text:
Q: Cannot convert to struct from brace-enclosed initializer list I looked around and couldn't find a question that answered my problem clearly so I am posting this one.
I am getting this error when I try to compile my code:
welcomebits.cpp:30:74: error: could not convert '{tmp_fullname, tmp_user_name, tmp_PIN, tmp_balance}' from '<brace-enclosed initializer list>' to 'User'
             User u={tmp_fullname, tmp_user_name, tmp_PIN, tmp_balance};
                                                                      ^

Why does this happen? I am new to c++ and I am just getting used to structs, classes and objects are still beyond me. I recently learned pass by reference and pointers so those I understand in the basic sense.
Here is my struct definition and the function where the error occurs:
struct User{
    std::string fullname="";
    std::string user_name="";
    float PIN=0.;
    float balance=0.;
};

void create_user_data(std::vector<User>& uv){

    std::ifstream reader;
    std::string holder="";
    char comma=',';
    std::string tmp_fullname="";
    std::string tmp_user_name="";
    float tmp_PIN=0.;
    float tmp_balance=0.;

    reader.open("database.csv");

    while(std::getline(reader, holder)){
            std::istringstream ss(holder);
            std::getline(ss, tmp_fullname, ',');
            std::getline(ss, tmp_user_name, ',');
            ss>>tmp_PIN>>comma;
            ss>>tmp_balance;

            User u={tmp_fullname, tmp_user_name, tmp_PIN, tmp_balance};
            uv.push_back(u);
    }
}

Thanks for your time and help everyone.

A: You need to compile with the C++14 support enabled. This is not supported in C++11 and earlier standards. C++14 allows aggregate initialization on classes / structs having member initializers. If you removed the default member initializers:
struct User{
    std::string fullname;
    std::string user_name;
    float PIN;
    float balance;
};

then your code will compile with C++11.


While the President's recent executive order on immigration has received widespread attention, another immigration law that affects employers across the United States quietly took effect last week. Last fall, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ("USCIS") issued a new version of the Form I-9, dated November 14, 2016. On January 22, 2017, the prior version of Form I-9, dated March 8, 2013, became obsolete and no longer may be used by employers. The core Form I-9 requirements are unchanged, but the new version includes some additional instructions and formatting. Employers must use this form exclusively for all new hires and recertifications on or after January 22, 2017, or face increased fines and penalties.
As an added feature, the new Form I-9 has a fillable PDF option that enables users to complete the form electronically. The PDF provides guidance for completion, restricts via drop down menus the information that can be inputted, and notifies the user of certain errors prior to printing, all aimed at reducing user errors. The new form is not purely "electronic" though—it still must be printed and signed in hard copy. Users who do not wish or are unable to use the interactive PDF features still have the option of printing the form and completing it by hand.
The employee is required to enter "N/A" in fields rather than simply leaving them blank, as was the case previously.
Foreign nationals authorized to work in the U.S. now are permitted to provide an alien registration number, Form I-94 admission number, or foreign passport number, in lieu of providing both the I-94 number and foreign passport information, as was required on the old Form I-9.
The new form increases the space for preparers and/or translators to sign and date. It also requires employees to affirmatively answer that they did not use a preparer or translator.
On page 2, the employer is required to enter the number corresponding to the employee's attestation of citizenship or immigration status from page 1.
The online form has dropdown menus for acceptable documents, but employers should note that the dropdown menus do not include all documents the employer is permitted to accept. This is important because employers face liability for refusing to accept documents that USCIS has found are acceptable. In conjunction with reviewing documents, employers must continue to review the employee's documents in person. Even though the new "smart" I-9 can be completed online, documents may not be reviewed remotely via a webcam or similar technology.
The new form also has space for the employer to make notes or record additional information. Employers should be cautious about entering non-essential information on this form, as anything written on the form can be reviewed during an audit or other governmental investigation. Employers also should remember that Form I-9s, like other employment eligibility tools, should be used consistently for all employees—so employers should adopt consistent policies regarding what information, if any, is recorded in this space.
The reverification requirements in Section 3 were not changed. However, reverifications performed after January 22, 2017 must use the new form.
Employers do not need to use the new Form I-9 on existing employees—they should simply start using the form for employees hired or who require recertification on or after January 22, 2017. Proper compliance requires the employer to use the version of the form in effect on the date the employee was hired or recertified. If the wrong form was used, the employer should redo the employee's Form I-9 using the correct form. USCIS's issuance of the new Form I-9 did not affect applicable retention requirements, which remain the same.
It is important for employers to ensure they strictly comply with the Form I-9 requirements—including by using the correct version of the form. Last August, fines for Form I-9 paperwork violations, which include using an outdated version of the Form I-9, increased significantly. Employers now can be fined a minimum of $216 and a maximum of $2,156 for each and every Form I-9 violation occurring after November 2, 2015.


The eShave American company, founded by the business woman Danielle Malka, has appeared on the market of men's grooming products in 1996 with the ultimate mission to reintroduce modern and sophisticated men with high-quality wet shaving products and accessories.
This tradition lost in the 70s came back today and eShave is committed to providing the tools needed to practice it. The philosophy of this company is to make a difference in the lives of each of his consumers and this, every day.


A life-long dog lover, Cindy Dunston Quirk has taken decades of sales and marketing experience and created Scout & Zoe's to solve the need for allergy free chews for dogs and USA sourced and produced treats safe for your best furry friend. With the tenacity of a husky, she works tirelessly to bring premium products to the market that will add years to the life of your precious pooch.
Scout & Zoe's creates premium pet products for the life of your pooch. Now in our seventh year, our journey began in my garage creating elk antler dog chews to solve an issue for Zoe, my German Shepherd who had allergies. The product assortment now includes premium protein and veggie treats all sourced and produced in the USA from human grade raw ingredients.


text:
Bolivia: UN Rapporteur says Áñez's conviction tinted with political meddling
Posted byBolivian Thoughts June 17, 2022 June 16, 2022 Posted inBolivia, Crime and Violence, Drug war - narcotraffick, Politics, Social UnrestTags:authoritarianism, bad politics, corruption in public office, democracy in peril, government failures, political persecution
MercoPress:
Former Peruvian Foreign Minister Diego García-Sayán has said he saw politics had meddled in the judicial ruling whereby former Bolivian interim President Janine Àñez was sentenced to ten years in jail for crimes against the Constitution.
The United Nations Special Rapporteur for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers said he saw a "political intervention" in Áñez's conviction. "The signs of possible intervention of the political power in this judicial process worry the international community. The Bolivian justice system has the opportunity to make the necessary corrections in the event of an appeal or review, if presented," García-Sayán stressed.
He also expressed his concern about statements from former President Evo Morales, who has admitted the ruling MAS party had discussed in a meeting the judicial steps to be taken in Àñez's case.
"#Bolivia: what was revealed this Sunday by former President Evo Morales about a political meeting between leaders of the government and the ruling party, in which they would have agreed that Mrs. Añez be submitted to an ordinary trial and not to a trial of responsibilities, is worrying," García-Sayan said on social media.
Morales' words sparked criticism from the opposition. He later claimed his words had been "distorted" and that he actually referred to the fact that the legal and political strategy "to achieve justice for the massacres of our brothers" was discussed. [Bolivian Thoughts opinion: the coca grower caudillo or his acolytes always, always have to re-interpret what he initially says, he spills his poison and later on tries to minimize his distorted and well-thought insidiousness. As the egomaniac he is, he must not be trusted.]
"By not having considered the period in which Añez exercised the presidency, justice has omitted to analyze and pronounce [itself] on serious events such as those of Sacaba and Senkata," the UN Rapporteur added.
In his May 25 report on the situation of justice in Bolivia, García-Sayán recommended "a national debate" on the rules for the election of magistrates.
Earlier this year, he had said the country's judiciary was "far from the people" and insisted on the need for "an independent and accessible justice system is a fundamental challenge for Bolivian society." He had also warned the Bolivian State was responsible for the health and physical integrity of those deprived of liberty, including Áñez.
https://en.mercopress.com/2022/06/15/bolivia-un-rapporteur-says-nez-s-conviction-tinted-with-political-meddling
Chapare: Priorities | Prioridades
Let's take care of our water | Cuidemos nuestra agua

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Awesome! Hope he sticks, a long way to go.
Can't get excited about any of these 20 and 21 commits. This is an absolute JOKE!
Bunch of mongoloid nerds posting on a RECRUITING board to say they don't care about RECRUITING.
What ya see D, what ya what ya see D?!
,FWIW, Brantley was just on live on Twitter. Says he's working on more guys. One person said "Kinchens and Lewis". Lewis was in the room with Brantley. Lewis was talking about florida but I dont think Brantley believes him lol. I said "Marshall and Collier" and Brantley kinda smirked and said yeah them too.
Damn. Along I thought they called him the Space Cowboy.
He likes to play his music in the sun.
"We the best group," Brinson said. "We are the new Miami man."
Steve Miller Band "Joker" or Sweet Stan Lane?
Check out the kid's twitter name in the OP for your answer.
Some people do call him that.
Holy sh!t, this kid is good.
Gotta look good on offense so we can hold onto this one. He'll be a highly ranked kid.
Nice! Dude sounds like a beast.
If he is is Amari Cooper-comparable, he must be.
Manny has more dynamic personality than Richt. Will make a difference.
These 2 classes will bring us back. Insane amount of talent.
I know this will disappoint all the posters who think we should spend more time recruiting Canada, Iran and California.
Yes. Manny's can be a plus. Richt is much closer to mine but I think younger coach will relate better to the kids.
It makes no damn sense man.
"I want to thank...respect my decision...no interviews..."
The only commitment thats firm is a submitted in LOI.
+1 on spelling. Most get it wrong.
Ironic they choose to say they dont care about recruiting on said board.
And the doldrums of the off season have begun.


