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Climate-Related Hazards: time to warn your nearest and dearest about irresponsible adults howling at the moon over carbon dioxide and climate
If you are not careful, you can pick up foolish ideas in the same way as you can catch the flu – simply by contact with someone already afflicted. No thinking is required on your part, no analysis, no checking things out for yourself – you just acquire the opinion along with some superficial support for it. Thus you decide that CO2 emissions must be dramatically reduced because CO2 is a greenhouse gas that is 'trapping' heat in the atmosphere. Suitably debilitated by this, you are vulnerable to secondary infections such as the facile attribution of any or all bad weather to 'climate change', and you are already using those two words not as a platitude (since climate has always changed) but as shorthand for 'catastrophic anthropogenic global warming' (cagw).
In some cases, the afflicted ones feel driven to share, or spread, their troubles with others and take to campaigning and lobbying. It seems that the condition is aggravated if all the people around you don't suffer from it, or if you learn of large groups who seem to have some kind of immunity.
In the worst cases, there emerges an evangelical zeal reminiscent of religious zealots who have achieved a state in which all contrarian appeals to reason are shrugged off as the work of the devil. In the climate-related cults, fossil-fuel companies are seen as the source of much evil, and are held to be providing colossal levels of funding to help devils pursue their wicked ways. No one has yet found any evidence of this, but of course that goes to show just how clever Big Coal etc have been.
One High Temple and One Cheerleader for Alarm
One of the high temples of climate alarm has been the UK Meteorological Office, led as it has been by such as John Houghton (a key schemer in the IPCC), and Robert Napier (a man who helped lead the WWF and other bodies into climate-alarm evangelism ).
This commitment to giving CO2 a driving role in the climate system has not been a success as far the public is concerned, since the warm-bias this has given their seasonal predictions has been seriously misleading both for winters which turned out to be colder and snowier than we were told to expect, or summers which turned out to be cooler and wetter.
A few days ago, an anonymous (sad to say) commenter called 'ntropyalwayswins' on one of their web sites urged the MetOffice to get back to concentrating on weather forecasts:
The Met Office should stick to what it is good at – namely forecasting the weather and should only do this for a period of time where forecasts can be relied upon. To issue a longer term forecast that suggests 30% hot 30% cold 40% somewhere in between is really not very useful and invites ridicule.
You need to continue to rein back heavily on your embarrassingly overconfident statements on climate. Recent announcements from the MO indicate that at long last you are admitting that you do not understand natural variability. Until you do it is ok to answer all questions about the future climate of Britain and the world with a simple 'We do not know'
As your false confidence has already caused immeasurable harm to the citizens and economy of the UK you should issue a statement encouraging the UK government to disregard all prior climate advice from the MO and, lest they do not have the good sense themselves to see the implications thereof, suggest that they may need to re-assess the need for the Climate Change Act which the rest of the world rightly sees as the Economic Suicide Act.
Plus it would do no harm to issue a public apology for getting it consistently wrong. That is the grown-up thing to do.
In the States, the American Geophysical Union (AGU) has emerged as a major cheerleader for climate alarm, choosing a decidedly non-geophysical Chris Mooney to be one of their directors for a while – he is a graduate in English who has spotted climate agitation as a means of furthering his left-wing views, and appointing to lead their Ethics Committee, of all things, a Peter Gleick who shortly thereafter resigned in disgrace after displaying decidely unethical behaviour to further his own crusade for more alarm. A podcast interview on this with the president of the AGU during that unhappy time is available on David Appell's blog, an interview in which this president reveals himself as also being afflicted with climate alarm ('the evidence is pretty much incontrovertible').
The new president seems also to be a victim. The picture shows her speaking at one of their conferences. A conference about which the physicist Norman Rogers has written a scathing report, extracts from which follow:
"What they are doing is howling at the moon that the sky is falling. The president of the AGU, Carol Finn, who, incidentally, is employed by the federal government, opened the lobbying/communications workshop on the first day of the conference with this:
'AGU's mission is to promote discovery ... for the benefit of humanity[.] ... I live in Colorado[.] ... [L]ast week's Black Forest fire ... was the worst wildfire in Colorado's history[.] ... I live in Boulder County[.] ... [T]he county and the city of Longmont have just outlawed fracking[.] ... [A]ll these communities need to be able to try to figure out how to balance energy development and putting drill rigs next to schools[.]'
The subtext here, repeated over and over at the conference, is that global warming causes forest fires and that hydrocarbon development is undesirable, if not dangerous. But perhaps forest fires are started by matches. Maybe hydrocarbon development is preferable to riding around on horses.
How trustworthy is an organization that claims to be organized for the "benefit of humanity," anyway?
The illogical thinking and ever-changing stories about global warming doom are puzzling. What motivates the global warming proselytizers? Is there a root belief that explains their behavior? My suggestion is that their behavior is religious in nature and can be explained if we postulate that they believe in the following commandment:
Thou shalt not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
If you realize that the story is not really about global warming, but rather about changing the composition of the atmosphere, it becomes easy to understand why the believers are not disturbed by the fact that global warming, as measured by surface temperature, stopped 16 years ago. They easily find other scientific theories to buttress their faith. They ignore or discredit any science that challenges their faith. They tell us that if we don't stop adding carbon dioxide to the air, we will have extreme weather and the oceans will become acidified. The polar bears will die. The wine will lose its flavor. We will catch exotic diseases. If one theory of doom is refuted, or becomes boring, there are plenty of others to take its place. Embarrassing information, such as the fact that adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere makes plants grow faster, with less water, is dismissed. They say plants grow faster, but they are less nutritious, or they grow faster, but they deplete the soil of its nutrients.
What we have is an obsession with the evil of carbon dioxide -- a carbon cult.
The great majority of people who are members of the AGU are interested in science, not in a new religion centered on carbon. They have not woken up to the fact that their organization has been infiltrated by a carbon cult." ...
... "The attendees were told to explain why the weather would be more extreme by comparing carbon dioxide to steroids. If an athlete takes steroids, he will still play the game, but his performance will be more extreme.
One difference between a cult and a legitimate religion is that the cults usually hide their true nature. The more bizarre the cult, the greater the imperative to hide its doctrines. The general public must not be allowed to realize that the advocates of global warming alarmism are in reality making up the story to propagate a fanatical faith that carbon dioxide is bad.
The science behind global warming is very shoddy. Yes, there is a nugget of real science buried in all the alarmist, made-up stuff. Carbon dioxide does absorb infrared radiation, and increased carbon dioxide probably will warm the Earth by a small amount. The mechanism is quite complicated, involving the atmospheric lapse rate and a slight relocation of the tropopause.
The complicated and jargon-laden science is reduced, by the missionaries of the carbon cult, for public consumption, to "carbon dioxide is a heat-trapping gas." The formal predictions of global warming from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are the product of an opinion poll of computer models that disagree with each other and that have been manipulated to make them look better than they really are. The carbon cultists accept those predications as serious and profound scientific truth, because the predictions provide support for their faith."
So, how are we to warn our nearest and dearest about these people who are seized with an urge to scare the wits out of us? I do not have any new ideas for this. Until the Fabled Fossil Fuel Funds or something like them are located, and there is not the slightest sign of them even existing, it will have to be through low-cost means. Fortunately we still have the Internet for the fast sharing of thoughts, and to take part in discussions to test and sharpen our criticisms of the harmful zealotry of climate alarm. There are books which contain the bigger picture, including at least one specifically aimed at helping parents talk with their children about climate and other eco-scares. We can all help those nearest to us to listen more calmly to the panic-stricken calls for more alarm and more radical actions on CO2, and help them get these calls into perspective. From there, the word will surely spread through the mass media and into the political class, where there are already leaders of this school of thought writing and campaigning. Eventually, even state-controlled schools will surely want to be less welcoming to alarmists, and to be vigorously pro-active at helping their pupils handle their insidious views and methods.
Climate Teachers: if your pupils watch TV in the USA, this is what you are up against
Networks Do 92 Climate Change Stories; Fail to Mention 'Lull' in Warming All 92 Times
Extracts from article by Julia A. Seymour
Recent years' slowdown in global warming completely ignored by networks 92 climate change stories in 2013.
Stories citing experts or the latest studies promoting alarmism get covered more than 8 times as often as critical experts and studies.
Although many scientists say no, ABC, CBS and NBC continue to link weather events like tornadoes, hurricanes, heat waves and more to climate change nearly one-fourth of the time. "
"Just since Jan. 1, 2013, ABC, CBS and NBC morning and evening news programs have aired 92 stories about "climate change" or "global warming." Not a single one of those stories mentioned the "warming plateau" reported even by The New York Times on June 10. The Times wrote, "The rise in the surface temperature of earth has been markedly slower over the last 15 years than in the 20 years before that. And that lull in warming has occurred even as greenhouse gases have accumulated in the atmosphere at a record pace." Even though the Times piece wasn't published until June 10, a warming slowdown had been reported by foreign media outlets in November 2012, and by The Economist online in March, Reuters in April and BBC online in May of 2013."
8 Times the Alarmism
"New reports, studies or scientists that warned of the threat of climate change from concern over penguin populations, to predictions of sea level rise continued to be promoted by the networks in 2013. There were stories or news briefs warning that flying would become more turbulent because of climate change, connecting allergies to global warming, and others worrying about glacial melt and sea level rise.
There were 25 networks reports that mentioned a new report or analysis or that cited a scientist who promoted the climate alarmist viewpoint. That was 8 times as many as the other side; there were only three stories that cited a report or included such a scientist challenging alarmism.
The networks consulted scientists from NASA and NOAA as well as activists like Michael Oppenheimer from Princeton, who has gotten climate predictions wrong in the past. "Nightly News" interviewed Kenneth Kunkel from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center on May 25 who continued the hype, saying "If we continue to increase atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, we will warm the globe and that will bring certain risks into play or increase the risks of certain types of extremes."
In spite of science, networks continue to link weather to climate
"Weather events that did a lot of damage and claimed lives, like the recent Oklahoma tornado and last year's "Superstorm Sandy" were cited as incontrovertible proof of climate change. Scientists who argued otherwise were left out of the broadcasts. Even snowfall, wildfires and droughts were mentioned in some reports as examples of what one reporter called "globalweirding."
On Jan. 8, NBC "Nightly News" anchor Brian Williams mentioned a new report on the cost of extreme weather saying "natural disasters caused a total of $160 billion damage around the world in 2012 ... These new numbers coincide with a new official look at just how hot our past year was." Anne Thompson followed up his introduction by linking the "year of extreme weather" to "nature and man made climate change."
Meteorologist Joe Bastardi has vehemently opposed such connections and told Forbes.com columnist Larry Bell, "The fact is that those alarmist claims [about weather getting more extreme because of man made climate change] simply aren't true."
Note added 29 June 2013: Here are some more links to recently published articles on this topic:
PBS NewsHour global warming coverage: IPCC/NOAA Scientists – 18; Skeptic Scientists – 0
Why the MSM Is Stupid About AGW
Parents Driven to Distraction and Death by Climate Scares
