text:
Spanish La LigaAthletic BilbaoReal MadridLeaguesCups
Asensio Shines With 8/10 | Real Madrid Players Rated From Embarrassing Defeat Vs Athletic Bilbao
By Aryann Gupta
Real Madrid's Spanish forward Lucas Vazquez controls the ball during the Spanish Super Cup semi final football match between Real Madrid and Athletic Club Bilbao at La Rosaleda stadium in Malaga on January 14, 2021. (Photo by JORGE GUERRERO / AFP) (Photo by JORGE GUERRERO/AFP via Getty Images)
Aryann Gupta
Real Madrid have crashed out of the Supercopa de Espana after a 1-2 defeat at the hands of Athletic Bilbao in the semi-final stage of the competition. The Basque side will now square off against Barcelona in the final on 17th of January.
The Whites were outplayed by Athletic Bilbao in the first half and went two goals down. Raul Garcia scored both of those goals to see his side through to the finals of the Spanish Supercup. The Whites were persistent in the second half but did not seem to have luck on their side as they hit the goalpost twice.
Here's how the Real Madrid players were rated from their 1-2 defeat at the La Rosaleda Stadium in Malaga –
GK: Thibaut Courtois – 7/10
Courtois was among the best performers on the night for Zinedine Zidane. The Belgian pulled off a stunning save in the dying moments of the match to keep Real in the tie until the full-time whistle.
Athletic Bilbao's Spanish forward Raul Garcia (L) scores a goal during the Spanish Super Cup semi final football match between Real Madrid and Athletic Club Bilbao at La Rosaleda stadium in Malaga on January 14, 2021. (Photo by JORGE GUERRERO / AFP) (Photo by JORGE GUERRERO/AFP via Getty Images)
RB: Lucas Vasquez – 6/10
An evening to forget for Vasquez in defence as the Spaniard conceded a silly penalty in the first half. The game slipped from Real Madrid's grasp when they went down two goals.
CB: Raphael Varane – 6/10
The Frenchman was guilty of ball watching as Raul Garcia tucked away a goal right in front of him. Varane was replaced at the half time break by Nacho Fernandez.
CB: Sergio Ramos – 7/10
Sergio Ramos almost saved the day for Madrid in the closing stages of the match. Judging by his standards it was a somewhat sloppy performance in defence from the captain.
LB: Ferland Mendy – 7/10
The full-back enjoyed a lot of the possession throughout the game. Mendy seemed a bit slow to the pace of the game.
CM: Luka Modric – 7/10
Modric put in a hard shift trying to unlock the Bilbao defence. However, the Croatian was unavailable to weave his magic as he always does. Modric made way for Federico Valverde in the second half.
CM: Casemiro – 7/10
A tireless performance from Casemiro who toiled hard across the pitch. The midfielder set-up Karim Benzema's goal in the 73rd minute. The Brazilian would be gutted with the result at the end of the day.
CM: Toni Kroos – 7/10
The German went about his job with relative ease but could not get Los Blancos across the finish line.
RW: Marco Asensio – 8/10
Marco Asensio was Real's standout performer on the night at La Rosaleda Stadium. The Spaniard hit the woodwork once followed by the crossbar, all in the space of six minutes. Asensio was unlucky in the semi-final fixture.
ST: Karim Benzema – 8/10
The Frenchman was rewarded for his efforts on the night with a goal and could have possibly had another goal had he not wandered offside.
LW: Eden Hazard – 7/10
The Belgian had a better evening in comparison to his recent performances but certainly not at par with his old Chelsea days. Hazard nearly set-up a goal for Marco Asensio around the 60-minute mark, but it hit the woodwork.
CB: Nacho Fernandez – 7/10
Nacho seemed to do a satisfactory job after replacing Varane on the field of play.
LW: Vinicius Jr – 7/10
The Brazilian had a lively cameo appearance in the match's closing stages as he came on to replace Eden Hazard.
CM: Federico Valverde – 7/10
An impact substitution from Zizou, which almost instantly delivered post his introduction. Valverde's cross-field pass to Casemiro was instrumental in the build-up to Real's goal.
ST: Mariano – 6/10
Did not have much involvement with the game post his introduction.
Previous articleFred And McTominay To Start | 4-4-2 Manchester United Predicted Lineup Vs Liverpool
Next articleT4O Exclusive: In Conversation With Matt Polster About Rangers, Steven Gerrard & More
Barcelona faced off against Real Betis at the Estadio Benito Villamarín earlier tonight as they looked to earn a...
Juventus Forward Was Keen On Joining Real Madrid: Should Ancelotti Move In For Him?
Aston Villa Abhinab Ghosh - February 1, 2023


A vertical jump or vertical leap is the act of raising one's center of mass higher in the vertical plane solely with the use of one's own muscles; it is a measure of how high an individual or athlete can elevate off the ground (jump) from a standstill.
Standing Vertical Jump: This refers to a vertical jump done from a standstill with no steps being involved at all.
Running vertical jump: This refers to a vertical jump after an approach or run to help add energy to the jump in an effort to improve on the standing vertical jump.
In general, the standing vertical jump is the one that is used as an official measurement for athletes.
This is the vertical jump test scores by gender.
^ a b c "NFL Combine: Workouts and drills". Retrieved 2014-04-07.
^ a b Young, W; Wilson G; Byrne C (December 1999). "Relationship between strength qualities and performance in standing and run-up vertical jumps". J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 39 (4).
^ Ostojić SM, Stojanović M, Ahmetović Z (2010). "Vertical jump as a tool in assessment of muscular power and anaerobic performance". Med. Pregl. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 63 (5–6): 371–5. PMID 21186549. Muscular strength and anaerobic power could be assessed by single and multiple vertical jump testing procedures.
^ "Vertical jump exercises-Vertical jump program coaching-increasing vertical jump". verticaljumpexercisesonline.blogspot.co.nz. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^ Harman, E., Rosenstein, M., Frykman, P., Rosenstein, R. (1990). The Effects Of Arms And Countermovement On Vertical Jumping. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(6), 825–833.
^ "Physical Potential | Mark Rippetoe". Starting Strength. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ "Force Matters". Barbell Medicine. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ Beneka, A. G., Malliou, P.K., Missailidou, V., Chatzinikolaou, A., Fatouros, I., et al. (2012). Muscle performance following an acute bout of plyometric training combined with low or high intensity weight exercise. Journal of sport sciences, 21, 1-9.
^ Ebben, W. P., Simenz, C., Jensen, R.L. (2008). Evaluation of plyometric intensity using electromyography. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 22(3), 861-868.
^ Ebben, W. P., Fauth, M.L., Garceau, L.R., Petrushek, E.J. (2011). Kinetic quantification of plyometric exercise intensity. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(12), 3288-3298.
^ Montgomery, P. G., Pyne, D.B., Hopkins, W.G., Dorman, J.C., Cook, K., Minahan, C.L. (2008). The effect of recovery strategies on physical performance and cumulative fatigue in competitive basketball. Journal of sports sciences, 26(11), 1135-1145.
^ Knicker, A. J., Renshaw, I., Oldham, A.R.H., Cairns, S.P. (2011). Interactive processes link the multiple symptoms of fatigue in sport competition. Sports Medicine, 41(4), 307-328.
^ Marc Briggs. (2013). Training for Soccer Players. Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd.


