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Muscle tissue can be one of several types in the body: smooth, cardiac, or skeletal. For our purposes we are concerned with skeletal muscle, which makes up the bulk of the body's muscle and is the tissue we use for physical activity.
The muscle that you can see is composed of subunits called fascicles. Fascicles are bundles of individual muscle fibers. Each fiber is one elongated cell that may extend for the length of the muscle. Each muscle fiber cell has several nucleii (unlike most cells, which have only one), and is segmented into distinct sectional bands. Within each muscle cell are numerous myofibrils, which also extend for the length of the muscle cell. Sarcomeres are the basic contractile subunit of myofibrils.
Actin and myosin are the two principal muscle proteins, and they are found in myofibrils. They are arranged in a ring-like structure, usually with six (thin) actin strands surrounding a (thicker) myosin fibril. Again, they run parallel and lengthwise. The myosin fibril has numerous small protrusions called crossbridges. The actin strand is actually intertwined with an even thinner, ribbon-like protein called tropomyosin, and a smaller molecule, called troponin, associates with tropomyosin in this structure.
When a nerve impulse signals the muscle to 'do something' the activity causes channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulae to open their gates and release calcium into the cytoplasm. In skeletal muscle cells the sarcoplasmic reticulae (SR) is an extensive intracellular network which serves as the storage area for calcium. Usually, the inside of the cell cytoplasm has a very low calcium concentration. When it rises, some of the calcium diffuses over to the muscle protein fibers and causes a conformational change.
Ca++ ions will bind to troponin and cause it to rotate slightly. This is enough so that the tropomyosin moves, and actin now is exposed to the myosin below. The myosin crossbridge then jumps up and binds to the exposed actin. The myosin crossbridge drags along the actin fiber like a ratchet, completing a "power stroke".
When all the crossbridges in a sarcomere do this at the same time, the sarcomere contracts. After the nerve impulse ends, the SR has mechanisms to reabsorb the free calcium and put it back into storage. As calcium disassociates from the troponin, ATP binds to the crossbridge to 'disconnect' the bridge from the actin. The actin fibers change back to their previous positions and the sarcomere relaxes.
A muscle cell does not necessarily go back to complete relaxation right away. It can remain contracted through a series of stimulations. This process, called summation, increases the total force of muscular contraction. When the stimulus is great enough, many sarcomeres in many fibers are "recruited" and the muscle as a whole contracts. This is why we can lift or push varying amounts of resistance . . . more or less cells are recruited, and to a greater or lesser extent. Muscle failure occurs at the point where the maximum number of fibers are being stressed to their limits.
If you realize that each crossbridge requires ATP, and each myosin strand has dozens of crossbridges, and each muscle fiber has hundreds of myosin strands, you can see that muscular exertion requires a lot of energy. Glycolysis provides some energy (ATP), but the real engine is the Krebs cycle, which requires oxygen. As available oxygen diminshes during muscular work, incoming pyruvate *ferments* into lactate (aka lactic acid) instead of getting converted into acetyl coenzyme A. Lactate travels out of the cell and through the blood to the liver, where it may be reconverted to pyruvate and glucose and return to the cell, in a process called the Cori cycle. Or the blood lactate can enter a different muscle cell and get reconverted to pyruvate (and eventually acetyl coA) if there is sufficient oxygen. However, intracellular levels of lactate can rise more quickly than it can be carried off and this results in a painful local burning sensation that requires a temporary cessation of muscular work. This is the well-known "burn" of weight training.
Given the huge energy needs of muscle, and its importance to the organism's survival, the body also has a backup system. ATP in muscle exists in equilibrium with creatine. After ATP gives up a phospate group and becomes ADP, creatine phosphate will give it a phosphate group and regenerate ATP. This can allow muscular work to continue even while more ATP is being created in the Krebs cycle.
Creatine is a short-term yet important reserve . If it is available to recharge ATP, the cell will not need to resort to glycolysis to make more in the immediate term. So what? Well, remember that the muscle is working hard, and the Krebs cycle is running at full blast. Oxygen is in short supply, so making ATP from glycolysis at this point would be anaerobic, meaning fermentation and lactate buildup. Creatine cuts the muscle some slack, and it can keep working longer before exhausting the ATP and hitting "the burn".
Thanks to Tom Burkholder and A. Murray for clarifications.
With regards to the muscle cells there are two types of fibers.
Type I- also previously known as slow twitch. These fibers are only aerobic and contain an abundance of mitochondria (where the Krebs cycle occurs). The major source of energy for Type I is fat through the Krebs cycle. These are the muscle fibers we continuously use throughout the day for walking etc. Low intensity work. These are also the muscle fibers which are used during activities which are moderate in intensity, up to 75% max heart rate. Most would call this cardio work.
Even within these muscle cells the first stage of glucose breakdown is anaerobic with the formation of two ATP + pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then enters the mitochondria to be further broken down in the Krebs cycle.
a- Fast Oxidative Glycolytic- These fibers are also aerobic and contain some mitochondria. With proper training (Anaerobic Threshold training) they will increase the number of mitochondria. The major source of energy is glucose. Most of the literature that I have read talks about glucose as being the only source of energy for these muscle fibers. I suspect that under certain circumstances they may eventually adapt and burn fat as well but I can find nothing that backs this concept. These fibers come into play when the intensity of our work is between 75% and 85% max heart rate (AT type training).
b- Fast Glycolytic- These fibers are anaerobic. They contain no mitochondria and do not have the enzymes for the Krebs cycle. Their only source of energy is glucose. They produce an abundance of lactic acid. They come into play when intensity of work is in the anaerobic range. High intensity activities like sprints, high intensity weight lifting or powerlifting.
c- Indeterminate- may become type a or b depending on the type of training.
Those athletes who are genetically adapted to become very muscular - weightlifter types and body builders - are likely to have 40% Type I and 60% Type II whereas those destined to become great endurance athletes probably have 60-80% Type I and 20-40% type II muscle fibers.
During aerobic exercise when the primary muscle fibers being utilized are type I, FFA are used even in the presence of adequate glucose. Generally during activities of intensity between 60-75% max heart rate the primary muscle used are type I. As intensity increases (to 75-85%), Type IIa come into play more and more and they utilize glucose as their source of energy-these fibers produce most of the lactic acid. Aerobic exercise intensity between 70-80% max heart rate utilizes both type I and type IIa fibers. Aerobic exercise intensity between 80-85% uses almost exclusively type IIa fibers. Exercise intensity above 85% utilizes only type IIb fibers- anaerobic. When you run out of glucose you hit the wall and the only sustainable exercise is in the 60-70% range-type I fibers.
Type I- aerobic- burns mostly fat- lots of mitochondria- not lactic acid- need oxygen.
Type IIb- anaerobic- burns glucose- no mitochondria- produces lots of lactic acid which can enter mitochondria of type I or IIa - heart muscle can utilize all the lactic acid it can get. Any lactic acid left over enters the liver and is reconstitued into glucose.
Type IIc-undifferentiated fibers -can become type IIa or IIb.
Note: it would take a lot of exercise to deplete the glycogen stores in muscle. Since even high intensity aerobic exercise uses in the vicinity of 15-20 cal/minute it would take at least 60 minutes of high intensity work to depelete glycogen stores.
Endurance athletes learn to pace themselves so as to utilize both type I(fat burning) as well as type II (glucose burning) fibers and leave enough for the final sprint (type IIb).
Glucose drinks help spare the glycogen and are needed only in events lasting more than 90-120 minutes.
Note: weight lifters use primarily type IIa and type IIb muscle fibers. Perhaps that is why they have so much trouble getting rid of excess fat despite a lot of work. If weight lifters would incorporate more aerobic workout they would have less to worry about when it came to body fat. Not too many years ago most endurance athletes would cringe at the suggestion of using weight lifting to enhance their performance. Now it is used religiously by elite endurance athletes (especially in the off season) without sacrificing their performance.
I hope that I have been of help.
Several studies have shown the conversion of type II fibers to type I.
Under conditions of chronic electrical stimulation the Extensor Digitorum Longus in rats (which is primarily fast twitch) becomes almost entirely slow twitch, indicating a considerable conversion of type II to type I. Also, hyperthyroidism in rats can convert the almost entirely slow twitch soleus muscle in rats to primarily fast twitch. If we immobilize a limb we can also observe a conversion of fast twitch fibers to slow twitch fibers. In fact, there are a host of different treatments (drugs, metabolic perturbations, hormones, activity patterns) that can enduce a large scale muscle fiber type conversion. The fact that we can shift a muscle from 98% type I to better than 50% type II indicates that some fibers are shifting from type I to type II.
The conversion probably proceeds from type IIb to type IIa to type IIx then type I. In fact, evidence now indicates that the fast twitch contractile proteins (type IIa and probably also IIb) are constitutively expressed (expressed by default in the organism) and that it takes some kind of stimulus to express the type I contractile proteins. This is supported by the numerous studies on muscle adaptions to disuse. If muscles are not allowed to contract (eg, by severing the nerve or physically immobilizing the limb) the muscles begin to express the fast contractile proteins. The longer the immobilization, the more fast twitch the muscles become.
Dr. Giarnella is correct to the extent that it has been difficult to demonstrate a conversion of type I fibers to type II due to exercise training. The current theory proposes that type IIb fibers are converted to type IIa during strength training and type IIb are converted to IIa and type IIa to type I during endurance training programs. Years ago it was assumed that muscle fiber type was fairly stable and genetically determined. This has been disproven in recent years by literally hundreds of studies indicating that muscles posses an incredible degree of plasticity.
Muscle growth is a specialized form of protein synthesis. As we saw above, a steroid hormone (testosterone) enters the muscle cell by diffusing directly across the cell membrane, combines with a receptor in the cell and then stimulates gene transcription and protein formation via the DNA -> mRNA -> tRNA -> protein pathway. Specific receptors and genes are involved.
Muscle cells, as mentioned before, are long cells called myofibrils. They differ from most other cells in that when muscles grow, the individual cells simply become thicker and longer instead of dividing into entirely new cells. Muscle cells also differ from most other body cells in that muscle cells are multinucleated. A myofibril may increase in size up to 28 times its initial size.
The interesting questions come in as we start looking at exactly how and when this process occurs. Human growth hormone (hGH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) seem to play an important, though somewhat unclear, role.
hGH is released from the anterior pituitary and travels through the blood. It acts on the liver to release IGFs. Both IGFs and hGH are peptide hormones; IGFs are structurally very similar to a large section of the insulin molecule - hence their name.
What precisely happens at the muscle cell is not known, but we can make some fairly well-informed speculation. Since IGFs are similar to insulin, it makes sense to think that they would also have a similar function. So IGFs probably work to increase uptake of amino acids and glucose into muscle cells. It is not clear whether muscle cells have receptors for hGH, but if they do, then it could be that hGH increases nuclear division in muscle without triggering cellular division (mitosis).
It seems then that hGH and IGFs might have complementary functions in stimulating muscle growth. hGH could be instructing the muscle cells to "build more factories" for muscle while IGFs could be stimulating the cells to take in more "building blocks" for protein synthesis. Both hGH and IGFs may affect other important components in the process as well - such as increasing the production of hormone receptors or tRNA or activating enzymes that accelerate transcription.
Multinucleation might explain the longstanding anecdotal phenomenon most bodybuilders call "muscle memory". Muscle memory is recognized when someone who has had a substantial muscular mass and then lost it due to injury or layoffs from training, returns to training and regains the majority of the mass in a much shorter time than was initially required to develop it. What could be happening is this: the specific muscle proteins in the muscle were cannibalized by the body for energy production during non-use. However, the muscle retains the higher than average number of nucleii that the previous exercise stress caused the body to create. When presented with exercise and proper nutrients, new protein synthesis can occur at an accelerated rate.
Copyright notice: The entire contents of this document are Copyright 1997 Paul L. Moses. Redistribution for personal, noncommercial use is permissible, so long as the document is distributed in its entirety, including this notice. Any other use requires an express written request and consent from the listowner. All rights reserved.