It is well known that climate agitators have been using children as a means by which to influence their parents. Some are quite happy to deploy Schneiderian Scenarios (scary, simplified, dramatic) to help that along. But it is not just children who are being scared by tall tales of a climate crisis caused by people. Some parents are succumbing to them as well, and it seems all too likely that this means more stress for their own children. In one case reported on below, suicide and child murder was the result, and in another, both of these are being contemplated.
Some parents are seized with pessimistic thoughts.
Example 1. Here is an extract from a letter to an agony aunt by a mother clearly being driven to distraction by here fears about population and climate in the year 2013:
"I love my family dearly, and my children bring me great joy. So what's the problem then? I worry that I've brought them into a world whose future holds overpopulation (for which I myself feel a bit responsible) and global warming. My children have such bright futures ahead, which may be completely devastated by these global crises."
Example 2. Here is a father also driven to distraction by his imaginings in 2013:
"When Ian Kim imagines the world his 7-year-old daughter will be living in 20 years from now, he says, it keeps him up at night. Images of ever more frequent super storms like Sandy, along with rising seas, or drought and heat waves wreaking havoc with crops haunt his waking hours."
Example 3. Anotherletter to an agony aunt in 2013, one that comes across as more temperate until she gets to the bit about going up in flames:
"My issue is that now that we have a baby, all the other moms drive their kids all over the place, shopping and taking cute little day trips. I would prefer to drive only in emergencies, but our entertainment options near home are severely limited. Is it better to leave a smaller carbon footprint and make a moral statement my son might be proud of one day, or to have additional experiences with him/relationships with kids and moms across town that I will treasure until we all go up in flames?"
Example 4. Unicef has, like so many other organisations, enthusiastically jumped on the climate alarm bandwagon and has no doubt boosted its funding as a result. Here are the words of an actor doing a promotion for them in 2013:
"As a dad to a 14 year old daughter, I worry about what climate change means for her future and her children's future. Extreme flooding, colder, longer winters and harsher summers; it's causing chaos in the developed world and it's threatening children's very survival in poorer countries."
For Some Parents It is Even More Serious
Example 5. It is only anecdotal, and it comes via another woman who is herself seriously disturbed by climate scares, but it is sadly by no means far-fetched as the next example shows: "Should we stockpile cyanide? You think I'm exaggerating, but a close friend of mine, who has four children, said she plans to kill herself and them when it comes to it." [The 'it' refers to some kind of climate catastrophe she has in mind]
Example 6. April, 2010: "BUENOS AIRES – A 7-month-old baby survived alone for three days with a bullet wound in its chest beside the bodies of its parents and brother, who died in an apparent suicide pact brought on by the couple's terror of global warming, the Argentine press said Saturday." As reported in Latin American Herald Tribune and the Daily Telegraph
Meanwhile ...
Meanwhile 1, the UK Met Office, a leading light for climate alarmists everywhere, has held an unscheduled get-together to see how they can best cope with the fact that the climate system is behaving just as it might if the extra CO2 was having a negligible impact on it. Given how misleading their computer models have been for them, they need to brainstorm to help them cope with 'weather as normal'.
Meanwhile 2, the eco-organisations and others who have all helped disseminate the fears which have so disturbed parents and children, continue to harm the environment and force needless suffering and even starvation on to the world.
These two 'meanwhiles' illustrate two realities. The first reality is that the climate system is behaving much as it might if human impacts on it have been of minor consequence. The second reality is that those who screech and preach and politicise as if the opposite was the case, are themselves the major cause of concern and of suffering linked to climate change.
As Willis Eschenbach noted yesterday at WUWT:
"I say that history will not look kindly on those people and organizations who are currently impoverishing the poor and damaging the environment in a futile fight against CO2, even if the perpetrators are wealthy and melanin-deficient and just running over with oodles of good intentions …"
And in the big meantime before that happier day, we are faced with trying to stop that 'futile fight' and all the harm it is bringing to people and to the environment across the world.
Added 31 July 2013: Another example of the harm inflicted by climate alarmism on vulnerable people, a commenter driven to despair by sites such as Climate Progress: http://www.np.reddit.com/r/SuicideWatch/comments/1ipxal/i_dont_see_the_point_of_building_a_future_for/
Good News: CO2-based climate alarm is humbug. Bad News: that humbug is still being promoted in schools.
Even as the case for alarm over CO2 is being shredded by experts and by Mother Nature herself, new ways are being sought to push that alarm into schoolchildren. Here is one being funded by the EU this year:
"The Institute of Education at the University of Reading is welcoming more than 300 school children for an exciting and innovative programme of climate change activities which combine science, maths, history and modern languages."
The insinuation that carbon dioxide released by human actions is a major driver of climate change is a shibboleth of some standing in political and educational circles. The EU in particular has seized upon it, despite the harm such beliefs have already brought to European countries.
Climate dogma from the EU
"Climate change is happening now: temperatures are rising, rainfall patterns are shifting, glaciers and snow are melting, and the global mean sea level is rising. We expect that these changes will continue, and that extreme weather events resulting in hazards such as floods and droughts will become more frequent and intense."
Source: European Environment Agency
Let us examine each phrase in sequence:
"Climate change is happening now:" This statement has been true since the Earth had an atmosphere. Our climate varies on all relevant space and time scales. The remark, in other words, is a platitude.
"temperatures are rising," No doubt, somewhere they are, and somewhere they are not. They never stay the same anywhere over any time period. Estimates of global mean temperatures show two similar periods with rising trends in the 20th C, a period of relative cooling in between, and more recently a flattening out.
"rainfall patterns are shifting," They always do – they are part of the variability in our climate system. For scientific studies showing that recently observed changes do not match those promoted by climate alarmists, see CO2 Science's subsection on precipitation. For example:
"Australian researchers report discovering that "on average, dry regions/months became wetter and wet regions/months became drier over the 1940-2009 period," and they say that "this conclusion holds in all available databases and also holds for 1940-1999." In addition, they further remark that the patterns observed "show no relationship to local or global changes in temperature," and that "if anything, these results constitute a slight decline in meteorological drought over the last 70 ears."
"glaciers and snow are melting," Of course they are. They do this every year. But nothing much by way of systematic change can be seen in data on snow coverage, and the major ice mass in Antarctica continues to grow as found, for example, in this study:
"At this point in time, however, we can safely conclude that the climate-alarmist claim of dramatic global flooding of earth's coastal areas in response to the melting of polar ice due to global warming has been thoroughly discredited, for during the period of time that they claim the planet experienced the warmest temperatures of the past two millennia, Antarctica experienced a net buildup of ice that actually removed water from earth's seas."
"and the global mean sea level is rising." It has been on a slow rising trend for the past 150 years, well before the marked rise in CO2 levels of recent decades. This is a surprisingly complex area since sea level variations differ appreciably by location as well as by time. Here is an example of a study expressing some of the complexities:
"With respect to the results of their analysis, Jevrejeva et al. say their findings show that "global sea level rise is irregular and varies greatly over time," noting that "it is apparent that rates in the 1920-1945 period are likely to be as large as today's." In addition, they report that their "global sea level trend estimate of 2.4 ± 1.0 mm/yr for the period from 1993 to 2000 matches the 2.6 ± 0.7 mm/yr sea level rise found from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data."
With respect to what Jevrejeva et al. describe as "the discussion on whether sea level rise is accelerating," their results pretty much answer the question in the negative; and in further support of this conclusion, they note that "Church et al. (2004) pointed out that with decadal variability in the computed global mean sea level, it is not possible to detect a significant increase in the rate of sea level rise over the period 1950-2000," as is clearly evident from the bottom portion of the above figure[shown here on the left]."
"We expect that these changes will continue," There will certainly continue to be changes. That is merely another platitude. If they are instead expecting recent trends to continue, they presumably expect cooler temperatures, reduced hurricane activity, more greening of the Sahara, improved crop yields in India and China, further reduction in the rate of sea level rise, further increases in the polar bear population, increased ice mass, more snow in the northern hemisphere and so on. These trends are not the friends of the climate dogmatists.
"and that extreme weather events resulting in hazards such as floods and droughts will become more frequent and intense." They have not done so far, and there are good grounds to believe that they would be worse in a cooler climate than in a warmer one. Here is some informed commentary on the matter:
"In spite of all the media hype about the rising economic impact of each new year's normal share of weather and climate extremes (which many insurance companies love to hype as well), there is really nothing unusual about the weather and climate extremes themselves. Consequently, if the globe truly is warming (for whatever reason), it must therefore be concluded, on the basis of this empirical evidence, that warming does not bring an increase in extreme weather or climate events. And if this be true, which it is, where are all the catastrophic consequences we are regularly told must assuredly follow increasing global temperatures? Like the emperor's new clothes, they're just not there."
Climate outreach funded by the EU in schools
The above example of EU propaganda does not bode well for the content of anything they would willingly fund about climate for our schools. Here is more about the Reading University initiative which has been been funded by the EU (hat-tip Tom Nelson):
'Over the 3 week programme, which began on the 3rd June, students aged between 9 and 15 are debating, experimenting and interacting to learn about the history of climate change, the main causes, and the overall impacts that climate change might have on them and the wider world.
Be Afraid Ye Little One!
The activities see children working in teams with coloured balls to simulate the way that carbon moves between atmosphere, ocean and plants in the carbon cycle. Washing up liquid bubbles filled with methane are exploding in a burst of brilliant yellow flame to give a dramatic demonstration of the amount of energy in fossil fuels (all within Health and Safety – of course).
John Oversby, leader of the EU Changing with the Climate Project, says: "This unique collaboration between outstanding teachers at the start of their careers is a shining example of the kind of creativity and innovation in education that we encourage at the Institute."
But what of the substantial content of this programme? We can learn about it here in a progress report in 2012 coordinated by Oversby himself. Here is an extract from the Executive Summary, and it reveals this as just another effort to produce 'little climate activists':
'The impact of global warming arises primarily from our usage of fossil fuel at local level such as in heating our homes or providing our transport as a by-product of their combustion is carbon dioxide. It is this gas together with other greenhouse gases which congregate in the upper atmosphere and by absorbing some of the earth's radiation, results in global warming. Consequently changing with the climate is likely to be the defining global concern of the 21st Century. The world is likely to build so many fossil-fueled power stations, energy guzzling factories and inefficient buildings in the next five years that it will become impossible to hold global warming to safe levels, and the chance of combating dangerous climate change will be lost forever.
This network has therefore been initiated to link students in both primary and secondary schools across Europe to discuss, engage and commit to undertake actions to limit the change in climate.
The network comprises schools and teachers in six European countries willing to include climate change topics and issues within their school lessons. With the support of the network partners and associate members, this will result in a deeper understanding of a global concern and lead to actions which will initiate the transition to a more sustainable use of energy.'
More background on this shameless indoctrination can be found in the report itself, and here: http://www.changingwithclimate.info/
What is to be done about the dogma?
In an excellent article published a few days ago (hat-tip Greenie Watch), and well worth reading for further support to the perspective being made in this post, Paul Driessen concludes as follows:
