gilmorei, that was named in 2013 in honor of the upcoming centennial anniversary of the digging of the Panama Canal. Two fossil specimens consisting of skull fragments were found in the Early to Middle Miocene Cucaracha Formation in 2009 and 2011, and may belong to a single individual. The species is diagnosed by a combination of skull features that it shares with basal caimans like Tsoabichi, Eocaiman, Culebrasuchus, and the living genus Paleosuchus, as well as more derived caimans such as those in the genus Caiman. One feature that distinguishes Centenariosuchus from all other caimans is the straight outer margin of a hole on the underside of the skull called the suborbital fenestra. According to one phylogenetic analysis of caimanine relationships, Centenariosuchus falls within a clade or evolutionary grouping of caimans that includes the very large and highly specialized forms Purussaurus and Mourasuchus, known from the Miocene of South America.

See also
 Culebrasuchus
 Purussaurus

References

Alligatoridae
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera
Burdigalian life
Miocene reptiles of North America
Hemingfordian
Neogene Panama
Fossils of Panama
Fossil taxa described in 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Details are sketchy, but by some reports Boko Haram, the Nigerian Islamist militant group, butchered 2,000 people last week in northeastern Nigeria.
Jesus, have mercy. This is what the human has made his particular speciality for thousands of years: murder.
Of all the earth's creatures, none is capable of greater evil than the human.
So, Why Not Destroy the Creation?
For people like me, living comfortable lives in comfortable places, it's easy to be troubled by the Lord's decision to kill everyone. But if we were living in the midst of the kind of suffering and misery and murder that's happening in Syria or the Borno state in Nigeria, would we be praying for God just to end it all?
When we honestly contemplate the violence of which the human creature is capable it seems that God was right: the slate needs to be wiped clean.
So, why didn't the Lord finish the job and completely destroy our?entire race?
NFL catch rules are absurd. "Even though it looked like he caught it, he hadn't accepted the ball into his heart. Therefore, incomplete."
The same creature that is capable of the murders in Nigeria is also capable of a wry, funny observation in 140 characters or less. That tweet by Brandon McCarthy is just about perfect, isn't it?
The same creature that is capable of murder and writing witty 140 character sentences is also capable of astute analysis of a pop cultural phenomenon. And capable of putting his analysis together in a way that pokes good-natured fun at the industry in which he wants to succeed.
Martin Pistorius lived a real-life nightmare: he was totally unable to move for 12 years, but everyone thought he was in a'vegetative state. For 12 years, he was a prisoner in his own body, able only to control his thoughts.
I'm not saying that a funny Tweet, entertaining YouTube video, and'the'testimony of a man imprisoned in his own body somehow balance out the horrifying murders in Nigeria. I'm merely pointing out how strange a creature is the human: all of the different examples above are the actions of the exact same species.
Maybe God knew what a bizarre mix the human was. Maybe, while hating the sin in the human, the Lord also loved the humor, invention, perseverance, and love of which the human was capable.
Maybe God isn't through with us yet.
Maybe God isn?t through with us yet? I am counting on it!!
Andrew, would it be crazy to say, "I am counting on God not being through with us, because I am not sure Satan is through with us either"?
Paul: check out Matthew 13:24-30. Hits on what you mentioned.
Amen to that. I am looking forward to the harvest (I think). I pray I will be one of the sheep and not one of the goats (also from Matthew, but 25:31-46 this time), and I think your "first confession and repentance" thoughts below are right on. I need more of that in my life. I am striving to work out my salvation, but with a fair amount of fear and trembling. And some of that fear and trembling is probably coming from Boko Haram, but a lot of it is coming from love and respect for what our Lord and Savior has done for us and what he is offering us as an antidote for our human condition (or Satan, if you prefer).
What I like about the parable of the wheat and the weeds is how they are both growing together. Evil increases, but so does good. Such a fascinating parable.
Exactly what I needed to read after a long conversation with a friend struggling with the impacts of his own sin. Those impacts are real, but I had to keep reminding him they're not all he is.
Sideline: Being someone's confessor at even an entry level is really draining. I don't know how pastors do it daily.
There are 3 things in Exodus that I am wondering about. They make me feel uneasy. Am I reading the bible too literally? Do you have any ideas about this stuff?
1) God trying to kill Moses.
2) Did Pharaoh even have a chance? Was he destined to have a hard heart? Although he does ask Moses to bless him?!?
3) In verse 9 all the horses are wiped out but a few chapters later Pharaoh has horses for his chariot. Where were they?
Great questions. The Bible is meant to be wrestled with and chewed over. It's good if things don't fit our preconceptions.
1. No, I have no idea about that strange scene where it seems the Lord is going to kill Moses.
2. I wrote about Pharoah's free will here: http://andrewforrest.org/2014/09/04/is-life-fated-or-are-we-free-eatthisbook-exodus-10/. Also here: http://andrewforrest.org/2014/09/02/whos-responsible-for-pharaoh-eatthisbook-exodus-8/.
3. I'm not totally sure, but one way to think about it is that all the Egyptian livestock near Pharoah's palace died, but perhaps there were other livestock in other parts of the kingdom that weren't killed.