text:
Tag Archives: Sabrina Vourvourlias
Happy Independence Day, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua!
On Sept. 15, 1821, five Central American countries declared their independence from Spain. (It also marks the beginning of Hispanic Heritage Month, with several Latin American countries celebrating their Independence Days in the next 30 days.) Here's a look at the writers and books from these nations:
• Costa Rica: Poet and novelist Joaquín Gutiérrez wrote several books, including Cronicas De Otro Mundo; the children's book Cocori, which has been translated into several languages and produced as a play; and Chinto Pinto, a book of Costan Rican proverbs and songs for children.
• El Salvador: Poet Roque Dalton (1935-1975) now is considered a revered figure in his native country for his works, collected in the book Small Hours of the Night. But his left wing politics sent him in exile from his country and led to his death. Héctor Tobar of The Los Angeles Times had a fascinating story about his execution.
• Guatemala: Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974), right, won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novels — The President (El Senor Presidente) and Men of Maize: The Modernist Epic of the Guatemalan Indians (Hombres de Maize) — that depicted life in his country. Contemporary novelists Francisco Goldman, Héctor Tobar and Sabrina Vourvoulias have Guatemalan roots.
• Honduras: Novelist Froilán Turcios (1875-1943) is best known for his collection of short stories Cuentos del Amor y la Muerte (Stories of Love and Death). Roberto Sosa (1930-2011) won awards for his poetry. The non-fiction book Enrique's Journey, based on Pulitzer Prize-winning series by Sonia Nazario, follows a young Honduran boy as he travels to the United States to find his mother.
• Nicaragua: Poet Rubén Darío (1867-1916), right, is considered one of the finest wordsmiths in the Spanish language, with poems that experimented with the language. They can be found in the book Selected Writings. Novelist Silvio Sirias, who was raised in California, drew upon his cultural heritage for such books as Meet Me Under the Ceiba and Bernardo and the Virgin.
Sources: Answers.com, Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Poets.org, Los Angeles Times, Vidagranada.com
Tagged as Francisco Goldman, Froilán Turcios, Hector Tobar, Joaquin Gutierrez, Miguel Angel Asturias, Roberto Sosa, Roque Dalton, Rubén Darío, Sabrina Vourvourlias, Silvio Sirias, Sonia Nazario
In the news: Sáenz, Díaz win Pura Belpré Awards
The new year brings honors for books released last year. Here's a look at some recent award winners, plus the usual round-up of new releases and other links.
• Benjamin Alire Sáenz's 2012 young adult novel Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe won three major honors today at the American Library Association's Youth Media Awards. His story of two teenagers who form an unlikely friendship earned the Pura Belpré Author Award, which honors books that depict the Latino experience; a Michael L. Printz Honor Book, which awards outstanding books for young adults; and the Stonewall Book Award, which recognizes stories that represent the lives of lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgendered youth.
The other Pura Belpré recipients were The Revolution of Evelyn Serrano, an Honor Book winner for author Sonia Manzano, and Martín de Porres: The Rose in the Desert which won the Belpré Illustrator Award for David Díaz.
• Several Latino writers made the 2013 Rainbow List for books aimed at youth that depict the LBGTQ experience. They are Jeanne Córdova, When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love & Revolution; Rigoberto Gonzalez, Mariposa Gown; Sáenz, Aristotle and Dante; Charles Rice-González, Chulito: A Novel.
• Guadalupe Gárcia McCall's Summer of the Mariposas earned a place on the Amelia Bloomer Project Top Ten List for feminist books for youth.
• Reyna Grande was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award in the autobiography category for her memoir The Distance Between Us.
• Junot Díaz is up for The Story Prize, given to short story collections, for his book This is How You Lose Her. Diaz's book was also named to the Reference and User Services Association's 2013 Notable Books List.
• Sergio Troncoso's 2011 novel From This Wicked Patch of Dust won the Southwest Book Award, which is given by the Border Regional Library Association.
• Houston's Tony Díaz, leader of the Librotraficante movement, will receive the Robert B. Downs Intellectual Freedom Award from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Out in bookstores:
• Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor has the number one book on The New York Times' Hardcover Non-Fiction chart with her memoir, My Beloved World.
• Fiction: In Thomas Sanchez's American Tropic, an ecoterrorist is on the loose in the Florida Keys. In Kind of Kin by Rilla Askew, an Oklahoma family comes under fire for hiring undocumented immigrants from Mexico.
• The Kweli literary journal, which features works by people of color, is accepting submissions until March 1.
• Dagoberto Gilb is among the writers with works in the latest issue of Make: A Chicago Literary Magazine.
• Feb. 12 is the deadline to submit scripts for consideration for the 2013 Austin Latino New Play Festival, which is open to Texas/Tejano playwrights this year. The festival, sponsored by Teatro Vivo, features a different play each night from May 16 to 18.
• Cuban-American poet Richard Blanco, who recited his poem at President Obama's inauguation, was profiled on the Poets.org website and the Poetry Foundation website. Watch that poem and read 14 other works by Blanco on the MediaBistro website. In this Huffington Post article, he talked about how his homosexuality was not accepted in his family.
• Cuban-American Dolores Prida, a playwright, newspaper columnist and the "Dolores Dice" columnist for Latina magazine, passed away last month, Latina reports. Here are articles about her from the Associated Press, CNN, Huffington Post, The Nation and The New York Times. Read Prida's columns at the Voices of NY website.
• In this School Library Journal story, librarians reacted to a recent New York Times article about the lack of Latino literature in classrooms.
• Las Comadres Para Las Americas National Latino Book Club has announced its first book selections of the year – including the anthology Eight Ways to Say "I Love My Life" and Sabrina Vourvoulias' science-fiction novel Ink.
• Los Angeles Times columnist Héctor Tobar interviewed Sandra Cisneros for the LA Review of Books. Tobar also wrote about Latino Books y Más, a bookstore that specializes in Latino literature in Palm Springs, Calif., that is closing down. Cisneros delivered her playlist, with selections from from Chavela Vargas to The Beatles,to the alt.latino website of NPR.
• Manuel Gonzales, author of the The Miniature Wife and Other Stories, was featured in The Austin Chronicle. Hear Gonzales read one of his book's stories, "Pilot, CoPilot, Writer", on the Poets and Writers website.
• Poet Martín Espada discussed his works, including his most recent book The Trouble Ball, on the TV show Bill Moyers and Company.
• Daniel Alcarón, whose novel At Night We Walk in Circles will come out in the fall, talked to Poets and Writers magazine about the importance of literary awards.
• The Publishing Perspectives website discussed how more translations are needed for books by Latin American writers.
• Natasha Wimmer talked to the website Sampsonia Way about translating the works of Roberto Bolaño.
• Joy Castro, author of Hell or High Water, discussed her faith to the In the Fray website.
In February:
• In honor of Black History Month, here's a look at Afro-Latino writers. Want to read a great romance for Valentine's Day? Try something from this list of great love stories, Latino-style.
Filed under 2013 Books, Awards, Children's Books, Fiction, News
Tagged as Benjamin Alire Saenz, Charles Rice-Gonzalez, Dagoberto Gilb, David Díaz, Dolores Prida, Guadalupe Garcia McCall, Hector Tobar, Jeanne Córdova, Joy Castro, Junot Diaz, Las Comadres and Friends National Book Club, Librotraficante, Manuel Gonzales, Martin Espada, Natasha Wimmer, Reyna Grande, Richard Blanco, rigoberto gonzalez, Rilla Askew, Sabrina Vourvourlias, Sandra Cisneros, Sergio Troncoso, Sonia Manzano, Sonia Sotomayor, Thomas Sanchez, Tony Diaz
Meet novelist Sabrina Vourvoulias, author of "Ink"
Sabrina Vourvoulias has taken on the immigration issue with an intriguing twist.
Her newly released novel, Ink, explores the topic under the science fiction genre. Vourvoulias knows the issue firsthand. She grew up in Guatemala and moved to the United States as a teenager. Vourvoulias has worked mostly in newspapers and serves as managing editor of Al Día News Media, the Spanish-language newspaper in Philadelphia. She writes speculative fiction and poetry and also runs the blog, Following the Lede.
Q. Tell me about your book, Ink.
A. Ink is a novel that combines dystopia, literary fiction and magic realism. As the novel opens, a biometric tattoo has been instituted for temporary workers, immigrants with permanent resident status, and citizens with too-recent immigration history. (Because it is a tattoo those who are marked by it come to be called "inks.") Restrictions, including "English-only" ones, are imposed and escalate until life becomes a series of "bad" and "worse" choices for the protagonists.
The story is narrated by four alternating voices: a journalist whose "beat" is reporting on inks; a citizen ink who works in the city's population control office; an artist who is drawn (pun intended) into the inks' struggles through friendship and temperament; and a teenager whose mother runs an "inkatorium" (a sanitarium-internment center opened in response to public health concerns).
All of the characters grapple with issues of exclusion, identity, and a shifting sense of community. But there is another layer of the world the characters are touched by — a layer peopled by mythic beings, and coursed by spirit and magic. A layer of the world where justice and reconciliation is measured in memories, and by the heart.
Q. Why did you choose the science fiction genre for a novel about immigration?
A. Speculative fiction that incorporates elements of science fiction and fantasy is born with a "what if?" and grows from there. In my case, I was already hearing and reporting about undocumented immigrants in my journalistic work, and tracking how the discourse was becoming less and less about authorization, and more about a generalized fear and loathing. I created characters I cared about — with a diversity of life experiences and expectations — and subjected them to a daily existence that is an exaggerated version of what I have already observed or heard about. I wove through this what I love best about Sci Fi/Fantasy/Magic Realism: the poetic imaginings, and the "what ifs" that aren't restricted to our material, physical world.
Q. How has your Guatemalan/Latino heritage inspired your work? Who are your favorite Latino writers, and why?
A. I grew up in a Guatemala torn by an undeclared, internal war. Those years were spent living our everyday lives under the rule of a repressive government that didn't hesitate to get rid of those it deemed undesirable. Those experiences undergird the very U.S. dystopia I created for Ink, and much of what I subject the fictional city of Hastings to (martial law, curfews, roadblocks and civil patrols, states of emergency) is lived experience.
At the same time, I am formed by the folklore and legends of Guatemala, which all live barely under the skin of those of us connected by blood and heart to that country. It is hard to imagine a nation more rich with pre and post colonial mythology and folklore. That living cultural legacy, and the particularly strong ties of family, faith and community I've experienced in the U.S., are all part of what inspires not only this work, but all my work.
As for favorites, I'm very fond of both Latin American Boom classics and the works of U.S. Latino authors, and probably for the same reasons: they tend to be character-driven and very socially aware, while imbued with a kind of casual or innate magic. Or, if not actual magic, a sense of the mythic. So, Miguel Angel Asturias, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Juan Rulfo and Jorge Luis Borges on the Latin American side, and Sandra Cisneros, Denise Chavez, Ana Castillo, Julia Alvarez, Cristina Garcia, Francisco Goldman and emerging writers like Gina Ruiz and Melinda Palacio on the U.S. side. I also read a lot of poetry including the works of Francisco Alarcon, Lorna Dee Cervantes, Alma Luz Villanueva, Elena Diaz Bjorkquist and Martin Espada.
Leer es poder, they say, and it's true. There is power in words, and the need for Latino voices — read, wrtitten and spoken — has never been clearer.
Filed under 2012 Books, Author Q&A, Fiction
Tagged as Sabrina Vourvourlias

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Machine Authorization For .NET Application I'm looking at some application requirements for a .NET application which specifies the application must only run on authorized machines and authorized users. This is an internal business application so it's not exactly a licensing matter, but perhaps that could still be a valid approach. Rather than re-invent the wheel, I thought I'd ask what's already available for this sort of thing. As far as authorized users go, I figure the application can manage that during startup, yes?