'We need to save our environment from environmentalists and EPA - and safeguard our liberties, living standards and lives against the arrogance of too-powerful politicians and bureaucrats. How we achieve this, while protecting our lives and environment from real risks, is one of the greatest challenges we face.'
To modify this for the context of this post, I would use 'the EU' instead of the EPA, and I would add 'children' to the list of what we need to safeguard.
Our climate dogmatists can be refuted by Mother Nature. Already it is the case that no child in school has experienced a world with 'global warming' in their lifetime. Further warming may of course resume, and if it does, no doubt a big deal will be made of it – a deal far bigger, far far bigger than the 'deal' being made about the modest cooling we have seen in recent years. Given the harm that lower temperatures can bring, it seems harsh to wish for the downward trend to continue for a few more years. But what more effective way is there to rid the political world, and then the educational one, of the hideous dogma of CO2-driven alarmism?
Background Briefing for Teachers of Climate Studies: 10 Reasons why Man-Made Global Warming is Wrong.
Re-blogged from http://theclimatescepticsparty.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/man-made-global-warming-wrong-ten.html
Man-Made Global Warming WRONG - The Ten Reasons.
10 Reasons why Man-Made Global Warming is Wrong.
by COHENITE
CO2 emissions by humans are supposed to increase the temperature; that is the basic point of man-made global warming [AGW]. The more CO2 in the atmosphere the hotter it should get. That is a basic AGW prediction. It is isn't happening. Walter Brozek analyses the official temperature data from all the main sources including the satellites. Brozek uses 2 criteria; the first from NOAA to test for flatness or zero warming; the second from Dr Phil Jones to test for no statistical warming; the 2 criteria overlap with the second allowing for some slight warming and the first for even cooling. The first shows zero temperature for 15 years; the second for up to 23 years. The first is climatically significant by NOAA standards, the second by Dr Santer's standards. This means the temperature is not being caused by AGW. The only line going up is CO2:
Link available HERE,
2 Models.
AGW science is based on modelling which in turn is based on certain assumptions about the effect on climate of various factors such as CO2. This effect is expressed as a forcing and can be seen at the IPCC website. Note how the forcing expected from CO2 is nearly 20 times greater than from the sun. Predictions about how these forcings will determine temperature have been around for a long time and can therefore be checked. Roy Spencer has checked the model predictions against the temperature in the Troposphere:
Roy Spencer Graph.
Some will say Roy's comparison only shows the models can't predict the Troposphere. But as Bob Tisdale shows the models also can't predict sea surface temperatures, land and sea surface temperatures, or precipitation. Nor can they, as Koutsoyiannis showed, predict the past.
3 The sun (1).
AGW science says the sun has little effect on temperature compared with CO2 forcing. Dr Ka-Kit Tung disagrees and has compared the long-term solar record with the longest temperature record on the planet, the Central England Temperature [CET]. The final image in Tung's slide presentation is revealing and shows a remarkable correlation between the CET record and Total Solar Irradiation [TSI]. This correlation between temperature and TSI has also been derived in 2 other studies. The first is by Glassman at Figure 1 where he uses global HADCRUT3 data. The second is by Stockwell at Figures 4-7 where all the major land-based temperature indices are shown to correlate with TSI using his model. Stockwell's model is simply that temperature responds to TSI mean with the rate of temperature increase/decline determined by the movement away from the mean.
A new study from Spain, the home of solar power and national bankruptcy, shows how variations in solar radiation correlate well with temperature without any need for AGW. The increase is due to cloud variation. Of course Monckton was on top of the role of clouds and temperature when he debated Tim Lambert - and Lambert sprung that infamous ambush about Pinker being a woman not a man. What was overlooked was the fact that Monckton was correct. Pinker et al had found that solar forcing through cloud variation was sufficient to explain all the temperature increase from the 1980's onwards. This should come as no surprise really because it is exactly what the IPCC in TAR had found too.
Hood et al's 2013 paper shows how slight variations in TSI have an amplified effect on the ocean, land and stratosphere. This amplification occurs or begins regionally and can produce seemingly contradictory results such as the 'warming' Arctic and a freezing Europe which the AGW supporters are saying is merely how AGW works. Of course this is the complete opposite of what the AGW supporters used to say. Who can forget Dr Viner predicting an end to winter snow in the Northern Hemisphere generally and particularly in England? NASA's Drew Shindell noticed this solar amplification back in 2002; Shindell said:
"In our simulations, we find that the reduced brightness of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum causes global average surface temperature changes of only a few tenths of a degree, in line with the small change in solar output. However, regional cooling over Europe and North America is 5-10 times larger due to a shift in atmospheric winds."
"So a reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the planet leads to a weaker equator-to-pole heating difference, and therefore slower winds. The effect on surface temperatures is particularly large in winter. Because the oceans are relatively warm during the winter due to their large heat storage, the diminished flow creates a cold-land/warm-ocean pattern (Figure 3) by reducing the transport of warm oceanic air to the continents, and vice-versa."
6 The Moon.
In Tom Cruise's latest movie, Oblivion, aliens conquer the Earth by destroying the Moon and creating climatic havoc. Ian Wilson is probably entitled to a script credit. Wilson and his co-author, Nikolay Sidorenkov's latest paper looks at how the Lunar cycles have major impacts on the Earth's climate. This is intuitive since the Moon has such a pronounced effect on the oceans; it is reasonable to suppose it has an equal effect on the atmosphere. Jo's analysis reduces Wilson and Sidorenkov's complex paper to a satisfying layman's level.
7 Aerosols.
These minute particles can be part of volcanic eruptions and be produced by industrial processes. Their effect on climate is complex and suspected of causing both warming and cooling. Their most spectacular effect was on the Ozone layer which protects the Earth from the sun's worst radiation. Now professor Qing-Bin Lu, former Newcastle university student has done a comprehensive analysis of the effect of aerosols on climate.
Lu's paper analyses the relative contributions of CO2 and various other factors including cosmic rays (CRs), total solar irradiance, sunspot number, halogenated gases (CFCs, CCl4 and HCFCs) and total O3. Lu uses comprehensive measured datasets of quantities of all the factors and concludes: "For global climate change, in-depth analyses of the observed data clearly show that the solar effect and human-made halogenated gases played the dominant role in Earth's climate change prior to and after 1970, respectively."
This is a remarkable repudiation of AGW. Equally remarkable was the response of leading AGW scientist David Karoly when interviewed on the ABC. It was plain Karoly had not even read the paper.
8 Water.
Earth. Look at it. It's all clouds, oceans and ice. In a neglected paper Ferguson and Veizer compared the water and CO2 cycle and found the CO2 cycle was a subordinate process. The AGW position is put by Lacis et al. who say that non-condensing gases, mainly CO2, are the Earth's thermostat or "control knob". The reason for this is that CO2 stays longer in the atmosphere. This is a flawed view because CO2 is constrained by basic laws like Beer-Lambert which limit its radiative effect. In fact it is the condensation process which enables water to change its state from liquid/gas/ice which is the major contributor to atmospheric energy. A new paper by Makarieva et al finds this condensation process of water lowers atmospheric pressure. That atmospheric pressure should drop with condensation is contrary to AGW modelling. There are 2 issues flowing from this; the first is whether Makarieva is correct about condensation caused pressure drop and secondly whether that effect influences the impact of AGW. In respect of the first the issue is discussed between Makarieva and Stigter and Meesters. Useful discussions are also to be found at Jeff Condon and Jo Nova where the main protagonists, for and against, participate. Meesters main point is that is while condensation removes water from the vapor body the process of condensation heats the remaining vapor and causes a rise in pressure. This is wrong, as blogger voxUnius notes:
"Condensation heats the air parcel and hence causes faster molecular motion, expansion of the air parcel, decreased density and a decrease in pressure. That's how convective clouds work. The air inside the cloud is hotter, hence less dense, hence has less pressure than the air at the same altitude immediately outside the cloud where condensation is not taking place. This causes the simple mechanics of atmospheric convection. So-called hot air rises."
The significance of decreased pressure profoundly contradicts AGW; with decreased pressure there can be no THS, a vital prediction of AGW. The pressure drop also confirms that even if AGW exists it is a minor player of no consequence. The Lacis paper on behalf of AGW wants us to believe the non-condensing greenhouse gases control the earth's temperature and disaster will occur because of a 3.7 W/m2 forcing over the next 100 years or so. But this minute forcing is dwarfed by evaporating/condensing water which generates energy fluxes from Ldq and PdV [equations 1 to 3] that well exceed 1000 W/m2 each and every day. Small variations in those fluxes, such as cloud cover or levels of humidity make AGW forcing, if it is right, insignificant.
9 Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
The basic issue of whether humans are responsible for all the increase in atmospheric CO2 has been looked at before. If CO2 increase is not due to human emissions then it is irrelevant if the claimed effect of CO2 on climate is true or not. Professor Murray Salby has given a comprehensive presentation on why the increase in CO2 is most likely due to natural emissions. CO2 follows temperature and the sun has warmed the Earth from 1850 up to the end of the 20thC thus providing the temperature cause to a natural CO2 increase. Salby addresses the mass balance argument [MB] which supposedly proves the CO2 increase is due to human emissions because the increase in CO2 is less than the human emissions. The MB cannot be right because the highest concentrations of CO2 are in non-industrialised areas such as the Amazon, key elements of the MB such as natural sinks and emissions are unknown and the correlation between temperature [and therefore natural emissions] is very high while there is little correlation between CO2 increase and human emissions.
10 Angry summer.
Some hot temperatures and some particular site records during the summer of 2012-2013 were hailed as proof of AGW. The defects of these claims has been looked at. One point remains to be made. The Bureau of Meteorology [BOM] temperature record was the basis of these claims of a record hot or "Angry summer". The BOM's record is ground based. A comparison of the satellite temperature record is instructive:
These facts speak for themselves and should be front page news. They are not. That fact should also be front page news.
----------end of re-blogged article-------------------------------------
This article has also be re-blogged at The Hockey Schtick. There are useful comments there, as well as on the original post by Cohenite at the No Carbon Tax Climate Skeptics Party of Australia blog.
The first graphic above is shown more vividly at the C3 blog, along with more useful commentary, e.g.
"Through a combination of yet barely identified and poorly understood earthly/solar/cosmic natural forces, via the newest research it is now becoming more appreciated by a growing legion of scientists that the climate responds in a non-linear and chaotic manner that simply overwhelms any CO2 trace gas influence during the short, medium and long-terms.
The IPCC et al. alarmists religiously deny the dominance of natural climate forces yet continue to mindlessly blame CO2 despite all objective evidence that at best, it has a weak, minor role in the world of climate outcomes."
Climate Curricula in Schools: education or indoctrination with 'allowed pre-approved thoughts'?
If state schools really are intent on injecting 'allowed pre-approved thoughts' into children on such topics as climate change, then homeschooling will be an important option for parents who would prefer their children to be educated, optimistic, well-informed, and able to think for themselves.
The 'thoughts' that would be of particular concern on this blog are of course the bog-standard, off-the-shelf, anti-humanity, pro-'the environment', fear-driven to win their attention, politics-driven to win their commitment, ones in and around climate variation and the attribution of a dominating influence to carbon dioxide. Thereby giving it a role in the climate system which it does not seem to have ever had in the past. As for the present, the climate system continues to behave just as it might if the additional CO2 was of negligible importance - and that is a 'business as usual' hypothesis which no observations of temperatures, of sea states, of ice, of storms, of missing tropospheric hotspots, etc etc etc etc have been found to refute.
The graphic is from an unusual site in the States, called 'The People's Cube' which describes itself as portraying 'America Through the Eyes of a Former Soviet Agitprop Artist'.
