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Home 101 Terms Regarding SAN, NAS, and Cluster
101 Terms Regarding SAN, NAS, and Cluster
1. active copper: A type of Fibre Channel physical connection that allows up to 30 meters of copper cable between adjacent devices.
2. adaptive array: A disk array that is capable of changing its algorithm for virtual data address to physical data location mapping dynamically (i.e., while the array is operating). For instance, an array which can change a given virtual disk representation from mirrored to RAID 5 on the fly is an adaptive array.
3. AL_PA: Acronym for Arbitrated Loop Physical Address.
4. asynchronous I/O: An I/O operation whose initiator does not await its completion before proceeding with other work. Asynchronous I/O operations enable an initiator to have multiple concurrent I/O operations in progress. Commonly referred to in discussions concerning long distance data replication.
5. automatic failover: Failover of resources from one computer in a cluster to another that occurs without human intervention.
6. availability: The amount of time that a system is available during those time periods when it is expected to be available. Availability is often measured as a percentage of an elapsed year. For example, 99.99% availability equates to 52 minutes of downtime in a year for a system that is expected to be available 24X7.
7. block virtualization: The act of applying virtualization, to one or more block based (storage) services for the purpose of providing a new aggregated, higher level, richer, simpler, secure etc. block service. Block virtualization functions can be nested. A disk drive, RAID system or volume manager all performs some form of block address to (different) block address mapping or aggregation.
8. bridge controller: A storage controller that forms a bridge between two external I/O buses. Bridge controllers are commonly used to connect single-ended SCSI disks to differential SCSI or Fibre Channel host I/O buses
9. byte: An eight-bit organizational unit for data. 8 bits/byte. 100 Megabits/Second (100Mb) yields 12.5 MegaBytes/Second (12.5MB). This is a limiting factor for NAS solutions without GigaBit network infrastructure.
10. cascading: The process of connecting two or more Fibre Channel hubs or switches together to increase the number of SAN ports or extend distances
11. cluster: A collection of computers that are interconnected (typically at high-speeds) for the purpose of improving reliability, availability, serviceability and/or performance (via load balancing). Often, clustered computers have access to a common pool of storage, and run special software to coordinate the component computers' activities
12. Common Internet File System: A network file system access protocol originally designed and implemented by Microsoft Corporation under the name Server Message Block protocol, and primarily used by Windows clients to communicate file access requests to Windows servers. Abbreviated CIFS. Today, other implementations of the CIFS protocol allow other clients and servers to use it for intercommunication and interoperation with Microsoft operating systems.
13. concurrency: The property of overlapping in time. Usually refers to the execution of I/O operations or I/O requests.
14. disk drive: A non-volatile, randomly addressable, re-writable data storage device. This definition includes both rotating magnetic and optical disks and solid-state disks, or non-volatile electronic storage elements. It does not include specialized devices such as write-once-read-many (WORM) optical disks, nor does it include so-called RAM disks implemented using software to control a dedicated portion of a host computer's volatile random access memory.
15. disk array: A set of disks from one or more commonly accessible disk subsystems, combined with a body of control software. The control software presents the disks' storage capacity to hosts as one or more virtual disks. Control software is often called firmware or microcode when it runs in a disk controller. Control software that runs in a host computer is usually called a volume manager.
16. disk cache: A cache that resides in a controller or host whose primary purpose is to improve disk or array I/O performance.
17. E_Port: An expansion port on a Fibre Channel switch. E_Ports are used to link multiple Fibre Channel switches together into a fabric.
18. embedded storage controller: An intelligent storage controller that mounts in a host computer's housing and attaches directly to a host's internal I/O bus. Embedded controllers obviate the need for host bus adapters and external host I/O buses. Embedded storage controllers differ from host bus adapters in that they provide functions beyond I/O bus protocol conversion (e.g., RAID).
19. ESCON: Acronym for Enterprise Systems Connection, used with mainframe computer storage arrays.
20. Ethernet: The predominant local area networking technology, based on packetized transmissions between physical ports over a variety of electrical and optical media. Ethernet can transport any of several upper layer protocols, the most popular of which isTCP/IP. Ethernet standards are maintained by the IEEE 802.3 committee. The unqualified term Ethernet usually refers to 10 Mbps transmission on multi-point copper. Fast Ethernet is used to denote 100 Mbps transmission, also on multipoint copper facilities. Ethernet and Fast Ethernet both use CSMA/CD physical signaling. Gigabit Ethernet (abbreviated GBE) transmits at 1250 Megabaud (1Gbit of data per second) using 8b/10b encoding with constant transmission detection.
21. Ethernet adapter: An adapter that connects an intelligent device to an Ethernet network. Usually called an Ethernet network interface card, Ethernet NIC, or just plain NIC.
22. F_Port: A port that is part of a Fibre Channel fabric. An F_Port on a Fibre Channel fabric connects to a node's N_PORT.
23. Fabric: A Fibre Channel switch or two or more Fibre Channnel switches interconnected in such a way that data can be physically transmitted between any two N_Ports on any of the switches.
24. Failover: The automatic substitution of a functionally equivalent system component for a failed one. The term failover is often applied to intelligent controllers connected to the same storage devices and host computers. If one of the controllers fails, failover occurs, and the survivor takes over its I/O load. Also, this term applies to the relocation of a resource or service between nodes in a clustered computer configuration when a node has failed.
25. fast SCSI: A form of SCSI that provides 10 megatransfers per second. Wide fast SCSI has a 16-bit data path, and transfers 20 MBytes per second. Narrow fast SCSI transfers 10 MBytes per second.
26. FC-AL: Acronym for Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop.
27. FCP: Acronym for Fibre Channel Protocol.
28. Fiber Distributed Data Interface: An ANSI standard for a token ring Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), based on the use of optical fiber cable to transmit data at a rate of 100 Mbits/second. Both optical fiber and twisted copper pair variations of the FDDI physical standard exist. FDDI is a completely separate set of standards from Fibre Channel. The two are not directly interoperable.
29. Fibre Channel: A set of standards for a serial I/O bus capable of transferring data between two ports at up to 100 MBytes/second, with standards proposals to go to higher speeds. Fibre Channel supports point to point, arbitrated loop, and switched topologies. Fibre Channel was completely developed through industry cooperation, unlike SCSI, which was developed by a vendor and submitted for standardization after the fact.
30. Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop: A form of Fibre Channel network in which up to 126 nodes are connected in a loop topology, with each node's L_Port transmitter connecting to the L_Port receiver of the node to its logical right. Nodes connected to a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop arbitrate for the single transmission that can occur on the loop at any instant using a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop protocol that is different from Fibre Channel switched and point to point protocols. An arbitrated loop may be private (no fabric connection) or public (attached to a fabric by an FL_Port).
31. Filer: An intelligent network node whose hardware and software are designed to provide file services to client computers. Filers are pre-programmed by their vendors to provide file services, and are not normally user programmable.
32. FL_Port : A port that is part of a Fibre Channel fabric. An FL_Port on a Fibre Channel fabric connects to an arbitrated loop. Nodes on the loop use NL_Ports to connect to the loop. NL_Ports give nodes on a loop access to nodes on the fabric to which the loop's FL_Port is attached.
33. frame: An ordered vector of words that is the basic unit of data transmission in a Fibre Channel network. A Fibre Channel frame consists of a Start of Frame Word (SoF) (40 bits); a Frame Header (8 Words or 320 bits); data (0 to 524 Words or 0 to 2192 ten bit encoded bytes; a CRC (One Word or 40 bits); and an End of Frame (EoF) (40 bits).
34. full duplex: Concurrent transmission and reception of data on a single link.
35. Gb, Gbit, gigabit: Shorthand for 1,000,000,000 (10^9) bits. Storage Networking Industry Association publications typically use the term Gbit to refer to 10^9 bits, rather than 1,073,741,824 (2^30) bits. For Fibre Channel, 1,062,500,000 bits per second.
36. GB, Gbyte: Synonym for gigabyte. Shorthand for 1,000,000,000 (10^9) bytes. The Storage Networking Industry Association uses GByte to refer to 10^9 bytes, as is common in I/O-related applications rather than the 1,073,741,824 (2^30) convention sometimes used in describing computer system random access memory.
37. GBIC: Acronym for gigabit interface converter. Modular units that plug into fibre channel and gigabit network switches that consist of either short wavelength or long wavelength laser and receiver pairs for connecting to the gigabit (usually fiber, but also copper) network infrastructure. A transceiver that converts between electrical signals used by host bus adapters (and similar Fibre Channel and Ethernet devices) and either electrical or optical signals suitable for transmission. Gigabit interface converters allow designers to design one type of device and adapt it for either copper or optical applications.
38. Gigabit Ethernet: A group of Ethernet standards in which data is transmitted at 1Gbit per second.
39. hierarchical storage management: The automated migration of data objects among storage devices, usually based on inactivity. Abbreviated HSM. Hierarchical storage management is based on the concept of a cost-performance storage hierarchy. By accepting lower access performance (higher access times), one can store objects less expensively. By automatically moving less frequently accessed objects to lower levels in the hierarchy, higher cost storage is freed for more active objects, and a better overall cost performance ratio is achieve.
40. high availability: The ability of a system to perform its function continuously (without interruption) for a significantly longer period of time than the reliabilities of its individual components would suggest. High availability is most often achieved through failure tolerance. High availability is not an easily quantifiable term. Both the bounds of a system that is called highly available and the degree to which its availability is extraordinary must be clearly understood on a case-by-case basis.
41. host bus adapter: An I/O adapter that connects a host I/O bus to a computer's memory system. Abbreviated HBA. Host bus adapter is the preferred term in SCSI contexts. Adapter and NIC are the preferred terms in Fibre Channel contexts. The term NIC is used in networking contexts such as Ethernet and token ring.
42. in-band (transmission): Transmission of a protocol other than the primary data protocol over the same medium as the primary data protocol. Management protocols are a common example of in-band transmission.
43. in-band virtualization: Virtualization functions or services that are in the data path. In a system that implements in-band virtualization, virtualization services such as address mapping are performed by the same functional components used to read or write data.
44. initiator: The system component that originates an I/O command over an I/O bus or network. I/O adapters, network interface cards, and intelligent controller device I/O bus control ASICs are typical initiators.
45. JBOD: Acronym for "Just a Bunch Of Disks." Originally used to mean a collection of disks without the coordinated control provided by control software; today the term JBOD most often refers to a cabinet of disks whether or not RAID functionality is present.
46. L_Port: A port used to connect a node to a Fibre Channel arbitrated loop.
47. LAN-free backup: A disk backup methodology in which a SAN appliance performs the actual backup I/O operations, thus freeing the LAN server to perform I/O operations on behalf of LAN clients. Differentiated from serverless by the requirement of an additional SAN appliance to perform the backup I/O operations.
48. latency: Synonym for I/O request execution time, the time between the making of an I/O request and completion of the request's execution.
49. logical unit (LUN): The entity within a SCSI target that executes I/O commands. SCSI I/O commands are sent to a target and executed by a logical unit within that target. A SCSI physical disk typically has a single logical unit. Tape drives and array controllers may incorporate multiple logical units to which I/O commands can be addressed. Each logical unit exported by an array controller corresponds to a virtual disk.
50. long wavelength laser: A laser with a wavelength 1300 nm or longer; usually 1300 or 1550 nanometers; widely used in the telecommunications industry.
51. mean time to repair: The average time between a failure and completion of repair in a large population of identical systems, components, or devices. Mean time to repair comprises all elements of repair time, from the occurrence of the failure to restoration of complete functionality of the failed component. This includes time to notice and respond to the failure, time to repair or replace the failed component, and time to make the replaced component fully operational. In mirrored and RAID arrays, for example, the mean time to repair a disk failure includes the time required to reconstruct user data and check data from the failed disk on the replacement disk. With clustered, highly available systems it can be used to indicate the time taken to automatically detect a failure and relocate a resource or service to an alternate node, typically seconds to a few minutes.
52. metropolitan area network (MAN): A network that connects nodes distributed over a metropolitan (city-wide) area as opposed to a local area (campus) or wide area (national or global). Abbreviated MAN. From a storage perspective, MANs are of interest because there are MANs over which block storage protocols (e.g., ESCON, Fibre Channel) can be carried natively, whereas most WANs that extend beyond a single metropolitan area do not currently support such protocols.
53. mirroring: A form of storage array in which two or more identical copies of data are maintained on separate media. Also known as RAID level 1.
54. N_Port : A port that connects a node to a fabric or to another node. Nodes' N_Ports connect to fabrics' F_Ports or to other nodes' N_Ports. N_Ports handle creation, detection, and flow of message units to and from the connected systems. N_Ports are end points in point to point links.