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ŠKODA World
All News Press Kits Foto Video
Virtual Night-time Drive
When we meet someone we don't know, we usually look in their eyes first. The eyes of any vehicle are its headlamps. Let's go on a virtual night-time drive with ŠKODA!
See and be seen – that's the golden rule of safe traffic. Most people find it tiring to drive in the dark, rain or bad weather, and the risk of an accident is higher, too. Headlamps, then, are on the receiving end of special attention when a new car is being designed.
The development of something as apparently mundane as headlamps can actually be exciting and compelling work. Using sketches and 3D data provided by designers, the developers have to design and adapt the lights to suit the new model. Not only do headlamps play an aesthetic role, i.e. they need to look good, but they also have to be producible at a reasonable cost and completely functional.
The development process therefore involves the use of a variety of virtual and physical models that can be worked on and which give other development staff the chance to make comments and suggestions.
Petr Kristl
Head of Lighting Development at ŠKODA
The most exciting tool available to developers at ŠKODA in Mladá Boleslav is the unique night-time driving simulation lab. "This is the only laboratory of its kind anywhere in the Volkswagen Group," says Petr Kristl, Head of Lighting Development at ŠKODA. "It gives our employees a unique opportunity to test lights designed for new models before the prototype testing stage. The virtual night-time driving tool enables us to monitor and evaluate the quality of the light path, optimise the lighting functions and, consequently, reduce the risk of extra costs cropping up further down the line."
Although the evaluation specialist are working in a lab, they actually sit in an authentic vehicle interior, with their hands on the steering wheel and their feet on the pedals, and they see simulated static and dynamic night-time driving situations on a screen in front of them. This is made possible by a three-channel, half-cylinder projection system with wide-angle high-res output (4,992 x 1,080 pixels). The projection process is controlled by three single-chip DLP projectors with optical masks fitted in front of the lenses to achieve perfect image quality and perfect black-colour configurations in night-time scenes.
The parameters under review include standard light-path properties, such as width, range and homogeneity. Mathematical models make it possible to monitor various functions, including MATRIX high-beam masking. MATRIX is the latest type of headlamp, designed to change the intensity and width of the light beam in response to changing ambient conditions while switching the individual LED chips on and off, even when full beam is on, to ensure that the road is properly illuminated without dazzling oncoming drivers. "Dazzling is a good example to illustrate what virtual night-time driving is all about," says Petr Kristl. "Evaluators not only record situations where they dazzle oncoming cars, but they are also able to repeat the scene and monitor the effects of the settings they are using. The simulator can also be used to assess how much drivers will be dazzled by their own headlamps (for example, when the light is reflected off of large traffic signs and road markings), and a whole raft of other useful data."
Just as basic-level halogen lights once gave way to more powerful xenon lights, now the latest trend is to make maximum use of LED technologies. LED lights are gradually appearing in all ŠKODA model lines, the key benefit being improved lighting performance compared to halogen lighting. Their range is longer and, most importantly, their colour is close to daytime light, i.e. rather than yellowish, the colour tone is really white. That is easier on the eyes, so they don't become so strained, and this makes driving safer. What is more, the lifespan of LED lights is longer than that of halogens and xenons. While the maximum life of ordinary bulbs can be counted in thousands of hours, the lifespan of LED lights is several times longer.
LED technology is already used for daytime running lights in all ŠKODA models. Full-LED headlamps, i.e. LEDs in low beams, high beams and direction indicators, are available in the OCTAVIA, KAROQ and KODIAQ. The remodelled ŠKODA FABIA features standard-fit LED headlamps and LED rear light clusters.
In Prague, the Whole World Thought up Future Travel
ŠKODA Launches Its
Start-up Story in Israel
ŠKODA's Electric Future
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Trains from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street
Lye (West Midlands)
Liverpool Lime Street
Home Destinations Liverpool Lime Street Trains from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street
There are up to 31 trains per day that travel from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street.
If you're travelling outside of the commuter rush hours to Liverpool Lime Street, you can save money on fares and enjoy quieter trains by purchasing Super Off-Peak and Off-Peak tickets.
No booking fees.
Save up to a third off your rail fares every time you travel with a National Railcard. Take a look at our National Railcards page to find the right Railcard for you and start saving today.
Enjoy free WiFi, movies, TV programmes and magazines while on the move with our on-board LOOP entertainment service - available on our long distance services, and some routes into Birmingham.
Go paperless - get our app and never worry about where you put your tickets!
Train journey information from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street
How much is a train ticket from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street by train?
Catch the train from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street from just £10.50 one-way when you book in advance.
How long does it take to travel from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street by train?
Our fastest train to Liverpool Lime Street takes 1 hour 53 minutes. Journey times may be slightly longer on weekends or public holidays. Use our Journey Planner to access downloadable timetables, live departures and arrivals. Stay connected while on the move with our free on-board WiFi and entertainment service. Access a range of entertainment, including TV programmes, magazines, short films, news and more!
How many trains a day are there from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street?
There are up to 31 trains per day from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street.
Are there any direct trains from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street?
No, it is not possible to travel from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street direct. Use our Journey Planner to access downloadable timetables and find information on live departures and arrivals.
What time is the first train from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street?
The first train departs from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street at 06:00. Book your tickets in advance and enjoy a few more minutes of hitting snooze.
What time is the last train from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street?
The last train from Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street departs at 23:04.
More trains from Lye (West Midlands)
Lye (West Midlands) to Cradley Heath
Lye (West Midlands) to Ridgmont
Lye (West Midlands) to Gravelly Hill
Lye (West Midlands) to Acton Bridge (Cheshire)
Lye (West Midlands) to Wellington (Shropshire)
More trains from Liverpool Lime Street
Liverpool Lime Street to Bow Brickhill
Liverpool Lime Street to Birmingham
Liverpool Lime Street to Penkridge
Liverpool Lime Street to Shifnal
Liverpool Lime Street to Wellington (Shropshire)
Bushey to Rugeley Trent Valley
Northampton to Small Heath
Malvern Link to Four Oaks
Bow Brickhill to Birmingham Moor Street
Woburn Sands to Marston Green
More tickets types between Lye (West Midlands) to Liverpool Lime Street
Anytime Single
Off-Peak Return
Anytime Single (1st class)