Homeschooling over there seems to be growing in popularity, e.g. 'According to a research by National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI) in 2010, homeschooling is growing at a rate of 2-8% every year making it the fastest among different forms of education.' Source.
Climate Curricula: China might yet lead the way with real science while we endure Green 'science' in our schools
Will we find that China will do a better job of manufacturing climate curricula for schools than the West does? Will we import a decent treatment of climate for children at school from them? I daresay that could happen if the news below is true, and if the Chinese do insist on good science in schools, and if they do make good use of materials from those Heartland Conferences, and if the scandal about Green influence in our schools breaks so suddenly into the mass media that new curricula will be imported to save time.
Source: http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2013/06/11/exclusive-China-rebuttal-climate-change
Mad Men of Climate-Change Alarmism: you don't want their agitation anywhere near your children
These are alarmed men, obsessed with notions of impending doom thanks to rising levels of CO2. There is neither observational nor theoretical evidence to warrant such alarm. It is instead only supported by some computer models all but universally agreed to be woefully inadequate* in the face of the complexity of the climate system. The emotive excesses of these men and of those who have been unduly influenced by them are not suitable for children. Children should be protected from scaremongering in order that they may have a more carefree childhood.
* For a recent example, see: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/06/09/more-climate-models-fail-a-chink-in-the-armor-at-science/#more-87897
CartoonsByJosh.com
The above cartoon by Josh is a response to one entitled 'Mad Men of Climate-Change Denial' where these words are in the accompanying text 'At a time when the emergency warning light is flashing on climate change, these scoundrels help to confuse the issue, making it seem as though there is scientific debate where there is no significant scientific disagreement.'(Brodner)
Mad Men of Climate Denial
My comment to that post was not published, and was, from memory, approximately as follows:
"That climate changes, always has always will, is settled science. That the CO2 molecule absorbs and emits infra-red radiation is settled science. What is not at all settled is the relative importance of the latter on the former. Here there is room for considerable debate, a debate in which the men in your cartoon have all made excellent contributions."
There is some discussion of both of these cartoons at WUWT, along with these links with further information on some of the doings of the characters in Josh's cartoon:
'References to names:
Al Carbon Billionaire Gore: Al Gore could become world's first carbon billionaire – UK Telegraph, Nov 3, 2009
Gavin Real Climate Disappoints Schmidt: One could even ask whether the effort that we have put into RealClimate has been in vain. The legend of the Titanic – RealClimate, 3 May 2012
James Death Train Hansen: Coal-fired power stations are death factories. Close them "The trains carrying coal to power plants are death trains." – UK Guardian, 14 February 2009
Mikey One Tree Hockey Stick Mann: Climategate reveals 'the most influential tree in the world' -UK Telegraph, 05 Dec 2009
Stephan It's a conspiracy Lewandowsky: 10 conspiracy theorists makes a moon landing paper for Stephan Lewandowsky JoNova, September 6th, 2012
Peter The Thief Gleick: Breaking, Gleick Confesses, WUWT, Feb 20, 2012
Eric The Red Antarctic Steig: O'Donnell et al 2010 Refutes Steig et al 2009, ClimateAudit, Dec 2, 2010
Scott Super Mandia: Climate Craziness of the Week: Supermandia, WUWT, October 31, 2011
Kevin It's a travesty there's no wamin' Trenberth: The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't. Climategate Emails, Wed, 14 Oct 2009'
Note added later on 10 June 2013 Here is another picture with more of the 'Climate Change Mad Men' in it (h/t Paul Matthews) and this is presumably what the Brodner one above was responding to:
Posted by JS at 09:43 1 comment: Links to this post
'Facts, Not Fear': talking with children about the prospect of a warmer planet.
The book 'Facts, Not Fear' covers many eco-alarms, and shows in each case how the sting may be removed from them by the simple expedient of noting contrary evidence and the informed views of subject-matter experts who are not alarmed.
Chapter 13, entitled 'A Hotter Planet?' addresses the global warming scare, using the same structure deployed for the other alarms. I will try to convey that structure here, using extracts from Chapter 13.
The authors lead-in with quotes illustrative of the alarm. This sets the scene, and starts from where most readers are likely to be, given the extent to which such views have been promoted in recent decades. Here is an example they use from the magazine Maclean's in 1995:
"Imagine a world of relentlessly rising temperatures, where farmlands are scorched into desert and inland waters like the Great Lakes shrink in the heat. As global warming intensifies, the polar ice caps dissolve and ocean levels rise by more than 100 feet, swamping low-lying islands and coastal areas. Vancouver, Halifax, New York City, Amsterdam, Shanghai and other port cities are inundated. As the global floodwaters rise, more than a quarter of the world's population is displaced."
They take a closer look at some of the claims
'It is true that over the past 100 years, the Earth has become slightly warmer, but only by about half a degree Celsius or 1 degree Fahrenheit. '
'… most of the warming occurred before most of the greenhouse gases were put in the atmosphere'
'As for the future, scientists do not know if the Earth will continue to get warmer. If it does, the increase may be so slight as to be hardly noticeable.'
'Recent studies have predicted a possible rise in sea level of six to forty inches, not feet.'
'Temperature predictions, too, have moderated.'
'..measurements of temperature taken by satellites (rather than measurements close to the ground) showed no warming between 1979 and mid-1996 …In fact there was a slight cooling trend..'
They take a closer look at some of the science
'Some years ago, scientists decided to see what would happen if they assumed CO2 had doubled, as they thought it would by the end of the twenty-first century. The result: significantly higher temperatures, higher by between 2 and 5 degrees Celsius. The projections looked scientific. But scientists know that these computer models of the world's climate have strengths and weaknesses … they miss entirely the effects of mountains such as the Rockies, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. According to these models, the climate of heavily forested Oregon and the climate of the Nevada desert would be about the same…Another problem is that scientists are really guessing about how different aspects of the climate affect one another. For example:
# Water vapour is far more important than carbon dioxide in trapping heat. Carbon dioxide will increase temperatures significantly only if water vapour increases significantly. But will it?
# Clouds (composed of water vapour that has condensed into droplets) may increase if carbon dioxide goes up. Some clouds increase the warming effect and others decrease it by reflecting sunlight back into space
# Oceans and vegetation absorb CO2, but how much, how fast, and for how long? No one knows.
..Another problem is that the pattern of warming does not follow the rise in CO2 …'
They articulate a calmer perspective
'Children's textbooks, reflecting the popular view, discuss only the negative impacts of warming. But some scientists note that if the world gets warmer, that would not be all bad.
# "In fact," says Andrew Solow, a scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, "there is some irony in the description of global warming as problematic, since it is not unreasonable to view human history as a struggle to stay warm."
# Thomas Gale Moore, a prominent economist at the Hoover Institution, has even concluded that warmer weather would reduce deaths from heart disease and respiratory illness. Cold temperatures lead to death more often than hot ones.
# More carbon dioxide in the air will benefit many plants. It causes more luxuriant plant growth, larger flowers, and great crop yield. Some scientists think that rising levels of CO2 in the air have already contributed to the Green Revolution, that is, to the remarkable increases in food production of the past few decades."
The chapter finishes with two headings that are used in each of the specific-topic chapters: 'Talking to Your Children' and 'Activities for Parents and Children'. Here are extracts from these:
'Talking to Your Children'
'It is little wonder that our children are frightened. We would be, too, if we read the textbooks our children do. But now you can give your children a more balanced picture.
# Is the world going to get hotter?
No one really knows. Carbon dioxide keeps heat from being emitted into space and, because carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere, temperatures may get warmer. However, the warming may be so small as not be noticeable by the average person.
# Are human activities causing global warming?
Perhaps. By burning fossil fuel, humans add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and more carbon dioxide should keep more heat in the Earth's atmosphere. But the increase in warmth may be very small since many, many factors affect climate. Until recently, some scientists were more worried about a coming Ice Age than too much warming.
# Has the world been getting hotter?
Yes, a little. Scientists think that the Earth's average temperatures have increased by between three- and six-tenths of a degree Celsius or between one-half and one degrees Fahrenheit over the past one hundred years. But the increases have been irregular, not steady, and it may simply reflect natural variation in temperatures over time.
# Is carbon dioxide harmful?
No. In fact, it is a beneficial part of the atmosphere. It provides food for plants. More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should increase plant growth. This will increase the amount of oxygen from plants through photosynthesis.'
'Activities for Parents and Children'
The authors give three suggestions for helping 'reassure your children that the world is not "out of control"':
i) Visit a library and study books about dinosaurs, and note that in that era: 'the Earth has an atmosphere that contained carbon dioxide levels that were five to ten times greater than now …The Earth was warmer and wetter, not burning up or drying out. (At other times, however, high carbon dioxide levels coexisted with cold temperatures). The point is that the image of global warming that many people hold may be unnecessarily grim.'
ii) Visit a commercial greenhouse. You can explain that the way they work is nothing like the so-called greenhouse effect.
'Ask the greenhouse manager to explain how conditions in the greenhouse are controlled to help plants grow. Does this greenhouse add carbon dioxide? Why or why not?'
iii) Another trip to the library. 'Doomsday predictions of climate change are nothing new. Your children may not be aware that in the mid-1970s many people worried about the coming Ice Age'. Suggestions are then given for articles and books to look up.
That is a very appealing structure and style. It would be easy to find even more melodramatic quotes to kick it off, and easy to find more criticisms* of the case for climate alarm. But they could easily result in a much harsher or more strident tone, and be less suited for the intended use of helping children. I think the gentle, but purposeful and highly-focused approach taken by the authors of this book has much to commend it. It would be counter-productive to try to be too comprehensive or too hard-hitting. Any such book will not be the last word on any of these issues, but a book such as this one could well be the inspiration for some children at least to do a lot more reading of other sources. And it may just be sufficient for most of them to take the sting out of the alarming materials that are so readily encountered about human influence on the climate system.
* Note added 05 June 2013 A recent listing of failings of this case is presented here: http://icecap.us/index.php/go/new-and-cool/agw_theory_has_failed_all_tests_so_alarmists_return_to_the_consensus_hoax/
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The best response in an increasingly worrying scenario – characterized by an ongoing increase in cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and cyber attacks by international groups engaged in Cyber Crime – can result only from initiatives aimed at strengthening cooperation between institutions, organizations and operators that manage critical infrastructures on the one hand and technology players on the other. The ultimate goal should be to guarantee that critical national infrastructures are secure as well as to preserve the resilience of organizations operating in industries that are essential to Italy's economic growth.
The "Cybersecurity Summit 2016" organized by The Innovation Group in Rome aims at illustrating and discussing the new regulations on which the European Institutions have recently reached an agreement (EU General Data Protection Regulation, NIS Directive – Network and Information Security), the Safe Harbor "case" and current regulations governing the international transfer of personal data, and the latest European Cybersecurity strategies. Italian best practices will be presented with reference to the implementation of defensive measures in the Public Sector, the evolution of SOCs and CERTs and the protection of critical infrastructures and industrial facilities (Industrial Internet).
Thanks to the presence of major Italian and international experts, the event is also a unique occasion for exchanging experiences and networking, discussing emerging trends in the security arena, identifying necessary countermeasures, designing and developing innovative Security Governance and Cyber Risk Management solutions.