55. network attached storage (NAS): A class of systems that provide file services to host computers. A host system that uses network attached storage uses a file system device driver to access data using file access protocols such as NFS or CIFS. NAS systems interpret these commands and perform the internal file and device I/O operations necessary to execute them. A NAS Storage Element consists of an engine, which implements the file services, and one or more devices, on which data is stored.
56. Network Data Management Protocol (NDMP): A communications protocol that allows intelligent devices on which data is stored, robotic library devices, and backup applications to intercommunicate for the purpose of performing backups. Abbreviated NDMP. An open standard protocol for network-based backup of NAS devices. NDMP allows a network backup application to control the retrieval of data from, and backup of, a server without third-party software. The control and data transfer components of backup and restore are separated. NDMP is intended to support tape drives, but can be extended to address other devices and media in the future.
57. Network File System (NFS) : A distributed file system and its associated network protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystem Computer Corporation and commonly implemented in UNIX systems, although most other computer systems have implemented NFS clients and/or servers.
58. non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM): Computer system random access memory that has been made impervious to data loss due to power failure through the use of UPS, batteries, or implementation technology such as flash memory.
59. out-of-band virtualization: Virtualization functions or services that are not in the data path. Examples are functions related to meta data, the management of data or storage, security management, backup of data, etc.
60. pcnfsd: A daemon that permits personal computers to access file systems accessed through the NFS protocol.
61. RAID: An Acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks, a family of techniques for managing multiple disks to deliver desirable cost, data availability, and performance characteristics to host environments.
62. RAID 0, RAID Level 0: Synonym for data striping.
63. RAID 1, RAID Level 1: Synonym for mirroring.
64. RAID 2, RAID Level 2: A form of RAID in which a Hamming code computed on stripes of data on some of an array's disks is stored on the remaining disks and serves as check data.
65. RAID 3, RAID Level 3: A form of parity RAID in which all disks are assumed to be rotationally synchronized, and in which the data stripe size is no larger than the exported block size.
66. RAID 4, RAID Level 4: A form of parity RAID in which the disks operate independently, the data strip size is no smaller than the exported block size, and all parity check data is stored on one disk.
67. RAID 5, RAID Level 5: A form of parity RAID in which the disks operate independently, the data strip size is no smaller than the exported block size, and parity check data is distributed across the array's disks.
68. RAID 6, RAID Level 6: Any form of RAID that can continue to execute read and write requests to all of an array's virtual disks in the presence of two concurrent disk failures. Both dual check data computations (parity and Reed Solomon) and orthogonal dual parity check data have been proposed for RAID Level 6.
69. SAN (storage area network): A network whose primary purpose is the transfer of data between computer systems and storage elements and among storage elements. A SAN consists of a communication infrastructure, which provides physical connections, and a management layer, which organizes the connections, storage elements, and computer systems so that data transfer is secure and robust. The term SAN is usually (but not necessarily) identified with block I/O services rather than file access services. Note: The SNIA definition specifically does not identify the term SAN with Fibre Channel technology. When the term SAN is used in connection with Fibre Channel technology, use of a qualified phrase such as "Fibre Channel SAN" is encouraged. According to this definition an Ethernet-based network whose primary purpose is to provide access to storage elements would be considered a SAN.
70. SCSI: Acronym for Small computer System Interface. SCSI is a collection of ANSI standards and proposed standards which define I/O buses primarily intended for connecting storage subsystems or devices to hosts through host bus adapters. Originally intended primarily for use with small (desktop and desk-side workstation) computers, SCSI has been extended to serve most computing needs, and is arguably the most widely implemented I/O bus in use today.
71. SCSI adapter: An adapter that connects an intelligent device to a SCSI bus.
72. SCSI bus: Any parallel (multi-signal) I/O bus that implements some version of the ANSI SCSI standard. A wide SCSI bus may connect up to16 initiators and targets. A narrow SCSI bus may connect up to eight initiators and targets.
73. serverless backup: A disk backup methodology in which either the disk being backed up or the tape device receiving the backup manages and performs actual backup I/O operations. Server-free backup frees the LAN server to perform I/O operations on behalf of LAN clients and reduces the number of trips the backup data takes through processor memory. Differentiated from LAN-free backup in that no additional SAN appliance is required to offload backup I/O operations from the LAN server.
74. server based virtualization: Virtualization implemented in a host computer rather than in a storage subsystem or storage appliance. Virtualization can be implemented either in host computers, in storage subsystems or storage appliances, or in a specific virtualization appliances in the storage interconnect fabric.
75. Server Message Block (protocol): A network file system access protocol designed and implemented by Microsoft Corporation and used by Windows clients to communicate file access requests to Windows servers. Abbreviated SMB. Current versions of the SMB protocol are usually referred to as CIFS, the Common Internet File System.
76. snapshot: A fully usable copy of a defined collection of data that contains an image of the data as it appeared at the point in time at which the copy was initiated. A snapshot may be either a duplicate or a replicate of the data it represents.
77. single mode (fiber optic cable): A fiber optic cabling specification that provides for up to 10 kilometer distance between devices.
78. soft zone: A zone consisting of zone members that are permitted to communicate with each other via the fabric. Soft zones are typically implemented through a combination of name server and Fibre Channel protocol — when a port contacts the name server, the name server returns information only about Fibre Channel ports in the same zone(s) as the requesting port. This prevents ports outside the zone(s) from being discovered and hence the Fibre Channel protocol will not attempt to communicate with such ports. In contrast to hard zones, soft zones are not enforced by hardware; e.g., a frame that is erroneously addressed to a port that should not receive it will nonetheless be delivered. Well known addresses {link} are implicitly included in every zone.
79. storage virtualization: The act of abstracting, hiding, or isolating the internal function of a storage (sub) system or service from applications, compute servers or general network resources for the purpose of enabling application and network independent management of storage or data. The application of virtualization to storage services or devices for the purpose of aggregating, hiding complexity or adding new capabilities to lower level storage resources. Storage can be virtualized simultaneously in multiple layers of a system, for instance to create HSM like systems.
80. synchronous operations: Operations which have a fixed time relationship to each other. Most commonly used to denote I/O operations which occur in time sequence, i.e., a successor operation does not occur until its predecessor is complete.
81. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET): A standard for optical network elements. SONET provides modular building blocks, fixed overheads, integrated operations channels, and flexible payload mappings. Basic SONET provides a bandwidth of 51.840 megabits/second. This is known as OC-1. Higher bandwidths that are n times the basic rate are available (known as OC-n). OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, and OC-192 are currently in common use.
82. target: The system component that receives a SCSI I/O command.
83. target ID: The SCSI bus address of a target device or controller.
84. terabyte: Shorthand for 1,000,000,000,000 (10^12) bytes. SNIA publications typically use the 10^12 convention commonly found in I/O literature rather than the 1,099,5111,627,776 (2^40) convention sometimes used when discussing random access memory. 1000 gigabytes.
85. third party copy: A protocol for performing tape backups using minimal server resources by copying data directly from the source device (disk or array) to the target device (tape transport) without passing through a server.
86. Total cost of ownership (TCO): The comprehensive cost of a particular capability such as data processing, storage access, file services, etc. TCO includes acquisition, environment, operations, management, service, upgrade, loss of service, and residual value.
87. tunneling: A technology that enables one network protocol to send its data via another network protocol's connections. Tunneling works by encapsulating the first network protocol within packets carried by the second protocol. A tunnel may also encapsulate a protocol within itself (e.g., an IPsec gateway operates in this fashion, encapsulating IP in IP and inserting additional IPsec information between the two IP headers).
88. Ultra SCSI: A form of SCSI capable of 20 megatransfers per second. Single ended Ultra SCSI supports bus lengths of up to 1.5 meters. Differential Ultra SCSI supports bus lengths of up to 25 meters. Ultra SCSI specifications define both narrow (8 data bits) and wide (16 data bits) buses. A narrow Ultra SCSI bus transfers data at a maximum of 20 MBytes per second. A wide Ultra SCSI bus transfers data at a maximum of 40 MBytes per second.
89. Ultra2 SCSI: A form of SCSI capable of 40 megatransfers per second. There is no single ended Ultra2 SCSI specification. Low voltage differential(LVD) Ultra2 SCSI supports bus lengths of up to 12 meters. High voltage differential Ultra2 SCSI supports bus lengths of up to 25 meters. Ultra2 SCSI specifications define both narrow (8 data bits) and wide (16 data bits) buses. A narrow Ultra SCSI bus transfers data at a maximum of 40 MBytes per second. A wide Ultra2 SCSI bus transfers data at a maximum of 80 MBytes per second.
90. Ultra3 SCSI: A form of SCSI capable of 80 megatransfers per second. There is no single ended Ultra3 SCSI specification. Low voltage differential(LVD) Ultra2 SCSI supports bus lengths of up to 12 meters. There is no high voltage differential Ultra3 SCSI specification. Ultra3 SCSI specifications only define wide (16 data bits) buses. A wide Ultra3 SCSI bus transfers data at a maximum of 160 MBytes per second.
91. virtual device: A device presented to an operating environment by control software or by a volume manager. From an application standpoint, a virtual device is equivalent to a physical one. In some implementations, virtual devices may differ from physical ones at the operating system level (e.g., booting from a host based disk array may not be possible).
92. virtual disk: A set of disk blocks presented to an operating environment as a range of consecutively numbered logical blocks with disk-like storage and I/O semantics. The virtual disk is the disk array object that most closely resembles a physical disk from the operating environment's viewpoint.
93. Virtualization: The act of integrating one or more (back end) services or functions with additional (front end) functionality for the purpose of providing useful abstractions. Typically virtualization hides some of the back end complexity, or adds or integrates new functionality with existing back end services. Examples of virtualization are the aggregation of multiple instances of a service into one virtualized service, or to add security to an otherwise insecure service. Virtualization can be nested or applied to multiple layers of a system.
94. Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM): The splitting of light into a series of "colors" from a few (sparse) to many with a narrow wavelength separation (Dense WDM) for the purpose of carrying simultaneous traffic over the same physical fiber (9 micron usually). Each "color" is a separate data stream.
95. Windows Internet Naming Service: A facility of the Windows NT operating system that translates between IP addresses and symbolic names for network nodes and resources.
96. world wide name (WWN): A 64-bit unsigned Name Identifier which is worldwide unique. A unique 48 or 64 bit number assigned by a recognized naming authority (often via block assignment to a manufacturer) that identifies a connection or a set of connections to the network. A WWN is assigned for the life of a connection (device). Most networking technologies (e.g., Ethernet, FDDI, etc.) use a world wide name convention.
97. write back cache: A caching technique in which the completion of a write request is signaled as soon as the data is in cache, and actual writing to non-volatile media occurs at a later time. Write-back cache includes an inherent risk that an application will take some action predicated on the write completion signal, and a system failure before the data is written to non-volatile media will cause media contents to be inconsistent with that subsequent action. For this reason, good write-back cache implementations include mechanisms to preserve cache contents across system failures (including power failures) and to flush the cache at system restart time.
98. write through cache: A caching technique in which the completion of a write request is not signaled until data is safely stored on non-volatile media. Write performance with a write-through cache is approximately that of a non-cached system, but if the data written is also held in cache, subsequent read performance may be dramatically improved.
99. zone: A collection of Fibre Channel N_Ports and/or NL_Ports (i.e., device ports) that are permitted to communicate with each other via the fabric. Any two N_Ports and/or NL_Ports that are not members of at least one common zone are not permitted to communicate via the fabric. Zone membership may be specified by: 1) port location on a switch, (i.e., Domain_ID and port number); or, 2) the device's N_Port_Name; or, 3) the device's address identifier; or, 4) the device's Node_Name. Well-known are implicitly included in every zone.
100. zone set: A set of zone definitions for a fabric. Zones in a zone set may overlap (i.e., a port may be a member of more than one zone). Fabric management may support switching between zone sets to enforce different access restrictions (e.g., at different times of day).
101. zoning: A method of subdividing a SAN into disjoint zones, or subsets of nodes on the network. Storage area network nodes outside a zone are invisible to nodes within the zone. Moreover, with switched SANs, traffic within each zone may be physically isolated from traffic outside the zone.