The Village of Great Neck's Public Safety Forum has been rescheduled for April 17th, as part of the regularly scheduled Board of Trustees meeting.
Nassau County Police Department's Problem Oriented Policing ( P.O.P.) unit will make a presentation and will be available for Q and A. Village of Great Neck residents are encouraged to attend.


I find that I often disagree with people. It's not that I'm a bad person or that I have evil intentions. I just have a specific and somewhat idiosyncratic way of looking at the world that doesn't always fit with other people's views. There's certainly nothing wrong with being out of step with the world. There are, however, good reasons to consider how to deal with it.
When I was younger and snarkier, I dealt with it by being competitive. I focused on winning. I'm pretty good with words and I could often come up with a snappy comeback or putdown. I could be sarcastic and snide. I could put the other person in his place. If I left the other person speechless, so much the better. That just proved that I had won the encounter. I felt superior.
Now that I'm a bit older, I realize that it's more important to win over than to win. When I sarcastically put someone down, I doubt that I won many hearts and minds. Instead of winning people over, I pushed them away. Humiliating another person may feel good but it doesn't do good.
I've learned that the best way to disagree is to begin by agreeing. You start by finding some point of agreement with the other person's position. It may be small or large, but it allows you to start by validating what the other person has said. You say – metaphorically or literally – "Yes, I've heard you. I understand your position." The other person feels affirmed and recognized.
Alter the timeline – "I agree that your suggestion would be helpful in the short run. But I worry that the long-term effects would be very detrimental. Here's why…" (Of course, you can flip long-term and short-term if that suits your argument).
The general technique is known as concession-and-shift. It's been in use at least since the days of Aristotle and his rhetorical colleagues. The idea is simple: start on a positive note rather than a negative note. Agree before disagreeing. If your interlocutor senses that you're agreeable and reasonable, she'll be much more likely to listen to your side of the argument. That's exactly what you want.
PayPal was recently skewered on social media because it sponsored a panel discussion on gender equality and inclusion in the workplace. The problem was that the panel consisted solely of men. Women quickly tore into the company on Twitter and Tumblr for being tone deaf and sexist.
In fairness to PayPal, the panel discussion was supposed to have been titled: "Gender Equality and Inclusion In the Workplace: A Conversation With Our Male Allies". Somehow, the organizers omitted the last part of the title from the official program.
I suspect that PayPal's panel was a well-intentioned effort to bridge the gender gap. But the organizers made a simple mistake – they focused on strategy and forgot about context.
In persuasion, we typically start by developing the message strategy. What is the key message that we need to communicate? How can we best encapsulate that message in a memorable campaign?
While message strategy is certainly critical, it's not the only concern. We also need to consider the context the message is delivered in. It's a fairly simple question: does the context create an opportunity to deliver our message effectively? Sometimes, contextual factors facilitate the message delivery. At other times, the context constrains our ability to communicate clearly. Creating an all-male panel on gender equality does not provide a favorable context.
From a timing perspective, Greek rhetoricians called this kairos. Translated literally, it means the "supreme moment". In our context, kairos means finding the opportune moment to deliver a persuasive message. As Jay Heinrichs points out, it's analogous to a teachable moment. A teacher finds the right moment to teach a memorable lesson. Similarly, a persuader finds the right moment to deliver a persuasive message.
Kairos refers to timing and timeliness. But we need to consider other contextual factors as well. Who delivers the message? In what forum? What is the audience ready to receive? Whom does the audience trust? What media and channel provide the best opportunity to deliver the message successfully?
In this context, I wonder about the Brexit campaign in the United Kingdom. One side – the Remain campaign — argues that Britain will be stronger by staying in Europe. The other side – the Leave campaign — argues that leaving will make Britain great again. Both sides have worked out their message strategies.
Polls suggest that the two sides are very evenly divided. Both sides have strong messages. Neither has a clear advantage. Given this, which side will be more persuasive? In my humble opinion, it will be the side that makes best use of contextual factors. In this regard, the Leave campaign has a clear advantage.
While the Remain campaign has a solid message, it's misreading the context. More specifically, it's using the wrong messengers (again, in my humble opinion).
Here's the context. Voters who support the Leave campaign perceive that their economic situation has deteriorated since Britain joined the European Union. They also perceive that joining the Union was a project conceived and championed by the "elite". It's easy to conclude that the elite classes have "sold us out".
And who is speaking for the Remain campaign? By and large, it's the elite. We hear from top managers, bankers, executives, rich people, and assorted toffs. We even hear from the head of the IMF, who happens to be French. Now, we even hear from the president of the United Sates.
If the Remain campaign continues to pursue an elite strategy, I suspect the Leave campaign will win – and by a wide margin. What's the lesson in all this? Whether you're PayPal or the British Prime Minister, consider the context.