General orthopedic surgery, sports medicine, arthroscopy and joint replacement and reconstruction.
Harold M. "Trey" Antwine, III, M.D.
Orthopedic surgery, arthroscopy, and shoulder and elbow reconstruction.
J. Douglas Haltom Jr., M.D.
W. Stan Ragon, Jr., M.D.
William Edward Seely, III, M.D.
General orthopedic surgery, sports medicine, arthroscopy and joint replacement and reconstruction, and anterior approach hip replacement.
Nolen is a Family Nurse Practitioner who works with G. Blake Chandler, M.D., in the WTBJ Clinic Paris office.
Brandeberry is an Adult Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner who works with J. Douglas Haltom, M.D., and Jason T. Hutchison, M.D., in the WTBJ Clinic Dyersburg office.
Freeman is a Family Nurse Practitioner who works with Michael S. Dolan, M.D., and Adam M. Smith, M.D., in the Jackson Stonebridge office.
Kee is a Family Nurse Practitioner who works with Eric J. Homberg, M.D., in the Jackson Stonebridge office.
French is a Certified Physician Assistant who works with G. Blake Chandler, M.D., and David A. Pearce, M.D., in the Union City office.
Dunaway is a Family Nurse Practitioner who works with Harold Antwine, III, M.D., in the WTBJ Clinic Lexington office.


With active moisture management, this lightweight t-shirt enables you to work harder with little distraction. No feeling of dampness. Keeping you cool and composed, its superior comfortable fit offers breathability and effective ventilation. Sleek in design, the Matte Black T also includes unique armband detailing.


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Birthday girl Cara Delevingne's top 22 beauty looks
August 12, 2014 - 11:41 BST hellomagazine.com As Cara Delevingne turns 22, HELLO! Online celebrates by taking a look at 22 of her best beauty looks.
Cara Delevingne has well and truly taken the fashion industry by storm.
The bushy-browed model has challenged the norms of the modelling world, pulling endless goofy faces, posting pictures of her fast-food binges and – shock, horror – taking to the catwalk with a broad smile.
What's more, the superstar has more than 6.2 million Instagram followers keeping up with her every move.
As Cara turns 22, HELLO! Online celebrates by taking a look at 22 of her best beauty looks – from glam ponytails, easy-to-recreate updos and red lips, prepare for some beauty inspiration from the world's favourite model. Click on the photo for the full gallery.
More about cara delevingne
Cara Delevingne honours Karl Lagerfeld in a tuxedo mini dress
From Emily Ratajkowski to Lila Moss: These are the 14 supermodels that are going to be in the 2023 Pirelli...
Cara Delevingne returns to the runway
Cara Delevingne introduces nephew Atticus on Instagram
Selena Gomez and Cara Delevingne sparkle at Leonardo DiCaprio's star-studded St Tropez gala
See pictures of Cara Delevingne's Topshop campaign
Happy birthday, Cara Delevingne: See her star sign and read your horoscope
From Emily Ratajkowski to Lila Moss: These are the 14 supermodels that are going to be in the 2023 Pirelli Calendar


These Haskel nitrogen boosters have been specifically designed for helicopters, and/or small aircraft, where a portable self-powered booster is needed for ground support. The primary application is to service high pressure on-board Nitrogen or Helium bottles on helicopters, which are equipped with emergency inflatable pop floats.
Both units are lightweight, 1-man-portable, weather resistant and operate in any position. Each unit comes with connecting hoses, ready for immediate service.
These Haskel boosters can be used to service other components needing high pressure nitrogen such as shock struts and precharging hydraulic accumulators.
Model AC90081 weighs 48 lbs. Charge two 425 cu. in. flight bottles to 3,000 PSI within 20 minutes from less than two standard DOT 2,200 PSI nitrogen cylinders (226 SCF each); or one 7.93 litre bottle to 4,500 PSI nitrogen from approximately 2-1/2 DOT cylinders; or helium to 2,200 PSI, 215 SCF cylinder using less than two nitrogen cylinders to power the pump.
Model AC90082 weighs 43 lbs. Charge two 425 cu. in. flight bottles to 3,000 PSI within 20 minutes from one standard DOT 2,200 PSI Nitrogen cylinder (226 SCF).
Airworks stocks one each of these booster units for fast same day shipping. Standard delivery on these units is about eight (8) weeks if ordered from the factory. Call 800-523-7222.
I would like someone to contact me with more information regarding Helicopter Gas Boost Pump - Pop Floats & Struts. I saw it in the Occupational Health & Safety Buyers Guide.


Measures the degree to which the student feels capable of doing well in math and science courses.
Not intended as a substitute for aptitude assessment, but rather as an indicator of self-esteem relative to this type of task.
Sample item from CSI: "Math has always been a challenge for me."