A: Suggestions based on limited information:

*

*Use Kerberos in an AD-environment with AD-STS + WIF/Claims to assert on start

*Use an STS+WIF/Claims without AD

*Keep a database of users and their permissions and check that on start-up through an authorization service

A: Keep certain details about a computer(eg. MAC and CPU Make and Model, along with the make of mother board) in a file distributed with the application. You could sign the file with RSA to protect it from tampering, you would only distribute the public key with the application.
Assuming you use active directory, to ensure that user names are unique (to prevent people creating an account with the same name on their computer and logging in as it circumventing the user check), you could store a list of authorized user names and again sign with RSA.
When the application starts first check the RSA signatures of the files to check their integrity. Then first check the machine is authorized. Then check the user is authorized. You should check at 2 or more points in the code independently to prevent tampering with the validation in one place.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Archbishop of Metropolitan See of Lagos, Most Rev. Alfred Adewale Martins, has described as confusing the trial of Chief Justice Walter Onnoghen on alleged false asset declaration.The cleric said that the necessary procedure to be followed did not take place.
The post Archbishop Martins, SANs express worry over Onnoghen's trial appeared first on The Guardian Nigeria Newspaper – Nigeria and World News.


The Hurst Chrome Universal T-Handle is made of die cast aluminum. Solid body and bold HURST identification adds a stylish touch to your race shifter. T-Handle comes complete with adapters and jam nuts to fit SAE 3/8 and 1/2 in. threads. Also fits 10 mm, 12 mm and 16 mm threads. Incredibly simple to install. As you grasp this T-Handle firmly in the palm of your hands, you will automatically gain a sense of satisfaction.
Fits manual transmission sticks with SAE 3/8-16 and 1/2-20 also Metric M10x1.25, M10x1.50, M12x1.25, M12x1.75 and M16x1.50 thread size.


text:
Q: How do I test an SVG fallback? Is it possible to turn off SVG support in Chrome to test an SVG fallback? If not, what's the best way to test this on a Mac running El Capitan?

A: Download Firefox 1 that's ancient enough not to support SVG.
In Firefox versions between 1.5 and 3 you can turn off SVG support via about:config - set svg.enabled to false. This configuration setting does not work in newer versions of Firefox though.

A: Camino is a decent option for macOS users. It's got the svg.enabled option in about:config to completely disable its SVG support.


Small groups enable us to tailor experiences.
Bible Studies led by the Pastor and/or Director of Christian Education provide varying levels of study. Book discussion groups led by the Director of Christian Education, often in conjunction with the Pastor, focus on contemporary literature.
Two Presbyterian Women circles offer women an opportunity for Bible study and discussions, mission activity, fellowship, and of course some kind of food. The Mary Martha circle meets at the church in the Gathering Place on the first Monday of each month at 11:30 a.m. Pack a sandwich and come join them. The Rachel circle meets on the second Wednesday of each month at 7:30 p.m. at a member's home. All women are welcome at either or both circle groups.
CPC's Book Club is ready to go for October. We are reading The Screwtape Letters by C. S. Lewis. This book is a fictional account of a correspondence between an older demon and his younger charge. Throughout their letters we find the many ways that evil moves and works in our world, as well as the Christian virtues that keep temptations at bay. While it sounds dark, this book has moments of light and laughter throughout and is remarkably introspective and thoughtful, while remaining accessible for adult readers. If you are interested in joining the book club, email Pastor Jeff and let him. He'll give you a book and add you to the e-mail list we'll use to settle the day and time of our gathering.


Summertime is filled with so much opportunity for outdoor fun, entertaining, picnics and all around Americana goodness. We have a beautiful state for celebrations here in Colorado but wouldn't it be fun to win a trip to celebrate somewhere far from home too. World Market has an amazing sweepstakes going on right now (more about that in a bit…) I went on a shopping trip to World Market and was overwhelmed with the inspiration that comes when finding fabulous products for creating a memorable party. I got a little crazy and purchased a bunch of great things to put together a picnic parties for the girls and their American Girl dolls. It ended up so stinkin' cute and lots of fun too!
There are so many fun snacks to choose from at World Market including the black cherry drink. The Utz Pretzel Rods are perfect for drizzling melted white chocolate all over and drizzling with festive sprinkles. The patriotic colored tortilla chips are ideal and of course shelled peanuts are an American favorite.
We packaged the snacks into individual sized portions for the kids and wrapped them in bags with the beautiful raffia.
The snacks all packed up in the beautiful picnic basket with napkins that are perfect for American Girl doll picnic blankets accompanied by the adorable wooden drink carrier filled with yummy bottled beverages created the perfect party for the girls. They had a ball snacking and sharing stories while drawing and coloring with the fun rustic pencils.
And when we were all done, each girl got to go home with their own drink carrier, a napkin for future doll play and a set of colored pencils. Some of the girls saved a snack or two to take home too. The picnic basket, the drink carriers and the napkins really worked so great together to create the perfect outdoor decor for this party.
Something else to love - Buttons, Adhesives and Dolls - Oh My!
To enter, just click the image below and be taken to the official entry form. Good luck!
Happy Entertaining and Good Luck in the Sweepstakes!
PS: If you think the dolls are wearing adorable tees for the picnic, check out how we made them on Doll Diaries today using Tulip One Step Tie Dye from i Love to Create.


By stripping a photo down to the bare essentials, minimalist photographers show how powerful simplicity can be. There's no clutter to distract viewers from the main subject. They see exactly what the photographer wants them to see.
This concept isn't new. Minimalism has been around since the mid-20th century, and it's only risen in popularity. It's no longer an avant-garde idea. You can find minimalism all over Instagram and in many advertisements.
Nowadays, to make your minimalist photos stand out from all the rest, you need more than stark simplicity. You need to combine minimalism with other strategies and techniques, such the ones listed below.
Here are a handful of techniques that work great with minimalism, plus 40 beautiful minimalist photos for inspiration.
This isn't really a technique, but we're mentioning it anyway because it's so important in minimalist photography. Because there's little else in the photo but the subject, the success of your photo will partly depend on how interesting that subject is.
Of course, what's "interesting" will depend on your audience, style, and photography goals. One photographer might be fascinated by flowers, while another thinks they're dull. Some photographers aim for epic scenes, while others find the beauty in everyday life.
In other words, practically anything could be interesting, but not to everyone. You have to ask yourself questions like: "Who is my audience? Why am I photographing this? What kind of photographer do I want to be?" Answering these questions can be tough, but it'll lead to more powerful minimalist photos as you find your voice and audience.
Another way to think about subjects is to consider what stories you want to tell through your photography. Visual narrative or storytelling is a technique many photojournalists use to make their images more powerful as they connect with viewers' emotions.
Minimalism works well with storytelling because there's nothing to distract viewers from the story. Instead of cluttering the picture with details, you give viewers visual space to think about what's happening and build a narrative.
Create a sense of scale.
Scale is when you compare something large to something much smaller. This comparison allows viewers to see and understand how massive something is. For example, you can compare a skyscraper to a person or an ocean to a boat.
This technique is useful to keep in mind when taking minimalist shots of architecture, landscapes, and other large subjects. These subjects are well-suited for minimalism because they allow for a lot of empty space. However, without a sense of scale, their impressive size won't be obvious. You'll have simplicity, but not grandeur. Having both will make your photo instantly more powerful.
Bold colors can be visually striking, but they need simplicity to truly stand out. That's because bright colors can be overwhelming if there's too much happening in a photo. They're yet another element pulling at the viewers' attention.
That's why minimalism and bright colors are a perfect match. The colors catch the viewers' eyes, and the minimalism makes the image attractive instead of overwhelming. For more tips on photographing bright colors, check out this post: How to Capture Bold Colors in Your Photography.
Go for black and white.
At the other end of the spectrum, you can use black and white to get the same eye-catching effect as bold colors. Without the distraction of color, viewers will see the contrast between dark and light more clearly. This contrast alone can grab their attention.
This strategy is great for subjects that are dark but lack color, especially if they're set against a light, colorful background such as the sky. Instead of competing with the color, the subject will then pop out in black and white as the darkest thing in the photo.
Another way to create contrast is to place different textures side-by-side. For instance, you can photograph something smooth next to something rough. Though subtle, this textural contrast can make your minimalist images more intriguing.
But contrast isn't the only way to work with texture. Some textures are worth photographing by themselves without any comparison. This is particularly true if you already have another type of contrast in the image. For example, if the photo is in black and white with a stark contrast between the two, a single texture is probably enough.
Repeating patterns are fantastic subjects for minimalist photos because they don't always work well with other elements. They grab too much attention. If you use them as a background, they'll likely distract viewers from the main subject. And if they're one of several elements, the image may look cluttered.
Minimalism prevents patterns from cluttering or "taking over" an image. There's little else for viewers to look at – perhaps just a silhouette or shadow of a person. Patterns with a lot of repetition, such as stairs, windows, and columns, are all great choices for a minimalist photo.
Pay attention to directional lines.
Vertical, diagonal, and horizontal lines can all be considered directional lines, as they direct the viewers' attention. Each one comes with a certain "feel" that influences the image's atmosphere. Horizontal lines are stable and peaceful; vertical lines are strong and structured; and diagonal lines are powerful and energetic.
Regardless of which type of line you photograph, remember to pay attention to where the line begins and ends in the frame. Ideally, the lines should direct the viewers' attention to the subject.
You'll also want keep horizontal and vertical lines as straight as possible, and photograph vertical lines so they end in a corner. This will prevent your image from looking crooked or off-balance.
When all else fails, aim for an excellent composition. A well-composed photo will take you a long way in minimalist photography. Since the photo itself is rather simple, a thoughtful composition is crucial for creating powerful images.
Many photographers start with the "rule of thirds" when composing photos, but it's not the only technique out there. For a list of compositional techniques, check out our 2019 Photography Challenge, which has a large section devoted to composition.
For more great minimalist photography tips, check out our list of resources here. If you get a cool minimalist shot, share it with us on Instagram or Flickr so we can admire it!