text:
Q: Inserting counter in beamer class I want to create my own beamer theme and I've got the rough code for it.
\documentclass[serif]{beamer}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{tikz,blindtext,enumerate,charter}
\usetikzlibrary{fadings,positioning,calc}
\newcommand{\changefont}[3]{\fontfamily{#1}\fontseries{#2}\fontshape{#3}\selectfont}
\definecolor{blau}{RGB}{0,191,255}
%\definecolor{blau}{RGB}{226, 245, 13}
\definecolor{ora}{RGB}{253,111,1}
\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
\begin{document}
    \begin{frame}
        \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
        \fill[inner color=blau] (current page.south west) rectangle (current page.north east);
            \node[opacity=.6] at ([xshift=.05cm,yshift=1.03cm]$(current page.north west)!.5!(current page.south east)$) {\Huge\sc Die Überschrift};
        \node[red] at ([yshift=1cm]$(current page.north west)!.5!(current page.south east)$) {\Huge\sc Die Überschrift};
        \node[ora] at ([yshift=-.5cm]$(current page.north west)!.5!(current page.south east)$) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{it}Der Autor};
        \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{frame}
    \begin{frame}
        \begin{tikzpicture}[overlay,remember picture]
            \fill[path fading=north,fading transform={yshift=-.5cm},fading angle=225,blau] (current page.north west) rectangle (current page.south east);
                \node[yshift=.2cm,above left] at (current page.south east) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Zeichnen mit Ti\emph{\color{blau}k}Z};
                \node[yshift=.15cm,xslant=.6,xshift=-1.75cm,yscale=-1,opacity=.4] at (current page.south east) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Zeichnen mit Ti\emph{\color{blau}k}Z};
                \fill[opacity=.6,black] ([xshift=2.1cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.6cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm]current page.north west);
            \fill[red] ([xshift=2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm]current page.north west);
            \node[white,inner sep=0pt] (a) at ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-.5cm]current page.north west) {\changefont{pzc}{b}{n}Thema};
            \node[white,below=.2mm of a] {\changefont{lmtt}{m}{b}1};
            \draw[red,thick,yshift=.1cm] (-1,3) -- (7.7,3) node[near end,above,xshift=1cm,red] {\changefont{put}{m}{n}Der Titel};
%           \node[below left,opacity=.3,rotate=-20,xshift=1cm,yshift=-.5cm] at (current page.north east) {\includegraphics[scale=.2]{shot}};
        \end{tikzpicture}
        \vspace{-2cm}\parbox{.7\textwidth}{\color{black!85}\footnotesize\blindtext[1]}
    \end{frame}
    \begin{frame}
            \begin{tikzpicture}[overlay,remember picture]
                \fill[path fading=north,fading transform={yshift=-.5cm},fading angle=225,blau] (current page.north west) rectangle (current page.south east);
                    \node[yshift=.26cm,above left] at (current page.south east) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Die Präsentation};
%                   {Das Arbeiten mit \color{blau}\sc\LaTeX};
                    \node[yshift=.15cm,xslant=.6,xshift=-1.6cm,yscale=-1,opacity=.4] at (current page.south east)  {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Die Präsentation};
%                   {Das Arbeiten mit \color{blau}\sc\LaTeX};
                    \fill[opacity=.6,black] ([xshift=2.1cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.6cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm]current page.north west);
                \fill[red] ([xshift=2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm]current page.north west);
                \node[white,inner sep=0pt] (a) at ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-.5cm]current page.north west) {\changefont{pzc}{b}{n}Thema};
                \node[white,below=.2mm of a] {\changefont{lmtt}{m}{b}2};
                %\node[below left,opacity=.3,rotate=-20,xshift=1cm,yshift=-.5cm] at (current page.north east) {\includegraphics[scale=.2]{shot}};
            \end{tikzpicture}
        \vspace{-2cm}\parbox{.7\textwidth}{
            \begin{enumerate}[\tikz{\fill[white]circle(.13);\fill[red]circle(.1);}]
                \item \color{black!85}Hallo,
                \item Welt!
            \end{enumerate}
            }
    \end{frame}
\end{document}

