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How to use Snapchat Ads to increase your ecommerce revenue with Duane Brown
Snapchat Ads is becoming more popular among ecommerce brands but is it a good fit for your business? We caught up with Duane Brown, Founder and Head of Strategy at Take Some Risk, to find out.
You'll learn
If you have the right product-market fit for Snapchat
How Snapchat Ads is different from other ad platforms
How to set up an effective Snapchat Ads campaign
What Snapchat Ads metrics you should measure
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Anna Shutko:
Welcome to another episode of the Marketing Analytic Show, the podcast that helps you get better at marketing analytics.
This podcast is brought to you by Supermetrics. Over half a million marketers use Supermetrics to move data from popular marketing platforms, such as Facebook, Google Analytics, and HubSpot, to their favorite analytics, reporting, and data warehouse tools, including Google Sheets, Excel, Google Data Studio, Google BigQuery, and more. Give Supermetrics a spin and start your 14-day free trial at Supermetrics.com.
I'm your host Anna Shutko, and today, our guest star is Duane Brown, Founder and Head of Strategy at Take Some Risk Inc. He works with brands such as Birdie's, WooCommerce, and Walmart, among others.
Today, we'll talk about Snapchat Ads. And from this episode, you'll learn what kind of DTC companies are the best fit for advertising in Snapchat, what the pros and cons of Snapchat as a net platform compared to other channels like Facebook ads are, how to set up and optimize campaigns on Snapchat to achieve great results. And which Snapchat ads reports are good to have in place. I hope you'll enjoy this episode.
Hello, Duane. And welcome to the show.
Duane Brown:
Thank you for having me.
Yay. Thank you for joining us today, and I'm really looking forward to this episode. So to kick things off, let's start with the first question. What kind of DTC companies Snapchat Ads is best for, and maybe you could elaborate a bit more on why?
Over the last couple of years, we've found the best ones tend to have a slightly higher average order value because it's easier to get a better return on ad spend. And there's a large group of people who are joining the platform that is above the age of 25, above the age of 30. Snap sometimes gets classified as an app for teenagers or young people in college, university, and there's a broad group beyond that. Will Smith from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and all of their movies over the years, you've got the Bad Boys franchise. He just dropped his second, maybe even his third season on Snap.
So Snap Originals are all their own TV shows, commercial content. So Snaps over really hard to just get a whole wider breadth of people on the platform. So if you're a DTC brand and you want to be on there, having a higher average quarter value makes sense. Also, if you go after gamers or tech people, that's usually a good brand as well, if that's your core demo, because of the 30 minutes that people spend on Snap on any given day, 20 minutes are spent with games. So if you're into gamers and entertainment type people, it's a great platform as well.
Yeah. Awesome. It was really interesting to hear about all these demographics, and yeah, I do definitely agree with you that Snap is, or it could be very useful for gamers especially. And now, if we discuss a bit more about this platform and more specifically about the pros and cons. So what would you say the pros and cons of Snapchat as a platform are compared to other popular pay channels? For example, Facebook ads.
One of the cons and this is a con of most platforms, is that they don't scale. You know, people often say, Google or Facebook, they have four billion people around the world and Snap has 259, 260,000,000, right, versus four billion across either Google or Facebook. And what I always say to that is, even though Google has four billion or Facebook/Instagram has four billion, unless you're Procter and Gamble, one of those huge conglomerates, four billion people are not your target market. You always want to look at, within an ad platform, how many people on there are the people you do want to target. Everyone thinks they can target everyone, but everyone is never their best customer; they're going to acquire a customer at. So the biggest con is that it's harder to get scale on Snap because they only have 260,000,000; they don't have four billion, a billion.
But when I think about where Instagram was in, let's say 2012, when Facebook bought them, they were on like half a million or something like that. And they've grown a lot to over a billion over the last eight or nine years. And so where Snap is today, I think they could be at half a billion next year. They could be at a billion in three, four years if people continue to use the platform. So even though I think it's a con, I think it's great to get in there now while they're small so you can test out the platform, figure out if it makes sense for your brand, and start to shift some of your money off of Facebook and Google. Because lots of brands will come to us and they're just on Google, or they're just on Facebook and relying on just one pay channel to scale your growth, especially when Facebook has been really challenging the last six months for lots of marketers is that a great way to grow your business as a whole?
I think the other challenge, which I mentioned before, is everyone thinks it's just for young people. And so that's kind of a con in the sense that people don't realize there's a wider demographic on there. So there's that market perception I think for the platform. Even our mountain bike client was like, "Hey Duane, well no one in our shop uses Snap and there's eight or nine of them in the shop. So we don't think it's really a great platform." But we made it work for that client. We see a good return on ad spend, all because there are lots of people who mountain bike and do extreme sports on the platform. But again, people don't think of it because they think it's just for teenagers. So I think those are the two biggest cons; it's hard to get scale. And there's a misconception of who actually uses the platform.
I think one of the huge pros though is because of those cons, it's not as competitive on Snap. And so your CPM or your cost per thousand impressions or your CPC, your cost per click, generally is lower than what you'd see on Facebook. And so you're able to have your money go a little bit farther and test out more opportunities. Also, being that places like Snap and even Tik Tok are a lot smaller, people who work there, whether it's your account rep or the tech team or engineers, they just care a lot more. I'm able to get a lot more help if I have a question. The support team will answer your questions in a timely manner. And so their size may not be huge, but they do definitely put the work in to try to keep you as us as an agency, or if you're a direct brand and work hard to understand why the platform is or isn't working for you.
Oftentimes people gripe that while you can get scale on Facebook, but then they can never talk to anybody. That's just never been an issue we've had with Snap over the last two years. So I think a big thing is that it's not as competitive, and you can actually talk to somebody who's a human being, and they actually act like they care.
Yeah. That does actually sound like an awesome way to evaluate strengths and weaknesses, in my view. So really good points there. And now, let's talk about the process a little bit. So, for example, you have a new client. Could you please walk us through the process of how you would set up your first Snapchat ecommerce campaigns?
Totally. So Snap is a little bit different than other ad platforms. When you set up ad accounts for Facebook or any platform, you can always optimize towards a purchase right away. But with Snap, you've got to unlock the purchase goal. So you start off optimizing towards the swipe up, which effectively is the click, and then you optimize towards the pageviews. And then you can optimize towards a purchase call. And the first goal, obviously for ecommerce, is somebody making a purchase on your website, but a purchase goal could be somebody filling out a form or some other actions on your website that you deem as high value. And so the stage where you've got to run campaigns to get people to click on your ad, which will then get them to purchase. And then, when you've got enough of those purchases, you can unlock your pageviews, and when you have enough pageview goals, you can unlock your purchases. And so each of those stages, you've got to get 50 purchases.
So you have to have enough people swipe up on your ad, come to your site and purchase 50 times in a seven-day rolling average for you to unlock the next stage. And that, I think, is a little bit more tricky for brands who are used to just setting up an ad account on Facebook, optimizing towards a purchase, and then on Facebook do its thing because Facebook is just so large and they have so many users on the platform they're able to do that. So the first thing we always do with clients, when we bring them on board, is we try to understand if there are interest targetings we can go after. So I was actually talking to an alcohol brand this past week. And so I logged into our account on Snap, and I just looked at, are there interests targeted for people who drink, whether it's alcohol, beer, what have you in their words.
So I took a screenshot of that, with that they're targeted because they're only targeting a few States in America and said, here's basically what the size of the interest targeting it is. And so we always try to find out, "Is there interest targeting we can go after?" We also usually email my reps, if it's a product I'm not really familiar with, and ask them, have something similar run on the platform and/or do you have any recommendations of what we might target if I can't think of anything really great. Once we have that, we put together our plan and let the client know, we set up the ad account, we'll set up Snap pixel, we'll set up a catalog, so much like Google Shop it has a catalog or Facebook has the Facebook catalog. Snap has a catalog as well. So you can run dynamic product ads, i.e., somebody comes to your site, they look at a product, they leave, they don't purchase, you can show them that exact product when they're on Snap.
And then once the client approves the targeting, and we're happy with it, and we've set up the pixel and a catalog and the ad account and all that sort of technical stuff, we launch your campaign. We usually start with trying to do remarketing towards people who've been to the website that haven't converted. And if that is getting good results, we'll move up the funnel and start doing some of the interest targetings that we mapped out as well. It obviously depends on our budget, a client that's spending $5,000 a month is a lot different than a client who's willing to drop $20,000 a month as the test. And then a goal from that point is getting enough purchases that we unlock the pageview goal, getting enough purchases that we unlock the purchase goals that were in a couple of weeks for a large brand, maybe a month or two for a smaller brand, we can start to optimize towards the purchase.
And then, at that point, just figuring out what's the right mix of audience targeting versus the creative that we have and figuring that out, similar to Facebook, Snap's all about your creatives, whether it's a video or a static image. And so you just always want to be testing your creatives against your different audiences and figuring out what the best combination is.
Great. Yeah. I think you've described the process of setting up and also optimization really well. And this is actually a very nice lead to my next question. So now that you have these campaigns up and running, how would you actually analyze the campaign result data, and maybe you could tell us a bit more, what metrics specifically would you pay attention to in each situation?
Yeah, totally. So outside of obviously looking to make sure we can have purchases so we can unlock each of the goals when we're in a client account, we set up our, effectively what is our funnel. A funnel may not be what it used to be, but people still go through different stages of deciding if they're going to buy a product or not. Some go through the stages faster than others, but we always look at, are we getting enough people to add to cart, are we getting enough people to checkout, and are we getting enough people to purchase? If you don't get enough people to add to cart or checkout, you're not going to get enough people to purchase. The other thing we look for is, add to cart divided by how much we spend. If our add-to-cart cost is too high, i.e., you spend $100, but you only got two people that add to cart, well, that's a $50 add to cart cost.
That's probably going to be too high for lots of brands that have a $75 average order value or $150 average order value. Versus if you spent $100, but you got 10 add to cart, well, that's a $10 add to cart cost. And so making sure our add to cart cost isn't too high versus our average order value. Because no matter what you do, if it's too high, they'll never get a good return on ad spend when you get people from add to cart to checkout to purchase. And so once we're happy with the add to cart, we see that's leading to purchase, we just look at our return on ad spend, look at our average order value, and we try to find the best ads that are going to lead to consistent purchases on a regular basis, not an ad that just has someone purchase once, once a week, we want an ad that's going to have people purchase on multiple times in a week.
And then also leads to a high enough average order value that the return on ad spend is acceptable. Whether it's… some clients want two and a half or three, some clients we have need to have five or six, and then just find that right balance of creative testing and the audience again. Because at the end of the day, your audience that you target and your creativeness is a big factor whether you're going to be successful. I think what makes Snap also a little bit different is unlike Facebook or even Google, those ads tend to have lots of texts around it, and there's not a lot of texts with Snap. It's basically a static image or video. And so you've got to work harder to use the visual medium to communicate what your product is or what your product does. And that's a lot harder for some brands than others.
All right. Yeah, thank you so much. It was really awesome to hear about all these types of how marketers could use Snapchat ads, and now if our listeners want to learn more about you. Could you please tell us where they can find you or maybe share a couple of useful resources your team has created recently?
Totally. I probably spend way too much time on Twitter. So I'm just Duane Brown. So that's one place I spend a lot of time. Obviously, there's an agency website, so it's Takesomerisk.com. So you can always reach out if you want to chat about Snap ads. We've been running ads there for the past couple of years, so on our website, there's a Snap Ads guide on the footer of our homepage. That just gets updated every couple of months when new things come up, whether it's ad formats or changes in technology. And so I'd say, email, Twitter, probably the best places. I do spend a lot of time on Reddit, but not everybody's on Reddit, and people are more likely, I imagine to be on Twitter, who listen to the podcast.
All right. Awesome. Thank you so much, Duane, for coming to the show today.
Thanks for having me.
And that's the end of today's episode. Thanks for tuning in. Before we go, make sure to hit the subscribe button and leave us a review or rating on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you're listening. If you'd like to kickstart your marketing analytics, check out the 14-day free trial at Supermetrics.com. See you in the next episode of The Marketing Analytics Show.


