text:
Implementing open innovation concept in social business
Anna Svirina1,
Alfia Zabbarova1 &
Karine Oganisjana2
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity volume 2, Article number: 20 (2016) Cite this article
Social business is an emerging concept which requires additional research especially in terms of priority management tools that can be used. The paper aims to evaluate how closed and open innovation concepts are implemented by social enterprises in the emerging information economy. The paper also studies social enterprises from the point of view of joint efficiency and innovation development concept evaluation to define best practices used by social entrepreneurs nowadays.
The paper provides comparative analysis of two types of social business models: the ones based on open innovation and the ones based on formal closed innovative process. Research question is to estimate how implementation of open innovation influences social businesses' outcomes, and to define the way open innovation influences social enterprises' efficiency.
Existing literature have provided quite a number of on business concepts which are successful under different types of regulation, and various basements which an entrepreneur can use to build a successful model. As in the beginning of XXI century the variety of business models increased, some of researchers outlined the importance of institutions and their influence on entrepreneurial development (de Soto 2000), the need for value creation (Porter & Cramer 2011, Driver 2012), businesses which used poverty as an inspiration to build up economically efficient model (Yunus 2008), and new trends in business model development arising from the network economy (Benkler 2006). These scholars all came to a similar conclusion: business models which are proposed normally do not consider societal effects – and therefore fail to capture an important market (Yunus 2008), ignore societal opportunity (Driver 2012), or substitute shared value creation for the implementation of socially responsible practices (Porter & Cramer 2011). The majority of these critiques regard the development of social entrepreneurship as a means of changing this pattern.
The importance of social business in providing sustainable opportunities to solve major problems of the society, including poverty (Yunus 2008), the researchers started paying attention towards building understanding of success factors driving development of this entrepreneurship type. According to Dees (2001) and Yunus (2008) social entrepreneurship provides lower profits, then regular business, requires more sustainable models, leads to longer payback periods but at the same time has much more sustainable results and loyal customers. Still, restrictions that exist for social entrepreneurs call for more efficient business solutions, especially for competitive advantage development, which in turn requires evaluation of possibilities to use more efficient resources. The need to cut costs lead to more attention towards implementation of cost-saving models spread in regular business, such as a concept of open innovation (Chesbrough 2003); and this paper focuses on evaluation of the open innovation model as a tool to increase efficiency of social business.
The research question of this paper is to define how the use of open and closed innovation models affects development of social enterprise.
Literature overview
Dacin et al. (2010) indicated, that there are a number of approaches to define social entrepreneurship, starting from Waddock and Post (1991), Leadbeater (1997), Thomson et al. (2000), Dees (2001) to the present day. At the same time a number of studies had indicated that these definitions create more confusion than understanding (Masetti 2008; Dacin et al. 2010): scholars and practitioners have a very different view towards the contents and thus business models of social business (Austin et al. 2006, Hockerts 2006; Roberts & Woods 2005; Yunus 2008; Santos 2012, Zahra et al. 2009; Grameen Creative Lab 2014, Schwab Foundation 2016 and Skoll Foundation 2016) at the same time stating no important differences between social and conventional entrepreneurship. The primary characteristics of social entrepreneurship as outlined by the scholars and practitioners are the following:
its main goal is to drive important societal change (social mission);
it implies exercising business processes and discipline, innovation, and determination in seeking business solutions to social problems;
it entails the pursuit of economic efficiency;
it is motivated by strong ethics;
it involves the creation of value beyond resources currently under the entrepreneur's control.
However, all of these characteristics hold for any "conventional" entrepreneur, as identified by Schumpeter (1934), Kirzner (1978), Timmons and Spinelli (1990), Estrin et al. (2013) and others. On the other hand, practitioners have outlines some interesting differences:
a social entrepreneur seeks to solve the problems created by institutions, which therefore cannot be solved by these same institutions (Ashoka 2014);
the business's objective is to overcome poverty or another problem (such as education, health, technology access, and environment) that threatens individuals and society, not profit maximization (Grameen Creative Lab 2014);
social entrepreneurs serve as society's change agents (Skoll Foundation 2016).
These differences indicate the need social entrepreneurs have to create more sustainable models operating in sectors where (a) the profit rate is lower than in conventional entrepreneurship and (b) existing institutions actually fail to solve the problem. An analogue of this situation is evaluated by Chesbrough (2003) and led to creation of open innovation concept, as this one is more efficient than existing legal frameworks that protect intellectual property on the one hand, and allows to seek opportunities at lower margins. Intuitively, such concept should be efficient for social entrepreneurs.
Researchers dealing with open innovation have identified that "corporate OI goes through evolutionary stages in the market, blooming into various types and levels of emergence, or being influenced by strange triggers, under complex adaptive systems." (Yun et al. 2016), which is in line with above mentioned suggestion that open innovation concept evolved through its efficiency, and creates higher adaptivity which is essential for development of social enterprise that operates at low profits. Moreover, Carillo (2015) had indicated, that development of new economic culture in emerging network information economy, is impossible without open innovation – and as social business seems to be an important element of network economy, the same concept has to be implemented.
Open innovation does not only increase efficiency of research and development activities, but, as suggested by Kim et al. (2016) and Yusr (2016) leads to higher efficiency in triple helix relationships, which operate in the public goods field and present the closest analogue of social entrepreneurs solving the problems of contemporary society in sustainable and profitable way. Finally, researchers in open innovation outline, that CEO in public sectors tend to implement open innovation concept in their managerial approaches, hence suggesting the idea to use a similar approach in any field where societal effects are important.
Still, despite existing relationship between social entrepreneurship and open innovation management, the field remains underdeveloped, and lead to need in focusing on importance of open innovation in social business development.
For the purposes of this study we evaluate social enterprises which either use or do not use open innovation concept by using case study method to provide comparative analysis of innovation development and implementation practice in case open innovation and formal closed innovation process are used. The data is acquired from open sources including Ashoka, Grameen Lab, Skoll Foundation and web-sites of social innovation companies. This type of analysis aims to reveal the main differences in development paths of innovative social businesses.
Quantitative analysis is performed as well on the basis of cluster analysis to create typology of social businesses, including typology of social enterprises whose business model is based on open innovation concept. The data for this analysis was acquired as open source, coming from studies like Social business GEM report, Heritage foundation, Kaufmann foundation and others. Using this data we also perform regression analysis and graph analysis to see the patterns of social business development in case of use of open and closed innovation concepts. We evaluated sustainability of company performance as a dependent variable which relies on open innovation in social business.
The role of institutions (including innovation regulation) had been discussed by scholars (Dacin et al. 2010; Estrin et al. 2013, Mair & Marti 2006, Sud et al. 2009), who agree on the importance of the institutional setting for the development of social entrepreneurship – from indicating that social business models must operate in the institutional settings for which they were created (Dacin et al. 2010) to questioning the ability of social entrepreneurs to "provide comprehensive answers to the most pressing social ills" (Sud et al. 2009). We agree with Sud et al. (2009) and regard social business as just one approach to social and economic development (as outlined in the definition above), based on opportunities that were overlooked by conventional entrepreneurs (Yunus 2008). We also base our understanding on the findings of Dacin et al. (2010), who noted that "social entrepreneurship is more likely to occur where there are significant socioeconomic, cultural and environmental problems". Empirical research offers a similar perspective: "social entrepreneurship in some developing countries is likely to be shaped by the political context and the heritage of weak governments" (Terjesen et al. 2009). In these contexts, social market failure creates an opportunity for a social entrepreneur (Austin et al. 2006) and thus allows for the creation of new social value (Urbano et al. 2010). Nevertheless, these arguments, despite appearing perfectly logical, are not supported by certain empirical analyses. Stephan et al. (2014) reported that the development of revenue-generating social business is only strongly associated with government activism and the rule of law, and these two features are rarely observed in economies with weak institutions.