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GenKey
About GenKey
Privacy-by-Design
CITIZEN ID
GenKey supports a common World Bank and Government of Niger initiative to set up a Human Resource Management System for its civil servants, students with grants and pensioners
Eindhoven, Accra, Chicago
Targeting, as a primary goal, a better way to manage careers and remuneration of its civil servants, the Government of Niger, with support from the World Bank, is embarking on a nationwide biometric registration of all its civil servants. It will also include all students that benefit from grants as well as all retirees. Through a comprehensive biometric census, a clean database is being set up. Each entry is unique and its legitimacy has been verified. A secured card is then issued to all civil servants to prove their identity and status. A second phase will follow to select a Human Management Software that will make full use of the clean biometric database.
The project is managed by a team within the Ministry of Finance (PCDS), dedicated to programs that enhance the performance of the state and are financed and monitored by the World Bank.
GenKey is proud to have been awarded the contract for the first phase of this ambitious project and to supply its biometric solutions and technology. GenKey's Necto, a complete biographic and biometric registration and verification solution, GenKey's SPiRE, an Identity Management Solution capable of maintaining and managing individual Identity Profiles across different contexts as well as GenKey deduplication solution – ABIS, are part of the GenKey solution currently being used to enroll ultimately 400,000 civil servants, students and retirees.
"We are committed to helping PCDS to enhance the performance of the different ministries. Our biometric technology is a very effective tool to identify uniquely all beneficiaries of the state."
Michiel Loeff, CEO GenKey
The Director of the PCDS, Claire Hanounou, also said,
"Being able to ensure that the Government of Niger is only paying legitimate beneficiaries is essential and provides a quick return on investment for the project. Moreover, the biometric registration will allow some future applications to be deployed, such as proof of presence and biometric identification for sensitive access control."
Claire Hanounou, Director of the PCDS
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Dongying Bank Co., Ltd., formerly known as Dongying City Commercial Bank Co., Ltd., was established in 2005, and approved by the China Banking Regulatory Commission in 2012 to change its name to Dongying Bank. As the only local commercial bank in the Yellow River Delta, Dongying Bank has developed into a regional bank that based on Dongying and covers Binzhou, Zibo, Weifang and Jinan, providing a steady flow of financial power to boost the economy of the Yellow River Delta.
By the end of 2017, our bank developed total of four cross regional branches within Shandong province, 70 urban branches; 1337 employees; The total asset reached 88.2 billion yuan; deposit balance was 60.7 billion yuan; loan balance was 36.2 billion yuan, annual operation profit was 1.3 billion yuan, net profit was 750 million yuan, this business indicators in the domestic same industry are in leading level.
In the performance evaluation of local financial enterprises in the financial department of Shandong province,Dongying Bank has "AAA" excellent for over seven years. Dongying bank is awarded the highest level--level 2 by China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) for over ten years.
As a local commercial bank, Dongying Bank has always set serving the general public, small and medium enterprises as its fundenmental principle. In recent years, seizing the golden opportunity of national development of the efficient economic zone in Yellow River Delta and Blue Economic Zone in Shandong Peninsula, Dongying bank has achieved significant rise in deposits, loans, loan ratio, capital adequacy ratio, profitability and other Indicators with the joint efforts of colleagues in the bank. Our comprehensive strength and cross-regional development capacity has also been consolidated and strengthened.


text:
Potere delle Immagini / Immagini del Potere
Iconocrazia
Special Issue Dedicated to the Memory of Sarah Jordan Lippert (1975–2019)
di Liana De Girolami Cheney
Iconocrazia 17/2020 - Iconocratic Studies. In memory of Sarah Jordan Lippert (Vol. 1)
Sara Jordan Lippert, PhD (1975–2019), was an Associate Professor of Art History at the University of Michigan-Flint. A specialist in British and European Late Eighteenth- to Late Nineteenth-Century Art, her research also extended into French and Italian Renaissance and Baroque Art and Paragone (Inter-Arts Rivalry) Studies. Dr. Lippert was Director of the Society for Paragone Studies, affiliated with the Flint Institute of Arts, and was Editor-in-chief for the academic journal Paragone: Past and Present, a publication of the Society for Paragone Studies, in collaboration with the Flint Institute of Arts (published by Brill in 2018). She was a gifted and prolific author of several ground-breaking books as well as innumerable articles in journals and exhibition catalogues. She also contributed extensively to international conferences and public lectures. Her publications investigated aspects of the work of nineteenth-century French artists including Jean-Léon Gérôme, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Anne-Louis Girodet, Antonio Canova, Gustave Moreau, Edward Burne-Jones, and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. She also published on more general topics including stained glass of the Belle Époque, popular illustration from 1750 to 1900, and artistic perceptions of the Middle Ages in the nineteenth century. Dr. Lippert was also guest curator of the exhibition "Fantasy, Fiction, and Fact in Popular Illustration: 1750–1900," held at the Flint Institute of Arts, Flint, MI, 3 May–3 Aug. 2014, and the exhibition "Rhythms and Experiences: Everyday Life in 19th-Century Japanese Prints," held at the Flint Institute of Arts, Flint, MI, 13 Jan.–15 Apr. 2018. Her presentations at symposia and conferences were wide-ranging and extensive and included papers on quattrocento art and Sienese mysticism; on Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, Aubrey Beardsley, Carlo Crivelli, Darwin, and Cesare Lombroso; and on topics such as sixteenth-century Mannerism, English illustrators, French Renaissance portrayals of Diana and the stag, and Franciscan legacies in the era of secularism, amongst many others.
Dr. Lippert was Director of Art History in the Visual Arts Department at the University of Michigan-Flint. She mentored and supervised Art History majors and minors and also advised students in the programs of Master in Arts Administration and Women's and Gender Studies. She held a PhD in Art History from The Pennsylvania State University and was the recipient of a Samuel H. Kress Travel Fellowship in the History of Art as well as a fellow of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
These academic essays are in her memory, honoring a fine young scholar. The scholarship and scope of the essays range from the art of Italian Renaissance to American and British nineteenth-century art, paralleling the art-historical interests and studies of our Sarah! The essays construct paragoni in the visual arts, that is, sacred versus profane art, connoisseurship versus iconography, visual arts versus politics, poetry versus painting, music versus painting, drawing versus painting, and standing sculpture versus reliefs.
The essays of William Levin and Ellen Longsworth focus on the art and patronage of Early Renaissance art, the Compagnia della Misericodia and Lombard funerary art respectively. Tina Waldeier Bizzarro's essay addresses traditional honorific celebrations. The studies of Lynette Bosh, Charles Burroughs, Deborah Cibelli, Émilie Passignat, Brian Steele, and Stephania Vai center around the Italian art of the Cinquecento and early Seicento, focusing on archival and iconographic aspects as well as paragoni between painting and sculpture and between text and image in the art of Michelangelo, Fontana, Gherardi, Raphael, and Vasari. Moving forward through the centuries, D.R.M. Bentley and Liana De Girolami Cheney observe literary and visual significations in the paintings of Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Rosetti and Burne-Jones. Patricia Ricci presents an intriguing paragone between painting and sculpture in the US capitol during the nineteenth century.
We writers are grateful for the assistance from and collaborations with private and public collections, galleries, museums, municipal and university libraries, and private collectors, as well as with commercial and non-profit visual resources that have contributed to publication of our illustrations and archival data. We are especially grateful to our indefatigable editor, Dr. Juleen Eichinger.
The contributors express a special gratitude to Dr. Giuseppe Cascione, Professor of Political Sciences, at the Università di Aldo Moro in Bari, and Editor of Iconocrazia, for this special invitation.
Liana De Girolami Cheney and Brendan Cole, 2020
Select Bibliography of Publications by Sarah Lippert
The Paragone in Nineteenth-Century Art (2019)
The Imagery of Travel: Visions and Voyages, Real and Imagined (2018)
Space and Time in Artistic Practice and Aesthetics: The Legacy of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (2017)
2. Journal Articles and Essays
"Venus's Double: Similitude and Reflections in the Work of Burne-Jones," in Doppelgangers, Alter Egos, and Mirror Images in Western Art, 1840–2010: Critical Essays, ed. Mary D. Edwards (2019)
"Ingres's Napoleon Enthroned: A Reconsideration of its Objectives," in Selected Papers of the Consortium on the Revolutionary Era, 1750–1850, ed. Alex Mikaberidze, Carol Harrison, and Bill Olejniczak (2018)
"The Iconography of Girodet's Endymion during the French Revolution," in Romantic Rapports: New Essays on Romanticism across Disciplines, ed. Larry Peers and Christopher R. Clason (2017)
"Sacred to Aesthetic: Stained Glass of the Belle Époque," in Radiance and Symbolism in Modern Stained Glass: European and American Innovations and Aesthetic Interrelations in Material Culture, ed. Liana De Girolami Cheney (2016)
"Canova's Perseus as Emblem of Italy," Iconocrazia 10 (2016), online
"Salomé to Medusa by way of Narcissus: Typological Conflation in the Work of Gustave Moreau," Artibus et Historiae (2014)
"Jean-Léon Gérôme and Polychrome Sculpture: Reconstructing the Artist's Hierarchy of the Arts," Dix-Neuf: Journal of the Society of Dix-Neuviémistes 18, no. 1 (2014), online
"Mind over Matter: Levitation and the Defiance of Nature in Late Nineteenth-Century Painting," in Gravity in Art: Essays on Weight and Weightlessness in Painting, Sculpture, and Photography, ed. Elizabeth Bailey and Mary D. Edwards (2012)
"Gustave Moreau's Dying Poets: A Message to the Art Critic," in Images and Imagery: Frames, Borders, Limits—Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Corrado Federico, Leslie Boldt-Irons, and Ernesto Virgulti (2005)
"The Answer may be Found in the Middle Ages: A Look at Some Artistic Perceptions of the Middle Ages in the Nineteenth Century," in Millennium, Madness, and Mayhem: Eschatology East and West, ed. Christopher Beall (2002)
Liana De Girolami Cheney
Emerita Professor of Art History at UMASS Lowell. President of the Association for Textual Scholarship in Art History. Visiting scholar in Art History at SIELAE, University of Coruña, Spain.
Category: Iconocrazia 17/2020 - Iconocratic Studies. In memory of Sarah Jordan Lippert (Vol. 1) | RSS 2.0 Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.
Iconocrazia 05/2014 – "Cartoline Inter-adriatiche"
Iconocrazia 06/2014 – "Special Issue"
Iconocrazia 07/2015 – "Potenza dell'immaginario"
Iconocrazia 08/2015 – "Ritorno al conflitto" (vol. 1)
Iconocrazia 10/2016 – "Arts & Politics. Rhetorical Quests in Cultural Imaging"
Iconocrazia 11/2017 – "L'immagine di Europa"
Iconocrazia 12/2017 – "Democrazie in transizione"
Iconocrazia 13/2018 – "Iconocrazia: Art, Astronomy, Politics and Religion"
Iconocrazia 14/2018 – "2008. Lo spartiacque"
Iconocrazia 15/2019 – "Arrighi/Hobsbawn. Politica, storia, relazioni internazionali"
Iconocrazia 16/2019 – "Atlante di Geopolitica"
Iconocrazia 17/2020 – Iconocratic Studies. In memory of Sarah Jordan Lippert (Vol. 1)
Archivio Copertine
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RITORNO AL CONFLITTO - archivio n.8-2015
Iconocrazia 10/2016
Amicizia, arte e politica nella biografia del Doceno
Di Emilie Passignat
Vasari's Aretine Gonfalone as an Exposition on Style
Di Deborah H. Cibelli
Lavinia Fontana's Pallade Ignuda
Di Stefania Vai
Dante Gabriel Rossetti's Lady Lilith and Related Poems: Legends, Sources, Meanings
Di D. M. R. Bentley
Edward Burne-Jones's The Hours: "Laps of Time"
Cultural Politics in the United States Capitol: The Case of Constantino Brumidi (1805–1880)
Di Patricia Likos Ricci
"Sepellire imorti poueri et miserabili": La Settima opera di carità e la Misericordia fiorentina nei suoi primi anni di formazione
Di William R. Levin
The Remarkable Tomb of Abbot Meli
Di Ellen L. Longsworth
Plague Redux: Santa Rosalia's Protean Iconography
Di Tina Waldeier Bizzarro
Open Secrets: Allah's Presence in Mantegna's San Zeno Altarpiece
Di Brian D. Steele
Raphael and the Paragone: From Parnassus to the Plague
Di Charles Burroughs
The Roman Liturgy, Michelangelo, and Vittoria Colonna: A Moment of Orthodoxy, at San Silvestro, with Fra Ambrogio Catarino Politi
Di Lynette M.F. Bosch
Editore: Prof. Giuseppe Cascione
Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche
Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro"
info@iconocrazia.it
Rivista scientifica semestrale di scienze sociali e simbolica politica
ISSN 2240-760X | Aut. Trib. di Bari n. 3690//2011 - num Reg. Stampa 42
Bari © 2012 | designed by POOYA