Here is the output:

My question is: How can I achieve that

*

*Instead of manually entering the section number there appears the "normal" number?

I know just some commands which changed this into a "theme", but I'm not experienced with the use of the beamer class, I just know the basics.

Here is a MWE of the "section-problem" (especially for samcarter).
\documentclass[serif]{beamer}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{tikz,blindtext,enumerate,charter,comment}
\usetikzlibrary{fadings,positioning,calc}
\newcommand{\changefont}[3]{\fontfamily{#1}\fontseries{#2}\fontshape{#3}\selectfont}
\definecolor{blau}{RGB}{0,191,255}
%\definecolor{blau}{RGB}{226, 245, 13}
\definecolor{ora}{RGB}{253,111,1}
\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
\begin{document}
    \begin{frame}
        \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
        \fill[inner color=blau] (current page.south west) rectangle (current page.north east);
            \node[opacity=.6] at ([xshift=.05cm,yshift=1.03cm]$(current page.north west)!.5!(current page.south east)$) {\Huge\sc Die Überschrift};
        \node[red] at ([yshift=1cm]$(current page.north west)!.5!(current page.south east)$) {\Huge\sc Die Überschrift};
        \node[ora] at ([yshift=-.5cm]$(current page.north west)!.5!(current page.south east)$) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{it}Der Autor};
        \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{frame}

    \section{}

    \begin{frame}
        \begin{tikzpicture}[overlay,remember picture]
            \fill[path fading=north,fading transform={yshift=-.5cm},fading angle=225,blau] (current page.north west) rectangle (current page.south east);
                \node[yshift=.2cm,above left] at (current page.south east) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Zeichnen mit Ti\emph{\color{blau}k}Z};
                \node[yshift=.15cm,xslant=.6,xshift=-1.75cm,yscale=-1,opacity=.4] at (current page.south east) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Zeichnen mit Ti\emph{\color{blau}k}Z};
                \fill[opacity=.6,black] ([xshift=2.1cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.6cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm]current page.north west);
            \fill[red] ([xshift=2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm]current page.north west);
            \node[white,inner sep=0pt] (a) at ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-.5cm]current page.north west) {\changefont{pzc}{b}{n}Thema};
            \node[white,below=.2mm of a] {\changefont{lmtt}{m}{b}\thesection};
            \draw[red,thick,yshift=.1cm] (-1,3) -- (7.7,3) node[near end,above,xshift=1cm,red] {\changefont{put}{m}{n}Der Titel};
%           \node[below left,opacity=.3,rotate=-20,xshift=1cm,yshift=-.5cm] at (current page.north east) {\includegraphics[scale=.2]{shot}};
        \end{tikzpicture}
        \vspace{-2cm}\parbox{.7\textwidth}{\color{black!85}\footnotesize\blindtext[1]}
    \end{frame}

