As already stated, the Twenty Points Memorandum came into being when five political parties representing the people of Sabah presented a united stand on the minimum safeguards considered by the Sabahan leaders as crucial, the acceptance of which would pave the way for the formation of the new Federation. This document is truly important because it embodies the needs and aspirations of the people of Sabah.
The views expressed in the Twenty Points were the basis of Sabah's acceptance to be part of the Federation of Malaysia. Most of the Twenty Points were incorporated upon deliberation, into the Inter-Governmental Committee Report and the Malaysia Agreement.
It should be stressed here that while much energies and time were expended in deliberations on the constitutional safeguards, the mechanism for their implementation and protection from change, amendment or deviation was conveniently disregarded. Hence, with a powerful and all-embracing Malayan Government, insufficient attention was paid by the Sabah negotiating team as to how the assurances, undertaking and promises could be implemented once Sabah became a component of the Federation of Malaysia. Little attention was also paid to the subject of recourse which Sabah might take against the Federal government in the event of breach of the constitutional safeguards and assurances. The safeguards were negotiated in the spirit of a gentlemen's agreement. It can be inferred that the absence of any provision in the 20 Points for a possible recourse which Sabah could take against the Federal government in the event of a breach of the constitutional safeguards and conditions was indicative more of the faith of Sabah's leaders in former Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman and the Federal government's assurances rather than the lack of foresight. To them a gentlemen's agreement was sufficient guarantee, although later events have proven Sabah's leaders wrong.
The Twenty Points are presented below together with a statement of their status in the context of the IGC, Malaysia Agreement and Federal Constitution. Comments pertaining to deviations in implementation, where appropriate, are outlined after the presentation of each point.
While there was no objection to Islam being the national religion of Malaysia there should be no State religion in North Borneo, and the provision relating to Islam in the present Constitution of Malaya should not apply in North Borneo.
In the IGC Report this point was taken up in the form of the provision that "Islam is the religion of the Federation" which essentially reaffirmed Article 3(1) of the Federal Constitution.
A contravention of this point occurred when the former Chief Minister of Sabah, Tun Mustapha enabled the passage of a constitutional amendment in the State Constitution thereby making Islam the State religion in 1973. It is well-known that Tun Mustapha actively discriminated against the promotion of other religions by expelling their missionaries. By this act, religious freedom which was intended by this point was abrogated in favour of Islam. His successor, Datuk Harris Salleh, also actively engaged in proselytization by using Islam as an instrument to grant favours to new converts. It was widely perceived by the general public that the actions of both Tun Mustapha and Datuk Harris were motivated by their need to strengthen their own political position vis-à-vis Kuala Lumpur.
Today, the status of Islam as the State religion has made it an instrument of political bigotry and provides a justification for religious polarisation and discrimination.
One may, of course, argue that the deviation that has occurred with respect to this particular point was caused by the State and not by the Federal authorities. This is too simplistic a view. As will be shown in Section V of the Memo, an examination of the Federal Government's dealings with the State during the reign of the previous Chief Ministers shows numerous subtle interferences in Sabah's political and administrative affairs by Kuala Lumpur, some of which are manifested in the form of administrative measures and decision making by Federal agencies. As a consequence, many constitutional amendments made at the State level which led to the dilution and surrender of several safeguards, were initiated and influenced by Federal Government. (e.g. Federalisation of Labuan).
(c) English should be the official language of North Borneo, for all purposes, State or Federal, without limitation of time.
(a) Many civil servants who were schooled in English are now employed as temporary or contract officers because of their inability to pass the Bahasa Malaysia examination.
(b) The change in the medium of instruction in schools affected the standard of teaching due to lack of qualified Bahasa Malaysia teachers.
(c) The teaching of other native languages has been relegated to the background.
Many Sabahans believe that the Constitutional Bill passed in 1973 to erode this safeguard was probably made on the advise and influence of syed Kechik, who was regarded as the KL's man in Sabah. (See Ross-Larson(1980)).
Whilst accepting that the present Constitution of the Federation of Malaya should form the basis of the Constitution of Malaysia, the Constitution of Malaysia should be a completely new document drafted and agreed in the light of free association of States and should not be a series of amendments to a Constitution drafted and agreed by different States in totally different circumstances. A new Constitution for North Borneo was, of course, essential.
(a) Due to time constraint. The drafting of a completely new Constitution would take a long time to complete.
(b) The Sabah negotiating team recognised the amount of time and energy required to draft a new Constitution.
From the foregoing, it is clear that during the negotiation, the State leaders had shown complete trust and confidence in the capabilities of the Malayan leadership in honouring the assurances and promises given them. As a result, minimum fuss was made of the necessity of casting those promises and assurances in enforceable terms to be duly incorporated into official documents, complete with legal and constitutional recourse in the event of breaches. Furthermore, the readiness with which the State leaders consented to the use of Federal Constitution of Malaya as a basis on which new amendments were to be incorporated also illustrates the trusting nature of the State leaders then. However, the speed with which the formation of the Federation of Malaysia was hurriedly implemented, at a time when the people of Sabah were still constitutionally backward, leaves many present-day better educated Sabahans to question the extent of participation of the Sabahan leaders in the entire negotiation process. For such an important undertaking which affects the future of the people of Sabah, certainly more time should been given.
An important agreement reached by the Inter-Governmental Committee was that in certain aspects, the requirement of Sabah and Sarawak could appropriately be met by undertaking or assurances to be given by the government of the Federation of Malaya rather than by constitutional provision. Still, this was a clear deviation from what was requested in the Twenty Points.
The Head of State in North Borneo should not be eligible for election as Head of the Federation.
Since only a Ruler is eligible to be elected as the Head of the Federation in the Malayan Constitution, there was no necessity to make specific provision for the exclusion of the Head of the State of Sabah from election as Head of the Federation.
This point was incorporated into the IGC Report and subsequently into the Federal Constitution.
Control over immigration into any part of Malaysia from outside should rest with the Federal government but entry into North Borneo should also require the approval of the State government. The Federal government should not be able to veto the entry of persons into North Borneo for State government purposes except on strictly security grounds. North Borneo should have unfettered control over the movement of persons, other than those in Federal government employ, from other parts of Malaysia into North Borneo.
While it was agreed in the IGC Report that the Immigration department should be a Federal department, the State should have absolute control of immigration to Sabah from within Malaysia.
There should be no right to secede from the Federation.
There was absolutely no reason or need for this point to be listed since it is not a safeguard for the State but for the Federal government. Nevertheless, the amazing readiness of the five political parties to include this as one of the Twenty Points reflected their firm belief that the 'marriage' would be a permanent one. Their decision to concede the right to secession was no doubt motivated by the promise of improved economic well-being that the new Federation would bring and the respect with which the Federal government would place on agreed safeguards and assurances.
Borneonisation (Sabahanisation) of the public services should proceed as quickly as possible.
An examination of existing records shows that the number of federalised departments or agencies in Sabah has increased 4 times since Independence. By 1985 there were 62 Federal departments and agencies in Sabah, of which more than 90 per cent is currently headed by Semenanjung officers. According to employment record, there are more than 21,000 Semenanjung officers working in government offices in Sabah. This is a clear deviation of the Twenty Points and IGC safeguards.
The usual justification used by the Federal Government to engage officers from Semenanjung to fill the federalised government positions is the lack of qualified Sabahans. However, it is found that even officers in the C and D categories are still being imported into the State from Kuala Lumpur. Furthermore, there has been no conscious plan to train prospective Sabahans to take over senior posts from these Semananjung officers.
At a time when some 800 graduates and thousands of school leavers in Sabah are unemployed, the existence of a large number of civil servants from Semenanjung serving in government departments gives many Sabahans the feeling that they have been deprived of employment opportunities which, in the context of the Twenty Points, are rightfully theirs.
Every effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the public services until their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from North Borneo.
This point was taken up and discussed extensively in the IGC Report.
(c) Subparagraph (III) should not contain any restriction tied to the citizenship of parents – a person born in North Borneo after Malaysia must be a Federal Citizen.
It is public knowledge that there is a significant number of Sabahans who were born before Malaysia Day is still having problems acquiring citizenship. Furthermore, many natives in the interior regions of the State are still holder of red I.C. because of the problems of verifying their birth.
It is also common knowledge that certain categories of refugees and illegal immigrants in Sabah have been issued with blue I.C. thus conferring upon them citizenship status and enabling them to vote in elections. This occurred particularly during the tenure of the previous State governments. A reliable source indicates that some 198,000 of these refugees have been issued with blue I.C.
According to a newspaper report, which was subsequently confirmed, police forces acting on public complaint raided Peting Bin Ali's house in Sandakan on 16 November, 1979 and discovered that he was in possession of facilities to issue blue ICs. It is believed that the operators were collaborating with certain registration personnel in Kuala Lumpur. Most surprisingly the culprit was not prosecuted for committing such a grave crime against all the citizens of the country.
The process by which these illegals are registered by the Federal agencies for subsequent issuance of blue ICs, without due reference to the State, is considered by Sabahans as usurpation of the State's immigration authority. This is a clear deviation from the safeguard on immigration and control of its franchise rights. Furthermore, the use of Labuan as an entry point to Sabah without immigration check, effectively removes immigration control from the State government.
North Borneo should have control of its own finance, development funds and tariffs.
This illustrates the true feeling of the Sabah leaders concerning Malaysia. They saw Sabah as equal partner in Malaysia. With its vast natural resources not yet fully tapped and the promise of rich oil discoveries, the Sabah leaders foresaw that the State would have adequate financial resources to cater for its socio-economic development. Today, all proceeds of revenue other than those listed in Part III of the Ten Schedule are accrued to the Federal government. These include personal income tax, corporate tax, export and import duties, petroleum royalty, etc. The State government derives its incomes primarily from timber exploitation, copper mining, and since 1974, from the 5.0% petroleum royalty accorded to it.
The substantial net outflow of funds from Sabah to Kuala Lumpur is perceived by Sabahans as siphoning off of Sabah's development funds which is tantamount to financial exploitation of the State.
The understanding of the leaders in joining Malaysia was to achieve an accelerated pace of economic development. However, it appears that the bulk of the Federal funds currently spent in Sabah are for operating expenditures rather than for development purposes.
The overall level of financial allocation to Sabah by the Federal government can be considered as minimal relative to its socio-economic development needs. These allocations are indeed meagre when compared with the amount of financial resources derived by the Federal government from the State as shown by the table above.
It is further felt that the State's share of its oil revenue (5%) is too small. The sequence of events which led Sabah to sign away its oil rights to the Federal government has continued to puzzle the minds of the Sabahans. Previous Chief Minister, Tun Mustapha and Tun Stephens had consistently refused to sign the Petroleum Sharing Agreement indicating their unwillingness to give up the State's oil rights. It is interesting to note, however, that in the ensuing political crisis following immediately after the June 6, 1976 plane crash resulting in the death of most of the key BERJAYA leaders, Datuk Harris Salleh dramatically reversed the position of the State government by signing away the State's oil rights.