A number of authors suggested that institutional environment is one of the major factors which define the level of social entrepreneurial activity, providing detail on reasoning behind this influence. These details include effectiveness of government actions and the quality of infrastructure (Partzsh & Ziegler 2011), cultural preferences (Montgomery et al. 2012), poverty level (Yunus 2008), and other features which differ for different countries (Peattie and Morley 2008).
To resolve this contradiction, we suggest the following approach to define how institutions influence organizations with social missions: (1) the form of these organizations is influenced by the type of institutions that prevail in the context in which a social entrepreneur perceives an opportunity – and these institutions can be either formal or informal – and (2) the type of organization is defined by the average level of regulatory control and rule of law (relative to those of other countries) that exist in a country (in the case of highly polarized countries, the regional level should also be considered as a moderator). The matrix mapping social business onto these two axes can be found in Fig. 1 .
Matrix of businesses with social mission on immature state of the key market (developed by the authors)
As it is seen from the Figure, social entrepreneurs tend to evolve in the areas with lower regulation and control performed by the government. In case of innovation implementation this means such business owners would try to avoid formal intellectual property regulation and develop their businesses on the basis of open concepts. As the case study indicates, such approach is used by a number of social businesses (see Table 1).
Table 1 Cases in open innovation implemented by social business
As indicated in a table, a number of social enterprises are using open innovation concept, as defined by Chesbrough & Vanhaverbeke (2006), when some technologies or approaches are developed within community and spread over thus enhancing feedback and evaluation of technology. For instance, Grameen Danone social business used Danone's innovative yogurt production technology (which was developed in accordance with special requirements of Bangladesh market), and Grameen's innovative distribution chain (which was developed under Grameen bank) – thus, both companies in their social business partnership were using each other's external innovation ideas and developments. The same innovation sharing can be found in Genesys Works (Genesys Works, 2015), who uses external intensive educational programs to ensure high quality education in their projects, while their external partners are using Genesys Works' innovative method for seeking talent in underestimated geographical areas. The same is true for both Essay Gifts and Farmers school – these social enterprises unite a number of small enterprises (Essay Gifts 2016) and are eager to distribute innovation between them in case the same challenges come around. For example, Farmers school launches a number of small farms after education, and these farmers come to share their innovative experience to school, so they are later used by new spin-off farms (Shkola fermerov 2016).
We have also find a number of cases where the social businesses relied solely on their own developments (for example, Alternative Energies in South Africa or Bumper in Russia), but their development rate was a lot lower than the rate of social enterprises which used open innovation.
On the basis of qualitative comparative case study analysis (cases were selected cross-nationally) we outline, that social businesses, like conventional ones, also use one of the two approaches towards innovation development – either open or formal closed one. The difference of social business model is that social entrepreneurs use open innovation concept much more frequently than conventional entrepreneurs, thus building flat-structured sustainable business models.
Case study have also indicated, that business models used by social business, are in majority of situations based on some sort of grass root innovation, developed within the concept of open innovation (though not necessarily along the formal line for social innovation). On the opposite, only a few cases where social enterprises business models were based on formal closed innovation development process. Besides, there were a number of cases, including Grameen Danone case, when closed innovation was used on the first step of social business development, then proceeded to the stage of open innovation when technology was shared between the initiator company and its partner companies to create better social value with higher level of economic efficiency.
Similar findings were achieved by cluster analysis which was performed on country level. Our target independent variable was rate of nascent social entrepreneurial activity (as measured by GEM), while a few variables which are considered related to social entrepreneurship development level were tested for the same countries. The results of cluster analysis can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2 Final centers of clusters
The cluster analysis was followed by regression analysis with share of open innovation products used as independent variable. The models with the highest significance can be seen on Fig. 2 (R squared for linear model is .426, for cubic model - .458).
Models of social innovation activity rate (dependent variable)
The Fig. 2 indicates that open innovation is related to social entrepreneurs activity, and the relationship is relatively strong. This fact allowed us to form a matrix mapping social entrepreneurs on efficiency/innovation types matrix (analogue of the one present on Fig. 1), which can be seen on Fig. 3.
Matrix of businesses with social mission by efficiency/innovation type (developed by the authors)
As it is shown in the Fig. 3, the majority of highly efficient enterprises that rely on open innovation are social enterprises, or enterprises with a very high level of corporate social responsibility (0;9 on the matrix). On the opposite, conventional enterprises are highly efficient, but tend to use closed innovation in the majority of cases (marked 9;9 on the matrix at the extreme).
Open innovation basement is also used by non-profits, but these companies demonstrate lower level of efficiency, than both conventional and social entrepreneurs (mapped 0;0 in the matrix). Finally, public sector enterprises are less efficient than conventional ones, and they also tend to rely on their own developments rather than implement open innovation concept (9;0 on the matrix).
These mapping was suggested by the analyzed case studies, which have not shown any low-efficient businesses with social outcome in case the concept of open innovation was implemented (the above described cases of Genesys Works or Grameen Danone can be used as an example). On the opposite, companies relying on closed innovation had much less interest in social outcomes and could be considered conventional ones.
Thus, we have mapped social businesses on efficiency/innovation type matrix (an analogue of Blake-Mouton matrix), where these businesses are indicated as either low or high efficient and using open innovation or closed innovation concept. Case studies are mapped on the matrix, and the majority of social enterprises which work for over five years appear to be of high efficiency and use open innovation.
Research limitations/ implications
The main limitations of the study include relatively small sample used for case study. Second, though the sample is cross-cultural, business practices from the regions which have strong tradition on social entrepreneurship (for example, African countries besides South Africa) are underrepresented in the GEM sample and our case study data due to limited access to the data on these companies. Third, the limitations of the study are driven from the use of case method, which might lead to some distortion of theoretical findings.
The main implications of the study include the following. First, it is outlined that efficient social business normally use open innovation concept for innovation development (in many cases in a form of grass root innovation). Hence it is important for a new social business to try to follow this path in innovation development process. This finding supports the theoretical input of open innovation theory by Chesbrough & Vanhaverbeke (2006) by proving positive outcomes of open innovation in a different setting – the case of social enterprises. Thus our research indicates that open innovation theory can possibly be implemented in public and non-profit sector, which would allow achieving higher efficiency in these areas, where enterprises' sustainability is significant to achieve long-term goals.
Second, the tools for evaluation social enterprises perspectives accordingly to used innovation development process are suggested, and their use is justified, which lead to better prognosis of social entrepreneurship development. Thus, it was shown that the highest entrepreneurial activity ratio in social business is achieved when the share of open innovation is between 60 and 85 %, which means closed innovation mechanisms are also driving efficiency in the area; however, open innovation concepts are to be prevailing (corresponding matrix on efficiency/innovation types scales, which is a theoretical implementation of this finding, is present on Fig. 3). A practical outcome of this finding is that in case social enterprises receive any type of governmental or other support, the funders are to ensure implementation of open innovation concept in the social enterprise that should lead to higher efficiency and to shorter payback periods, accordingly.
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This research was conducted in the framework of the project 5.2.7 of National Research Program EKOSOC-LV. The publishing of this paper was supported by SOItmC and the DGIST R&D Program of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (16-IT) of Korea.
The dataset used for this study might be requested from the authors due to university policy.
Authors' contribution
AA developed the theoretical framework of the study. KO had studied cases presented in the manuscript. AZ had done statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Economics and Management Department, Chistopol autonomous campus, Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia
Anna Svirina & Alfia Zabbarova
Faculty of Engineering Economics, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
Karine Oganisjana
Anna Svirina
Alfia Zabbarova
Correspondence to Anna Svirina.
Svirina, A., Zabbarova, A. & Oganisjana, K. Implementing open innovation concept in social business. J. open innov. 2, 20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-016-0046-8


