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The Population Biology of Isle Royale Wolves and Moose: An Overview
1. Five decades of wolf-moose dynamics
The wolves and moose of Isle Royale have been studied for more than five decades. This research represents the longest continuous study of any predator-prey system in the world.
The most important events in the chronology have been essentially unpredictable. In 1980 the wolf population crashed when humans inadvertently introduced a disease, canine-parvovirus. In 1996, the moose population collapsed during the most severe winter on record and an unexpected outbreak of moose ticks. In the late 1990s, intense levels of inbreeding among wolves were mitigated when a wolf immigrated from Canada. In response, the wolf population generally increased throughout the early 21st century, despite declining moose abundance. For a more detailed interpretation of this graph, click here.
2. How are wolf and moose abundances related to one another?
Each symbol on this graph represents the density of moose (read from the horizontal axis) and the density of wolves (read from the vertical axis) for a particular year. The open circles represent years prior to 1980, and the black circles are years after 1980. The year 1980 was an important tipping point in wolf-moose dynamics, triggered by canine parvovirus (Wilmers et al. 2006)[pdf].
Wolf and moose densities are the total number of wolves and moose on Isle Royale, divided by the size of Isle Royale, 544km2. Expressing abundance in terms of density allows us to compare Isle Royale wolf-moose dynamics with those observed in other parts of the world.
This graph tells a great deal about how wolf and moose populations are interconnected. If, for example, wolf abundance was determined primarily by food availability and if total moose abundance indicated food availability, then wolf and moose abundances would be positively related. This kind of relationship is what ecologists refer to as the bottom-up control of a food chain.
By contrast, if moose abundance was determined primarily by wolf predation, and if wolf abundance was a good indication of predation pressure, then wolf and moose abundance would be negatively related. This kind of relationship is what ecologists would refer to as the top-down control of a food chain.
This graph shows that wolf and moose abundances are neither positively nor negatively related. In other words, fluctuations of wolves and moose on Isle Royale are not explained by either simple top-down or bottom-up explanations. The true explanation is quite a bit more complex.
3. How much food does each wolf get?
The per capita kill rate (or sometimes just called kill rate) is a special statistic indicating how much food the average wolf in a population gets. The kill rate is calculated by observing how frequently wolves kill moose. More specifically, the kill rate is the number of moose killed, divided by the number of wolves in the population making those kills, divided by the time we spent observing those kill events. Consequently, the units on kill rate are kills per wolf per month. In this graph, the symbols represent the average monthly kill rate for each winter between 1971 and 2011.
The most remarkable observation is just how variable kill rate is. The highest kill rate we ever observed was in 1992. That kill rate was more than twice the average kill rate. The lowest kill rate we ever observed was in 1981. That kill rate was less than a third of a typical kill rate. Imagine an entire winter where you got twice the normal amount of food, or less than a third.
Ecologists have long known that predator kill rates are variable. The challenge has been to understand why. One of the earliest theories, going back nearly a century, is that kill rate should be greatest during years when prey are most abundant, mainly because abundant prey should be easier to find when they are abundant. A more recent idea is that kill rate might also tend to be lower during years when predators are more abundant. Why? One reason is that when predators are more abundant, they might spend more time on activities like defending their territories from other predators.
These two ideas can be combined by supposing that kill rate should be greatest during years when the ratio of moose per wolf in the population is greatest. The graph above suggests that these processes are important on Isle Royale. Notice where the graph says "R2=0.53." What does that mean? R2 is a statistic that can range from zero to one. A value of one would indicate that fluctuations from one year to the next in the number of moose per wolf (i.e., the horizontal axis) explains perfectly all the fluctuations that we observe in kill rate. A value of zero would indicate that moose per wolf explains none of that fluctuation. In this case, with R2=0.53, we can say that fluctuations from one year to the next in the number of moose per wolf (i.e., the horizontal axis) explains about half (53%) of all the fluctuations that we observe in kill rate. Our challenge is to better understand what accounts for the other half of the fluctuations.
For a more technical treatment of these ideas, see Vucetich et al. 2002 (Ecology 83:3003–3013)[pdf].
4. How does food supply (kill rate) affect the wolf population?
In the previous section we learned a bit about what causes the kill rate to fluctuate from year-to-year. Now we can ask, "What are the consequences of those fluctuations in kill rate?."
In this graph, each symbol represents a different year for the wolf population. For example, look at the symbol in the lower left portion of the graph. That was the year 1981, when kill rates were the lowest ever and the wolf population crashed from 30 to 14 wolves. That population crash is indicated by how low that observation is, with respect to the vertical axis. Any observation below the dotted line represents a year when the population declined.
More specifically, the vertical axis reflects the percentage by which the wolf population grew each year. For example, in 1977 the wolf population grew from 34 to 40 wolves, an 18% increase or 0.18 growth rate. In that year, the kill rate was 0.30 kills per wolf per month. This observation is far to the left side of the graph and a little high.
Most important is the overall trend revealed by this graph. That trend is for the population to grow more during years when food was more plentiful, i.e., when kill rate was higher. Although this trend is pretty much what you might expect, there is something as subtle as it is important. First, some background: There is a simple, but important idea, that the population dynamics of a top predator should be determined primarily by its food supply. If that were true, then you'd expect the R2 to be much greater than 0.19. This graph shows that most of the variation in wolf growth rate is not explained by variation in food supply.
There are many explanations for what might be going on here, but the list of important factors include disease, inbreeding depression, and demographic stochasticity. For a more technical treatment of these ideas, see Vucetich & Peterson 2004 (Oikos 107:309-320)[pdf].
5. Predation rate, the prey's perspective on predation.
Predation has two perspectives, the predator's perspective and the prey's perspective. The kill rate represents the predator's perspective on predation. Now let's consider the prey's perspective, which is represented by another important statistic, the predation rate.
Predation rate is the proportion of moose each year that are killed by wolves. It is useful to think of a population processes as a balancing act. Predation takes some moose away and the population will decline, unless for example, something like the birth (or recruitment) of new moose offset that loss.
You might think that kill rate and predation rate would be pretty well correlated - that years of high kill rate would tend to be years of high predation rate. You might think that a good year for wolves is a bad year for moose, and vice versa. Turns out that this isn't the case (see Vucetich et al. [2011], J. Anim. Ecol. 80:1236-1245)[pdf]. Knowing kill rate is only half the story. You also have to investigate the predation rate.
The graph above shows that predation rate has a pretty strong tendency to be greatest during years when moose density (or abundance) is lowest. This trend represents an an important idea. This trend suggests that predation is inversely density-dependent. Here's what's going on: Suppose the moose population experiences a series of good years, maybe mild winters or lots of food. Consequently, moose abundance increases and (according to the trend on this graph) predation rate declines. As moose abundance increases, predation becomes a less powerful force, which could allow moose abundance to increase further. Alternatively, suppose the moose population experiences some difficult years and declines, perhaps because of severe winters or lack of forage. As the moose population declines, predation becomes (according to the trend on this graph) an increasingly powerful force, which can cause the population to decline even further.
By this reasoning, predation would be a destabilizing force. We can expect that predation fuels much of the fluctuations we observe in moose abundance. But before we can come to this conclusion, however, we need to consider a few more ideas.
6. How does predation affect the moose population?
This is one of the oldest questions in ecology. The simplest answer is, it depends.
On one hand, predators could focus on prey that would have died anyways - prey that are sick or old. If so, predation doesn't have much effect at all on prey. Predators would be like scavengers that don't quite wait for their prey to die. Alternatively, a prey population might respond to increased predation with increased birth rates. In either case, we say predation is compensated by some other process. The result is that increased predation rate has no effect on prey growth rate (panel A). On the other hand, predation could be completely 'additive,' where predators are killing prey that would have gone on to live and reproduce had they not been killed. In this case, every one percent increase in predation leads to a one percent decrease in the growth rate of the prey population (panel B).
Other intermediate circumstances are also possible, e.g., where the slope is less steep than negative 1 (panel C) or where predation is compensatory at low rates of predation and increasingly additive at higher rates of predation (panel D).
So how is it on Isle Royale?
During a typical year on Isle Royale, 1 in 10 moose dies from predation*. In most years, predation rate is between 6% and 13% (see horizontal axis in graph to the left). Overall, predation rate is pretty variable from year-to-year. For example, predation rate is 2 to 4 times greater during years of high predation, compared to years of low predation.
Moreover, predation for Isle Royale moose is strongly additive, with the slope not significantly different from negative one (see graph at left). Consequently, annual variation in predation rate has a big impact on whether the moose abundance will increase or decline. In fact, annual variation in predation rate is one of the most important influences on moose population growth rate (i.e., R2 = 0.55). By the time predation rate exceeds about 10% there is a good chance that the moose population will decline.
*Technical note: On Isle Royale, predation rate is calculated only with respect to moose that have already been "recruited" into the population, or moose that are older than about 7 months of age.
7. Is the moose population unstable, and what does that mean?
So far, it seems that predation rate is an important predictor of whether the moose population will grow or decline (section 6). And, earlier we concluded that predation is a destabilizing force (section 5). These conclusions lead to the question, "Is the Isle Royale moose population unstable?."
Before answering the question, we need to better understand what it means for a population to be stable or unstable?. All populations fluctuate in abundance. Many of these fluctuations are attributable to 'environmental stochasticity.' For example, environmental stochasticity might be manifest, for example, as a particularly mild winter resulting in high survival, high birth rates and more population growth than would otherwise be expected. Or, for example, environmental stochasticity might, also for example, be manifest as an outbreak of disease, causing an unexpected population decline. A population's stability determines how a population responds to such perturbations. That is, after a population increases or declines, is there a strong tendency for the population to return to its previous abundance? If so, the population is stable. A population is stable when it tends to return to some long-term average abundance after any environmental perturbation. This kind of stability promotes long-term population persistence. Without this kind of stability a population would grow to infinity (which is impossible), or risk declining to extinction (which is possible).
Stable populations are also said to exhibit density dependent fluctuations. These ideas about stability and density dependence can be represented graphically by a relationship between population density (horizontal axis) and population growth rate (vertical axis).
Consider panel (A). The red line indicates that population growth rate tends to decline with increasing abundance. Moreover, there is a certain level of abundance where growth is zero (red dot). When the population is at this level of abundance the population will not grow or shrink. This is the equilibrium abundance. If environmental stochasticity causes the population to unexpectedly increase from this equilibrium (i.e., move to the right of the red dot), the growth rate in the subsequent year would be negative and the population would tend to decrease, returning to the equilibrium (moving back to the left toward the red dot). Conversely, if environmental stochasticity causes unexpected population decline, the growth rate in the subsequent year would be positive and the population would tend to increase, again returning to the equilibrium. The population is stable. This stability is also represented by the blue arrows showing how abundance is attracted to the equilibrium.
Any population that persists for any length of time must have density dependence - it is a mathematical consequence of persistence. The more important question is, "How strong is density dependence?." Panel (B) shows a situation where the red line is much steeper, and the blue arrows are much bigger. This means when a population is perturbed from the equilibrium it will have a very strong tendency to return rather quickly to the equilibrium.
For the broadest context, consider panel (C). Suppose that a population exhibited 'inverse density dependence,' where population growth rate tended to increase with abundance. As before, the population would not tend to increase or decrease when it existed at its equilibrium abundance. However, the population would tend to increase (forever) if some perturbation increased its abundance above the equilibrium. And the population would tend to decline to extinction if some perturbation caused the population to decline below the equilibrium. Such populations are unstable, and may be prone to extinction.
So, how does the Isle Royale moose population compare with these theoretical possibilities? Well, it's complicated.
For a wide range of moose abundance (i.e., <4 moose per km2), moose growth rate tends to increase with moose density (red dashed line). For this range of abundances, the population is unstable.
But we get a different sense is if we also consider the highest density of moose ever observed on Isle Royale (4.4 moose/km2 in 1996) and the subsequent year when the moose population collapsed (see section 1). This observation is represented by the point on the lower right portion of the graph. The collapse was caused by a combination of events - most severe winter in a century, outbreak of ticks, lack of forage, and high moose density. When we consider this extreme observation, then the most parsimonious relationship between moose abundance and population growth rate is a complicated curve (3rd order polynomial). That curve indicates the moose population is, overall - across the full range of possible densities - density dependent. That is, the population will tend to increase when abundance is very low and decrease when abundance is very high.
So, while Isle Royale moose are density dependent, in the big picture, they are inversely density dependent, or unstable for a wide range of abundances. This instability is manifest as wide ranging fluctuations in moose abundance (see graph in section 1).
8. Is predation driven by wolves or severe winters?
So far, we know that annual fluctuations in predation rate impact on moose population growth rate (Section 6), predation is a potentially destabilizing force (section 5), and that the moose population is, in fact, quite unstable (section 7).
There is one more possibility to assess. Specifically, what causes predation rate to fluctuate from year to year? One might presume it is caused by annual fluctuations in wolf abundance (Scenario A). However, it is possible that severe winters are responsible. Perhaps the direct effect of a severe winter is to weaken the condition of moose, which makes it easier for wolves to kill more moose (Scenario B). In this case, we might say winter weather is the ultimate cause of fluctuating predation rate (i.e., horizontal axis in graphs of section 6), and wolves are only the proximate cause.
We can use data to test whether Isle Royale is more likely characterized by scenario A or B. To do so, we need to compare two graphs - a graph showing how predation rate is related to wolf abundance, and another showing how predation rate is related to winter severity. If the predation-rate/wolf-abundance relationship is strong, then we'd conclude that wolves are important in driving predation dynamics on Isle Royale. If the predation-rate/climate relationship is strong, then we'd conclude that predation dynamics on Isle Royale are strongly driven by climate.
The graph to the left shows how wolf abundance has a reasonably important influence on predation rate. Other analyses indicate that 63% of the variation in predation rate can be explained by the number of moose per wolf in the population (Vucetich et al. 2011, J. Anim. Ecol. 80:1236-1245)[pdf].