Loving the pictures! The Airborne app has an experience specifically for skaters, created by Anne-Sophie Julien, of the Skirtboarders group. It's quite fun, try it out!
The Homies from Ottawa Killing P45!
Quelques souvenirs de la Construction du Pocket.


text:
You searched for +publisher:"University of Texas – Austin" +contributor:("Dahlin, Michael"). Showing records 1 – 12 of 12 total matches.
University of Texas – Austin
1. Belaramani, Nalini Moti. Policy architecture for distributed storage systems.
Degree: Computer Sciences, 2009, University of Texas – Austin
► Distributed data storage is a building block for many distributed systems such as mobile file systems, web service replication systems, enterprise file systems, etc. New… (more)
▼ Distributed data storage is a building block for many distributed systems such as mobile file systems, web service replication systems, enterprise file systems, etc. New distributed data storage systems are frequently built as new environment, requirements or workloads emerge. The goal of this dissertation is to develop the science of distributed storage systems by making it easier to build new systems. In order to achieve this goal, it proposes a new policy architecture, PADS, that is based on two key ideas: first, by providing a set of common mechanisms in an underlying layer, new systems can be implemented by defining policies that orchestrate these mechanisms; second, policy can be separated into routing and blocking policy, each addresses different parts of the system design. Routing policy specifies how data flow among nodes in order to meet performance, availability, and resource usage goals, whereas blocking policy specifies when it is safe to access data in order to meet consistency and durability goals. This dissertation presents a PADS prototype that defines a set of distributed storage mechanisms that are sufficiently flexible and general to support a large range of systems, a small policy API that is easy to use and captures the right abstractions for distributed storage, and a declarative language for specifying policy that enables quick, concise implementations of complex systems. We demonstrate that PADS is able to significantly reduce development effort by constructing a dozen significant distributed storage systems spanning a large portion of the design space over the prototype. We find that each system required only a couple of weeks of implementation effort and required a few dozen lines of policy code. Advisors/Committee Members: Dahlin, Michael (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Distributed data storage; Policy architecture; PADS; Routing policy; Blocking policy; Common mechanisms; Distributed systems
Belaramani, N. M. (2009). Policy architecture for distributed storage systems . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6532
Belaramani, Nalini Moti. "Policy architecture for distributed storage systems." 2009. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6532.
Belaramani, Nalini Moti. "Policy architecture for distributed storage systems." 2009. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Belaramani NM. Policy architecture for distributed storage systems. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2009. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6532.
Belaramani NM. Policy architecture for distributed storage systems. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6532
2. Lee, Sangmin. Towards a privacy-preserving platform for apps.
► On mobile platforms such as iOS and Android, Web browsers such as Google Chrome, and even smart televisions such as Google TV or Roku, hundreds… (more)
▼ On mobile platforms such as iOS and Android, Web browsers such as Google Chrome, and even smart televisions such as Google TV or Roku, hundreds of thousands of software apps provide services to users. Their functionality often requires access to potentially sensitive user data (e.g., contact lists, passwords, photos), sensor inputs (e.g., camera, microphone, GPS), and/or information about user behavior. Most apps use this data responsibly, but there has also been evidence of privacy violations. As a result, individuals must carefully consider what apps to install and corporations often restrict what apps employees can install on their devices, to prevent an untrusted app—or a cloud provider that an app communicates with—from leaking personal data and proprietary information. There is an inherent trade-off between users' privacy and apps' functionality. An app with no access to user data cannot leak anything sensitive, but many apps cannot function without such data. A password management app needs access to passwords, an audio transcription app needs access to the recordings of users' speech, and a navigation app needs users' location. In this dissertation, we present two app platform designs, πBox and CleanRoom, that strike a useful balance between users' privacy and apps' functional needs, thus shifting much of the responsibility for protecting privacy from the app and its users to the platform itself. πBox is a new app platform that prevents apps from misusing information about their users. To achieve this, πBox deploys (1) a sandbox that spans the user's device and the cloud, (2) specialized storage and communication channels that enable common app functionality, and (3) an adaptation of recent theoretical algorithms for differential privacy under continual observation. We describe a prototype implementation of πBox and show how it enables a wide range of useful apps with minimal performance overhead and without sacrificing user privacy. In particular, πBox develops the aforementioned three techniques under the assumption of limited sharing of personal data. CleanRoom extends πBox and is designed to protect confidentiality in a "Bring Your Own Apps" (BYOA) world in which employees use their own untrusted third-party apps to create, edit, and share corporate data. CleanRoom's core guarantee is privacy-preserving collaboration: CleanRoom enables employees to work together on shared documents while ensuring that the documents' owners—not the app accessing the document—control who can access and collaborate on the document. To achieve this guarantee, CleanRoom partitions an app into three parts, each of which implements a different function of the app (data navigation, data manipulation, and app settings), and controls communication between these parts. We show that CleanRoom accommodates a broad range of apps, preserves the confidentiality of the data that these apps access, and incurs insignificant overhead (e.g., 0.11 ms of overhead per client-server request). Both πBox and CleanRoom use differential privacy for… Advisors/Committee Members: Dahlin, Michael (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Privacy; Platform; Cloud
11 more images…
Lee, S. (2014). Towards a privacy-preserving platform for apps . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28360
Lee, Sangmin. "Towards a privacy-preserving platform for apps." 2014. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28360.
Lee, Sangmin. "Towards a privacy-preserving platform for apps." 2014. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Lee S. Towards a privacy-preserving platform for apps. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2014. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28360.
Lee S. Towards a privacy-preserving platform for apps. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28360
3. Aiyer, Amitanand S. Alternative implementations for storage and communication abstractions in distributed systems.
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1918
► Abstractions are widely used in building reliable distributed systems as they simplifies the task of building complex systems and aid in reasoning about them. Implementing… (more)
▼ Abstractions are widely used in building reliable distributed systems as they simplifies the task of building complex systems and aid in reasoning about them. Implementing these abstractions, however, requires making certain assumptions about the environment in which they will be used. We find that there is a mismatch in the set of assumptions used to implement abstractions in the different layers of a distributed system. This leads to a costlier design and may render the implementation unusable in situations where the assumptions do not hold. In this dissertation we provide alternative implementations for the abstractions of distributed registers and communication channels that rely on a unified set of assumptions across the different layers of a distributed system. Advisors/Committee Members: Alvisi, Lorenzo (advisor), Bazzi, Rida A. (committee member), Dahlin, Michael (committee member), Gouda, Mohamed (committee member), Wylie, Jay (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Distributed systems; Abstractions
Aiyer, A. S. (2010). Alternative implementations for storage and communication abstractions in distributed systems . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1918
Aiyer, Amitanand S. "Alternative implementations for storage and communication abstractions in distributed systems." 2010. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1918.
Aiyer, Amitanand S. "Alternative implementations for storage and communication abstractions in distributed systems." 2010. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Aiyer AS. Alternative implementations for storage and communication abstractions in distributed systems. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2010. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1918.
Aiyer AS. Alternative implementations for storage and communication abstractions in distributed systems. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1918
4. Roy, Indrajit. Protecting sensitive information from untrusted code.
► As computer systems support more aspects of modern life, from finance to health care, security is becoming increasingly important. However, building secure systems remains a… (more)
▼ As computer systems support more aspects of modern life, from finance to health care, security is becoming increasingly important. However, building secure systems remains a challenge. Software continues to have security vulnerabilities due to reasons ranging from programmer errors to inadequate programming tools. Because of these vulnerabilities we need mechanisms that protect sensitive data even when the software is untrusted. This dissertation shows that secure and practical frameworks can be built for protecting users' data from untrusted applications in both desktop and cloud computing environment. Laminar is a new framework that secures desktop applications by enforcing policies written as information flow rules. Information flow control, a form of mandatory access control, enables programmers to write powerful, end-to-end security guarantees while reducing the amount of trusted code. Current programming abstractions and implementations of this model either compromise end-to-end security guarantees or require substantial modifications to applications, thus deterring adoption. Laminar addresses these shortcomings by exporting a single set of abstractions to control information flows through operating system resources and heap-allocated objects. Programmers express security policies by labeling data and represent access restrictions on code using a new abstraction called a security region. The Laminar programming model eases incremental deployment, limits dynamic security checks, and supports multithreaded programs that can access heterogeneously labeled data. In large scale, distributed computations safeguarding information requires solutions beyond mandatory access control. An important challenge is to ensure that the computation, including its output, does not leak sensitive information about the inputs. For untrusted code, access control cannot guarantee that the output does not leak information. This dissertation proposes Airavat, a MapReduce-based system which augments mandatory access control with differential privacy to guarantee security and privacy for distributed computations. Data providers control the security policy for their sensitive data, including a mathematical bound on potential privacy violations. Users without security expertise can perform computations on the data; Airavat prevents information leakage beyond the data provider's policy. Our prototype implementation of Airavat demonstrates that several data mining tasks can be performed in a privacy preserving fashion with modest performance overheads. Advisors/Committee Members: Witchel, Emmett (advisor), Dahlin, Michael D. (committee member), Mazières, David (committee member), McKinley, Kathryn S. (committee member), Shmatikov, Vitaly (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: Security; Operating systems; Java virtual machine; Cloud computing; Information flow control; Access control; Differential privacy
