The online gaming industry is rapidly expanding. With more and more people getting introduced to mobile gaming, the casino software providers are doing their best to tap this vast market. They are developing games that can be played on any kind of device using any kind of operating system. The casino game developers ensure the provision of games that load are just perfect on a mobile device with the help of the software developed using the latest technology. Below we list some of the best slots site and casino software providers.
Betsoft: Looking for 3D slots that provide you with the best cinematic experience ever? You should try playing games supported by the Betsoft casino gaming software. Supported by both the Android and the iOS operating systems, Betsoft software is every player's choice for a great gaming experience on the go. The games offered by Betsoft have a different style. These can be easily distinguished from thousands of games from other software providers. The company has been around since 1999, therefore, it is quite an experienced one at its work.
Microgaming: It is probably the biggest casino software provider in the entire world. Its clients include the world's leading casinos and a huge number of individual players. The company, since its inception in 1994, is the most trusted software provider for the majority of the online gaming population. It continuously releases new and better online casino games be it a slot or a table game like Roulette, Blackjack and Video Poker. In addition, it provides a huge range of free demo games and real money games alike.
IGT: International Gaming technology, popularly known as IGT, is a part of the casino software industry since day one. Their slot machines and gaming software is used by the entire casino industry. Through its casino games, it has generated huge profits for itself. It, therefore, offers progressive jackpots on many of its slot games. IGT's casino games come with the best quality graphics and a plethora of bonus features.
Net Entertainment Touch: This segment of the Net Entertainment company deals with providing the best quality software for the casinos required to execute flawless mobile casino games. The company has been in the business for the past twenty years of so. Based in Sweden, besides the software, it is known for the live casino games that it streams live from its studio in Malta.
NextGen gaming: They are the providers of HTML5 casino games. All their games are a class in themselves. Their casino software is based on mathematical models and is developed using complex algorithms. Founded in 1999, they are based in Australia and are providers of innovative casino games and software.
Realistic games: As far as the online casino industry is concerned, Realistic Games is quite a young name. They started off in 2002 but became a known name only in 2011/12. Their main aim is to develop mobile and tablet friendly games and they are doing pretty decent in their line of business.
Playtech: It is one of the oldest software providers for the casinos. They develop games both for online and mobile platforms. The best thing about their games is that you cannot tell the difference while playing a mobile version and an online desktop version. Hence their casino games lose no detail while being transferred to a small screen mobile version.
Thunderkick: This name is quite new to the market of online casino software and gaming. They kick started their endeavour to provide quality software and games to the mobile casino lovers in 2014. Having developed only a limited number of games until now, the company has been able to make a nice entry in the overcrowded casino industry.
Yggdrasil Gaming: They are the developers of some the simplest yet best online and mobile casino games. It is never understood why are they still such a lesser known name in the casino industry. Winners of the rising EGR award in 2015, this company is here to stay and awe the world with the great quality of casino games and software it has to offer.
WMS casinos: They are known to bring great games to the palm of your hands. Their creations are only available in limited numbers but each of these is beautifully crafted. They have been in the gaming segment for quite some time and they took to developing pinball machines in as early as 1980's. Later on, they started developing slot machines and since then, they have not stopped to provide a sizeable contribution to the online casino industry.
Realtime Gaming: This company was established in 1998 in Atlanta. Based on their location, they are one of the biggest providers of software and games to the US casinos. They make their games available to the players from all the international countries and hence it is not difficult to locate an RTG casino from anywhere in the world. Their tagline is 'Take gaming seriously' and they do live by it by putting their best efforts in whatever games they create. The company provides a huge variety of online games but only a limited variety of mobile games. Hence they have a lot to catch up as far as mobile casino gaming is concerned.
Many of these providers of online mobile casinos offer progressive Jackpots on their slot games. These might be limited to one per game or they may provide one Jackpot on several games together. The kind of casino profits a software provider makes clearly defines the kind of money it has on hand. It is used to provide gigantic progressive jackpots on their games. Players opting to play progressive jackpot games should remember that the age restrictions might apply while availing a progressive jackpot. Hence please ensure to check the minimum age while playing this kind of games. Also, one should ensure to take all the deposit bonuses before depositing real money in these games. Find a list of the best uk online casino sites that come with the top rated software providers at our dedicated page.


When the body's pancreas is unable to produce a hormone called insulin, which is essential for proper blood sugar utilization, it results in an autoimmune disease called diabetes. Those with diabetes cannot convert blood sugar into a form that can be used by the cells thereby resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels, circulatory problems and nerve damage. Unfortunately, diabetes cannot be cured, but it can be treated and managed with proper medical care, dietary control, and exercise. Diabetes is a growing problem currently now reaching more and more into the younger population. Unfortunately, many people are not aware that they have the disease.
Diabetes can cause potential problems with the legs and feet. Deterioration of the nerve functioning in the body's extremities is the most common reason for diabetes-related hospitalization, and amputation of the lower leg and foot. Numbness, weakness, tingling in the extremities, shooting pains, or a burning sensation may result in a patient not seeking timely treatment for cuts, bruises, burns or blisters that heal poorly; therefore, possibly worsening and becoming infected.
When diabetes is not controlled, wounds and injuries are difficult to heal. This is especially true of wounds in the feet. The deterioration of the nerves often renders the patient unaware of any such wound that adds to the danger of the wounds. When the feet are routinely confined in shoes, a hot, moist environment, the shoes can cause friction, rubbing, and tearing of the skin, all conducive to infection. Injuries are very common to the feet and it is important to pay special attention to the area. One you can help protect your feet from these injuries is by finding the proper footwear, including socks, to accommodate your needs appropriately. Wigwam carries socks that fit loosely, which are great for people who are living with diabetes. We also recommend that you wear footwear with wider widths so your feet are not constricted.
Total daily health care is extremely important. Monitoring of blood glucose levels, eating a balanced diet, exercising, inspecting the feet and regularly seeing a physician for any problems that may have arisen. Checking feet daily should include using the hands to feel for hard or dry skin, redness or cracking. A podiatrist may recommend that custom-molded orthotics and/or shoes be made. These precautions can help prevent the feet from becoming ulcerated or infected.


We are pleased to present the 5th Global Employment Taxes newsletter.
In this edition, we highlighted the trend that employers are required to provide more information on a more timely basis, such as employment income information schedules shall be submitted to the Inland Revenue in New Zealand within two working days after payday ......, as well as changes to the taxation of benefits in kind - see updates from Ireland, Sweden, France, New Zealand, Norway and Hungary in particular. Key updates in Asia Pacific region includes on-going China individual income tax reform impacting employer obligation and changing of double tax relief for salary tax in Hong Kong.
Please contact us, or any of your PwC Employment Tax colleagues, if you have any queries or would like to discuss anything further.