To many Sabahans the signing away of Sabah's oil rights is equivalent to Constitutional amendment. Many believe that unless approved by the State Assembly with a two-third majority, the Chief Minister's signature alone does not constitute approval of the people of Sabah.
In principle, the indigenous races of North Borneo should enjoy special rights analogous to those enjoyed by Malay in Malaya, but the present Malaya formula in this regard is not necessarily applicable in North Borneo.
While in principle the special privileges of Sabahan natives are recognised legally, the implementation of the policy has been somewhat dubious. For instance, when job vacancies in Semenanjung are advertised in national newspapers to the effect that "preference shall be given to bumiputera", what it in effect implies is bumiputera of Malay origin and, inevitably the Malay in Semenanjung. This legacy was exported to Sabah during the reign of the government of Tun Mustapha and Datuk Harris. It is well-known that during those periods, the treatment accorded to indigenous people in the State depended on their religious faith. This gave rise to two categories of indigenous people – Muslim indigenous and non-Muslim indigenous. These actions always done in the name of 'integration' with the aim of presenting Kuala Lumpur the impression that the Muslim population in the State had grown rapidly. There were numerous cases during the reign of the previous governments where non-Muslim bumiputeras especially the Kadazans and Muruts, were bypassed for promotion or recruitment into the civil service unless they became Muslim.
(b) There should be a proper Ministerial system in North Borneo.
The incorporation of this point in the IGC Report and Federal Constitution was consistent with the original intentions of the Sabah leaders.
This should be seven years and during such period legislative power must be left with the state of North Borneo by the Constitution and not merely delegated to the State government by the Federal government.
This point was not addressed in the Malaysia Agreement nor dealt with in the Federal Constitution, even though the Cobbold Commission studied the point and recommended that the transitional period should be five years, or alternatively, minimum three years and maximum seven years. The 'Transitional Period' is actually discussed in Para 34 of the IGC Report and partly in Annex A to the Report.
It was clear that the purpose of introducing the transitional period was to provide the much needed time for the growth of political consciousness among the people of Sabah so that they would be able to understand their roles and responsibilities as political leaders. Both Malaya and Singapore had experienced a period of self-rule before Independence. Since neither Sabah nor Sarawak had any form of political relationship with Malaya and Singapore before the formation of Malaysia, a trial period would have significantly improved the Federal-State relationship right from the beginning. Had the transitional period been effected, it is generally believed that the erosion of constitutional safeguards may not have occurred so easily and rapidly.
The existing educational system of North Borneo should be maintained and for this reason it should be under State Control.
The existing educational system referred to primary and secondary schools and teachers training colleges, but not university and post-graduate education. The Sabah delegation wanted to teach English at all levels of schools in the State as the medium of instruction. Malay and other vernacular languages, such as Kadazan and Chinese, were also to be taught and used as the media of instruction in lower level primary schools in some primary schools in some voluntary agency schools. It was the intention that the education policy and its development will be subject to constant adaption and would move towards a national concept but it should not merely be an extension of existing Federal policy.
In the IGC Report education was a federal subject although specific conditions were spelt out for its administration. The IGC Report also specified important conditions pertaining to education development in general including the use of English and implementation of indigenous education.
In 1965, the Sabah Education Ordinance No.9 of 1961 was declared a federal law. During Tun Mustapha's reign, the State Constitution was amended to make way for the use of Malay as the sole official language by 1973. When the Peninsular introduced Malay as the medium of instruction in Primary One in 1970, Tun Mustapha's Administration adopted the same policy in Sabah.
Since the Education Act, 1961, was extended to Sabah only in 1976, the introduction of the national Educational Policy to Sabah in late 60s and early 70s with the tacit consent of the then State government under Tun Mustapha was carried out without the proper legal authorities. However, this has been rectified by the extension of the Education Act, 1961.
It is also important to note that the IGC Report made specific references to the responsibilities of the Federal government in developing educational infrastructure in Malaysia, "the requirement of the Borneo States should be given special consideration and the desirability of locating some of the institutions in the Borneo States should be borne in mind." By and large, the Federal government has done little for Sabah in the development of higher education facilities, aside from the setting up of a YS-ITM campus and a makeshift UKM branch campus. Even a donation by the State government of 364 hectares of land in 1980 to be developed into a permanent campus of the UKM together with a $5.0 million contribution from Yayasan Sabah failed to elicit the "special consideration" responsibility of the Federal government on the development of education infrastructure in Sabah as contained in the IGC Report.
Yet in Kedah, Universiti Utara Malaysia which was only established in 1984 enjoys the full financing and other support of the Federal government as compared to the Sabah branch of UKM which was established in 1974, or then years earlier.
Such a phenomenon does not only violate the "special consideration" clause supposedly accorded to Sabah but it also speaks of the inequity in the distribution of funds for educational purposes among components parts of the Federation of Malaysia.
No amendment, modification or withdrawal of any special safeguard granted to North Borneo should be made by the Central government without the positive concurrence of the government of the State of North Borneo. The power of amending the Constitution of the State of North Borneo should belong exclusively to the people in the State.
Most of the safeguards contained in the IGC Report were incorporated into the Malaysia Agreement and subsequently into the Federal Constitution, although a number of these have since been repealed. In addition to the provision in the Constitution, Article VIII of the Malaysia Agreement provides that the governments of the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak will take such legislative, executive or other action as may be required to implement the assurances, undertakings and recommendations contained in Chapter 3 of, and Annexes A and B to, the Report of the IGC signed on 27th February, 1963, in so far as they are not implemented by expressed provision of the Constitution of Malaysia.
An additional important agreement reached by the IGC was that certain aspects of the requirements of Sabah could appropriately be met by undertakings or assurances to be given by the government of the Federation of Malaya rather than by Constitutional provision. The Committee further agreed that these undertakings and assurances could be included in formal agreement or could be dealt with in exchanges of letters between the governments concerned.
In the minds of the people of Sabah (and Sarawak), the inclusion of the safeguards in the Constitution was reassuring in that they were as good as guaranteed by the British government. There is, however, an oversight by those responsible for drafting the Constitution to ensure that these safeguards are to be really effective. An amendment to the Federal Constitution must be passed by a two-third majority by the Parliament (which in today's composition of Parliament is a non-issue) and, where State rights are involved, it must have the consent of the State government concerned (i.e. the Executive). It does not have to be approved by the State Assembly (the representatives of the people of the State) by also a two-third majority. Under the present Constitutional arrangements, the safeguards are therefore as good only as the strength or personality of the State government of the day.
In essence, most of the safeguards can be abrogated by the mere 'consent' of the State government of the day, even for the sake of wanting to 'please' the Federal government. There is a general belief that this had been the case for previous governments in Sabah.
Para 30 of the IGC Report and Article 161E of the Federal Constitution provide the constitutional safeguards on some specific matters. While, Article 161E is not exhaustive, these are safeguards found in other constitutional provisions. Amendment to Article 3(3) (making the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong the Head of Islamic religion in Sabah) and repealed og Article 161A(1)(2)&(3) (relating to the special position of the Natives of Sabah) and Article 161D (relating to freedom of religion in the State) if made without the concurrence of the Yang Di-Pertuan Negeri contravenes Article 161E.
It should be pointed out that there are also cases where the Federal government failed to seek the concurrence of the State government in making amendments relating to matters under State control.
Similarly, when the Federal government put fishery matters as a supplement to the Concurrent List taken away from the State in 1976, concurrence was not sought from the State government. And when the Federal government repealed the Fishery Ordinance in 1978, again the State government was ignored. The Fisheries Department in Sabah is now in danger of being sued by the public because it is enforcing law upon which it has no power to it.
This should take account not only of the population of North Borneo but also of its size and potentialities and in any case should not be less than that of Singapore.
This point was taken up in the IGC Report and Malaysia Agreement. However, it is important to stress the fact that when considering representation in the Federal Parliament, the potentialities of Sabah should be taken into account and that the mention of the size of Singapore's representation was only the minimum requirement. There are now 20 members from Sabah in the lower house of the Parliament. This particular point therefore remains 'unbroken'. But since the signatories of the Malaysia Agreement consisted of the four governments of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah, there is a strong case for arguing that the matter should have been reviewed when Singapore pulled out from the Federation of Malaysia.
Indeed in view of Singapore's departure from the Federation this safeguards must be reviewed along with other assurances in order to give the Malaysia Agreement validity. This review should be made immediately if Malaysia, as a federation, is to continue to be valid.
The name of the Head of State is Yang DiPertuan Negeri, as opposed to Yang DiPertua Negara as contained in both the Twenty Points and IGC Report. The use of the word 'Negara' by the Sabah leaders seems to convey the point that in their minds, independence was to bring with it a certain level of political autonomy for Sabah. It may therefore be argued that Sabah upon joining the Federation was a 'negara' or a nation. This clause was amended in 1976 in the Federal Constitution. Hence, the fact that this provision is not followed is a clear deviation.
This point was taken up in both the IGC Report and Malaysia Agreement.
Point 20: Land, Forest, Local Government etc.
The provision in the Constitution of the Federation in respect of the power of the National Land Council should not apply in North Borneo. Likewise the National Council for Local Government should not apply in North Borneo.
While the State continue to exercise control over land, agriculture and forestry, the Federal government has established a National Land Council whose intention is yet to be determined. Should the National Land Council extend its jurisdiction over Sabah then it will contravene this particular provision.
In conclusion, it is shown that there are a number of critical areas in which the Federal government has deviated from the original spirit and meaning of the constitutional safeguards and assurances granted to Sabah at the formation of Malaysia. The basic conditions were contained in the memorandum called the "Twenty Points", the contents of which were subsequently incorporated into the IGC Report, the Malaysia Agreement and Federal Constitution. The principle areas in which there have been clear deviations with respect to implementation are those which relate to matters pertaining to Immigration, Religious freedom, Borneonisation, Citizenship, Education, Finance, and Tariff Arrangements and Constitutional safeguards.
Deviations in implementation with respect to these matters have been largely responsible for strained Federal-State relations, thereby presenting barriers for territorial integration. It must nevertheless be stressed that problems pertaining to Federal-State relations do not originate merely from deviations as described above. Equally important is the problem of political interference by Kuala Lumpur in State affairs.
As a result of the deviations and political interferences, an idea is now slowly taking root that there is going to be a 'take-over' of the Borneo Territories by Malaya and the submersion of the individualities of Sabah and Sarawak.
How to deal with Sarawak and Sabah?