Roy, I. (2010). Protecting sensitive information from untrusted code . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1951
Roy, Indrajit. "Protecting sensitive information from untrusted code." 2010. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1951.
Roy, Indrajit. "Protecting sensitive information from untrusted code." 2010. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Roy I. Protecting sensitive information from untrusted code. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2010. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1951.
Roy I. Protecting sensitive information from untrusted code. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1951
5. Kotla, Ramakrishna Rao, 1976-. xBFT : Byzantine fault tolerance with high performance, low cost, and aggressive fault isolation.
Degree: Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008, University of Texas – Austin
► We are increasingly relying on online services to store, access, share, and disseminate critical information from anywhere and at all times. Such services include email,… (more)
▼ We are increasingly relying on online services to store, access, share, and disseminate critical information from anywhere and at all times. Such services include email, digital storage, photos, video, health and financial services, etc. With increasing evidence of non-fail-stop failures in practical systems, Byzantine fault tolerant state machine replication technique is becoming increasingly attractive for building highlyreliable services in order to tolerate such failures. However, existing Byzantine fault tolerant techniques fall short of providing high availability, high performance, and long-term data durability guarantees with competitive replication cost. In this dissertation, we present BFT replication techniques that facilitate the design and implementation of such highly-reliable services by providing high availability, high performance and high durability with competitive replication cost (hardware, software, network, management). First, we propose CBASE, a BFT state machine replication architecture that leverages application-level parallelism to improve throughput of the replicated system by identifying and executing independent requests concurrently. Traditional state machine replication based Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) techniques provide high availability and security but fail to provide high throughput. This limitation stems from the fundamental assumption of generalized state machine replication techniques that all replicas execute requests sequentially in the same total order to ensure consistency across replicas. Our architecture thus provides a general way to exploit application parallelism in order to provide high throughput without compromising correctness. Second, we present Zyzzyva, an efficient BFT agreement protocol that uses speculation to significantly reduce the performance overhead and replication cost of BFT state machine replication. In Zyzzyva, replicas respond to a client's request without first running an expensive three-phase commit protocol to reach agreement on the order in which the request must be processed. Instead, they optimistically adopt the order proposed by the primary and respond immediately to the client. Replicas can thus become temporarily inconsistent with one another, but clients detect inconsistencies, help correct replicas converge on a single total ordering of requests, and only rely on responses that are consistent with this total order. This approach allows Zyzzyva to reduce replication overheads to near their theoretical minima. Third, we design and implement SafeStore, a distributed storage system designed to maintain long-term data durability despite conventional hardware and software faults, environmental disruptions, and administrative failures caused by human error or malice. The architecture of SafeStore is based on fault isolation, which SafeStore applies aggressively along administrative, physical, and temporal dimensions by spreading data across autonomous storage service providers (SSPs). SafeStore also performs an efficient end-to-end audit of… Advisors/Committee Members: Dahlin, Michael (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Fault-tolerant computing; High performance computing
Kotla, Ramakrishna Rao, 1. (2008). xBFT : Byzantine fault tolerance with high performance, low cost, and aggressive fault isolation . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17979
Kotla, Ramakrishna Rao, 1976-. "xBFT : Byzantine fault tolerance with high performance, low cost, and aggressive fault isolation." 2008. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17979.
Kotla, Ramakrishna Rao, 1976-. "xBFT : Byzantine fault tolerance with high performance, low cost, and aggressive fault isolation." 2008. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Kotla, Ramakrishna Rao 1. xBFT : Byzantine fault tolerance with high performance, low cost, and aggressive fault isolation. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2008. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17979.
Kotla, Ramakrishna Rao 1. xBFT : Byzantine fault tolerance with high performance, low cost, and aggressive fault isolation. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17979
6. Mahajan, Prince. Highly available storage with minimal trust.
► Storage services form the core of modern Internet-based services spanning commercial, entertainment, and social-networking sectors. High availability is crucial for these services as even an… (more)
▼ Storage services form the core of modern Internet-based services spanning commercial, entertainment, and social-networking sectors. High availability is crucial for these services as even an hour of unavailability can cost them millions of dollars in lost revenue. Unfortunately, it is difficult to build highly available storage services that provide useful correctness properties. Both benign (system crashes, power out- ages etc.) and Byzantine faults (memory or disk corruption, software or configuration errors etc.) plague the availability of these services. Furthermore, the goal of high availability conflicts with our desire to provide good performance and strong correctness guarantees. For example, the Consistency, Availability, and Partition- resilience (CAP) theorem states that a storage service that must be available despite network partitions cannot enforce strong consistency. Similarly, the tradeoff between latency and durability dictates that a low-latency service cannot ensure durability in the presence of data-center wide failures. This dissertation explores the theoretical and practical limits of storage services that can be safe and live despite the presence of benign and Byzantine faults. On the practical front, we use cloud storage as a deployment model to build Depot, a highly available storage service that addresses the above challenges. Depot minimizes the trust clients have to put in the third party storage provider. As a result, Depot clients can continue functioning despite benign or Byzantine faults of the cloud servers. Yet, Depot provides stronger availability, durability, and consistency properties than those provided by many of the existing cloud deployments, without incurring prohibitive performance cost. For example, in contrast to Amazon S3's eventual consistency, Depot provides a variation of causal consistency on each volume, while tolerating Byzantine faults. On the theoretical front, we explore the consistency-availability tradeoffs. Tradeoffs between consistency and availability have proved useful for designers in deciding how much to strengthen consistency if high availability is desired or how much to compromise availability if strong consistency is essential. We explore the limits of such tradeoffs by attempting to answer the question: What are the semantics that can be implemented without compromising availability? In this work, we investigate this question for both fail-stop and Byzantine failure models. An immediate benefit of answering this question is that we can compare and contrast the consistency provided by Depot with that achievable by an optimal implementation. More crucially, this result complements the CAP theorem. While, the CAP theorem defines a set of properties that cannot be achieved, this work identifies the limits of properties that can be achieved. Advisors/Committee Members: Dahlin, Michael (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Cloud storage; Byzantine fault tolerance; Fork-Join-Causal (FJC) consistency; Fork consistency
Mahajan, P. (2012). Highly available storage with minimal trust . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/16320
Mahajan, Prince. "Highly available storage with minimal trust." 2012. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/16320.
Mahajan, Prince. "Highly available storage with minimal trust." 2012. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Mahajan P. Highly available storage with minimal trust. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2012. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/16320.
Mahajan P. Highly available storage with minimal trust. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2012. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/16320
7. Wang, Yang, Ph. D. Separating data from metadata for robustness and scalability.
► When building storage systems that aim to simultaneously provide robustness, scalability, and efficiency, one faces a fundamental tension, as higher robustness typically incurs higher costs… (more)
▼ When building storage systems that aim to simultaneously provide robustness, scalability, and efficiency, one faces a fundamental tension, as higher robustness typically incurs higher costs and thus hurts both efficiency and scalability. My research shows that an approach to storage system design based on a simple principle—separating data from metadata—can yield systems that address elegantly and effectively that tension in a variety of settings. One observation motivates our approach: much of the cost paid by many strong protection techniques is incurred to detect errors. This observation suggests an opportunity: if we can build a low-cost oracle to detect errors and identify correct data, it may be possible to reduce the cost of protection without weakening its guarantees. This dissertation shows that metadata, if carefully designed, can serve as such an oracle and help a storage system protect its data with minimal cost. This dissertation shows how to effectively apply this idea in three very different systems: Gnothi—a storage replication protocol that combines the high availability of asynchronous replication and the low cost of synchronous replication for a small-scale block storage; Salus—a large-scale block storage with unprecedented guarantees in terms of consistency, availability, and durability in the face of a wide range of server failures; and Exalt—a tool to emulate a large storage system with 100 times fewer machines. Advisors/Committee Members: Alvisi, Lorenzo (advisor), Dahlin, Michael (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Metadata; Robustness; Scalability; Storage; Replication; Fault tolerace
Wang, Yang, P. D. (2014). Separating data from metadata for robustness and scalability . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28370
Wang, Yang, Ph D. "Separating data from metadata for robustness and scalability." 2014. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28370.
Wang, Yang, Ph D. "Separating data from metadata for robustness and scalability." 2014. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Wang, Yang PD. Separating data from metadata for robustness and scalability. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2014. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28370.
Wang, Yang PD. Separating data from metadata for robustness and scalability. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28370