Though rather inefficient, I painstakingly designed a vector layout of Bostons MBTA subway system in Autodesk Inventor and then used this to laser etch this design into a plywood panel.
This concept was for my Rapid Prototyping course, where we were asked to come up with something novel that could be created with one of the rapid prototyping machines. The first prototype used a fused deposition modeling machine but the anisotropic properties became apparent immediately. For the subsequent tests, we used the Stereolithography method to create the final prototype. I collaborated with three other students on this project and we went through three iterations of the design.
I thought it would be cool to literally leave your mark everywhere you stepped, so I took a stab at creating custom flip flop treads using the laser cutter at work. The results of the first attempt were mixed; I didn't realize how much the existing pattern in the flip flop would obscure the clarity of the stamp imprint. I had just about chalked it up as a failure until I noticed that I had inadvertently been leaving prints in all the black carpets around the office and realized that the white powder created in all the areas that had been cut by the laser actually made pretty decent stamps on the carpeting.


text:
Cal Poly Business Magazine
Orfalea College of Business Solidarity Statement
Dear Orfalea College of Business students, faculty, staff, and alumni,
We wanted to take a moment to acknowledge the heartache, anger, and sorrow that we know many of you, your families, and friends are feeling—and to assure you that we stand alongside you, with the same emotions in our hearts.
As leaders and educators, we strive to create an environment that fosters critical thought, equity, and ethical leadership, reflecting the best values of our society. Guided by these principles, we stand in solidarity of the social activism sweeping this nation.
It is clear that the tragic killing of George Floyd and so many other members of the Black community have been the result of centuries of racial injustice and socioeconomic and racial inequality in our society.
It is up to us to do what we can to change this—in business, in our classrooms, in our communities, in our minds and hearts. We need to acknowledge clearly, loudly, and passionately that these issues exist and will always exist, unless we take measures to stop them. We also need to lend our ears to the most important voices in this conversation, namely members of the Black community and other underrepresented communities of color. Most importantly, we need to ask ourselves how we can help or become active parts of the solution.
Although college campuses are designed to be communities of thought and study, they are also communities of care. Along with the students, faculty, staff, alumni, and other members of the Orfalea College of Business community who are near and far, we share feelings of pain for the lives lost to senseless violence. We encourage you to talk to one another, to sit together in silence and process, to speak to a classmate, instructor, or staff member who you have a relationship with, to reach out to campus support services. We must work together to continue asking the hard questions as we work toward a better society.
To our students: we are devoted to starting new conversations, listening intently, and most importantly learning from you. We will be implementing a student committee focused on issues of social justice and how we can do better as educators to create safe spaces both in and outside of the classroom to provide richer learning opportunities around these issues. We will also continue to invest in our Multicultural Business Program to provide much needed space for our underrepresented students to feel comfortable, supported, and empowered.
As a college, we will continue to re-examine our policies and seek to remove institutional barriers for students of color through the lens of social justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. We will also continue our investment in intentional, ongoing professional development as a leadership team, and for our faculty and staff while partnering with our alumni and industry professionals to learn about best practices around diversity, equity, and inclusion in their workplaces, to better prepare our students and create a more inclusive environment at the Orfalea College of Business.
It is vital that we each respond in this moment and beyond it, and that we all do our part in any way we can. Now is the time to engage in these conversations, educate ourselves, and seek justice, so that Black lives can continue to matter.
Al Liddicoat | Interim Dean
Stern Neill | Incoming Associate Dean
Amy Carter | Assistant Dean for Student Success
Taryn Stanko | Faculty Fellow for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion & Associate Professor of Management
Orfalea College Student Services
Cross Cultural Centers
Office of Diversity & Inclusion
Why Teaching Black Lives Matter Matters
How To Support The Struggle Against Police Brutality
Further Anti-Racism Resources
Antiracist Reading List
White Privilege Toolkit
Ally Resource Guide
If You're Planning To Take Part in Protests, Know Your Rights
NAACP San Luis Obispo
Race Matters SLO
Support Cal Poly