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Home > Science & Society > Science 2.0
Omicron Data Show We're Beating COVID-19 But It's Hard To Know That From Social Media
By Hank Campbell | January 5th 2022 10:24 AM | Print | E-mail
If you read social media, you might believe we're teetering on the brink of societal collapse due to COVID-19 but one metric tells the real health story; ICU beds.
Deaths have been cut almost in half from this time last year while ICU occupancy is down 40 percent. If you're a positive person, you'll note that this is a win and big thanks go to the health care system that critics demand be replaced by something like VA hospitals, which very few veterans agree is good, or Medicare, which very few old people think is good. You'll also note that vaccines work, and those are the product of Big Pharma that similar critics decry as greedy evil opportunists.
If you are a cynic you'll note that the most vulnerable people already died and that the vaccine is not 100 percent effective.
Let's address the cynics first. While it is true that age is the big risk factor for everything, and various co-morbidities, like smoking and effects of cancer, add to that, but we weren't commonly losing hundreds of thousands of people to flu each year, and wouldn't have lost the staggering numbers due to COVID-19 even if epidemiologists or hospitals had been told to expand the definition of flu-related death to anyone who tested positive for any influenza virus in the previous month.
COVID-19 was not a political fabrication created (2) or exaggerated to sway an election. What it did do was show American and international resilience in the face of potential disaster. A recent Netflix film "Don't Like Up", is about an asteroid approaching earth and in the satire all people care about is celebrity news, but it feels wildly anachronistic in 2022. (3)
On the positive side, the vaccines have worked quite well. Sure, it is not bulletproof, but we are in a weird world where journalists will repeat bizarre epidemiology claims that lack of education causes dementia, so if some people get a flu vaccine and then get the flu or a COVID-19 vaccine and get COVID-19, that's an outlier.
The fact is this is a once-in-a-century pandemic, surpassing the 1957 Asian Flu in per capita deaths. The Spanish Flu of 1918 may have had millions die unaccounted for and the world population was much smaller but it remains the leader in modern times.
Being a once-in-a-century event does not mean doom. This was the third coronavirus pandemic in a 17-year period (SARS and MERS preceded it) and we have no idea how many pandemics it caused prior to that, because coronavirus was only recognized as distinct from the common cold virus in the 1960s.
In 2017 my colleagues and I wrote a book called "The Next Plague, And How Science Will Stop It" (that is a purchase link, if you want to read it online click here) and we mentioned coronavirus but it didn't merit a high level of concern because the chances of it being more than a bad cold were still so remote in the US that despite SARS and MERS pandemics.
It was so remote that New York state denied $500,000,000 funding for more ventilators that health experts wanted and instead gave that money to a solar panel manufacturer run by a prominent Democratic donor. The state was more afraid of natural gas than it was respiratory distress among the elderly.
Now we know better, but we are also better prepared for whatever The Next Plague is. Omicron is a lot more like the cold virus than the original disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and that is reflected in ICUs.
Link: Bloomberg
We're not done yet. Epidemiologists will continue to come up with new Greek letters to talk about (4) but Omicron is much less worrisome, despite hyperventilation over everything that occurs on Twitter, and in countries where this occurred earlier, after 30 days it had burned out.
Here is hoping that it does so airline travel can go back to being the third world experience it was in 2019 and not the even worse experience it was in 2021. Government needs science outreach more than ever and while Zoom is great, we are kidding ourselves if we think business, science discovery, and evidence-based decision=making don't have a personal aspect.
(1) Though deaths considered 'related to COVID-19' (like if you got shot to death but had COVID-19 30 days prior) have led to distrust in what is actually COVID-19 and what is respiratory distress that would have been called something else in prior years, like natural causes. Politicization of science did not start in 2020. When Science 2.0 started bloggers claimed that if President Bush hadn't banned stem cells, we'd have cures for lots of diseases real soon. Of course he didn't ban it, he was the first President to federally fund human embryonic stem cell research, the technology had been created outside federal funding because it was illegal under a law by...Democratic President Bill Clinton. When President Obama came into office, allies claimed he was 'lifting' the non-existent ban, and then he signed an executive order allowing a few more lines than were allowed under Bush. Because he didn't oveturn Clinton's law. Any time a political party is overwhelmingly for or against something in science, it's about politics.
(2) Yes, China told the World Health Organisation what to believe, and that had political ramifications, like when President Trump wanted to ban travel from China due to pandemic concerns and was called racist for believing it originated in Wuhan (science now shows it did) or when Democrats said horse dewormer would not help and that led to an alarming number of Republicans believing it must, but viruses are not political. How government responded certainly was, but the blame for that is career bureaucrats, not their political party.
(3) Given how out of touch it is, it's no surprise Netflix funded it. A few years ago, after Netflix refused to carry a pro-science food documentary, some colleagues and I looked at the food documentaries they did pay to run - and it was all woo about organic food and how Big Science was killing us. The same Big Science that is saving us now.
We're just lucky Netflix didn't run a show about a pandemic prior to 2021. If they had done to immunology what they did to "The Last Kingdom" and "Money Heist" after they took those shows over, we'd be n real trouble.
(4) Though skipping Xi, odd unless you know that is also the name of the Chinese premier running the communist dictatorship where this all began)
Environmental Health Trust Now Claims 5G Cell Phones Kill Trees
Supreme Court Finds Biden Can Mandate Vaccines For Federally Funded Hospitals But Not All Businesses
I founded Science 2.0® in 2006 and since then it has become the world's largest independent science communications site, with over 300,000,000 direct...
Gallop: Both Republicans And Democrats Are Wildly Overstating Risks From COVID-19
Why We Can't Just Let Omicron Spread- Urban Legend That Viruses Evolve Naturally To Be Mild- Need To Control With #DOITALL
COVID-19- Things Are Starting To Get Better
The 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic Had Up To Four Waves- The Last Was 18 Months After The Third
Vaccination Opponents Drive An Epidemic Of COVID-19 Misinformation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Video Details: Aaron Keil, PT, DPT, OCS, discusses how a physical therapist can help treat individuals with plantar fasciitis.
Plantar fasciitis is a condition causing heel pain. Supporting the arch, the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue connecting the heel to the ball of the foot, can become inflamed or can tear. You experience pain when you put weight on your foot—particularly when taking your first steps in the morning. The pain can be felt at the heel, or along the arch and the ball of the foot.
Plantar fasciitis affects people of all ages, both athletes and non-athletes. Men and women have an equal chance of developing the condition.
Plantar fasciitis is a condition causing heel pain. Supporting the arch, the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue connecting the heel to the ball of the foot, can become inflamed or can tear. The condition develops when repeated weight-bearing activities put a strain on the plantar fascia. People who are diagnosed with plantar fasciitis also may have heel spurs, a bony growth that forms on the heel bone. However, people with heel spurs may not experience pain.
Plantar fasciitis occurs most frequently in people in their 40s but can occur in all age groups.
The condition can develop in athletes who run a great deal and in non-athletes who are on their feet most of the day, such as police officers, cashiers, or restaurant workers.
The onset of symptoms of plantar fasciitis frequently occurs with a sudden increase in activity. You might feel a stabbing pain on the underside of your heel, and a sensation of tightness and/or tenderness along your arch.
As your body warms up, your pain may actually decrease during the day but then worsen again toward the end of the day because of extended walking. Severe symptoms may cause you to limp.
The physical therapist's diagnosis is based on your health and activity history and a clinical evaluation. Your therapist also will take a medical history to make sure that you do not have other possible conditions that may be causing the pain. Sharing information about the relationship of your symptoms to your work and recreation, and reporting any lifestyle changes, will help the physical therapist diagnose your condition and tailor a treatment program for your specific needs.
Physical therapists are trained to evaluate and treat plantar fasciitis.
Jason has worked as a cook in a restaurant kitchen for 5 years. He has gradually gained about 25 pounds over those years. He began to develop pain in both his heels about 2 months ago. He does not exercise.
Jason asks a friend who has received physical therapy for advice. His friend suggests he see a physical therapist to find the cause of his heel pain.
Jason's physical therapist conducts a detailed history, asking questions about his health, lifestyle, and work, and performs a thorough evaluation. Jason says that his heel pain is worst when he gets up in the morning. After a shower and walking around for a while, his pain diminishes. However, when he is cooking at the restaurant during the evening shift, his heel pain returns, extending to the balls of his feet. Due to food debris in the restaurant kitchen, Jason says he wears old beat-up sneakers to work.
After conducting a physical examination, Jason's therapist diagnoses plantar fasciitis. She teaches Jason several stretches to perform twice a day and designs a home exercise program that will fit his goals and lifestyle. The therapist recommends he choose a shoe with a good arch support and replace them when they are worn out. She also suggests an orthotic (shoe insert) to place into his new shoes. She instructs him to apply ice to the bottom of his feet several times throughout the day. The therapist does not prescribe a night splint at this time, because Jason has had symptoms for less than 3 months. The therapist recommends that for his general health, Jason begin a low-impact exercise program, including swimming and using an exercise bike. This will help him lose the excess weight he has gained without further aggravating his plantar fasciitis.
Jason follows the advice of his physical therapist. He purchases new footwear for work and performs the stretching exercises and icing as instructed. After 2 weeks, he is 90% pain-free. Jason keeps his follow-up visit with his physical therapist 1 month later to review his condition and adjust his home program.
When you contact a physical therapy clinic for an appointment, ask about the physical therapists' experience in helping people who have heel pain.
The following articles provide some of the best scientific evidence related to physical therapy treatment of plantar fasciitis. The articles report recent research and give an overview of the standards of practice both in the United States and internationally. The article titles are linked either to a PubMed* abstract of the article or to free access of the full article, so that you can read it or print out a copy to bring with you to your health care provider.
Cole C, Seto C, Gazewood J. Plantar fasciitis: evidence-based review of diagnosis and therapy. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72:2237–2242. Free Article.
Irving DB, Cook JL, Young MA, Menz HB. Obesity and pronated foot type may increase the risk of chronic plantar heel pain: a matched case-control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:41. Free Article.
McPoil TG, Martin RL, Cornwall MW, et al. Heel pain—plantar fasciitis: clinical practice guildelines linked to the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association [erratum in: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;38:648]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;38:A1–A18. .
Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P, Johnson RE. Risk factors for plantar fasciitis: a matched case-control study [erratum in: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:1338]. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:872–877. Article Summary on PubMed.
Riddle DL, Schappert SM. Volume of ambulatory care visits and patterns of care for patients diagnosed with plantar fasciitis: a national study of medical doctors. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25:303–310. Article Summary on PubMed.
Scher DL, Belmont PJ Jr, Bear R, et al. The incidence of plantar fasciitis in the United States military. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:2867–872. Article Summary on PubMed.
Authored by Shaw Bronner, PT, PhD, OCS. Reviewed by the MoveForwardPT.com editorial board.


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Франц Петер Шуберт () е австрийски композитор от късната класическа и ранната романтична епоха, един от най-видните представители на виенската класическа музикална школа и един от основоположниците на романтизма в музиката. Въпреки краткия си живот той оставя след себе си огромно музикално наследство, включващо светски вокални творби, седем цялостни симфонии, църковна музика, опери и камерна музика.

Докато музиката на Шуберт приживе е ограничена до сравнително малък кръг почитатели във Виена, интересът към творчеството му значително нараства през десетилетията след смъртта му. Феликс Менделсон, Робърт Шуман, Франц Лист, Йоханес Брамс и други композитори от XIX век откриват и популяризират неговите творби. Днес Шуберт е класиран сред най-големите световни композитори, а музиката му продължава да е популярна.

Биография

Ранни години

Франц Петер Шуберт е роден в Химелпфортгрунд (днес част от Алзергрунд), Виена, на 31 януари 1797 г. и на следващия ден е кръстен в католическа църква. Той е дванадесетото дете на Франц Теодор Флориан Шуберт (1763 – 1830) и Мария Елизабет Катарина Виец (1756 – 1812). Непосредствените предци на Шуберт произхождат от провинция Зукмантел в Австрийска Силезия. Баща му, син на моравски селянин, е известен енорийски учител и директор, неговото училище в Лихтентал има многобройни ученици. Той идва във Виена от Зукмантел през 1784 г. и е назначен за учител две години по-късно. Майка му е дъщеря на ключар, силезийски майстор и преди женитбата работи като прислуга в дома на виенско семейство. От четиринадесетте деца на Франц Теодор и Елизабет (едното от тях извънбрачно, родено през 1783 г.), девет умират в ранна детска възраст. Само пет от децата доживяват първия си рожден ден.

На петгодишна възраст Шуберт започва да получава редовни уроци от баща си, а година по-късно е записан в училището на баща си. Въпреки че не е известно точно кога Шуберт получава първото си музикално обучение, той получава уроци по пиано от брат си Игназ, но те продължават много кратко време, тъй като Шуберт започва да го превъзхожда в рамките на няколко месеца.

Баща му му дава първите уроци по цигулка, когато е на осем години. Скоро след това Шуберт получава първите си уроци извън семейството от Михаел Холцер, органист и хормайстор на местната енорийска църква в Лихтентал. Холцер често уверява бащата на Шуберт със сълзи на очи, че никога не е имал такъв ученик като Шуберт. Холцер учи младия Шуберт на пиано и орган, както и по басо континуо. Той също свири на виола в семейния струнен квартет, с братята си Фердинанд и Игназ на първа и втора цигулка и баща си на виолончелото. Шуберт пише най-ранните си струнни квартети за този ансамбъл.