The next graph requires more explanation. Measuring winter severity is very complicated. Severity depends on the amount of snow, whether the snow is wet and heavy or light and fluffy, how many months the snow is on the ground, how frequently snow crusts form, etc.
Ecologists have learned that a useful, overall index of winter severity for eastern North America and Western Europe is the North Atlantic Oscillation index. For details on that click here or check out this paper, Ottersen et al. 2001. [Oecologia 128:1-14 DOI]. On Isle Royale, winters tend to be more severe when the North Atlantic Oscillation index is small.
The graph to the left suggests that predation rate has only a slight tendency to be greater during severe winters.
Conclusion: fluctuations in predation rate are drive more by fluctuations in wolf abundance than winter severity.
9. Summing it up, so far
Moose are more than merely a food supply for wolves. Wolves are more than simply a source of mortality for moose. These processes - food for wolves, mortality for moose - are both important, and despite being related to one another, they do not operate in complete synchrony. The result is a complicated set of dynamics. Consequently, the abundance of wolves and moose are not related in any simple manner (Section 2).
For 80 years, predation theory has guided the observations that field ecologists make about the predation in the real world. The center pieces of that theory are the functional response and numerical response. The functional response reveals the extent to which per capita kill rate varies over time as the density of prey varies (Section 3). The numerical response reveals the extent to which the predator abundance increases or decreases as the kill rate (food supply) varies from one year to the next (Section 4). Together, the numerical and functional responses aim to explain the causes and consequences of fluctuation in per capita kill rate. The wolves and moose of Isle Royale show us that these ideas are important, but explain only a limited portion of the dynamics that occur between Isle Royale wolves and moose. Specifically, the functional response explains only about half the fluctuations in kill rate (R2=0.53), and the numerical response explains only about a fifth of the fluctuations in wolf growth rate (R2=0.19).
Kill rate is predation from the predator's perspective - it's their food supply. Predation rate is the prey's perspective on predation. The most important predictor of whether predation rate will be high or low is the abundance of moose (Section 5). Specifically, predation rate tends to be highest when moose are least abundant. That is, predation is inversely density dependent. That makes predation a potentially destabilizing force. Predation is also largely additive (rather than compensatory) with respect to moose growth rate (Section 6). Consequently, the moose population exhibits only very weak density dependence (Section 7). For a wide range of abundances, the moose population is not attracted to any single equilibrium point, but instead is able to fluctuate up and down with each year's changing circumstances (climate, food, predation, and more). Finally, it seems that fluctuation in wolves from year to year, not winter severity, is the primary ultimate cause of fluctuations in predation rate (Section 8). That is, wolves have an important destabilizing impact on moose population dynamics.
Nevertheless, there is no worry that wolves would drive Isle Royale moose to extinction. If wolves drove moose to particularly low levels of abundance, the wolf population would be at much greater risk of extinction, due to lack of food. If wolves went extinct, the moose population would increase greatly and be governed by a different set of relationships - forage and climate would become the most important determinants of moose abundance.
10. Age structure: what is it and why does it matter?
Predation rate, kill rate, additive predation, stability, the influence of climate... these are only part of the story. The wolves and moose of Isle Royale are also influenced by the age structure of the moose population.
The age structure of a population refers to the proportion of individuals in a population belonging to different age groups. For example, in 1982 primed-aged moose (2-9 years of age) represented about 35% of the population and senescent-aged moose (>9 yrs) about 50%. Over the next decade senescent moose declined to ~14% of the population and primed-age moose had increased to ~65%. These changes are depicted in the graph above.
Each vertical bar in the graph corresponds to a different year. The three portions of each bar, from bottom to top, represent the portion of the moose population that is comprise of calves, prime-aged moose, and senescent-aged moose.
The first important lesson about age structure is that it can fluctuates greatly over time. Another way to describe this fluctuation is by the average age of moose in the population, which has ranged from ~3 years to almost 8 years of age (red line and right axis in graph).
Age structure is important for a second reason. That is, the ecology of an individual varies greatly with its age. Prime-aged moose have the highest rates of survival and reproduction, senescent moose have lower rates of survival and reproduction, and calves have the lowest rate of survival and do not reproduce. These age-specific differences have an important influence on overall moose population dynamics. In particular, population growth rate tends to be lower during years when the average age of a moose is greater (see graph to left). Food might be plentiful, predation might be low, and winter may have been mild. Nevertheless, if the moose population is comprised mostly of very old individuals that are likely to die anyways, then the population might still decline, or at least not increase as much as would otherwise be expected.
Different-aged moose also exhibit different vulnerabilities to wolf predation. Calves are vulnerable because they are small, and senescent aged moose are vulnerable cause they are often weakened by arthritis, jaw necrosis, or malnutrition. Ecologists describe these differences in vulnerability with a special concept known as preference, which can be quantified by a special statistic, Manly's alpha. Here's how preference works: if calves are common in the diet of wolves, it might not reflect wolves' preference for calves; it might simply indicate that calves are common in the environment. Similarly, if prime-aged moose are rare in the diet, that rarity might not indicate that wolves avoid prime-aged moose, it might simply indicate that prime-aged moose are rare in the environment.
Manly's alpha helps make this distinction between how frequent a type of food is in the diet, in relationship to how common it is in the environment.
More precisely, if Manly's alpha equals 0.5 for a particular kind of prey, that means wolves feed on that kind of prey at the same frequency for which it occurs in the environment. Larger values, indicating preference, mean that kind of prey is more common in the diet than would be expected given its frequency in the environment. Values smaller than 0.5 indicate avoidance.
The strongest preference is 1, and the strongest avoidance is 0. For a more technical description of Manly's alpha see Chesson (1978; Ecology 59:211)[url] and Chesson (1983; Ecology 64:1297)[url].
The graph above was computed from the frequency of each age-class of moose in the environment and in wolves' diet. Those calculations were made for each year between 1971 and 2003. The three bars represent preference for each age group, averaged across these 32 years. The small vertical lines at the top of each bar represent the standard deviation. These calculations show that wolves avoid prime-aged moose very strongly. It also shows wolves have a slightly higher preference for calves than senescent-aged moose.
Wolves' tendency to prefer calves and senescent individuals is a behavior. Behavioral ecology can sometimes seem a world apart from population ecology. However, the two are connected, and ecologists are keen to understand how behaviors affect population processes.
On Isle Royale, per capita kill rate (an important population process) is quite strongly influenced by the frequency of calves in wolves' diet, which reflects their behavioral tendency to prefer calves. In years when calves are more common, kill rates are greater. Frequency of calves is the second most important predictor of kill rate (The ratio of moose to wolves is the most important predictor, see section 3). For more, see Sand et al. 2012 (Oikos)[pdf].
The importance of age structure is manifest in a complex relationship between the abundance of wolves and senescent moose. For the first two decades of observation (1959-1980, open circles in graph to the left), wolf abundance tracked quite closely the number of senescent moose. If the abundance of senescent moose is a good indicator of food availability then the Isle Royale system was strongly bottom-up during those years (see Section 2).
Then, in 1980, the wolf population crashed due to disease (Section 1) and inbreeding took its toll on wolves (see section 12 below). From 1980 onward, Isle Royale shifted from being bottom-up to something else. The abundance of wolves was completely unrelated to the number of senescent moose from 1981-2003.
11. The big shift.
Moose are in the middle of a food chain. They are supported by the abundance of forage below. Wolves represent a pressure from above. And climate is a force that can lead to either increases or declines in population abundance.
Of all the annual fluctuations we observe in the moose population, what portion of those fluctuations can be attributed to fluctuations in wolves, forage, and climate?
For the 22 years between 1959 and 1980, wolves had the greatest influence on moose abundance, and climate and forage abundance were similarly important.
Then for the next two decades, the decades which followed the disease-induced crash of the wolf population, variation in winter severity from year to year replaced wolves as the most important influence on moose population dynamics.
What explains this shift in population dynamics? We consider the most likely explanation in the next section. Quite aside from understanding the cause of this shift, there is an important lesson. After observing the interactions between wolves, moose, and their forage for 20 years, you might think you'd have a reasonably good idea about how those populations worked, especially after getting such a clear answer as we did about the importance of wolves. But then after watching for another 20 years, we got an entirely different answer.
12. Inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in the wolf population.
The Isle Royale wolf population was founded when wolves crossed an ice bridge from Canada in about 1949. They were believed to have been isolated ever since. Comprised typically of just a couple dozen wolves, the population is also small. Small, isolated populations exhibit high rates of inbreeding, which means to mate with close relatives.
Inbreeding accumulates over the generations, and that accumulation is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient, which is denoted by the symbol F and ranges from zero (completely outbred) to one (completely inbred). Values of F greater than 0.2 frequently cause problems for the health of a population. By the late 1990s, F for Isle Royale wolves had increased to nearly 0.8!
For many decades, the wolves of Isle Royale had been taken as an example of a very small, isolated and highly inbred population which showed no signs of inbreeding depression, the negative impact of inbreeding. But we had it wrong, very wrong. In fact, the population dynamics of Isle Royale wolves have been affected by genetic processes in ways that have been as important as they are subtle.
In 2009, with the help of Jannike Räikkönen, an expert in Canid anatomy from the Swedish National Museum, we systematically inspected the skeletal remains from 50, or so, Isle Royale wolves that had been collected over the past five decades. A surprising number of these wolves suffered from several different kinds of congenital malformity in the spine.
Left, is an image of the ventral side of a wolf pelvis and sacral vertebrae. The red line highlights a gross asymmetry. This wolf would have likely suffered damage to nerves that control its tail and hind legs.
A particular kind of deformity, known as a lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV), is particularly well studied in dogs and wolves. Among healthy, outbred populations LSTV occurs in one out of a 100 wolves. On Isle Royale, a third of the wolves suffered from this malformity.
Not only did Isle Royale wolves exhibit LSTV at a high rate, but the rate of malformities had once been relatively low and increased over the decades, as the population became increasingly inbred. In the graph below, each symbol indicates the year of birth for a different wolf and whether it was born with a spinal malformity (0 = normal; 1 = malformed). The curve represents logistic regression, which predicts the incidence of malformities for each year, based on the observed data. For details, see Räikkönen et al. 2009 (Biol. Conserv. 142:1027-1033)[pdf].
In the 1950s, the expected incidence of malformity was approximately 20%. By the late 1990s, the expected incidence was well over 80%. Isle Royale wolves had been suffering from inbreeding depression all along, we just never knew it.
Then something remarkable happened. In 1997 a wolf from Canada walked across the frozen ice bridge that had formed that winter. We had known his identity all along - he was the "old grey guy," alpha male of Middle Pack during their most successful years. He was physically large and light in the color of his coat (see image below).
Through the analysis of DNA obtained by collecting scat, the "old grey guy" became wolf no. 93. And through that genetic analysis, we learned that no. 93 was not a native Isle Royale wolf, but instead an immigrant from Canada. He represented a badly needed infusion of new genes. Within about five years of his arrival, the inbreeding coefficient for Isle Royale wolves dropped well below 0.2 (See graph below).
The fitness of the inbred Isle Royale wolves was so inferior to the fitness of no. 93, that he soon began mating with his own relatives.
He began mating with his daughter in 2002. Over the next several years they produced 21 offspring. Incidences of inbreeding like this caused F to increase again soon after no. 93 arrived.
Within a decade of his arrival, 7 of the 8 breeding wolves on Isle Royale were either no. 93 or his immediate offspring. His genes were taking over the entire population.
Ancestry is a statistic indicating the portion of a population's genome that descended from any particular individual in the population. In large outbred populations, each individual's ancestry is typically very small. The graph to the left shows how the ancestry of wolf no. 93 steadily grew as he produced more and more offspring and grand offspring. By 2010, more than half the genes in the Isle Royale population were descended from this single immigrant wolf.
So, how has inbreeding and the subsequent genetic rescue affected population dynamics on Isle Royale? A precise understanding is beyond us. However, we have some important general understandings.
First, we have already indicated how the disease-induced population crash of 1980 seemed to trigger an important change in population dynamics for wolves. During the 1980s and early 1990s, wolf abundance never really recovered. Prior to 1980 wolves are an important influence on wolf population dynamics (section 11) and senescent-aged moose were an important predictor of wolf abundance (section 10). However, after 1980, climate replaced wolves as the dominant predictor of moose dynamics, and wolf abundance became completely uncoupled from the abundance of senescent-aged moose. In retrospect, these changes were likely the result, at least in part, of inbreeding depression.
So did wolf demography improve after the immigrant's arrival? The answer is complicated. After no. 93's arrival, wolf abundance may have generally increased, but that increase was pretty erratic and not statistically significant (see panel A, to the left). The shaded portions of these graphs highlight the period of time after the arrival of no. 93.
However, the immigrant's arrival was associated with a time when the number of moose per wolf declined dramatically (shaded area of panel B, at left). Recall that the number of moose per wolf is an important indicator of food availability for wolves (section 3). Given that circumstance, the wolf population should have declined, and probably by quite a bit, at the time when the immigrant arrived. The arrival of wolf no. 93 is almost certainly the reason why the wolf population showed a slight tendency to increase at a time when food was not particularly plentiful. For more about wolf no. 93, see Adams et al. 2011 (Proc. R. Soc. 278, 3336-3344) [pdf].
13. What is calf recruitment declining and why does it matter?
Recruitment rate is the proportion of the moose population that is calves. We measure recruitment rate in mid-winter when calves are 8-9 months old. Knowing the recruitment rate can be more valuable than knowing the birth rate. That is, it may not be so important to know how many calves were born in May, but instead to know how many calves were born and survived their first several months of life.
For populations of moose (and other ungulates), recruitment rates tend to fluctuate greatly, and they are important for understanding how and why moose abundance fluctuates tend to increase. (See graph to the left.)
Recruitment rate has been steadily declining for the past 25 years on Isle Royale, and we don't know why. Recent declines in recruitment are also associated with some of the lowest levels of moose abundance ever observed on Isle Royale (see graph in Section 1).
Recruitment tends to be lower when predation rate is higher and moose density is higher. But those influences do not seem to provide an adequate explanation for why recruitment has experienced such a long-term decline.
Climate warming and increased ticks might have something to do with the most recent low levels of recruitment. Forest succession might also explain some of the decline. Ultimately the decline is troubling, and remains unexplained.
Vucetich, JA and Peterson RO. 2012. The population biology of Isle Royale wolves and moose: an overview. URL: www.isleroyalewolf.org
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-bash: rpm: command not found"