text:
Home/Humanitarian work/French colonial medical corps
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS FOR PERSONNEL TRAINING
From 1890 up to 1968 there were two initiatory and emblematic training institutions for colonial physicians and pharmacists : the first of them was dubbed by its trainees "La Boite" (the Place) and the other one was known as "Le Pharo" !
The first institution, the Naval Medical School turned you into a physician, or a pharmacist and a military personnel. The second one, the "Pharo" school, turned you into a colonial : you were entering the Colonial Medical Corps.
When the Colonial expansion started, there were very few military health professional on duties in the colonies and their training had taken place in Medical Academies of the Navy.
From 1890 onwards, these health professionals were required by law to be fully-fledged doctors or pharmacists and the "Ecole Principale du Service de Santé de la Marine et des Colonies", known among the public as "Ecole de Santé Navale" (Naval Medical School) was set up in Bordeaux for their training. Trainees attended the University of Bordeaux Medical School or the School of Pharmacy and got their degrees in these institutions. This training was in fact the one physicians needed to practice medicine in France. Medical Academies of the Navy became then "Subsidiaries Academies". There was also a Colonial Department in operation at the "Ecole de Santé Militaire" (Military Medical School) in Lyons from 1925 up to 1956.
With the completion of their training in the "Ecole de Santé Navale" (Naval Medical School), trainees who were military personnel after they had been awarded their university degree, became full-fledged physicians or pharmacists and had then to undergo an additional training course in the "Training School of the Medical Corps" or "Pharo School" to become medical officers or pharmacists of the Colonial Medical Corps.
By the time of their graduation trainees were promoted officers and these medical officers and pharmacists had to attend an additional training course at the "Ecole d'Application du Service de Santé Colonial" which got started in 1905 and was in brief called "Ecole du Pharo". In this institution they specialized in tropical medicine and pharmacy.
This "Pharo Institute" in Marseilles was like a melting pot where officers of the Colonial Medical Corps, either physicians who had been trained in Bordeaux or Lyons, or pharmacists trained in Bordeaux or recruited only after their graduation, but also officers in charge of management duties, and nurses who were non commissioned officers could mix together while attending the course. There, they all got the feeling of being members of the same corps sharing the same objectives and the same methods of working and this was also a place where solid bonds of friendship could form.
When compared to the rather small number of personnel involved, the importance of their achievements has to definitely be emphasized.
ACADEMIES OF THE NAVY FOR SURGICAL TRAINING AND SURGEONS ON ACTIVE DUTY
Before the French revolution each medical corps of the Military had to train its own personnel. Military Medical academies were not connected in anyway to any university medical school so that their trainees did not become MD's. But after a few years of medical practice in the Military they could undergo the requested training course and take the requested exams to earn their MD thus becoming physicians in their own right. Medical officers of the army were trained in military hospitals in Lille, Metz, Strasbourg and Toulon.
As far as the Navy was concerned, the Navy Hospital in Rochefort was built in compliance with a 1673 decree Later in 1689, an ordinance provided for the creation of three naval surgery academies in three different naval bases which already had a hospital and an arsenal, namely Rochefort in 1722 at the behest of Cochon Dupuy, Toulon in 1725, and Brest in 1731.
Toufaire had a gigantic plan for Rochefort which took shape in 1788 with the building of a hospital which was the like of a university hospital before the term was invented. The design of this hospital had the shape of a capital H letter with wings where patients afflicted by the same disease could be accommodated together, and in so doing, the risk of contagion was avoided. To say the least this assumption was well ahead of its time, one hundred years before Pasteur's works.
Hospital of the Navy in Rochefort
(from the collections of the Navy Museum)
Rochefort Naval Medical Academy
These institutions were assigned the task of training active duty surgeons but there were also auxiliary surgeons with a fixed term contract.
MAIN MEDICAL SCHOOL FOR THE NAVY AND THE COLONIES
As a consequence of better standards of public education, regulations were changed regarding the practice of medicine and pharmacy. Both medical practitioners and pharmacists were required to be MDs or full-fledged pharmacists and the Military was therefore compelled to have its training institutions to towns where a university could be found.
The "Ecole de Santé Navale" in Bordeaux in 1961
(photo ESSA).
Mari transve mare hominibus semper prodesse
(At sea and beyond always on duty for the sake of Humans)
In 1890, the Navy set up the Navy Medical School in Bordeaux, dubbed 'la Boîte" (the place). It's the "Alma Mater" !
Badge of the Naval Medical School in 1950 (photo ESSA)
Once they had achieved their high school curriculum and graduated in biology, physics and chemistry at the college of science, they had to enter one of the subsidiary schools. Signed up as medical students at Paris, Bordeaux, or Marseilles College of Medicine and while attending their first year of medical curriculum, in one of the three Naval Medical Academies located in Rochefort, Brest, and Toulon, they trained for the competitive examination for their admission to the "Ecole de Santé Navale" (Naval Medical School). This competitive examination was taken according to the same curriculum as the first year medical curriculum. By the end of this first year they had to take their regular annual exam with an examining board belonging to their medical school and a few weeks after, they took the competitive examination for their admission.
Pharmacy students also were having their first year of training at the Naval Hospital and were taught advanced chemistry and physics, which were the most important subjects in their curriculum, in order to be ready for their competitive admission examination.
Around fifty medical students and five to ten pharmacy students were recruited each year. This admission was quite a tough competition and before 1940 it usually took two years for students to succeed as usually most of them failed the first time. Upon their recruitment they committed themselves to working for the military during at least a ten years period of time which was to start after their graduation. They donned the naval officer uniform.
Trainees had the same curriculum as other medical students but they were carefully monitored by the staff of the "Ecole de Santé Navale" and were compelled to attend all courses at medical school and also the training in hospitals. Every two weeks or so they had a mock examination to test their knowledge of what had already been taught.
According to their marks, they could be granted leaves as during their three or four first years there they were boarders.
The "Ecole de Santé Navale" 1905 class
At first Medical trainees had a four then later a five year long curriculum before their graduation. Future pharmacists had a three then later a four year long curriculum and while studying pharmacy, in the meantime they also had to attend advanced chemistry and botanical courses at the College of Science and take the relevant exams.
With their graduation they became fully-fledged MDs or pharmacists according to the provisions of French law and then, according to their rank in their class they selected their assignment to the Navy, to the Colonial Army and as of 1941 to the Air-force.
La vie interne de l'Ecole est l'objet de rites estudiantins particuliers de manifestations militaires destinés à créer les liens de camaraderie et d'amitié indispensables à un avenir plein de responsabilité.
Their training at the Naval Medical School was also a military one as this institution was run according to the same scheme as all other military academies and they had to abide by military rules of behaviour and discipline which was enforced by the military staff of the Academy. They were also drilled in boot-camps and had horse riding training in barracks which were close to the academy. While living all together during a four for five year period of time some of these chums became bound by strong and lasting ties of friendship. Friendship was also made easier with recreational activities which, according to each one's hobbies, could be their participation in sport teams which were often successful in the Navy's championships but also their attendance to reading clubs, or their participation in religious activities or in society life.
A senior medical officer of the Navy with the rank of general is at the head of the Naval School of Medicine which up to 1964 remained the main training institution for medical officers and pharmacists of the Navy, the Colonial Army, but also since 1942 for a few medical officers of the Air Force.
Today the ways of recruitment for the Naval Medical School and the Military Medical School have changed and are not anymore like they were in the past. Furthermore as of 1981 no more pharmacist is trained in Bordeaux as training of all future pharmacists of the military now takes place at the "Military Medical School" in Lyons.
From 1934 onwards, following the example which had been set several years previously by the Pharo Institute every Class has to select the name of an alumnus who is thus considered as its Patron. The naming ceremony takes place every year in spring time with the participation of the highest authorities of the ministry of defense, of the Alumni, and also with trainees relatives and friends. This ceremony carries a most symbolic value and is the opportunity to recall the life of a great. Elder and in so doing, it gives this class a sense of identity, together with a sense of pride and of cohesion. It is also the opportunity to rekindle the Alumni fervor.
The names of elders bestowed on successive classes are to be found here:
1934 : Baron Dominique LARREY
1935 : Alexandre LE DANTEC
1936 : Albert CALMETTE et Jean CHARCOT
1937 : Médecin en chef de la Marine Marcellin DUVAL
1938 : Médecin de la Marine Jules CREVAUX
1939 : François BROUSSAIS
1942 : TONKIN
1943 : ANNAM
1944 : Médecin sous lieutenant Emile PARDE
1945 : Médecin auxiliaire Fernand NAVELLO
1946 : Médecin de 2° classe de la Marine Marc POITEVIN
1947 : Médecin Capitaine des TDM Yves HERVE
1948 : Médecin de 1°classe de la Marine René LEBAS
1949 : Médecin capitaine des TDM Raoul BEON
1950 : Médecin lieutenant des TDM Henri SERIZIER et Médecin lieutenant des TDM Bernard GATEAU
1951 : Médecin capitaine des TDM Alain BERSIHAND et Médecin capitaine des TDM Paul LE GALL
1952 : Médecin de 1° classe de la Marine Louis CURCIER
1953 : Médecin général de 1re classe de la Marine Pierre OUDARD
1954 : Médecin de 1e classe de la Marine Jacques NICOLAS
1955 : Médecin lieutenant des TDM Henri GAUSSEN
1956 : Médecin de 1re classe de la Marine Paul TARELLO et Médecin de 1re classe de la Marine Marc BRUNET
1957 : Médecin capitaine Jacques LAPALLE
1958 : Médecin auxiliaire de la Marine Félix CHASTANG
1959 : Médecin général inspecteur des TDM Adolphe SICE
1960 : Pharmacien capitaine des TDM André BRANCOURT
1961 : Médecin commandant des TDM Jacques NOUAILLE DEGORCE
1962 : Inspecteur général du Service de santé de la marine Pierre KERAUDREN
1963 : Centenaire d'Albert CALMETTE
1964 : Médecin lieutenant des TDM Claude GUILLEMOT
1965 : Médecin principal de la marine Louis TRIBONDEAU
1966 : Médecin lieutenant des TDM Philippe ENAULT
1967 : Médecin lieutenant des TDM Roger CASIMIRIUS
1968 : Médecin principal de la marine Paul DUGUET
1969 : Médecin lieutenant des TDM René DURIS
1970 : Médecin de 2e classe Michel de LARRE de la DORIE et Médecin de 1re classe Guy GARCIA
1971 : Médecin général inspecteur Raymond DEBENEDETTI
1972 : Médecin colonel des TDM Eugène JAMOT
1973 : Médecin auxiliaire Louis HEBRARD
1974 : Capitaine François JUBIN
1975 : Médecin de 2e classe Lucien LOISGRAND
1976 : Médecin général inspecteur des TDM Gaston MURAZ
1977 : Médecin de 1re classe de la Marine Victor SEGALEN
1978 : Pharmacien colonel des TDM Gauthier PILLE
1979 : Médecin capitaine Pierre LE DRENN
1980 : Médecin en chef de la marine Charles BOURGAREL
1981 : Médecin général des TDM René LABUSQUIERE
1982 : Médecin en chef de la marine Jean Baptiste FONSAGRIVES
1983 : Médecin général inspecteur Pierre RICHET
1984 : Médecin général de la marine Jules FONTAN
1985 : Médecin général inspecteur des TDM Paul BOTREAU-ROUSSEL
1986 : Médecin major des TDM Gaston BOURRET
1987 : Médecin capitaine des TDM Louis COY
1988 : Promotion du Centenaire
1989 : Médecin des Armées Bertrand CREN
1990 : Médecin général des TDM Georges GIRARD et Médecin général des TDM Jean-Marie ROBIC
1991 : Médecins de DIEN BIEN PHU
1992 : Médecins de la GRANDE ARMEE
1993 : Médecin général de la marine Angelo HESNARD
1994 : Médecin capitaine Paul ROUVIERE
1995 : Pharmacien lieutenant Jean HERNETTE
1996 : Médecin général Paul Louis SIMOND
1997 : Médecin en Chef Henri LABORIT
1998 : Médecin général Laurent BERANGER-FERAUD
1999 : Médecin aspirant Pierre DUBOURG
2000 : Médecin général Henri COLLOMB
2001 : Médecin général inspecteur Jules EMILY
2002 : Médecin général inspecteur Marcel VAUCEL
2003 : Médecin général Georges CLERC
2004 : Médecin général inspecteur Alexandre LASNET
2005 : Médecin colonel Jean VIALARD GOUDOU
2006 : Médecin colonel Emile MARCHOUX
2007 : Médecins, Compagnons de la Libération
2008 : Santé navale
Selon les directives officielles, l'Ecole du service de santé des armées de Bordeaux, ainsi d'ailleurs que son homologue de Lyon, fermeront le 1er juillet 2011. Une nouvelle Ecole ouvrira à Bron, à cette date là, sous le nom d'Ecole de Santé des Armées -ESA- et se voudra l'héritière de ses deux grandes devancières. La promotion 2008 est donc la dernière admise à l'Ecole de Bordeaux, clôturant définitivement la liste des parrains et des baptêmes.
En juillet 2009, l'annonce officielle de la fermeture de l'Ecole est rendue publique, l'assemblée générale de l'Asnom envisage le devenir de l'Amicale et commence la mise en chantier de nouveaux statuts. Le 10 avril 2010, se déroule le baptême de la promotion 2008, dernière promotion à avoir intégré l'Ecole. Son parrain « Santé Navale », choix très symbolique, scelle à tout jamais les 120 années d'existence de l'Ecole. L'assemblée générale de cette date, qui se déroule à la faculté de médecine et de pharmacie de la place de la Victoire à Bordeaux, se veut responsable et digne, l'Asnom restant la seule structure devant assumer l'héritage mémorielle de cette période. Diverses dispositions sont prises pour que cet héritage soit pleinement restitué auprès des plus jeunes pour que soit conservé cet état d'esprit si particulier forgé au cours des années passées en commun dans cette Ecole.
Le 17 juin 2011 a lieu, à l'Ecole, la dernière cérémonie militaire. Emprunte d'une grande sobriété et d'une émotion particulière ressentie par tous, elle devait marquer la fin inéluctable d'une grande épopée humaine. L'Asnom doit s'adapter à cette situation nouvelle et prendre pleinement conscience de ses devoirs vis-à-vis de cette Ecole.
Selon les directives officielles, l'Ecole du Service de Santé des Armées de Bordeaux, ainsi que l'Ecole du Service de Santé des Armées de Lyon, ferme le 1° juillet 2011. Une nouvelle école s'ouvre à Bron à cette même date, elle porte le nom d'Ecole de Santé des Armées, ESA, et se veut l'héritière de ses deux grandes devancières.
THE COLONIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE MILITARY MEDICAL SCHOOL IN LYONS
In 1856 with Emperor Napoleon the third, the Army set up the Imperial Military Medical Academy in Strasbourg. Prior to this date applicants for a position of medical officer were trained in Army hospitals in Lille, Metz, Strasbourg and Toulon. With the 1870 defeat this Academy which was no more an imperial one, was moved for good to Lyons, in 1889. After completing their curriculum these medical officers were assigned to regiments of the metropolitan army or were assigned to posts in territories of the Maghreb, which were either colonies or protectorates (Algeria ,Tunisia and Morocco). A new section of this academy was added in 1941 for the Air-force.
Also in 1925 a colonial department was started, which was open only for medical trainees as the numbers of physicians on assignment overseas had to be boosted. This colonial department was closed in 1956. During its thirty one year long period of operation it supplied the training of one colonial physician out of four. These trainees dubbed "Santards" were students of Lyons Medical School in the same way as the "Navalais" were in Bordeaux and after their graduation they went to the "Ecole d'Application du Pharo" (theTraining School) in Marseilles.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL OF THE COLONIAL MEDICAL CORPS OR "PHARO SCHOOL"