Образование

Младият Шуберт най-напред попада на вниманието на Антонио Салиери, тогава водещ музикален авторитет на Виена, през 1804 г., когато неговият вокален талант е признат. През ноември 1808 г. става ученик в Стадконвикт (Императорската семинария) посредством стипендия. На 11-годишна възраст, през 1808 г. Шуберт започва да пее в придворния хор, след като една година преди това написва първото си музикално произведение. Той е не само солист в хора, а и втори цигулар в оркестъра, поради което се запознава с увертюрите и симфониите на Волфганг Амадеус Моцарт, симфониите на Йозеф Хайдн и по-малкия му брат Михаел Хайдн и увертюрите и симфониите на Бетовен, композитор, от който се възхищава. Допирът с тези и други произведения, съчетано със случайни посещения в операта, поставя основата на по-широко музикално образование. В семинарията се запознава и с бъдещи дългогодишни приятели като Йозеф фон Шпаун, Алберт Щадлер и Антон Холцапфел.

Междувременно гениалността на Шуберт започва да се проявява в неговите композиции. Салиери решава да започне да го тренира частно по музикална теория и дори по композиция. Според Фердинанд първата композиция за пиано на момчето е била Фантазия за четири ръце; първата му песен е написана година по-късно. Понякога на Шуберт му е позволено да дирижира оркестъра на Стадконвикт. Посвещава голяма част от останалото си време на композиране на камерна музика, няколко песни, композиции за пиано и по-амбициозните, богослужебни хорови творби, както и първата си симфония.

Учител

В края на 1813 г. Шуберт напуска Стадконвикт и се връща у дома за обучение като учител в Нормандската Света Анна. През 1814 г. той постъпва в училището на баща си като учител на най-малките ученици. Повече от две години младият Шуберт издържа на монотонна тежка работа. Той продължава да взема частни уроци по композиция от Салиери, който дава на Шуберт реална техническа подготовка, преди да се разделят през 1817 г.

През 1814 г. Шуберт среща младото сопрано Тереза Гроб, дъщеря на местен производител на коприна, и написва няколко богослужебни произведения (включително "Salve Regina" и "Tantum Ergo") за нея; тя също така е солистка в премиерата на неговата Маса № 1 (D. 105) през септември 1814 г. Шуберт иска да се ожени за нея, но е възпрепятстван от суровия закон за съгласие за брак от 1815 г., който изисква младоженецът да покаже, че има средства за издръжка на семейство. През ноември 1816 г., след като не успява да получи музикален пост в Лайбах (сега Любляна, Словения), Шуберт изпраща на брата на Гроб, Хайнрих, колекция от песни, запазени от семейството през ХХ век.

Една от най-плодотворните години на Шуберт е 1815 г. Той композира над 20 000 музикални произведения, повече от половината от които са за оркестър, включително девет църковни произведения (въпреки че са агностични), симфония и други. През тази година той се запознава и с Анселм Хютенбренер и Франц фон Шобер, които ще останат негови приятели през целия му живот. Друг приятел, Йохан Майрофер, му е представен от Спаун през 1815 г.

През цялата 1815 г. Шуберт живее с баща си у дома. Майка му умира през 1812 г. Продължава да преподава в училището и да дава частни музикални уроци, печелейки достатъчно пари за основните си нужди, включително дрехи, ръкописна хартия, химикалки и мастило, но с малко или почти никакви пари, останали за лукс. Спаун добре осъзнава, че Шуберт е недоволен от живота си в училището и се грижи за развитието на Шуберт в интелектуално и музикално отношение. През май 1816 г. Спаун се премества от апартамента си в Ландскронгасе (във вътрешния град) в нов дом в предградието Ландщрасе; едно от първите неща, които прави, след като се настанява в новия дом, е да покани Шуберт да прекара няколко дни с него. Това вероятно е първото посещение на Шуберт извън дома или училището.

Шуберт е нещастен през годините си като учител и вероятно показва ранни признаци на депресия и най-вероятно страда от циклотимия през целия си живот.

Помощ от приятели

Значителни промени настъпват през 1816 г. Шобер, ученик от добро семейство и в добро материално състояние, кани Шуберт да се настани при него в къщата на майка му. Предложението е особено подходящо, тъй като Шуберт току-що е направил неуспешна молба за поста капелмайстор в Лайбах и е решил да не възобновява преподавателските си задължения в училището на баща си. До края на годината той остава гост в квартирата на Шобер. За известно време се опитва да увеличи ресурсите на домакинството, като дава уроци по музика, но скоро ги изоставя и се посвещава на композицията. "Композирам всяка сутрин и когато едното парче е готово, започвам друго." През тази година той се фокусира върху оркестровите и хоровите творби. Голяма част остават непубликувани, но ръкописи и копия са разпространени сред приятели и почитатели.

В началото на 1817 г. Шобер запознава Шуберт с Йохан Михаел Фогл, виден баритон, с двайсет години по-възрастен от Шуберт. Фогл, за когото Шуберт пише много песни, става един от основните привърженици на Шуберт и го въвежда във виенските музикални среди. Шуберт се среща и с Йосиф Хютенбренер (брат на Анселм), който също изиграва роля в промотирането на музиката му. увеличаващият се кръг от приятели и музиканти стават отговорни за популяризирането, събирането и след смъртта му, запазването на творчеството му.

В края на 1817 г. бащата на Шуберт придобива нова длъжност в училище в Росау, недалеч от Лихентал. Шуберт се присъединява отново към баща си и с неохота поема учителските задължения там. В началото на 1818 г. започва да печели повече внимание в пресата и първото публично изпълнение на светска творба, увертюра, изпълнена през февруари 1818 г., получава похвала от пресата във Виена и в чужбина.

Шуберт прекарва лятото на 1818 г. като учител по музика в семейството на граф Йохан Карл Естерхази в техния замък в Зселиз (сега Желиезовце, Словакия). Заплащането е сравнително добро, а задълженията му да преподава пиано и пеене на двете дъщери са сравнително леки, което му позволява да композира.

В началото на 1820 г. Шуберт е част от тесен кръг от художници, поети и студенти, които провеждат социални събирания, станали известни като Шубертиади. Много от тях се състоят в големия апартамент на Игназ фон Сонлейтнер в Гунделхоф. Тесният кръг от приятели, с които Шуберт се обгражда, претърпява удар в началото на 1820 г. Шуберт и четирима негови приятели са арестувани от австрийската полиция, която след Френската революция и Наполеоновите войни е нащрек срещу революционни дейности и подозрителна към всяко събиране на младежи или студенти. Един от приятелите на Шуберт, Йохан Сен, е осъден, затворен в продължение на година и след това за постоянно му е забранено да влиза във Виена. Останалите четирима, включително Шуберт, са "строго порицани", отчасти за "обида срещу длъжностни лица с използване на срамен език". Докато Шуберт никога повече не се вижда със Сен, той поставя някои от неговите стихотворения в музика.

Музикална зрялост

Композициите от 1819 и 1820 г. показват значителен напредък в развитието и зрелостта на стила му. През 1820 г. са поставени две от оперите на Шуберт: "Братята близнаци" (Die Zwillingsbrüder) (D. 647) се появява в театър Кернтнертор на 14 юни, а "Магическата арфа" (Die Zauberharfe) (D. 644) се появява във Виенския театър на 21 август. Дотук по-големите му композиции (с изключение на масите му) са ограничени до самодейния оркестър в Гунделхоф, общество, което се разраства от квартетите в дома му. Сега той започва да заема по-видна позиция, обръщайки се към по-широка общественост. Издателствата обаче остават далечни, като Антон Диабели се колебае дали да отпечата някои негови произведения по поръчка. Първите седем опуса (всички песни) се появяват при тези условия; след това комисионните спират и той започва да получава авторски лицензионни възнаграждения. Ситуацията се подобрява донякъде през март 1821 г., когато Фогл изпълнява песента "Горски цар" ("Der Erlkönig") (D. 328) на концерт, който е изключително добре приет.

Франц Шуберт посещава Унгария, където се запознава с унгарските народни песни и циганската музика. През 1819 г., 1823 г. и 1825 г. посещава Горна Австрия и Грац. Песните му стават много известни в австрийското общество.

Продукцията на двете опери насочва вниманието на Шуберт повече от всякога в посока към сцената, където поради различни причини той е почти напълно неуспешен. Като цяло се заема с двадесет сценични проекта, всеки от които провал, които бързо са забравени. През 1822 г. "Алфонсо и Естрела" е отказана, отчасти поради либретото (написано от приятеля на Шуберт, Франц фон Шобер). През 1823 г. операта "Фиерабрас" (D 796) е отхвърлена: Доменико Барбая, импресарио на придворните театри, до голяма степен губи интерес към новата немска опера поради популярността на Росини и италианския оперен стил, както и провала на "Ерианте" на Карл Мария фон Вебер. "Конспираторите" (D 787) е забранен от цензурата (очевидно въз основа на заглавието си), и "Розамунде, Фюрстин фон Зиперн" (D 797) е оттеглена след две представления, поради лошото качество на пиесата.

Въпреки оперните му провали, репутацията на Шуберт непрекъснато нараства на други фронтове. Броят на изпълненията на неговата музика нараства забележително. Тези изпълнения помагат на репутацията на Шуберт да нарасне бързо сред членовете на Гезелшафт и да утвърди името му. Някои от членовете, най-вече Игназ фон Сонлейтнер и неговият син Леополд фон Сонлейтнер, оказват значително влияние върху делата на обществото и в резултат на това и нарастващата репутация на Шуберт. Неговите творби са включени в три основни концерта на Гезелшафт през 1821 г. През април се изпълнява един от неговите квартети за мъжки глас, а през ноември неговата увертюра в ми минор (D. 648) получава първото си публично изпълнение.

През 1822 г. Шуберт се запознава и с Вебер, и с Бетховен, но и в двата случая не се стигна до сътрудничество. На смъртното си легло се казва, че Бетховен разглежда някои от произведенията на младия мъж и възкликва: "Наистина, искрата на божествения гений пребивава в този Шуберт!" Той също така прогнозира, че Шуберт "ще направи страхотна сензация в света" и изразява съжаление, че не се е запознал с него по-рано.

Последни години и шедьоври
Последните години от живота си Шуберт е неосигурен финансово, отчаян, самотен и често боледува.