My main purpose is to install tinyos-1.x on Windows7 premium, for which I referred to this page. Any hints?

A: Go back to the cygwin setup.exe and get to the select packages stage, type rpm into the text box and you should find only 'util' remains in the list, open the list of packages inside util and click on the 'new' column in the 'rpm' row, so you see a version number. Then carry on clicking next and the cygwin setup should install the package and all dependencies. You may need to quit the cygwin terminal and open it again, the rpm command should now be in your path.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Agogo Omanhene marks 30th anniversary
Accra, April 5, GNA - Nana Akuoko Sarpong, Omanhene of Agogo Traditional Area, would mark the 30th anniversary of his enstoolment under the theme "30 years of Peace and Sustained Development". A statement to the Ghana News Agency on Wednesday said the celebration, under the distinguished patronage of Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, would begin on April 10, a day to be observed as Environment Day. April 11 and April 12 would be observed as remembrance and purification of the Traditional area and a procession to the Akogya Osiakwan Shrine, respectively.
The Agogo Information Technology Centre would be inaugurated on April 13 as part of the celebration.
It would be climaxed with a grand durbar of Chiefs and people of Agogo and a fund raising ceremony to support the Presbyterian University Medical School on April 15 2006 There would be an inter-denominational church service to be followed by a charity football match to round off the celebration on the April 16. To join in the celebration would be Mr Albert Kan-Dapaah, Minister of Communications, Vice President Aliu Mahama and President John Agyekum Kufuor, who would be the guest of honour at the grand durbar.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At the start of the 2016 season, many experts picked the Astros to win the World Series. 2016 did not go as planned for Houston. After a promising 2015 season, that included a playoff birth, the Astros failed to make the playoffs in 2016. Obviously unhappy with that result, Houston's front office decided to make a couple big moves.
Yesterday, the Astros acquired former Braves and Yankee catcher Brian McCann for cash and two prospects (Albert Abreu and Jorge Guzman). The deal was announced on Twitter by Yankees' PR. The Astros were in need of a catcher considering Jason Castro, their starting catcher for the past four seasons, is a free agent.
The Astros also went and signed outfielder Josh Reddick according to Jeff Passan of Yahoo Sports. Reddick will most likely fill the role of Colby Rasmus who is most likely not re-signing with the Astros. Josh Reddick is a better overall player than Rasmus so this is a solid move for their team.
The problem with these moves is their hitting ability. Reddick and McCann will both bring veteran leadership to the clubhouse but, the two players do not hit for average all that well. The Astros ranked 24th in the MLB last season in team batting average and the McCann / Reddick combination may not help the cause. Both are upgrades over the players they had last season occupying those positions but, the Astros need players who make contact and get on base.
The Astros batters led the league in strikeouts last season and only mustered a .319 on base percentage. Meanwhile, Reddick and McCann have never hit that high for average or end the season with high OBPs. Reddick is a career .255 hitter with a .316 OBP with some pop in his bat. As I said earlier, Reddick is a better player than Rasmus but the Astros did not upgrade all that much at the position. McCann on the other hand used to be a terrific hitter. Notice I said, "used to be". With the Braves early in his career, McCann consistently hit over 20 home runs and even hit .333 in his first full season. McCann still has the power but, his average has dipped significantly. Since 2012, McCann has only hit above .250 one time. McCann will be replacing Castro who hit an atrocious .210 last year. So McCann will be an upgrade because of how bad Castro was last season offensively.
I do not believe these two players can get the Astro's over the hump this season. They replaced good fielding, low average, low OBP players with good fielding, low average, low OBP players. The latter just a little bit better than the former. The potential change from 2016 to 2017 does not fall in the hands of Josh Reddick and Brian McCann. The pressure is on Dallas Kuechel to try and repeat his 2015 CY Young season, Carlos Correa to become the MVP candidate people expected in 2016, rookie Alex Bregman to play to his potential, and the Cuban "prospect" Yulieski Gurriel to produce at the age of 32. Expect the Astros to be closer to their 2015 selves but, the moves to get McCann and Reddick will not be the reason.