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Music's New Gatekeeper
From their Silicon Valley cubicles, Apple staffers have become music's unlikely power brokers. Our reporters on the horse-trading that can turn unknowns into stars.
By Nick Wingfield and Ethan Smith
March 9, 2007 12:01 am ET
How do bands get these boosts? Who decides whether Arcade Fire is plugged at the top of the iTunes site -- or whether Nickelback gets no mention?
Apple has jettisoned some of the conventions of traditional music retailing -- notably, the practice of selling prime promotional spots to recording companies willing to pay for better visibility for their acts. But behind the scenes there's plenty of horse-trading going on that influences which songs are seen and purchased by iTunes customers.
Apple -- now one of the largest sellers of music in the U.S. -- offers home-page placement in exchange for things such as exclusive access to new songs, special discount pricing or additional material such as interviews with stars. Most other big retailers, digital and physical, also seek exclusive offerings, but Apple is especially aggressive and has outsize clout when it comes to the slightly out-of-mainstream music it often emphasizes.
The decisions by the small group of Silicon Valley and music-industry veterans running iTunes can help put an unknown band on the map, adding millions of dollars in sales, while relegating others to the obscurity of the site's virtual back bins.


text:
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/*                                                                        *
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 *                                                                        *
 * It is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under    *
 * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the *
 * Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your *
 * option) any later version.                                             *
 *                                                                        *
 * This script is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but     *
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHAN-    *
 * TABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser       *
 * General Public License for more details.                               *
 *                                                                        *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public       *
 * License along with the script.                                         *
 * If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html                      *
 *                                                                        *
 * The TYPO3 project - inspiring people to share!                         *
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/**
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class Warning extends \TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Error\Message
{
    /**
     * @var string
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    protected $message = 'Unknown warning';
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The EMBRACE program, conducted in rural villages of Cambodia, is teaching youth principles of healthful living through a volleyball league. With sponsorship and training, youth are recruited to join a team, practice and then compete against teams from other villages. As part of the training, youth learn all of the same principles of health and nutrition being taught to women in the village. They are taught that to be a better player they need to take good care of their health, eat right and grow their own organic vegetables!


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Lutrebois (Duits/Luxemburgs: Lauterba(a)ch) is een plaats in de gemeente Bastenaken in de Belgische provincie Luxemburg in het Waalse Gewest.

Plaats in Luxemburg (provincie)
Bastenaken

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A high-shine lip lacquer formulated for lasting brilliance.
Holly Doss Lip Shine delivers maximum color and shine with its unique blend of high-performance ingredients that provide unstoppable wear and shine.
Apply alone or over your favorite shade of Holly Doss Lipstick.


As the setting for the love you share, for the day of your anniversary, select Florence.
Stay a minimum of two nights, and immerse yourself in the architectural and monumental wonders of a Renaissance city famous for its history.
A 15% discount on official rates for you when booking on our Hotel Laurus al Duomo website..
The offer does not include the tourist tax.


text:
Wigand Happel (auch Vuigandus Happellius; * 1522 in Marburg; † 21. März 1572 ebenda) war ein deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler, Hebraist und Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Happel war Sohn des Ratsherrn Wigand Happel. Er durchlief die Schulen seiner Heimatstadt, unter anderem das Pädagogium Marburg. Zum Studium der Sprachen ging er an die Universität Löwen. Anschließend kam er an die Universität Wittenberg und 1542 an die Universität Straßburg. Sein Studium vertiefte er schließlich in Zürich. Der Schwerpunkt seines Studiums lag einerseits auf den Sprachen und andererseits auf dem Feld der Rechtswissenschaft.

Happel kehrte 1545 in seine Heimatstadt zurück. Dort wurde er im selben Jahr Professor der Hebräischen Sprache an der Theologischen Fakultät. Dieses Amt hatte er bis 1559 inne. Am 1. Dezember 1556 erfolgte seine Promotion zum Doktor der Rechte. Anschließend wurde er gleichzeitig Mitglied der Juristischen Fakultät und dort Professor. Diese Professur hatte er bis zu seinem Tod inne. 1550, 1551, 1558, 1559 sowie 1564/1565 leitete er als Rektor die Universität.

Happel war 1548 und 1571 Bürgermeister der Stadt Marburg.

Der Rechtswissenschaftler Hermann Vultejus war sein Schwiegersohn, Johannes Ferrarius sein Schwiegervater.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Linguae sanctae canones grammatici: prae caeteris omnibus necessarii & utiles, his praesertim, qui viva docentis institutione destituti, suo marte illam addiscere conantur; Guerinus, Basel 1561.
 Jonas propheta: cum sua versione Latina; necnon cum utilissima exercitatione grammaticali; guerinus, Basel 1561.
 Synopsis et methodus legum, de Tutela et curatione omnium iuris civilis, Oberursel 1562.

Literatur
 Friedrich Wilhelm Strieder: Friedrich Wilhelm Strieders Grundlage zu einer hessischen Gelehrten- und Schriftsteller-Geschichte, Band 5, Cramer, Kassel 1785, S. 267–270.
 Franz Gundlach: Catalogus professorum academiae Marburgensis, Band 1, Von 1527 bis 1910, Elwert, Marburg 1927, Nr. 124.

Weblinks

Rechtswissenschaftler (16. Jahrhundert)
Hebraist
Hochschullehrer (Philipps-Universität Marburg)
Bürgermeister (Marburg)
Rektor der Philipps-Universität Marburg
Deutscher
Geboren 1522
Gestorben 1572
Mann


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School Choice Promotes Opportunities "Centered on the Future"
Home » Education » School Choice Promotes Opportunities "Centered on the Future"
"I wish that the education system could understand that not every child fits into the same sized box, and everyone needs to do what is right for their family," says Lisa, a Portland-area mother whose children receive tuition assistance from the Children's Scholarship Fund-Portland.
When Cascade Policy Institute started this privately funded scholarship program in 1999, we learned "hands-on" that middle- and lower-income parents share the same interest in their children's education as do parents of greater means, and they are motivated to seek the same kinds of opportunities on their behalf.
Parents know a solid education prepares students for life, and that path begins in grade school. But many children are trapped in neighborhood public schools assigned to them by their street addresses that, for many reasons, may not meet their needs or standards that are important to their families.
"Education reform" debates usually focus on how to get the maximum number of children minimally educated. But real-life parents want to get at least a minimum number of children (their own) maximally educated. These two goals shouldn't be at odds. In fact, the second can drive the first―if more parents had the opportunity to make meaningful choices about their children's education.
Fifteen years ago, the national Children's Scholarship Fund (CSF) offered dollar-for-dollar matching grants to independent local partner programs that would provide partial tuition assistance to low-income grade school children to attend the schools of their choice. Cascade Policy Institute was among the nonprofit organizations which took up this unprecedented challenge, raising $1 million in local funds to start a $2 million local program, the Children's Scholarship Fund-Portland. Since then, CSF and its partners have invested $568 million in private funding to help more than 139,000 children nationwide.
While they don't have much discretionary income (the average CSF-Portland family income is $41,000), CSF families always must pay part of their tuition themselves (Portland parents pay $1,777 on average). This ensures that the scholarship remains a "hand up," rather than a handout. Because they have "skin in the game," CSF parents are motivated to choose schools carefully and to encourage their children to make the most of their opportunities.
The private schools CSF students attend typically spend one-third to one-half what neighboring public schools spend per student (the average tuition for CSF-Portland students is $3,578 this year), with better results in terms of graduation rates and college attendance. However, the point of the CSF program is not to prove that private schools are better than public schools. Rather, CSF believes that parents are the primary educators of their children and have their interests at heart. When empowered with a modest amount of financial help (the average Portland scholarship award is $1,458), parents will invest their own money, time, effort, and discipline to obtain the kind of education they want for their students.
CSF partner programs respect the decision-making processes of families and support parents in directing their children's education. This family-centered element is what sets parent-focused school choice efforts apart from other ways of addressing the failures of today's public education system. No one can design a school system that meets every child's needs. No statistical data analysis or bureaucratic goal setting can ensure that any particular child makes it to high school graduation, succeeds in college, or excels in a career. No school can be all things to all children―nor should it. But most parents, including low-income ones, are keenly aware of their own students' needs, aptitudes, strengths, and interests―and what it takes for them to learn.
"The children have grown in spades since attending [their] school," says Lisa. "They have a school family that is very comforting to them. They feel safe every single day. They know that everything that is being done is centered on their lives and future….In their prior school they were pushed aside, never pushed into academically challenging areas. Here at this school every opportunity is given to them to succeed and become better students and better learners."
Top-down education reform focuses on what is not working for large numbers of people―but keeps those students in the system while the problems are being "fixed." School choice focuses on what is working across all kinds of schools―and empowers parents to choose the options that best help their children learn.
Top-down approaches pour more money into a broken system. School choice programs achieve more satisfactory results with more modest amounts of money because the dynamic is shifted in favor of parents. Government-focused education reform analyzes the forest; school choice promotes the best interest of the trees. School choice programs like CSF-Portland prove that good things happen when parents have opportunities to choose excellence for their own children.
Kathryn Hickok is Publications Director at Cascade Policy Institute and Director of the privately funded Children's Scholarship Fund-Portland, which provides partial tuition scholarships to Oregon elementary students from lower-income families.