%   \section{}

\begin{comment}
    It only works when:
     - The first and the second section are uncommented and
     - only the second section is commented.
    When only the first section is uncommented it doesn't work!
    Of course I can put just empty sections but this isn't an elegant solution …
\end{comment}

    \begin{frame}
            \begin{tikzpicture}[overlay,remember picture]
                \fill[path fading=north,fading transform={yshift=-.5cm},fading angle=225,blau] (current page.north west) rectangle (current page.south east);
                    \node[yshift=.26cm,above left] (a) at (current page.south east) {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Die Präsentation};
%                   {Das Arbeiten mit \color{blau}\sc\LaTeX};
                    \node[yshift=.15cm,xslant=.6,xshift=-1.6cm,yscale=-1,opacity=.4] at (current page.south east)  {\changefont{lmr}{m}{n}Die Präsentation};
%                   {Das Arbeiten mit \color{blau}\sc\LaTeX};
                    \fill[opacity=.6,black] ([xshift=2.1cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.6cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3.1cm]current page.north west);
                \fill[red] ([xshift=2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-1.2cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm,yshift=-1.5cm]current page.north west) -- ([xshift=3cm]current page.north west);
                \node[white,inner sep=0pt] (a) at ([xshift=2.5cm,yshift=-.5cm]current page.north west) {\changefont{pzc}{b}{n}Thema};
                \node[white,below=.2mm of a] {\changefont{lmtt}{m}{b}\thesection};
                %\node[below left,opacity=.3,rotate=-20,xshift=1cm,yshift=-.5cm] at (current page.north east) {\includegraphics[scale=.2]{shot}};
            \end{tikzpicture}
        \vspace{-2cm}\parbox{.7\textwidth}{
            \begin{enumerate}[\tikz{\fill[white]circle(.13);\fill[red]circle(.1);}]
                \item \color{black!85}Hallo,
                \item Welt!
            \end{enumerate}
            }
    \end{frame}
\end{document}

A: You can insert the current section number via \thesection. To deal with frames before the first section, it might be good to test if the number is >0
\documentclass{beamer}

\setbeamertemplate{headline}{%
    \ifnum\thesection>0
        \thesection
    \fi
}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
content...
\end{frame}

\section{title}

\begin{frame}
content...
\end{frame}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Arnold, D.B. and P.R. Bono, CGM and CGI: Metafile and Interface Standards for Computer Graphics, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1988.
Henderson, L.R., and Gebhardt, "CGM: SGML for Graphics," The Gilbane Report, Fall 1994.
Henderson, L.R., and A.M. Mumford, The CGM Handbook, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1993.
Bono, P.R. , J.L. Encarnacao, L.M. Encarnacao, and W.R. Herzner, PC Graphics With GKS, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.