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Q: std::this_thread::yield() usage? Can someone provide real-life example of std::this_thread::yield() usage in c++ application?

A: I used yield in the implementation of std::lock, found here:
http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/libcxx/trunk/include/mutex
It turns out that when locking multiple locks/mutexes at a time, when you fail to get one, you can make the application faster by using yield prior to trying the locks/mutexes in a different order.
In this source code I'm actually calling sched_yield().  But that is only for the purpose of getting the header dependency the way I wanted it.  On this platform std::this_thread::yield() is nothing more than a call to sched_yield():
http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/libcxx/trunk/include/thread

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Catastrophic Injury & Wrongful Death
Crash inside Missouri dentist's office injures 2
On behalf of Hullverson Law Firm | Mar 31, 2015 | Car Accidents
A relatively unusual accident that took place on March 20 in an unincorporated part of south St. Louis County involved a vehicle crashing into a building and hitting two people in a dentist's office waiting room. The Mehlville Fire Protection District reported that the crash took place in the 11600 block of Baptist Church Road when a patient of the Mark Meyer's dental office smashed into the waiting room.
The accident happened when a patient driving an SUV tried to park in a space in front of the office, but the driver hit the gas instead of using the brakes. The SUV went into the building after jumping the curb, and witnesses reported that an elderly woman was pinned between a wall and a window frame while another person was bleeding from the head.
The commotion due to the accident was compared to a bomb exploding, and people from a nearby Acura dealership heard the noise and arrived at the scene to help. The dentist's office is known for its relatively inexpensive dentures, and it is suspected that the office will be closed for some time after the wreck.
While motor vehicle accidents involving pedestrians usually occur on the roadway, an incident like this might entitle one to damages when a negligent driver causes a crash. Victims can file a personal injury lawsuit in order to recover damages that were caused by the accident, including medical expenses and lost wages due to an inability to return to work for a prolonged period. In determining whether a driver was negligent, attorneys can examine police investigation reports and other evidence.
Source: FOX2Now, "SUV crashes into dentist's office, hits two people", Rebecca Roberts and Kevin S. Held, 03/20/2015
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Medical Malpractice (32)
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the basic form of planning the country's socioeconomic development; an integral part of the system of plans, including long-term, medium-term (five-year), and current national economic plans (seePLANNING, NATIONAL ECONOMIC).
The main purpose of the five-year plans is to realize the social, economic, scientific, and technological tasks set by the Communist Party for a specific period of time in a system of targets and measures. This system provides for the conditions and prerequisites for achieving the goals of the long-term plan, which are derived from the Program of the CPSU. The five-year plans make the goals of the long-term plan specific, designate the sequence and deadlines for achieving them, and provide a system of measures to ensure a more profound technical and economic substantiation of the tasks confronting the national economy in the next few years. Every five-year plan has a main economic task corresponding to the particular features of the period, and every five-year plan represents a new stage in the country's economic and political development. By means of the five-year plans, the Soviet state channels its resources into solving the problems of creating the material and technical basis for communism and promote the well-being of the people.
As the five-year plans for the development of the national economy are elaborated, priority is given to making sure that the plans conform with the requirements of the objective economic laws of socialism. In other words, the plans are based on the achievements of science and technology and on the prospects for their development, taking into account social needs and the actual possibilities for satisfying them. The five-year plans define rates and proportions and set the volume of production and capital construction for sectors and regions. They also establish targets for the development and the introduction into the national economy of new equipment and technology, for greater concentration of production, for the intensification of specialization and the broadening of production cooperation, for the rational location of the productive forces, and for the development of foreign economic ties, especially with the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). The five-year plans also include measures to improve the material well-being and raise the cultural level of the Soviet people, to solve a broad range of urgent social problems, and to improve administration, planning, and management during the period covered by the plan.
Among the most important demands to be satisfied by a five-year plan is the improvement of the efficiency of social production. The basis for meeting this demand is the acceleration of the rate of technological progress, which is achieved by making better use of material, financial, and labor resources; by reducing production costs; by raising labor productivity; by taking fuller advantage of production capacity; by reducing outlays of raw materials, fuel, and materials per unit of output; by continuously improving the quality of products; and by accelerating the construction and use of new facilities. It is also very important that a five-year plan ensure the comprehensive economic development of the Union republics and economic regions, taking into account national and other specific characteristics. The targets of the five-year plans are made specific and adjusted in the annual national economic plans, which take into consideration the course of development of the country's economy, fluctuations in the social demand for various products, and changes in material and financial resources. Experience has shown that five years is the optimal period for medium-term plans. During a five-year period, major enterprises and installations can be built, and it is possible to accomplish a great deal in introducing new equipment into production, tapping new mineral resources, and establishing the bases for creating territorial industrial complexes. Specialists can complete their higher education in five years, and it is possible to develop research in the most promising areas for scientific and technological progess.
The five-year plans for national economic development are worked out in two stages by the state, departmental, and production planning bodies, as well as by scientific institutions, in conformity with instructions issued by the party and the Soviet government.
In the first stage of planning, the basic trends in national economic development for the five-year period are worked out—that is, a consolidated model of the prospective plan is devised. The aims of the first stage are to reveal the most fundamental or crucial problems of the planning period and to determine the ways and means for solving them. Scientific institutions prepare forecasts and other preplanning aids and proposals. During the initial stage of planning, when the main tasks and parameters of the plan are determined, a particularly important role is played by forecasts of scientific and technological progress, mineral reserves, the growth of population and of labor resources, and other factors. The forecasts are later adjusted and used to substantiate the targets in the five-year plan.
Enterprises, production associations, ministries, Union republics, and local soviet bodies prepare proposals for a draft of the basic trends in the national economic development of the USSR for the next five-year period. On the basis of these proposals, as well as the forecasts, the State Planning Committee (Gosplan of the USSR) works out a draft of the basic trends in national economic development. The data and materials on these basic trends are used in preparing a draft of the directives of the CPSU congress on the next five-year plan. The Central Committee of the CPSU submits the draft directives for national review, the results of which are taken into consideration at the next party congress, when the draft is examined. The directives issued by the party congress are a program for implementing the party's economic policy and for solving major socioeconomic and scientific and technological problems during the period covered by the plan. In addition, the directives reflect the basic parameters of the plan—that is, the targets for the growth of national income and aggregate social product; for the development of various sectors, the economy of the Union republics, and the country's economic regions; for the production of the most important types of products (in physical units); for increasing fixed assets; for developing scientific research and introducing its results into the national economy; and for the growth of labor productivity and real per capita income. The directives also reflect other major indexes aimed at strengthening the country's production potential and solving social problems. The indexes for the basic trends in national economic development are worked out for the last year of the plan.
During the second stage of planning, a fully elaborated five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR is compiled on the basis of the directives approved by the CPSU congress, and annual targets (or assignments) are allocated to the USSR ministries, the Union republics, and the economic regions. Informed by the State Planning Committee of the targets derived for them from the directives, the ministries and Union republics use the targets as the foundation for the elaboration of draft plans, which they submit to the Council of Ministers of the USSR and to the State Planning Committee. After reviewing the drafts, the State Planning Committee, with the participation of the ministries and of the Union-republic planning committees, compiles a balanced draft of the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, including sectoral and territorial aspects and the most important comprehensive programs. This draft is submitted for review by the government. After discussion and the incorporation of amendments, the Council of Ministers of the USSR approves the draft of the five-year plan and sends it to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. After it has been ratified by a session of the Supreme Soviet, a five-year plan acquires the force of law.
Subsequently, the plan targets are issued to all executants of the plan. On the basis of these targets, the drafts of the five-year plans for the economic development of the Union and autonomous republics, krais, oblasts, cities, and administrative raions are adjusted and are approved by the appropriate legislative bodies (the supreme soviets of the Union and autonomous republics and the soviets of people's deputies at the level of the krais, oblasts, cities, and administrative raions). The appropriate superior economic body approves the five-year plans drafted by enterprises and associations for the specific number of indexes established by the directives. The plan for the full range of indexes is approved by the leader of the appropriate basic economic unit (production association, enterprise, or organization). All of these plans are an integral part of the single five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
As they are elaborated, the five-year plans of the USSR are coordinated with the five-year plans of the COMECON countries. The USSR concludes contracts with these countries concerning reciprocal deliveries of commodities, specialization and cooperation in production, joint construction of enterprises and projects, and joint scientific research.
On the basis of the five-year plans, current (annual) national economic plans are worked out and approved in all the links of the national economy. In compiling the annual plans, consideration is given to new opportunities for the international division of labor, to newly discovered mineral deposits, and to changes in the demand for particular products. This makes it possible to ascertain, for a particular year, the preconditions that may develop for meeting the targets in the five-year plan and to devise measures to ensure that the targets will be met.
It is very important to check on the fulfillment of the five-year plans—that is, to ensure the prompt, accurate fulfillment of the goals, tasks, and basic provisions of the five-year plan through the current (annual) national economic plans. Among the sections of the current plans that receive special emphasis are those dealing with the development of scientific research and the introduction of new technology into the national economy, geological prospecting, preliminary designs for construction projects, and capital investment in various spheres and sectors. Special attention is also paid to the sections of current plans that deal with the development of general education; the training of scientific workers, specialists, and skilled workers; the location of the productive forces; and the improvement of management. In working out and organizing the fulfillment of economic plans, the methodology and procedures of planning are improved, as is the level of the scientific substantiation of targets.
Since the fourth quarter of 1928, the national economy of the USSR has been developed on the basis of five-year plans, which have embodied not only Lenin's ideas and theoretical dictates concerning long-range planning but also the CPSU's social and economic policy. Each five-year plan has been a milestone in the country's social, economic, and technological development and has marked qualitative shifts in the proportions and structure of social production.
First fire-year plan (1929–32). The first five-year plan, which was the logical extension and development of the ideas in the long-range GOELRO plan (plan of the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia), was worked out on the basis of the Directives of the Fifteenth Congress of the ACP (Bolshevik) in 1927 and approved by the Fifth All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1929. The main task of the first five-year plan was to build the foundation for a socialist economy, to continue the elimination of capitalist elements in the city and the countryside, and to strengthen the country's defense capability. The plan established targets and measures aimed at transforming the USSR from an agrarian nation into a developed industrial power and at collectivizing a significant number of peasant farms. While the plan was in preparation, there was a sharp struggle against the Trotskyites, who defended the slogan of "superindustrialization," and the rightwing opposition, which demanded a focus on the "bottlenecks" in the national economy and called for low development rates, particularly in the heavy industrial sectors.