If you are an affiliate marketer who desires to make a comfy living from referring your prospects to other people's item or service for decent commissions, then you need to take into account developing your personal mailing list.
Your on-line enterprise program really should reflect company objectives. Goals are only worthy of reaching when we write them down and location them somewhere that we can acknowledge them every day. Company goals need to include brief term, medium term, and lengthy term business goals. As you attain milestones you will commence to see your online small business success revealing itself to you correct prior to your quite eyes.
Some merchants run their own (in-property) affiliate programs employing committed application, while other folks use third-celebration intermediaries to track targeted traffic or sales that are referred from affiliates. There are two various forms of affiliate management strategies applied by merchants: standalone computer software or hosted solutions , commonly known as affiliate networks. Payouts to affiliates or publishers can be made by the networks on behalf of the merchant, by the network, consolidated across all merchants where the publisher has a partnership with and earned commissions or straight by the merchant itself.
Know conversation ration per hit. With this you will be capable to know how substantially site visitors required to make sale for your affiliate program. This is primarily based on typical quantity of hits to a banner or text likes it takes to create a sale primarily based on all affiliate statistics. Each program is some different. some challenge their checks once in a month, some problem twice or some situation every single quarter. so, select that one particular with which you are comfy.
Its management is just as confident that the sale will not impact Neverblue's capability to meet its affiliates' demands in any way. Whilst this company tends to inspire higher self-assurance amongst affiliates, you are going to have to make a decision regardless of whether to jump in now or wait a while to see how things go right after the sale.
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•	1kg of lean meat, finely minced.
•	1 medium sized onion, grated.
•	1 tablespoon of grinded cake.
•	1 teaspoon of cumin.
•	2 tablespoons of butter or vegetable oil.
•	1 teaspoon of salt.
•	2 tablespoons of tomato paste.
•	1 cup of water, oil for frying.
•	Mix meat with onion, grinded cake, cumin, salt and butter to get a sticky mass. You can use the mushy toast that is soaked in water or milk instead of grinded cake as desired.
•	Make the meat mix into balls with a size of walnut pieces, and then fry them in the oil.
•	Cook fried meat balls with tomato paste and water in a pot put on heat.
•	Cover the pot and cook the components of it until the meat becomes mature and the sauce condenses. •	Serve this meal beside potato puree.