I have so much to be thankful for…I have a great, Christian husband who loves me, 3 terrific boys, a very special mom and dad, a wonderful sister and her husband, and two terrific twin brothers and their wives, I have 2 beautiful nieces, and 3 cool nephews, on top of my family I have some super cool terrific friends. I am double blessed that I get to hang out with all of these people for Thanksgiving. I have already celebrated with my family last Sunday night, and tomorrow I leave for Indiana to hang out with the bestest friend in the world Wander.
Thanks Wander for letting us come and hang out at your house. Thank you for all the hard work you put into having us come. I can't wait to celebrate Thanksgiving together. This will definetly not be the first time we have been together for Thanksgiving. We started having Thanksgiving together about 10 years ago. We met and became friends when our husbands were in Bible College together at Florida Baptist Theological College in Graceville Florida. We went to the same church. My husband was their Sunday School teacher for a while. Me and Wanda were in the Young Women for Christ group together. We were not a likely pair to become best friends. She was from Florida and I was from Tennessee. She called me a Tennesse Bumpkin, or a Tennessee Hillbilly. I just thought she was a snob. She was one of the "pretty people". We won't talk about the bleach blonde hair. Boy was I wrong about her. She is not a snob she is a very loving and giving person once I got to know her more. We taught school at the same school "Washington Co. Christian School" and there we became best friends. Her husband would pick my kids up from school and take them to his house until I got home from work. This was over 10 years ago. Our kids were little then and now they are all teenagers. I live in Tennessee and she now lives in Indiana. We have many miles between us, but when we are together it is like we were never apart.
We have had some great times together. When we go to their home the party is on. We just enjoying each others company. We eat, talk and chill, and eat some more. We do some shopping, may go to a movie, and maybe out to eat. Whatever we do it is just great spending time together. Wanda is a gracious host and makes us feel right at home. Her home is warm and cozy. She is also a terrific cook. We do not go hungry while we're there. She may even cook us up some good ole Turnip Green Soup. It sound gross but it is good stuff. She will not divulge her recipe, she is afraid I will sell it to Cracker Barrel for a $1,000,000.
We have also had several vacations together. We have gone camping at Panama City Beach a couple of times. We went to Cincinnati, Ohio to Kings Island. That was an adventure….that is all I got to say about that. I will not tell you that I threw up in the van. No I won't. We have gone to Light Up Louisville a few times. Me and Wanda have gone to Women's Conferences and Southern Baptist Pastor's Wives Luncheons together. It is great to have a friend that enjoys the same things in life that I do. I friend who shares my passion for family and ministry. I friend that challenges in my walk with the Lord. I love you Wanda and your precious family.
Sunday night my niece Mikayla was baptised. She is 7 years old and was brought up hearing about the Lord in church and has asked questions for a while now. She talked to me on several occassions and wanted to know how she could be saved. She knew she wanted to go to heaven when she died. When I talked to her about the ABC's of salvation she already knew about them from VBS, however she still hesitated in surrendering to Christ. She would get nervous and change the subject. I told her that she needed to Admit to God that she was a sinner, Believe in her heart that Jesus is the son of God who died for our sins and rose again the 3rd day, and Confess that He is Lord and without Him there is NO OTHER WAY to heaven. She understood but just wouldn't yield. She was afraid of going before the church and have people looking at her. Well, one night her brother, Matthew, who is 12 years old began to talk to her about her need for salvation. This time she said Yes to Jesus and Matthew lead her in a prayer of repentance. I am so proud of Matthew for having a burden for his sisters soul. I am proud that he has a desire for Christ and wanted to share Christ with Mikayla. It is such a precious gift to give someone, the most precious gift of all, eternal life with Christ. I am so proud of you Mikayla for being brave enough to show what Jesus did for you by being baptised.
I am so proud of my family. We are a very close family. We actually enjoy spending time together. We may have our little disagreements with one another, but we do not let them come between us. We have always been there for each other no matter what. When Mikayla was baptised ALL of our family was there. I am talking ALL not one was absent. That is a treasure to have a family that is there for each other during the celebrations in life as well as the hard times. I know that I can count on my family to always be there for me no matter what.
After Mikayla's baptism we all went to eat to celebrate with her and to celebrate family. I cherish each one of them so much and I am thankful that All of my family has accepted Christ as their personal Savior. That means we can all still hang out in heaven. I hope my family knows how much I love them. I am proud to have each of them as a special part of my life. I pray for them daily. I pray that God would continue to grow them in their walk with Him. That he would bless them, prosper them and use them in a special way for His Kingdom and His Glory.
Meet My Family! What a Bunch!
What about you are you sharing the love of Christ with anyone? Remember the best gift you can offer someone is a relationship with Jesus. If a twelve year old can do it so can you. What are you waiting for.
Tonight a friend invited me to go with her to Yada Sisterhood. You may ask what is that. I did too.
"Yada" is a Hebrew word meaning "to know" as in having intimate, experiential knowledge. "Sisterhood" is a group of women assembled for a common purpose.
I have tried to find time to blog the last several days and I just have not found the time. When I am at work I think of things to write about, but when I get home I have to cook supper, do laundry, dishes, you know the drill. So I never find time to blog.
I am now home alone for a little while so I decided to catch you guys up in one post…I hope it will not be too long that you won't want to read it all. This past week I was unusually busy. It seems that everything came at the same time.
Monday It was a typical day I worked 9-5 and did normal household chores.
girl comes in and is happy about having a baby at 15.
6:00. We usually go to the Mexican restaurant on Wed.
we can spend this time together. After that I went to my Bible Study it was the last night for a great study by Priscilla Shirer, Beth Moore and Kay Arthur the study was "Anointed, Transformer, Redeemed". The last night was hilarious. If you went to the "Deeper Still Conference" it was the last night when they all 3 got and stage and had a panel. I laughed so hard. Kay was so funny talking about the "S" word. You know what I mean. I am like Beth I was blushing. As soon as my class was over I go help get ready for a big women's event we are having the next night. I help by stirring chocolate for hours. I just stirred and stirred. The chocolate was used for icing on the brownies that had a candy cane stuck in them and sprinkled with peppermint pieces. They were like suckers. They were delish. I got home about 11:30. I was so tired I fell right to sleep.
Thursday This is usually my day off, but not today. I have a hectic day ahead. I get up and cook breakfast. Get dressed and head to the hospital because one of my girls from my parenting class had her baby. I went to the wrong hospital. I then go to shop for an outfit for the Women's event. I finally go to the right hospital and visit with M for a while and hold that sweet newborn baby boy. I run from there to the church to help with last minute preparations for the event. I help put a cookbook together for 500 women. I run pick up Tanner from Physical Therapy. Run home and change for the event. I had invited a friend to go with me so I wait on her at the front. We go in and there is close to 500 women trying to balance a plate and drink and mingle to eat. It was quite a challenge for me. There were cute little shops set up that you could browse around. The theme was Christmas it was called "the Gathering". The place was decorated beautifully. The food was wonderful. The event was kind of like a cross between Oprah and HGTV. They had little decorating tips, stocking stuffer tips, cooking tips, and party hosting tips. This was all done like you were watching a show. After each little show "Jingle Bell Rock" would play and the men dressed as elves came out and gave us a gift. It was lots of fun.
Friday I worked from 9-5. My husband had to work until 9:00 so I decided to take Tanner to the movies to see "Madagascar 2". We go to the 6:00 show and we just ate at the movie theatre. We got hotdogs and popcorn. I know very nutritious. It was a lot of fun. When we start to leave the theatre it is raining and I did not have a jacket or umbrella with me. I was thinking "I wish Randy was here so he could go get the vehicle for me". It made me appreciate my husband a little more. He does usually get the vehicle so I don't have to get out in the rain. He does a lot of nice things for me like that. He usually gets my gas for me just because I hate to get it. He cranks my Suburban in the mornings when the frost is on the window so I don't have to. I just really take him for granted sometimes and don't realize all the little things he does for me, until I have to do it myself. It taught me a lesson in appreciating my husband.
Saturday I had to get up and be at Birth Choice by 10:00 for a Celebration on Life party. This was our 1st one. The ladies that had their babies who had been a part of our classes were invited to participate. We had refreshments and presented each lady with a gift bag for her and a diaper bag full of stuff for the baby. It was a great time to love all over those babies. One lady said that she was planning to have an abortion but because of Birth Choice she decided to keep her baby and she was so proud to have that baby. It was a great Celebration of Life. When I left there I picked up Tanner and we went to Wal-Mart to get groceries. I come home and put away groceries and clean house the rest of the day. I cooked a big pot of chili for supper. Our Sunday school class was supposed to have a bonfire and chili fellowship, but the weather was nasty so it was cancelled.
Sunday Got up went to church. It was AWESOME as always. I love our church. I love everything about it. The music is wonderful, the preaching is inspiring and we have a great time in Sunday school. Randy my husband teaches our class. We have a great group of people. After church we warm up a bowl of chili. I take a quick nap and it's off the "Mission Jackson" by 3:00. We had a big BLOCK PARTY for the kids. We had the big blow up slide, piñatas, cake walk, pizza, candy, Bible story and craft. I just love the kids that come. They make my day with their smiles and hugs. Since we were just having business meeting I decided to go home and get some rest before Monday comes back around.
Stay Tuned for next week…Dustin has a big debut in Chapel on Wednesday. He was asked by his professor to compose the music for the whole band to play in chapel. He composed the music to "Our Church Is One Foundation". He did a fabulous job. I can't wait to here the band perform his piece in front of thousands.
dog and move into a travel-trailer.
but I want to get your opinion.
Igot this email and just had to share it with my bloggy friends. I don't know about you, but I think I wouldn't mind being trailer trash if that was my trailer. Do you think you could handle it?
I blogged about the homeless man that came to our church Sunday night. I told you that Tanner my son had given him the Zaxby's card that he had gotten earlier that night. Well, I got a call from the lady that gave it to Tanner and she said….I hope you haven't used that Zaxby card yet… I need it back…I gave Tanner the wrong one… the one I gave him had $100.00 on it. WHAT!!! I said…I am so sorry…we gave it to the homeless man Sunday night. We thought it just had enough for a meal on it…so Tanner wanted to treat the homeless man to a meal. OH NO! She said that she had accidently picked up the wrong card and that one was for the church.
Wouldn't you like to see the face of the homeless man when he goes to get his meal and finds out he has $100.00 on the card. I bet he thinks we were real nice people. He called Tanner "Tree Top" I bet he was jumping up and down and saying "Thanks Tree Top". Now he can eat for a while.
Sunday, was a great day. What is it about giving to others that makes you feel good inside. As I blogged about before I help with a Backyard Bible Club at the project housing behind our church on Sunday afternoons. I look forward to seeing the kids each week they are so precious. I love to hold the little ones in my arms and run and play with the older kids. Sometimes even the mom's come to watch and I get a chance to talk to them too. This is the highlight of my week. It also makes me appreciate the family and home I have when I see how little these families have and the lifestyles that some of them live.
Sunday night Randy, my husband, was going on church visitation and he saw a homeless man wondering around the church. He went up to the man to see if he could help him. The man said he was there for service. He was about an hour and half early. Randy told him where he could go to wait until service started. During worship Randy saw the man sitting across from us. Randy was so burdened for the man. He was an older man probably in his 60's. We watched him as the ushers passed the plate. It broke my heart to see what he did. He pulled out his billfold and showed the guy next to him that it was empty. After the service Randy went over to talk to him, I followed. The man was really friendly. He told us he just found himself in circumstances that caused him to be homeless in the past few years. Randy asked him about his salvation and he said he definetly knew the Lord. He said he even felt called by God to write music and sing. He showed Randy some of his work and Randy said it was pretty good. We wanted to see if we could help the guy out. Tanner my son had gotten a gift card to Zaxby's for a free meal so Tanner gave that to him. I found the outreach director and asked if there was any food left from our meal, from Olive Garden. She went to check and found enough to make him a to go sackful of food. I asked another minister if he would go talk to him and see what the church could do. The church put him up for a night at a hotel. Randy drove him over to the hotel. We put him in touch with all of the area relief ministries that could help him more. Our church helps area relief during the winter months by sponsoring a "Room at the Inn'. We take in the homeless and let them sleep in the church and feed them. Several churches participate to help them have a place each night.
I believe God wants us to do our part in helping the least of these. It is an honor for me to serve the ones in need. Who knows that we could find ourselves in similar situations and we would want someone to be kind to us.