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What follows is a list of Civil War related military records from the manuscript holdings in the Department of Special Collections, University Libraries of Notre Dame. Linked record groups may be accessed online, as images and textual transcriptions.
EDWARD BLOODGOOD BATTLE REPORT. 1864. 1 item (6 pp.). A report in clerical hand signed by Lt. Colonel Edward Bloodgood as commanding officer of the 22nd Wisconsin Infantry, recounting the regiment's operations from 16 May to 6 July 1864. The report is dated 10 July 1864, and is addressed to brigade headquarters (2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 20th Army Corps). The regiment was at the time attached to George Thomas's Army of the Cumberland, moving on Atlanta. The report tracks the 22nd from Resaca, Georgia (about 75 miles from Atlanta) to the Chattahoochie River (about ten miles distant). This copy is marked "Orig;" an endorsement indicates that it was received and forwarded by brigade headquarters. MSN/CW 2000-1.
[ Introduction, Images & Transcriptions]
CO. C, 4TH TEXAS CAVALRY ORDERLY BOOK. 1863-1865. 1 vol., 30 cm., 48 leaves, with 27 pages of war-date entries in several hands. An orderly book kept by officers of Co. C, 4th Texas Cavalry (CSA), during the regiment's Civil War service in the Trans-Mississippi. Formed in Victoria County, Texas, in the summer of 1861, the regiment—also called the 4th Texas Mounted Volunteers—participated in Sibley's New Mexico campaign (1862) and thereafter served mostly in Louisiana and Texas. Though the actual entries in the book probably do not predate 1863, the contents pertain to the regiment's full history of service, to May 1865. These contents include: lists of men killed, wounded, transferred, and discharged, as well as non-battle casualties and a list of deserters (these lists were probably entered into the book from another source in August 1863, and were not updated with any frequency); a list of arms and accoutrements issued, from 29 June 1863 to the end of the war; a list of arms held by company members on 28 October 1864; lists of clothing issued, on specific dates (1864-65); a list of horses killed (mostly at the battle of Val Verde, New Mexico) and their values; records relating to a company relief fund (1863-64); and manuscript copies of four General Orders, together with two printed General Orders, tipped in. Though only one of these entries bears a signature—that of Lt. Ludwig von Roeder—the book is more obviously associated with Charles C. Linn of Victoria (b. 1837/8), captain of Co. C in 1864-65. Linn's name appears several times on the endpapers, and it was apparently he who retained the volume after the war. Sixteen pages of the book were filled with writing exercises around 1870, probably by Charles Linn's younger brother, William. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2006. MSN/CW 2011-1-B.
CAMP MEIGS, MASSACHUSETTS, LOGBOOK. 1863-65. 1 vol., 23 cm. 136 leaves, titled in manuscript "Countersigns and Paroles of Camp Meigs." The volume contains dated daily entries from 14 November 1863 to 11 May 1865, each recording the countersign and parole passwords in effect for that day at the Union army's Camp Meigs in Readville, Massachusetts. MSN/CW 2004-1-B.
JOHN DEITRICK / 7TH PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE RECORDS. 1861-1872 (bulk 1863-1864). 98 manuscripts, most partly printed; 8 circulars and other printed items. This group consists largely of military records retained by Lieutenant John Deitrick from his service in Company B of the 7th Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry (1861-64) and from his post-war service in the National Guard of Pennsylvania. Deitrick (1842-?) was a blacksmith from Liverpool, Perry County, Pennsylvania. Seventy-five of the records relate to Company B of the 7th PRVI, which fought with the Army of the Potomac in the major campaigns of 1862 before spending much of 1863-64 in camp near Alexandria, Virginia. The greater number of the PRVI records date from March 1863 to April 1864, when 1st Lieutenant Deitrick was ranking officer with the company. Records include: a company muster-in roll (July 1861); five company muster rolls (July-August 1862 to September-October 1863); twenty monthly returns (August 1861 to March 1864); monthly returns of clothing and other Quartermaster's Department records; quarterly returns of ordnance and other Ordnance Department records. An additional group of 30 items dates from Deitrick's service as captain of the "Ellsworth Zouaves" in the 15th Division of the National Guard of Pennsylvania (c1869-72). MSN/CW 2006-1 to MSN/CW 2006-52; MSN/CW 2006-53-F1 to MSN/CW 2006-61-F1; MSN/CW 2006-62-F2 to MSN/CW 2006-64-F2; MSN/CW 2006-65-F3 to MSN/CW 2006-71-F3.
JOHN S. MITCHELL / 27TH BATTALION VIRGINIA CAVALRY RECORDS. 1864. 3 documents. A group of records relating to the activities of 1st Lt. John S. Mitchell, as commanding officer of a detachment of the 27th Battalion Virginia Cavalry, assigned to guard disabled horses in Carroll County, Virginia. Two of the documents, copies in Mitchell's hand, record obligations of the Confederate government, left unpaid "for lack of funds". The first of these, dated 21 June 1864, acknowledges a debt of $5.25 to Wilkerson and Hail for 50 lbs. of flour; the second, dated 27 June, acknowledges a debt of $160.00 to John Wilkerson, for pasture for 160 horses. The third document (4 July 1864) is a letter of complaint filed by H. W. Gunter, a Carroll County farmer, asserting that Lt. Mitchell allowed his horses to forage on Gunter's property, destroying a crop of hay. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2004. MSN/CW 2010-1 to MSN/CW 2010-3.
DEPARTMENT OF NORFOLK MORNING REPORTS. 1862. 8 items, 1 partly printed. A group of eight tabular morning reports, pertaining to elements of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division of the Confederate Department of Norfolk. The reports range in date from 22 April to 15 May 1862. One of the reports, covering 8 to 10 May, is for the entire brigade, then commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Fletcher H. Archer. Other reports are for: the eight infantry companies of Major John P. Wilson's regiment (15 May); the five infantry companies of Archer's Battalion (11-12 May); Captain J. W. M. Hopkins' company of Wilson's regiment (two reports, 22-23 April and 6-7 May); Captain James J. Phillips' company of the 9th Virginia Infantry (two reports, 4-5 and 11-12 May); and Captain Charles R. McAlpine's company of the 41st Virginia Infantry (12 May). The tables record the units' strength for the days indicated. Totals are entered, rank by rank, for soldiers who are present (whether "for duty", "sick", "in arrest", etc.) or absent ("with leave", "without leave", "on special service", etc.). MSN/CW 2007-1-F2 to MSN/CW 2007-3-F2.
ULYSSES S. GRANT ORDER. 1863. 1 item (1 p.). An autograph document signed of Major General Ulysses S. Grant, as commander of the Department and Army of the Tennessee. The order was issued at Vicksburg on 25 July 1863, to the chief quartermaster of the department, Lieutenant Colonel Judson D. Bingham. It regards the reassignment of river craft to move General Nathan Kimball's Provisional Division from the environs of Vicksburg to Helena, Arkansas. On the reverse are notes on the disposition of the craft by Bingham's superintendent of river transportation. MSN/CW 2001-1.
WADE HAMPTON DISPATCH. 1865. 1 item, partly printed. A recipient's copy, on a Southern Express Company form, of a telegraphic dispatch sent by Confederate Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton to Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard on 26 February 1865. The dispatch, sent from Fort Mills, South Carolina during the Carolinas campaign, describes cavalry skirmishing in the vicinity of Lancaster, South Carolina, and supposed Union intentions. Hampton then commanded all the cavalry opposing Sherman in the Carolinas. The day before the dispatch was sent, Beauregard had been superseded by Joseph Johnston as commander in this theater; Beauregard was now "second in command." Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2005. MSN/CW 2009-1.
DANIEL RUGGLES REPORT. 1862. 1 item (3 pp.). A report in clerical hand with the proxy signature of Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles (1810-1897), commander of District One of the Confederate army's Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana. The report is dated 22 October 1862, and was written from district headquarters in Jackson, Mississippi to General Samuel Cooper, adjutant and inspector general of the Confederate army. It concerns the regulation of trade along the Gulf coast, with particular attention to the exportation of cotton. MSN/CW 2002-1.