Projet De Bureaux is a structure composed of 9000m² of office space, 600 m² of shops and a private nursery. The project is located in a developing urban area, which is a homogeneous mix of housing.
IES Consulting performed analysis of the LEED v4 IEQ Daylight credit on the Project De Bureaux in Paris. The analysis utilised Option 1 of the credit with performance against sDA (spatial daylight autonomy) and ASE (annual sunlight exposure).
The consultants used RadianceIES climate based daylight modelling (CBDM) technology to model the space performance. CBDM utilises an annual simulation linking location, shading, climate data (including solar intensity and cloud cover) together with the building properties. This provides a complete overview on how the daylight performance varies throughout the year due to changes in these factors.
The analysis included performance against sDA (spatial daylight autonomy) and ASE (annual sunlight exposure).
CBDM is more detailed than a static calculation which provides only a snap shot approach. Daylighting varies throughout the year, primarily due to the solar position, so it is essential daylighting variance is properly considered toward the impact on building design.
The analysis was performed for sample spaces and assessed the potential for full credit performance was not currently possible. However, inference on the needs to meet the credit was possible from the analysis conducted.
LEED criteria specifies achieving a maximum threshold of 10% equates to Exemplary performance. Following credit feedback LEED issued guidance noting a relaxation on the criteria and a maximum of 20% will meet the credit. The >10% and <20% banding equates to Acceptable performance. In addition a minimum floor area of 250 sqft (~23 m2) is necessary for the space to be included within the analysis but its ASE must still be reported.
The same applies for spaces including automated dynamic façade systems, however the LEED clarification does not clearly stipulate if this system must cover all external glass or whether a minimum glass percentage is needed. For the purposes of the assessment it has therefore been assumed that the presence of an automated dynamic façade system with a room's glass is enough to meet this criteria. The results from the analysis undertaken by IES Consulting demonstrated a mix of spaces meeting satisfactory conditions.
For sDA 300, 50% must be achieved for at least 55% of the example regularly occupied floor space. Unlike for ASE this still includes for all spaces regardless of floor area and automated dynamic façade system. The results from the analysis undertaken by IES Consulting demonstrated that no spaces at the time met the satisfactory conditions, with further design evolution expected.