text:
Travelling from old to new:
How the Trinity was transformed
Trinity Church has been reborn after an extensive refurbishment. Discover the origins of the landmark building, and how it come back to life.
Designed by Edinburgh architect Frederick Thomas Pilkington, Trinity Church opened its doors to worshippers in December 1863. The spire, stretching 120 feet into the Ayrshire sky, was completed 6 years later.
The 27 June 1862 edition of Building News estimated the building cost at £4,000. The distinctive Venetian-Gothic church was described by a local newspaper as 'the most truly beautiful structure in the West of Scotland'.
Built for the Reverend William B Robertson, the Trinity could accommodate up to 750 worshippers.
With all the pews facing his pulpit, the Reverend commanded the attention of everyone as he delivered his lyrical sermons. They earned him the nickname of the 'Poet Preacher'.
The distinctive rose wheel window was designed by Glasgow artist and designer Daniel Cottier. He is recognised as one of the most influential stained glass artists in Scotland.
His first major piece of public work, the interior of the church featured 4 ornately carved stone columns supporting finely carved capitals. A church hall adjoins, to the back, via a polygonally roofed chapter house.
By the time he moved to London in 1869, Cottier was already part of an influential group of designers, many of them expatriate Scots. They established the Aesthetic Movement in England.
The Trinity functioned as a Free Church of Scotland for the next 100 years or more. It dominated the Irvine skyline in its elevated position, above the River Irvine beside the town bridge.
In 1966, the church closed its doors and fell into a state of disrepair.
After over 50 years of decline, the Irvine Bay Development Company secured the building in 2009.
Irvine Bay faced many challenges in bringing the once majestic building back to its former glory. Especially its winged inhabitants! Hundreds of pigeons had made their home in the Trinity, bringing with them a whole host of problems.
Birds of prey were used to scare the pigeons away.
With the pigeons moved on, the church had to be cleaned from top to bottom, leaving a badly damaged building.
Major work was carried out to restore the Trinity over the following 5 years.
Local school children were consulted on the design of new elements for the Trinity. These include stained glass windows, the weathervane and the pillar carvings.
Whilst the building has its roots firmly in the past, it will have a key role to play for the people of North Ayrshire in years to come.
The Trinity Timeline
Irvine Bay Development Company begins the restoration, tackling a pigeon infestation and the subsequent cleanup.
New roof is completed. A comprehensive survey of the church spire is carried out. As a result, North Ayrshire Council provides additional funding for upgrade work to the spire.
Repairs funded
Historic Scotland Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme provides £500,000 funding towards repair of the main church and hall, along with conservation work on the tower and spire.
Window designs chosen
Stained glass window designs by Rachel Janson of Greenwood Academy and Kirsten Murdoch of Irvine Royal Academy are selected as competition winning entries. Refurbishment work starts on site for 42 […]
Cycle Friendly Town
In February, the Irvine Cycle Friendly Town Study recognises the potential for active travel to be a viable option for journeys in Irvine. This leads to the development of North […]
Weathervane selected
Greenwood Academy pupil Lucy Hulbert's winning design is chosen as the new weathervane for the church spire. New stained glass windows are reinstated following the removal of the rose window.
Restoration completed
Restoration works are completed by Irvine Bay Development Company.
Research begins
In January, funding is secured from Transport Scotland and the Energy Savings Trust. The funds are used to investigate the potential to develop an active travel hub in Irvine.
ERDF funding secured
An application is made to the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Low Carbon Travel and Transport Challenge Fund which secures funding for the creation of the new hub.
Hub moves forward
In February, Kate Cuthbert is appointed as the new Active Travel Hub Officer. Designs for the church interior are drawn up. A construction company is appointed and work begins in […]
Work on the hub is completed in January. Active Travel Officer, Jessica Gillespie is appointed in March. Launching over the Easter weekend, the Trinity and Closed Cycle Loop are officially […]
Ardrossan Connections Design Festival – Still time to join in!
The Ardrossan Connections project was launched in January this year and aims to inspire, empower and support the community and local council to enhance the National Cycle Network for walking, […]
In recent years, the Trinity has entered the final stage of transformation.
The A listed building stands strong and has been given new life as the active travel hub. Sitting in the town centre of Irvine, the hub is ideally placed for engagement with people coming to work, shop or play.
The Trinity has emerged from uncertain times to find a new purpose.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Up until this point, the structure of my actual paper has been nothing more than a periodically passing, vaguely worrisome thought — but that won't turn out a paper, will it?
And so, this past weekend I hammered out a rough diagram (T. Olga suggested that I think about it like that instead of an outline) for it, and I honestly have no idea if it will stay anything like how I have it now in my final draft.
The pertinent scope of history for my research (i.e. 1945-1967) and the foreign policy actions taken by the various American presidential administrations towards crucial actors in the Six-Days' War.
The frame through which the Six-Days' War was covered by the NYT.
The theoretical framework that — I will argue — explains why the NYT's particular frame of the Six-Days' War would have been carried down from lead foreign policymakers in the contemporary American government.
What I have now is more nuanced and sounds less like a conspiracy theory, and I think that's a good thing moving forward.
Well, apart from reading and synthesizing ever more material (always an exciting endeavor), that wraps it up for this week's update. Next week could very well have me reworking the paper from the ground up, but at this point in mid-February, I'm happy with where I am.
This entry was posted in Communications, History and Current Issues, Writing on February 15, 2018 by mcleared.
Really glad to see that you got a rough outline/rough diagram of your paper! This is, for me, the hardest part of your paper: narrowing it down and finding out what goes where. I am so excited to see your paper and continue to hear about your process. If you need an outside opinion/an editor/some advice – just find me. Great work!