Ultimately, college is a place to prepare students for their future responsibilities in society. A sociology degree is for people interested in doing work that creates a more functional society that serves all people equally. A choice to major in sociology is a statement about who you are and where your interests gravitate. When sociology majors apply for jobs, prospective employers are likely to view them as people who care about others, and who want to make the world a better place. The skills you'll bring to the marketplace with a sociology degree include understanding social processes and contextual experiences, developing evidence-based arguments, working effectively in groups and on projects, performing qualitative and quantitative research, and solid communication skills with a variety of audiences.
Sociology offers a unique perspective and practical skills for working in today's increasingly complex and global society. Students who graduate with a degree in sociology often find that they have unique analytical and research skills which make them competitive for a wide variety of positions.
In the Department of Sociology at Indiana University Kokomo, we understand that competing in today's job market takes more than just a degree. You'll have all kinds of opportunities to help tailor your skills and your resume to impress your future employers. As a student, you can gain experience through practicums, independent research, internships, participation in student organizations, and one-on-one work with faculty to show that you have the knowledge from the classroom and the hands-on experience from the real world.
If you're ready to get started on helping to make the world a better place, you can talk to an admissions counselor about starting your sociology degree today! If you have more questions about how you'll be able to use your sociology degree to enter the workforce post-graduation, we offer excellent career counseling services in our Career and Accessibility Center.


File photo: Sharon Smith, Kendall Elementary School principal, makes cotton candy on Family Night at the elementary school in April 2017.
GENESEO – Sharon Smith, Kendall Elementary School principal, is one of three finalists to be the next superintendent at Geneseo Central School.
The other finalists include Cindy Flowers, and Brian D. Schmitt, Ed.D. Flowers presently serves as the Special Education administrator for Geneseo Central School. Schmitt is the district superintendent of Genesee Valley Central School District in Belmont.
The finalists will visit the district on April 23, 24 and 30. Smith will visit on April 23, Flowers on April 24 and Schmitt on April 30. Meet and greet forums, which are open to the public, will be held each day at Geneseo Middle-High School in the Media Center from 4:15 – 5 p.m., Geneseo school district announced today.
Final interviews with stakeholder groups and the BOE will follow the meet and greet forums. The anticipated start date for the new superintendent is July 1. The new superintendent will replace Timothy Hayes, who is retiring.
Smith is currently the principal at Kendall Elementary. She also serves as the UPK Director, ESL Coordinator and grants writer and administrator. She's held this position since 2012.
Some of her initiatives include changes in literacy and mathematics instruction with alignment to Common Core standards. This resulted in moving the student proficiency rate from 32 to 61.8 percent in 2018.
Previously, Smith served as Pre-K to 12 Education and Data Coordinator at Frontier Central School District from 2011 until 2012. Her experience includes four years as a school building administrator at both Royalton-Hartland and Newfane school districts.
In 1984, Smith began her work in education as a sixth grade Language Arts teacher at Perry Elementary School. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Education from SUNY Geneseo and a Master of Education degree from SUNY Buffalo. Smith earned a School District Administrator Certification from Canisius College in Buffalo. She has two permanent New York Certifications, as a Pre-K-6 School Teacher and a School District Administrator.


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Q: How does the centre tap of a **centre tap transformer** at zero volts? As per my knowledge, the secodary coil will have one terminal at positive and another 0(zero) at one instant, and at another cycle, the other terminal becomes positive and the first one become 0(zero). Because, in
case of a half wave rectifier using a diode, when the diode is conducting in one half cycle, the terminal of the coil connected to the 'p' side of the diode is positive(or is of high voltage), and the other one is just 0(zero). Then how come the middle point be at 0(zero) volts in case of a centre tap transformer instead of the other extreme end of the coil?
Please make me clear about the correct underlying physics.

A: There is no "underlying physics" to this.  It's just how they're usually used: the center tap is connected to the ground so that the two ends become opposite plus and minus voltages. That's useful for many different applications.
There are circuits where one end of the secondary is attached to ground, so that the middle is +/-V and the other end is +/-2V.  That can also be useful.

A: The mA meter has to be place the furthest away from the high-voltage (found the ends). Which places the thing at zero. It's more of a safety issue verses anything else.
So if a question asks you, were is there higher voltage, you know it's the furthest from mA meter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Most people who know me know that I am almost always cold. Unless it is like 80 degrees and sunny out I always feel chilly. I wear sweaters year round and cannot live without the heater at my desk. I have been known to carry more than one pair of gloves and keep a pashmina stashed in my car too. So it is no great surprise that I have a plethora of blankets around my place. I have at least one for each chair and one for the couch. Plus I have like four different weights of blankets for my bed. So storing all of these blankets can be a challenge. I mean a girl can only fit so many in one closet and under the bed. But I don't want to get rid of any of them.
Now I have seen many versions of the blanket ladder in stores and on Pinterest. There are varieties using both sets of rails of the ladder, some with just one set of the rails of a ladder leaned against the wall. Some had shelves, some used boxes. You get the point. Now for my purpose (an attractive way to display the blankets taking up as little space as possible), using both rails was inadvisable. I mean an open ladder takes up a lot of floor space. Ditto with the shelves as it would require the ladder to lean far out from the wall.
So I found an old wooden ladder (ok fine work was getting rid of it because it was a safety hazard) and borrowed some power tools (thank you Dad!) and was able to make the ladder in a few hours.
This project does require you to be comfortable with a circular saw, or have a partner in crime who would do this part for you. A power sander would make this job faster; however, you can do the sanding by hand easily enough. A basic skill level with paint is also needed, just enough to use a brush and ensure you don't have any drips.
Set the ladder on a flat surface such as the garage floor or a work bench where it will be stable for sawing. Choose what rung you want the ladder to end at and cut just above the rung. I cut about half an inch above the fourth rung.
Betty note: I chose where to cut because fifth rung was too narrow and had too much attached hardware from the top of the ladder. I intended to use this for lap and couch sized blankets so I used the back of the ladder with the narrower rungs so that the blankets would drape flatter. If you want to use the ladder for quilts or larger blankets, I recommend using the front of the ladder so that the rungs will stagger the blankets better.
Sand down the cut ends making sure that there are no rough edges that could snag the blankets or gouge the walls. Also lightly sand the rails and rungs to allow the paint to adhere better. Wipe down the ladder to remove the sanding dust and any remaining grit on the ladder. Using the paint of your choice, evenly coat the ladder making sure not to let any drips form (especially around where the rails and rungs join). Depending on what paint you choose, this may take one or two coats for full coverage.
When painting, I found it easiest to go down each rail first and then move to the rungs. This helped me clean up any drips or pooling before they had a change to set. I used a high gloss white paint that is durable and matches my craft table.
I let the paint dry for 24 hours before I started to use it. Just to be safe and prevent any damage to my blankets.
This is a neat little solution to my pesky little problem. The ladder holds three lap sized blankets without impacting my closets or requiring a basket to take up floor space. I put the largest blanket on the top rung so that it can drape down the farthest. Now, I wouldn't mind having a ladder that is a rung or two higher just for the extra storage space. But, visually having the ladder be four rungs tall works out better in my living room. It is the same height as the TV which leaves wall space for décor above both. This DIY gets two spoons way up on the Betty scale. I would highly recommend it for anyone who has wanted a blanket ladder but doesn't want to spend a ton of money on one.