Въпреки ангажиментите си към сцената, а по-късно и служебните си задължения, Шуберт намира време за значително композиране. Той показва своето зряло лично виждане в Симфонията в си минор, известна като Незавършената симфония (D. 759). През 1823 г. Шуберт пише първия си мащабен песенен цикъл "Прекрасната мелничарка" (D. 795), поставяйки стихове на Вилхелм Мюлер. Тази поредица, заедно с по-късния цикъл "Зимно пътуване" (D. 911), се счита за един от върховете на този жанр. През тази година той композира и песента "Ти си почивка и мир" (D. 776). През същата година за първи път се появяват и симптомите на сифилис.

През 1824 г. той написва вариациите в ми минор за флейта и пиано Сухи цветя, песен от цикъла "Прекрасната мелничарка" и няколко струнни квартета. Той също така пише Соната в ла минор за арпеджионе и пиано (D. 821) по времето, когато има незначителна мания по този инструмент. През пролетта на същата година той написва Октет във фа мажор (D. 803), скица за "Голяма симфония"; а през лятото се връща в Железовце. Там той е привлечен от унгарския музикален идиом. Има слухове е, че е изпитвал безнадеждна страст към своята ученичка, графиня Каролайн Естерхази.

Неуспехите от предишните години са компенсирани от просперитета и щастието през 1825 г. През лятото има приятна почивка в Горна Австрия, където е посрещнат с ентусиазъм. От 1826 до 1828 г. Шуберт пребивава непрекъснато във Виена, с изключение на посещение в Грац, Австрия, през 1827 г. Произведенията от последните му две години разкриват композитор, който навлиза в нова професионална и композиционна сцена.

Болест и смърт

В разгара на тази творческа дейност здравето му се влошава. Към края на 1820 г. здравето на Шуберт се влошава значително и той доверява на някои приятели, че се страхува, че е близо до смъртта. В края на лятото на 1828 г. композиторът посещава лекаря Ернст Рина, който може би потвърждава подозренията на Шуберт, че е болен отвъд лечение и вероятно скоро ще умре. Някои от симптомите му съвпадат със симптомите на отравяне с живак (живакът тогава е често срещано лечение на сифилис, което отново подсказва, че Шуберт страда от него). В началото на ноември той отново се разболява, изпитвайки главоболие, треска, подути стави и повръщане. По принцип той не може да задържа твърда храна и състоянието му се влошава. Пет дни преди смъртта на Шуберт неговият приятел, цигуларят Карл Холц и неговият струнен квартет го посещават, за да свирят за него. Последното музикално произведение, което той иска да чуе е струнният квартет № 14 на Бетховен в С минор, опус 131.

Шуберт умира във Виена, на 31 години, на 19 ноември 1828 г. в апартамента на брат си Фердинанд. Причината за смъртта му е официално диагностицирана като коремен тиф, въпреки че са предложени други теории, включително третичния стадий на сифилис. Шуберт е погребан близо до Бетховен, на когото той се възхищава през целия си живот, по собствено желание, в селското гробище във Веринг, Виена. Той служи като факлоносец на погребението на Бетховен, година преди собствената си смърт.

През 1872 г. във Виена в Щадпарк е издигнат мемориал на Франц Шуберт. През 1888 г. гробовете на Шуберт и Бетховен са преместени до тези на Йохан Щраус (син) и Йоханес Брамс. Гробището във Веринг е превърнато в парк през 1925 г., наречен парк Шуберт, а предишното му гробно място е белязано с бюст. Епитафията, написана от неговия приятел, поетът Франц Грилпарзер, гласи: Die Tonkunst begrub hier einen reichen Besitz, aber noch viel schönere Hoffnungen ("Изкуството на музиката тук е погребало ценно съкровище, но все пак далеч по-справедливи надежди").

Музикални произведения
Музиката му е тясно свързана с австрийското народно изкуство, в нея се чувства и влиянието на фолклора на славянските народи, унгарците и циганите, живеещи в Австрийската империя. Независимо от новаторството той запазва връзките си с традициите на Виенската класическа школа.

Шуберт е автор на:
 над 600 солови песни по стихове на Гьоте, Фридрих Шилер, Хайнрих Хайне и др.,
 9 симфонии (най-известна от които е осмата – "Недовършена"),
 около 20 опери,
 17 увертюри,
 15 струнни квартета,
 камерни ансамбли (клавирен квинтет "Пъстървата"),
 клавирни творби – сонати, валсове, фантазии, емпромптюта, музикални моменти, дивертименти, фуги, ронда, скерца, вариации, като и произведения с танцов и маршов характер – немски лендлери, екосези, галопи, менуети, полонези и др.

За разлика от други композитори – Волфганг Амадеус Моцарт, Лудвиг ван Бетховен, Ференц Лист, Фредерик Шопен, Шуберт не е бил виртуоз и не е успявал да представя лично огромния си брой произведения. Макар че има прекрасен глас, той не пее. На пиано свири нежно и мелодично, но не концертира и не е познат на широката публика. Ето защо много от неговите големи инструментални произведения са изпълнени за първи път десетилетия след смъртта му – примерно "Голямата" симфония в до мажор за пръв път е изпълнена под диригентството на Феликс Менделсон Бартолди през 1839 г., "Недовършената" симфония – през 1865 г. и пр.

Песенно творчество
Композиторът е определян като "най-големия лирик на романтизма".

Черпи характерни същностни черти на музикалната среда, в която попада във Виена, пресътворява ги от гледна точка на романтичната чувствителност и ги развива.

Типичен пример за романтично творчество е вокалната му лирика. Тя е тясно свързана с фолклорните традиции. Първите ярки звуци на романтичните насоки се открояват в създадената по стихове на Гьоте песен "Гретхен пред чекръка" (Gretchen am Spinnrade), завършена на 19 октомври 1814 г. Текстът на тази песен е от "Фауст" на Гьоте. Шуберт я написва само 17-годишен, но песента е цялостна. В акомпанимента се появява монотонна ритмична фигура, изобразяваща въртенето на чекръка, в кулминацията девойката прекъсва работата си и чекръкът замлъква.

Обикновената куплетна песен в музикалното наследство на Шуберт
Типично е наличието на една и съща постоянна мелодия и акомпанимент за всеки от куплетите. В тази група от песните на Шуберт най-силно се прави паралел с народните песни. Примери: "Полската розичка" (Heidenröslein), 1815, "Разходката" (Das Wandern), 1823.

Варирана куплетна песен
Формално, това е втори тип от песенното му творчество. Мелодията и акомпаниментът се променят в някои куплети. В известната песен "Пъстървата" (Die Forelle) с еднаква музикална композиция са първите два куплета, третият е контрастно изменен, а последният е връщане към музикалното изложение от първите куплети. Шуберт прилага своеобразна форма "арка" за конструкцията на "Пъстървата".

"Липата" (Der Lindenbaum) е пример за различен подход. В нея в първия и втория куплет се редуват мажорна с минорна тоналност, веселие с тъга, а третият е със съвсем различна музикална фактура, много по-оживена по характер. В последния куплет композиторът се връща към музикалното изложение на първия.

Песни с непрекъснато развитие
Формално, те са трети тип от песните на Шуберт. Всяка следваща част от текста се съпътства от нова мелодия и акомпанимент. Повторението на централните мотиви и общият тон водят до постигане на музикално единство. Примери в това отношение са: "Любов безкрайна" (Rastsole Liebe), 1815 г., "Двойникът" (Doppelgänger). При тази група песни се открояват кратки, например "Враната" (Die Krähe) и дълги, например "Младата монахиня" песни. И в двете разновидности се срещат единни по характер творби, например "Преживяването" (Der Aufenthalt), но и "пъстри" откъм драматургия, например "Скитникът" (Der Wanderer).

Балади
Шуберт не само продължава традицията на баладите, но е и новатор. В творчеството му те заемат специално място. Открояват се два типа балади: Оформени като солова кантата – например "Заръката" (Die Bürgshaft), където е характерно редуването на речитативи с арии. Вторият тип балади са песенни, например "Горски цар" (Erlkönig), представляващи прототип на романтична балада.

Шубертовите песни се отличават с уравновесеност и простота, съчетани с романтично настроение и съответна експресия. Акомпаниментите на песните му не са обикновена хармонична и ритмична основа, както е дотогава, а често съдържат запомняща се характерна фигура. Акордите на "Лека нощ!" (Gute Nacht!), например, внушават ефект на стъпки, а "хлъзгавият" мотив на пъстървата е точно пресъздаден в мелодията.

Творчество за пиано
Характерни за клавирните творби на Шуберт са широка мелодична дъга и лирична чувствителност, драматизъм, израз на вътрешно вълнение. Независимо, че не е клавирен виртуоз от класата на Шопен или Лист, произведенията на Шуберт изискват от изпълнителя да владее сериозна техника и висока култура на звукоизвличането.

Фантазията "Скитникът" е създадена през 1822 г. и е изградена върху мелодията, заимствана от средния раздел на песента със същото име от 1816 г. Самият Шуберт не е можел да я изсвири без грешка, тя изисква категорична виртуозност. Създадена е изключително бързо, по молба на пианист виртуоз, който трябвало да демонстрира нивото на своето майсторство. Творбата се отличава с подчертано бляскав характер и интерпретаторски трудности, които не са срещани дотогава. Естетическите алюзии на тази трагична песен се откриват до края на деветнадесети век в творчеството на австрийските и немските композитори.

Според специалистите най-високите постижения в клавирното творчество на Шуберт са неговите 22 сонати. Хронологически 15 (или техни фрагменти) са ранни, 4 са от средния творчески период. Последните три (в до минор, ла мажор, си-бемол мажор) са късни и са завършени през септември 1828 г., осем седмици преди смъртта на композитора. Сонатата в си-бемол мажор, която е най-известна, разкрива нови композиционни похвати. Композиторът използва ниските регистри на пианото, на места инструментът звучи като оркестър. Шуберт контрастно откроява натрупването на напрежението с тишина (паузите).

През 1823 – 1828 г. Шуберт написва "Музикални моменти" (6 Moments musicaux). От тях най-известен е "Музикален момент" оп. 94 №3 във фа минор (D 780). Основната композиторска идея при тези произведения е претворяването на мелодия, базираща се на постоянна формула в акомпаниращия бас.

Необикновено свободно структурно изграждане притежават двата цикъла Емпромптюта (Impromptus), от 1827 г. Те наподобяват песни с разгърната мелодия и своеобразен акомпанимент.