WHEELER'S CAVALRY CORPS RECORDS. 1863-65. 10 documents, 5 partly printed. A group of miscellaneous records relating to elements of Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler's Cavalry Corps of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. Most notable is an inspection report for William W. Allen's and William Y. C. Humes' divisions, filled out by the inspecting officer, Maj. Henry Bryan, from 27 October to 7 November 1864. The report is marked "Partial;" seven pages of the twelve-page circular have been completed, and three pages have been appended (identifying more than 125 absent officers). Also included in the group are three tabular morning reports: one for Charles C. Crews' brigade of William W. Allen's division, for 28 January 1865; one for Robert H. Anderson's brigade of Allen's division, for 24 March 1865, and one for James Hagan's brigade of Allen's division, also for 24 March 1865. Other documents include: a leave of absence granted Maj. John T. Wright, 8th Confederate Cavalry (28 June 1863); a Special Order No. 97, from Corps headquarters, regarding the collection and storage of corn and the procurement of ordnance and ordnance stores (13 November 1863); a Special Orders No. 327, transferring Pvt. John Daniels out of the 53rd Alabama Cavalry (21 December 1863); an authorization from Corps headquarters allowing Brig. Gen. John H. Kelly to grant dismounted troops 5 day furloughs to seek new horses (9 February 1864); a report regarding the number of horses and mules foraged in William Y. C. Humes' brigade (9 March 1864); an ordnance invoice from George G. Dibrell's brigade (10 June 1864); and a list of dismounted men being transferred from the 4th Georgia Cavalry to the 4th Georgia Infantry (13 February 1865). Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2004-05. MSN/CW 2008-1 to MSN/CW 2008-5; MSN/CW 2008-6-F1; MSN/CW 2008-7 to MSN/CW 2008-8; MSN/CW 2008-9-F2; MSN/CW 2008-10 to MSN/CW 2008-11
STONEWALL JACKSON ORDER. 1863. 1 document. A field copy of an order originally written by Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's assistant adjutant general, Maj. A. S. Pendleton, regarding the browsing and grazing of supply and artillery horses. MSN/CW 2027-1.
FITZHUGH LEE CIRCULAR. 1864. 1 document (2 pp.) A manuscript circular dated 3 May 1864, directed to the brigade commanders of Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's Division of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, specifying protocol for a military review to be conducted by Robert E. Lee the following day (4 May). The circular was issued from division headquarters, and was written and signed by Lt. Charles Minnigerode, Jr. (1845-1888), of Fitz Lee's staff. This copy bears the endorsement of Brig. Gen. L. L. Lomax, a brigade commander under Lee, who forwarded it with additional instructions to Col. Henry Clay Pate, commanding the 5th Virginia Cavalry. The review was never held, as in the early morning of 4 May Grant began crossing the Rapidan, initiating the Overland campaign. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2007. MSN/CW 2012-1.
MICHAEL QUIN DOCUMENTS. 1863. 1 letter and 4 documents. Clerical copies of a group of four documents forwarded to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles by Secretary of State William H. Seward, together with a cover letter (13 August 1863) signed by Seward, relating to the forcible recruiting into the U. S. Navy of a 19-year-old Irish immigrant named Michael Quin. The documents include: a letter from the British ambassador, Lord Lyons, to Seward; a letter from the British consul in New York, Edward M. Archibald, to Lyons, giving an opinion on the case; and an eight-page affidavit of Quin's, witnessed by Archibald. Quin describes meeting a recruiting "runner" in Manhattan, who promised him passage to California but took him instead to a naval receiving ship, where he was "shanghaied." He was ultimately put on a train to Cairo, Illinois, to join the Navy's Mississippi Flotilla. He escaped from the train, returned to New York, and told his tale to the British consul. In his letter to Seward, Lyons requests reparations from the U.S. government. Seward refers the matter to Welles. MSN/CW 2013-1 to MSN/CW 2013-5. [ Introduction, Images & Transcriptions]
CO. E, 2nd KENTUCKY CAVALRY (CS) MUSTER ROLL, 31 DECEMBER 1862-30 APRIL 1863. 1863. 1 document, partly printed. A muster and pay roll, completed on a partly-printed Confederate States form and covering the first four months of 1863, for Capt. James M. Sale's Co. E, 2nd Kentucky Cavalry. The roll provides each soldier's name; his grade; when, where, and by whom enlisted, and for how long; and soldiers present and absent, with remarks for those absent. The document also includes a pay roll for 31 December 1862 (when last paid) to 30 April 1863. There are a total of 130 names listed. The roll was completed on 1 May 1863, at Irish Bottom, Kentucky, by 1st Lt. William H. Parks, and includes a "record of events" (January to April 1863) in Parks's hand. The 2nd Kentucky Cavalry was then under the command of Col. Basil W. Duke. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2007. MSN/CW 2014-1-Oversize.
CO. I, 15th VIRGINIA CAVALRY MUSTER ROLL. 1864. 1 document, partly printed. A muster roll, on a Confederate States form, for Capt. James Simpson's Co. I, 15th Virginia Cavalry. Eighty-seven names are entered, of whom 25 are indicated as present; there are remarks on most of those listed as absent. The roll is unsigned and undated, but entries in the "remarks" column suggest that it was compiled shortly before the regiment's consolidation (10 November 1864). Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2023-1-Oversize.
CO. K, 130th NEW YORK INFANTRY MUSTER ROLL, 20 AUGUST-31 OCTOBER 1862. 1862. 1 document, partly printed. A muster and pay roll for Capt. Alfred J. Leach's Co. K, 130th New York Infantry, covering 20 August to 31 October 1862. The regiment was mustered in to U. S. service on 2 September 1862, thereafter serving at Suffolk, Virginia, with VII Corps, Department of Virginia. This is a Federal government copy, with payroll annotations. MSN/CW 2019-1-Oversize.
CO. D, 11th MICHIGAN INFANTRY MUSTER ROLL, 1 MAY-30 JUNE 1862. 1862. 1 document, partly printed. A muster and pay roll for Capt. Benjamin G. Bennet's Co. D, 11th Michigan Infantry, covering May and June of 1862. The regiment, attached to the Army of the Ohio, was then performing guard duty along the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. This is a Federal government copy, with payroll annotations to 1885. MSN/CW 2020-1-Oversize.
CO. C, 7th MARYLAND INFANTRY MUSTER ROLL, 30 JUNE-31 AUGUST 1864. 1864. 1 document, partly printed. A muster and pay roll for Capt. Richard E. Bouldin's Co. C, 7th Maryland Infantry (U. S.), covering July and August of 1864. The regiment was then before Petersburg (2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac). This is a Federal government copy, with payroll annotations. MSN/CW 2021-1-Oversize.
21st IOWA INFANTRY MUSTER ROLLS. 1864-1865. 2 documents, partly printed. Muster and pay rolls for Capt. John S. Craig's Co. G and Capt. James L. Noble's Co. H of the 21st Iowa Infantry. Both muster rolls are for January and February of 1865, when the regiment was serving in the Military Division of West Mississippi. These are Federal government copies, with payroll annotations. MSN/CW 2022-1-Oversize to MSN/CW 2022-2-Oversize.
CO. F, 19TH U.S. COLORED TROOPS MUSTER ROLL, 31 DECEMBER 1864-28 FEBRUARY 1865. 1865. 1 document, partly printed. A muster roll for Capt. Frederick K. Fletcher's Co. F, 19th Regiment U.S. Colored Troops, covering 31 December 1864 to 28 February 1865. The 19th U.S.C.T. comprised black enlisted men mostly from southern and eastern Maryland, a large number of whom were recruited as slaves. It saw action in at least eleven engagements, suffering 50 combat fatalities. At the time of this muster roll Co. F was stationed at Bermuda Hundred, Virginia. MSN/CW 2038-1-Oversize.
2nd (WOODWARD'S) KENTUCKY CAVALRY OFFICERS ROSTER. 1865. 1 document. A roster listing 34 officers of the 2nd (Woodward's) Kentucky Cavalry (CS), dated 30 March 1865. The document is drawn up in eight columns, with entries indicating each officer's name; grade; company; whether elected or appointed; by whom appointed; date of election/appointment; commission; and remarks. It appears to have been written by Capt. Robert Biggs, then in command of the regiment. At the time Woodward's 2nd Kentucky Cavalry was serving in the Carolinas campaign, near Pikeville, North Carolina; it was attached to J. H. Lewis's Brigade, Hampton's Cavalry Corps, Army of Tennessee. This regiment is not to be confused with the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry that served under John Hunt Morgan. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2006. MSN/CW 2016-1-F1.
JOHNSON'S ISLAND PRISONER ROSTER. Circa 1863-1864. 1 vol., 20 cm., 135 leaves, with 258 pages of manuscript in various hands. A leather-bound volume of uncertain origin, bearing the manuscript title "Names of Confederate Officers Confined on Johnson's Island Ohio 1864". Johnson's Island was a Federal prisoner-of-war camp in Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie, used primarily for officers. The roster itself (with name, grade, regiment, prison block and mess, and original place of residence) occupies 218 of the book's pages; some 2500 prisoners are listed. The roster is followed by a list of 167 Confederates who died at the prison, with name, grade, regiment, and cause and date of death. A third section of 22 surviving pages contains poems or song lyrics of Confederate interest, written in several hands. The volume seems to have been compiled at the prison. Some internal evidence suggests an association with Lt. Robert J. Owen (Co. K, 34th Mississippi Infantry), of Salem, Walthall County, Mississippi. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2007. MSN/CW 2015-1-B.
WHARTON'S BRIGADE GENERAL ORDER. 14 April 1864. 1 document (1 page, with docketing). A general order directed to the regimental and battalion commanders of G. C. Wharton's brigade in the Department of Western Virginia (Confederate), written and signed by Wharton's A. A. G., Capt. Charles A. DeRussy, regarding protocol for the execution of Pvt. John H. Jones, Co. E, 30th Virginia Infantry Battalion, Sharpshooters. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2017-1.