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Run for 10
What: TEN Moves' Nationwide Run for 10
When: 13 January 2012 Sunday, 5:00AM
Where: Ayala Triangle Gardens, Makati City
Other Venues:
Beneficiaries:
TEN Moves' construction of Classrooms throughout the Philippines
Distance and Registration Fees (starts on 20 December 2012):
2.5K - Php 200.00
Registration Centers:
T-Shirt Project - Glorietta, Trinoma, Market! Market!
Excerpts from Press Release:
"Run for 10" will be staged for the benefit of TEN Moves!, the social mobilization campaign of Bayanihang Pampaaralan that seeks to raise funds for the construction of 10,000 classrooms nationwide by encouraging individuals to donate Php10 everyday for 10 months or a lump sum of Php3,000.
"Run for 10 is a way for us to significantly ramp up support and donations for TEN Moves!," explains Rapa Lopa, Executive Director of the Philippine Business for Social Progress and one of the primary movers of TEN Moves! and the 57-75 Education Reform Movement. "Through this event, we hope to attract more and more Filipinos, especially the younger ones, to be part of our advocacy of helping build classrooms and a brighter future for schoolchildren."
"Since we launched in October 2011, TEN Moves! and its mother campaign, Bayanihang Pampaaralan, have raised funding for nearly 3,000 classrooms," explains Mario Deriquito, Senior Director of Ayala Foundation and another primary mover of TEN Moves!. "While our collective efforts to date have been commendable, we still have a long way to go in reaching our goal of 10,000 classrooms, and we are finding ways to reach our goal within two years since launching. Through Run for 10, we hope to be able to create more awareness and generate more anticipation for this cause."
Run for 10 expects to gather 2,500 Filipinos in Metro Manila alone who will lace up their running shoes and make their move for education. The Department of Education, a key partner in the TEN Moves! advocacy, welcomes the initiative.
"TEN Moves! has shown to us just what the Filipino youth can do," says Br. Armin Luistro FSC, Secretary of the Department of Education. "Run for 10 further harnesses their energy and desire to make the Philippines a better place to live and learn. With everyone's participation, we are confident that we can finally resolve the classroom backlog by 2013, and provide adequate facilities for students everywhere."
For more information, visit: www.tenmoves.org