8. Goel, Deepak. A CleanRoom approach to bring your own apps.
► Today, on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, hundreds of thousands of software apps provide useful services to users. Users use these apps to… (more)
▼ Today, on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, hundreds of thousands of software apps provide useful services to users. Users use these apps to search and browse the web, perform financial transactions, emailing, among other functions. Besides, these apps use cloud services which gives the users the flexibility to access them from anywhere and from any device. Because of the rich functionality of these apps and ease of use of mobile devices, users (employees) often want to use their devices and preferred apps at their workplace. However, these apps not only pose risk to user's private data but also to enterprise data, when users use them within an enterprise network. For one thing, these apps come from hundreds and thousands of different app publishers, where all of them may not be trustworthy. Second, apps often need user's private data such as location, contact list, photos among others and use remote cloud to carry out their operations. In the process apps may leak a user's private or enterprise confidential data to a third party. Current practices to prevent such leaks through user enabled app permissions fall short because often user does not understand these permissions. Besides, even if a company's "Bring Your Own Device" (BYOD) policies mitigate the risk of device compromise with enterprise-approved password policies, remote wipe capabilities, and OS security upgrade policies, the apps on those devices pose their own risks. This thesis presents CleanRoom, a new app platform that prevents apps from leaking the data entrusted to them. It does not rely on users to make good decisions about Privacy, and enables enterprises to allow its employees to use their own devices and bring their preferred apps to work. Advisors/Committee Members: Dahlin, Michael (advisor), Shmatikov, Vitaly (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: BYOA; BYOD; Differential privacy; Information flow control; Privacy preserving app; Android; App security
Goel, D. (2013). A CleanRoom approach to bring your own apps . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/40995
Goel, Deepak. "A CleanRoom approach to bring your own apps." 2013. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/40995.
Goel, Deepak. "A CleanRoom approach to bring your own apps." 2013. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Goel D. A CleanRoom approach to bring your own apps. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2013. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/40995.
Goel D. A CleanRoom approach to bring your own apps. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2013. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/40995
9. Rebello, Rohan Francis. Byzantine fault tolerant web applications using the UpRight library.
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-362
► Web applications are widely used for email, online sales, auctions, collaboration, etc. Most of today's highly-available web applications implement fault tolerant protocols in order to… (more)
▼ Web applications are widely used for email, online sales, auctions, collaboration, etc. Most of today's highly-available web applications implement fault tolerant protocols in order to tolerate crash faults. However, recent system-wide failures have been caused by arbitrary or Byzantine faults which these applications are not capable of handling. Despite the abundance of research on adding Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) to a system, BFT systems have found little use outside the research community. Reasons typically cited for this are the difficulty in implementing such systems and the performance overhead associated with them. While most research focuses on improving the performance or lowering the replication cost of BFT protocols, little has been done on making them easy to implement. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the viability of BFT web applications and show that, given the right abstraction, it is viable to build a Byzantine fault tolerant web application without extensive reimplementation of the web application. In order to achieve this goal, it demonstrates a BFT implementation of the Apache Tomcat servlet container and the VQWiki web application by using the UpRight BFT library. The UpRight library provides abstractions that make it easy to develop BFT applications and we leverage this abstraction to reduce the implementation cost of our system. Our results are encouraging — less than 2% of the original system needs to be modified while still retaining all the functionality of the original system. Given the design trade-offs that we make in implementing the system, we also get comparable performance, indicating that implementing BFT is a viable option to explore for highly-available web applications. Advisors/Committee Members: Alvisi, Lorenzo (advisor), Dahlin, Michael (committee member).
Subjects/Keywords: fault tolerance; byzantine; web applications; UpRight library
Rebello, R. F. (2009). Byzantine fault tolerant web applications using the UpRight library . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-362
Rebello, Rohan Francis. "Byzantine fault tolerant web applications using the UpRight library." 2009. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-362.
Rebello, Rohan Francis. "Byzantine fault tolerant web applications using the UpRight library." 2009. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Rebello RF. Byzantine fault tolerant web applications using the UpRight library. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2009. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-362.
Rebello RF. Byzantine fault tolerant web applications using the UpRight library. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2009. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-362
10. Jain, Navendu. Precision-integrated scalable monitoring.
► Scalable system monitoring is a fundamental abstraction for large-scale networked systems. The goal of this dissertation is to design and build a scalable monitoring middleware… (more)
▼ Scalable system monitoring is a fundamental abstraction for large-scale networked systems. The goal of this dissertation is to design and build a scalable monitoring middleware that provides system introspection for large distributed systems and that will facilitate the design, development, and deployment of distributed monitoring applications. This middleware will enable monitoring applications to flexibly control the tradeoff between result precision and communication cost and to improve result accuracy in the face of node failures, network delays, and system reconfigurations. We present PRISM (PRecision-Integrated Scalable Monitoring), a scalable monitoring middleware that provides a global aggregate view of large-scale networked systems and that can serve as a building block for a broad range of distributed monitoring applications by coordinating views of multiple vantage points across the network. To coordinate a global view for system introspection, PRISM faces two key challenges: (1) scalability to large systems and high data volumes and (2) safeguarding accuracy in the face of node and network failures. To address these challenges, we design, implement, and evaluate PRISM, a system that defines precision as a new unified abstraction to enable scalable monitoring. PRISM quantifies (im)precision along a three-dimensional vector: arithmetic imprecision (AI) and temporal imprecision (TI) balance precision against monitoring overhead for scalability while network imprecision (NI) addresses the challenge of providing consistency guarantees despite failures. Our prototype implementation of PRISM addresses the challenge of providing these metrics while scaling to a large number of nodes and attributes by (1) leveraging Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) to create scalable aggregation trees, (2) self-tuning AI budgets across nodes in a principled, near-optimal manner to shift precision to where it is useful, (3) pipelining TI delays across tree levels to maximize batching of updates, and (4) applying dual-tree prefix aggregation which exploits symmetry in our DHT topology to drastically reduce the cost of the active probing needed to maintain NI. Through extensive simulations and experiments on four large-scale testbeds, we observe that PRISM provides a key substrate for scalable monitoring by (1) reducing monitoring load by up to two orders of magnitude compared to existing approaches, (2) providing a flexible framework to control the tradeoff between accuracy, bandwidth cost, and response latency, (3) characterizing and improving confidence in the accuracy of results in the face of system disruptions, and (4) improving the observed accuracy by up to an order of magnitude despite churn. We have built several monitoring applications on top of PRISM including a distributed heavy hitter detection service, a distributed monitoring service for Internet-scale systems, and a detection service for monitoring distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks at the source-side in distributed networked systems. Finally, we demonstrate… Advisors/Committee Members: Dahlin, Michael (advisor).
Subjects/Keywords: Scalable monitoring; System introspection; PRISM; PRecision-Integrated Scalable Monitoring; Monitoring middleware; Large-scale networked systems
Jain, N. (2008). Precision-integrated scalable monitoring . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/29608
Jain, Navendu. "Precision-integrated scalable monitoring." 2008. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/29608.
Jain, Navendu. "Precision-integrated scalable monitoring." 2008. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Jain N. Precision-integrated scalable monitoring. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2008. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/29608.
Jain N. Precision-integrated scalable monitoring. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2008. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/29608
11. Yalagandula, Praveen. A scalable information management middleware for large distributed systems.
Subjects/Keywords: Middleware – Design and construction; Electronic data processing – Distributed processing
Yalagandula, P. (2005). A scalable information management middleware for large distributed systems . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2197
Yalagandula, Praveen. "A scalable information management middleware for large distributed systems." 2005. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2197.
Yalagandula, Praveen. "A scalable information management middleware for large distributed systems." 2005. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Yalagandula P. A scalable information management middleware for large distributed systems. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2005. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2197.
Yalagandula P. A scalable information management middleware for large distributed systems. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2005. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2197
12. Venkataramani, Arunkumar. Mechanisms and algorithms for large-scale replication systems.
Subjects/Keywords: Electronic data processing – Distributed processing
Venkataramani, A. (2004). Mechanisms and algorithms for large-scale replication systems . (Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1424
Venkataramani, Arunkumar. "Mechanisms and algorithms for large-scale replication systems." 2004. Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed July 19, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1424.
Venkataramani, Arunkumar. "Mechanisms and algorithms for large-scale replication systems." 2004. Web. 19 Jul 2019.
Venkataramani A. Mechanisms and algorithms for large-scale replication systems. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2004. [cited 2019 Jul 19]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1424.
Venkataramani A. Mechanisms and algorithms for large-scale replication systems. [Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2004. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1424