A. R. BLAKEY RECORDS. 1862-1863. 3 documents. Three Confederate States records relating to a $30.00 claim against the government by A. R. Blakey of Madison Court House, Virginia. The matter at issue was recompense for a shotgun supplied by Blakey to 1st Lt. John W. Johnston, Co. F, 2nd Virginia Cavalry, on 8 May 1862. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2026-1 to MSN/CW 2026-3.
FRANKLIN H. PICKETT DRAFT EXEMPTION APPLICATION. 9 July 1863. 1 document, partly printed. A partly printed form, of either Confederate or North Carolina state issue, whereby shoemaker Franklin H. Pickett of Greensboro, Guilford County declares himself "engaged in a Mechanical Pursuit" and so exempt from conscription. The form is signed by Pickett and by justice of the peace Nathan Hiatt. MSN/CW 2018-1.
A. F. O'BRYAN CERTIFICATE OF EXEMPTION. 1863. 1 document, partly printed. A document completed and signed by William A. Chisolm, Confederate States Enrolling Officer for Colleton District, South Carolina, certifying that A. F. O'Bryan is overseer on the plantation of Mrs. Eliza O'Bryan, and is thus exempt from conscription for a period of 12 months. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2010. MSN/CW 2025-1.
SIDNEY SANDERS DISCHARGE. 1864. 1 document, partly printed. A Confederate States certificate of discharge and pay voucher, dated 23 March 1864, completed and signed by Henry D. Beman as captain of Co. E, 7th Cavalry Battalion, Georgia State Guards. The discharged soldier is Pvt. Sidney Sanders, who served in Co. E in 1863-64. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2010. MSN/CW 2024-1.
F. CHARLES ALLRED DISCHARGE. 1862. 1 document, partly printed, with endorsements. An accomplished copy of CSA Special Orders No. 41, datelined Corinth, Mississippi, 16 May 1862, whereby 1st Lieutenant Charles Allred is discharged from the army (Co. H, 25th Tennessee Infantry), "not having been re-elected in the recent reorganization of the twelve months volunteers. . . ." Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2028-1.
CORCORAN'S IRISH LEGION REORGANIZATION DOCUMENT. 1862. 1 document (3 pages). A copy of Special Orders No. 779 issued on 12 November 1862 by the New York State Adjutant General's Office, declaring the formation of the 155th New York Infantry from elements of Corcoran's Brigade. The document specifies the new field, staff, and company officers of the regiment. MSN/CW 2029-1.
L. J. M. CAMP GREENSBORO PAROLE. 1865. 1 document, partly printed. On 26 April 1865 General Joseph Johnston surrendered the 30,000 Confederate troops in North Carolina to William T. Sherman. The men were issued individual paroles, releasing them from captivity and allowing them to return to their homes. The present "Greensboro parole" was made out for Pvt. L. J. M. Camp, Co. B, 10th Georgia Cavalry. It was completed on 4 May by Camp's company commander, Cap. L. J. Smith, who signed the form along with the Federal commissioner, Maj. J. H. Letcher. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2007. MSN/CW 2030-1.
50TH VIRGINIA INFANTRY POLL BOOK. 28 May 1863. 1 partly printed document. A Confederate document enumerating votes cast in the field by 54 named members of the 50th Virginia Infantry, in an 1863 election for the Virginia state senate position representing Patrick Henry and Franklin counties. The candidates were W. A. Burwell and Peter Sanders. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady. MSN/CW 2031-1-F1.
ROBERT CRUTCHFIELD RATIONS COMMUTATION. 21 April 1864. 1 partly printed document. A document stipulating the payment of $16.00 to Confederate Pvt. Robert Crutchfield "for commutation of rations for self while on scout duty by order of Lt Gen Longstreet from March 27 1864 to April 12 1864." Crutchfield was a member of Co. D, 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2032-1.
4TH TENNESSEE CAVALRY TRANSFERS. 16 June 1863. 1 document. A Special Orders No. 161, authorizing the transfer of dismounted troopers of the Confederate 4th Tennessee Cavalry (Wheeler's Cavalry Corps, Army of Tennessee) to infantry regiments and artillery batteries. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2012. MSN/CW 2033-1.
HORSE TACK CONTRACT. 14 February 1863. 1 partly printed document. A contract signed by William S. Downer, Confederate Superintendent of Armories, and Peter B. Borst, owner of a tannery at Luray, Page Co., Virginia, for the supply of 5000 bridles and 2000 halters. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2034-1.
JAMES THORN/WILLIAM LAYSON OATH OF ALLEGIANCE. 1863. 1 document. An oath of allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and the Commonwealth of Kentucky, signed by former Confederate soldiers James Thorn and William Layson. The latter served in Co. E, 2nd Kentucky Cavalry. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2008. MSN/CW 2035-1.
COL. FRANK POWERS FIELD ORDERS. 1864 April 13. 1 document, with envelope. An order to be prepared to march "at a moment's warning" sent by Confederate Col. Frank N. Powers (commanding Powers' Regiment of Louisiana and Mississippi Cavalry) to Capt. Joseph Sessions, commanding Co. E at Woodville, Mississippi. The order is in the hand of Powers' adjutant, Capt. H. N. Bridges. The transmittal envelope with "pass courier" inscription is present. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2006. MSN/CW 2036-1.
HANOVER JUNCTION ORDNANCE RECEIPT 12 February 1863. 1 partly printed document. A receipt for shells and packing boxes turned over by C.S. Lt. James M. Garnett of the Army of Northern Virginia to the depot at Hanover Junction, Virginia. Acquisition funded by Robert and Beverly O'Grady, 2004. MSN/CW 2037-1.
Related Collections: Colonial & Revolutionary America Early National & Antebellum America American Civil War Modern America Sports
Copyright © 2006, 2009, 2011
Dept. of Special Collections
102 Hesburgh Library
Notre Dame, IN 46556 Telephone: 574-631-0290
E-Mail: rarebook @ nd.edu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Laura Cunningham
eiiadmin
When she was a child growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area, Laura Cunningham always wondered what her house and her neighborhood looked like before the creation of San Francisco, Berkeley, and Oakland. For the next 30 years she went about acquiring the artistic skills and scientific knowledge that would enable her to give substance to that wonderment. She studied paleontology and biology at UC Berkeley, and for many years she has worked as a field biologist, researching rare and endangered species such as the Owens Valley pupfish and the Yosemite toad. Cunningham is a scientist, to be sure. Her drawings and paintings of flora, fauna, and fossils are detailed, well researched, and trustworthy. Yet suffusing her work is something else, something so rare and welcome that it's startling – a tenderness, a yearning, a slow-burning love of the land in which we live and the creatures that have inhabited it. Her images express the wonderment of that long-ago child looking out the window and daydreaming another world into existence.
Cunningham's latest work is at once a celebration of California's past – its natural legacy of abundance and diversity – and of change. In A State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California Cunningham imagines what a prehistoric California must have looked like and juxtaposes those fancies with photographs of today's reality. As she writes in the book: "Change is always happening. Change is the most natural part of our landscape, and change is what we must embrace and learn to live with." Cunningham's work frees our imagination from the present, allowing us to see beyond what is in front of us and speculate on what might have been. She takes us into redwood-forested rivers crossed by Columbian mammoths. She lets us peer out over the bare undulations of the Bay Area Hills. She introduces us to the vanished Sierra white wolf. In her paintings, the San Joaquin River is once again alive with the thrashing of salmon, grizzly bears feast on beached whales, and condors soar above the giant sequoias. Her work illustrates how animal and plant communities have come and gone, how mercurial the land beneath and around us is, and how rich.
If we can imagine a beautiful and abundant past, is it not also possible to imagine a beautiful and abundant future? By combining photos of the present with paintings of the past, Cunningham has freed our imaginations. Let's put that freedom to good use and dream a bountiful future into being.
—Malcolm Margolin
Artist-naturalist Laura Cunningham has worked as a scientific illustrator for the Museum of Paleontology at UC Berkeley and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. Her work has been shown at the Oakland Museum and the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, among other places. A show based on her book, A State of Change, will be on display at the David Brower Center through January.
A reconstruction of San Francisco around 1300 AD, from Nob Hill looking east across the Bay.
A quiet inlet of the San Francisco Bay, where Oakland exists today.
Bears feast on a beached gray whale carcass.
A southern California grizzly bear wanders the hills above the San Fernando Valley.
Native people navigating the waters of the former Tulare lake
A wild San Joaquin river at the site of today's Friant Dam.
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text:
Q: Indirect Function with Sheet Names I have a list of all of the sheet names in my workbook on Sheet1 and I am trying, without success, to use the INDIRECT function to reference a cell on another sheet using said name. I am aware that this is a common question, I have looked at about 10 other questions/answers on this website in addition to others. For some reason, those solutions are not working and I am kinda losing my mind.