Тема с вариации, произведение, подобно на Струнен квартет в ла минор (D 804 от 1824 г.), е Емпромптю оп. 142 №3 в си-бемол мажор (D 935). Изградено върху мелодия от музиката към балета "Розамунда" (D 797). Отделните му части отговарят на сонатен цикъл от четири части (Allegro, Scherzo, Andante, Finale). Роберт Шуман нарича цикъл оп. 142 "прикрита замаскирана" соната.

Трябва да се напомни, че тогавашното пиано силно се различава от съвременното. То е конструирано за получаване на по-деликатен звук. Шуберт използва и крайните му регистри, богати динамични нюанси, преплита ги с моменти от технически характер, достига неочаквани колоратурни ефекти.

Симфонии
Шест от първите симфонии на Шуберт са близки до класическия стил и традициите, създадени от Хайдн и Моцарт.

Символ на ранноромантичната симфония са последните две симфонии на Шуберт. През живота на композитора не е изпълнена нито една от тях. Симфонията в до мажор, "Голямата", е открита след смъртта му от Роберт Шуман през 1839 г. Веднага е представена под диригентството на Менделсон. По примера на големите Бетовенови симфонии тя е с продължителност 50 минути и има характерна метроритмична пулсация, завладяваща слушателите. За изпълнението ѝ е нужен разширен симфоничен състав.

Противоположност на "Голямата" е "Незавършена" симфония в си минор. Заглавието се основава на това, че се състои само от две части. Има запазени чернови на третата част (Скерцо), но композиторът, вероятно преценявайки, че вече е включил необходимото в двете части, прекъсва работата си. Композирана още през 1822 г., тази симфония е открита чак през 1860 г., а е изпълнена за първи път във Виена на 17 декември 1865 г. Симфонията има изключително лирично напевно звучене, проникната е от любов и смърт, печал и спасение, като че ли е отражение на кризата на автора, причинена от болестта му.

Камерно творчество
Първите 12 (създадени от 1810 г. до 1816 г.) от запазените общо 15 струнни квартета са все още традиционни за виенската класика. Последните три са в стила и духа на музикалната романтика.

Една от най-популярните творби на Шуберт – Клавирен квартет в ла мажор "Пъстървата" от 1819 г. е пряко свързана с едноименната песен.

В Andante на Струнен квартет в ла минор (1824 г.) е въведена тема от увертюрата на Шуберт "Розамунда". Темата на песента "Смъртта на момичето" (Der Tod und das Mädchen) е начало на Струнен квартет в ре минор, също от 1824 г.

Върхово постижение в камерната музика на Шуберт е Струнен квартет в сол мажор (1826 г.) – последният поред.

Допълнение
Създадените от Шуберт множество опери и танцови пиеси днес остават с малка популярност. Приема се, че причина за това са "приложният" характер на танците и отсъствието на драматичен усет при оперите.

Каталог на творчеството на Франц Шуберт, включващ над 900 произведения, съставя през 1951 г. австрийският музиколог Ото Ерих Дойч. От фамилното име на този музиколог е съкращението "D", предхождащо номерата на отделните опуси.

Източници

Външни препратки

 Агенция Фокус от 26 март 2006 г.
 Peoples.ru: Франц Шуберт
 Филмография, саундтракове с произведения на Франц Шуберт – Internet Movie Database