text:
package libbun.type;

import libbun.parser.LibBunTypeChecker;

public class BMutableType extends BType {

	public BMutableType(BType ParamType) {
		super(BType.UniqueTypeFlag, null, ParamType);
	}

	@Override public final boolean IsMutableType(LibBunTypeChecker Gamma) {
		return true;
	}

	@Override public final String GetName() {
		if(this.ShortName == null) {
			this.ShortName =  "mutable " + this.RefType.GetName();
		}
		return this.ShortName;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


There is a half square at the bottom. inside of it there is a circle with a 5 inside of it. there is also a arrow facing up on top of the circle.
This page contains the Withdrawal vector icon, as well as variations of this icon in different visual styles, and related icons. All icons are in the flat vector style, however, differ by the line thickness, fill, and corner radius.


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Unusual Extras comprise'split tunneling' (you decide which traffic goes through the VPN, and uses your ISP) and the ability to create an instantaneous Wi-Fi VPN hotspot on your laptop, and connect even more devices through that.
This Drops to a monthly $1.32 (#1) if you cover five years upfront, a total of $79 (#61). The price is really low, although we would recommend signing up for that long, you may think it's worthwhile. Personal online Access offers a good two-year plan for $2.91 (#2.24) per month, for instance, but that is still $70 (#54) in total, not much less. If you use PureVPN for two or three years, you're getting decent value.
The By employing some marketing trickery, company spoils this fantastic impression a little. Each program has a'last sold' indicator that informs you when someone final signed up, and it.
This is Presumably intended to show you the service is, but we are not sure that the figures are real. We seen in various browsers, and refreshed the page a few times, and also the'past sold' figures varied widely. They act as though they're chosen randomly, instead of corresponding to any actual world events.
PureVPN doesn't advertise a trial. We dug deep and found a webpage for something known as a'trial account', but that's somewhat misleading. It's actually just a commercial plan where you pay a non refundable $2.50 (#2) for 3 days of support.
Handing Over your cash to PureVPN is unusually simple, as the company supports more or less every payment format there is: credit card, PayPal, Bitcoin and many different cryptocurrencies (via CoinPayments), AliPay, various gift cards, and over 150 other payment methods via the Paymentwall platform.
After Parting with your cash, download links direct one to programs for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android, the browser extensions and much more. We caught the Windows client, and there arrived a email with login information, as it had been downloading.
Setup Was simple, and after a speedy launch, the Windows customer prompted us to pick one of five modes: Stream, Internet Freedom, Security/Privacy, File Sharing and Dedicated IP. We guess most folks will wonder whether to choose Internet Freedom or even Security/Privacy, and there is no guidance to explain the gap.
The Support site told us that choosing a manner would optimize PureVPN's preferences . As an example, security would be prioritized by picking Security/Privacy over all else, but the Streaming and File Sharing manners would optimize for speed.
VPN This approach might be appreciated by Beginners as it means that they don't have to know and tweak the settings. But experts are not as likely to approve, since there's no indication of what each mode does. There's nothing wrong with task-based style choice, but we would prefer a clear display of those settings that are unsuitable for each mode, so experienced users can understand the consequences of their selection.
After You're in a position to pick locations from a dashboard. This has lots of functionality, allowing you to browse locations by cities or countries, search by name, see ping times, or make favorites for speedy recall later.
Alternatively, Deciding upon a Goal choice displays a list of tasks you might want to carry out — unblocking Netflix or other streaming sites, using VoIP, obtaining social media websites or whatever — and also you can in theory choose one of these, and permit PureVPN to choose a host for you.
Connect To a server and the client displays your connection status. There is also an optional bandwidth graph showing your data transfers for the last few seconds. You almost certainly won't need it, but it's good to see PureVPN making the effort.
The Customer makes clever of usage of alarms to make sure that you know what is happening. Decide on a place as long as your Windows client is the foreground program, it won't waste your time with desktop notifications. But if you switch to the client notices a different program, and a pop-up window seems to allow you to know when it disconnects and connects.
The Client does have options to start auto-connect and system start, as an example. As soon as you're protected it may automatically open your default browser.
Need a Different protocol? PureVPN Permits You to Pick from OpenVPN TCP/UDP, PPTP, L2TP, SSTP and IKEV. There's also an Automatic option that the client suggests offers the very best security and speed, but from what we can see, that is not true: it just cycles through another protocols until it finds one that works.
Split Tunneling permits you to send only specified apps' visitors by your VPN. That takes more time to set up, and you have to be quite sure which apps you need to redirect, but it can additionally optimize performance by limiting your data transfer requirements.
The VPN Hotspot is an extra, configuring a wireless hotspot which turns the host computer into a restricted VPN router. When it's enabled, you'll be able to use your phone, tablet computer or other devices to get online via the host's PureVPN connection.
And the List continues, with IPv6 leak protection, a remarkably configurable kill switch, and a multi-port option which intelligently chooses the best port, preventing any closed or throttled alternatives. You can elect to utilize a non-NAT network to acquire a unique IP address, port forwarding is available if you require this, along with a Support department does not only link to the site: it facilitates creating a service ticket from within the customer.
Although There is plenty of power , the interface is a mess. You will find normal buttons, radio buttons, links, icons and sidebars, they don't always work as you'd expect, and although we figured out how to navigate around the machine, it never felt natural or comfortable.
Still, The customer did a good job for us, blocking DNS and WebRTC escapes, and together with the kill switch successfully killing our internet access if the VPN link fell. If you'll use some of their customer's many extra features, it might appeal.
We took a Look at PureVPN's Android program, and it had been the exact same story as the Windows version. After picking a'Mode' (not sure why)we were able to pick countries, cities, or choose a Purpose (optimized for China, unblock this or that streaming service, and so on). It is more awkward to use than the VPN app, but you'll find it out easily enough.
In a Previous reviewwe pointed out that PureVPN made a huge deal of its'zero log' policy. Nevertheless, the small print said there was a session logging, which appeared to add the time you connect to a host, your incoming IP address and the entire bandwidth utilized.
This Isn't a detail. In October 2017 reports appeared of a man being detained on suspicion of running"an extensive cyberstalking campaign", in part according to PureVPN records demonstrating its services were obtained from originating IPs such as the accused man's house and office. The'zero log' VPN kept some kind of logs, after all, and those were able to assist connect internet activities to a particular account.
This Does not address the dilemma of the company described itself as maintaining'zero logs' at the primary portion of the website, though, when this turned out to not be entirely true. That's also not a point. Logging policies are based almost entirely on trust, and a VPN isn't inclined to be trusted if it's seen to mislead users or bury the fact of a situation in the small print.
The Policy also explains the minimum connection data it will record –'We know the day that you connected to some specific VPN location and from which Internet Service Provider' — and covers lots of other vital issues in a clear and readable manner.