*

*The sheet names are all in column A

*They are named after dates (format mm-dd-yy) <- I'm assuming this is the problem?

*The cell that I am trying to reference is always in O1 on every sheet in the workbook.

I have tried:
=INDIRECT(A1&"!O1")
=INDIRECT("'"A1"'&!O1")

and a few other amalgamations. Again, I have looked into so many other solutions at this point I am just left with asking for help with my situation, which is apparently unique (or more likely it is some blaring user error). Please help me before immediately removing the post.

A: If I have this right, the names of your sheets are dates, and you have the names listed as dates in Column A.  So, they will appear as dates, but are actually Excel's background number for a date (days since 1/1/1900).
If you use the Formulas tab in the ribbon to Evaluate Formula, you should see the date pop in to your formula as a 5 digit number.
If you are not doing anything else with these dates, you could try selecting column A and formatting as text.  This solved the issue in my test setup.  This will still work if you are using the date for other functions, but you will have to tell Excel it's a date using DateValue()
After formatting Column A as text, I used =INDIRECT("'"&A1&"'!O1")

A: Try,
=indirect(text(a1, "\'mm-dd-yy\'\!\O\1"))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: SFDX force:source:push fails only in CI environment I am trying to shift a hybrid codebase to SFDX. I'm using Gitlab CI running in the default gitlab-runners and for some reason I haven't been able to discover I keep having my code deploys failing. I am using the force:source:push command and everything works locally. I get 3 errors mostly, 'Invalid type: Schema.Network', 'Could not resolve standard field's name.', and 'Variable does not exist: MiddleName'. From what I understand most of these have to do with the scratch org definition file, but that doesn't explain why deploying locally works just fine. My scratch org def file is,
{
  "orgName": "Name",
  "edition": "Developer",
  "features": [
    "API",
    "Communities",
    "CustomNotificationType",
    "Knowledge",
    "ProcessBuilder",
    "ServiceCloud",
    "LightningServiceConsole",
    "LightningSalesConsole",
    "LiveAgent",
    "RecordTypes",
    "Sites",
    "SiteDotCom",
    "Workflow"
  ],
  "settings": {
    "lightningExperienceSettings": {
      "enableS1DesktopEnabled": true
    },
    "caseSettings": {
      "enableCaseFeed": true,
      "enableSuggestedSolutions": true,
      "showEmailAttachmentsInCaseAttachmentsRL": true,
      "useSystemEmailAddress": true
    },
    "communitiesSettings": {
      "enableNetworksEnabled": true
    },
    "nameSettings": {
      "enableMiddleName": true,
      "enableNameSuffix": true
    },
    "orderSettings": {
      "enableOrders": true
    },
    "ideasSettings": {
      "enableIdeas": true,
      "enableIdeasReputation": true
    },
    "orgPreferenceSettings":{
      "networksEnabled":true
    }
  }
}

A: Your scratch org definition appears to be correct. My hypothesis is that your CI system is not using it, or is using a different file.

'Invalid type: Schema.Network'

The features Communities and Sites, plus your communitiesSettings, make sure that your org has everything you need for Communities, including access to the Network entity.

'Could not resolve standard field's name.', and 'Variable does not exist: MiddleName'

I assume that these are referring to the same error. This would occur if the nameSettings you have specified here are not present.
You can safely remove
"orgPreferenceSettings":{
  "networksEnabled":true
}

which is now deprecated in favor of communitiesSettings.


Rhodonite is a wonderful crystal for balancing the yin-yang energy, and helping one attune to the spirituality of the universe. It is a stone of great love and giving of oneself for the betterment of humanity. It is ideal for grounding one's spiritual practice and inspiring ways to integrate that spirituality into everyday life.
Rhodonite is an excellent crystal to bring in healing and recovery for body and spirit. It's great for fixing the relationships - like love or marriage problems- and it brings new and exciting changes into your life. This stone also helps with self-love and inner growth.