The central part of the first five-year plan was the construction program, the purpose of which was to make fundamental improvements in the methods, location, and organization of production, with the goal of establishing the predominance of large socialist enterprises. Consideration was given to the technological and economic indexes of future enterprises and to the necessity of rapidly developing the economy of the national borderlands. The total volume of capital investments under the first five-year plan was 7.8 billion rubles, or twice the sum invested during the previous 11 years (1918–28). Half of the total capital investment went into the development of transportation and industry, and of this sum, more than 75 percent was allocated for the heavy industrial sectors.
A number of the production and construction targets of the first five-year plan were amended and made more specific when the Sixteenth Party Congress adopted decisions on the creation of a second coal and metallurgical base in the Urals and in Siberia.
The basic sources of capital investment were the profit and rent incomes of the state and cooperative enterprises. An important role was played by funds from the working people, which the state obtained by issuing and floating state loans among the factory workers, kolkhoz members, and office workers. To implement the construction program, the share of accumulation in the national income was raised from 21.3 percent in 1928 to 26.9 percent in 1932. Socialist emulation was extensively developed to promote the early fulfillment of the five-year plan. As a result, the first five-year plan was fulfilled in four years and three months.
Under the first five-year plan, 1,500 new, major state industrial enterprises were put into operation, and a number of new sectors were created, including the tractor, automotive, machine-tool, instrument, aluminum, aviation, and chemical industries. In ferrous metallurgy—the most important sector of heavy industry, which became the basis for industrializing the country—electrometallurgy was established, and ferroalloys and superhard alloys, as well as high-grade steels, were produced for the first time. The petroleum industry and other sectors of heavy industry were radically reconstructed.
A number of electric power projects were completed under the first five-year plan: the V. I. Lenin Dneproges and the Zuevka, Cheliabinsk, Stalingrad, and Byelorussian state regional electric power plants. A second coal and metallurgical base, the Urals-Kuznetsk Combine, was created in the eastern USSR. The Kuznetsk and Magnitogorsk metallurgical combines were built, as were major coal mines in the Donbas, the Kuznetsk basin, and Karaganda. Many industrial enterprises were built, including the Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants, the Moscow and Gorky automotive plants, the Kondopoga and Vishera paper and pulp combines, the Berezniki nitric fertilizer plant, the Ivanovo Mélange Combine, and the First State Ball Bearings Plant in Moscow.
Under the first five-year plan, the national income of the USSR almost doubled, industrial production more than doubled, and labor productivity in industry increased by 41 percent. Major structural improvements were made in industry and throughout the economy. Between 1928 and 1932 the proportion of group A (producer goods industries) in the gross output of industry increased from 39.5 percent to 53.4 percent. During the same period the share of industry in the total gross industrial and agricultural output increased from 51.5 percent to 70.2 percent. The output of machine building and metal-working quadrupled. In 1932, almost 78 percent of the sown area belonged to kolkhozes, sovkhozes, and other state farms, which produced 84 percent of the country's commodity grain output.
The basic tasks of the GOELRO plan were completed under the first five-year plan. The program for building electric plants outlined in the GOELRO plan was overfulfilled. Between 1928 and 1932 the capacity of Soviet electric power plants increased by a factor of almost 2.5, and the output of electric power by a factor of 2.7.
The socialist industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture were accompanied by a considerable broadening of the cultural base and by an increase in the number of trained workers and specialists. Between the 1927–28 and 1932–33 school years, the enrollment in institutions of higher learning tripled. During the same period the enrollment in technicums more than tripled, and the enrollment in primary schools doubled.
The fulfillment of the tasks of the first five-year plan resulted in the creation of the foundation for a socialist economy—that is, a strong heavy industry sector and mechanized collectivized agriculture, which were established by instituting socialist ownership of the means of production. Unemployment was eliminated, and a seven-hour work day was introduced.
Particularly substantial economic growth and improvements in the cultural level took place in the republics and oblasts under the first five-year plan. In the USSR as a whole, production doubled. In the national republics and oblasts, production increased by a factor of 3.5. The policy of accelerated industrialization was also pursued in subsequent five-year plans in the national republics and oblasts. The successes of the first five-year plan dispelled the myth perpetuated by the bourgeois press, which claimed that Soviet economic plans were unrealistic, and irrefutably demonstrated the enormous possibilities and advantages of a socialist planned economy.
Second five-year plan (1933–37). The second five-year plan, which was approved by the Seventeenth Congress of the ACP(B) in 1934, set important socioeconomic tasks: the final elimination of capitalist elements, the complete eradication of the factors giving rise to the exploitation of man by man, and the completion of the creation of the technical basis for socialism in all sectors of the economy. As a result of the fulfillment of the second five-year plan, a socialist society and the material and technical basis for socialism were essentially built, the new class structure of Soviet society took shape, and the fraternal cooperation of the Soviet peoples was strengthened.
Under the second five-year plan, the socialist system took over the key positions in the economy. The socialist sector accounted for 99 percent of the country's production assets, and of that figure, 90 percent was in the state sector. Almost 95 percent of the entire population was employed in the socialist economy and closely tied to it (factory workers, kolkhoz members, office workers, artisans who had joined cooperatives, and students). In 1937 the socialist economy produced 99 percent of the national income, 99.8 percent of the gross industrial output, and 98.5 percent of the gross agricultural output. State and cooperative trade accounted for the entire retail trade turnover (that is, 100 percent). Capitalist elements in the city and the countryside were completely eliminated under the second five-year plan. Between 1932 and 1937, the national income increased by a factor of 2.1; industrial output, by a factor of 2.2; the output of the machine-building industry, by a factor of 2.8; the output of the chemical industry, by a factor of 3; and the production of electrical power, by a factor of 2.7. The sectors of the fuel industry underwent significant development on a higher technical basis. New fuel-producing regions were rapidly developed. The country's output of coal doubled, and the output of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin alone increased by a factor of 2.6. The output of petroleum increased by 37 percent. In Bashkiria and Kazakhstan it increased by a factor of almost 4.
Between 1932 and 1937 the share of industrial output in the total volume of industrial and agricultural output increased from 70.2 percent to 77.4 percent. Of the total industrial output, 80 percent was produced at enterprises that were newly built or completely reconstructed under the first and second five-year plans. The growth of industrial and agricultural output and changes in the geographic distribution of production accelerated the development of all types of transportation. Between 1932 and 1937 the railroad freight turnover more than doubled. Labor productivity in industry increased by 90 percent as a result of the improved level of technology and major breakthroughs in the development of new equipment. The collectivization of agriculture was completed, and the kolkhoz system was established. At the end of 1937, 456,000 tractors (in physical units) and approximately 129,000 combines were in use in agriculture. Agricultural output increased by a factor of 1.3, and the gross output of cereal crops by a factor of 1.7. The output of cotton doubled. In 1937 the sown area of agricultural crops totaled 135.3 million hectares (ha). The output of consumer goods doubled under the second five-year plan, and the rate of growth of production in both groups of industry (producer goods and consumer goods) was accelerated. Under the first five-year plan, the lead coefficient for the growth rate of group A (producer goods) compared with the growth rate of group B (consumer goods) was 2.4. Under the second five-year plan, it declined to 1.3.
As a result of the completion of the construction program in the second five-year plan, 4,500 major state industrial enterprises were put into operation. (The volume of capital investments was 19.9 billion rubles, or 2.3 times the volume under the first five-year plan.) Among the most important industrial enterprises completed during this period were the Ural'sk and Kramatorsk plants for heavy machine-tool building; a plant producing railroad cars in Ural'sk; a tractor plant in Cheliabinsk; the Krivoi Reg, Novolipetskii, Novotul'skii, Azovstal', and Zaporozhstal' metallurgical works; a textile combine in Tashkent; and a cotton fabric combine in Barnaul. The program for railroad construction was completed, and major water transportation facilities were opened, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Canal. A number of power plants were put into operation: the Dubrovka, Novomoskovsk, Kemerovo, and Sredneural'sk regional steam power plants and the Nizhniaia Svir', Rioni, and Kanaker hydroelectric power plants. In 1935 the first route of the Moscow subway was opened.
The construction of housing and of social and cultural facilities was extensively developed. The material and cultural standard of living of the working people was improved. Universal primary education was introduced, and general secondary, specialized secondary, and higher education were extensively developed. A great deal of attention was paid to the formation of a new, Soviet intelligentsia from the working class and the peasantry. The cultural revolution was continued. In 1934, 40 percent of the students admitted to institutions of higher learning were graduates of workers' schools (rabfaki). The network of theaters, motion-picture facilities, clubs, and libraries grew considerably. Public health facilities were extensively developed, and the number of sanatoriums and houses of rest increased.
Third fire-year plan (1938–42). The third five-year plan, which was approved by the Eighteenth Congress of the ACP(B) (1939), was designed to enable the USSR to make considerable progress toward solving its fundamental economic problem—catching up with and overtaking the industrially developed capitalist nations in economic terms (that is, in per capita output). The decisions of the Eighteenth Congress of the ACP(B) pointed out that the USSR, having essentially completed socialist construction, had entered the period of the completion of the construction of a socialist society and the gradual transition from socialism to communism. Because of the complex international situation, the third five-year plan provided not only for increasing the country's industrial power, strengthening the kolkhoz system, and improving the material well-being of the people but also for further strengthening the country's defense capability and creating large state reserves.
During the first three years of the third five-year plan the gross output of all industry increased by 45 percent, and that of machine building by more than 70 percent. In the 3½ years of the third five-year plan (1938–40 and the first half of 1941), capital investments in the national economy amounted to 21 billion rubles, and 3,000 new, major state industrial enterprises were put into operation. A number of power plants went into operation: the Kurakhovo, Kuvasai, and Tkvarcheli state regional electric power plants and the Uglich and Komsomol hydroelectric power plants. Among the enterprises built under the third five-year plan were the Novotagil'skii and Petrovsk-Zabaikal'skii metallurgical works, the Sredneural'sk and Balkhash copper-smelting plants, the Ufa Oil Refinery, the Moscow Automotive Plant, the Enakievo Cement Plant, and the Segezha and Mari pulp and paper combines. Between 1928 and 1940, the number of factory and office workers employed in the national economy had increased from 11.4 million to 31.2 million. A uniform type of vocational-technical school had been established to train skilled personnel for all production sectors and service spheres. By the end of the 1930's, a seven-year education was provided in most parts of the country. Admissions to the higher and secondary specialized schools had increased considerably, and graduate studies at institutions of higher learning and research institutes had been extensively developed.
The successful fulfillment of the third five-year plan was interrupted by the perfidious attack of fascist Germany on the USSR in June 1941. During the war the Soviet planning system passed the most difficult of tests. The increase in the country's economic strength, owing to the fulfillment of the first five-year plans, ensured the Soviet people their historic victory over a powerful enemy. Between 1928 and 1940 the fixed production assets in the national income increased by a factor of 2.4; the national income, by a factor of more than 5; the gross industrial output, by a factor of 6.5; and the production of the means of production, by a factor of 10. During the same period the gross agricultural output increased by 32 percent, and the sown area of agricultural crops increased from 113 million ha to 150.6 million ha. Because of its superior rates of economic development, on the eve of World War II (1939–45) the USSR ranked first in Europe and second in the world in industrial output. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–45) the Soviet economy was developed on the basis of annual, quarterly, and monthly plans in the rear and subsequently in regions liberated from the fascist occupation.
During the war (from July 1, 1941, to Jan. 1, 1946), 3,500 major new industrial enterprises were built, and 7,500 enterprises were reconstructed.