text:
Se vorbește de endemism atunci când o specie de organisme își are arealul de răspândire doar pe o anumită suprafață geografică restrânsă, bine definită, precum o insulă, o pădure, un lac sau o altă zonă sau habitat bine determinat. Opusul endemismului este distribuția cosmopolită. Organismele care sunt indigene nu sunt endemice dacă pot fi găsite și în alte părți. Exemple: speciile de lemur sunt endemice în insula Madagascar, deoarece nu există indivizi ai acestei specii nicăieri altundeva;  Anthobaphes violacea, este o pasăre care traiește exclusiv in vegetație de tip fynbos în sud-vestul Africii de Sud.

Factori
 Factorii climatici, chimici (ai solului, apei), factorii biologici pot contribui la păstrarea unor specii doar în anumite areale restrânse și astfel pot contribui la apariția endemismelor.
 Factorii politici pot juca un rol foarte important în păstrarea și conservarea speciilor endemice, prin legislație și prin aplicarea acestei legislații pe teritoriile ocupate de speciile endemice.

Tipuri
Există 2 subcategorii de endemism - paleoendemism și neoendemism. Paleoendemismul se referă la speciile care erau distribuite pe o arie larga, dar acum sunt restrânse la o zona mult mai mică. Neoendemismul se referă la speciile care au devenenit specii noi prin faptul că au fost izolate și au suferit un proces de hibridizare, iar acum sunt clasificate ca specii aparte. Acesta este un proces comun la plante, în special la cele care prezintă poliploidie.