Cyril Ramaphosa came out on top of a knife-edge vote against Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma on Monday evening, to become the new President of the ANC. The world was watching on, and it had plenty to say.
Online media had a field day with the news that Jacob Zuma will make way for Mr Ramaphosa as the President of the party. Although Zuma remains the President of South Africa, Cyril could eventually replace him over the course of the next year.
Both The Times of Luxembourg and The Mirror of the UK chose to lead with Ramaphosa's reputation. They commend him for being 'the choice of Nelson Mandela', a tag you suspect will start following him around.
Luxembourg's interest is a particular point of interest, as the country boasts the Highest GDP per capita in Europe. Is this more approval from the business world for Ramaphosa's appointment?
Now, we know India – and one family in particular – keep a keen eye on South African business practices. The Times of India focused on the challenges ahead for CR, and highlighted the deep divisions within the party. Whilst most are fawning over his strength in business, The Times looked at how tough the fight for unity will be.
The global reaction could perhaps be described as 'lukewarm'. Had Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma secured victory, we suspect there'd have been an even frostier reception for a dynastic succession.


text:
Chelsea winger Callum Hudson-Odoi
Callum Hudson-Odoi was a picture of happiness after ending his wait for a first Premier League goal in Chelsea's 3-0 win over Burnley.
The England winger got on the end of Cesar Azpilicueta's cross to finish off the scoring as the Blues avoided a third consecutive home defeat in the top flight.
Hudson-Odoi, who returned from a ruptured Achilles earlier this season, had to endure a VAR check after wheeling away in celebration.
The video official adjudged there had been no touch from fellow goalscorer Tammy Abraham, meaning Hudson-Odoi was onside.
"I'm really delighted. Finally I've got it," he said.
"I thought to myself that if no one touched it, it was goal. I'm delighted it went my way."
Azpi with the cross. Hudson-Odoi with the tap-in at the back post! @Calteck10's first ever @PremierLeague goal!
3-0 [49'] #CHEBUR https://t.co/ZAIrSvDNM9 pic.twitter.com/hrDKKf3HaB
— Chelsea FC (@ChelseaFC) January 11, 2020
Hudson-Odoi's goal came four minutes after half-time and Chelsea, five points ahead of fifth-placed Manchester United, probably should have enjoyed a greater margin of victory.
"We have to be more clinical, we always say that," the 19-year-old said. "We got the chances we could have scored more.
"But at the same time we are putting them away. We were a bit more clinical and hopefully next game we'll try to get more."
Hudson-Odoi added: "The boys put in a massive effort – the enthusiasm, the work rate. We all had it today.
"It was hard for us in the first 20 or 25 minutes to get on the ball and create stuff. In the second half here was more space and we started getting into pockets."
Jorginho put Frank Lampard's side in front from the penalty spot before Abraham and Hudson-Odoi struck.


text:
The Fan Hitch Volume 11, Number 2, March 2009
From the Editor: Working Dogs –
Reasoned Perception or Illogical Vision
the Broken Covenant of the Wild, Part I
The Gentrification of Working Breeds
Qimmiit Utirtut is Four Years-Old!
Behavior Notebook: Curious Naturalist
Remembering a Stunning Achievement
Book Review: The Polar World: the Unique Vision of Sir Wally Herbert
IMHO: You, a Reader of The Fan Hitch
IMHO....
You, a Reader of The Fan Hitch
by Mark Hamilton
Over the course of the last year or so we've added a number of features to the website. You now have access to back issue articles indexed by "Subject" as well as by "Volume Number", and recently we added an internal search engine as well. There is now a "Resources" page with a broad range of information relating to both the Inuit Dog and the North, as well as a page devoted solely to providing up-to-date information on purchasing Ken MacRury's thesis, The Inuit Dog: Its Provenance, Environment and History.
We've also included something invisible on about 20% of The Fan Hitch pages on our site. It's a small piece of code that provides us with a little information about our readership. I think it's best if I first tell you what this code and information is not. It's not the kind of detail that you see accessed on those TV crime shows. We don't know who you are or where you live, nor do we have the know-how, ability or interest in finding out that kind of information. What we do get are statistics about time of day, numbers of visitors, time spent on site and the number of pages visited. We also get a location by city/town/hamlet, but that often is the location of the "central office" for your internet service provider (ISP), not where you actually live. We also get information on operating systems and browsers used as well as screen resolution of monitors, which probably interests someone, but not us. Still, we've learned some interesting things, and we thought you'd likely find them interesting as well.
Over the course of the last year (February 22, 2008 to February 21, 2009) we've had 5,746 visits from 3,726 different visitors. There were "at least" 20,771 page views. For some of our information we have to say "at least" because only 20% of the back issues are coded for information gathering. (We back-tracked only as far as volume 9, number 1.) The way the visitor/page/time-on-site information breaks out is this: 3.61 pages per visit and 4:02 minutes per visit. Collectively you spent "at least" 386 hours visiting The Fan Hitch and for all of that, Sue and I would now like to say, "Thank you."
Your visits came from 76 different countries and territories. 26% of you appear to have added The Fan Hitch to your favorites list as you came directly to our site. 38% of you found your way here via referral from another site, and 36% of you used a search-engine.
65% of our visits were by first-time viewers. On the other hand, we count 1,259 of you as readers of all editions of The Fan Hitch, and 1,994 of you as returning visitors.
The Fan Hitch averages 15.66 visits per day, but that number is a pretty meaningless statistic. Actual readership (measured in terms of visits) more closely follows our four times per year publishing schedule. As we approach a publishing date we see our visitor numbers increase. Those visits are generally short in duration, just a quick trip to the front page to see if the next edition of The Fan Hitch has been posted. Traffic spikes immediately after a new edition is posted, and after a week or so the readership numbers start a gentle decline. The following graph has been compressed enough to help illustrate the four spikes.
You'll also notice in this graph that during the second half 2008, in the period after each publishing spike, the continuing readership level is higher than it was in the first half of the year. From that we take it that The Fan Hitch readership is still growing, and Sue and I would like to say "Welcome!" to all our new readers.
We also can look at "hit" numbers on the individual pages and get a sense of what you collectively like to read. While some preference is shown for particular articles, we find that, across the categories of topics as we arrange them in the "Subject" index, you're reading everything. That's good news for us, as most of the content of The Fan Hitch is generated on the basis of current events. Writing to satisfy just specific interests would be extraordinarily difficult for us. Actually, it would be impossible.
The "hit" numbers tell us other things as well. For instance, recently ISD enthusiast Stijn Heijs, from The Netherlands, presented us with a model for establishing an index of articles by "Subject". Once it was established, the "Subject" index very quickly became one of our "Top 10" pages viewed. And today it is the second most viewed page on The Fan Hitch site. Its demonstrated value was what led us to add the latest site feature, the "Custom Search".
Information about search engine "key words" tells us what people were looking for when they found The Fan Hitch. The most searched upon words for visitors in 2008 were "Nadine Gerth", closely followed by "Qikiqtani Truth Commission". Of course, now you can just use our search engine on The Fan Hitch site to repeat those searches for yourself to see what the buzz is all about.
So that about covers what we've learned about readers of The Fan Hitch, and it's good to know it. Where this information highlights other enhancements we can make to The Fan Hitch we'll do what we can to respond. And, just like with Stijn's suggestion for establishing an index of articles by "Subject", we'd love to hear your suggestions as well.


text:
Steven Universe Movie
'Steven Universe: The Movie', The Animated Film That Fans Deserved
But everything will change when a new threat arrives in Beach City: Be part of this great story with the arrival of the highly anticipated 'Steven Universe The.
What caused the rejuvenator? answer choices. That the crystal gems went to different places in the world. that the.
'Steven Universe: The Movie' was recently released by Cartoon Network, it is the evolution of a unique series.
The novelties of Steven Universe in Spain are completely scarce. The series has been on hiatus for almost 1 year in the region, and they still lack.
STEVEN UNIVERSE: THE MOVIE hits theaters in Argentina! – Orange Cinema
Steven Universe: The Movie. Share. Set two years after the events of the fifth season.
We are happy, now what?
Steven Universe is one of those series that has rightly captivated a large number of adults with its six seasons broadcast episodes. From the Comic-Con of the development of this animated film was announced. Little did we know back then where the fifth season of Steven Universe would take us, however, once we saw the ending earlier this year, we were soon wondering about the plot of the movie, both because of the fabulous ending to the season and because of the the teasers that suggested the incursion of a new enemy or at least something quite unknown.
Indeed, the story introduces us to Spinel, as well as an intricate story of loyalty, love and abandonment. In Steven Universe: The Movie we are shown to our friends two years after what happened in the emotional final episode of the fifth season. These are not all the changes in Steven's universe, his actions and his long battle against the Diamond empire have brought profound changes in Beach City, in his friends, on planet Earth and, of course, in the universe.
The evolution of the characters is a trait that has defined the stories in Steven Universe. So, we await news of a sixth season. It is true that the plot follows a somewhat familiar path and has a fairly simple resolution —which is not simple—, however, we can say that it has the "stamp" by Steven Universe.
Also in Hypertextual.
No Matter What – Steven Universe: The Movie – Steven Universe – Cartoon Network
Tagged movie, steven, Steven Universe, universe
Prev Chris Evans Height
Next Carla Elite


Below is a list of all Cafe in Huntsville, Ontario, Canada.
9209 113 St, Fairview, AB T0H 1L0, Canada, Fairview, Alberta, Canada.
10801 103 Ave, Fairview, AB T0H 1L0, Canada, Fairview, Alberta, Canada.
9512 113 St, Fairview, AB T0H 1L0, Canada, Fairview, Alberta, Canada.
9698 113 St, Fairview, AB T0H 1L0, Canada, Fairview, Alberta, Canada.
10628 110 St, Fairview, AB T0H 1L0, Canada, Fairview, Alberta, Canada.


text:
Uncharted 4: A Thief's End – Images
Game Box Shots
US 05/10/16
AU 05/10/16
JP 05/10/16
GameFAQs Reader Screenshots
Got a Picture?
You can submit screenshots or submit boxshots to share them with our users.
Genre: Action Adventure » Linear
Developer: Naughty Dog
Publisher: SCEA
Also Known As: Uncharted: Kaizokuou to Saigo no Hihou (JP), Uncharted 4: A Thief's End (EU)
Franchise: Uncharted
Played It? Rate It!
At one point, Sully gets impatient with Nate's muttering about their latest clue. He says, "Jesus, enough with the Beautiful Mind ****." This is a reference to A Beautiful Mind, a famous movie that depicts the life of John Nash. Nash was Nobel Prize-winning mathematician who made huge contributions to the studies of game theory, differential geometry, and many others. Much like Nash, Nate has a knack for finding connections in seemingly unlikely or obscure clues.
Contributed By: discoinferno84 3 0
The Order: 1886 introduces players to a unique vision of Victorian-Era London where Man uses advanced technology to b...
The God of War has changed... and this is not the Kratos you know. A difficult and unfamiliar road awaits as you exp...
Featuring epic, high-octane action moments set in the most beautifully hostile environments on earth, Rise of the Tom...
In a strange and mystical land, a young boy discovers a mysterious creature with which he forms a deep, unbreakable b...
Immerse yourself in Little Nightmares, a dark whimsical tale that will confront you with your childhood fears! Emb...