Fourth five-year plan (1946–50). Elaborated after the war, the fourth five-year plan was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in March 1946. Among the main economic and political tasks envisaged by the plan was the reconstruction of the regions devastated during the war. Moreover, the plan provided for regaining and substantially surpassing the prewar level of industrial and agricultural development and for improving the material well-being of the Soviet people on the basis of these achievements. The plan targets were fulfilled ahead of time. The country's production potential was completely restored and substantially increased. Between 1940 and 1950 the gross industrial output increased by 73 percent, the fixed production assets by 24 percent, and the national income by 64 percent. Capital investments in the national economy totaled 48 billion rubles. The machine-building and chemical industries, as well as the raw materials sectors, were further developed, and the material and technical basis for agriculture was strengthened. In the liberated regions the reconstruction of the economy was accompanied by improvements in the location of the country's productive forces.
Of the 6,200 major state industrial enterprises completed under the fourth five-year plan, some were new construction projects and others were reconstructed from plants destroyed during the war. A number of plants were put into operation, including the Nizhniaia Tura and Shchekino state regional electric power plants, the Farkhad and Khrami hydroelectric power plants, the Niva Hydroelectric Power Plant III, the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant, and the Ust'-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Combine. Among the enterprises that began to contribute to industrial output were the turbine plant in Kaluga, the heavy machine-tool building plants in Kolomna and Riazan', and the Kutaisi Motor Vehicle Plant. Several gas pipelines were built and put into operation: the Saratov-Moscow, the Kokhtla-Iarve-Leningrad, and the Dashava-Kiev. Construction was begun on major power installations and new irrigation ditches and systems. Shelterbelts were planted in the steppe regions.
Under the fourth five-year plan there were major advances in Soviet science and important discoveries and inventions in various fields of science and technology. Important measures were taken to raise the standard of living of the people. In the cities and workers' settlements, housing was reconstructed or newly built (total usable area, more than 100 million sq m), and in the rural localities, 2.7 million homes were built. The rationing of consumer goods was eliminated (1947), and the general price level for these commodities fell to almost half the wartime level. The entire country made the transition to compulsory seven-year education.
Fifth five-year plan (1951–55). As defined by the Nineteenth Congress of the CPSU (1952), the main task of the fifth five-year plan was further expansion in all sectors of the national economy, on the basis of the preferential development of heavy industry, high growth rates in the productivity of social labor, and improvements in the quality and assortment of products. The plan provided a broad program for raising the standard of living of the people.
Characteristic of the fifth five-year plan were the strong development of socialist emulation and the appearance of new forms of emulation, including the movement for comprehensive savings of materials, as well as efforts to reduce the costs for each operation and increase output. As a result of the fulfillment of the plan, the national income increased by 71 percent, the fixed production assets in the national economy by 62 percent, industrial output by 85 percent, and agricultural output by 21 percent. The plan established the foundations for the creation of several new machine-building sectors, as well as the atomic energy sector. The volume of capital investments increased by 90 percent. In 1955 the output of the machine-building and metalworking industries was 2.2 times that of 1950. Labor productivity per industrial worker increased by 49 percent.
The targets for increasing output of consumer goods were overfulfilled. An important feature of the fifth five-year plan was the narrowing of the gap between the growth rates for the production of the means of production and the production of consumer goods. Under the fourth five-year plan the growth rate for the output of group A (producer goods) was 36 percent higher than the growth rate for the output of group B (consumer goods). Under the fifth five-year plan the growth rate of group A exceeded that of group B by 4 percent.
Important measures were taken to accelerate agricultural development. The sown area increased from 146.3 million ha in 1950 to 186 million ha in 1955. Among the measures that resulted in an increase in agricultural output were the development of the virgin and fallow lands, the strengthening of the kolkhozes with new personnel, and the emphasis on the principle of material incentives for kolkhoz members.
Under the fifth five-year plan, 3,200 major new state industrial enterprises were built, and many power plants were put into operation (the Pridneprovsk, Cherepet', Southern Kuzbas, Serov, and Southern Urals state regional electric power plants). In 1954 the world's first atomic power plant was put into service. The Kama, Gorky, Tsimlianskii, Kakhovka, Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Mingechaur, and Giumush hydroelectric power plants were put into operation. Among the industrial enterprises built under the fifth five-year plan were the Orsk-Khalilovo Metallurgical Combine, the Cherepovets Metallurgical Works, the Berezniki Potassium Combine, and the Novokuibyshevsk Oil Refinery. Construction of the V. I. Lenin Volga-Don Ship Canal was completed. The Leningrad subway was opened for service.
Under the fifth five-year plan, the real wages of factory and office workers rose by 39 percent, and the income of the peasantry (calculated per worker) increased by a factor of 1.5. Economic cooperation with the socialist countries, particularly within COMECON, became considerably broader.
The fulfillment of the fourth and fifth five-year plans made it possible for the country to significantly surpass its prewar level of economic development. From 1940 to 1955 the value of all fixed production assets doubled, and the national income increased by a factor of 2.8.
Sixth five-year plan (1956–60). The main task of the sixth five-year plan was to ensure the further growth of the national economy, especially the progressive sectors of industry, based on the preferential development of heavy industry, continuous technological progress, rising labor productivity, and an upswing in agriculture. On the basis of all of these achievements, the material well-being of the people would be substantially improved. Under the sixth five-year plan, national income increased by 54 percent, gross industrial output by 64 percent, and gross agricultural output by 32 percent. The total volume of capital investments increased from 91.1 billion rubles under the fifth five-year plan to 170.5 billion rubles under the sixth five-year plan (an 87-percent increase). Many new sectors and types of production were established, including instruments, radio engineering, electronics, and the production of household goods (refrigerators and washing machines, for example). Labor productivity per worker increased by 37 percent in industry, 54 percent in construction, and 48 percent in railroad transportation. The volume of retail trade turnover increased by 57 percent. The major program for developing the virgin and fallow lands was continued. In 1960 the sown area was 203 million ha. Characteristic of the sixth five-year plan was the coordination of its targets with the plans of the COMECON countries.
From 1956 to 1958, 2,690 major state industrial enterprises were opened, the construction of the V. I. Lenin Volga Hydroelectric Power Plant was completed, and the high-voltage electric power lines between the Volga Hydroelectric Power Plant and Moscow were put into operation. The Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Kairakkum, Tkibuli and Arzni hydroelectric power plants were completed, as were the Tom'-Usa and Verkhnii Tagil state regional electric power plants. Among the enterprises that went into operation under the sixth five-year plan were the Serov Ferroalloys Plant, the Novogor'kovskii and Volgograd petroleum refineries, and the Saratov Chemical Combine. In 1956, the Stavropol'-Moscow gas pipeline went into operation.
For a number of reasons, it was necessary to change the targets for the last two years of the sixth five-year plan and work out a seven-year plan (1959–65). A number of important national problems extending beyond the five-year period had to be solved, additional funds for sociocultural construction became available, and new, exploitable deposits of mineral resources had been discovered.
Seven-year plan (1959–65). As formulated by the Twenty-first Congress of the CPSU, the main tasks of the seven-year plan were the comprehensive development of the productive forces and of all economic sectors, the substantial strengthening of the country's economic potential, and continuous improvement in the people's standard of living. Emphasis was placed on the development of the modern, highly efficient sectors and industries. High growth rates were planned for agricultural output. Transportation facilities were to be reconstructed. Capital investments were allocated among the sectors of the economy so as to create the preconditions for substantial changes in the structure of production. A broad program was outlined for technological progress and for further improvement in the level of production concentration, specialization, and cooperation. The seven-year plan also provided for the systematization of wages and for considerable expansion of housing construction. The plan took into consideration the deepening of the international socialist division of labor and the development of economic ties with countries that had been liberated from colonial dependence.
The seven-year plan was fulfilled for the most important indexes. From 1958 to 1965, the national income increased by 53 percent, and the total fixed production assets by 91 percent. In industry, the fixed production assets doubled. During the same period, industrial output increased by 84 percent, and agricultural output by 15 percent. Labor productivity increased by 40 percent in the national economy as a whole, by 42 percent in industry, by 30 percent in agriculture, and by 53 percent in construction. Capital investments in the national economy totaled 281 billion rubles, exceeding by 22.2 billion rubles the sum invested in the national economy from 1918 to 1958.
Under the seven-year plan, 5,470 major state industrial enterprises were built, including many state regional steam power plants (Belovo and Nazarovo in Siberia, Troitska and Iaiva in the Urals, and Konakovo in Kalinin Oblast, for example). The Novovoronezhskii and Beloiarskii atomic power plants went into operation. The world's largest hydroelectric power plant was built at Bratsk, and the Votkinsk, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Bukhtarma, Kremenchug, and Kiev hydroelectric power plants were completed. Among the industrial enterprises built under the seven-year plan were the Western Siberian and Karaganda metallurgical works, an ore-dressing combine in Kachkanar in the Urals, a titanium and magnesium combine in Ust'-Kamenogorsk, a tire combine in Barnaul, a chemical combine in Shchekino, potassium combines in Soligorsk, and superphosphate plants in Sumgait, Chardzhou, and Gomel'. The Bukhara-Urals gas pipeline was laid, and the Kiev subway was opened. There were significant improvements in the location of the productive forces, owing primarily to the intensive tapping of the country's rich natural resources, particularly in the eastern regions. Measures were taken to raise the minimum wages of factory and office workers, and wage taxes were eliminated or reduced for a significant number of workers. Pensions for kolkhoz members were introduced. Minimum pensions were increased, the workday and work week were shortened, and medical, cultural and domestic services were improved. Real income (calculated per worker) increased by 33 percent, and the real income of kolkhoz members rose by 49 percent. The volume of the retail trade turnover increased by a factor of 1.6. A total of 558 million sq m of housing was built. On the kolkhozes, 3.51 million houses were constructed. In 1959 universal compulsory eight-year education was introduced. There was a significant increase in the number of skilled workers, specialists with higher and intermediate training, and scientific workers.
Eighth five-year plan (1966–70). The eighth five-year plan was elaborated on the basis of the Directives of the Twenty-third Congress of the CPSU (1966) and the decisions of the October (1964), March, and September (1965) plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU. At the plenums a long-range program for further improving the country's economy was worked out. The most important elements in this program were the transition to the sectoral principle of managing the national economy and provisions for broad economic incentives for the growth and improvement of production. The main economic task of the eighth five-year plan was to use scientific and technological achievements, the industrial development of all social production, and improvements in production efficiency as a foundation for ensuring a significant growth of industry, high and stable rates of development in agriculture, and a substantial improvement in the standard of living of the people. The most important feature of the eighth five-year plan was its emphasis on simultaneously accelerating the rates of national economic development and improving the standard of living of the people.
The eighth five-year plan was elaborated and implemented simultaneously with an economic reform consisting of measures to improve planning, administration, and management. The reform measures had a favorable effect on the fulfillment of the plan. The task of ensuring the industrial development of all social production, which was formulated for the first time in the eighth five-year plan, provided for the optimum concentration of social production, for economically purposeful specialization, for the introduction of highly productive machines and progressive technology, and for the scientific organization of production and labor in all sectors of the national economy. The goal of making the transition to universal secondary education was established in the plan.
The main targets of the eighth five-year plan were fulfilled, and for a number of important indexes the targets were overfulfilled. National income increased by 41.5 percent, instead of by the 38–41 percent projected in the plan. Real per capita income increased by 33 percent (projected figure, 30 percent), and industrial output by 50.5 percent (projected figure, 47–50 percent). The rate of growth of agricultural output also accelerated, with the average annual output increasing by 21 percent, as compared with 12 percent during the preceding five years. Under the eighth five-year plan the country's economic potential increased significantly. There was a 48-percent increase in fixed production assets. The replacement coefficient of the fixed production assets was 44 percent (in agriculture, 54 percent). By comparison with the period from 1961 to 1965, the volume of means allocated for capital construction increased by 43 percent. The rate of growth of the productivity of social labor accelerated by 37 percent under the eighth five-year plan, as compared with 29 percent in the preceding five years.