In 1850 the Army had set up in Paris the "Ecole d'application du service de santé militaire" (Military Medical Traning School) which was connected to the Val de Grace Hospital. In 1856 the Navy Medical Corps received its "Ecole d'Application" (Training School) in Toulon connected to the Ste Anne Navy Hospital which became the training hospital of this institution.
In 1905 the Colonial Army Medical Corps which had been recently set up had its own Training School started in Marseilles. Its building located in the Pharo's Park on a promontary overlooking the harbour was inaugurated on July 27th 1905 by General Archinard who was Commander in chief of the Colonial Army. Renowned tropical medicine senior specialists of the time such as Clarac* who was at the head of this institution and Simond* who was its deputy director attended this ceremony. Most members of the faculty were at the head of departments of the Michel Levy Hospital which was the hospital of the Military in Marseilles.
General Medical Inspector A.Clarac
First Director of the Pharo Institute (1906-1912)
Tropical Medical Training Institute "Le Pharo" in Marseilles (1930)
The first graduation class of 1905 had 46 physicians and 4 pharmacists. Because of the first World War this institution had to discontinue its operations from 1914 up to 1921.
In 1928 the Director of the time named L'Herminier* designed three successive competitive examinations to make a selection of candidates for hospital positions : specialist assistant, colonial hospitals specialist and professor of the Pharo Institute.
This is how a faculty with high standards of teaching was set up. Several of its members became Fellows of the National Academy of Medicine and some others Fellows of the Academy of Surgery.
1954 Le Pharo training class
The Pharo was a mainstay of training for tropical medicine and a place where medical skills could be brushed up with some physicians broadening their knowledge before taking a competitive selection examination while some others updated their knowledge or undertook their specialization in some field. As the Pharo was considered as a think-tank in Medicine and Biology where new doctrines and methods were imagined, the institution building was deemed a perfect setting for conferences and even for some international conventions.
A documentation centre was started in 1936 with one of the best possible supply of tropical medicine and pharmacy books in the world : photocopies of medical information could be supplied to isolated physicians practicing in the colonies upon their request on any subject they were interested in.
A research Centre was started in 1953. Its range of activity included research in fields of Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry Sciences and also in Clinical Medicine in close connection with practitioners of Michel Levy Hospital and also with the network of fellow physicians all around the world.
Shortly after starting to release papers in medical publications this institution became an undisputed scientific authority. Its papers became good references as their authors could take advantage of the experience of French physicians scattered around the world.
In 1975 this institution, the denomination of which changed many times over the years, became the Armed Forces Tropical Medicine Institute (IMTSSA). To date it is still in operation and as of 1966 it was assigned the duty of training young graduates in tropical medicine and pharmacy who were about to go overseas for their national service with the French Peace Corps. With the merger of the different medical corpses of the Armed Forces the training duties and research activities of this Institute were changed and it was assigned more diversified duties.
In 1907 with the completion of the training course of the first class of the Pharo Institute, bestowing a name on this was deemed to be necessary in order to back up its cohesion before a long expected but also somewhat scared departure. This deed was carried on up to 1959 but somewhat irregularly with the naming of only 28 annual classes. Trainees used to select a name according to the circumstances of their time,or an Elder's name either famous for his deeds or more humble but who had lost his life gloriously or under dramatic circumstances. This deed initiated the tradition of bestowing a name on each class of the Medical Service.
Classes were named as follows :
1907 : La Marseillaise
1908 : L'Indochinoise
1909 : Koyama
1910 : L'Africaine
1911 : Médecin capitaine Gérald Mesny
1912 : Maroc
1928 : Albert Calmette
1929 : Médecin major de 2°classe René-Paul Guillet
1930 : Médecin général inspecteur Albert Clarac
1931 : Maréchal Joseph Joffre
1934 : Médecin général inspecteur Alfred Lecomte
1938 : Médecin général inspecteur Paul-Louis Simond
1940 : Médecin colonel Marie-Joseph Ferdinand Robert
1941 : Médecin colonel Eugène Jamot
1942 : Médecin aspirant Pierre-Gilbert Dubourg
1943 : Médecin colonel Alexandre Yersin
1944 : Pharmacien colonel Numa Cyrille Laffitte
1951 : Médecin général Paul Roques
1952 : Médecin lieutenant Maurice Loiseau
1953 : Médecin lieutenant-colonel Georges Coste
1954 : Médecin capitaine Roger Asquiasciati
1955 : Médecin général inspecteur Jean-Henri Raynal
1956 : Médecin capitaine Pierre-Robert Farges
1957 : Médecin commandant Jean Grima
1958 : Médecin lieutenant Roger-Lazare Casimirius
1959 : Médecin lieutenant Philippe-Robert Enault
This world famous school was officially shut down on 1st July 2013. The closing ceremony took place on 13th June in the presence of civilian, military and university, high local authorities as well as the entire Direction of the Army Medical Corps.
These ceremonies brought to an end the 108 years of existence of the Pharo School. During this period the institution formed 8000 doctors, pharmacists and administration officers, 2200 National Service volunteers and 2000 paramedicals. These personnel were at the origin of the creation and setting up in those countries where France bore responsibility for sanitary conditions, 41 general hospitals, 53 secondary hospitals and their doctors, 2000 dispensaries and 600 maternities as well as14 overseas Pasteur Institute research centres such as the Marchoux Institute in Bamako, the Muraz Centre in Bobo-Dioulasso, the ORANO in Dakar, numerous medical schools of which Pondichery 1863, Tananarive 1896, Hanoï 1902, Dakar 1918,were to become faculties, 19 nursing schools, numerous mobile services to fight widespread diseases, a service whose originality and efficiency cannot be denied.
Besides the sad and emotional aspect of witnessing the closing-down of an institution which carried out its mission perfectly, even beyond reasonable expectation, the most serious reproach one can make is that no replacement solution was envisaged to ensure a practical training course for young doctors and pharmacists given by teachers whose field work permitted them to transmit recent experience.
SPECIALIZING IN TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
In 1903 as soon as the Colonial Medical Corps got started emphasis was made on complementing the training which fresh graduates had received at Bordeaux and then Lyons medical schools with a six month long of further training course at "Le Pharo" in order to provide them with a professional specialized training which beside the teaching of a theoretical background included the acquisition of practical skills which they would need to fulfil the duties of the "Colonial Army Medical Corps".
As the two main requirements of this specialization were pragmatism and devotion to duty, this specialization training course was designed with three main purposes which were similar for all Pharo spheres of activity :
1 - The first objective was to get acquainted with tropical characteristics :
- Physicians had to become familiar with tropical diseases and with emergency surgical procedures.
- Pharmacists had to study tropical plants and toxicology, industrial food processing and safekeeping of medications in tropical countries.
- NCO nurses : beside of acquiring the knowledge of exotic medical conditions were trained in the specific nursing care for each of them and were taught legal rules which were enforced in the colonies.
Surgery training
This training was mostly a practical one as it was not about passing on the content of a textbook or some knowledge to trainees, but it strove to give them the means to provide for the medical needs of populations. Laying out the curriculum was no longer the businesses of those who held positions in the Ministry but was now done by those who were involved in the field of action. Starting in 1907, surgical procedures, microbiology and parasitology, public health issues were taught through lectures but also through intensive laboratory training. With the completion of their training these individuals were able to face unforeseen situations and also to devise new techniques such as the Jamot's doctrine for action which was designed for the fight against Sleeping Sickness.
2 - The 2nd objective was to keep in mind the need of a global approach of medical issues which had to be addressed in collective and pre-emptive ways. This made a sharp difference with medical trends in Europe where curative medical care for individuals was given priority. The Community Health Doctrine was designed at first at the Pharo Institute and WHO rediscovered and adopted it fifty years later. Emphasis was made on epidemiology, on the need of hygiene for individuals and communities, on having microbiology and parasitology techniques applied on the field of action, and also on making ratings of endemicity. It can be therefore considered that Le Pharo has been the first institution devoted to Public Health the world over.
3 - The 3rd objective was to acquire the ability of getting used to new bio-geographical settings, to obsolete technologies and also to the lagging socio-economical development of tropical countries : today all this would be known as underdevelopment with populations overcrowding some areas while some others remain scarcely populated, illiteracy, scarcity of public utilities for the supply of drinkable water or electricity , difficulties for fixing equipments which would be deemed obsolete in France and also difficult means of transportation.
This is the reason why until 1945 horse-riding training was part of their curriculum as in the wilderness it often constituted the only way to go from one place to another.
Better still up to 1937 pharmacists received weather-forecast and radiology equipment training.
During this long training course physicians or pharmacists, either Alumni of Bordeaux or Lyons Academies got the feeling of sticking together as Members of the Colonial Medical Corps. Their bonds of friendship were reinforced during this period and their identical way of devising and of behaving also. This community of thought grew even sounder over the years as their identical vocation combined with their common professional undertakings and also with the life they shared in the tropics were invaluable factors of cohesion and of real brotherhood.
With the completion of the Pharo Institute course these young officers had to take an examination and were ranked according to their marks. They selected their overseas assignment accordingly.
Then came the time of their departure which was the first of a career stretching over some 35 to 40 years. For each of them this first tour of overseas duty (most likely in the "bush") was a significant stage in their lifetime.
TRAINING OF MANAGEMENT OFFICERS
The Management Officers framework was set up in 1904 and was assigned the duty of "assisting physicians who were in charge of running healthcare services in colonies". Starting in 1906 these officers replaced accountants who had been so far managing hospitals and other medical facilities. They were also assigned military duties, as they were the commanding officers of nurse squads which were formed of non commissioned officers (NCO).
At first they were trained at the Military School for Management Officers in Vincennes together with colonial quartermaster trainees. Later, from 1947 onward their training was started in Lyons at the Military Medical School where a new department was now open for their training beside the one already in operation for the army medical trainees.
Each year a competitive examination for admission took place which, non commissioned officers with the rank of sergeant who had already been trained as accountants or as platoon leaders, could take. This examination took place at Le Pharo: each year five to ten candidates were admitted to Lyons and were promoted to the rank of officer cadet and had to train there for one year.
After the completion of this course in Lyons, they were promoted second lieutenant and attended Le Pharo where they got trained in hospital management, in overseas legal regulations, in employment laws, in colonial administration but in the meantime they had also to be interns in the Management offices of a military hospital.
At first there was only a small number of them, but with the opening of new medical, teaching, research, and sanitation facilities, their numbers had t grew accordingly : 38 in 1911, 67 in 1936, 82 in 1948.
In 1965 when the colonization time was over, this Corps was merged with its metropolitan counterpart.
TRAINING OF COLONIAL NURSES
The framework of this category of personnel who were non commissioned officers was designed according to the same pattern as that of all the other categories of military technicians. After enlisting, young recruits of the Colonial Army trained and had to take two proficiency examinations. After, they were promoted to the ranks of corporal and nurse sergeant. Their training took place in several hospitals of the Military in France but also in several capital cities overseas.
After a couple of years of practice they could train for their vocational training certificate which was entitled BT1 (Brevet Technique) and take the examination with two possible options "health care" and "book-keeping" .With the first option they became registered nurses once they had passed the exam and with the second they were awarded a certificate of proficiency in book-keeping. Later on, their pay was raised once they had passed a further examination entitled BT2 which confirmed that they had achieved higher standards of proficiency.
In their curriculum they had administration courses (legislation, accounting, medical record keeping and so on) which were as important as scientific and technical training (tropical diseases, health care, laboratory techniques) or public health teaching health ca.In the health care option there were several different possible training courses :laboratory technician , radiology technician, operating theatre technician.
All nurses were not compelled to attend Le Pharo. The only ones who had to do so, were those who had applied for getting qualified in the fields of administration or of hospital duties and also those who were interested in the Control of Major Endemic Diseases or in Pharmacy.
Their ranks went from sergeant up to chief warrant officer. Those who had selected the administrative branch could also make their way up, as after attending a one year training course at the Pharo Institute they were promoted to the position of Management Officer. Once they had returned to civilian life those who were already registered nurses with their BT1 certificate were granted the same prospects and prerogatives as other registered nurses and could work accordingly.
Work at the microscope
NUMBER OF PERSONNEL
In a seventy eight year long period of time, the colonial medical corps has included around six thousand personnel.
The Pharo Institute in Marseilles
In 1890, when the Colonial and Protectorate Medical Corps was created, 215 physicians and pharmacists (these representing 10 to 12% of the total) were expected to be recruited over a period of two years.
Few are the civilians who like Yersin* apply. On the other hand, many from the Navy apply. They are already familiar with the tropics and ask to be transferred to the new Corps.
The first classes of the Naval Medical School, which was also created in 1890, will have completed their studies only in 1895. So in order to reach the proposed number, the Colonial Troops "borrow" 65 extra physicians from the Navy.
In 1903 upon taking over the "Colonies and Protectorates Medical Corps", the "Colonial Medical Corps" included 350 physicians and pharmacists and in 1906 this number had raised to 460. In 1936 there were about one thousand of them and 1200 in 1957. In 1968 by the time of its consolidation with the Armed Forces Medical Corps there were 1400 officers in the Colonial Medical Corps.
With furloughs, specialization training courses, assignments to colonial army units posted in France or to the Ministry of Colonies, two thirds only of these personnel were on overseas duty, which made roughly for 800-900 physicians and pharmacists who were practicing "hors cadres" which means that they were practicing in these countries "out of the frame of the military". These growing numbers of personnel give evidence of the importance which successive governments gave to the role of the Colonial Medical Corps.
Spectacular recoveries, and successful vaccination campaigns, mostly against smallpox, constituted good propaganda. As he was subduing Morocco, Lyautey who had taken part with Gallieni in Tonkin and Madagascar campaigns could claim one day "With four additional medical officers on duty here, I should be able to give you back one battalion".