text:
How Might Brexit Affect Amsterdam's Britons?
Posted on: January 25, 2019 Posted by: John Wimperis Comments: 1
Tags: amsterdam, Brexit, Britain, dutch, europe, European Uninion, International, netherlands, Refernedum, student, student journalism, the amsterdammer, U.K., University, university of amsterdam, Work
To British nationals living in Amsterdam, Brexit is going to have a huge impact. Since the rejection of the Draft EU Withdrawal Agreement, however, the specifics of what shape Brexit will take and what effect it will have on Britons abroad, is unknown.
Kira Goehring / The Amsterdammer
Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom are currently tabling amendments to the Brexit deal ahead of their vote on it on Tuesday. The withdrawal agreement in the shape initially agreed by the Conservative government and EU27 was rejected emphatically by Parliament 432-202 in the meaningful vote on the 15 January.
On Monday in Parliament, Prime Minister Theresa May made clear that she opposed the extending of article 50, which would postpone the UK's exit from the EU, or the holding of a second referendum. In addition to this, May would not rule out the possibility of 'no deal', where the UK crashes out of the EU without any withdrawal agreement. Leader of the opposition Labour party Jeremy Corbyn had been insisting that this be taken off the table before he would enter talks with the Prime Minister on ending the Parliamentary deadlock.
Without the full support of her Parliamentary party, however, it is possible that some of May's MPs could revolt to back Labour MP Yvette Cooper's amendment to extend article 50 if there is not a deal reached with the EU.
Currently, the United Kingdom is currently set to leave the EU at midnight on 29 March. At this time, British nationals, except for those who hold dual-citizenship with another EU country, will lose their EU citizenship and along with it their automatic rights to live in, work in, and move between any of the EU member states, and to participate in the EU's political process.
What if there is no deal?
In a letter sent last week to Britons and their relatives registered as living in the Netherlands from the Immigration and Naturalisation Office (IND), the Dutch government set out its plan for them in the event of no deal.
Under this plan, if you're a British national living in the Netherlands, you and your relatives in the Netherlands will keep your rights to reside, work, and study for a 'transition period' that will last until 1 July 2020. Before the transition period begins, the IND will send all Britons registered in the Netherlands a temporary residence permit in the form of a letter. This will act as your proof of residence for the duration of the transition period.
Before 1 April 2020, all Britons registered in the Netherlands will receive an invitation from the IND to apply for a national residence permit, which will be required after the transition period ends. The residence permit will cost you €57, the same as a residence document for an EU citizen, and Britons will need to 'meet the conditions of residence that apply to EU citizens' but will not need to follow integration measures.
Studying after No Deal
For those who will continue studying beyond 29 March 2019 or beginning their studies after this date, the residence permit maintains your entitlement to study, statutory tuition fees, and student finance, as long as you meet the remaining conditions applied to EU citizens. For students on the Erasmus programme, the UK government issued a statement last week on a no deal Brexit's implications for Erasmus +, stating that they 'recommend that projects that are currently contracted continue being delivered' and that they will issue further guidance shortly.
Working & Living after No Deal
The residence permit also entitles you to work. Your employer will not need to get you a separate work permit.
In addition to this, you will keep any entitlements you currently have to healthcare allowance, childcare allowance, child-related budget, and rent allowance, provided you have the residence permit and meet the conditions.
If you are on Facebook, like the Facebook page of the British Embassy in the Hauge and Consulate in Amsterdam. They post regular updates on how Brexit will affect you and are hosting a live Question and Answer event on their Facebook page on 28 January where you can ask any questions you have about Brexit.
You should ensure that you are correctly registered in your municipality's Personal Records Database. Sign up for a DigiD and check your registration. It is important that you are correctly registered so that the government can contact you and send you your residence permit.
You can also find up to date information in the Dutch government website, where you can also sign up for Dutch government's Brexit newsletter.
John Wimperis
Metro Reporter (Fall 2018)
Metro Reporter (Winter 2019)
https://theamsterdammer.org/author/johnwimperis/
Photo Story: Women's March
Amsterdam Women's March Highlights Diversity of Feminism
Dutch Railways Convinced by Former Ajax Physiotherapist to Pay Holocaust Compensation
De Nieuwe Sint Provides Inclusive Alternative to Sinterklaas Festivities
Video: 2019 National Tulip Day
The Modernity of Mary, Queen of Scots and the Fear of Powerful Women
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Q: Entity-Framework Select Distinct Name or Value shows error when returns list Here is the Code:
Public Function GetUniqueLocation() As List(Of LoginUser)
    Return db.LoginUsers.Select(Function(p) p.LocID).Distinct().ToList()
End Function

Here is Code error!
Value of type 'System.Collections.Generic.List(Of Integer?)' cannot be converted to 'System.Collections.Generic.List(Of LoginUser)

A: Error message is quite easy to ready: you're trying to return List(Of Integer) from method declared as List(Of LoginUser). There is no way it's gonna work.
Seems like you're trying to get one LoginUser for each LocID property value. But instead of that, you're just returning disting set of the property values itselve.
Instead of using Distinct, use GroupBy and First:
Public Function GetUniqueLocation() As List(Of LoginUser)
    Return db.LoginUsersGroupBy(Function(p) p.LocID).Select(Function(g) g.First()).ToList()
End Function

Or, if you're really trying to return just integers, changer your method declaration to much List(Of Integer) as return type:
Public Function GetUniqueLocation() As List(Of Integer)
    Return db.LoginUsers.Select(Function(p) p.LocID).Distinct().ToList()
End Function


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Earlier this week, on Monday 28 January, Eritrea submitted its Third Cycle Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report to the 32nd Session of the Working Group in Geneva.
The report, which was presented by a delegation led by Tesfamichael Gerahtu, Ambassador at Eritrea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, elicited responses and recommendations from almost 100 countries, the vast majority of which were positive and constructive.
The UPR is a unique mechanism of the 47-member, Geneva-based Human Rights Council (HRC) aimed at improving the human rights situation on the ground of each of the 193 United Nations (UN) Member States. Through the UPR mechanism, the human rights situation of all UN Member States – regardless of size, wealth, or power – is reviewed every 5 years. 42 countries are reviewed each year during three Working Group sessions dedicated to 14 states each. The reviews are conducted by the UPR Working Group, which consists of the 47 members of the HRC. It is important to note, however, that any country can take part in the dialogue with the country being reviewed. Each review is assisted by groups of three states, known as "troikas", who serve as rapporteurs. The selection of the troikas for each state is conducted through a drawing of lots following elections for the HRC membership in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
The UPR was established when the HRC was created on 15 March 2006 by the UNGA through resolution 60/251. Recall that since its creation in 1946, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) served as the functional commission mandated under the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to act as the UN's principle mechanism and international forum concerned with the promotion and protection of human rights around the world.
However, the body was often criticized for its excessive politicization, selectivity, and double standards.
In a 2005 report, then-UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan criticized the UNCHR and called for the establishment of a new human rights body to replace it. He noted how the UNCHR's "capacity to perform its tasks has been increasingly undermined by its declining credibility and professionalism," and that "a credibility deficit has developed, which casts a shadow on the reputation of the United Nations system as a whole." Subsequently, in 2006, the HRC was established to replace the Commission, and mandated to "undertake a universal periodic review, based on objective and reliable information, of the fulfillment by each State of its human rights obligations and commitments in a manner which ensures universality of coverage and equal treatment with respect to all States." The first UPR session was held in April 2008; since then, all 193 UN member States have been reviewed twice within the first and second UPR cycles.
As noted above, as one of the main features of the HRC, the UPR is designed to ensure equal treatment for every country when their human rights situations are assessed. It provides an opportunity for all states to declare what actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries, to fulfill their human rights obligations, and to overcome challenges to the realization of human rights. The UPR also includes a platform for sharing of best human rights practices, which can be a significantly positive force for capacity-building and technical assistance. Currently, outside of the UPR, there are no other universal mechanisms in existence, and the UPR is also the first human rights mechanism to ever achieve 100% of participation – twice – by UN member States. In addition, due to its very nature, the UPR permits civil society to advocate and to take part in implementation of human rights obligations.
For many countries, including Eritrea, the UPR mechanism is regarded as the main mechanism of intergovernmental cooperation to examine human rights issues at the national level in all countries, without distinction. One of the main reasons that so many countries actively participate and cooperate with the UPR is because it functions as a cooperative mechanism with a non-adversarial and interactive dialogue-centered approach. Moreover, it maintains a focus on promoting the universality, interdependence, and indivisibility of all human rights and the equal treatment of all countries. Importantly, like most UN Member States and almost all developing countries, Eritrea strongly opposes double-standards as well as counterproductive selective, politically-motivated, country-specific approaches. Instead, Eritrea strongly believes that the promotion and protection of human rights should be based on impartiality, genuine dialogue, constructive engagement, and close cooperation in order to strengthen the capacity of states to comply with their human rights obligations.
Previously, Eritrea submitted national reports to the UPR in 2009 (November) and 2014 (February). Its next review is expected to be in January 2024. The three country representatives serving as rapporteurs (the troika) for the review of Eritrea during the current reporting cycle were the Bahamas, Bangladesh, and Rwanda. There were a number of highlights in the report presented during this reporting period.
For example, in regard to the 92 accepted recommendations from Eritrea's Second Cycle UPR, 80 recommendations (85.87%) were fully implemented, while 12 recommendations (14.13%) were partially implemented. As well, there were significant efforts made to improve standards of living in the country, including: land for housing has been continuously distributed and houses have been built; accessibility to electricity has been increased to 43.5% (urban 81% and rural 22.6%); road transport has expanded by 62% and 85% of villages are covered; clean water access has shown remarkable progress with 85% rural coverage and 92% in urban areas; and despite economic challenges, a new remuneration system that substantially increased civil service salaries was introduced and is gradually being expanded. Notably, Eritrea is party to 108 international conventions and instruments; in recent years, it acceded to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. Many other important developments and significant improvements were also disclosed during the review. Of course, at the same time, Eritrea, like all countries, faces human rights challenges, and there is still much work ahead in order to ensure better and higher human rights standards.