Шуберт, Франц
Шуберт, Франц
Родени във Виена
Починали във Виена
Починали от тиф

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Several plants traditionally used in treatment of a variety of infections in South Africa are reported in ethnobotanical surveys. Many of these plants including Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata lack scientific reports to support their medicinal importance.
The antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the stems of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata were evaluated using in vitro standard methods. The total phenol, total flavonoids and proanthocyanidin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Quercetin, Tannic acid and catechin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the stem bark extracts of this plant were determined by ABTS, DPPH, and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods.
The quantity of the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins detected differ significantly in the various extracts. The phenolics were significantly higher than the flavonoids and proanthocyanidin contents in all the extracts investigated. The ferric reducing ability and the radical scavenging activities of the extracts were very high and dose-dependent. The ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by the acetone extract while the aqueous extract was the least active. Reacting with ABTS, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were (0.0429 ± 0.04 mg/ml) for aqueous, (0.0317 ± 0.04 mg/ml) for acetone and (0.0306 ± 0.04 mg/ml) for ethanol extracts while they inhibited DPPH radical with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.0646 ± 0.02 mg/ml (aqueous), 0.0482 ± 0.02 mg/ml (acetone) and 0.0422 ± 0.03 mg/ml (ethanol).
A correlation between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic contents of the extracts indicated that phenolic compounds were the dominant contributors to the antioxidant activity of the plant. This study, therefore, demonstrated that Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata has strong antioxidant property and free radical scavenging capability.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals are normal by-products of aerobic metabolism produced in vivo during oxidation . These ROS are generated in the mitochondria and microsome organelles under normal physiological conditions. They can also be produced externally by exposure to radiation, toxic chemicals, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, and by eating oxidized polyunsaturated fats. Overproduction of ROS can result in oxidative damage to various biomolecules including lipids, proteins, DNA and cell membranes . They also lead to the development of a variety of diseases such as coronary heart diseases, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and neurodegeneration [3, 4]. While compounds capable of scavenging free radicals possess great potential in ameliorating these diseases [5, 6], most of the ROS are scavenged by endogenous defense enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase-glutathione system . However, the activities of these endogenous defense systems may not be sufficient to mop up the free radicals.
Commonly used synthetic antioxidants include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propylgallate (PG) and tertbutylhydroxyltoluene (TBHQ) . Though important, they are known to constitute potential health risks and toxic effects . Their applications are, therefore, strongly restricted. Hence, the need to search, develop and utilize more effective antioxidant from natural origin . The medicinal properties of many plants have been attributed to the antioxidant properties of their constituents . Some epidemiological studies also showed that the consumption of some plants can protect humans against oxidative damage by quenching free radicals and ROS [12, 13]. Today, there are overwhelming interests in finding naturally occurring antioxidants for use in foods and in medicinal materials to replace synthetic antioxidants . Interests in plant materials that are rich in phenols are increasing among scientists, food manufacturers and consumers because these materials retard oxidative degradation of lipids and improve the quality and nutritional value of food. People tend to eat functional foods with specific health benefits. The roles of natural antioxidants, mainly phenolic compounds, believed to have more antioxidant activity than vitamins C, E and β-carotene  is rapidly gaining attention.
Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Willd., also known as buffalo thorn, is a small to medium-sized tree, with a spreading canopy. It is distributed throughout the summer rainfall areas of sub-Saharan Africa, extending from South Africa northwards to Ethiopia and Arabia. Its bark and roots are used medicinally for the treatment of various ailments, including rheumatism, gastrointestinal complaints and snake bites . Warm bark infusions are used for body pains, expectorants in cough, respiratory infections and chest problems. The root infusions are used for treating gonorrhea, diarrhoea and dysentery. Decoctions of roots and leaves are applied externally to boils, sores and glandular swellings not to promote healing but for pain relief [17, 18]. While several species of the genus Ziziphus have been investigated, there is a dearth of information on the phytochemical property and antioxidant activities of this plant. Hence, in line with the current trend of finding naturally occurring antioxidants, this study was designed to investigate the phenolic contents and antioxidant potential of different extracts of Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata to justify its ethnomedicinal importance.
The bark materials of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata were collected from the plant growing within the University of Fort Hare campus in Alice, South Africa. The plant was authenticated in the Department of Botany by Prof. Grierson and a voucher specimen (OLAJ/2010/ZM/01) was prepared and deposited in the Griffin's Herbarium of the University.
The bark samples were air-dried at room temperature and pulverized using a milling machine. Portions of about 100 g each of the pulverized samples were extracted separately with 500 ml of each of the solvents, acetone, ethanol and water, for 48 h. The extracts were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40°C using a rotary evaporator. The filtrate of aqueous extract obtained was quickly frozen at -40°C and dried for 48 h using a freeze dryer (Savant Refrigerated vapor Trap, RV T41404, USA). The extraction yielded 5.3 g acetone extract, 14.2 g ethanol extract and 15.8 g water extract. The extracts were redissolved in their respective solvents to the required concentrations for the bioassay analysis.
2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) diammonium salt, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid (VC), quercetin and FeCl3, were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA); vanillin was from BDH Chemicals Ltd. (Poole, England) and Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent and sodium carbonate were from Merck Chemical Supplies (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals used, including the solvents, were of analytical grade.
Total flavonoids were estimated using the method of Ordonez et al. . Here, 0.5 ml of 2% AlCl3 ethanol solution was added to 0.5 ml of extract and allowed to stand for 60 min at room temperature before the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. The extract was evaluated at a final concentration of 1 mg/ml. Total flavonoids content was calculated as quercetin equivalent (mg/g) using the equation based on the calibration curve: y = 0.025x, R2 = 0.9812, where × is the absorbance and y is the quercetin equivalent (QE).
The total phenolic content of the extract was determined by the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method . The extract (1 mg/ml) was mixed with 5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (previously diluted with distilled water 1:10 v/v) and 4 ml (75 g/l) of sodium carbonate. The mixture was vortexed for 15 s and allowed to stand for 30 min at 40°C for colour development. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm using a spectrophotometer. The content of total phenolic compounds was expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent of dry extract sample using the equation obtained from the calibration curve: y = 0.1216x, R2 = 0.9365, where × is the absorbance and y is the tannic acid equivalent (GAE).
The procedure reported by Sun et al.  was used in the determination of the total proanthocyanidins. A volume of 0.5 ml of 0.1 mg/ml extract solution was mixed with 3 ml of 4% vanillin-methanol solution and 1.5 ml hydrochloric acid. The mixture was allowed to stand for 15 min while the absorbance was measured at 500 nm. Total proanthocyanidin content was expressed as catechin equivalents (mg/g) using the equation based on the calibration curve: y = 1.8223x + 0.0157, R2 = 0.7246, where × is the absorbance and y is the catechin equivalent (CE).
A spectrophotometric method  was used for the measurement of reducing power. The different concentrations of the extracts and the standards, rutin and BHT (0.02-0.10 mg/ml; 1 ml) were mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 ml, 0.2 M, pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] (2.5 ml, 1% w/v). The mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20 min. 2.5 ml of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (10% w/v) was added to the mixture which was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min. The upper layer of the solution (2.5 ml) was mixed with 2.5 ml distilled water and 0.5 ml of (0.1% w/v) FeCl3. While the absorbance was measured at 700 nm in a spectrophotometer, increasing absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power of the samples .
For DPPH assay, the method of Liyana-Pathirana and Shadidi  was adopted. A solution of 0.135 mM DPPH in methanol was prepared and 1 ml of this solution was mixed with 1 ml of different concentrations of the different extracts. The reaction mixture was vortexed thoroughly and left in the dark at room temperature for 30 min. BHT was used as reference standard while methanol was used as control. Reduction of the stable DPPH radical was used as a marker of antioxidant capacity of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata extracts. The changes in colour from deep-violet to light-yellow were measured at 517 nm wavelength using 95% methanolic solution as a reference solution. This was related to the absorbance of the control without the plant extracts. The percentage inhibition of free radical DPPH was calculated from the following equation: % inhibition = [(absorbance of control - absorbance of sample)/absorbance of control] × 100%. All the tests were carried out in triplicates. Though the activity is expressed as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) [25, 26], IC50 was calculated based on the percentage of DPPH radicals scavenged. The lower the IC50 value, the higher is the antioxidant activity.
For ABTS assay, the methods of Johnstone et al.,  were modified and adopted. The stock solutions included 7 mM ABTS solution and 2.4 mM potassium persulfate solution. The working solution was then prepared by mixing the two stock solutions in equal proportions and allowing them to react for 12 h at room temperature in the dark. The solution was then diluted by mixing 1 ml ABTS+ solution with 60 ml of methanol to obtain an absorbance of 0.708 ± 0.001 units at 734 nm using the spectrophotometer. ABTS+ solution was freshly prepared for each assay. Plant extracts (1 ml) were allowed to react with 1 ml of the ABTS+ solution and the absorbance was taken at 734 nm after 7 min using the spectrophotometer. The ABTS+ scavenging capacity of the extract was compared with that of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The percentage inhibition was calculated as I% = [(Ablank - Asample)/Ablank ] × 100 where Ablank is the absorbance of ABTS radical + methanol used as control; Asample is the absorbance of ABTS radical + sample extract/standard. All the tests were carried out in triplicates. Though the activity is expressed as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) [25, 26], IC50 was calculated based on the percentage of ABTS radicals scavenged. The lower the IC50 value, the higher is the antioxidant activity.
Data were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) of three replicate determinations and then analyzed by SPSS V.16 (Statistical Program for Social Sciences, SPSS Corporation, Chicago, IL). One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan's New Multiple-range test were used to determine the differences among the means. P values < 0.05 were regarded to be significant. The Pearson correlation analysis was performed between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content.
In this study, the result showed that the amount of total phenolic content, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins differ significantly among the various extracts of the Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata (Figure 1). The values of total phenolic contents varied from 24.72 ± 0.01 to 31.96 ± 0.01 mg GAE/100 g dry weight of plant material. The flavonoid contents values ranged from 4.80 ± 0.01 to 9.02 ± 0.01 mg QE/100 g of dry plant material. The quantity of the proanthocyanidin contents ranged from 1.26 ± 0.01 to 2.08 ± 0.01 mg CE/100 g of dry plant material. The ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic content values, followed by the acetone extract while water extract contained the least. The highest value of flavonoid was recorded in the acetone extract, followed by the ethanol extract and the water extract. Though proanthocyanidin was more in ethanol extract than other extracts, the proanthocyanidins content in this plant was relatively low and the differences in its quantity from one extract to another are significant. These results showed that, quantitatively, in Z. mucronata, total phenol contents were significantly higher than the flavonoid contents while the proanthocyanidins were the least.
Polyphenolic contents (mg/g) of Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation of three replicate with significant increases from all samples tested.
The FRAP values of different extracts of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata was determined in an attempt to compare their antioxidant activities The reducing abilities of the different extracts determined by FRAP method were measured spectrophotometrically by their absorbances at 700 nm and summarized in Figure 2. The reducing ability of the extracts showed a dose-dependent trend increasing with increases in the concentrations of the extracts. While highest reducing ability was observed at the highest concentration of each of the extracts, significant differences existed between the reducing ability of each all the extracts. Of the three extracts, acetone extract exhibited the highest reducing capability (0.454 ± 0.001) at the highest concentration. This was followed by (0.421 ± 0.002) ethanol extract while aqueous extract (0.14 ± 0.002) was the least. The reducing abilities recorded was in the following order, Rutin > BHT > Acetone > Ethanol > Aqueous which showed that rutin exhibited the highest reducing ability at 0.1 mg/ml. The significant differences for free radical scavenging activity among the different extracts may be attributed to the varied quantity of each of the phytochemical contents of the plant.
Ferric reducing power determinations for the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Z. mucronata subsp . mucronata. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation of three replicate with significant increases from all samples tested.
The results of the DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts are as shown in Table 1. The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Z. mucronata stem bark exhibited concentration dependent antiradical activity by inhibiting DPPH radical with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values of 0.0646 ± 0.02 mg/ml (aqueous), 0.0482 ± 0.02 mg/ml (acetone) and 0.0422 ± 0.03 mg/ml (ethanol) while those of the standards were 0.0406 ± 0.02 mg/ml (BHT) and 0.0411 ± 0.02 mg/ml (vitamin C). This result agreed with the earlier report of Motalleb et al.  which showed that the scavenging effects on the DPPH radical increases sharply with the increasing concentration of the samples and standards to a certain extent. In the order of activity, ethanol had the stronger antioxidant activity (0.0422 ± 0.03 mg/ml), followed by acetone extract while the least activity was obtained from aqueous extract. However, all the extracts exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity comparable to those obtained from the standards used as controls.
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation of three replicate with significant increases from all samples tested.
Significant ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity was evident in both alcoholic and aqueous extracts (Table 2). The rate of the decrease in absorbance at 734 nm depends on the type and amount of antioxidants and the results are thus expressed as antioxidant standard equivalents [29, 30]. In this study, the suppression of the absorbance of ABTS+ in a concentration-dependent manner is typically shown by all the extracts. Acetone (97.71 ± 0.03) and ethanol (95.73 ± 0.02) extracts showed ABTS+ radical-scavenging activity higher than the reference standard BHT (93.47 ± 0.03) and aqueous extracts (88.96 ± 0.02) was lower than that of the BHT. Ethanol extract showed a 50% inhibitory concentration of IC50 = 0.0306 ± 0.04 mg/ml while acetone extract showed IC50 = 0.0317 ± 0.04 mg/ml which are higher than IC50 = 0.0429 ± 0.04 mg/ml of the aqueous extract. The differences in the antioxidant activities of the three extracts are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are the major constituents in most plants reported to possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity [31, 32]. Phenolic compounds are efficient free radical scavengers  exhibiting antioxidant activity by inactivating lipid free radicals, or by preventing the decomposition of hydroperoxides into free radicals . Medicinal plants containing flavonoids exhibit multiple pharmacological activities . Flavonoids, probably the largest of the natural phenolics , possess antioxidant properties  acting as effective scavenger of deleterious free radicals and reactive oxygen species [38, 39]. They have several biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and immunomodulatory properties which could help to prevent age-related cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as reducing the risk of cancer . Their antioxidant activity depends on the number and location of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoid ring system and the relationship between peroxyl radical absorbing activity and the number of hydroxyl groups in flavonoids . While they act through scavenging or chelating process , their ability to stabilize membranes by decreasing the fluidity of the membranes as well as partitioning flavonoids into the hydrophobic core of the membrane  have been considered a contributory mechanism to their antioxidant activities. Since antioxidants are used for the prevention and treatment of free radical-related disorders  as well as being essential in the prevention of diseases , the high quantity of phenolic and flavonoid contents of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata may contribute to its potential antioxidant property and curative ability adsorbing and neutralizing free radicals.
The best known antioxidants are phenolic compounds and flavonoids [45–47] exhibiting extensive free radical scavenging activities through their reactivity as hydrogen or electron-donating agents and metal ion chelating properties . In this study, the reductive ability of the extracts reflected the reducing power of the Z. mucronata as a potential source of antioxidants. The FRAP assay showed that the antioxidants contained in the extracts acted as reductants in a redox-linked colorimetric reaction . This report agreed with several reports that showed a close relationship between total phenolic content and high antioxidant activity [48–50]. This study, therefore, suggests that the recorded antioxidant capacity resulted from the contribution of different phytochemicals present in the plant and the reducing capacity of each extract may serve as a significant indicator of the potential activity of Z. mucronata.
The reaction of DPPH with numerous antioxidants has earlier been published and the stoichiometry characterized . The DPPH antioxidant assay is based on the principle that 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) is able to decolourise in the presence of free radical scavengers (antioxidants). The color turns from purple to yellow as the molar absorptivity of the DPPH radical at 517 nm reduces from 9660 to 1640 when the odd electron of DPPH radical becomes paired with hydrogen from a free radical scavenging antioxidant to form the reduced DPPH-H. The odd electron in the DPPH radical is responsible for the absorbance at 517 nm and also for the visible deep purple colour . Antioxidants in the different extracts of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata reacted with DPPH which is reduced to the DPPH-H. Consequently, the absorbencies decreased from the DPPH radical to the DPPH-H formed. The degree of discoloration indicated the scavenging potential of the extracts in terms of hydrogen donating ability. The scavenging ability of this plant was significant and corresponded to the presence of high quantity of phenolic compounds. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that high antioxidants in the different extracts of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata have resulted in the high level of DPPH radical scavenged in this study.
The fact that phenolic antioxidants have been reported to scavenge ABTS+ through hydrogen atom donation , electron transfer or even with a combination of the two mechanisms  may explain a current interest in the applicability of the ABTS+ assay in determining the radical scavenging activities of plant extracts. Like the DPPH assay, ABTS assay measured the total antioxidant activity of the extracts. The different antioxidant activities of the different extracts and the ability of ethanolic extract to exhibit radical-scavenging greater than other extracts may indicate that active compounds of different polarity could be present in Z. mucronata. While the hydroxyl (OH) group in aromatic ring have been related to extracts' activity towards ABTS , the significant ABTS+ scavenging activity of the different extracts may, however, depend on the presence of higher number of hydroxyl groups present in the plant while the high antioxidant activities may be due to their flavonoids and phenolic contents.
Today, antioxidative properties of extracts from plants have become a great interest due to their possible uses as natural additives to replace synthetic ones. This study was designed to investigate the phenolic contents and evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata. Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were detected in the various extracts of the plant. The antioxidant potential of the extracts indicated that the alcoholic extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the aqueous extracts. The results of FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays showed that the extracts possess not only the antioxidant activities, but also potent free radical scavenger capability. The antioxidant activity of the extracts correlated well with the total phenolic contents and indicated that phenolic compounds are dominant contributors to the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The high polyphenolic contents, especially flavonoids, responsible for antioxidant activity may be the mechanism of action. Z. mucronata subsp. mucronata is a potential free radical scavenger and a useful source of natural antioxidants which may justify the therapeutic effectiveness of the plant.
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the National Research Foundation and the University of Fort Hare. Thanks to Prof. Don Grierson for helping in the identification of the plant.
OOO participated in the design of the study, prepared the extracts, carried out the study and drafted the manuscript. AJA coordinated the study and revised the manuscript. Both authors approved the final manuscript.