Adorable! The new or expecting mommy will love her new custom embroidered applique owl theme burp cloths. If you would like to add a personalized name for no additional charge, let us know under notes to seller on the purchase exactly how baby's name should be spelled.


Pre-Dinner Speaker: Elizabeth Baldwin, P.E.
Elizabeth Baldwin is the Development Division, Director at the Department of Licenses & Inspections. The Director will provide a brief overview of the updates for the Philadelphia Building Codes. This topic will be futher explored at our May 9th Session.
Dr. Taylor presents real-time data that presents strategies on improving the health of building occupants while reducing building energy consumption. We spend the majority of our time indoors, yet there is little information relating human physiology to indoor spaces. This presentation will reveal new data on occupant health and the indoor environment, and will turned preexisting views on indoor air management, design of inhabited spaces and surface cleaning upside down! Learn how indoor spaces can truly support human health and get ready to be totally amazed by the healing potential of the built environment.
During this time, she became increasingly concerned about patients who were harmed by new infection during their in-patient treatment. Determined to gain a better understanding of the impact of the built environment on patient well-being, she returned to school and obtained her Master's Degree I Architecture and Engineering from Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont. After working for several years in a healthcare design architecture firm, she founded Taylor Healthcare Consulting, Inc., in order to focus on designing, building and maintaining hospitals to better support patient healing. She quickly learned that many of the building and indoor air characteristics that affect people in hospitals also influenced the health of all people in buildings.
Dr. Taylor has designed hospitals globally, from the United States to Papua New Guinea to Vietnam. In addition to her Taylor Healthcare Consulting work, she is a member of the Harvard Medical School Incite Health Fellowship. This program brings together multidisciplinary teams from across the US, trains them in design thinking and entrepreneurship, and gives them the tools and resources to guide the future of medical care.
To communicate her work and understanding about the fascinating convergence of human health, microbiology and architecture, Dr. Taylor writes monthly columns and bi-annual feature articles for Engineered Systems Magazine and publishes in other healthcare journals. She is an active member of ASHRAE, ASHE and national and international medical associations. When not working elsewhere, Dr. Taylor lives in beautiful Stowe, Vermont with her husband and eight dogs. One of her favorite activities is skydiving, which she finds is great practice for staying outside of her comfort zone!
It's Student Night. A SMCA Student Scholarship Night!