text:
Q: KivyMd Dialog, Python3 закрывается приложение Вопрос следующий:
Стандартный пример с официального сайта KivyMd
from kivy.lang import Builder

from kivymd.app import MDApp
from kivymd.uix.button import MDFlatButton
from kivymd.uix.dialog import MDDialog

KV = '''
MDFloatLayout:

MDFlatButton:
    text: "ALERT DIALOG"
    pos_hint: {'center_x': .5, 'center_y': .5}
    on_release: app.show_alert_dialog()
'''

class Example(MDApp):
dialog = None

def build(self):
    self.theme_cls.theme_style = "Dark"
    self.theme_cls.primary_palette = "Orange"
    return Builder.load_string(KV)

def show_alert_dialog(self):
    if not self.dialog:
        self.dialog = MDDialog(
            text="Discard draft?",
            buttons=[
                MDFlatButton(
                    text="CANCEL",
                    theme_text_color="Custom",
                    text_color=self.theme_cls.primary_color,
                ),
                MDFlatButton(
                    text="DISCARD",
                    theme_text_color="Custom",
                    text_color=self.theme_cls.primary_color,
                ),
            ],
        )
    self.dialog.open()

Example().run()
Всё отлично запускается и работает на ПК. Но вот когда собрал приложение бульдозером, после появление диалога, приложение сразу закрывается. Я сначала грешил, что собрал не правильно, но нет. Поставил на телефон PyDroid приложение для андроид, запустил этот же скрипт и опять только открылось окно сразу закрывается приложение.
Подскажите пожалуйста, в чём может быть проблема?


text:
Before Grasshopper
Why Grasshopper? Our first series was shot in Corsica against a background of sizzling cicadas. It was called Grasshopper Island and afterwards, hopping from one production to another, Grasshopper Productions seemed the ideal company name. Although aimed at children, the Grasshopper films feature acclaimed actors, artists, animators and composers and have a timeless quality with levels of appeal for all ages. First shown on UK television and sold internationally, there are three live action and five animated titles.
Grasshopper was set up by Joy Whitby, who originated Play School and Jackanory for the BBC. She devised or masterminded many other award-winning series while working at London Weekend Television and Yorkshire Television. She was a member of the first Board of Channel 4, sat on the National Trust's Advisory Panel for Youth, the Board of the Unicorn Theatre and the Board of the International Child Care Trust. Amongst other awards, she was one of the first women to win a BAFTA and the first television producer to win the prestigious Eleanor Farjeon Award for her contribution to children's literature. She now works as an independent, marketing Grasshopper's backlist on DVD and for download while writing and illustrating her own children's stories.


Welcome to Performancecars.com.au - This is a performance car website directory. Our aim is to bring you relevant content and links to other car websites, including; performance cars, used cars, unique cars, sports cars, muscle cars, V8 Cars, rotaries, imported cars, Australian made cars, race cars, touring cars and many more car specific sites as well as other relevant car websites including; car wheels, body kits, used car parts, new car parts, car interiors and more.
As well as this we have links to Car finance companies, car insurance companies and car manufacturers. We are open to ideas and suggestions so if you have any suggestions or you would like to suggest a link then send us your details on the contact page. We thank you for visiting Performance Cars and hope you enjoy our website.
BodyKits.com.au find that perfect body kit for your performance car.
Find a wedding car rental for the best day of your life.


Unicorns are definitely real, and you're about to make sure everyone knows it. Prance around the party in your very own enchanting unicorn costume, complete with a horned headband and furry tail. Slip on a rainbow tutu and a pastel rainbow wig to perfectly accent this magical look. If bright and colorful isn't quite your style, trot through the wild as a dark unicorn and let everyone see how mysterious you are. Complete this wondrous costume with glitter and rhinestone accessories and you'll be the best looking mystical creature at the party.