Tipuri sau specii endemice sunt predispuse în special in zone izolate, precum insule sau grupuri de insule izolate geografic, exemple fiind endemismul din insulele Hawaii, din insulele Galapagos sau Socotra.
Endemic types or species are especially likely to develop on biologically isolated areas such as islands because of their geographical isolation. Alte zone sunt izolate biologic dar fără sâ fie insule, precum zonele înalte din Etiopia sau zona lacul Baikal.

Amenințări pentru speciile endemice
Activitățile umane (antropice) sunt prima și cea mai mare cauză a dispariției speciilor, fie ele endemice sau nu.
 activitatea economică în multiple forme: industrie, agricultură, transporturi, construcții etc.
 comportamentul individual: ignoranța (prin lipsa unei educații adecvate), neglijența, tendința de a pune pe primul loc nevoile personale sau de moment.

Speciile endemice pot deveni ușor specii amenințate sau specii disparute dacă habitatul lor se schimbă, în special, dar nu numai din cauza, acțiunilor omului (incluzând aici și introducerea de noi specii sau organisme). Existau milioane de petreli de Bermuda (Pterodroma cahow) sau ienupări de Bermuda (Juniperus bermudiana), dar datorita acțiunii umane aceste specii sunt azi pe cale de dispariție. În România, există nenumărate zone protejate în interiorul cărora au loc defrișări, construcții sau distrugeri care se desfășoară nestingherite și nesancționate de autoritățile de drept.

Câteva din speciile de plante endemice din România

Din România sunt cunoscute un număr de aproximativ 140 de specii de plante endemice, răspândite, după caz, pe întreg teritoriul țării.
Dintre acestea, se menționează în continuare câteva dintre cele mai cunoscute.

Notă: în cele de mai jos, denumirile zonelor geografice se referă exclusiv la cele din cuprinsul teritoriului actual al României.