We Double-clicked that the BBC option, and viewed as the client exhibited , our default browser opened, and connected an'err-network-changed' message. What? This seemed like a serious problem, however, the browser had only discovered the change in our network settings as the customer connected, and once this was complete, the BBC iPlayer site opened and streamed content as normal.
It had been The same story with Netflix. The customer launched our browser until the connection was complete, thus we saw the same error message, but that vanished automatically, and we had been free to navigate and flow whatever Netflix content we enjoyed.
You are Not restricted to the services built into PureVPN's programs , of course. YouTube was not included on the list but by linking to a US server in the 21, we were got .
Our Performance tests involve running custom software which links assessing location , ping time, download rates and much more. Regrettably, we couldn't get this working with PureVPN, or determine why (whether that is our fault or theirs, we can not be sure).
We fell Back on our older manual way of connecting via customers and checking the results from several speed checking sites, such as SpeedTest.net, Fast.com and TestMy.net. This doesn't give us to use, but there's still enough to get a feel for what the service can deliver.
Our neighborhood UK servers diverse but nevertheless gave us acceptable download speeds of 50-65Mbps on our evaluation connection that was 75Mbps.
Near Rates were mildly under average. Netherlands connections can deliver substantially the very same speeds for us but here they were typically 35-45Mbps.
US Performance ranged from approximately 30Mbps on the west coast, to 50Mbps. That is far from the fastest we've seen, but unless you're planning 24 hours of intensive torrenting, it is most likely not going to cause you some issues.
As usual, Speeds tailed off for the places that were less common or more distant. For example, New Zealand averaged 12Mbps, Vietnam had been 10Mbps, Taiwan barely reached 1Mbps, also China ranged down to a slow speed the web benchmarking websites often stalled mid-test. That puts the magnitude of PureVPN's network into perspective (having loads of servers does not matter whether many are unusably slow), but if you're only planning to utilize the major locations, it won't matter very much.
On a few Occasions, our PureVPN Windows client was not able to connect to our test server that is chosen. That is not uncommon, but the issue here is that the connection did not time out for several moments, and the Cancel button didn't work.
Let us start off by making something clear, i.e. whatever VPN service you use, the online rate will take a hit. That hit is a result. The majority of VPN providers make every effort to ensure that the strike is as gentle as it could be. Unlike what many people will have you think like using dial-up, it's not going to be.
The way we tested the performance was by utilizing Ookala's nifty speed testing site and app. We ran the speed test on both global and domestic servers. We then compared the outcomes and that's the way we found PureVPN to be quicker.
PureVPN includes a national latency of a mere 6.7% percent. As a matter of fact, during our tests, PureVPN improved speeds which by our calculations is an percent. We found that competing VPN providers were substantially slower. Some individuals guess were throttling download rates perhaps because they did not wish to stress their servers out.
When it comes to uploads, PureVPN did not really boost it did with downloads, but it required a mere 4.5percent percent hit. If anything this is among the best scores we've seen from a VPN provider.
Throughout our international speed tests, the latency increased by 200%. Though download speeds were still a whopping 403.8% better than some of the competing products I tested it against. The uploads have been 22.7% percent slower that is second best compared to possibly Hotspot Shield which enhanced the upload rate by 1.4% percent.
The map on the left lets you bypass the program's default recommendation and choose a server on your own. Keep in mind that by default PureVPN selects the server which is frequently the one. When in China I discovered it kept picking up servers in Hong Kong by default which is not nearby but also the simple fact that the cyberspace of Hong Kong is not as rigorously censored as mainland China.
PureVPN has over 2000 servers that are dispersed across 140 countries and 180 locations around the globe. Servers are located in Asia, Central America, South America, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Now you may believe that PureVPN only has servers in countries which block or don't censor websites, but you'd be wrong. Servers in Russia, Turkey, and China are there just in case you needed them.
Over time VPN providers, in general, have received bad press for infamously slowing down net speeds that users have never been happy with clearly. Interestingly, there are many VPN providers that slow down everything might be slow net. Fortunately, with PureVPN that's not true even if you use it to stream Netflix, YouTube, etc..
I've used dozens of VPN apps over time, and PureVPN is like a breath of fresh air. It is easy to use and compared to the last time that I used the program its currently geared towards people who are new to using VPNs. As soon as PureVPN loads you're prompted to choose from five options, i.e. Safety, Internet Freedom, Stream, Remote/Dedi IP (this feature offers you a dedicated IP) and Document Sharing. An experience that's based on the option selected is then delivered by the app.
Another thing I enjoy about PureVPN is that all the attributes are to the point. For instance, their Web Freedom feature lets you select what region you need to access Netflix from, like from the united kingdom, Australia, etc.. Where it is otherwise blocked, Netflix can be also accessed by you from China.
Compared to the last time I used PureVPN this time around it sensed zippier. The interface was glowing, with colorful pictures some of which could be hard to read on a screen. When you're connected to a server that is private, you are going to see the IP address, connection status, and the length of your session.
The traffic chart gives you a good feel for just how much bandwidth is being absorbed, which is useful for anyone on a metered online connection. Nonetheless, it is very important to mention here worrying about data caps that PureVPN does not have any. Thus, you're only limited to what the ISP has in store for you!
Like many other competing VPN providers, you choose the server along with the country it's based in. You can search for servers and click on them to link. Some servers based on where you're found are going to be faster than others because of lower latency.
We've admittedly used PureVPN earlier, but after a hiatus or two decades we pretty much forgot how things worked. You'll need to enter your email and choose a password, As soon as you've decided to subscribe and download their software. Perhaps confusingly and interestingly, this is not what you'll use to log-in into the software, but rather it's used for billing purposes.
After contributors have paid, they get an email with the username and password in plain text. We've utilized VPNs that use the exact same method to payment identities out of consumer identities which ensures anonymity that was better. Yet we think that it could be confusing to customers however its something you get used to. Plus, in our experience the email tends to land for some reason on your junk folder, so make sure that you check that also.
PureVPN has a support Website with a number of tutorials and troubleshooting manuals. The opening page points you Setup Guide For Users in China and to watch Netflix US, for instance, and most of these sections include more content than you would anticipate.
The Installation Guide has subsections for Windows, Mac, Linux, Android Smart TV, Routers and Other Devices, for example, and even a number of those individual segments have more content than the support site of VPNs.
We're, Though It's an impressive Quantity of work Unsure how successful and reliable it might be. We checked the guide OpenVPN setup guide and discovered it failed entirely. OpenVPN wasn't installed properly, there were no PureVPN configuration files, and there was no troubleshooting information in the guide to help us figure this out.
If the Site can't help, you can send an email or raise a support ticket from within the customer. We took the service and the ticket path performed with the support team sending a helpful and friendly answer to our evaluation question to us .
PureVPN Comes bundled with a pile. These do not always work as you might anticipate and there are lots of usability issues with the programs — but demanding users who will utilize this degree of VPN power should give PureVPN an appearance.