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Most Grand Slams
03.05.2020 Faezragore 1 Kommentare
Review of: Most Grand Slams
Liegen bleibt, welches schon seit Jahren am Markt angeboten wird. Auf die Sie mit PayPal Spielautomaten Seiten zugreifen kГnnen, kГnnen Sie kostenlos Geld erhalten und.
WASHINGTON, October 13, (by Michael Dickens) With his record-extending 13th Roland Garros title victory, Rafael Nadal now has as many Grand Slam. The years that followed have been some of the most rewarding years of my life, 7: Grand Slam singles finals Hingis made in her career (Roland Garros: Mostviertel Grand Slam. Bis Sonntag 12 Uhr könnt ihr euch noch für die letzte Station des Mostviertel Grand Slams in Kaumberg, veranstaltet von der. <
10 Most Obscure Tennis Record Holders
WASHINGTON, October 13, (by Michael Dickens) With his record-extending 13th Roland Garros title victory, Rafael Nadal now has as many Grand Slam. Many translated example sentences containing "Grand Slam" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. The years that followed have been some of the most rewarding years of my life, 7: Grand Slam singles finals Hingis made in her career (Roland Garros:
Most Grand Slams TODAY'S TOP PICKS Video
ATP Tennis - All Grand Slam Champions 2000-2016 (HD) - ILRF
Die Liste der Sieger der Grand-Slam-Turniere im Herreneinzel listet zuerst alle Sieger bei den vier Grand-Slam-Turnieren im Tennis – Australian Open, French. Die Liste der Sieger der Grand-Slam-Turniere im Dameneinzel listet alle Siegerinnen bei den vier Grand-Slam-Turnieren im Tennis – Australian Open, French. Many translated example sentences containing "grand slams tennis" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Many translated example sentences containing "Grand Slam" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Simonne Mathieu Billie Yorke. Nancye Wynne Bolton Colin Long. You are talking about six to seven tournaments out of 20 or so that the guys play best of Jeztspilen. And then there's Williams, arguably the greatest hitter ever, whose name on this list comes with little surprise. Andy Murray. Dorothea Lambert Chambers. Men's singles finals Women's singles finals Age of first title. Ellsworth Vines. Ken Werwölfe Von Düsterwald Regeln. Frank Sedgman. Try our corporate solution for free! Jacco Eltingh Paul Haarhuis. Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling 2. Wendy Turnbull. Michael Stich. 11/25/ · Grand Slams – the biggest prize in tennis The Grand Slam tournaments, also known as the majors, are the four most important annual tennis . 6/2/ · It's not happened massively often, so let's see who has the most Grand Slams in F1: Two-time F1 champion and Scottish racing legend Jim Clark holds the title for the most Grand Slams with eight in total, the first coming at Aintree in and the last being scored at the Nurburgring in The most Grand Slams recorded by an international rugby union side in the Six Nations Championship is four, and was achieved by Wales in , , and The first Six Nations Championship took place in , after Italy were added to the Five Nations Championship (established in ).
Erhalten Sie zwei Einzahlungsboni Most Grand Slams weiterer Freispiele. - You May Also Like...
James Parke.
Bleacher Report. My Switzerland French Championships have only been a major since when it became open to all amateurs internationally. Caroline Wozniacki. AndersonBorotra. While some records make the holders proud, there are others that are not National League Uefa great to appear in a player's resume. Barbara Jordan. Frank Hadow. Juliette Atkinson.
See which major league ballplayers have hit two grand slams during a single game. Davey Johnson of the Philadelphia Phillies and Mike Ivie of the San Francisco Giants are the only two National League hitters to ever have two pinch-hit grand slams during a single season and they both did it during the season.
In , two new grand slam records were set: Fernando Tatis became the first player in Major League history to hit two grand slams during a single inning and Robin Ventura became the first player in Major League history to hit a grand slam during each end of a doubleheader.
Copyright Supplementary notes. Other statistics on the topic. Professional Sports Female tennis players by number of Grand Slam tournament titles won Professional Sports ATP singles rankings - top 50 players David Lange.
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Yes, let me download! Exclusive Corporate feature. And never gracious in defeat. Which has more appeal?. Which brings in more money from sponsors.
I have nothing against women, but they want to be payed the same as men in sports so why dont they play by the same rules? They should play best out of 5 sets if they are getting as much prize money as the men.
So do you think John Isner should be paid more because his matches are longer? That is your argument.
You do understand that most of the year, the men only play best of three, just like the women. You are talking about six to seven tournaments out of 20 or so that the guys play best of five.
You are paying for a ticket that day. At Wimbledon, Serena and Venus doubles matches were standing room only and had to be moved to bigger arenas.
Many of the comments here miss the point. To the athletes who play it, tennis is a sport and a profession. To the fans who watch, it is entertainment.
To the tournament directors and broadcast stations it is a business. Our society is getting more sensitive to the unequal treatment of women in business, sports, and politics.
Differences in amounts of prize money offered to men and women do not represent a sufficient percent of the total take in gate receipts and advertising to justify the increasingly negative publicity it causes.
The prize money should be equal because it is fair to the athletes, expected by the fans, and good for business.
These men are soft sissies, wait till black men get into the game proper! Federer, Borg and the rest of them belong in the past eras.
As the game is now, women have more skill and almost as much power as these upper class weak wristed toff men, where is their passion?
Their grit? Serena has clearly had the physical strength to outpower her contenders for some time now, but lately a couple younger players have stepped up to meet the requirements having ability to hit the ball as fast and heavy as she has.
She seems to be struggling the minute her opponent gets her in the move. Anyhow, if there was no difference in the game between women and men, they should be playing the same draws….
John Hawkes. John Gregory. Edgar Moon. John Doeg. Sidney Wood. Wilmer Allison. Vivian McGrath. Henner Henkel. Tournament canceled. World War II. Joseph Hunt.
Marcel Bernard. Yvon Petra. Dinny Pails. Bob Falkenburg. Arthur Larsen. Ken McGregor. Sven Davidson. Malcolm Anderson. Chuck McKinley.
Rafael Osuna. Tony Roche. William Bowrey. Manuel Orantes. Mark Edmondson. Adriano Panatta. Roscoe Tanner Jan. Yannick Noah.
Tournament date changed. Pat Cash. Michael Chang. Michael Stich. Thomas Muster. They all came within the space of three years too, the first at the French Grand Prix and the last at the United States Grand Prix.
Interestingly, he never picked one up in his final F1 season in which he also won his last title in The three-time champion is tied for third, having scored four Grand Slams during his time in F1.
After his maiden clean sweep in at the Portuguese Grand Prix he had to wait four years for his next one, and he scored his final two in He had to wait until to score his only F1 title, after a long and tough battle to get there, and the season included a staggering three Grand Slams — in South Africa, Spain and who could forget Britain.
Lists for the most Grand Slam tennis singles titles won by men and women © Getty Images. Men. 1. Roger Federer — 1. Rafael Nadal — 3. Novak Djokovic — 4. Pete Sampras — 5. Here are the male tennis players with the most Grand Slam titles in history. 1. Roger Federer (Switzerland) - 20 Grand Slam Titles. Roger Federer has been on top of his game for the last 22 years. Achieved a Career Grand Slam. These players won all four majors. The year listed is the year the player first won each tournament; the last one is marked in bold. The age listed is the age at the end of that last tournament, i.e., the age at which the player completed his Career Grand Slam. These are records for Grand Slam tournaments, also known as majors, which are the four most prestigious annual tennis events. All records are based on official data from the majors. The names of active players appear in boldface for their career totals and currently active streaks. But in case you were curious, here are the owners of the most career grand slams in Major League history. 1. Alex Rodriguez: 25 The Majors' all-time leader in grand slams spread his damage far and wide. A-Rod's 25 grand slams came off 25 different pitchers.
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Can Debt Spark a Revolution?
7 September 2012 by David Graeber
The idea of the "99 percent" managed to do something that no one has done in the United States since the Great Depression: revive the concept of social class as a political issue. What made this possible was a subtle change in the very nature of class power in this country, which, I have come to realize, has everything to do with debt.
As a member of the team that came up with the slogan "We Are the 99 Percent," I can attest that we weren't thinking of inequality or even simply class but specifically of class power. It's now clear that the 1 percent are the creditors: those who are able to turn their wealth into political influence and their political influence back into wealth again. The overriding imperative of government policy is to do whatever it takes, using all available tools — fiscal, monetary, political, even military — to keep stock prices from falling. The most powerful empire on earth seems to exist first and foremost to guarantee the stream of wealth flowing into the hands of that tiny proportion of its population who hold financial assets. This allows an ever-increasing amount of wealth to flow back into the system of legalized bribery that American politics has effectively become.
When we were organizing the Wall Street occupation in August of 2011, we really didn't have any clear idea who, if anyone, would actually show up. But almost immediately we noticed a pattern. The overwhelming majority of Occupiers were, in one way or another, refugees of the American debt system. At first, that meant student debt: the typical complaint was "I worked hard and played by the rules, and now I can't find a job to pay my student loans — while the financial criminals who trashed the economy got themselves bailed out."
What was remarkable wasn't so much the fact that the camp began to fill with so many debt refugees, but how much their plea resonated across the political spectrum. In the 1960s or early '80s, the plight of a college graduate juggling loans wasn't the sort of thing most likely to wring the hearts of transit or sanitation workers. But Occupy received warmth and solidarity from organized labor. Something clearly had changed. We had come to see ourselves as members of the same indebted class.
This was possible only because of a number of changes in the very nature of American capitalism. For decades now, we've been hearing about the "financialization of capitalism." But this is always framed as an abstract process, almost akin to magic, whereby Wall Street no longer needs to extract most of its profits from the fruits of commerce or industry because it has figured out a way to produce wealth from sheer speculation. Meanwhile, the financial industry actively discourages us from scrutinizing the actual social relations on which its wealth is based. What happens on Wall Street is supposed to be too complicated and advanced for regular people to comprehend.
The rise of OWS allowed us to start seeing the system for what it is: an enormous engine of debt extraction. Debt is how the rich extract wealth from the rest of us, at home and abroad. Internally, it has become a matter of manipulating the country's legal structure to ensure that more and more people fall deeper and deeper into debt. As I write, roughly three out of four Americans are in some form of debt, and a whopping one in seven is being pursued by debt collectors. There's no way to know just what percentage of the average household's income is now directly expropriated by the financial services industry in the form of interest Interest An amount paid in remuneration of an investment or received by a lender. Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. payments, fees and penalties. What statistical information is available suggests it is somewhere between 15 and 20 percent — and, of course, if you factor out the quarter of the population who are either too rich or too poor to owe anything, it becomes considerably more. "Financialization," then, is not just the manipulation of money. Ultimately, it's the ability to manipulate state power to extract a portion of other people's incomes. Wall Street and Washington, in other words, have become one. Financialization, securitization and militarization are all different aspects of the same process. And the endless multiplication, in cities across America, of gleaming bank offices — spotless stores selling nothing while armed security guards stand by — is just the most immediate and visceral symbol for what we, as a nation, have become.
Most revolutions, revolts and insurrections in world history have revolved, at least to some degree, around debt, from the uprisings that created the Greek democracies to the American Revolution — or pretty much any other anticolonial revolt. We may be standing on the brink of a similar juncture. Yet history shows it's notoriously difficult to assemble debtors into a coherent movement; indebtedness is isolating by nature, and the very feelings of anxiety and humiliation it sparks have made it a potent ideological tool. But history also reveals that when such movements do form, the results tend to be explosive.
What are the prospects for Occupy if it evolves into an explicit movement of debt resistance? If that happens, the battle will not be won by proposing policy changes. The power of Occupy was always that of delegitimation: an appeal to the profound feeling, shared by so many Americans, that our political class is so corrupted that it's no longer capable of addressing the problems faced by ordinary citizens, let alone the world. To create a genuinely democratic system could only mean starting over entirely.
The financial system isn't really any different. The first step is to state the problem clearly: our current economic arrangements can barely even be called "capitalism," unless it's some form of Mafia capitalism based on loan-sharking, extortion and fixed casino games. The second is to hammer home just how much the system's illegitimacy undermines the moral force that debt still holds over so many Americans, thus fostering a gradual withdrawal of consent from the system. Increasing numbers of us are already doing this by refusing to pay our debts, whether out of necessity or by choice.
Even those at the top are increasingly willing to admit in private that the current situation is untenable. Debt cancellation of some sort is going to take place (as we've already seen with the bailout of the big banks). The real struggle will be over the form it takes — above all, whether it's a last-ditch attempt to salvage the system of Mafia capitalism or an effort to move us sharply in the direction of something else (perhaps taking a cue from Iceland's forgiveness of loans held by more than a quarter of its population). A debt jubilee, after all, affords the possibility not just of economic renewal, but of intellectual and spiritual renewal as well. Even imagining such a possibility opens the door to an understanding that debts are simply a kind of promise we make to one another, and that a true democracy is one in which everyone weighs in on the broader questions. What kind of promises do we want to make as a society? Seen in this light, the problem economists like to call "debt overhang" (when debt levels are too high to permit access to credit even for smart investments) is far more profound. The debt we collectively hold obligates us to make promises we cannot keep. We continue to increase the rate of production, the level of exploitation and hence, as an inevitable consequence, the pace of ecological devastation at just the point where even present levels are clearly unsustainable — all to pay interest to the creditor class. At this moment, what could be more obviously insane?
This is why organizing a movement of mass resistance is so important. Our leaders have long since demonstrated that they are no longer capable of thinking big. Technocratic tinkering will get us nowhere. Only a social movement can change our moral and political horizons of possibility — and those horizons desperately need to change.
Occupy was right to resist the temptation to issue concrete demands. But if I were to frame a demand today, it would be for as broad a cancellation of debt as possible, followed by a mass reduction of working hours — say to a five-hour workday or a guaranteed five-month vacation. If such a suggestion seems outrageous, even inconceivable, it's just a measure of the degree to which our horizons have shrunk. After all, only fifty years ago many people assumed we would have gotten to such a point by now. It is only by breaking the power of the engines of extraction that we can once again begin to think on a scale and grandeur appropriate to the times.
David Graeber, a reader in social anthropology at Goldsmiths, University of London, is the author of Debt: The First Five Thousand Years.
Source: Copyright © 2012 The Nation - distributed by Agence Global
is an anthropologist, political activist and the author of Debt: The First 5,000 Years.
Other articles in English by David Graeber (2)
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30 August 2019 - Eric Toussaint
A profits recession?
22 July 2019 - Michael Roberts
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National Tourism Day – GK Notes for Bank & SSC Exam!
Tourism is a big source of income for the Indian economy as India has a rich diversity, golden history, cultural beauty and many wonderful sights to show to the world. India celebrates 25th January of each year as the National Tourism Day to spread awareness about the role played by tourism in the growth of our economy. Read this article to know all about National Tourism Day. You can also download this article as PDF for future reference.
You can also download this article about as PDF and refer to it offline later.
Every year National Tourism Day is celebrated in India on 25th January to highlight the importance of the tourism industry in the Indian Economy. The rich history and diversity of India, both cultural and geographical, make it one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.
Creates Awareness: This cultivates and create awareness among the society globally on the significance of tourism, and it's political, social, cultural and also financial worth and value.
Foreign Currency Inflow: The tourism industry brings a huge amount of inflow of foreign currency as many tourists that visit India come from abroad.
Promotes Cleanliness: The inflow of tourists, both national and international, will also promote the cleanliness of the surroundings by the citizens and the government.
Preserving Tourist Sites: It will also urge the central and state government to invest time and effort in the upkeep and protection of famous tourist sites.
Improves GDP: Nearly 7.7% of Indian employees are working in the tourism industry and it is the second highest industry contributing to the GDP of India.
People who love travelling, here is a list of some places worth visiting when you plan your next vacation.
Thikse Monastery The 12-story building is located at a high elevation of 3,600 meters. It resembles the Potala Palace in Lhasa.
Mysore Palace The seven palaces that make up the Mysore Palace complex are nothing short of spectacular. Their original palace was built in 1399, and the current palace was completed in 1912.
Varanasi You can experience one of the most impressive sights in the world when pilgrims do their devotions in the River Ganges at sunrise set against the backdrop of the centuries old temple.
How is National Tourism Day Celebrated?
This glorious day is celebrated in India with much enthusiasm and excitement. Schools colleges and other educational institutions conduct numerous events like poster making, essay writing etc., to emphasize the importance of National Tourism Day. The Government of India has launched many programs like ' Incredible India' to promote the Tourism Industry. Talks and speeches by famous personalities are also held to celebrate this day.
1. India is placed at 11th in the world's list of tourism destinations.
2. Tourism provides $124.8 billion dollars of GDP for the country that is almost 6% of the total GDP of the country.
3. The record highest of tourist arriving was in December 2015 which accounts to 9,13,000 and the lowest was 1,29,286 which was recorded in May 2001.
4. In 2011, the Kumbh Mela witnessed over 75 million pilgrims.
5. The largest source market for visitors to India was the United States of America.
6. Tourism industry contributes 12.36% of total employment in the country.
We hope this article about National Tourism Day was helpful for you. Check more such articles.