text:
michaelharren.com
Ordinary Radicals: advance clip of interview with Shane Claiborne
click here to download video
This afternoon, I interviewed filmmaker Jamie Moffett about his upcoming film The Ordinary Radicals. The topic of Christianity and Homosexuality came up, which prompted him to send me this clip from the film. It is part of an interview with with author/ speaker/ general bad-ass Shane Claiborne.
Look for my interview with Jamie on Monday.
[tags]Jamie Moffett, Shane Claiborne, Jesus, Homosexuality, Mikeypod, podcast, gay, The Simple Way, The Ordinary Radicals[/tags]
May 8, 2008 Interviews, VideocastsJamie Moffett, Ordinary Radicals, Shane Claiborne
The Mongo & Joe Show New Year's Eve Special
Click the photo above for 14 minutes of Mongo and Joe New Year's hijinks! Kudos to Joey for his editing! Damn fine work my friend.
http://media.blubrry.com/mikeypod/p/content.blubrry.com/mikeypod/MJSNewYears.m4v
January 8, 2008 VideocastsJoey Piscopo, New Year's Eve, New York City, NYC, The National Underground, Times Square
Kensington Fire
This is Jamie Moffett's film about the 7-alarm fire in Philadelphia's Kensington neighborhood. The fire destroyed nine houses, caused over 100 people to be evacuated and left 400 families without power. One of the houses destroyed was a part of The Simple Way community who's founder, Shane Claiborne, was on the show a few episodes back. Seeing the hope of the people in the neighborhood certainly puts things in perspective for me about the things in my life I feel hopeless about.
If you would like to help, stop by The Simple Way's Website where there are links to various funds that have been set up to help all of the families affected by the fire.
[tags]The Simple Way, Shane Claiborne, Jaime Moffett, Potter Street Records, Philadelphia, Kensington[/tags]
Subscribe in Podcast Ready
July 19, 2007 Videocasts
MPOV2 | Shackled, Lonely and Beaten
Filmed July 12, 2006 in Downtown Houston. Animal rights activists demonstrate at lunchtime in protest of the arrival of the Ringling Bros. Circus.
Activists:
Robin Arcuri
Casey Constable
Penny Barrett Hornsby
Jewell Maida
Matt Rice
Stephanie Wood
August 5, 2006 Videocasts
Tomorrow's show will feature an interview with Dominic Walsh of Dominic Walsh Dance Theater. Here's a portion of a piece he choreographed and danced entitled Katharsis.
Special thanks to my extra-special roomate Brandon Peters for his Mac-assistance in getting this file ripped from dvd and converted to a format that will delight your eyes.
October 3, 2005 Videocasts
Subscribe on Patreon
If you like the music, books, podcasts, and videos I create, consider co-creating with me as a member of my Patreon community. Tons of exclusive content there and benefits only available to members! Take a look!
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Small town Brooklyn, NY: one of my piano student's mom handed me a container of homemade soup yesterday declaring,… https://t.co/N7HcqgbYpZ about 3 hours ago
Loving this podcast about the guy who composed the music for Seinfeld. https://t.co/aKOS2fyMD8 about 21 hours ago
"Creating new realities." I absolutely love that! https://t.co/dnZBCDNeQ3 about 23 hours ago
Yeah I finally had to accept that "I'm just going to watch TV while I drink my coffee" is not a productive start to… https://t.co/yoBY6MGPZM about 23 hours ago
Yes! This is a great one! https://t.co/AIAGtn56V3 about 23 hours ago
indie creators - got secrets for staying motivated on making stuff when nobody's there to stop you from turning on the tv? about 1 day ago
@michaelharren


text:
Opensea Launches On Seaport.
OpenSea has declared that consumers purchase and sell non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on its platform may see fees reduced by up to 35%. This is because the corporation is improving the procedure that supports its marketplace and moving its transfers to a framework called Seaport. Lowering gas fees could help OpenSea distinguish itself from the other NFT online markets that compete with it (though it is not always successful).
What is OpenSea?
OpenSea is an e-commerce platform similar to eBay, Etsy, and Amazon, except that all of the items listed are one-of-a-kind digital collectors items in the shape of NFTs that users can buy, sell, and mint. The platform is a decentralized, peer-to-peer swap that allows users to transact directly and trustlessly with one another.The marketplace on OpenSea is non-custodial, which means that no fundamental party controls the platform's transactions. Instead, self-executing blockchain – based smart that ensure fair trade facilitate transactions. On OpenSea, transactions either occur as a whole (the buyer receives the NFT and the seller receives payment) or do not occur at all. These are referred to as atomic transactions.
According to OpenSea, first-time vendors will no longer be required to pay the initialising fee, which has been reported to range between $50 and $450. This is in addition to the decrease in transaction fees. The service charges that are being avoided are known as gas fees, and they are not controlled or profited by OpenSea. Instead, they are a cost of doing business on blockchains such as Ethereum or Polygon.
The cryptocurrency you charge in gas fees passes to the miners who are in charge of ensuring that your information ends up on the blockchain. The more data you really like to write or activities you want to perform, the more gas you'll have to pay for. How much that gas costs is largely determined by how crowded the blockchain is; the more people attempting to pay for transactions, the more you'll have to offer to ensure your transaction is carried out.
In order to accomplish this, OpenSea has introduced a new marketplace procedure for auctioning NFTs. This protocol, known as Seaport, enables users to obtain NFTs in a range of new ways. Bidders using Seaport can now bundle multiple resources in return for NFTs, whereas previously only cryptocurrencies could be exchanged for NFTs. Today, other tools that allow NFT user bartering, such as SudoSwap, provide this type of functionality. This feature, however, is now native to OpenSea.
Seaport will indeed be able to place bids on particular traits from its inventory. Use this if you don't mind what kind of NFT the bidder receives as long as it has the qualities that the potential buyer is looking for. A user who collects smiling NFTs, for example, can bid on a grinning boring monkey.
What is celsius network?
What is Play to Earn?
Elrond, the working Ethereum 2.0!
Stratis to launch a GBP stablecoin and more!
Phantasma Soul: build your games on-chain!


Build a 2x chase around the exposed pipe. Thoroughly insulate the inside of the box. Screw on one of the side panels so you can gain access. This works very well until extreme bitter cold below zerowhere electrical heat tape wrapped around the pipe itself will be necessary to prevent freezing.
Oh, and also wrap foam pipe wrap around the supply and seal with tape. That is a good plan in the floor framing as well.
tape. It doesn't mean you always have to have it turned on, but better to have it on those really cold days.


text:
Wee Walking Tours
Walking Tours & Prices
Book Wee Walks
Tours in Finnish
Wee GoldenWalk II:
from the Castle to the Monuments
Wednesdays- Sundays
Our Wee Golden Walk II starts at the top of Castlehill, where we dive right into the fascinating history of Edinburgh Castle and its surroundings. You will learn about brazen attacks on the Castle and even on some of the items held within its walls. While we are atop of Castlehill, we begin to explore the legacy of witches and wizards in Edinburgh, both real and fictional. From there, we start our descent towards the Lawnmarket, where there are many unique surprises along the Royal Mile and its many Closes.
This walking tour of Edinburgh also detours from the Royal Mile to discover the storied history around the Grassmarket and Greyfriars Kirkyard. Sawyer is especially very keen to lead the tour towards his favourite story of all – Greyfriars' Bobby. However, if you are looking for fun sites for any Potterheads, you are in luck, because both Sami (Gryffindor) and Sawyer (Hufflepuff) are alumni of Hogwarts. So, they make sure that you aren't disappointed.
Once the tour returns to the Royal Mile, it provides Avengers fans an opportunity to take in most of the filming locations for the scenes from Infinity War. As the tour continues across North Bridge towards the New Town, even more history and views of the city are revealed. There is so much more to learn and discover on our walking tour of Edinburgh; we are confident it will educate and entertain all visitors.
The grand finale of the tour is the gradual climb up to the top of Calton Hill. There, you have magnificent 360-degree views of the city as we walk around the monuments. It gives you the chance to take beautiful pictures to help create lasting memories that will continue long after your visit. As you finish the tour, hopefully you will have fallen in love with our city as much as we have. More importantly, you will realise that you now have friends here in Edinburgh!
Wee Walking Tours is not affiliated with J.K. Rowling, Scholastic Books, Bloomsbury Publishing or Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. Harry Potter characters and names are trademarks for and © Warner Bros. Ent., All rights reserved. TM & © Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.
Wee Walking Tours is not officially affiliated or endorsed by Marvel Entertainment, LLC, nor suggests that the work presented on this website is sanctioned by them. Marvel characters and names that are displayed on this site are copyrighted to Marvel Entertainment, LLC, its subsidiaries or affiliates.
©2018-2021 by Wee Walking Tours
weewalkingtours@gmail.com


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This study reflects the assessment of the largest European buyside companies concerning new order execution opportunities like Direct Market Access, Smart Order Routing or Algorithmic Trading. The focus of the survey is on self-directed trading based on these new technology driven execution opportunities (here defined as non-delegated order handling). This differs from the traditional way of order handling where execution responsibility is delegated to brokers. Altogether, the respondents largely support the concept of non-delegated order handling: They assess it to be compatible with their requirements concerning order sizes, anonymity as well as urgency. Also they perceive it to be flexible for variations in these demands. Finally, they believe this concept increases their trading control. As the main driver, the innovations' fit for institutional trading tasks–determined mainly by the ability to provide trading control, anonymity and to satisfy varying urgency demands–was identified. Beside the fact that this fit directly affects the actual usage of non-delegated order handling, it also significantly affects performance expectations that prove to be the second strongest driver of the concept's adoption. Further, it turns out that competition exhibits a rather weak effect. As an inhibitor for non-delegated order handling, contractual barriers could be identified. Contractual barriers are the financial attractiveness of broker contracts as well as valuable services concerning provided infrastructure and research that might be missed when deciding to use non-delegated order handling.


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This gorgeous pillow with its metallic threads casts a lustrious sheen. Dressed up in black with copper accents, it's a stunning accessory. Place a pair on a sofa or chair for a modern feel.
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The 'Let There Be Rock US Summer Tour' found AC/DC playing support to many higher profile rock groups and began in Austin, Texas' capital city, on 27th July '77. On the 22nd August they played at Cleveland, Ohio's famous venue the Agora Ballroom (their third visit to the venue on the same tour) supporting Mink Deville. The show, in front of an estimated 2,000 people, was a triumph and the whole shebang was broadcast across local FM radio - the results of which can be heard on this superb limited edtion picture disc.


We've already had a good first look at the 2009 Acura TL so when we got a tip from Exit133 that they had a long-range photo of the new TL being used for a commercial in Tacoma we weren't hopeful there would be much news. Alas, unlike the rear end of 2009 TL we've already spotted around town a few times, you can make out quad-pipes, a clear sign this is almost certainly the 2009 Acura TL Type-S. Another good sign is the fact that there are clearly production staff running to move the car. So what should we expect from the new 2009 Acura TL and 2009 Acura TL Type-S?