Mention the name "hot dish" in the Midwest and you're sure to come up with a myriad of different recipes, but not doubt where the meal came from. It's pure American Midwest, with Mankato, Minnesota being the accepted birthplace of the casserole, based on hamburger, macaroni and some sort of canned vegetable, in this case peas being the mother of all hot dish vegetables. The recipe was first published in a 1930 edition of Grace Lutheran Church Ladies Aid cookbook and is testament of the resourcefulness of people living during the Great Depression, no doubt influenced by immigrants coming to American the generation prior to settle homesteads.
When I was in grade school, one of my favorite meals for school lunch was called Hunter's Hot Dish, which is much like the recipe below, but I remember it being a bit different, perhaps more vegetables were added. That's fodder for future research. Hot dishes are delicious, inexpensive, and stick-to-your-ribs meals that won't leave you starving an hour after you eat them. They leftover fabulously, but I guarantee you won't have any with this recipe! It comes from "Country Cooking With Loma and Friends", a cookbook organized for the absolutely wonderful Earth Science Museum in Loma, Montana. If you can find a copy, get it!
Cook and stir the meat and onion in a large skillet until the meat is brown. Drain off the excess fat. Stir in the undrained corn and the rest of the ingredients.
To cook in a skillet: Heat the mixture to boiling, then reduce the heat and simmer, uncovered, stirring occasionally, until the noodles are tender, about 20 minutes. Serve hot.
To cook in the oven: Pour the mixture into an ungreased 2-quart casserole. Cover and bake in a 375 degree F. oven for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Uncover and bake until the mixture thickens, about 15 minutes. Serve hot.
I knew looking at the recipe that this would not fit in my Revereware skillet. So, I used a small Dutch oven pot and prepared as instructed for the skillet version. You will need to stir the mixture OFTEN, or the noodles can and will stick to the bottom! This made about 1/2 of the Dutch oven pot and was good for 2 meals.


text:
Problem solve Get help with specific problems with your technologies, process and projects.
Securing VoIP networks with interoperable firewalls
The emergence of Voice over IP (VoIP) as an affordable alternative to traditional telephony has ushered in a new wave of network security considerations. Jonathan Zar, secretary to the VoIP Security Alliance and senior director at SonicWALL Inc., outlines the key issues.
Jonathan Zar
The European Union is at the forefront of VoIP adoption. If we look at how new E1 line deployments in Europe are being set up, we see that fewer and fewer are being configured for time-division multiplexing (TDM) while more and more are being configured for IP. The ratios of IP to TDM are predicted to rise from 3:5 to parity within two years.
This is largely because organizations adopting voice, video and multimedia over IP stand to reap huge benefits in productivity and cost savings. The dark cloud on the horizon is that, without precautions, these very technologies put the whole corporate infrastructure at risk. To a large extent, global industry has embraced the need for data network security, but we are only on the threshold of understanding the potential problems of the unprotected VoIP network -- such as the phone mailbox jammed with unsolicited special offers, unauthorized eavesdropping or losing voice communications because your network has run out of bandwidth.
VoIP security concerns apply beyond VoIP-enabled organizations. Corporate officers, especially those with an eye to compliance or in highly data-sensitive areas such as finance, are increasingly placing a premium on doing business with organizations who can demonstrate that both their data and VoIP communications are unlikely to propagate digital threats. Some of the most critical issues to consider when moving from a traditional telephone service to a VoIP network are quality of service (QoS), denial of service (DoS) attacks and endpoint security.
Without a firewall, companies have no network security and the endpoints, which need a public IP address in order to function, become accessible to anyone. Alternative solutions such as traversal technology, which allows VoIP traffic to bypass the firewall, or session border controllers, have inherent limitations. Most networks already have a firewall protecting the LAN as well as connecting remote sites and users through secure VPN technology and are therefore the most popular choice when adding facilities for VoIP security. However, there are reasons why some firewalls are not so VoIP-compliant.
First, the firewall must understand the VoIP protocols it wants to protect. A small group of vendors provides virus scanning, intrusion prevention and other security services on VoIP traffic. The VoIP-enabled firewall is gaining popularity among IT managers because of its effectiveness, simplicity, and low cost.
For any successful VoIP implementation, three key factors must be considered: security, network interoperability and protocol support, and vendor interoperability.
VoIP encompasses a large number of complex standards that leave the door open to bugs in the software implementation. With standard public switched telephone network (PSTN), phones are just dumb terminals -- all the logic and intelligence resides centrally in the private branch exchange (PBX) and there is not a lot an attacker can do to disrupt access to a PSTN network. With VoIP, the same bugs and exploits that hamper every operating system and application available today can also hit VoIP equipment.
Without proper safeguards, VoIP calls are also vulnerable; an attacker can intercept a VoIP call and modify its parameters/addresses. This opens up the call to spoofing, identity theft, call redirection and other attacks. Even without modifying VoIP packets, attackers can eavesdrop on conversations carried over a VoIP network. With a PSTN connection, intercepting conversations requires physical access to phone lines or access to the PBX.
[Corporations] are increasingly placing a premium on doing business with organizations who can demonstrate that both their data and VoIP communications are unlikely to propagate digital threats.
PSTN availability has reached 99.999% -- attackers need physical access to telephone exchanges or have to cut the phone lines to have any impact. A simple DoS attack aimed at key points of an unprotected VoIP network can disrupt -- or worse, cripple -- voice and data communications.
There is also the problem of interoperability and protocol support when integrating VoIP into an existing network security infrastructure. Because of the complexities of VoIP signalling and protocols it is difficult for VoIP to traverse many types of firewalls. Firewalls need to process the signalling protocol suites that consist of the different message formats used by different VoIP systems. Just because two vendors use the same protocol suite does not mean they interoperate.
The last element in a secure VoIP infrastructure is ensuring that the firewall will interoperate with all of the VoIP devices used in the infrastructure. A partial list of devices includes IP phones, videophones, videoconferencing equipment, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) proxies and H.323 gatekeepers. It is largely up to the security appliance vendors to ensure they interoperate with VoIP infrastructure devices.
However, VoIP is a market where, until recently, you could buy interoperability without security or buy security without interoperability. Clearly this is not an acceptable choice and it's one of the driving factors behind the rapid growth of the VoIP Security Alliance (VOIPSA). VOIPSA is a worldwide organization founded to help create global standards for VoIP technology, bringing together a worldwide network of global carriers, equipment providers, software and service companies, academics and policy experts, all working to ensure that the adoption of VoIP does not draw a train of network vulnerabilities and digital threats in its wake.
For executives managing a distributed operation -- and that can be in any vertical, for example: retail, wholesale, manufacturing, government or simply branch offices -- it makes sense to consider IP for voice and video as the best means of linking their sites, as long as these elements are factored into the planning stages. These need to be secured with firewalls at headquarters and branch, linked with either virtual private network (VPN) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) tunnels, while the tunnels themselves must be capable of remote management to ensure quality of service. The wins are cost savings, convenience and the ability to integrate new voice and data features on an ongoing basis.
For a VoIP installation in a large facility, chief technology officers (CTO) are looking to isolate traffic internally by department or function, so that sensitive data, including voice traffic, moves as isolated streams. In a hospital or a hotel, for example, they really want to make sure that administrative, financial, operations and guest data are all isolated from each other, and in some cases, from room to room, as well as being secured from external network threats. Executives are looking for ease of management in administering and securing the voice network, or virtual LAN (VLAN), along with the flexibility to isolate, filter and manage the content that flows within their networks.
EU research data indicates that executives as a group like to make purchases quickly once a need has been identified and funding allocated. The goal of VoIPSA is to take the guesswork out of decisions.
SonicWALL is exhibiting at Infosecurity Europe 2006 which is Europe's number one Information Security Event. Now in its eleventh year, Infosecurity Europe continues to provide an unrivalled education program, new products and services, with over 300 exhibitors and 10,000 visitors from every segment of the industry. Held on April 25 – 27, 2006 in the Grand Hall, Olympia, this is a must-attend event for all IT professionals involved in Information Security.
This was last published in April 2006
Dig Deeper on Unified Communications Resources
Expert answers to your voice certification questions
Multipoint HD video conferencing bridges: Capacity vs. quality
Hip to SIP quiz
Integrating Unified Communications apps into an existing infrastructure.
VoIP sales up; Cisco admits security hole; Sipera releases top five vulnerabilities list
Converged VoIP network eases law firm relocation
VoIP models and services: Complete guide
VoIP on MPLS
Communications from beyond
Enterprise collaboration tools from consumer market
What are the criteria for evaluating an IP telephony system in a converged network?
Convergence certification provides evaluation standard
Best practices for instant messaging security
Securing VoIP Networks Chapter 7: Key Management Mechanisms
Cisco IP Communications Express: CallManager Express with Cisco Unity Express
Understanding the 'free' promises of VoIP
Can outsiders access my VoIP line and gather confidential data?
Could you explain the difference between Ethernet and WAN?
Evolving to Hybrid Cloud for a Digital-First Business –Intel
VoIP security attacks: We ain't seen nothing yet! – SearchUnifiedCommunications
VoIP firms join forces to tackle security fears – ComputerWeekly.com
Group seeks to bolster VoIP security – SearchSecurity