During the eighth five-year plan, 1,900 major industrial enterprises and projects were built, including the Pridneprovsk State Regional Electric Power Plant, a pipe-producing plant in Volzhskii, blast furnaces with a capacity of 2,700–3,000 cu m, a worsted spinning mill in Donetsk, shoe factories in Volgograd and Cherepovets, and knitwear factories in Volgograd, Shakhtersk, and Leninogorsk. The integrated power grid for the European USSR was completed, and the unified power system of Central Siberia was established. In the growth of the national income the role of intensive factors increased, as was reflected in the acceleration of the rate of growth of labor productivity, a decline in the material intensiveness of output, and an improvement in the use of fixed production assets in many sectors. This made it possible to implement a variety of measures to improve the standard of living of the people. Further improvement in territorial economic proportions contributed to the development of the economy of the Union republics and economic regions, as well as to the acceleration of the rate of growth of industry in the eastern and northern regions. In addition to the acceleration of the development rates, there was an improvement in the basic economic indexes and proportions. The most important trend in these changes was toward an increase in the share of resources for popular consumption.
Ninth five-year plan (1971–75). Elaborated on the basis of the Directives of the Twenty-fourth Congress of the CPSU in 1971, the ninth five-year plan was ratified in the same year by a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The main task of the ninth five-year plan was to ensure a significant improvement in the material and cultural standard of living of the people, on the basis of high development rates in socialist production, an improvement in the efficiency of socialist production, and an acceleration in the rate of growth of labor productivity. The plan provided for a broad, diverse program for improving the material well-being and cultural level of the Soviet people. Among the measures outlined in this program were an increase in the income of the population, by means of wage raises and higher payments from the social consumption funds; improvements in housing conditions; an improved level of material security for families with many children and for pensioners and students; and improved working conditions for mothers. The program to improve the material and cultural level of the people also called for the development of the service sphere, the public health system, and organized recreation for the working people; the comprehensive development of public education and socialist culture, including the completion of the transition to universal secondary education; and a further rapprochement between the standards of living of the rural and urban populations.
The implementation of the tasks outlined in the ninth five-year plan depended primarily on the comprehensive intensification of social production. The intersector and intrasector proportions in the national economy were substantially improved, in order to improve the well-being of the people and accelerate the rate of technological progress. Like the previous five-year plans, the ninth five-year plan provided for the preferential development of industrial sectors that determine technological progress throughout the national economy—that is, electric power and the machine-building, chemical, petroleum, and gas industries. To improve agriculture, measures were taken to raise the level of mechanization of production processes, to develop land reclamation and irrigation, to expand the use of chemicals, and to make the transition to the development of animal husbandry on an industrial basis.
The ninth five-year plan placed considerably more emphasis than previous plans on economic and organizational measures to ensure the fulfillment of targets, including improved planning and management and the creation, development, and strengthening of agrarian and industrial conglomerates and of industrial production associations. A great deal of attention has been paid to the development of new sectors, such as atomic machine building and the production of automation equipment and computers. Socialist emulation has undergone further development, and the movement for accepting counterplans has been resumed and has acquired new meaning.
After the first four years of the ninth five-year plan (1971–74) national income had increased by 24 percent, industrial output by 33.2 percent, and the average annual volume of agricultural output by 15 percent. The volume of capital investments in the national economy was 387 billion rubles. The fixed production assets in the national economy increased by 40 percent from 1971 to 1974. In industry, approximately 1,700 major enterprises and projects were put into operation, as well as many new shops and types of production at operating enterprises. Among the completed projects and enterprises were the Krasnoiarsk Hydroelectric Power Plant (capacity 6 gigavolts), the Volga Automobile Works, the world's first atomic power plant to operate on fast neutrons, and a blast furnace at the Krivoi Rog Metallurgical Works (capacity, 5,000 cu m). Among the many major enterprises and projects begun under the ninth five-year plan were a complex of plants to produce trucks (KamAZ, the Kama Truck Plant) and the Baikal-Amur railroad trunk line.
More than 15,000 new types of industrial products were developed under the ninth five-year plan. The technological level and quality of products, including consumer goods, were improved. Many articles were awarded the state seal of quality.
The structure of industrial production was improved under the ninth five-year plan. Between 1970 and 1974 the share of machine building, the chemical industry, and electric power in the total industrial output increased from 31 percent to 35 percent. In industry a high rate of output was ensured for the progressive and efficient types of products, which reduce the outlays of materials and labor for the production of the social product. Thus, from 1970 to 1974 the output of mineral fertilizers increased by 45 percent, the output of synthetic resins and plastics by 49 percent, and the output of chemical fibers by 42 percent. The output of instruments and automation equipment doubled. The output of computer equipment increased by a factor of 3.2 and the output of digital-control machine tools by a factor of 2.8. At the same time, there was an increase in the output of products constituting the foundation of the economy. Thus, the output of electric power increased by 32 percent, the output of steel by 18 percent, the output of cement by 21 percent, the output of petroleum by 29 percent, and the output of gas by 32 percent.
There was also considerable progress in the production of consumer goods. From 1970 to 1974 the output of textiles increased by 1 billion sq m, the output of knitwear by 157 million units, the output of watches by 10.4 million units, the output of radios and radio phonographs by 1 million units, the output of refrigerators by 1.3 million units, and the output of automobiles by 800,000 (that is, by a factor of 3.7). The output of household chemicals increased by 42 percent. There was also a rapid increase in the production of foodstuffs: an increase of 30 percent for meat products, 31 percent for animal fats, 35 percent for vegetable oils, and 31 percent for canned goods. A great deal of effort was directed at the introduction of various types of computer control systems and computer centers. By the end of the ninth five-year plan, more than 2,000 automated control systems and 2,600 computer centers were in operation. The increase in industrial output was accompanied by a continuous improvement in quality and by the development of new types of products. Under the ninth five-year plan series production was developed and introduced for 14,200 new types of industrial products, and 5,800 obsolete models were taken out of production. The state seal of quality was awarded to 23,300 articles. In industry, 84 percent of the increase in output under the ninth five-year plan was attributable to the growth of labor productivity (62 percent under the seventh five-year plan, and 73 percent under the eighth). In agriculture and railroad transportation, increased labor productivity accounted for the entire increase in output.
A system of measures has been carried out to improve the well-being and the cultural level of the population. Wages, stipends, pensions, and grants have been increased, and retail prices have been kept stable. The wages and salaries of 47 million factory and office workers (half the total) have been increased. Approximately 30 million persons received supplementary payments and benefits from the social consumption funds. Early repayment of state bonds has been introduced. Real per capital income increased by more than 19 percent under the ninth five-year plan. Housing with a total usable area of 434 million sq m was completed, resulting in improved housing conditions for approximately 45 million persons. The introduction of universal secondary education was completed, and there were improvements in the training of workers and specialists with higher and intermediate skills. Public health, consumer services and the recreational industry were further developed, and the network of cultural institutions, theaters, movie theaters, and clubs was expanded.
There have been great successes in the development of the economies of the Union republics. The comprehensiveness of their development has been improved, and there has been further specialization in the types of production for which each republic offers optimum conditions. The economy of the eastern regions has been developed at a more rapid pace, with high growth rates in the energy sectors, in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, and in the chemical, wood products, lumber, and pulp and paper industries. The cultivation of cereal crops and cotton has been further developed in the eastern regions, as has animal husbandry. In Western Siberia the country's largest base of the petroleum industry has been created. The Baikal-Amur trunk line, construction of which was begun under the ninth five-year plan, will incorporate new, very rich natural resources into the country's economy and will provide the foundation for the further development of the economy of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Summary of results. As a result of the successful fulfillment of the five-year plans, the USSR has been industrialized, agriculture has been collectivized, and a cultural revolution has been carried out. A developed socialist society has been built, and the material and technical basis for communism is being created. There has been a tremendous increase in national wealth (in 1974, more than 1.8 trillion rubles), as well as in the country's production and technological potential, in social labor productivity, and in the well-being of the people (see Table 1). Between 1928 and 1974 the national income rose by a factor of 56, industrial output by a factor of 102, agricultural output by a factor of almost 3.2, the retail trade turnover by a factor of 19, and labor productivity by a factor of 19 in industry, 5.2 in agriculture, and 14.5 in construction. As a result of the preferential development of the heavy industry sectors, between 1928 and 1974 the share of the output contributed by group A (producer goods) increased from 39.5 percent to 74 percent, and this increase was accompanied by a manifold absolute growth in the production of consumer goods in industry. From 1940 to 1970 alone, real per capita income increased by a factor of almost 5.2. The number of specialists with a higher and secondary education increased from 521,000 in 1928 to 21.4 million in 1974, and the number of scientific workers rose from 98,300 in 1940 to 1,168,000 in 1974. (In 1913, the country had only 11,600 scientific workers.) The number of factory and office workers increased from 11.4 million in 1928 to 99.7 million in 1974. In 1974 the country had 1,799,000,000 sq m of urban housing, as compared with 182 million sq m in 1922. Since 1930 there has been no unemployment. The Soviet Union has, therefore, solved for once and for all a problem that cannot be solved under the conditions of a capitalist economy. As a consequence of the higher rate of economic development in the previously backward regions of the country, the levels of economic development of the Union republics have basically become balanced. A strong all-Union economy—an interrelated national economic complex—has been created.
between the two social systems. Between 1922 and 1974 the share of the USSR in world industrial production increased from 1 percent to 20 percent. The USSR holds a leading position in a majority of the industrial sectors in volume of production, and it ranks first in the world in a number of important types of output (petroleum, coal, pig iron, steel, iron ore, coke, cement, mineral fertilizers, tractors, diesel and electric mainline locomotives, cotton and wool cloth, leather footwear, and granulated sugar).
The socialist countries have learned from the experience of the USSR in national economic planning, which they have followed in accelerating the development of their economies and creating the basis for socialism. For some of these countries, the experience of the Soviet Union has provided an instructive model for the transition to the developed form of socialism. With the rise of the world socialist system, there has been a broader sphere of applicability for the law of the planned, proportional development of the national economy, which has become international in character. Medium-term planning has become an accepted part of economic policy in countries far from the USSR. In addition to elaborating and successfully fulfilling national five-year plans, the COMECON countries engage in joint planning activities on the basis of the accepted long-range Comprehensive Program for socialist economic integration (seeSOCIALIST ECONOMIC INTEGRATION).
For 1976–80, the COMECON countries worked out their first coordinated five-year plan for multilateral economic integration measures, with a breakdown by year.
In the developing countries and especially in those with a socialist orientation, the Leninist ideas of long-term planning have gained recognition. Five-year economic development plans are more successfully implemented in countries that emphasize the strengthening and expansion of the state sector. Of tremendous significance for the successful fulfillment of five-year plans in the developing nations is scientific and economic cooperation with the USSR and the other socialist nations, which provide unselfish assistance to the young countries in their endeavor to improve their national economies and to train skilled personnel.
Lenin, V. I. "VIII Vserossiiskii s"ezd Sovetov." Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 42, pp. 153–54, 158.
Lenin, V. I. "Ob edinom khoziaistvennom plane." Ibid.
Lenin, V. I. "G. M. Krzhizhanovskomu." Ibid., vol.40.
Lenin, V. I. "Nabrosok plana nauchno-tekhnicheskikh rabot." Ibid., vol.36.
Resheniia partii i pravitel'stva po khoziaislvennym voprosam, vols. 1–9. Moscow, 1967–74.
Po edinomu planu. Moscow, 1971.
Kotov, F. I. Organizatsiia planirovaniia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR. Moscow, 1974.