text:
Amanita cinctipes é um fungo que pertence ao gênero de cogumelos Amanita na ordem Agaricales. Foi descrito cientificamente pela primeira vez em 1962 por Corner e Bas.

Ligações externas

cinctipes
Fungos descritos em 1962

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to update a field array of strings to array of objects in MongoDB? How to update document's array of string to array of object using MongoShell Command?
people
[
   {
      name: 'John',
      friends: ['Mary', 'Jane', 'Steve']
   },
   {
      name: 'Michael',
      friends: ['John']
   },
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]

to
people
[
   {
        name: 'John',
        friends: [{ name: 'Mary' }, {name: 'Jane'}, {name: 'Steve'}]
   },
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        name: 'Michael',
        friends: [{name: 'John'}]
   },
   ...
]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Volume & Issue: Volume 2, Issue 3 - Serial Number 4, September 2015, Pages 110-161
Editorial Epidemiology
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Hajj issue for Iran
Yoosef Aslani; Masoud Amiri; Hossein Ali Mehralian
Every year, millions of Muslims from all over the world, are going to participate in the pilgrimage Hajj, located in Mecca in Saudi Arabia. There are two types of Hajj: Great Hajj and Umrah Hajj. Great pilgrimage or Hajj is obligatory for each Muslim once in entire his/her life and will occur only once ... Read More Every year, millions of Muslims from all over the world, are going to participate in the pilgrimage Hajj, located in Mecca in Saudi Arabia. There are two types of Hajj: Great Hajj and Umrah Hajj. Great pilgrimage or Hajj is obligatory for each Muslim once in entire his/her life and will occur only once a year; i.e. in the 11th month of Arabic calendar. Due to the nature of Arabic calendar (11 days less than 365 days of Persian/Christian calendar), this month is variable each year and will be in different seasons over the years. Another type of Hajj is Umrah which is possible to be participating in the rest of the year (11 months) and it is not obligatory. The accumulation of many people from all parts of the world, in terms of health management, is of great importance. In fact, every person could be a carrier of various chronic or acute diseases. This huge population may lead to occurrence of several epidemics, especially respiratory infections. Iran, as one of the biggest Muslim countries in the Middle East will annually send many people to Mecca. In 2015, more than 65 Thousands of Iranian pilgrims Hajj went to the Mecca. All of these pilgrims may be at risk for different diseases and should be considered as the potential carriers of diseases when return to Iran.1 The outbreak in Saudi Arabia is very important, because every year more than at least two millions people go for Great Hajj as well as the rest of year who hundreds of thousands of Muslim countries will send their own people for the Umrah Hajj.2 Recently, MERS-CoV, a new and potentially fatally virus from the same family as the common cold and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus (SARS), is considered very important which is made by the virus named MERS-CoV.3 MERS is a respiratory condition which is caused by a virus but only has recently been seen in humans.4 Symptoms may include fever (more than 38 degrees), cough and shortness of breath, due to the effect of virus on the lower and upper respiratory tracts, leading to coughing, shortness of breath, fever and pneumonia.5 The virus is targeted in cells of the lungs and possibly the kidneys, which may explain the observed kidney failure cases; however, some infected people may report no symptom, which is epidemiologically very important.6 Cases of MERS, at first, were appeared in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia, and since that time, the virus has resulted in sickness of more than 500 people in 14 countries (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Greece, Malaysia, Iran, United kingdom and United states).7 Unfortunately, about 30 percent of infected people have been died.6 Geographically, most of the cases have been seen in the Middle East, particularly in Saudi Arabia.4,5,8 Scientists believe that the virus may have been circulating in Arabian camels for more than 20 years as well as bats as the initial culprit, possibly infecting camels and then humans.9 Some early victims had worked with camels, ate (well-uncooked) camel meat or drank unboiled camel milk, which has confirmed that the virus may pass from camels to humans.9 However, the exact way of its spreading is not completely known, perhaps through air or bodily fluids.9 It is a pity that many of patients were health care workers and family members who had close contact with an infected person.10 Some other scientists state that MERS may epidemiologically be linked to healthcare facilities, suggesting nosocomial transmission.9,10 For management of disease, patients are recommended to be isolated, either in a hospital or at home if the viral infection is not too severe.5 The management of disease is mainly for the symptoms; for example, patients with breathing difficulties would be supported with a machine to provide extra oxygen, or be given medication for fever. There is no vaccine yet; and in the best-case scenario, it would take at least three years to develop one.5 It is recommended that in order to prevent transmission of disease, the following tips would be considered by everyone: Washing hands regularly; using a tissue when sneezing or coughing; avoid touching the face during sneezing or coughing with unwashed hands; disinfecting surfaces which were in contact with infected people; being away from the patient or those who have recently returned from Mecca, especially avoiding to kiss or shaking hand with pilgrims and their relatives.2,4,7
The Effect of Dexamethasone on the incidence of laryngospasm in pediatric patients after Tonsillectomy
Molouk Jaafarpour; ali khani; Javaher khajavikhan
Background and Aims: Laryngospasm and vomiting occurring after tracheal extubation in children is potentially dangerous. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preoperative 0.5 mg/kg i.v. Dexamethasone on the incidence of postextubation laryngospasm, and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy. ... Read More Background and Aims: Laryngospasm and vomiting occurring after tracheal extubation in children is potentially dangerous. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preoperative 0.5 mg/kg i.v. Dexamethasone on the incidence of postextubation laryngospasm, and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy. Material and Methods : This study was performed at the Ilam Imam Khomeini hospital, IR, during the year 2009. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 66 pediatric patients 4-12 years (Dexamethasone group, n=33- placebo group , n=33) undergoing tonsillectomy received IV placebo (saline) or Dexamethasone , 0.5mg/kg IV after the induction of anesthesia before surgery. The incidence of postextubation laryngospasm and vomiting was recorded by the an investigator. All collected data were analyzed with using the statistical software (SPSS, Ver.16). Results : Mean age in Dexamethasone group 6.4±2.2, placebo group 6.1±2.8. Mean weight in Dexamethasone group 19.2±5.3, placebo group 20.3± 6.8 (p>0.05). Mean duration of anesthesia in Dexamethasone group 57.4 ±7.4 min, placebo group 55.6±4.6min. Mean duration of surgery in Dexamethasone group 40.7±6.7min , placebo group 42.3 ±8.4min (p>0.05). The incidence of postextubation laryngospasm in Dexamethasone group (6%) was lower than that in the placebo group (30%) (p
Original Article Neurology
Prevention of diagnostic errors in position of conus medullaris in adult patients
Ayoob Rostamzadeh; Masoud Amiri; Mohammad Taghi Joghataei; Mohammad Farzizadeh; Daryoush Fatehi
Background and aims: Finding the safe location of spinal cord for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during surgical procedures is very important due to its various nature for each patient as well as its potential peripheral nervous system hazards. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between the ... Read More Background and aims: Finding the safe location of spinal cord for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during surgical procedures is very important due to its various nature for each patient as well as its potential peripheral nervous system hazards. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between the location of conus medullaris (CM) and gender, age and body mass index (BMI) in order to minimize the potential diagnostic errors. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T1-weighted sagittal spin echo sequences of the lumbar spine was studied in 350 patients older than 20 years old, whom had been referred for imaging in order to assess the potential causes of low back pain of the lumbar spine, and were referred to Shahid Chamran MRI center in Sanandaj, located in the west of Iran, this study was done in 2014. The results were compared with international standards to reveal the potential errors. Results: In different age groups, the mean position was varied ranging from T12-L1 intervertebral disc to upper part of L1 middle third, not clinically significant. The inter canal position of the spinal cord was toward dorsal. No significant relationship was found between CM and gender, age as well as BMI. Similar relationship was found for the spinal cord position in spinal column. Conclusion: There is a safe region of 2-4 vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces during spinal block. It means that the variation of CM position and its end level could be a guidance to realize that why neurological symptoms may vary in different patients.
Seasonal Pattern in Occurrence and In-hospital fatality rate from Traffic Accidents in Isfahan, Iran
Mahdi Mohammadian; Reza Packzad; Hamid Salehiniya; Salman Khazaie; Shahrzad Nematollahi; Mahin 2 Ahmadi Pishkuhi2; Abdollah Mohammadian Hafshejani