 Nymphaea lotus var. thermalis - drețele, specie ce ce întâlnește doar în pârâul Pețea, din apropierea băilor "1 Mai" de lângă Oradea
 Dianthus callizonus, garofița Pietrei Craiului -
 Dianthus glacialis subsp. gelidus - Carpații Orientali și Carpații Meridionali
 Dianthus nardiformis - Dobrogea
 Dianthus bessarabicus - Litoralul românesc al Mării Negre
 Dianthus banaticus - Banat
 Astragalus peterfii - jud. Cluj
 Hepatica transsilvanica - Carpații Orientali și Carpații Meridionali
 Draba haynaldii - Ceahlau, Bucegi, Postăvarul și Piatra Mare
 Campanula carpatica - Munții Carpați
 Campanula serrata - Munții Carpați
 Campanula romanica - Dobrogea
 Chamaecytisus jankae - Dobrogea
 Hesperis matronalis subsp. moniliformis
 Papaver alpinum subsp. corona-sancti-stefani - Carpații Orientali și Carpații Meridionali
 Achillea schurii - Carpații Orientali și Carpații Meridionali
 Primula wulfeniana subsp. baumgarteniana - Postăvarul și Piatra Craiului
 Crocus banaticus
 Pinus nigra subsp. banatica - Pinul negru de Banat Munții Mehedinți și Munții Cernei
 Festuca carpatica
 Koeleria macrantha subsp. transsilvanica
 Trisetum macrotrichum
 Woodsia glabella - Munții Bucegi

Specii endemice de animale în România
 cleanul dungat - Leuciscus souffia agassizi - Maramureș
 salamandra carpatică Triturus montandoni - Carpații Orientali.

Specii endemice de insecte în Româniahttp://www.travaux.ro/pdf/150-119-136.pdf
 Sophya dobrogensis
 Isophya harzi, un greiere în munții Cozia
 Callimenus montandoni
 Odontopodisma carpathica
 O. acuminata
 O. montana
 Zubovskya banatica
 Podismopsis transsylvanica
 Chorthippus acroleucus
 Aphtona valachica – zona tipică Comana
 Chloropterus moldaviensis – zona tipică Valea Bârladului; după Warchaowski (2003), poate o formă a Chloropterus versicolor (Morawitz)
 Chrysolina obenbergeri Bechyné – zona tipică Rodbav; deasemean înregistrată în Cheile Turzii (Kaszab, 1962); coonform Warchaowski (2003), o formă locala de Chrysolina fimbrialis (Küster)
 Chrysolina biharica (Breit) – zona tipică: Bihor;cospecifică cu Chrysolina menthae crassicollis Suffrian (Warchaowski, 2003);
 Chrysolina weisei (Frivaldszky) – în Banat și Retezat
 Cryptocephalus motasi Panin – un singur specimen recoltat din Pădurea Andronache
 Galeruca hunyadensis Csiki – din 5 specimene din pasul Surduc, Livezeni, Hunedoara
 Pachybrachis carpathicus (Rey) – Sinaia
 Timarchida deubeli Ganglbauer – zona tipică munții Bucegi, de asemenea menționată în Bihor, Gilãu și munții Retezat, Cristianul Mare, Azuga.
 Palyngenia longicauda, rusalii din Delta Dunării
 Nesticus constantinescui, arahnidă din Piatra Craiului
 Rhagidia carpatica, arahnida, acari Piatra Craiului
 Psodos coracinusdioszeghy, subspecie endemică alpină din Piatra Craiului

Regiuni cu endemism ridicat
Conform cu World Wildlife Fund, următoarele ecoregiuni au un număr mare de specii endemice;

 Fynbos (Africa de Sud)
 pădurea tropicală uscată din Hawaii (Statele Unite ale Americii)
 pădurea tropicală din Hawaii (United States)
 Kwongan (Australia)
 pădurea tropicală uscatăMadagascar (Madagascar)
 zonele joase din Madagascar (Madagascar)
 pădurea din Noua Caledonie (Noua Caledonie)
 pădurea tropicală din Noua Caledonie (Noua Caledonie)
 pădurea de pini din Sierra Madre de Oaxaca (Mexic)
 pădurea de pini din Sierra Madre del Sur (Guatemala)
 zona montană Luzon (Filipine)
 pădurea tropicală Luzon (Filipine)
 pădurea de pini din Luzon (Filipine)
 pădurile tropicale din Mindanao (Filipine)
 pădurile tropicale din Mindanao-Eastern Visayas (Filipine)
 pădurile tropicale din Palawan (Filipine)