text:
Archive | 11:05 pm
High Flying Fun
Watching Iron Man, it's almost as if the movie's not based on a comic book.
Sure, it's about a guy in a suit who fights evil, but Iron Man deals with contemporary issues — like terrorism — in such a serious way that it's not as hokey as most other films in the genre typically are.
Not that a film like Batman Begins is hokey, per se, but given that the villains in those movies are all disfigured or "special" in some kind of way, having a bad guy who's simply a businessman and arms dealer is sort of, ahem, disarming. Continue reading →
Categories comic books, movies
"King" of Broadway
The announcement today that Whoppi Goldberg will host the Tony Awards this year reminded me that I never put up a link to my story about likely nominee Lin-Manuel Miranda, creator and star of the Broadway show In the Heights.
Lin-Manuel, who is only 28, started writing his show when he was a sophomore at Wesleyan and never expected to act in it.
But his collaborators found that no one knew the show's freestyle raps as well as he did, and thus, somewhere along the way to Broadway, Lin-Manuel became the star.
The rest, as they say, is history. Continue reading →
Categories Broadway, Continental, magazines
Around the Watercooler
According to a recent survey of 1,435 employed adults 18 and older, when people at work talk about TV, they most often discuss American Idol. Among women, Dancing with the Stars is the second most popular show, and among men, it's Lost. Surprisingly, workers age 65 and older were more likely than any other age group to say they discuss AI more than any other show at their workplace. Now, AI and Lost I can see, but I don't think I've ever heard anyone in my office ever discuss DwtS. Ever. We talk about The Office most often around here. And there's also a large following for America's Next Top Model — which I do not watch, thank you very much. DwtS? What kinds of office workers were interviewed for this survey?
Categories American Idol, TV
Crash! Boom! Wow!
If you live in Boston, no doubt you've heard about the huge accident in Packard's Corner this morning. Wild, wild stuff. That picture above (courtesy of ilovesashimi) and the one below (from Boston.com) only show part of the story. For a video report, go to MyFoxBoston.com or read the story at Boston.com. Multiple crashed cars, blocked subway tracks, an exploding truck, etc. What a mess. Thankfully, I had my walking shoes on and an umbrella in my bag; I walked from Packard's Corner all the way down Comm Ave to Kenmore Square. This, after walking last night all the way from my office near South Station, down Boylston Street and Comm Ave, and up to Allston Street. Suffice it to say, I've gotten plenty of exercise. But here's the best part: when I got to the T stop at Kenmore this morning, an empty train pulled up and I was able to score the same seat that I had before I got off my train earlier up the line. And I only got to work 30 minutes later than usual. So I guess the commute really wasn't so bad for me after all. But anyway, yeah — what a scene on Comm Ave this morning.
Categories the T
@MarkC_Avgi Wow ... Good for you! I've only had groceries delivered once, when I was quarantining after travel. Whe… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 9 hours ago