One of the main activities of the summer is barbecuing and there's nothing better than sitting out in the sun with a cold drink and some delicious hot food!
Barbecue food usually consists mainly of meat and often in large quantities. It is also often prepared by people who do not regularly cook such food and so are not always aware of the amount of time needed to ensure the meat is cooked safely.
Following this advice should ensure that the food served is safe to eat.


Latest Addition to our hire range is 2 Brand new top of the range Photo Booths as used in Jessops camera shops, They with come with the latest green screen and facial recognition software that will make sure your event / party is a great success with Instant photos for our clients to take away with them. Please visit our Photo Booth page or contact us for the various deals we have on offer.For weddings and parties we offer packages to include pop corn / candy floss and sweet carts. Please visit our website for our full party hire equipment. We have for Hire : Mega slides, Bouncy castles for Children and Adults, Human table Football ,Assault Course (video) ,Surf Simulator , Gladiators, Sumo suits , Activity centre , Rodeo Bull, Bucking Bronco Reindeer ,Bungee Run ,Wrecking Ball , etc .We can offer CRB checked supervision and we will have at least one staff first aider on site.All the above plus more will ensure your event will be a success. ABC Leisure has £5m Public Liability Insurance as standard for all events. Hen /Stag nights , Football / Rugby / Cricket / Sailing clubs , Team Building , Fundays , Christmas Party etc Our Current customers include Birmingham City Council, Stratford-Upon-Avon , South Derbyshire District Council , Telford & Wrekin council.


Suneli understands that it's not just about the trend but also about the comfort. Suneli's commitment to quality and comfort is built into its design and manufacturing process.
This commitment starts with an award-winning in-house design team and is completed with rigorous quality control inspection working in cutting edge testing labs. Only the products meeting the highest of standards enter the market place. All products are build to code complying with UPC, ISO 9001 and NSK code as applicable.


text:
Fake News: Minneapolis Did NOT Install Sharia Hotline to Report Americans Who Criticize Islam
(Thu, 29 Nov 2018 22:52:44 Z)
Did Minneapolis set up a "Sharia Hotline" to report Americans criticizing Islam? No, that's not true: a website that makes a living by copy pasting real bits of news and then adding a fake headline to attract clicks has claimed that a new hotline to report hate crimes is a "sharia hotline". It is not true.
The story originated from an article published by NewsPunch on November 27, 2018 titled "Minneapolis Installs Sharia Hotline to Report Americans Who Criticize Islam" (archived here) which opened:
The city of Minneapolis has set up a hotline for residents to report citizens who criticize Islam, in order to investigate them for "hate crimes", according to statements on the city's website.
The city, run by Democrat Mayor Besty Hodges, a non-Muslim who regularly wears a hijab in public, will operate the "service" through its 3-1-1 helpline, and claims it is targeting any "harassing behaviors motivated by prejudice", according to a press release.
Minneapolis Installs Sharia Hotline to Report Americans Who Criticize Islam
Offenders will be prosecuted for "hate speech."
Here is what the press release actually says (and note it dates from June 19, 2017 so this is over a year and a half ago):
New hotline to report hate crimes: call 311 from inside Minneapolis or 612-673-3000
Through its 311 service, the City of Minneapolis has opened a new hotline for reporting hate crimes, which are harassing behaviors motivated by prejudice. The hotline number is 311 for anyone calling from within the city or 612-673-3000 statewide. The 311 hotline will be answered 7 a.m.-7 p.m. weekdays and 8 a.m.-4:30 p.m. weekends. Those with a report to make can also call the Department of Justice at 612-664-5600. As always, in the case of immediate physical violence, property damage or threats, people should call 911.
Anyone who wants to help spread the word can download and print a poster.
A hate crime is any crime against a person or property motivated by prejudice against someone's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender or gender identity. This includes prejudice-motivated property damage (including graffiti), stalking and assault.
Minneapolis is committed to human rights and racial equity for everyone who lives in, works in and visits our city. Several organizations in Minnesota - Minneapolis Department of Civil Rights, Minnesota Department of Human Rights, City of Saint Paul Equal Opportunity Office and the Minnesota FBI - are working together to ensure all Minnesotans feel safe and welcome. Over the past several months, the partners have worked to increase community access to information and resources necessary to address issues of discrimination.
Discrimination is an action or a decision that treats a person or a group negatively for reasons such as their race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender or gender identity.
If you, your family or someone you know experiences discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, sex, LGBT status or other protected classes, or has been the victim of police misconduct, please call 612-673-3012 or visit www.minneapolismn.gov/civilrights.
In other words, criticizing Islam is just fine (and protected by the First Amendment). The hotline is just for reporting hate crimes and discrimination. And hate crimes are just like regular crimes but with a specific type of motivation. Punching someone in the face would be a crime, doing it because the person held certain religious views or had a certain sexual orientation would be a hate crime. Setting fire to a house is a crime, but doing it because of the ethnicity of the people in the house would be a hate crime.
Calling all people of certain sexual orientations, religions or races all kinds of nasty things in an internet forum? That's just free speech. Calling them up in the middle of the night or constantly emailing them to call them those things? That would be stalking and might be a hate crime.
Note that these things also hold true for an imam preaching in a mosque: calling "Death to the Jews!" is free speech. But making threatening phone calls to specific Jewish people because they are Jewish? That's a hate crime.
NewsGuard, a company that uses trained journalist to rank the reliability of websites, describes newspunch.com as:
A news and conspiracy website that regularly publishes false information and far-right conspiracy theories. The site was formerly housed under the domain yournewswire.com.
According to NewsGuard the site does not maintain basic standards of accuracy and accountability. Read their full assessment here.
NewsPunch used to be called YourNewsWire before it renamed itself and it published several hoaxes and fake news articles in the past so anything they write or publish should be taken with a large grain of salt. Their Facebook page "The People's Voice" recently lost its verification checkmark according to a report from MMFA.
The Terms of Use of the site also make it clear they don't really stand behind the accuracy of any of their reporting:
THE PEOPLE'S VOICE, INC. AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT THE SUITABILITY, RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY, TIMELINESS, AND ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION, SOFTWARE, PRODUCTS, SERVICES AND RELATED GRAPHICS CONTAINED ON THE SITE FOR ANY PURPOSE.
The site was profiled in the Hollywood reporter where it was described as:
Your News Wire, a 3-year-old website of murky facts and slippery spin, is published by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway -- a Bernie Sanders supporter in 2016 -- out of an apartment in L.A.'s historic El Royale.
RationalWiki described it as:
YourNewsWire (styled as YourNewsWire.com[1]) is an Los Angeles-based clickbait fake news website known for disseminating conspiracy theories and misleading information, contrary to its claimed motto ("News. Truth. Unfiltered").[1]
A while ago we also reported that YourNewsWire had rebranded itself as NewsPunch by changing its domain name in an apparent effort to evade filtering/blocking.
We wrote about newspunch.com before, here are our most recent articles that mention the site:
Fake News: Trump Did NOT Warn Flu Shots Are The Greatest 'Scam' In Medical History
Fake News Website YourNewsWire Renamed NewsPunch (Again) -- Possibly To Avoid Filters
Fake News: Promoter NOT Found Dead After Exposing Mayweather-McGregor Fake Fight
Fake News Website YourNewsWire Renames Itself As NewsPunch
Maarten Schenk is our resident expert on fake news and hoax websites. He likes to go beyond just debunking trending fake news stories and is endlessly fascinated by the dazzling variety of psychological and technical tricks used by the people and networks who intentionally spread made-up things on the internet. He can often be found at conferences and events about fake news, disinformation and fact checking when he is not in his office in Belgium monitoring and tracking the latest fake article to go viral.
Read more about or contact Maarten Schenk


Throughout European and American art history there have been artists who have explored light as it moves between interior and exterior spaces. From Jan Vermeer to Andrew Wyeth, select artists have analyzed the transforming effects of natural light as it animates inanimate architectural interiors.
Artist Timothy J. Clark has used his watercolors with confident acumen to describe light's journey as it flows between inside and outside spaces, and between cause and effect.
Clark's work is rooted in the tradition of American artists, and he travels regularly between his native California and Maine, where he maintains studios.
This exhibition features Clark's paintings of quiet outdoor landscapes and haunting indoor spaces.