text:
Q: How do I use MatOptgroup in Angular to implement autocomplete? I want to implement Autocomplete feature according to this tutorial: https://material.angular.io/components/autocomplete/overview
Problem is that Chrome reports an error:
Uncaught Error: Unexpected directive 'MatOptgroup' imported by the module 'MaterialModule'. Please add a @NgModule annotation.
I have declared NgModule, what do I do now?
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

import {
  MatButtonModule,
  MatFormFieldModule,
  MatInputModule,
  MatRippleModule,
  MatAutocompleteModule,
  MatOptgroup,
  MatOption
} from '@angular/material';

import '@angular/material/prebuilt-themes/deeppurple-amber.css';

@NgModule({
  exports: [
    MatButtonModule,
    MatFormFieldModule,
    MatInputModule,
    MatRippleModule,
    MatAutocompleteModule,
    ReactiveFormsModule,
  ],
  declarations: [],
  imports: [
    MatOptgroup,
    MatOption
  ]
})
export class MaterialModule {}

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    MaterialModule,
    BrowserModule,
  ],
  providers: [],
  bootstrap: [
    AppComponent,
  ],
  schemas: [],
})
export class AppModule { }

A: I think I found the issue, why are you importing MatOptgroup and MatOption?
You should remove these imports.
@NgModule({
  exports: [
    ...
  ],
  declarations: [],
  imports: [
    MatOptgroup, // <----- remove this
    MatOption    // <----- remove this
  ]
})


Looking for a simple and easy way to add some texture to your stickers? Try embossing them with your Cuttlebug and your favorite embossing folder!
That is exactly what I did with the layout I have up on the SRM Stickers blog today! Stop on by to check it out. Here is a little peek of my layout entitled The Thrill of the Catch using SRM Stickers Labels by the Dozen!!!
thanks for the above, what a clever Idea, thank you so much.