text:
Q: Get filtered array using Regex I have the input array as follows.
const input = [
  '_rels', 'item1.xml',
  'item2.xml', 'item3.xml',
  'item4.xml', 'item5.xml',
  'item6.xml', 'item7.xml',
  'itemProps1.xml', 'itemProps2.xml',
  'itemProps3.xml', 'itemProps4.xml',
  'itemProps5.xml', 'itemProps6.xml',
  'itemProps7.xml'
]

Array can include any string.
I would like to filter the array of the item{number}.xml, not including the itemProps{number}.xml.
The expected result would be:
const output = [
'item1.xml', 'item2.xml', 'item3.xml', 'item4.xml', 'item5.xml', 'item6.xml', 'item7.xml'
]

A: You can use RegExp.prototype.test() and Array.prototype.filter methods for gaining your result.

 const input = [
  '_rels', 'item1.xml',
  'item2.xml', 'item3.xml',
  'item4.xml', 'item5.xml',
  'item6.xml', 'item7.xml',
  'itemProps1.xml', 'itemProps2.xml',
  'itemProps3.xml', 'itemProps4.xml',
  'itemProps5.xml', 'itemProps6.xml',
  'itemProps7.xml'
];

const res = input.filter(item => /^item\d+\.xml$/i.test(item));

console.log(res);

A: You can take advantage of regex combine with Array.prototype.reduce method like this

const input = [
  '_rels', 'item1.xml',
  'item2.xml', 'item3.xml',
  'item4.xml', 'item5.xml',
  'item6.xml', 'item7.xml',
  'itemProps1.xml', 'itemProps2.xml',
  'itemProps3.xml', 'itemProps4.xml',
  'itemProps5.xml', 'itemProps6.xml',
  'itemProps7.xml'
]
const regExPattern = /itemProps\d+\.xml/
const result = input.reduce((acc, current) => {
  if(regExPattern.test(current) === false){
    return acc.concat(current);
  }
  return acc;
}, []);

console.log(result);