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package org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.linux.resources.fpga;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyList;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyMap;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.ApplicationAttemptId;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.ApplicationId;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.ContainerId;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.ContainerLaunchContext;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.Resource;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.ResourceInformation;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.conf.YarnConfiguration;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.exceptions.YarnException;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.Context;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.container.Container;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.container.ResourceMappings;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.linux.privileged.PrivilegedOperation;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.linux.privileged.PrivilegedOperationException;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.linux.privileged.PrivilegedOperationExecutor;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.linux.resources.CGroupsHandler;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.linux.resources.ResourceHandlerException;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.localizer.ResourceSet;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.resourceplugin.fpga.FpgaDiscoverer;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.resourceplugin.fpga.IntelFpgaOpenclPlugin;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.containermanager.resourceplugin.fpga.FpgaDevice;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.nodemanager.recovery.NMStateStoreService;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.util.resource.CustomResourceTypesConfigurationProvider;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;

import com.google.common.io.FileWriteMode;
import com.google.common.io.Files;

public class TestFpgaResourceHandlerImpl {
  @Rule
  public ExpectedException expected = ExpectedException.none();

  private static final String HASHABLE_STRING = "abcdef";
  private static final String EXPECTED_HASH =
      "bef57ec7f53a6d40beb640a780a639c83bc29ac8a9816f1fc6c5c6dcd93c4721";

  private Context mockContext;
  private FpgaResourceHandlerImpl fpgaResourceHandler;
  private Configuration configuration;
  private CGroupsHandler mockCGroupsHandler;
  private PrivilegedOperationExecutor mockPrivilegedExecutor;
  private NMStateStoreService mockNMStateStore;
  private ConcurrentHashMap<ContainerId, Container> runningContainersMap;
  private IntelFpgaOpenclPlugin mockVendorPlugin;
  private List<FpgaDevice> deviceList;
  private FpgaDiscoverer fpgaDiscoverer;
  private static final String vendorType = "IntelOpenCL";
  private File dummyAocx;

  private String getTestParentFolder() {
    File f = new File("target/temp/" +
        TestFpgaResourceHandlerImpl.class.getName());
    return f.getAbsolutePath();
  }

  @Before
  public void setup() throws IOException, YarnException {
    CustomResourceTypesConfigurationProvider.
        initResourceTypes(ResourceInformation.FPGA_URI);
    configuration = new YarnConfiguration();

    mockCGroupsHandler = mock(CGroupsHandler.class);
    mockPrivilegedExecutor = mock(PrivilegedOperationExecutor.class);
    mockNMStateStore = mock(NMStateStoreService.class);
    mockContext = mock(Context.class);
    // Assumed devices parsed from output
    deviceList = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      deviceList.add(new FpgaDevice(vendorType, 247, i, "acl" + i));
    }
    String aocxPath = getTestParentFolder() + "/test.aocx";
    mockVendorPlugin = mockPlugin(vendorType, deviceList, aocxPath);
    fpgaDiscoverer = new FpgaDiscoverer();
    fpgaDiscoverer.setResourceHanderPlugin(mockVendorPlugin);
    fpgaDiscoverer.initialize(configuration);
    when(mockContext.getNMStateStore()).thenReturn(mockNMStateStore);
    runningContainersMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    when(mockContext.getContainers()).thenReturn(runningContainersMap);

    fpgaResourceHandler = new FpgaResourceHandlerImpl(mockContext,
        mockCGroupsHandler, mockPrivilegedExecutor, mockVendorPlugin,
        fpgaDiscoverer);

    dummyAocx = new File(aocxPath);
    Files.createParentDirs(dummyAocx);
    Files.touch(dummyAocx);
    Files.asCharSink(dummyAocx, StandardCharsets.UTF_8, FileWriteMode.APPEND)
        .write(HASHABLE_STRING);
  }

  @After
  public void teardown() {
    if (dummyAocx != null) {
      dummyAocx.delete();
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void testBootstrap() throws ResourceHandlerException {
    // Case 1. auto
    String allowed = "auto";
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, allowed);
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    // initPlugin() was also called in setup()
    verify(mockVendorPlugin, times(2)).initPlugin(configuration);
    verify(mockCGroupsHandler, times(1)).initializeCGroupController(
        CGroupsHandler.CGroupController.DEVICES);
    Assert.assertEquals(5, fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator()
        .getAvailableFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(5, fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator()
        .getAllowedFpga().size());
    // Case 2. subset of devices
    fpgaResourceHandler = new FpgaResourceHandlerImpl(mockContext,
        mockCGroupsHandler, mockPrivilegedExecutor, mockVendorPlugin,
        fpgaDiscoverer);
    allowed = "0,1,2";
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, allowed);
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAllowedFpga().size());
    List<FpgaDevice> allowedDevices =
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAllowedFpga();
    for (String s : allowed.split(",")) {
      boolean check = false;
      for (FpgaDevice device : allowedDevices) {
        if (String.valueOf(device.getMinor()).equals(s)) {
          check = true;
        }
      }
      Assert.assertTrue("Minor:" + s +" found", check);
    }
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());