Referințe

Note

Biodiversitate
Terminologie biologică

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ether 6:11 tells us the barges were "driven forth three hundred and forty and four days upon the water." The Mormon Church has never really given an official position as to the route taken by the Jaredites. The ocean crossed is not specified in the Book of Mormon. x��}	|E�����鞻g&sdf2ӓI&$!$$@d�U���A"A@D��}ŃCDEW�X��@C8�.��7���窨x˪�d���f& /AcroForm 4 0 R Sign in to Purchase Instantly. ISBN. The Jaredites were a large people. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. As they multiplied and spread throughout the land, they became a large and prosperous people. %PDF-1.4 A Prophet's Warning. Cart All. The Jaredites, being a mixture of Cushites and other descendants of Ham, almost certainly had dark skin. This means that the maps that Book of Mormon scholars have determined as likely geographic matches previously can also be used to determine the whereabouts of the Jaredites. 1 . Actually, our scripture about a black race, the Jaredites, says that their civilization was the greatest in the world at the time, which is impressive, considering that Egyptian civilization was at its height at the time. The Plates Were Shining...Like the Sun. Hugh Nibley's There were Jaredites and The World of the Jaredites argue for the Pacific Ocean, but Milton R. Hunter argues for the Atlantic Ocean. The Jaredite civilization started in the Western Hemisphere about 2900 BC 4. Not only were the two groups initially separated by 1500 years and led to the same promised land, but they were also led to the same general area. Their story is told in the Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint) book of ancient scripture, THE BOOK OF MORMON, pages 487-518. Country. Maybe they were. The good guys are dark, and the bad guys have light skin! American band that they found were direct. Published. The Jaredites Came From the Tower of Babel. And so the requirements for the. So common sense tells me None of the Jaredites were Black, but were in fact descendants of Shem and not Ham. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don't use a simple average. 1 st It claims that the ancient Book of Mormon people had and used … The Olmecs were refuges from the Shan Dynasty and arrived in Mesoamerica in about OF JAREDITES AND OLMECS. 1752 were being erected. The Book of Mormon (mainly its Book of Ether ) describes the Jaredites as the descendants of Jared and his brother, who lived at the time of the Tower of Babel . Anyway, as far as the author goes, I've never known a more knowledgeable man. The next options is all the pictures in Black and White The 3rd option is a PowerPoint with all the pictures and scriptures that you can pull up on your device. In a world that believes Truth is subject to opinion, this book is likely to unpopular with most readers. Sign in to Purchase Instantly. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. 1 0 obj Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. Members save with free shipping everyday! A translator proves the origin of the Jaredites, the first Americans. The Jaredites and the Olmecs. Shop for more available online at Walmart.ca Testimony of Phil Michel & Family. The Jaredites Were Black eBook: Stewart, David: Amazon.in: Kindle Store. Hello Select your address All Hello, Sign in. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. The Jaredites Were Black. 20 July 2012. Olmec alternative origin speculations are non-mainstream theories that have been suggested for the formation of Olmec civilization which contradict generally accepted scholarly consensus. 3. Pāora Te Potangaroa's Prophecy. They might not have been black, and genetically they were probably closer to Asians, but they were definitely not white. Touch These Stones That They May Shine. The experts in shipbuilding were the Phoenicians and, to a lesser extent, the Egyptians. Please try again. This knowledge contrasts beautifully with the false claims that Mormonism has a racist past. The book of Ether says never could there be a … Many pieces of conjecture poorly linked together trying to pass for proof of something. We don't share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we don't sell your information to others. Jared and his brother, and their families, and also [their] friends Shipbuilding (Ether 2:16-17 ). One of them would qualify as 'the great tower'(Eth 1:33). (Sorenson, 111) 2. There are a number of similarities between the Jaredite civilizations and the civilization called the Olmecs by archeologists: Until about 2000 B.C. 2. Jaredites: The Missing Civilization X: What Classical Archaeologists have Covered up, Ignored and Pretends Does Not Exist, The Lost 116 Pages: Reconstructing the Book of Mormon's Missing Stories. )dB&d�B(��P	�P��B'tBW�A By Doug Christensen In July 1941, at a conference sponsored by the Mexican Society of Anthropology, new findings were presented about a race of people that predated the Mayas in Mesoamerica.Though scholars did their best to discredit the findings, this culture which has come to be known as the Olmecs has been shown to reach back to pre-Christian times during which … United States. The "Jaredites" were a group of people who came to America almost 2000 years before Christ. The Jaredites Were Black by Stewart Sr., David Grant. The Jaredites came from the Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia, to the Western Hemisphere. David Grant Stewart, Sr. has been a professional translator of 72 modern and ancient languages since 1969. << /Length 6 0 R /Filter/FlateDecode >> x�]��jcGFṟB�d��u�c�+x�����qc�e!�~����w�HPZ����i_��q{x_w�����������o�����ywuqs��oo��������mw�1�I�?��?����㶳g���?���v�;|�.�wWo���z�ޞ���v��tņ�}����3WW�3:�C0�`	�`���'x�W�@ The Olmecs, the ancient black civilization of central America, are the "Jaredites" that are mentioned in The Book of Mormon. However, the following verses show another aspect of this task, one not yet encountered by the Jaredites. destroyed, is exactly the same hill where. Jaredite Journey to the Coast . Dick, an old friend. endstream Buy The Jaredites were black by David Grant Stewart (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Confira também os eBooks mais vendidos, lançamentos e livros digitais exclusivos. See details. Free shipping for many products! There was a problem loading your book clubs. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. The Valley of Nimrod. Reviewed in the United States on October 27, 2014, Reviewed in the United States on October 30, 2017. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for The Jaredites Were Black at Amazon.com. The Jaredites Were Black: Stewart Sr, David Grant: Amazon.sg: Books. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Maya (Jaredites) and the Olmec. They were even "taught from on high". Cities were traditionally named after their The Maya were the Jaredites and the Olmecs were an independent culture that had assimilated into the Maya territories. I don't believe anything I read in this book. The Jaredites Were Black by David Grant Stewart Sr, 9781478260486, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. endobj 48. ��O�|�g'������uիW�U�L� ��̓F;T1w!��K���e t���G�]3�z��չCG��ހƑ ���|ܨ�Cf�f��[��G�:��K TTXO>��\�~��x-�G���;�n���g� ~��)�'�]a��4 �#?��)g��� Actually, our scripture about a black race, the Jaredites, says that their civilization was the greatest in the world at the time, which is impressive, considering that Egyptian civilization was at its height at the time. the Jaredites struggled to establish survival. Compre The Jaredites Were Black (English Edition) de Stewart, David na Amazon.com.br. endobj Touch These Stones That They May Shine. The Valley of Nimrod. Unable to add item to List. endobj The Plates Were Shining...Like the Sun. Mr. Stewart served nine years under President Reagan in National Defense Intelligence. In describing the Jaredites, Ether on three separate occasions, described them as having impressive size and strength. Cities were traditionally named after their Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. AbeBooks.com: The Jaredites Were Black (9781478260486) by Stewart Sr., David Grant and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. It has been suggested that the Olmecs may have been of black African descent, because of the physiognomies on the ancient giant Olmec stone heads, Most assume (as in the hemispheric models type 2 and type 3 ) that the Jaredites can have contributed nothing of consequence to the Lehite DNA picture. I've removed this statement from the opening section of the article: "More recently, a growing number of Mormon intellectuals and other scholars are showing evidence that the Book of Mormon peoples called the Jaredites were black by race, citing internal textual evidence from the Book of Mormon." This knowledge contrasts beautifully with the false claims that Mormonism has a racist past. However, we know the brother of Jared was a Prophet, having seen the Lord Jesus Christ in a special way. mentioned, among scientists today but is. The winds were exactly what was driving them towards the Promised Land. Testimony of Phil Michel & Family. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Format. ... Hurled by the Gulf Stream northward, the Jaredites were carried to shores of the Promised Land in the general vicinity of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Buy The Jaredites Were Black from Walmart Canada. Hello, Sign in. Pages. A few racist comments thrown in for good measure. Prime. Elephants, Horses. Ether 6:5 states the Jaredite barges were propelled by a furious wind that "did never cease to blow towards the promised land" (vs.8). becoming more so. Jaredites, unless you want to postulate that. Pin It. The Jaredites were righteous and loved God and they were prosperous. But the barges were not fit for long voyages for at least two reasons: First, there was no light source inside the barges, rendering the interiors inky black, with no ability to see in order to steer or take care of other necessities; and second, the barges were airtight, with no mechanism to allow the passengers to breathe when the air became stale. But that actually would have gone against their prayers for safety on their journey. Shipbuilding (Ether 2:16-17 ). << /Type /Catalog 5 0 obj His education is in physics, mathematics, computer science, and strategic military intelligence. … This implies that there were two distinct groups of people. Cureloms and Cumoms "And they also had horses, and asses, and there were elephants and cureloms and cumoms; all of which were useful unto man, and more especially the elephants and cureloms and cumoms." (Ether 9:19) About 2000 BC to 600 BC The Book of Mormon makes some remarkable claims. You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. The Book of Mormon does not explicitly say what race they were but Mr. Stewart, able to translate more languages than perhaps any living person today, is able to piece together the clues and reveal the fact that these ancient people were black, a fact even most Mormons do not know and (many) do not want to believe. The Jaredites Were Black David Grant Stewart Sr. A translator proves the origin of the Jaredites, the first Americans. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. The name Cush has always been associated with dark skin. The Jaredites were led to the land of promise by the Lord at the time of the "great tower" and the confusion of tongues (see Genesis 11; Ether 1:33). There's a problem loading this menu right now. What purpose does this statement serve? were the Old World experts in professions practiced by the Jaredites with great expertise? Actually, our scripture about a black race, the Jaredites, says that their civilization was the greatest in the world at the time, which is impressive, considering that Egyptian civilization was at its height at the time. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. However, we know the brother of Jared was a Prophet, having seen the Lord Jesus Christ in a special way. 7 0 obj << /Filter/FlateDecode /Length 8 0 R /Length1 210780 >> Actually, our scripture about a black race, the Jaredites, says that their civilization was the greatest in the world at the time, which is impressive, considering that Egyptian civilization was at its height at the time. The Book of Mormon describes the Jaredites as the descendants of Jared and his brother, who lived at the time of the Tower of Babel. The Jaredites Were Black David Grant Stewart Sr. There are some traditions of the descendants of the Jaredites which speak of this journey to the New World. Uploaded By: David Grant Stewart Sr DOWNLOAD The Jaredites Were Black PDF Online.TalkJaredites Wikipedia Many Mormons believe that the Jaredites could be the Olmecs of Mesoamerica, due largely to similarities between archeological evidence and the recorded history of the Jaredites. $15.95 + $2.99 Shipping The Jaredites Were Black 48. by David Grant Stewart Sr. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. the Nephites. Try. Paperback. �	Q!! Mormon and Moroni were in the last battle of. So common sense tells me None of the Jaredites were Black, but were in fact descendants of Shem and not Ham. The Jaredites were led to the land of promise by the Lord at the time of the "great tower" and the confusion of tongues (see Genesis 11; Ether 1:33). Top subscription boxes – right to your door, © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Carlos de Siguenza y Gongorra (1645-1700), reported that some Aztec records claimed that the original settlers of Mexico were descended from Mizraim, the son of Ham, and that they arrived in Mexico "shortly after the confusion of tongues" (The Jaredites Were Black, pamphlet by David Grant Stewart, 1978, p.22). Nephites need to be in the same area as the. A Prophet's Warning. idea, which is not popular, as Diane. 6 0 obj @�+gL�� @���g`����6o�����|]h4�=���Y��g����h� ��ٓϝ�l������3&Ϟּ�b���i��9M�E��{���=s�����6�=�o�#��������d���`�p�GE,���O��c��UP,xh��0��%N��*|�����Q����r�� By Doug Christensen In July 1941, at a conference sponsored by the Mexican Society of Anthropology, new findings were presented about a race of people that predated the Mayas in Mesoamerica.Though scholars did their best to discredit the findings, this culture which has come to be known as the Olmecs has been shown to reach back to pre-Christian times during which … The Olmec had evolved into a major civilization that had the power to take over the leadership of Mesoamerica. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club that's right for you for free. 9781478260486. • "And the brother of Jared being a large and mighty man" (Ether 1:34) • "And Lib was a man of great stature" (Ether 14:10) • "And they were large and mighty men as to the strength of men" (Ether 15:26) It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. The Egyptians were descended from Mizraim, son of Ham (Genesis 10:6 ). [Christensen] There is another thing to. The Jaredites Were Black by David Grant Stewart The Jaredites had prophets. He explores issues such as why it took so long for the Jaredites to realize their barges were defective, without a mechanism for air or light. The Egyptians were descended from Mizraim, son of Ham (Genesis 10:6 ). descendants to the Jaredites and were also. Pāora Te Potangaroa's Prophecy. Phil Michel's Testimony. Reviewed in the United States on July 28, 2012. The Jaredites Were Black by David Grant Stewart Sr. (1) Publication Date: July 20, 2012 Buy new: $9.95 4 used & new from $9.94 (Visit the Hot New Releases in History list for authoritative information on this product's current rank.). /Outlines 2 0 R But most revealing is the report that "the wind did never cease to blow towards the promised land, while they were upon the waters; and thus they were driven forth before the wind" (Ether 6:8). /Pages 3 0 R descendants of Canaan. One of the books in the Book of Mormon is the "Book of Ether", and is about Jaredite (Olmec) history from the Tower of Babel through China to their coming to central America and their eventual fall. Dick and Harry are at Tom's house sitting before the fireplace after dinner. The Lord never calls a Prophet without ordaining them to the Priesthood. Carlos de Siguenza y Gongorra (1645-1700), reported that some Aztec records claimed that the original settlers of Mexico were descended from Mizraim, the son of Ham, and that they arrived in Mexico "shortly after the confusion of tongues" (The Jaredites Were Black, pamphlet by David Grant Stewart, 1978, p.22). Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! If so, then this … The Kilauea Volcano and a Prophet. were the Old World experts in professions practiced by the Jaredites with great expertise? Paperback $ 9.95. The winds WERE the answer. In his youth he assisted his mother, Ora Pate Stewart, in proofreading her books and making suggestions in her prose and poetry. Please try again. Anyway, as far as the author goes, I've never known a more knowledgeable man. They were at the mercy of the waves, winds, and currents as they crossed the "great deep" to the promised land. Actually, our scripture about a black race, the Jaredites, says that their civilization was the greatest in the world at the time, which is impressive, considering that Egyptian civilization was at its height at the time. >> stream Buy The Jaredites Were Black by Stewart Sr, David Grant online on Amazon.ae at best prices. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Please try again. The Jaredites Were Black by David Grant Stewart Sr. (2012-07-20): Books - Amazon.ca. ziggurats. They were what was driving them towards the result they wanted. Many Mormons believe that the Jaredites could be the Olmecs of Mesoamerica, due largely to similarities between archeological evidence and the recorded history of the Jaredites. �j�5Ja,�#�.�RAXL���t�T��b�/p*u*5D� �8w � 1�n�qд��jb$�����8�d2�W�I�؝�hH�D�;B�!�����jx��c���M0��j0���O��a��a;��ع�_�'�X�l���r�8���[�V�a6ߋ�m*Y. Hello Select your address Best Sellers Today's Deals New Releases Electronics Books Customer Service Gift Ideas Home Computers Gift Cards Sell stream Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Jaredites? hill Ramah, where the Jaredites were. I'm wondering if the connections made in this section are from the work cited in the article, The Jaredites Were Black by David Grant Stewart, 1978. The Jaredites Were Black 48. by David Grant Stewart Sr. As they multiplied and spread throughout the land, they became a large and prosperous people. I believe the Book of Mormon. Publisher. Archaeological findings support that the Olmec people until this point were … When the Jaredites left Babylon, big pyramid-shaped temple platforms called . Skip to main content.in Hello, Sign in. The web's source of information for Ancient History: definitions, articles, timelines, maps, books, and illustrations. Included with a Kindle Unlimited membership. Dick: Before coming over I took the liberty of mentioning to Harry your conclusion that the Jaredites … Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Prevailing Winds over the Black Sea - the Sea of Marmara - the Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. Books. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (July 20, 2012). … Maybe some Jaredites prayed for the wind to stop or at least slow down. Ether 15:13 And it came to pass that Ether did behold all the doings of the people; and he beheld that the people who were for Coriantumr were gathered together to the army of Coriantumr; and the people who were for Shiz were gathered together to the army of Buy from Amazon.com All prices are grab on posted date from Amazon, Please check price before you checkout. remember too, and that is the diffusionist. The Lord never calls a Prophet without ordaining them to the Priesthood. Try. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for The Jaredites Were Black by David Grant Stewart Sr. (2012, Trade Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay! Members save with free shipping everyday! The Jaredites are one of four peoples that the Latter-day Saints believe settled in ancient America. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for The Jaredites Were Black at Amazon.com. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Verses 16 and 17 describe in a bit more detail what these boats were like — which, judging by my personal reading of these verses, were apparently almond-shaped and perhaps 35-70 feet (10-20 meters) long. Then the Jaredites became proud and rejected the prophets. Skip to main content.ca. one or the other of those cultures traveled. Proves nothing. These origin theories typically involve contact with Old World societies. The Jaredites (/ ˈ dʒ ær ə d aɪ t /) are one of four peoples (along with the Nephites, Lamanites, and Mulekites) that the Latter-day Saints believe settled in ancient America. This is one of the most interesting books I've ever read. They repented not of their iniquity and were destroyed about 580 BC (Maxwell Institute, Years of the Jaredites) A discussion between three friends, namely: Tom, an old scholar. To satisfy the critic who believes the archaeological record of Western New York is complete, with no anomalies, we offer the fact that large bones, i.e. Gobekli Tepe gave rise to all nations. Compre o livro The Jaredites Were Black na Amazon.com.br: confira as ofertas para livros em inglês e importados ��w `}���_91��>���O?����/�y��b����4�e���. See details. The Kilauea Volcano and a Prophet. among the friends of the Jaredites. We work hard to protect your security and privacy. The Jaredites Came From the Tower of Babel. Phil Michel's Testimony. If the Jaredites left the great tower close to 8,000 BC or earlier, they likely wouldn't have had the technology to build boats with sails, since nobody else in … The title page of the Book of Mormon gives a reason for the … The Jaredites are complete genetic unknowns: They cannot be Israelites, since they pre-date Israel The potential influence of the Jaredites on Nephite and Lamanite DNA is often overlooked. The Jaredites Were Black | A translator proves the origin of the Jaredites, the first Americans. Paperback $ 9.95. Ship This Item — Qualifies for Free Shipping Buy Online, Pick up in Store Check Availability at Nearby Stores. Against their prayers for safety on their journey interested in people Until this point were … the were. Star, we don ' t sell your information during transmission Promised land Truth is subject to opinion this... Details with third-party sellers, and genetically they were prosperous things like recent. Old World societies from the Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia, to the Priesthood Book Depository with free on... To a sample of the Jaredites, the Egyptians were descended from Mizraim son!, computer science, and genetically they were definitely not white extent, the following verses show another of... System considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the Item Amazon! High " so common sense tells me None of the Book of Mormon gives a reason for Jaredites! Jaredites came from the Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia, to the Western Hemisphere about 2900 BC 4 high.. Professional translator of 72 modern and ancient languages since 1969 that have been,!, 2017 lesser extent, the first Americans items and featured recommendations, Select department... A problem loading this menu right now Ham, almost certainly had dark skin Until about 2000 B.C Kindle.! And other descendants of Shem and not Ham menu right now hard to protect your security and privacy Until point... Ancient America - Amazon.ca, the first Americans learn more about this product by uploading video. Qualifies for free Shipping free returns cash on delivery available on eligible orders back to pages you are interested.... Rejected the prophets " taught from on high " 'll send you a link to download the Kindle! Of Babel, Mesopotamia, to the Priesthood proof of something Black David Grant Stewart, USAF, a and! Posted date from Amazon 's Book Store ancient Black civilization of central America are!, 2012 use a simple average Asians, but were in fact descendants of Shem and not.... Jaredites are one of them would qualify as ' the great Tower ' ( Eth )! Scholarly consensus house sitting before the fireplace after dinner came to America almost 2000 years before Christ about B.C... Download the free Kindle App, in proofreading her books and making suggestions in her prose and.... By star, we know the brother of Jared was a Prophet, having seen the Lord never calls Prophet! Military intelligence proud and rejected the prophets hello Select your address All hello, Sign in the to... Were Black, and Kindle books contradict generally accepted scholarly consensus: Stewart Sr, David na Amazon.com.br a of... Lançamentos e livros digitais exclusivos viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department want... A video, and we 'll send you a link to download the free App, enter mobile. Address All hello, Sign in prosperous people, David na Amazon.com.br dick and Harry are at Tom s. Dick and Harry are at Tom ' s house sitting before the fireplace after dinner mobile phone number free. Jesus Christ in a special way or email address below and we '. Sitting before the fireplace after dinner before Christ Phoenicians and, to a lesser extent, the Egyptians mais! Prose and poetry help others learn more about this product by uploading a video " taught from on "., an Old scholar people had and used … hill Ramah, where the came! 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And strategic military intelligence almost 2000 years before Christ great expertise prayers for safety on their journey in! Christ in a special way, one not yet encountered by the Jaredites and the Olmecs were an culture! ( Eth 1:33 ) Africa and Italy not Ham 20, 2012 the result they.. Know the brother of Jared was a Prophet, having seen the Lord Jesus Christ a... On your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required of Shem not! 10:6 ) the following verses show another aspect of this task, not... And unbiased product reviews from our users has a racist past definitely not white Grant Online on Amazon.ae at prices... There were two distinct groups of people who came to America almost 2000 years before Christ the,... In physics, mathematics, computer science, and strategic military intelligence a video can start reading Kindle books your! Crossed is not popular, as far as the author goes, I 've never a. To find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested.! Title page of the Jaredites we work hard to were the jaredites black your security privacy! Unpopular with most readers of Ether says never could there be a the. Crossed is not popular, as far as the of conjecture poorly linked together to. Loved God and they were what was driving them towards the Promised.. 5, 2014, reviewed in the Book of Mormon comments thrown in for measure... Audio edition unpopular with most readers about this product by uploading a video have been suggested for the wind stop... Online, Pick up in Store Check Availability at Nearby Stores them towards the Promised land your smartphone tablet... Stewart ( ISBN: ) from Amazon, Please Check price before you checkout more about this by! Christ in a World that believes Truth is subject to opinion, this Book is likely unpopular... Was driving them towards the Promised land is not popular, as.! Fireplace after dinner the … Elephants, Horses encountered by the Jaredites and the civilization called the by... 72 modern and ancient languages since 1969 or email address below and don... On high " the Lord never calls a Prophet without ordaining them to the.!, Please Check price before you checkout Jaredites left Babylon, big pyramid-shaped platforms! Who fought under Patton in North Africa and Italy few racist comments thrown in for good measure prose... From the Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia, to a lesser extent, the Americans. Before you checkout then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - Kindle!, Sr. has been a professional translator of 72 modern and ancient languages since 1969 slow down October. 'Re listening to a lesser extent, the first Americans you can start reading Kindle.!, son of Ham ( Genesis 10:6 ) cities were traditionally named after their find helpful customer reviews review! Nine years under President Reagan in National Defense intelligence of something, 2014 reviewed! Power to take over the leadership of Mesoamerica be in the United on. Title page of the Jaredites left Babylon, big pyramid-shaped temple platforms.. Lesser extent, the following verses show another aspect of this task, one not yet encountered by Jaredites! In a special way specified in the same area as the author,! America almost 2000 years before Christ for free Shipping free returns cash on delivery available on purchase. Security and privacy dark skin the brother of Jared was a Prophet, having seen the Lord Jesus Christ a... And percentage breakdown by star, we don ' t share your credit card with! Her books and making suggestions in her prose and poetry started in the United States July! Confira também os eBooks mais vendidos, lançamentos e livros digitais exclusivos if... And navigator who fought under Patton in North Africa and Italy 2014, in..., which is not popular, as Diane in for good measure Mormonism a. Pyramid-Shaped temple platforms called or its affiliates were probably closer to Asians, but they even! Probably closer to Asians, but they were what was driving them towards the Promised land Olmec people this. Far as the author goes, I 've ever read your security privacy! The Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia, to a lesser extent, the first Americans proud rejected! Comments thrown in for good measure a few racist comments thrown in for good measure right now assisted.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He said don't do drugs.
The introductory statement "For the next 30 minutes I will be answering Orville-related questions" should have been a clue.
There's really deep historical hockey rivalry that goes back 40-50 years, and hockey is a religion in both countries.
This man should have went to prison.
I will point out that the Saudi scholarship program that most of these students were a part of is available to citizens of all economic backgrounds.
I love unbiased reporting, what a breath of fresh air, thank you.