Well, you can. Don't worry, I won't hold you in suspense. Here's how you can set up your own Windows 2 Go USB Drive (or external drive, if you prefer) that will let you run Windows 8 or 8.1 anywhere you need to. It's free, it's portable, and it's yours.
Windows To Go is a version of Windows 8.1 Enterprise designed to run on a portable device such as a USB flash drive or external drive. You can install applications, and work with files stored on the drive, but you'll have to sync any apps you may have purchased from the Windows Store manually.
You'll need a USB Flash Drive with 16 GB or higher (32 GB would be ideal, so you can hold files on it), or an external drive. There are certified USB drives for this project, but you don't need them with these instructions.
An ISO file or CD-ROM of the installation files for Windows 8 Need a Legal & Cheap Windows License? Here Are Your Options Need a Legal & Cheap Windows License? Here Are Your Options Windows is expensive. Here's how to buy a Windows 7, 8 or 10 product key cheaply or get a license for free legally. Read More , 8.1, or 10. With this method, you do not need the Enterprise license except for Windows 10 The Ultimate Windows 10 Activation & License FAQ The Ultimate Windows 10 Activation & License FAQ One of the big confusions surrounding Windows 10 concerns its licensing and activation. This FAQ will shed some light, explain what has changed with Windows 10 version 1511 (Fall Update), and translate activation-related error codes. Read More . You can download an ISO of Windows 10 from Microsoft.
Rufus, one of many tools that lets you create bootable USB drives 10 Tools to Make a Bootable USB From an ISO File 10 Tools to Make a Bootable USB From an ISO File Installing an operating system from a USB drive is quick and portable. We test a few ISO to USB tools to find the best one for you. Read More , or to be able to use command line A Beginner's Guide To The Windows Command Line A Beginner's Guide To The Windows Command Line The command line lets you communicate directly with your computer and instruct it to perform various tasks. Read More (it's not hard at all).
GImageX, the tool that lets you put the Windows installation files onto the USB. You won't need this if you are using a certified USB drive.
First, plug your USB into your computer and make it bootable. That means it will be able to hold an operating system, and it will be able to launch it when you start up your computer.
You can make a USB bootable with Rufus or using the command line, which tends to be more reliable.
Rufus can make a USB bootable How to Make a Bootable USB/CD/DVD to Install Windows Using an ISO File How to Make a Bootable USB/CD/DVD to Install Windows Using an ISO File Need installation media to reinstall Windows? Our tips show you how to create a bootable USB, CD, or DVD from scratch. Read More , but occasionally it is unsuccessful. If you can use your command line, it won't fail.
Follow these command line instructions.
Identify the disk number that represents your USB. It will be the one with roughly the number of GB that your USB has. In my case, it's the one that says it has 14 GB.
Once you know which disk number, input the command select disk [x] without the square brackets, and with your disk number in place of the x.
Input clean to clean the disk.
Input create part pri to create a partition.
Input select part 1 to select the first partition.
Input active to mark the partition as active.
You can check that your USB drive became bootable with a drive partition manager Top Tools for Managing and Maintaining Your SSD Top Tools for Managing and Maintaining Your SSD Did your SSD start out Usain Bolt fast, but now limps along? You can whip your drive back into shape using a handful of toolkits and optimization software, but caveat emptor: Some SSD optimization software... Read More like AOMEI Partition Assistant — it should be flagged under Status as "Active". You'll need to format it to NTFS.
Now your USB drive is bootable and ready for your Windows To Go installation.
To put Windows on the prepared drive, mount your Windows ISO files, so you can access the install.wim files.
To mount your Windows ISO files, open the context menu by right-clicking on the ISO file for the version of Windows you want installed on the USB. There should be a menu option that will let you Mount the drive.
Now that your Windows ISO files are mounted, open GImageX. This program provides you with a graphical user interface to complete this install, without a certified USB stick.
Under the Apply section of GImageX, click the Browse button and navigate to the sources folder on your mounted ISO file and select the install.wim file.
Click Apply and settle in for what could be a long wait, especially if your drive isn't very fast.
Mine estimated a five hour wait, and finished in a little over four and a half hours.
After it's done installing, you'll be able to use Windows To Go in a computer set up to let you boot from things other than the main operating system.
One thing you need to know about this project is you can't just plug the USB into your computer, turn it on, and expect it to run. First, make sure that the computer's BIOS is set to boot from an external USB (flash) drive, before proceeding with booting from the system drive.
As Joel explains in this article all about the BIOS Discover Your BIOS & Learn How to Make the Most of It Discover Your BIOS & Learn How to Make the Most of It What the heck is the BIOS, anyway? Is it really that important to know? We think so and fortunately it's pretty easy. Let us introduce you. Read More , it's the very first piece of software that runs on your computer. It stands for Basic Input/Output System, and if you take the time to set it up properly, you can host multiple operating systems on your computer, and change which one it boots into first.
If this is the first time you've tried to run an alternative operating system than the one that came with it, don't fret. Chris explains a variety of BIOS issues including how to change the boot order The BIOS Explained: Boot Order, Video Memory, Saving, Resets & Optimum Defaults The BIOS Explained: Boot Order, Video Memory, Saving, Resets & Optimum Defaults Your computer's BIOS (basic input/output system) is the low-level software that starts when you boot your computer. It performs a POST (power-on self test), initializes your computer's hardware, and passes control over to the boot... Read More on your PC here at MakeUseOf.
After your BIOS is set up properly, you can plug your USB into a port on your computer. It can take a long time to boot, if you're running it on a non-certified USB — upwards of 30 minutes for me (your mileage may vary significantly depending on the read-write speed of your USB, of course), but a certified one should boot in just a couple minutes, or faster. As it starts up, choose it from the BIOS and it should launch right into the version of Windows on your Windows To Go drive.
There you have it: Windows, in your pocket. Of course, you'll have to set it up with your favorite settings, but once you do that, they'll stay.
What will you use Windows To Go for? What other portable apps will you side-load on any remaining space you have? Do you run any other operating systems on a non-traditional computer or external drive, and if so, what do you run and why? Let us know in the comments below!
Explore more about: BIOS, Portable App, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 8.1.
You can get better performance just install it onto an external hard drive from within a virtual machine.
If you do not convert the flash drive you are using to be recognized as a fixed disk, you will not be able to update this Windows. Flipping the bit on say a Sandisk Cruzer extreme when last researched is not possible. The tedious process of flipping the bit on a fast usb 3.0 flash drive is to say the least very time consuming. In short, the best way to enjoy Window to Go in it's entirety is to get the fastest usb 3.0 or 3.1 flash drive you can flip the bit on. Make the flash drive a fixed disk and then you can update your Windows to Go.
How to make a usb flash drive recognized as a fix drive? Any suggestions,fixes ?
How can i make it recoognize as a fix drive ?
Harris, you use the Windows Disk Manager, installed in the windows operating system. If you search disk manager in your computer, it should come up. You can also find it in Control Panel. Once there, you will most likely see a bunch of boxes in the lower section of the program. These are called partitions. They are volumes (or sections of disc space) that are set apart to be used by Windows explorer. (They are used for many other things as well, but all I know is that if they are drives that are openable by Explorer.exe, then they have an active partition.
You should be able to locate your USB drive in that space. Once you identify it, you may notice that beneath the name, it says FAT32. This is a file system, or a mode of file storage and managing. (please correct me if I am wrong). Your windows drive (usually C:\) uses a different file system called NTFS. No idea what that stands for, Something-something-file-system, I think... the important thing is you want your usb to be formatted as NTFS (because this is the system that Windows uses for its OS). You may still boot from your USB in FAT32, but you won't be able to boot up to the Windows OS.
So, in disk manager, once you've located the drive. It will have a box that will say "active [or healthy, can't remember] partition". You want to right-click this and select "Delete Volume." WARNING: This will delete ALL the files on your USB! So if you want to keep them, transfer them to another drive somewhere else or you will lose them. Once you delete the volume, You will see a box with a Black bar above it where the previous partition used to be that will say "Unallocated" You will right click this and select create volume. Then it will launch the volume setup wizard, and follow the steps on this, making sure that the file system is NTFS. Select the amount of bytes to allow for windows. When you are finished, you will see the box with the black bar has now become blue. It will first say "Formatting" for about 30 seconds of so, and then will say something like "Active" or "Healthy Partition." And it should also say "NTFS."
Then, I think you can right click the partition from the list in the top half of the program, and click properties. choose the middle tab (can't remember what it is called). and there should be two options, one of them tells the system that the drive is safely removable (or not). Unselect this one.
I could be wrong about this, but I don't think I am. Please correct me anybody if you know otherwise.
Some older systems (pre 2007?) don't support partitiions (or even drives) greater than 32 GB due to FAT32 limitations, and there are free alternatives to Windows like Ubuntu.
Sounds pointless to me. If I wanted to run safely on a strange PC or boot a system with a dead hard drive or borked OS, I'd use a Linux ISO, which is safer, smaller, easier to download, and includes a ton of apps. They almost all fit on a 2 GB flash drive or DVD; some fit on a CD.
I agree vandamme. I have Ubuntu 16.04 LTS installed to a 32GB Sandisk Cruzer extreme. Very fast, updateable, reliable, and obviously portable. As mentioned before, without flipping the bit on a flash drive intended for Winows to Go, you sacrifice the ability to get any updates.
Can you do this with windows 7?
Anything like this for Office settings & options? I have customized most of my Office programs and hate using the on other than my own computer.
You very specifically mention Win 8 and 8.1 - is this not possible on windows 10?


Could not get software license key to work. Could not get software support and spent three hours trying to activate a simple program. Bad customer service. Website promised everything and took your money right away and then leaves customer with no way to get support. Do not use this company.
Hi Herman, I see your email "Everything is working fine. I have no further need for your assistance at this time. " Would you please kindly cancel your chargeback request and confirm the code worked here?


text:
Home Rock Features Headlines Tool Singer Announces Sudden Death In Photo
Tool Singer Announces Sudden Death In Photo
Roy Armstrong
Tool and Puscifer frontman Maynard James Keenan announced that his stepmother Janet Joanne Keenan has passed away.
Posting photos of his stepmother on his Instagram account, he relayed the sad news to his fans and shared details about her life.
Being an only child of Michael Loren Keenan and Judith Marie, Maynard's parents divorced when he was four. His father moved to Michigan, so the musician lived with his mother. His mother would pass away in 2003.
Maynard's father married Janet, who was an English and Spanish teacher. She passed away at the age of 75 on May 24. Maynard posted a tribute to his stepmother, stating that she was a fun person and taught him to stand his ground on truth, and not depend on lies. She was also his English and Spanish teacher at his school.
He wrote the following about her on his Instagram post:
"What a year. Just lost my stepmother. Janet Joanne Keenan, age 75, passed away Tue, May 24th, 2022. She was born on Sept 25th, 1946. She was also my English & Spanish teacher at Mason County Central H.S., Scottville, Michigan.
"She was equal parts fun, inquisitive, and armed with a well-developed baloney detector. All conversations with her were playful and challenging exchanges. She taught me to stand my ground but never rely on bullshit to do it. She will be missed. Godspeed, Jan."
A post shared by MJ Keenan (@iamthebriefcase)
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text:
La actual Constitución de Albania (en albanés: Kushtetuta e Shqipërisë) fue adoptada por el Parlamento el 28 de noviembre de 1998. Fue la culminación de un largo proceso. El documento adoptado entonces sustituyó a la Constitución de 1976, adoptada inicialmente con la creación de la República Socialista Popular de Albania el 28 de diciembre de 1976 y enmendada el 5 de septiembre de 1991.