    // Case 3. User configuration contains invalid minor device number
    fpgaResourceHandler = new FpgaResourceHandlerImpl(mockContext,
        mockCGroupsHandler, mockPrivilegedExecutor, mockVendorPlugin,
        fpgaDiscoverer);
    allowed = "0,1,7";
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, allowed);
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAllowedFpga().size());
  }

  @Test
  public void testBootstrapWithInvalidUserConfiguration()
      throws ResourceHandlerException {
    // User configuration contains invalid minor device number
    String allowed = "0,1,7";
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, allowed);
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAllowedFpga().size());
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());

    String[] invalidAllowedStrings = {"a,1,2,", "a,1,2", "0,1,2,#", "a", "1,"};
    for (String s : invalidAllowedStrings) {
      boolean invalidConfiguration = false;
      configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, s);
      try {
        fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
      } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
        invalidConfiguration = true;
      }
      Assert.assertTrue(invalidConfiguration);
    }

    String[] allowedStrings = {"1,2", "1"};
    for (String s : allowedStrings) {
      boolean invalidConfiguration = false;
      configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, s);
      try {
        fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
      } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
        invalidConfiguration = true;
      }
      Assert.assertFalse(invalidConfiguration);
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void testBootStrapWithEmptyUserConfiguration()
      throws ResourceHandlerException {
    // User configuration contains invalid minor device number
    String allowed = "";
    boolean invalidConfiguration = false;
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, allowed);
    try {
      fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
      invalidConfiguration = true;
    }
    Assert.assertTrue(invalidConfiguration);
  }

  @Test
  public void testAllocationWithPreference()
      throws ResourceHandlerException, PrivilegedOperationException {
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, "0,1,2");
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    // Case 1. The id-0 container request 1 FPGA of IntelOpenCL type and GEMM IP
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(0, 1, "GEMM"));
    Assert.assertEquals(1, fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    verifyDeniedDevices(getContainerId(0), Arrays.asList(1, 2));
    List<FpgaDevice> list = fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator()
        .getUsedFpga().get(getContainerId(0).toString());
    for (FpgaDevice device : list) {
      Assert.assertEquals("IP should be updated to GEMM", "GEMM", device.getIPID());
    }
    // Case 2. The id-1 container request 3 FPGA of IntelOpenCL and GEMM IP. this should fail
    boolean flag = false;
    try {
      fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(1, 3, "GZIP"));
    } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
      flag = true;
    }
    Assert.assertTrue(flag);
    // Case 3. Release the id-0 container
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(0));
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
    // Now we have enough devices, re-allocate for the id-1 container
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(1, 3, "GEMM"));
    // Id-1 container should have 0 denied devices
    verifyDeniedDevices(getContainerId(1), new ArrayList<>());
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
    // Release container id-1
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(1));
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
    // Case 4. Now all 3 devices should have IPID GEMM
    // Try container id-2 and id-3
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(2, 1, "GZIP"));
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(2));
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(3, 2, "GEMM"));

    // IPID should be GEMM for id-3 container
    list = fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator()
        .getUsedFpga().get(getContainerId(3).toString());
    for (FpgaDevice device : list) {
      Assert.assertEquals("IPID should be GEMM", "GEMM", device.getIPID());
    }
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(1,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(3));
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());

    // Case 5. id-4 request 0 FPGA device
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(4, 0, ""));
    // Deny all devices for id-4
    verifyDeniedDevices(getContainerId(4), Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2));
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());

    // Case 6. id-5 with invalid FPGA device
    try {
      fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(5, -2, ""));
    } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
      Assert.assertTrue(true);
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void testsAllocationWithExistingIPIDDevices()
      throws ResourceHandlerException, PrivilegedOperationException,
      IOException {
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, "0,1,2");
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    // The id-0 container request 3 FPGA of IntelOpenCL type and GEMM IP
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(0, 3, "GEMM"));
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    List<FpgaDevice> list =
        fpgaResourceHandler
            .getFpgaAllocator()
            .getUsedFpga()
            .get(getContainerId(0).toString());
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(0));
    for (FpgaDevice device : list) {
      Assert.assertEquals("IP should be updated to GEMM", "GEMM",
          device.getIPID());
    }

    // Case 1. id-1 container request preStart, with no plugin.configureIP called
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(1, 1, "GEMM"));
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(2, 1, "GEMM"));
    // we should have 3 times due to id-1 skip 1 invocation
    verify(mockVendorPlugin, times(3)).configureIP(anyString(),
        any(FpgaDevice.class));
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(1));
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(2));

    // Case 2. id-2 container request preStart, with 1 plugin.configureIP called
    // Add some characters to the dummy file to have its hash changed
    Files.asCharSink(dummyAocx, StandardCharsets.UTF_8, FileWriteMode.APPEND)
        .write("12345");
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(1, 1, "GZIP"));
    // we should have 4 times invocation
    verify(mockVendorPlugin, times(4)).configureIP(anyString(),
        any(FpgaDevice.class));
  }

  @Test
  public void testAllocationWithZeroDevices()
      throws ResourceHandlerException, PrivilegedOperationException {
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, "0,1,2");
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    // The id-0 container request 0 FPGA
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(0, 0, null));
    verifyDeniedDevices(getContainerId(0), Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2));
    verify(mockVendorPlugin, times(0)).retrieveIPfilePath(anyString(),
        anyString(), anyMap());
    verify(mockVendorPlugin, times(0)).configureIP(anyString(),
        any(FpgaDevice.class));
  }

  @Test
  public void testStateStore()
      throws ResourceHandlerException, IOException {
    // Case 1. store 3 devices
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, "0,1,2");
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    Container container0 = mockContainer(0, 3, "GEMM");
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(container0);
    List<FpgaDevice> assigned =
        fpgaResourceHandler
            .getFpgaAllocator()
            .getUsedFpga()
            .get(getContainerId(0).toString());
    verify(mockNMStateStore).storeAssignedResources(container0,
        ResourceInformation.FPGA_URI,
        new ArrayList<>(assigned));
    fpgaResourceHandler.postComplete(getContainerId(0));
    // Case 2. ask 0, no store api called
    Container container1 = mockContainer(1, 0, "");
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(container1);
    verify(mockNMStateStore, never()).storeAssignedResources(
        eq(container1), eq(ResourceInformation.FPGA_URI), anyList());
  }

  @Test
  public void testReacquireContainer() throws ResourceHandlerException {
    Container c0 = mockContainer(0, 2, "GEMM");
    List<FpgaDevice> assigned = new ArrayList<>();
    assigned.add(new FpgaDevice(
        vendorType, 247, 0, "acl0"));
    assigned.add(new FpgaDevice(
        vendorType, 247, 1, "acl1"));
    // Mock we've stored the c0 states
    mockStateStoreForContainer(c0, assigned);
    // NM start
    configuration.set(YarnConfiguration.NM_FPGA_ALLOWED_DEVICES, "0,1,2");
    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
    // Case 1. try recover state for id-0 container
    fpgaResourceHandler.reacquireContainer(getContainerId(0));
    // minor number matches
    List<FpgaDevice> used =
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().
        getUsedFpga().get(getContainerId(0).toString());
    int count = 0;
    for (FpgaDevice device : used) {
      if (device.getMinor() == 0){
        count++;
      }
      if (device.getMinor() == 1) {
        count++;
      }
    }
    Assert.assertEquals("Unexpected used minor number in allocator",2, count);
    List<FpgaDevice> available =
        fpgaResourceHandler
            .getFpgaAllocator()
            .getAvailableFpga()
            .get(vendorType);
    count = 0;
    for (FpgaDevice device : available) {
      if (device.getMinor() == 2) {
        count++;
      }
    }
    Assert.assertEquals("Unexpected available minor number in allocator",
        1, count);