text:
Salah & Family In Concert / Montreal International Steelpan Festival
Added by Salah Wilson
Time: May 23, 2009 at 7pm to May 24, 2009 at 7pm
Location: "Salah's Steelpan Academy"
Street: 3740 Av. De. Courtrai
City/Town: Montréal, Québec, Canada
Website or Map: http://www.steelpanplus.com
Phone: (514) 924-7307; (514) 758-4394; (514) 739-5608; (514) 696-7307
Event Type: celebration, of, 21, years, as, a, family, steelpan, group
Organized By: Salah Wilson
Latest Activity: Apr 27, 2009
Salah & Family invites you to come and celebrate their 21st Anniversary as a Steelpan Group. You will be entertained by the group "Salah & Family Steelpan Workshop" which includes Salah, his wife Adiylah, their six children and two grand children, with a repertoire of varied styles of music on the Steelpan that spans two decades. The event will take place at their private school "Salah's Steelpan Academy" and will be held for two days on May 23rd, and May 24th 2009, from 7pm on both days.
Some of the Groups Achievements include five days at the Montreal International Jazz Festival and numerous high level events across the province of Quebec. The group has participated in Panorama competitions in Trinidad, Boston, Montreal and Toronto. Combining with 'Salah's Steelpan Academy', they have won the Panorama competition four times in Montreal and four times in Toronto including the last two years of 2007, 2008 at both places. Accredited to them are three Compact Disks. They have also set up a steelpan store "Steelpan Plus" in Montreal with a franchise in Toronto run by Hameed Shaqq. They have their own recording company 'Salahpan' which is the same company that has published six steelpan text books to date, authored by Salah Wilson. Three of the books are available in French.
The family group introduced Steelpan programs to the public schools of Montreal since 1991 and are currently in seven English schools and one French school. They are also responsible for putting in place the 'Montreal International Steelpan Festival' which is an annual event that falls around the last weekend in June. This year is the ninth anniversary, it will be held on June 28th, 2009. It is also referred to as 'Montreal's Panorama'. Steelbands from Boston, Toronto, Trinidad and Montreal have been participants. There will also be a raffle of a High Quality Soprano Steelpan complete with Pan Case, Pan Stand, Pan Sticks and Steelpan Text Book, worth a value of $2,000.00. This will be drawn at the Montreal International Steelpan Festival on June 28th 2009. All are invited to participate including over the internet. Details will be on our website.
Visit our Website at < www.steelpanplus.com >
Send us an email < salah@steelpanplus.com >
Give us a call: (514) 696-7307; (514) 924-7307; (514) 758-4393
Salah Wilson
RSVP for Salah & Family In Concert / Montreal International Steelpan Festival to add comments!


By New Richmond News on Jul 11, 2018 at 12:00 p.m.
New Richmond residents got their first look at the newly remodeled Walmart Supercenter at 250 Richmond Way on Friday, July 6. Headlining the remodel is the launch of the online grocery pickup service.
Online grocery pickup enables customers to order groceries online and pick them up without even leaving their cars.
Store improvements include interactive displays, a mother's room, pharmacy consultation room, photo kiosk and the addition of self-checkouts.
"This remodel was about more than a fresh coat of paint," Manager Heather Rihn said. "It was about investing in ways for our customers to save time and money. Grocery shopping, especially for busy families with kids, used to take a couple of hours on the weekend. Now, it's a matter of a few clicks and one of our associates bringing the order out to their vehicle."


In my last post about the overall PvE meta, I stated what the current situation of PvE is. That statement isn't quite accurate, because it was focused not on the current situation, but the release situation.
Granted, the vast majority of the content in the game is generally the same as it was when Guild Wars 2 released, but calling it a "current situation" doesn't do justice to what has been added. The new content shows a completely different approach to designing challenges for the player base.
In this post, I'm going to illustrate how different content has been tailored to address many of the shortcomings of PvE at release. Each small piece shows how thing are getting better, one step at a time.


I am a basketball skill development company. I am looking to create brand awareness through sports apparel. T-shirts, hoodies, joggers, shorts. I need a design for my initial roll out.
I am looking for someone to loop through several websit...after the project is done, so this has to be done in python with bs4. The following website is the start of the sraping: [log ind for at se URL] I am wanting the date, team names, and corresponding data in the pinnacle and bookmaker columns.
ADD PRODUCT AMAZONE ADD AMAZONE AFFILIATE PRODUC...accessories (men women) Women's dresses Books Sports and leisures Camping and hiking Garden Home cooking Auto and Moto Games and toys Housing Apps & Games Lighting and Lighting Shoes and Bags Hygiene and health baggage Beauty and Perfume Jewelry Major appliances !!!!!!!!verry BUDGET SMAL !!!!!!!!!
This is a very interesting and unique project since we are trying to connect the idea of a Christian clown for t-shirts that will be used by ...wood cross with some image that would represent a clown, but I'm open to any suggestions. The word Tikva means hope in Hebrew. I attached a pair of clown shoes, but the end of one of the shoes is cut out.
Our company basically work for kids below 9 years....to electronic gadgets. We have designed a curriculum for school kids which will be implemented in their school syllabus. Our curriculum is based on five games football, basketball, cricket, rugby and Frisbee. This curriculum includes fun activities which will attract children to come out and play.
We need 2x people who can work our event tomorrow (17/4/19) as event staff @ Crowne Plaza Auckland. ...Will need to be available from 7:30am to 8:30pm. Full training will be provided. Uniform shirt will be provided (please advise your shirt size). Please wear black pants & shoes & bring a long-sleeve black shirt to wear underneath if you feel cold.
If you have a studio, i need photos with models, african American style f...if have tattoos are proffered. yes, other garments - Good with sports. shorts, jeans, chains, like hip hop. style 90s. locations: beach, Basketball Court, street, train station, graffiti walls, Niche basketball jerseys from American movies... you can do some search before.
We would like to create a...in perfect brand color scheme) but think he is a little too simple and not robust enough. We also love the 3D brainman but feel he is too boring (maybe needs little running shoes with laces on his feet etc). A merger of the 2 would be perfect. The powerpoint slides show some ideas for sports icons and Rinse/Swallow/ Repeat.
PL/ENG Cześć, zakładam stronę inter...firmę. Już w głowie mam pomysł co ma się znaleźć na moim logo. Prosta i szybka praca. ENG Hi, I'm setting up a website where I will offer cleaning, renovation and custom shoes. I need something that will represent my company. Already in my head I have an idea what to find on my logo. Simple and fast work.
Make a fashion word-press website for me. Where I can sell my design cloths and shoes. my budget is $350.
Hi Unzag Designs, I have another project for you: 1) This project will take place in...she faces to the right. 6) The girl should be wearing the attached striped shirt with jean shorts and white flip flop shoes. 7) The wolverine should be wearing the attached american flag t-shirt with tan shorts and tan flip flop shoes. Thank you for your help!


Well I have had this book over a decade, its the recipe book that came along with Nippo Electeric cooker. Amma has been using this cooker for a long time and most recipes in that book are tried and tested. It comes with beautiful pictures and very simple recipes. We must've tried most of them of course. But there was this recipe which is called Mexican Rice. It looks very colourful with green peppers and tomato slices all over it. Every time I open the book, this one keeps calling. Not sure if this feeling is common among foodies, but when I flip through a cookbook, I immediately have a feeling that certain recipes call out to me. Yeah I know it sounds funny, but thats the way it is.
I have indulged in them based on such calling and most have turned out to be delicious. Yet somehow this Mexican Rice is something I never turned too. Maybe I was scared that I might turn out with something thats not to our taste. As a cuisine, I am only familiar with the Mexican enchiladas. I used to make these during college. And everybody used to love it at home. Now don't ask me if it was the authentic recipe. What do you expect a south Indian to do. Make everything little spicy to suit our palate. Of course, I tried hard to keep it quite original. But who knew what was authentic on that. I had the recipe to vouch for its originality!
Well coming back to this Mexican Rice, as I said it has been calling me for quite sometime now. And when Divi said she is AWED and this time by Mexican. I thought, oh man, me too. Thats reason I didn't' even venture to think what I might want to try. But then as days slowly passed and I saw many were dishing out Mexican this and Mexican that, I realized I too can attempt at swirling it! So this is the result of my attempt. Got up with a courageous mind frame to tackle whatever is going to come up and proceeded without much thought. I didn't have the tools to dish out enchiladas, so it was going to be Mexican Rice for sure. So what if there are too many Mexican Rice already, mine will join them in the party!
When I saw the ingredient list, I was surprised. Does it take just these few things to churn out that delicious looking dish, I thought! Well, the lesser the more simpler to complete the cooking and with that thought, went ahead making it.
Wash and soak rice for 15 – 30 mins. Meanwhile, finely chop galic, onion as juliennes, Tomato & bell pepper as thin slice.
Heat oil in a non-stick pan. Saute garlic till they smell, then add onions. Fry till they are little brown but not fully.
Add chili powder and salt. Fry for two mins. Then drain and add the rice to the pan. Fry for 2 mins. Add the water and let it come to boil. Then simmer for 15 mins.
Meanwhile, heat another pan with 1/2 tsp oil, Saute the peppers till they are cooked but not brown. Just before switching off, add the tomato slices. And remove. Make sure the tomato are not mushy.
Once the rice is done, gently mix in the capsicum and tomato slices. This took just about 15 mins to get ready for you. So another quick rice variety on the way!
Ehmm…I was surprised at the lovely taste. This can be served on its own, but I served it with curds. It was a great combination. The rice was little spicy but it didn't taste as if it had just chilli and garlic in it.
lovely pics…where did you get such fresh spring onions in our neighbourhood?
looks so delicious! Lovely entry.
sounds easy valli.Never made other than Indian foods.This one i am going to try soon.
yup recipes call out to me too and sometimes i go through an ingredient list and i imagine how i'd make it and realize i could do this. with every dish, i get more courageous and try more complicated recipes. I love that yours is simple and looks delicious!
That's the nice thing about most Mexican food is that it suits our Indian palate.
We do make much Mexican food at our house as my dear husband is Mexican. Your Mexican rice is lovely. We do it without the bell pepper, you can use any variety of chili (green chillies, jalapenos, etc.). We often use chickpeas (garbanzos, channa) in the rice too.
And it is wonderful with sprigs of cilantro (coriander leaf) cooked into it and as garnish.
We will try it with curd, I never thought of that.
Looks awesome. Got to try this recipe.Thanks for ur comment on my blog too.
kamala, you should try this..its so simple yet so very tasty!
Sukanya, thank you…I was impressed with the colours too!
Aparna, yeah it is…and I just loved it so much!
beachbirdie, thats great to know… so you get to make so many mexican..wow!..
Archana, you are welcome…it was a pleasure being in your place!
Pachi Mirapakaya Karam Dosa ~ 101 Dosa Varieties!