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text:
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(Photo credit: Rob Chambers photography)
Northern Pride makes biggest expansion yet as event promises to be 'even better than before'
by QWEERIST editor January 27, 2019, 1:20 pm 2k Views
One of the UK's leading LGBT+ festivals returns to the North East this summer, with its most ambitious event to date.
Organisers of the Northern Pride Festival, formerly known as Newcastle Pride, have revealed that this year's weekend event will take place from 19 – 21 July and will be spread across two locations for the very first time.
The Town Moor will be home to the Festival Arena, which will host the big name acts still to be announced on the main stage, as well as the fun fair and platinum bar and garden.
And across the moor, Exhibition Park will house the Community Village, which includes the Family and Youth Zone, Health and Wellbeing Zone and the Rainbow Village, with more still to be added.
The change in site location aims to accommodate the growing festival, which was attended by more than 78,000 visitors last year – with 20,000 marching in the parade – and which has been selected as the host for UK Pride in 2020.
Ste Dunn, chair of Northern Pride – the LGBT+ charity which organises the event – believes this year's festival has the potential to be the best yet.
"Each year we are looking for ways to make the festival even better than the year before and this time is no different, with some really exciting plans in the pipeline," said Ste.
"The event is nothing without community and having the two sites allows us to welcome even more people to celebrate the diversity of the city, whilst also delivering a music festival with some amazing acts lined up.
"We have a whole host of events and activities taking place in the run-up the main weekend, so it is looking to be a fantastic summer of Pride."
Nick Forbes, leader of Newcastle City Council, said: "The festival continues to be one of the highlights of the year for the city, boosting the local economy and bringing in tens of thousands of visitors.
"It's a fantastic free event for the whole family and I am delighted that it is returning with big plans for the coming summer."
Organisers have also announced the theme of this year's event, marking 50 years since the Stonewall Riots, which took place during a police raid of New York gay bar, the Stonewall Inn in 1969.
Raids of this kind were frequent at the time and the riots were a reaction against the routine discrimination towards the LGBT+ community, serving as a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.
The festival is free to attend but Platinum Passes, which have replaced last year's VIP and Golden Circle tickets – are on sale at www.northern-pride.com/tickets for those who want to secure a prime viewing spot and access to a private bar, marquee and posh toilets.
Follow Nothern Pride: Web | Facebook | Twitter | Instagram
Written by QWEERIST editor
YAAS!
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© 2018 QWEERIST
Gaymer


text:
Q: Merge for multiple columns and rows Given the following data tables:
> d1 <- data.table(letter=c("A", "B", "A", "B"), V1=c(0,0,0,0),V2=c(0,0,0,0))
> d2 <- data.table(letter=c("A", "B"), value=c(1,2))
> d1
   letter V1 V2
1:      A  0  0
2:      B  0  0
3:      A  0  0
4:      B  0  0
> d2
   letter value
1:      A     1
2:      B     2

I seek to fill columns V1 and V2 from d1 using the values from d2, so that:
> d12
   letter V1 V2
1:      A  1  1
2:      B  2  2
3:      A  1  1
4:      B  2  2

I assume I have to use the function 'merge' somehow but I have not managed.
Any advice on how to achieve this?
Many thanks in advance!

A: setkey(d1, letter)
setkey(d2, letter)
d1[d2, c('V1','V2'):=value]
# d1 holds the updated dt

The d1[d2] merges d1 to d2; the c('V1', 'V2'):=value assigns the value column to V1 and V2. rows in d1 that have letters not in d2 are left as-is.