    // Case 2. Recover a not allowed device with minor number 5
    Container c1 = mockContainer(1, 1, "GEMM");
    assigned = new ArrayList<>();
    assigned.add(new FpgaDevice(
        vendorType, 247, 5, "acl0"));
    // Mock we've stored the c1 states
    mockStateStoreForContainer(c1, assigned);
    boolean flag = false;
    try {
      fpgaResourceHandler.reacquireContainer(getContainerId(1));
    } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
      flag = true;
    }
    Assert.assertTrue(flag);
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(1,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());

    // Case 3. recover a already used device by other container
    Container c2 = mockContainer(2, 1, "GEMM");
    assigned = new ArrayList<>();
    assigned.add(new FpgaDevice(
        vendorType, 247, 1, "acl0"));
    // Mock we've stored the c2 states
    mockStateStoreForContainer(c2, assigned);
    flag = false;
    try {
      fpgaResourceHandler.reacquireContainer(getContainerId(2));
    } catch (ResourceHandlerException e) {
      flag = true;
    }
    Assert.assertTrue(flag);
    Assert.assertEquals(2,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(1,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());

    // Case 4. recover a normal container c3 with remaining minor device number 2
    Container c3 = mockContainer(3, 1, "GEMM");
    assigned = new ArrayList<>();
    assigned.add(new FpgaDevice(
        vendorType, 247, 2, "acl2"));
    // Mock we've stored the c2 states
    mockStateStoreForContainer(c3, assigned);
    fpgaResourceHandler.reacquireContainer(getContainerId(3));
    Assert.assertEquals(3,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getUsedFpgaCount());
    Assert.assertEquals(0,
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAvailableFpgaCount());
  }

  @Test
  public void testSha256CalculationFails() throws ResourceHandlerException {
    expected.expect(ResourceHandlerException.class);
    expected.expectMessage("Could not calculate SHA-256");

    dummyAocx.delete();
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(0, 1, "GEMM"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testSha256CalculationSucceeds()
      throws IOException, ResourceHandlerException {
    mockVendorPlugin =
        mockPlugin(vendorType, deviceList, dummyAocx.getAbsolutePath());
    fpgaResourceHandler = new FpgaResourceHandlerImpl(mockContext,
        mockCGroupsHandler, mockPrivilegedExecutor, mockVendorPlugin,
        fpgaDiscoverer);

    fpgaResourceHandler.bootstrap(configuration);
    fpgaResourceHandler.preStart(mockContainer(0, 1, "GEMM"));

    // IP file is assigned to the first device
    List<FpgaDevice> devices =
        fpgaResourceHandler.getFpgaAllocator().getAllowedFpga();
    FpgaDevice device = devices.get(0);
    assertEquals("Hash value", EXPECTED_HASH, device.getAocxHash());
  }

  private void verifyDeniedDevices(ContainerId containerId,
      List<Integer> deniedDevices)
      throws ResourceHandlerException, PrivilegedOperationException {
    verify(mockCGroupsHandler, atLeastOnce()).createCGroup(
        CGroupsHandler.CGroupController.DEVICES, containerId.toString());

    if (null != deniedDevices && !deniedDevices.isEmpty()) {
      verify(mockPrivilegedExecutor, times(1)).executePrivilegedOperation(
          new PrivilegedOperation(PrivilegedOperation.OperationType.FPGA, Arrays
              .asList(FpgaResourceHandlerImpl.CONTAINER_ID_CLI_OPTION,
                  containerId.toString(),
                  FpgaResourceHandlerImpl.EXCLUDED_FPGAS_CLI_OPTION,
                  StringUtils.join(",", deniedDevices))), true);
    } else if (deniedDevices.isEmpty()) {
      verify(mockPrivilegedExecutor, times(1)).executePrivilegedOperation(
          new PrivilegedOperation(PrivilegedOperation.OperationType.FPGA, Arrays
              .asList(FpgaResourceHandlerImpl.CONTAINER_ID_CLI_OPTION,
                  containerId.toString())), true);
    }
  }

  private static IntelFpgaOpenclPlugin mockPlugin(String type,
      List<FpgaDevice> list, String aocxPath) {
    IntelFpgaOpenclPlugin plugin = mock(IntelFpgaOpenclPlugin.class);
    when(plugin.initPlugin(any())).thenReturn(true);
    when(plugin.getFpgaType()).thenReturn(type);
    when(plugin.retrieveIPfilePath(anyString(),
        anyString(), anyMap())).thenReturn(aocxPath);
    when(plugin.configureIP(anyString(), any()))
        .thenReturn(true);
    when(plugin.discover(anyInt())).thenReturn(list);
    return plugin;
  }

  private static Container mockContainer(int id, int numFpga, String IPID) {
    Container c = mock(Container.class);

    Resource res = Resource.newInstance(1024, 1);
    ResourceMappings resMapping = new ResourceMappings();
    res.setResourceValue(ResourceInformation.FPGA_URI, numFpga);
    when(c.getResource()).thenReturn(res);
    when(c.getResourceMappings()).thenReturn(resMapping);

    when(c.getContainerId()).thenReturn(getContainerId(id));

    ContainerLaunchContext clc = mock(ContainerLaunchContext.class);
    Map<String, String> envs = new HashMap<>();
    if (numFpga > 0) {
      envs.put("REQUESTED_FPGA_IP_ID", IPID);
    }
    when(c.getLaunchContext()).thenReturn(clc);
    when(clc.getEnvironment()).thenReturn(envs);
    when(c.getWorkDir()).thenReturn("/tmp");
    ResourceSet resourceSet = new ResourceSet();
    when(c.getResourceSet()).thenReturn(resourceSet);

    return c;
  }

  private void mockStateStoreForContainer(Container container,
      List<FpgaDevice> assigned) {
    ResourceMappings rmap = new ResourceMappings();
    ResourceMappings.AssignedResources ar =
        new ResourceMappings.AssignedResources();
    ar.updateAssignedResources(new ArrayList<>(assigned));
    rmap.addAssignedResources(ResourceInformation.FPGA_URI, ar);
    when(container.getResourceMappings()).thenReturn(rmap);
    runningContainersMap.put(container.getContainerId(), container);
  }

  private static ContainerId getContainerId(int id) {
    return ContainerId.newContainerId(ApplicationAttemptId
        .newInstance(ApplicationId.newInstance(1234L, 1), 1), id);
  }
}


Since the Supreme Court said that expanding Medicaid programs was up to states, state officials have been hoping that they could have the option of pursuing partial expansions of their programs on the federal dime. The Health and Human Services Department dashed those hopes on Monday, saying that the 2010 health reform law means expansion is an all-or-nothing proposition. States can choose to expand to cover everyone earning up to 133% of the federal poverty level and collect 100% federal funding. Or they can stick with their existing programs and continue collecting a partial match for incremental changes.
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Calling all beginner artists - young and old! Our teachers adapt lessons to varying ages in the same class. Our studio accommodates separate groups of adults and kids. "All Ages" classes allow novice adult artists to learn the basics alongside younger artists. Parents, grandparents or mentors can take a class with a child at a reduced price ("Parent Add $10").


Here is the class schedule for the age-specific kids martial arts program at the Dragon Gym in Berwyn, PA. We run the same schedule year-round; however, please note some additions.
Since the school is growing and the students are earning higher belt ranks, we've also added a JUNIOR BLACK BELT CLASS. This class is held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 7:00 PM.
If you have any questions about the classes, placement and timings, please feel free to give me a call at 610-647-4753 to reach Dragon Gym Main Line directly.
Test-Drive our classes and make sure it will be a great fit for your family.