Alula Aba Nega Airport is an airport serving Mek'ele, the capital city of the Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia. The name of the city and airport may also be transliterated as Mekele or Makale. The airport was named after the famous Tigrayan military leader Ras Alula, also known as Alula Aba Nega.


text:
Ending the Charter Wars: Century and KIPP on School Models that Work
With an estimated 2.5 million students attending charter schools, it's time to focus on which charter school models work best.
Should we be channeling resources toward charter schools serving low-income and minority students? Are there benefits to integrating diverse students from all backgrounds in a single classroom? Which management models are most effective, and what role should teachers play in determining how charter schools are run? What is charter schools' responsibility when it comes to student attrition? Should charter schools be focusing on preparing all students for college success? How can we better leverage the work of the charter school movement to help the 95 percent of students who attend district schools?
The Century Foundation (TCF) invites you join the conversation together with:
RICHARD BARTH, CEO, Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) Foundation, which operates 162 schools, serving 58,000 students, 88 percent of whom are from low-income families.
RICHARD D. KAHLENBERG, TCF senior fellow and co-author of A Smarter Charter: Finding What Works for Charter Schools and Public Education, which profiles 15 different charter schools and networks.
TOM TOCH, senior partner for public policy engagement, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and former senior education correspondent at U.S. News and World Report (moderator).
Event registration for Ending the Charter Wars: Century and KIPP on School Models that Work powered by Eventbrite
1333 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20005, United States
1 Whitehall Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY, 10004
"Fail State": A Film Screening and Discussion on For-Profit Colleges
The award-winning documentary "Fail State" investigates the dark side of American higher education, chronicling the decades of policy decisions in Washington, D.C. that have given rise to a powerful and highly-predatory for-profit college industry. With echoes of the subprime mortgage crisis, the film lays bare how for-profit colleges exploit millions of low-income and minority students,...
The Altman Building, 135 West 18th Street, New York, 10011
A Century Ahead: Celebrating the Next Generation of Policy Leaders
Join us as we commemorate 100 years of The Century Foundation and celebrate the next generation of policy leaders. For 100 years, The Century Foundation has been at the forefront of progressive policy movements, sweating the details today for policy progress tomorrow. As we turn the corner into our next century, we invite you to...


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Michael Oren, an American born Israeli academic and former Israel ambassador to the US, is now running for the Knesset on the ticket of a small political party.
Yet Oren's perspective on developing events seems to lack a grasp of reality.
In Oren's recent piece, "The Case For a 'Two state situation'", published in the Wall Street Journal on February 26, 2015*, the new Israeli politician's "new approach" is shown to be filled with illusions and delusions.
Oren incorrectly writes that "Israeli soldiers don't patrol the major Palestinian cities of Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin, Jericho and Bethlehem, and are largely absent from other towns" .
Oren neglects to report that ever since the Israel Defense Forces "Operation Defensive Shield" in April 2002, Israeli forces are strategically deployed in and around all Palestinian population centers, to prevent Palestinian incursions and mortar attacks into Israeli cities from Judea or Samaria.
Oren neglects to report that every night, the IDF patrols Arab villages, without fan fare or great publicity.
Oren nelects toreport that If the Palesinian Authority were to achieve independence, the IDF would not be able to conduct daily patrols in and around Palestinian population centers.
Oren neglects to report why Palestinians stopped firing from Beit Jalla (near Bethlehem) in the direction of Gilo, the southernmost neighborhood of Jerusalem: Simply put, IDF quietly patrols Beit Jalla to prevent these attacks.
Another illusion advanced by Oren is that "foreign governments and nongovernmental organizations could upgrade their efforts to create democratic institutions within the de facto Palestinian state".
Oren is oblivious to the fact that during 20 years of nurturing a Palestinian entity, both foreign governments and NGO's have fostered totalitarian Palestinian institutions, ignoring pleas of Palestinian dissidents for any semblance of democracy.
Oren envisions building "tunnels and overpasses that can be built to further facilitate free movement", without noting that the Palestinian Authority and Hamas have prepared their population for war, as evidenced by the new joint school books used by PA, Hamas and UNRWA schools which imbue "values" of Matryrdom, Jihad, the Right of Return and the liberation of Palestine, all of Palestine into the new Palestinian curriculum.
Oren says that Israel will "minimize its interference in the lives of the more than 2.5 million Palestinians on the West Bank".
Does Oren really mean that Israel should allow THE Palestinian education system to continue its increasing incitement to war?
Last but not least, Oren seems disconnected from Israeli reality.
Oren says that Israel should "restrict its building to the major West Bank settlement blocs in Judea and Samaria and to the Jewish neighborhoods of Jerusalem".
Does that mean that Oren, if he serves the Israeli government, will not allow outlying Jewish communities to construct housing for young couples, or health, education or welfare agencies to serve their population?
In August, 2005, Michael Oren participated as an Israeli army officer in the expulsion of the Jewish population of the 21 thriving Katif communities near Gaza and the IDF retreat from Gaza.
Oren has yet to provide a clear analysis of the implications of this failed policy, which exposed half of Israel to aerial attacks from Gaza, and which removed the option of Israeli army patrols of Gaza, thus allowing the buildup of a rocket and missile arsenal that could reach Tel Aviv. The IDF now does these patrols routinely in Judea and Samaria - and that is the reason for the relative quiet and the lack of missiles launched from that area. It's not for want of their trying.
Oren should address the subject: What would happen if Israel were to stop its army patrols of Palestinian cities, if the Palestinian Arabs were to gain sovereignty?


text:
![0 stars](../../images/ic_star_border_black_18dp_1x.png)![0 stars](../../images/ic_star_border_black_18dp_1x.png)![0 stars](../../images/ic_star_border_black_18dp_1x.png)![0 stars](../../images/ic_star_border_black_18dp_1x.png)![0 stars](../../images/ic_star_border_black_18dp_1x.png) 0

To use the 1990s Movie Quotes skill, try saying...

* *Alexa, ask nineties movie quotes to tell me a movie quote*

* *Alexa, ask nineties movie quotes to tell me a quote*

* *Alexa, ask nineties movie quotes to tell me something*

This will provide a movie quote from popular 1990s movies.

***

### Skill Details

* **Invocation Name:** nineties movie quotes
* **Category:** null
* **ID:** amzn1.ask.skill.34a1fe62-c0de-400d-aa59-c8ecf18150af
* **ASIN:** B01KECPUP8
* **Author:** Alex Beggs
* **Release Date:** August 18, 2016 @ 01:52:26
* **In-App Purchasing:** No

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Adelaide Strikers fall just short of ridiculous BBL run chase
By Marc Churches
The Adelaide Strikers have fallen just short of a ridiculous comeback following a disastrous start to their run chase.
Chasing 175 runs to win, the Strikers appeared to be done and dusted when they fell to 9-102 and needing 73 off 34 deliveries to win.
Openers Phil Salt (8) and Jake Weatherald (1) were unable to fire the Strikers, both dismissed within the first three overs of Adelaide's run chase.
And it didn't get any easier for the visitors with Harry Nielsen (8), Jonathan Wells (0), Ryan Gibson (7) and Rashid Khan (0) all failing to notch at least 10 runs.
Daniel Worrall of the Strikers bats during the Big Bash League match between the Adelaide Strikers and the Hobart Hurricanes at Blundstone Arena, (Getty)
But just when the match seemed destined to end, No.8 Daniel Worrall and No.11 Danny Briggs combined for a tournament record 61-run 10th wicket stand.
Worrall, 62 not out, and Briggs, 35 not out, both turned the game on its head when Adelaide from the final two overs needed just 25 runs to win before the Hurricanes held on in a tense final over. The pair needed 18 runs from the final over but couldn't get their side over the line.
"It was definitely a lot tighter than what we wanted towards the end. They rode their luck a bit," Hurricanes batsman D'Arcy Short said.
Worrall said he hoped today's loss would be a learning lesson for the Strikers.
"Unfortunately we couldn't get it done but we'll take some lessons into the rest of the tournament," he said.
Allan Border rips 'disgraceful' Aussies after Indian blitz during tour match
Marcus Harris, Joe Burns fail to impress in final audition as unlikely duo salvage draw


Maneno is a new and different reading app, designed to help children become strong readers. The reading app has a game element that makes reading fun. It includes books for children (from beginner reading to modern classics) and book recommendations tailored to the child's level and interests. Target groups are both families and schools / institutions, ie. B2B and B2C. As the activation of Maneno's business strategy, the company needed a strategic communication platform that accurately describes product benefits and the main messages to be communicated to stakeholders and customers. OXY developed the narrative in a fixed format with analysis and joint workshops.