Background and aims: Although accident is the secondary cause of mortality in Iran, information on the occurrence and mortality are not wholly understood. The study aimed to explore seasonal occurrence and mortality pattern of traffic accidents in Isfahan population, Iran.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional. ... Read More Background and aims: Although accident is the secondary cause of mortality in Iran, information on the occurrence and mortality are not wholly understood. The study aimed to explore seasonal occurrence and mortality pattern of traffic accidents in Isfahan population, Iran.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional. The data on traffic accidents of Isfahan Province was extracted from the Ministry of Health (MOH) database from 2006 to 2011. The data included the number of traffic accidents attributed to motor vehicles, motorcycles and pedestrians.Results: The hospital admission for traffic accidents was highest during the summer and lowest during the autumn. They increased 43.35%, 97.8% and 3.5% during the spring, summer and winter; respectively compared to the autumn. Odds Ratios for death from traffic accident were 1.87 (CI 95% 0.95-1.43)in spring, 1.5 (CI 95% 1.16-1.69) in summer and 1.42 (CI 95% 1.13-1.72) in autumn; for male was 1.37 (CI95% 1.13-1.52) and for age was 1.05 (CI95% 1.03-1.07) and in out of urban-rural 2.45 (CI95% 2.07- 2.83), rural 3.1 (CI95% 2.61-3.61) and for motor vehicles 1.5 (CI95% 1.31-1.75) but for pedestrians was 1.74 (CI95% 1.47-2.06).Conclusion: There is a seasonal variation in occurrence and mortality from traffic accidents. The highest occurrence of traffic accident was during summer, and the lowest rate in autumn. The highest and lowest in hospital mortality rate was observed in summer and winter, respectively. After adjusting the model, the risk of in-hospital mortality was significant for gender, age, season, type of accidents and accident place.
Original Article Health Promotion
The factors influencing on knowledge, attitudes, and practices in women with breast cancer referring to health centers of Ilam in 2013
Safa Seidpour; Eskandar Gholamy- Parizad; Abdolhossein Poornajaf; Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam; Ali Delpisheh
Background and aims: The mortality rate for breast cancer is directly related to the stage of disease at diagnosis. The present study was aimed to determine the factors influencing on knowledge, attitudes, and practices in women with breast cancer and its screening methods.Methods: In a cross- sectional ... Read More Background and aims: The mortality rate for breast cancer is directly related to the stage of disease at diagnosis. The present study was aimed to determine the factors influencing on knowledge, attitudes, and practices in women with breast cancer and its screening methods.Methods: In a cross- sectional study, we evaluated 383 women who referred to health centers of Ilam. Sampling was done in 2 stages. The inclusion criteria were included healthy women with minimum education level. Data were collected by a two-section questionnaire including demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes and practices of women with the breast cancer and its screening methods. Data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test in SPSS software. The level of significance was considered P<0.05.Results: The Mean ± SD knowledge score was 22.43±11.01. The Mean ± SD attitude and performance score were 29.08±3.34 and 3.52±1.66, respectively. There was a significant correlation between age, occupation and education with knowledge, attitude and practice of women with breast cancer and its screening methods (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship among the marital status, history of benign breast disease and family history with knowledge, attitudes and practices of breast cancer and screening methods, (P>0.05).Conclusion: Half of the participants had good knowledge about breast cancer and screening procedures, but, all the participants with good knowledge had not good practice. Therefore, further training is necessary to enhance awareness and more research should be conducted to identify barriers to women's performance.
Original Article Biotechnology
Optimization and Construction of Human Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Gene related to human health
Hamidreza Iranpoor; Venus Vatankhah; Masoud Lotfizadeh
Background and aims: Laron syndrome is a disease that treated by Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1). This protein is a single chain and has three disulfide bonds. People with Laron syndrome have low rates of cancer and diabetes, although they appear to be at increased risk of casual death due to their ... Read More Background and aims: Laron syndrome is a disease that treated by Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1). This protein is a single chain and has three disulfide bonds. People with Laron syndrome have low rates of cancer and diabetes, although they appear to be at increased risk of casual death due to their stature. IGF-1 is synthesized by many tissues and is secreted from liver as an endocrine hormone which is transmitted to other tissues. IGF-1 is responsible for cell differentiation, transformation, suppression of apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and differentiation. Expression system, the igf-1 gene, codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC contents are very critical for the large scale production of this protein. Current study was aimed to Optimization and Construction of human IGF-1 gene in E. coli DH5α. Methods: we used DNA2 and ProtParam softwares for designing the best form to produce IGF-1. First, the coding sequence was verified and then synthesized. For confirmation of the pUC18-IGF-1, sequencing test was carried out using M13 reverse primer. Finally it was inserted into the cloning site of pUC18. Results: After coding optimization, the CAI rate was increased from 84 % to 90% and GC content from 55.07 % to 56.62%. The presence of the band near 225bp resulted from enzymatic digestion with 2 restriction enzymes demonstrates the correct cloning of the recombinant vectors in the cloning site of pUC18 cloning vector. Conclusion: According to software and experimental analysis, the designed sequence probably in the best form could be used for production of recombinant protein.
Original Article HIV/AIDS
Inequality in the global prevalence of HIV based on the human development index
Amin Doosti-Irani; Zahra Cheraghi; Safoora Doosti-Irani
Background and aims: Burden of HIV and AIDS is considerably different among regions and countries around the world. The aim of this study was to assess the inequality in the prevalence of HIV, according to human development index worldwide. Methods: The desired outcome was prevalence of HIV, which was ... Read More Background and aims: Burden of HIV and AIDS is considerably different among regions and countries around the world. The aim of this study was to assess the inequality in the prevalence of HIV, according to human development index worldwide. Methods: The desired outcome was prevalence of HIV, which was estimated in 100 countries in 2012. The annual report of Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) was used for determining the prevalence of HIV in countries. In addition, we used the data of the human development index of the countries from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). We defined inequality of human development index in the prevalence of HIV by using the concentration index. Results: Concentration index for prevalence of HIV among 25-49 years adults was -0.217 (95% CI: -0.074, -0.361). This index indicated the inequality in the prevalence of HIV based on the human development index and concentrating on more HIV subjects in poor countries. In addition, concentration indexes in the prevalence of HIV among young males and females were 0.229 and -0.200, respectively. Conclusion: This study emphasized on the inequality in the prevalence of HIV and concentration of HIV in countries with lower human development index. Therefore, it is recommended that the international organizations should perform fundamental actions to help these countries, such as prevention, care and treatment programs.
Review article Infectious Disease
The Role of Interleukin (IL-22) in immune response to human diseases
Mehdi Agha Seyed Hosseini; Amir hossein Mansourabadi; Ali Shams; Nastaran Razavi; Mohammad Hassanzadeh
Background and aims: IL-22 is an alpha- helical cytokine. IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1subunits. IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells, and it is absent on immune cells. L-22 and IL-10 receptor chains play a role in cellular targeting and signal transduction ... Read More Background and aims: IL-22 is an alpha- helical cytokine. IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1subunits. IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells, and it is absent on immune cells. L-22 and IL-10 receptor chains play a role in cellular targeting and signal transduction to selectively initiate and regulate immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the Role of Interleukin (IL-22) in Immune Response in human diseases. Methods: This study was a mini-review research to investigate the role of T helper 22 (Th22) in immune response. Results: IL-22 contributes to immune disease through the stimulation of inflammatory responses, S100s and defensins. IL-22 also promotes hepatocyte survival in the liver and epithelial cells in the lung and gut similar to IL-10. In some contexts, the pro-inflammatory versus tissue-protective functions of IL-22 are regulated by the often co-expressed cytokine IL-17A. IL-22 confirms regulation of antimicrobial proteins. Targeting the IL-22–IL-22R pathway may yield new therapeutic potential for the treatment of certain human diseases. Conclusion: IL-22 is expressed constitutively by LTi-like cells within the small intestine, a tissue that is under the careful immune balance between inflammation and tolerance. Gaining a better understanding of the expression and role of IL-22 in health and disease is important for development of IL-22 as a potential drug target IL-22 is expressed constitutively by LTi-like cells within the small intestine, a tissue that is under the careful immune balance between inflammation and tolerance. Obtaining a better understanding of the expression and role of IL-22 in health and disease is important for development of IL-22 as a potential drug target.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
This is a list of the women's doubles tennis champions at the Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA championships, the Olympic Games, and the WTA Tier I/Premier (Premier Mandatory and Premier 5)/1000 tournaments since 1990.