I AM INTERESTED TO LEARN MY MASTERS DEGREE IN LEADERSHIP IN YOUR COUNTRY IF I WILL GET FREE SCHOLARSHIP. PLEASE HELP ME.
I AM INTERESTED TO LEARN MY MASTERS DEGREE IN LEADERSHIP IN YOUR COUNTRY IF I WILL GET FREE SCHOLARSHIP. PLEASE HELP ME. THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION.


Download the booklet with all 2014 Insights stories.
Over the last year Neos Chronos has expanded its reach, with assignments from existing and new clients. We are grateful for the trust and the recognition received for our work.
An advisory services business like ours lives from the recommendations of its clients. We work hard to deliver on our clients' objectives, not only because it is our professional commitment, but because it is our passion. We love making our customers successful.
Zig Ziglar, once said that "Repetition is the mother of learning, the father of action, which makes it the architect of accomplishment". To help all of us with revising (!) our in-house designers took everything we learned and created the 2014 Insights Series booklet. 26 beautifully designed pages. We are happy to share this complimentary booklet with you.
How iTunes could disrupt Mobile Device Management.
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A Primer to Business Information Security.
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The opportunity behind data as a core business.
Net neutrality: past, present and future.
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July will make it 9 years since I became a vegetarian...or is it 10 years? It's been so long that I don't even remember. I do, however, remember why I stopped eating meat. After many failed attempts of trying to go vegetarian (like the time I got hungry and ate a can of Chef Boyardi because I forgot that I stopped eating meat) I watched a now cancelled TV show and decided right then to never eat meat.
I originally gave up meat for moral reasons. The show was 30 Days with Morgan Spurlock where people were asked to step out of their comfort zones and live in someone else's shoes for 30 days. The particular episode that resonated with me had a deer hunter live with a PETA exec and learn about being a vegan and the meat industry. I won't tell you the details of the show, you can watch any documentary about the meat industry, but what I decided is that if we are what we eat, then we are eating sadness and misery. I don't want sadness and misery in my body.
In this age of dating, it is no longer taboo to admit that you're using some online dating site to find your potential partner (or next Saturday night meal). These days, the conversation starts with "so which online services are you using?" I know a few people who have been successful using Tinder, POF, Match and more! I've used all three myself at one point in my husband finding mission - I'm not married yet, but happily coupled up...thanks Tinder!
I came home and realized that I needed to go food shopping but have been running around like a mad woman these past couple of weeks and finding the time to go to the grocer's is like a luxury for me. Luckily, my cupboards already had some spices that I can work with and so I literally threw some ingredients together and came up with this creamy vegan alfredo pasta.
A couple of years ago, I discovered that I had an allergy to gluten, or sensitivity or intolerance...I really don't know which term to use. All I know is that whenever I ate products with gluten, I felt absolutely miserable.
I am so glad you stopped by to check out my new lifestyle blog. After years long hiatus from blogging to focus on Wonder Curl, I decided that it was time that I shared a part of myself with you guys. Here, you'll find musings on dating, crafts, vegetarianism, being gluten-free, my favorite things and whatever else I can think of.
If you landed here by mistake and you're wondering who is Scarlett Rocourt? Well, I am a Haitian born, Jersey Girl who loves the color pink, making things pretty and stopping to smell the roses. I started a product line called Wonder Curl for all textures of natural and curly hair. I love being crafty, cooking healthy vegetarian meals from scratch and rant about the evils of gluten.
I hope that you'll be checking back often to laugh, nod your head in unison, try some recipes and become a great friend of the blog.


text:
Q: Table where columns have different numbers of rows I'm trying to make a multi column table, where the first column has n-1 rows as the rest of the columns. A visual sketch of what I'm looking for is:
     Date      | Value 1 | Value 2 | Value 3
               |    X    |     X   |    X
  DD/MM/YYYY   -----------------------------
               |    X    |     X   |    X
  DD/MM/YYYY   -----------------------------
               |    X    |     X   |    X
  DD/MM/YYYY   -----------------------------
               |    X    |     X   |    X

Using the multicolumn package, I've come somewhat close
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{multirow}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cccc}
        \hline
        Date      & Value 1 & Value 2 & Value 3 \\
        \multirow{2}{*}{DD/MM/YYYY}
        &X&X&X\\
        \cline{2-4}
        &Y&Y&Y\\
        \multirow{2}{*}{DD/MM/YYYY}
        &Y&Y&Y\\
        \cline{2-4}
        &Y&Y&Y\\
        \multirow{2}{*}{DD/MM/YYYY}
        &Y&Y&Y\\
        \cline{2-4}
        &X&X&X\\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{document}

This is the closest I've been a able to come, but this approach produce an extra row for every use of the \multirow.  In effect all the values denoted as Y's in the latex example are redundant an only need to appear once.
I hope this is clear. Thanks in advance

A:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{multirow}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cccc}
        \hline
        Date      & Value 1 & Value 2 & Value 3 \\[4pt]
        \multirow{3}{*}{DD/MM/YYYY}    &X&X&X\\ [4pt]      \cline{2-4}
        &&&\\
        \multirow{3}{*}{DD/MM/YYYY}   &Y&Y&Y\\  [4pt]      \cline{2-4}
        &&&\\
        \multirow{3}{*}{DD/MM/YYYY}   &Y&Y&Y\\  [4pt]      \cline{2-4} &&&\\
        &X&X&X\\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{document}

A: By forcing to vertical overlap \multirow cells as you do in your question. So you may only add some vertical space in cells:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{makecell, multirow} % <---

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[ht]
\setcellgapes{5pt} % <---
\makegapedcells    % <---
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cccc}
        \hline
        Date      & Value 1 & Value 2 & Value 3 \\[4pt]
        \multirow{2}{*}[-2pt]{DD/MM/YYYY}   & X & X & X \\  \cline{2-4}
        \multirow{2}{*}[-2pt]{DD/MM/YYYY}   & Y & Y & Y \\  \cline{2-4}
        \multirow{2}{*}[-2pt]{DD/MM/YYYY}   & Z & Z & Z \\  \cline{2-4}
                                            & X & X & X \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{document}

A: With {NiceTabular} of nicematrix.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{nicematrix,tikz,booktabs}

\begin{document}

\begin{NiceTabular}{cccc}
\toprule
Date & Value 1 & Value 2 & Value 3 \\[1mm]
     & X       & X       & X \\
DD/MM/YYYY & \Cdots[line-style=solid] \\
     & Y       & Y       & Y \\
DD/MM/YYYY & \Cdots[line-style=solid] \\
     & Z       & Z       & Z \\
DD/MM/YYYY & \Cdots[line-style=solid] \\
     & X       & X       & X \\
\bottomrule
\end{NiceTabular}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Lisa E. Farrington
Founding Chair of John Jay's Art & Music Department, as well as an accomplished curator, author, and art historian
Lisa E. Farrington, Ph.D., is the founding Chair of John Jay's Art & Music Department, as well as an accomplished curator, author, and art historian. In 2010 she won the coveted Creative Capital Writers Award from the Andy Warhol Foundation. In 2007-2008 she was awarded the prestigious William and Camille Cosby Endowed Scholars chair at…
AuthorsBlack History Month & MLKEducationFeminismHistorian & BiographerRace RelationsWomen's Health & Issues
Lisa E. Farrington, Ph.D., is the founding Chair of John Jay's Art & Music Department, as well as an accomplished curator, author, and art historian. In 2010 she won the coveted Creative Capital Writers Award from the Andy Warhol Foundation.
In 2007-2008 she was awarded the prestigious William and Camille Cosby Endowed Scholars chair at Atlanta University's historic black women's college, Spelman. She has earned numerous academic degrees, including Ph.D. and Master of Philosophy degrees from the CUNY Graduate Center in New York, an MA in art history from American University, a BFA (magna cum laude) from Howard University, and an Honors Degree in painting and illustration from New York's School of Art & Design.
Farrington worked for many years at the Museum of Modern Art and, from 1994 to 2007, was senior art historian at Parsons School of Design (the fine arts division of The New School). She specializes in Western and Non-Western Art, Haitian Art and Vodou Culture, African-American Art, Women's Art, and Race and Gender studies. She has also taught the on-site museum art history course at Parsons Atelier in Paris, France. Dr. Farrington is a Mellon, Magnet, U.S. State Department, and Ford Foundation Fellow, and was a consultant for The College Board's Advanced Placement (AP) Art History program.
She has published ten books and a dozen scholarly essays in the past decade, including two monographs on artist Faith Ringgold, and a 2005 textbook for Oxford University Press entitled Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists, which recently won three major academic literary awards, including the American Library Association Award for Outstanding Contribution to Publishing, the American Association of Black Women Historians Annual Book Award, and the Richard Wright/Zora Neale Hurston Foundation nomination for non-fiction.
Currently she is writing a history of African American art from the 17th century to the present for Oxford University Press.
Relatively early in the Women's Art Movement of the 1970s, charges of racism were being aimed at the campaign by women artists of color. As a result, many African-American women spurned the Movement and chose instead to maintain ties with the Black Arts Movements, which embraced Afrocentric agendas. Unfortunately, choosing an alliance with the Black Arts Movement presented problems its own set of problems. It was endemically patriarchal in orientation, and its organizations were male-dominated. Women artists of color were caught in a quandary. Should they remain faithful to the Black Arts Movement, which they found meaningful, but which often subordinated women? Or should they ally themselves with the Feminist Art Movement, which they recognized as largely at odds with racial equity? The challenge of this dilemma for black women artists will be the basis of this talk.
The Artistic World before Racism: A Compelling Presentation of the African Diaspora Portrayed from Antiquity To The Present
A Crisis of Race and Sex: Black Feminist Art
Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists
Faith Ringgold (The David C. Driskell Series of African American Art, V. 3) (Vol III)
Art on Fire: The Politics of Race & Sex in the Paintings of Faith Ringgold


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