To live in a land where justice is a game.
Sang Bob Dylan in his song "Hurricane" not knowing that the same will hold good for the new generation DNA experts deposing evidence in Indian Courts giving false positive results without as much as batting an eyelid. I am not saying this without basis. In one particular case on the file of the District and Sessions Judge Ranga Reddy Court, Andhra Pradesh the DNA expert from the local Forensic Laboratory furnished a report wherein she, in the first page reported that their was no DNA isolated from the Crime scene sample but in the same breath continued on the second page of her report that the DNA profile of the Crime scene sample matched with that of the accused person. Thanks to the Vigilant trial Court Judge that he summoned me as witness and got me examined to bring out the flaw in such crucial evidence. Yet in another case, in Maharashtra, the DNA expert again from the FSL furnished a report wherein he stated in his chief examination that "I draw the conclusion that the blood stains on the shirt of MLC Case no YYYY of X Police Station are of the biological offspring of Mr and Mrs YZA and accordingly I issued the DNA analysis result….".
The irony of the whole DNA evidence was that this expert did not consider that within his own findings there was a mismatch of the DNA at one locus of the biological offspring with that of his alleged parents and the same went against his conclusion. Neither the defense nor the prosecution found this blunder. Further another DNA expert from a prestigious Central Government DNA Laboratory from Hyderabad appeared on behalf of his superior officer in whose name the summons was issued and stated that he does not have knowledge of the details of the case since he did not issue the DNA report in that case and hence the evidence was closed. Here too neither the prosecution nor the Court rose to the occasion to find out why the Senior expert who issued the report did not appear and subsequently the Senior was left scot free at the cost of the prosecution of the guilty and benefit of the defense. I can cite several examples here but lets come to the core issue of mismanagement of DNA science in Criminal Justice System which is nothing but lack of expertise, obligation and proper training to the experts from Government funded laboratories. The Apex Court held in M.C. Mehta V. Kamal Nath & Ors  in SC 1608 that "We cannot cheat on DNA".
Further in Shri Banarsi Dass V. Mrs. Teeku Dutta and Anr  IN SC 285 the Apex Court held that "the High Court should have held that the conclusive DNA test would have provided necessary material for an effective adjudication". Therefore with the Judiciary relying to such a great extent on DNA evidence it is the bounden duty of all DNA experts deposing evidence in India to perform their duty to the best possible manner and depose the truth in a scientific manner instead of just saying that "X is the accused because of the match with that of the Y which is the crime scene sample". I therefore place few suggestions below which are the outcome of my 16 years of Court experience deposing DNA evidence which may be of help, to this generation of DNA experts to better their performance during their deposition.
We as DNA experts are Witnesses, who form an essential part of the Criminal justice system and are paid to tell the truth. The testimony of a DNA expert will be given under oath, in open court and is expected to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
DNA experts need to do few things before testifying. Check their records pertaining to the case viz., original stock book containing entries of the material objects received by their office pertaining to the case. They need to carry only originals and not photocopies so that they could be got marked as exhibits, if required. Peruse the original file containing all correspondences, acknowledgements, office copy of the report submitted, details of the DNA examinations carried out. Maintain a photocopy of the official correspondence with them and provide the original to be marked as an exhibit in case they are relying on the same and also if allowed by the Court. Original copy of the work record book containing entries of the DNA methods employed at the bench to arrive at the conclusion, which is going to be defended by the expert. The expert needs to establish his credentials especially his qualifications and experience and training as a DNA expert in the first few paragraphs of the Chief Examination. The position of a scientist in a Forensic Laboratory does not mean that he gets automatically qualified as a DNA expert without having the required qualifications, training and experience in the subject of DNA Fingerprinting or testing. There are forensic experts from Forensic Laboratories who have provided DNA reports with results which have contradicted their own findings. DNA Experts should speak of their findings and avoid commenting on findings of other experts.
It has always been my practice to keep a collection of scientific books and latest scientific papers on DNA testing from reputed Forensic Journals with me during deposition to substantiate my evidence. This practice has can convince the Court of scientific principles and methods used to achieve the results. On few occasions I have passed over a collection of popular articles on DNA Testing to the Judge for his knowledge. Further, if possible, loading a media presentation on DNA testing, in general, in a lap top computer would help to detail the technology and a multi media presentation could make things easier. There is a need to contact the Public Prosecutor who has got issued the summons and ask what the Public Prosecutor will inquire about in the course of your testimony. Experts are entitled to know the subject matter, which will be covered in your testimony and prepare accordingly.
Competent evidence is what has been observed on the bench and the note book. In case of making an estimate, such as about allele frequency, paternity index or population statistics, it is essential to clarify what has been estimated. Just saying 99.99998% conclusive and close the statement is not proving the case. It is imperative to say or depose and prove on the floor of the Court as to how that figure of 99.99998% has been arrived. The biggest fallacy many experts today are making is by stating in their deposition that "The statistics in the report establish that Mr X is the biological father to an extremely high degree of certainty". Establish that degree of certainty with explanation of the statistical value being arrived at is most important and crucial evidence. Marking a copy of the calculations made by to arrive at the statistical conclusions as part of the deposition is very fundamental. The expert needs to inform the Court the details of the observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), power of discrimination (PD), probability of exclusion (PE) and polymorphism information content (PIC) for the loci since that forms the basis of the conclusion of DNA testing.
In conclusion, I can say that our legal system is one of the finest legal system in the world, and depends largely on the testimony of human beings just like yourself. The ideals of our system of justice can be maintained by the continued courage and sacrifice of people who are willing to become witnesses so the system can obtain equal justice for all. Always remember that that we are assisting the Court to arrive at a just conclusion and we are a part of it and not the root of it. Never forget we are under oath.
I basically did not say this. District and Sessions Judge Ranga Reddy in a specific case on the request of the court, Andhra Pradesh State DNA The DNA expert of the local forensic laboratory issued a statement, on the first page of the DNA on their first page.But in the same breath, on the second page of the report, the DNA profile of the crime witness's model applies to the accused. He called me Witness to the Vigilant Inquiry Judge, and examined me to reveal a lack of such important evidence.


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HCL recently hosted its 14th Bridge Championship, a one of its kind event that witnessed the participation of bridge enthusiasts and professionals from not just India but across the world. Top-ranked international bridge players like Zia Mahmood and Giorgio Duboin competed for the coveted trophy. On this special episode of Heads Up, watch the world's top bridge players and the event's organizers talk about the game and the evolution of the championship.