Champions list

Titles leaders
 The leaders in these tournaments since 1990 are (10+ total titles):
 Important note: by setting 1990 as the cut-off point, this list excludes many notable champions in high level tournaments from the previous years. Totals including titles won before 1990 are in brackets.

Active players and records since 1990 are denoted in bold.

See also
 List of WTA Tour top-level tournament singles champions
 List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
 WTA Tier I tournaments
 List of Olympic medalists in tennis
 List of ATP Tour top-level tournament singles champions
 List of ATP Tour top-level tournament doubles champions

Notes

References

WTA Tour
top-level
WTA Tour


All products are handmade and each piece is individual and unique. We aim to post all standard orders within 10-15 working days of receipt of order, but there will be times when it may take longer - you will be advised of a potential despatch date via email, once your order is placed. Some popular items in stock will be dispatched sooner.
Large or commission orders may take longer and you will be contacted to discuss your requirements, at which time an estimated shipping date will be agreed.
All items will be sent "signed for" either by Royal Mail, Parcel Force or courier depending on the destination and the weight and size of the package.


The Sacramento, Calif., Maintenance Services Division (MSD) oversees more than 380 buildings, many of which are old and in need of repair. However, the MSD did not know exactly what needed repair until April 2000 when it hired an engineering firm to conduct a facilities assessment for the majority of the city's buildings.
In November 1999, the City Council approved funds for a facilities assessment. The MSD contracted with Houston-based 3D/International to inventory the condition of 331 city buildings.
During Phase I of the project, the company assessed 315 of the city's buildings — including City Hall, the Crocker Art Museum Mansion, park buildings, fire and police stations, and utility department buildings — totaling about 1.3 million square feet. Phase II of the assessments included 16 additional city buildings — such as the convention center, the Civic Center Theater, Memorial Auditorium and buildings along Sacramento's waterfront — totaling 800,000 square feet.
The company examined electrical, structural and mechanical components; interior construction; exterior building materials, windows and doors; roof structures; and a five foot area around the buildings. It identified deficiencies based on visual observations and discussions with building occupants, and it provided the city with recommendations and cost estimates for correcting each deficiency.
The company found problems ranging from worn carpet and damaged ceiling tiles to damaged plaster partition walls and poor safety lighting in stairways. Overall, the company found that Sacramento would have to spend more than $23 million to restore its buildings to their original condition.
According to Gene Moore, maintenance services manager for the MSD, the City Council has approved $7.9 million in deferred maintenance funds to correct some of those problems. So far, the MSD has replaced 26 deteriorating roofs, and it plans to replace seven more by summer 2003. It also has renovated 16 restrooms located in community parks and repaired or replaced sidewalks near the city's fire stations.