The situation of small tuna fishery in the Gulf of Thailand was analysed by principal component analysis and cluster analysis, using the data in the SEAFDEC Fishery statistical Bulletins and the Catch-Effort Statistics for 1978 to 1988.
In purse seine fishery, the 11 years were divided into two groups, i .e., from 1978 to 1984 and from 1985 to 1988. The first group of years (1978-19B4) showed the following features: 1) a drastic reduction in sardine catcher; 2) a drastic one-fifth reduction in round scad catches from 105,600 MT in 1978 ta 22,300 MT in 1979; and 3) a dramatic increase in longtail tuna catches from 1983, kawakawa from 1982 and Indo-Pacific mackerel from 1981. The second group of years (1985-1988) showed following: 1)a steadily increasing trend in longtail tuna catches; 2) stable catches of kawakawa, do-Pacific mackerel and sardine; 3) grow in catches of jack-cavalla trevally, hardtail scad, black pomfret and anchovy from the previous group of years; 4) large increases in catches of longtail tuna, kawakawa and jack-cavalla trevally in 1985 and 1988. The situation of small tuna fishery by purse seine in the Gulf of Thailand was summarized by catches of longtail tuna and kawakawa increasing dramatically from the early 1980s, with an early peak reached in 1983; this was because much effort was spent in catching small tunas by vessels equipped with modern electronic equipment. In catches of small tunas creased both in 1985 and 1988 because of expansion of the fishing grounds to the central Gulf, and off Malaysia and Indonesia. A large increase in the cases of small tunas will be difficult other than by further expansions of fishing grounds and proper management of small tuna fishery by purse seine, in the Gulf of Thailand and its vicinity with consideration to fisheries interactions and the life histories of major species.
In drift gill net fishery, the 11 years were divided into two groups of years, i.e., from 1978 to 1981 and from 1982 to 1988. The first group of years (1978-1981) showed a steady increase in catches of narrow-barred king mackerel, longtail tuna and kawakawa, and positive catch relationships between the three species. The second group of years (1982-1988) showed increasing trends in longtail tuna and kawakawa catches with a temporary decrease in narrow-barred king mackerel, and negative relation- ships of CPUE values in longtail tuna and kawakawa compared to narrow-barred king mackerel. Small tuna fishery by drift gill net in the Gulf of Thailand shored catches of longtail tuna and kawakawa increasing from the early 1980s, as with purse seine drift gill net target species then changed from narrow-barred king mackerel to longtail tuna and kawakawa between 1982 and 1985. As catches of longtail tuna, kawakawa and narrow-barred king mackerel were similar to each other after 1985 and the total catches of drift gill net fishery from 1982 to 1988 were stable, it is considered that drift gill net catches of small tunas and narrow barred king mackerel were stable after 1985 in the Gulf of Thailand.


text:
The Trumps may refer to:
 Family of Donald Trump, the immediate family of the businessman and 45th President of the United States
 Trump family, the larger German-American family
 The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire, a 2000 biography by Gwenda Blair about the Trump family

See also
Trump (disambiguation)


text:
import unittest
from unittest import mock

from tethys_portal.views.home import home

class TethysPortalHomeTests(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        pass

    def tearDown(self):
        pass

    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.hasattr")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.render")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.redirect")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.settings")
    def test_home(self, mock_settings, mock_redirect, mock_render, mock_hasattr):
        mock_request = mock.MagicMock()
        mock_hasattr.return_value = True
        mock_settings.BYPASS_TETHYS_HOME_PAGE = True
        mock_redirect.return_value = "foo"
        mock_render.return_value = "bar"
        self.assertEqual("foo", home(mock_request))
        mock_render.assert_not_called()
        mock_redirect.assert_called_once_with("app_library")

    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.hasattr")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.render")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.redirect")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.settings")
    def test_home_with_no_attribute(
        self, mock_settings, mock_redirect, mock_render, mock_hasattr
    ):
        mock_request = mock.MagicMock()
        mock_hasattr.return_value = False
        mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_SIGNUP = True
        mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_PORTAL = True
        mock_redirect.return_value = "foo"
        mock_render.return_value = "bar"
        self.assertEqual("bar", home(mock_request))
        mock_redirect.assert_not_called()
        mock_render.assert_called_once_with(
            mock_request,
            "tethys_portal/home.html",
            {
                "ENABLE_OPEN_SIGNUP": mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_SIGNUP,
                "ENABLE_OPEN_PORTAL": mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_PORTAL,
            },
        )

    @mock.patch(
        "tethys_portal.views.home.get_custom_template", return_value="mock_template"
    )
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.hasattr")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.render")
    @mock.patch("tethys_portal.views.home.settings")
    def test_home_with_custom_template(
        self, mock_settings, mock_render, mock_hasattr, mock_get_template
    ):
        mock_request = mock.MagicMock()
        mock_hasattr.return_value = False
        mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_SIGNUP = True
        mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_PORTAL = True

        home(mock_request)
        mock_render.assert_called_once_with(
            mock_request,
            "mock_template",
            {
                "ENABLE_OPEN_SIGNUP": mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_SIGNUP,
                "ENABLE_OPEN_PORTAL": mock_settings.ENABLE_OPEN_PORTAL,
            },
        )
        mock_get_template.assert_called_once()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Наконе́чний — українське прізвище.
 Наконечний Анатолій  Гаврилович (1915–1945) —майор, Герой Радянського Союзу
 Наконечний Андрій Михайлович (1905–1983) — український живописець.
 Андрій Наконечний (* 1934) — багатолітній діяч та керівник ельблонзького відділення Українського-суспільного культурного товариства / Організації українців в Польщі.
 Наконечний Валерій Павлович (1951) — український актор.
 Наконечний Віктор Андрійович (1947) — заслужений майстер народної творчості України, лауреат Шевченківської премії (2007).
 Наконечний Володимир Леонтійович (1952) — український політик.
 Наконечний Євген:
 Наконечний Євген Іларіонович (1914 — 1988) — український архітектор, мистецтвознавець.
 Наконечний Євген Петрович (1931–2006, Львів) — український історик, бібліограф та мовознавець.
 Наконечний Ігор Анатолійович (1960) — український та радянський футболіст.
 Наконечний Ігор Валерійович — майор Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.
 Наконечний Ігор Олександрович (1988—2019) — старший солдат Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.
 Наконечний Максим Васильович (1990) — український кінорежисер і продюсер.
 Наконечний Микола:
 Наконечний Микола Леонідович ( 1981 р.) — український футболіст, півзахисник, гравець молодіжної збірної України (U-21), Майстер спорту України.
 Наконечний Микола Петрович (1962—2013) — міський голова міста Христинівка.
 Наконечний Микола Федорович (1900—1981) — український філолог.
 Наконечний Михайло Петрович — директор школи-інтернату у місті Буча (з 1991), заслужений вчитель України.
 Наконечний Олександр Григорович — доктор фізико-математичних наук, професор.
 Наконечний Степан Федорович — радянський футболіст, потім — дитячий тренер.
 Наконечний Федір Юхимович (1884—1921) — український громадський та політичний діяч. Уповноважений у закордонних зв'язках ЦУПКОМу.

Див. також
 Наконечна
Українські прізвища


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1192 PA-315 , WILKES-BARRE, Pennsylvania - Atlas Realty, Inc.
Description: Location, Location, Location. 15,600 sq ft office building, located at a signalized intersection off of Route 315 near Mohegan Sun Casino with ample parking. The average daily traffic count is 28,000. This property is available for sale or lease.
Directions: From Route 315 towards Plains, the property is on your left.


The sun shines brightly this morning, inviting me to walk through the winding alleys of Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina prior to continuing northward along the tortuous serpentine roads that weave through the Colline Metallifere of southern Tuscany.
Not far from Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina lies the quaint hill town of Larderello, which happens to single-handedly produce some 10% of the world's supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year, powering about a million Italian households.
Further to the north, the landscape becomes less mountainous and dramatic, with the likes of Pomarance spreading elegantly over a broad hill. The town is located on the northern fringe of the so-called Devil's Valley, whose geothermal and volcanic properties inspired Dante's vision of hell in the Divine Comedy.
The ancient Romans used the sulfur springs in the area for bathing, and boric acid was extracted from the ground during the 18th and 19th centuries. The world's first geothermal production was begun in the early 20th century, drawing on the high pressure and temperature of water vapour emissions of the ubiquitous fumaroles in the area.
Pomarance may lie a short distance to the south of San Gimignano and Volterra, but has none of its tourist hordes. In fact, on this rainy, windy afternoon, the winding, narrow streets of the charming Tuscan town are virtually empty, leaving me alone in admiring the impeccable noble and ecclesiastical structures hearkening back to the late Middle Ages and Renaissance period.
The landscape descends further to a panorama of low, rolling hills, barren except for the ubiquitous golden wheat fields. A last grueling climb to the top of a steep mountain brings me to Montecatini Val di Cecina, a medieval town overlooking the Cecina Valley and the larger and more famous Volterra, 15 km to the east.
Montecatini Val di Cecina was first settled by ancient Etruscans, and later it served as lookout over road below in ancient Roman times. The town's castle and tower were built in the Middle Ages by Filippo Belforti, whose family ruled the territory for about a century. By mid-14th century, the town came under the rule of the Bishop of Volterra, and was subsequently absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
(Narrative excerpted from Wikipedia and www.visittuscany.com).


text:
正版 iTunes 音乐电影剧集 »Home › iTunes Plus AAC - 正版音乐 › Albums - 大碟 › Shayne Ward – 4 Albums + 2 Singles
[Artist Discography] Shayne Ward – 4 Albums + 2 Singles
Pop singer Shayne Ward rocketed to fame via the U.K. talent showcase The X Factor. Born October 15, 1984, in Manchester, England, Ward first surfaced in the little-known group Destiny before earning attention in another television amateur contest, Popstars: The Rivals. Eliminated from the final 30 contestants, he signed with manager Louis Walsh prior to entering competition on The X Factor in 2005. Tabbed by bookies as the favorite to win the program, Ward eked out victory over rivals Journey South and Andy Abraham by a margin of 1.2 percent of the overall viewer vote. His debut single, "That's My Goal," followed in December 2005, selling 313,000 copies in its first day of sales and topping the U.K. pop charts over the Christmas holiday. "No Promises" followed in the spring of 2006, reaching the number two spot and setting the stage for Ward's self-titled debut LP. The following year, Ward returned with his second effort, Breathless, which rose to number two in the U.K. charts and the lead single "If That's OK With You" was promoted by a performance on the fourth series of the X Factor. It was in 2010 that the Irishman's third record Obsession arrived, but failed to reach the heights of his previous two releases. The record included a cover of Nickelback's "Gotta Be Somebody" and the track "Oxygen" featured a duet with British girl-group Sugababes singer Heidi Range.
Shayne Ward
Closer (Deluxe Edition)
Singles list:
The Way You Were (Remixes) - Single
The Way You Were, Part II - Single
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New singles updated
lanvin87
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歌好聽,可他就是紅不起來
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