Best Bars around SSE Arena Belfast?
Best Bars around Windsor Park?
Best restaurants near SSE Arena Belfast?
What to expect from the SSE Arena Belfast crowd?
Things to check out around Windsor Park?
Best Insider tip at SSE Arena Belfast?


text:
Record hospitality sales
@ShrimpsOfficial
The start to the 2021/22 Sky Bet League One season has seen records broken on and off the pitch, and they haven't stopped there.
As we head into the second month of the season, hospitality on match days are becoming limited, and we are urging those who would like to purchase packages to do so now before they are sold out.
If you would like to discuss this more in detail, or purchase hospitality for the following games you can do so by calling 01524 411797 or by emailing hospitality@morecambefc.com.
AFC Wimbledon (Saturday 11 September 2021)
Accrington Stanley (Saturday 25 September 2021)
Lincoln City (Tuesday 28 September 2021)
Cambridge United (Saturday 9 October 2021)
Charlton Athletic (Tuesday 23 November 2021)
Wycombe Wanderers (Saturday 22 January 2022)
Gillingham (Saturday 12 February 2022)
Ipswich Town (Saturday 26 February 2022)
Cheltenham Town (Saturday 12 March 2022)
Oxford United (Saturday 26 March 2022)
Burton Albion (Saturday 2 April 2022)
Sky Bet League One


If you live in the Aldershot area, and are considering buying skylights or roof lanterns for your home or business, Camberley Glass and Windows are your local reliable company for all things glass or glazing.
Skylights and rooflights could be the solution to bring extra light into your home or business environment, to cut down on energy bills, provide a lighter, brighter space, and provide a modern contemporary look too.
Camberley Glass and Windows has been supplying glass and glazing products to Surrey, Hampshire and surrounding area for almost 50 years. We are a trusted company scoring very high ratings on Checkatrade, and are also on the Buckinghamshire and Surrey Trading Standards Approved list of traders. We believe strongly in customer care, and because of this much of our work comes from personal recommendation. However, we also have contracts with schools, councils and hospitals in the area.
Our double glazed skylights are cutting edge, contemporary, design made of lightweight aluminium with a PVCu core and appear frameless from the interior. They also are very thermally efficient with an outstanding U value. Our roof lanterns have a unique system design, and are made of extra strong, light, aluminium, with rafters 30% thinner than competitors products, providing more light and less frame obstruction. This produces an elegant roof profile and has a very good thermal performance.
If you would like to visit our showrooms at Camberley we would be pleased to show you the products on offer. Our team is fully qualified and FENSA registered so that you can be confident that you will be getting professional advice. We do not employ commission sale staff so there is no pressure selling, silly offers or gimmicks.


Translation for 'bamboleo' in the free Portuguese-English dictionary and many other English translations.
"Bamboléo" is a Spanish language song by Gitano-French band Gipsy Kings, from their eponymous album. The song was written by band members.
Spanish > English. Este amor llega asi esta manera. No tiene la culpa. Caballo le ven sabana. Porque muy depreciado, Por eso no te perdon de llorar.
English Translation of "bamboleo" | The official Collins Spanish-English Dictionary online. Over English translations of Spanish words and phrases.
Translation of 'Bamboleo' by Gipsy Kings from Spanish to English.


The Torah is simple, yet complex. It is considered one commandment. How, and what does this mean?
The Father's commandment leads to eternal life. What is that commandment?
2 so that you and your son and your grandson might fear the LORD your G-d, to keep all His statutes and His commandments which I command you, all the days of your life, and that your days may be prolonged.
3 "O Israel, you should listen and be careful to do it, that it may be well with you and that you may multiply greatly, just as the LORD, the G-d of your fathers, has promised you, in a land flowing with milk and honey.
4 "Hear, O Israel! The LORD is our G-d, the LORD is one!
5 "You shall love the LORD your G-d with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.
"It will be righteousness for us if we are careful to observe all this commandment before the LORD our G-d, just as He commanded us.
It is righteousness for us if we observe "the commandment" of Deut 6:1-25!
The Torah then, which hangs from "love HaShem your G-d," is one commandment!
How then is this "commandment," which is also the entire Torah, "the commandment" that leads to eternal life?
so that you, your children and their children after them may fear the LORD your G-d as long as you live by keeping all his decrees and commands that I give you, and so that you may enjoy long life.
For I command you today to love the LORD your G-d, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commands, decrees and laws; then you will live and increase, and the LORD your G-d will bless you in the land you are entering to possess.
In context, what is set before them is "His commands and decrees that are written in this Book of the Law" (Deut 30:10), and this is what is set before them. Life and prosperity if you obey the commandment, death and destruction if you rebel against it (Deut 30:15). Furthermore by keeping the Book of the Law, you enable your children to also find eternal live. It is life to you and to your children – who are the disciples you make!
The Torah, is our life.
and that you may love the LORD your G-d, listen to his voice, and hold fast to him. For the LORD is your life, and he will give you many years in the land he swore to give to your fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
"I have set before you life and death" – that is to set the Torah before you: that you may love the LORD your G-d! That you may listen to his voice! That you may hold fast to him! For as the previous verses state, the Torah is our life if we do them, therefore when it is also written "the LORD is your life," it is saying that the Messiah, the Word, is HaShem! and it is He who will give you eternal life if you keep Him.
Know therefore that the LORD your G-d is G-d; he is the faithful G-d, keeping his covenant of love to a thousand generations of those who love him and keep his commands.
Where are these commandments found?
Love the LORD your G-d with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength.
Because All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments, there is not a single commandment that does not follow loving the LORD, and loving your neighbor as yourself.
As already pointed out, the whole Torah is summed up in the commandment for eternal life.
if you break one commandment, you break them all.
Let's take the first commandment: to not have any god before HaShem.
By breaking this commandment, one breaks the commandment that leads to eternal life by following a different path which can only lead to the opposite of eternal life, which is death.
One fails to love G-d by rejecting his covenant of love, and the specific commandment to not have a god before HaShem, by placing another god before HaShem.
One fails to love their neighbor, since by showing them a different way from the commandment that leads to eternal life (by placing a god before HaShem), they are being led to death, which is the opposite of life.
One breaks the commandment to not worship idols because idols are nothing and they only have the power we give them, so one is "making them" in their own desired image (and makes them something they are not), as we place a god before HaShem (who is I AM).
One breaks the commandment to not blaspheme G-d since placing another god before HaShem is rebellion against the Creator who made you and by whom you carry the name upon you.
One breaks the commandment to keep the Sabbath holy, because to holy the Sabbath is to acknowledge HaShem who gave it, and by placing another god before HaShem, they break the Sabbath whereby it is commanded as an appointed time of HaShem and not any other god. Also you have something "against your brother" who in this case is HaShem, and thus can't enter the Shabbat.
One breaks the commandment to honor your father and mother, because you honor your mother and father by keeping the commandments of G-d. Also since it is written in Deut 32:6, that HaShem is your father, you dishonor him by placing another god before Him, and Prov 1:8 relates that the Torah is your mother, which by breaking the commandment to not place another god before HaShem you have now dishonored the Torah.
One commits murder because by breaking the commandment to not have any god before HaShem, one is guilty of murdering the Messiah who paid for such sin by his innocent death. In addition, one who leads their neighbor astray by placing a god before HaShem is an accomplice to murder of both the neighbor who will not receive eternal life, and of the Messiah who died for both you and them.
One commits adultery since placing a god before HaShem is to commit adultery against your husband, the Promised Seed after whom Gen 3:15 says we would desire. One also fails to love their neighbor since to love your husband is to love your self, of whom you are one flesh; thus you can not love your neighbor as your self since you are not loving your self, which includes your Husband.
One steals from the Torah by taking away from it the commandment to not have any gods before HaShem, by placing another god before HaShem. One also steals this from one's neighbor, the witness of the Torah, and conversely also adds to the Torah by justifying their action by saying "it's ok to have another god before HaShem." Also one is robbing themselves of the blessings of keeping this commandment.
One gives false testimony to their neighbor by diminishing the Torah, and by implication preaches a false Messiah as a result of placing a god before HaShem.
Since covet and lust are interchangeable, by placing a god before HaShem one is lusting after the god, which is claimed by this world as one of its own.
As you can tell, this is only a short survey of just the 10 commandments, plus 2, plus 1 commandment, that are broken, when one breaks just one of those. Now this works with any commandment in the Torah since the rest of the Torah hangs from the greatest commandment.
We can take another commandment: do not eat pig.
4 There are some that only chew the cud or only have a split hoof, but you must not eat them.
7 And the pig, though it has a split hoof completely divided, does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you.
Instead of just admitting that "I don't love Him," therefore I am not showing love to my neighbor. I have rejected the greatest and the second commandment like it.
I've gone through and said G-d isn't. HaShem is not my G-d. I am my own G-d, because I am going to define what I am going to do.
I have taken his name in vain, because I am saying I am still of him, but I'm going to do my own thing; and I am erecting my idols before Him.
I have profaned the Shabbat, because as I am eating this, and doing so deliberately, I have something against my brother, my brother being literally Messiah in this case, as well as my neighbor who keeps kosher, so how can I honestly enter into Shabbat and "bring my sacrifice" before Him, my sacrifices of my acts of obedience? I can't.
I have profaned my parents, because I am claiming to be of the Messiah, and have diminished them, whether they are believers or not, and not honoring them because the best way I can honor and lift them up is by keeping the Torah. But we also see quickly from scripture that our Father is HaShem, and our mother is the Torah, so I have also not honored my parents there.
I have stolen because I have robbed from the Torah, and robbed myself of the blessing. I have stolen from my neighbor from being able to see the blessing of what it is to walk in obedience.
I have murdered because I have said "Yeshua, take your death on the cross with you. I don't need it. I am my own god," and now I am guilty of murdering the Messiah. I have shown hate to the Messiah, and hate leads to murder, and I have rejected that.
I have committed adultery because I have now gone and served other gods.
I just broke all 10 commandments, and all I said was that I'm going to eat pork. You break one you break them all. You can do this with EVERY command in the Torah. Why? Because they are not independent. They are all interconnected. They are all intertwined.
if you don't keep one, you can't keep any.
Because the greatest commandment is to love the LORD your G-d. If you can't keep the greatest, then you can't keep the second, and if you can't keep the greatest, and the second, then you can't keep the rest of the Torah that hangs from them!
Because if you don't love HaShem, then the rest of the Torah that "hangs" from that comes falling down on you to condemn you. But if you love HaShem, then the Torah that "hangs" from it is lifted off of you since by loving HaShem you are now able to keep and observe the Torah!
Observance of the Torah out of love for HaShem is keeping the Messiah which is obedience unto life. Observance of the Torah for any other reason, is legalism and death.
Why? Because "love the LORD your G-d," is the foundation to it all, and is the "commandment" of eternal life, and it is "these words" if we keep Him, that enables us to receive eternal life, and to imitate Him.
« What is the Torah?


Tony Corman's Morechestra performs Jan. 29 at Bach Dancing & Dynamite Society in Half Moon Bay.
Among musicians, many of whom like nothing better than swapping stories about their heroes, the Duke Ellington Orchestra was almost as famous for its feuds as its extraordinary music. In some cases, players in the same section didn't speak to each other for years, though the cold front never seemed to interfere with the warmth of Ellington's magisterial sound.
These days, there's no room for grudges in jazz big bands, which are by necessity a labor of love. The persistence of these horn-laden aggregations and various improvisation-steeped large ensembles speaks to the enduring pleasures provided by the sumptuous and sometimes uproarious sonorities they can create, and the opportunity to hang with peers (and trade stories about other players).
"Horn players love playing in big bands," says Tony Corman, who was a journeyman saxophonist before reinventing himself as a guitarist. Over the next week or so, many of the most creative large jazz ensembles from the Bay Area and beyond are performing on local stages, including Corman's 17-piece Morechestra, which performs his bespoke compositions and arrangements Sunday afternoon at the Douglas Beach House with special guest vocalist Nicolas Bearde.
Big bands may hit a sweet spot in the ears of baby boomers, but the appeal transcends generational niches. One of the most exciting recent developments on the Bay Area jazz scene is the emergence of the 17-piece Electric Squeezebox Orchestra, a band led by trumpeter Erik Jekabson (Berkeley High class of '91). Drawn by the opportunity to work on a steady flow of new charts by some of the region's best arrangers, a majority of the stellar Squeezebox players were born in the 1970s and 80s.
The group performs at the SFJazz Center Thursday Jan. 26 on a double bill with drummer Tommy Igoe's Groove Conspiracy. Like Corman's Morechestra, Jekabson's Squeezebox often recruits vocalists as special guests, and when the band returns to its regular Sunday gig at Doc's Lab in North Beach, it'll be joined by a succession of arresting artists, including poet/percussionist Avotcja (Feb. 12), vocalist Madeline Eastman (Feb. 26) and vocalist Kellye Gray (March 5).
But swinging (or in Igoe's case, grooving) isn't the only large ensemble tradition in jazz. SFJazz also presents Rova Saxophone Quartet on Sunday Jan. 29 exploring two distinct improvisational modes that depend less on arrangements and traditional instrumental sections than spontaneous decision making, group improvisation and cueing.
The program features "No Favorites," a work that proceeds via real-time conducted improvisation, or conduction, developed by the late Butch Morris (a piece documented on Rova's recent New World Records album of the same name). Saxophonists Larry Ochs, Steve Adams, Jon Raskin and Bruce Ackley will be joined by seven other musicians, including guitarist John Schott and violinist Tara Flandreau, with Gino Robair standing in for Morris as conductor.
Featuring a 12-piece ensemble inspired by the doubled instrumentation deployed by Coltrane, but with different instruments, Rova's group includes electric guitarists Ava Mendoza and Trey Spruance, trumpeters Darren Johnston and Tom Djll and Zeena Parkins on electric harp.
Jazz thrives with many overlapping styles, practices and traditions in concurrent currency. Despite the lack of funds to serve as fertilizer, a thousand flowers continue to bloom. Concord drummer/pianist Kelly Park leads a high energy 16-piece big band inspired by the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra that plays monthly at the Sound Room in Oakland; the next shows are Jan. 29 and Feb. 26.
Trumpeter John Daversa brings his Grammy Award-nominated big band to Yoshi's on Jan. 30 featuring a top-shelf cast of Bay Area and Los Angeles musicians focusing on his recent album "Kaleidoscope Eyes: Music of the Beatles." And the most celebrated large ensemble in jazz today, the remarkable Maria Schneider Orchestra, performs at Zellerbach for Cal Performances on Feb. 19.
Contact Andrew Gilbert at jazzscribe@aol.com.
Electric Squeezebox Orchestra and Tommy Igoe's Groove Conspiracy: 7:30 p.m. Jan. 26 at SFJazz, San Francisco; $35; www.sfjazz.org. Electric Squeezebox Orchestra also plays 6:30 p.m. Sundays beginning Feb. 12 at Doc's Lab, San Francisco; $10-$15; http://www.docslabsf.com.
Rova Saxophone Quartet: Performing John Coltrane's "Ascension" and other works, 7:30 p.m. Jan. 29 at SFJazz, San Francisco; $35; www.sfjazz.org.
Kelly Park Big Band: 5 p.m. Jan. 29 and Feb. 26; Sound Room, Oakland; $15; www.soundroom.org, www.brownpapertickets.com.
John Daversa Big Band: 8 p.m. Jan. 30 at Yoshi's, Oakland; $24-$49; 510-238-9200, www.yoshis.com.
Maria Schneider Orchestra: Performing "The Thompson Fields," 7 p.m. Feb. 19 at Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley; $36-$86; 510-642-9988, calperformances.org.


text:
Is this the era of specialization for advisers?
By Dan Weil
April 26, 2017, 12:24 p.m. EDT
Is this the era of specialization for financial advisers?
Some 56.4% of advisers specialize in certain client niches, such as retirees or pre-retirees or small-business owners, according to a survey from CEG Worldwide.
Advisers say that this percentage will only grow over time.
"It's absolutely inevitable that the industry heads in this direction," says Chad Hamilton, vice president of practice management at Mariner Wealth Advisors in Denver.
His firm focuses on small-business owners, corporate executives and pre-retirees.
"Advisers will work like other industries, such as medicine," Hamilton says. "If you're looking for a type of procedure, you go to that kind of doctor."
If someone is selling a business or needs counseling about an executive compensation issue, for example, he or she will want an adviser who specializes in this area.
"Think of it as a Google search for that particular expertise," Hamilton says.
So what customer niches are likely to receive the most focus?
Retirees and pre-retirees, according to CEG Worldwide.
"The first thought for advisers is to go where the money is, and that's wealthy people," says Tom Fredrickson, a planner in Brooklyn, New York, who is part of the Garrett Planning Network and specializes in serving pre-retirees and young families. "That's the segment everyone wants, and a lot of people are serving it."
INTERESTING TWIST
Fredrickson and others say that the aging of the baby boomer generation is causing an increase in the number of advisers who concentrate on retirees, pre-retirees and boomers. These people need planning help on Social Security, 401(k) and other retirement accounts.
There is an interesting twist to this work.
"Traditionally financial advisers focus on accumulating assets, rather than spending them down," Fredrickson says. "But in this case people will need expertise on issues like which account to draw from."
One distinctive problem for boomers is that their parents sometimes need considerable financial help, as they didn't expect to live so long and are outlasting their money, says Karim Ahamed, senior investment adviser at HPM Partners in Chicago.
The boomers need counseling about how to assist their parents. That can involve providing cash or arranging for a reverse mortgage.
Focusing on retirees is a natural for Pittsburgh's Legend Financial Advisors, says President Lou Stanasolovich.
"We probably have 85% of our clients over 50," he says.
OCCUPATIONAL FOCUS
The elderly need plenty of medical care, so that led Legend Financial Advisors to specialize in physicians as well.
"We continue to pursue doctors, because we think they will continue to be a growth industry as baby boomers age," Stanasolovich says.
But doctors may not represent a strong focus for many advisers, given the growing financial constraints of the health care system that are weighing on their income, Ahamed says.
"The last few years haven't been kind to physicians. There are now more restrictions on them," Ahamed says.
"In some cases, they're now employees rather than solo practitioners," he says. "The younger cohort hasn't seen the wealth opportunities of previous generations."
The same is true for other professionals, such as lawyers, architects and accountants, Ahamed says.
"Attorneys typically have high expenses, especially if they have student loans," he says. "A lot of them are spending much of what they earn."
Hamilton sees more categories arising for specialization.
"A colleague of mine works with pilots. That's a small niche, but he knows all the issues related to their pay," Hamilton says.
"These sorts of themes will play out more," he says.
Hamilton also thinks the business owner category can grow.
"These people not only need personal financial planning but also help with the business itself, and that's their single biggest asset," he says. "Those advisers that can address this in detail — helping to grow a business, insure it and prepare it for sale — will get these customers."
One category not included on the 2015 CEG Worldwide list — the most recent data available — was millennials or those born between the early 1980s and the early 2000s.
Advisers say that this will become an attractive niche. Members of this generation may not have a lot of assets yet, but plenty of millennials could use the services of an adviser.
"They can be well served by different financial models, such as retainers or hourly planning fees," Fredrickson says.
"They are used to paying fees for cellphone service, etc.," he says. "You can use financial planning software, asset aggregation tools and robo advising to help these people."
Fredrickson has seen new firms succeed with this approach.
"You can help in providing fee-based service profitably," he says. "Certain people realize their employers won't give them [financial planning] information, so they will look for help outside."
Frank Zecca, managing director of Octagon Financial Services, a wealth advisory firm in McLean, Virginia, thinks that his firm's focus on athletes and entertainers will pay off in coming years.
"There will be a lot of growth because salaries are rising, especially in sports, as pro leagues reach new labor agreements," he says.
To be sure, advisers should be careful not to take on too many customer niches, Stanasolovich says.
"You can probably have three to five," he says. "Otherwise, you become a generalist shop that's all things to all people, and you might end up just managing money."
But Ahamed isn't so sure that specialization is the answer.
"I'm hearing of cases where people turned clients away because they don't fit the model," he says.
"That school of thought may have gone too far. People may come to realize that being a generalist isn't so bad,"Ahamed says.
Specializing leaves advisers with nothing to fall back on if the specialty areas sag, he says.
HPM Partners, which has a generalist tilt, does plenty of work for private-equity and real estate executives.
"But if we limited ourselves to that, we would lose a lot of opportunities," Ahamed says.
This story is part of a 30-30 series on strategies to boost your practice. It was originally published on Feb. 23.
Dan Weil
Practice managementPractice structureClient relationsClient strategiesClient communications30 Days: Strategies to Boost Your Practice30 Days 30 Ways


text:
Mind The Gap: Helsinn Healthcare v. Teva Pharmaceuticals
In Helsinn Healthcare S.A. v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. et al., 586 U.S. ____ (2019) [hereinafter 'Helsinn' and 'Teva'], the United States Supreme Court [hereinafter 'the Court'] held that the term "on sale" in 35 U.S.C. 102(a)of the American Invents Act [hereinafter 'the AIA'] includes both confidential and public commercial sales of an invention. Under this section, together with section 102(b), a sale or offer for sale of an invention triggers a maximum one-year period for submission of a patent application to the United States patent office. After this one year elapses an applicant may no longer submit an application for that particular invention. The pre-AIA statute expressly provided that on sale activities and public use trigger this one-year period. AIA section 102(a) now expressly reads "public use, on sale, or otherwise available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention [Emphasis added]." The issue in Helsinn became whether the 'on sale' term of the AIA excludes confidential sales because of this additional "or otherwise available to the public" category of activities.
Helsinn originally owned patents for a pharmaceutical that decreases adverse side effects from chemotherapy. Helsinn entered into an agreement with another company to (i) distribute this pharmaceutical at specific doses and (ii) preserve Helsinn's confidential information received under the agreement. The agreement's existence was announced in a joint press release, and the actual agreement was submitted to Securities & Exchange Commission [hereinafter SEC] with the dosages redacted. Nearly two years later Helsinn submitted its first patent application for this pharmaceutical to the U. S. patent office. Thereafter, Helsinn sued Teva for patent infringement when Teva requested government permission to market the pharmaceutical at a dose disclosed in Helsinn's patents. However, Teva contended that in addition to its three earlier patents, Helsinn's U.S. Patent No. 8, 598,219 [hereinafter 'Pat. No. '219'] was invalid, because it was submitted after a gap of more than one year after the distribution agreement's effective date.
Pat. No. '219 was the only patent in the litigation governed by AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). The district court held that the AIA 'on sale' deadline did not apply, because the SEC filing and joint press release did not disclose the claimed dosages. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed, because (i) the existence of the 'on sale' event (i.e., the distribution agreement) was publicly disclosed, and (ii) this 'on sale event' triggered a one-year application submission deadline even if invention details remained confidential. Because the Federal Circuit held that the sale was public, it did not address whether confidential sales trigger application submission deadlines under section 102(a) of the AIA.
Before the Court, Helsinn contended that under the AIA confidential sales do not trigger a one-year filing deadline, because "or otherwise available to the public" means that only public sales now trigger this deadline. Nevertheless, the Court held that a commercial sale to a third party who is required to preserve the invention as confidential is also within the scope of the "on sale" AIA deadline. The Court observed that under pre-AIA precedent a sale or offer of sale does not require that invention details be publicly available to trigger this deadline. Congress also re-enacted the same 'on-sale' language into the AIA, and which is consistent with earlier judicial construction of that phrase. In sum, the addition of "or otherwise available to the public" is not a sufficient change to conclude that Congress intended to alter the original scope of the term "on sale."
© 2019 Adrienne B, Naumann, Esq. All rights reserved. Ms. Naumann does not endorse or sponsor advertisements at adriennebnaumann@wordpress.com
This entry was posted on Thursday, March 14th, 2019 at 2:51 pm and is filed under Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Maria is truely really beautifull young lady. She is always smiling, you will feel so much possitive energy from her. Her personality is charming and she has amazing nature lips. Maria is really friendly companion, you will want to meet this amazing blond cat again. Average man looking to spice life and have some new experiences bicurious i'm [email protected] free open minded and respectful willing to try anything once as they say.
Hi guys and gals down to earth guy here who likes to have a little fun i'm keen in exploring and see we're it takes me.
Wow...... what a.... Perfect body!! Great HP!
OK i will look into that but i think these people are gonna be the same way no replys and such.


William Fritz, Michael Kress, and Alan Benimoff appear on The Weather Channel's "Wake Up With Al" program March 19, 2013. They were joined by Brian Blanton from RENCI.
The researchers were interviewed by Stephanie Abrams regarding their storm surge modeling being conducted on campus utilizing The City University of New York's Interdisciplinary High Performance Computing Center (CUNY IHPCC).


Arrived at the Conference hotel. We took the Metro from the airport. I had planned to take a taxi, but the line was exceedingly long. I think a taxi would have been faster in the long run, but the Metro was kinda fun. Cheaper too.
Arrived to late to register for the conference. Will take care of it in the morning.
Posted on July 25, 2010 by kcorkins.	This entry was posted in IBM and tagged #ibmtechu. Bookmark the permalink.


I started my machine and it lost the media lenght. It says "Länge unbekannt / lenght unknown". How can this happen? Why does this happen? What is wrong with the machine?
Also, how can one change the media length after the loading is complete, without changing the media?
Is this message "lenght unknown" appearing on the Front Panel or RIP Software?
Can you upload an image showwing the message?
have you set the lenght manually during the loading process?
Does this message impeed to keep printing?
Sorry, I do not have pictures. Sometimes the printer loses its length and says "length unknown" (rough german translation).
It is shown in the field where it usually shows the length left. Usually the length depends on the substrate we load (sometimes its a new roll, sometimes we have like half a roll) and the length is entered manually when we load the substrate.
This message does not delay or cancel the print but it is very very very unconvienient when it comes to determining how much length there is left on the roll.
Please fix the firmware so that one can reenter the substrate length. Sometimes the printer messes with the length and this should be fixable from the panel.
Nowadays, the only way to avoid this message is to set the correct length of the current roll once it's loaded.
Thanks for your feedback, we take it into consideration.