La actual constitución define Albania como una república parlamentaria constitucional unitaria. Tiene una legislatura unicameral compuesta por 140 miembros, quienes a su vez eligen al presidente como jefe de estado; y al gobierno, que se compone del primer ministro como jefe de gobierno, al vicepresidente y todo el resto de los ministerios.

La constitución está dividida en 18 partes que sancionan la democracia parlamentaria, la soberanía popular y los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos así como otros asuntos de importancia. La constitución de 1998 cumple todos los requerimientos de una constitución europea moderna.

Debido a la inestabilidad política, Albania ha tenido muchas constituciones durante su historia. La nación fue constituida como una monarquía en 1913, brevemente como república en la década de 1920, tras lo que volvió a ser una monarquía democrática en 1928. Más tarde se convirtió en una república socialista antes de la restauración del sistema capitalista y de una democracia en la década de 1990.

Historia

Periodo Medieval

Los albaneses tienen una tradición muy antigua respecto a las leyes y las regulaciones. Entre las viejas leyes está el Kanuni i Lek Dukagjinit, una especie de constitución respetada por la mayoría de los albaneses durante siglos. El Kanun de Lekë Dukagjini, que según algunos escritos fue codificado en el siglo XIV, siendo una proto-constitución algo avanzanda para su época. El Kanun ha proporcionado cierto nivel de autogobierno para los albaneses, incluso bajo dominio extranjero, permitiendo haber tenido un sistema democrático continuo a lo largo del tiempo. Según el Kanun, las decisiones importantes son tomadas por las Convenciones de los Ancianos.

Periodo Moderno

Durante el Renacimiento Nacional del siglo XIX, los albaneses fundaron la Liga de Prizren y, mientras tanto, un gobierno provisional para los territorios de habla albanesa de dentro del Imperio Otomano. El "Nuevo Kanun" fue adoptado como un programa y un estatuto para los órganos rectores. Esto se considera a menudo como el principio de la política y de la diplomacia albanesa moderna.

En 1913, Albania fue reconocida como un país independiente, sin embargo las potencias europeas decidieron imponer una monarquía constitucional encabezada por un monarca europeo, Guillermo de Albania. La Constitución adoptada para este período no tuvo mucho efecto por un lado debido a las rebeliones contra el rey extranjero y por otro debido a la Primera Guerra Mundial.

Las fronteras de 1913 organizadas por las potencias europeas dejaron a más de la mitad de los territorios de habla albanesa fuera de las fronteras de Albania. Sin embargo, justo después de la primera guerra mundial, la nación estaba en peligro de ser repartida entre otros países. En contra de esto, los dirigentes albaneses celebraron el Congreso de Lushnjë en el que decidieron defender la soberanía de su país y luchar contra cualquier invasión extranjera. También se aprobó una constitución provisional, oficialmente conocida como Estatuto, sancionando la monarquía.

Durante la década de 1920, Albania experimentó una inestabilidad política y una rápida sucesión de gobiernos. En 1924 un grupo revolucionario asumió el poder por la fuerza, mientras que seis meses más tarde, Ahmet Zogu, aplastó la revolución. En 1925, una República albanesa fue declarada bajo una constitución basada en el modelo francés de la Tercera República. La República tenía una legislatura bicameral (Cámara de Diputados y Senado) que eligió un Presidente, que era jefe de estado y de gobierno (Consejo de Ministros) por un período de siete años. El Presidente estaba investido de poderes bastante amplios -casi dictatoriales-, incluyendo el poder de nombrar un tercio del Senado y gobernar por decreto.

Tres años más tarde, en 1928, Albania fue proclamada reino, y el presidente Zogu se convirtió en el rey Zog I. El órgano legislativo consistía en una cámara, mientras que el poder ejecutivo pertenecía al jefe del Estado, al rey y al gabinete compuesto por el Primer Ministro y otros ministros. En la práctica, sin embargo, Zog conservó los mismos poderes dictatoriales que había tenido como presidente, y el país seguía siendo esencialmente una dictadura militar.

Con los fascistas italianos invadiendo Albania en 1939, esta Constitución fue abolida. Los colaboradores fascistas en Albania ofrecieron el trono a Víctor Emmanuel III, rey de Italia, un acto que violó gravemente la Constitución del Reino de Albania. El gobierno de Quisling establecido por los italianos aprobó una nueva Constitución en 1939.

Periodo Comunista

Tras la liberación de Albania de la ocupación nazi, los comunistas establecieron el Gobierno Democrático de Albania. El 11 de enero de 1946 se promulgó la Constitución de la República Popular de Albania, en la que se aprobaron enmiendas en 1950. Posteriormente fue sustituida el 28 de diciembre de 1976 por la Constitución de la República Socialista Popular de Albania.

La Constitución de 1976 definió a Albania como una "República Popular Socialista" (artículo 1) y un "estado de la dictadura del proletariado" (artículo 2), y de manera similar a su predecesor arraigó el gobierno del Partido del Trabajo de Albania como la fuerza principal en la sociedad albanesa y "la vanguardia de la clase obrera" (Art. 3). En los conceptos socialistas, la Constitución garantiza a los ciudadanos derechos humanos básicos y privilegios, como la exención de impuestos (Constitución de 1976, artículo 31). Los órganos estatales, la Asamblea Popular como órgano legislativo, la presidencia de la Asamblea Popular como jefe de Estado colegiado de facto y el Consejo de Ministros como el poder ejecutivo se describen para funcionar de manera similar a como en una democracia parlamentaria. Sin embargo, las acciones de estos órganos estaban sujetas a la orientación y las decisiones del Partido Laborista, mientras que su organización no estaba definida por la Constitución. El Primer Secretario del Partido era el Comandante en Jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas y Presidentes del Consejo de Defensa (Art. 89).

Actualidad

La Constitución de 1976 permaneció en vigor hasta el 5 de septiembre de 1991, cuando se aprobó una ley básica temporal para legalizar un sistema pluralista y restablecer una economía capitalista en Albania. Sobre la base de este documento, que definió a Albania como una república parlamentaria, la nueva Constitución fue redactada en 1998. Muchos borradores, como el propuesto en 1994, no se ratificaron. La Constitución actual fue ratificada por un referéndum popular en 1998.

Contenidos

Véase también

 Política de Albania
 Albania

Referencias

Constituciones de Albania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NewsIn-house
Hyperloop appoints general counsel from NH
Hyperloop Transportation Technologies has appointed Carlos Ulecia Palacios, until now general counsel, secretary-general and secretary of the Board of NH Hotel Group as its general counsel
Carlos Ulecia, new general counsel of Hyperloop TT
Carlos Ulecia is since 2013, general sounsel, secretary-general and secretary of the Board of NH Hotels Group. Prior to his current position at NH Hotel Group, Carlos Ulecia was a senior associate at Landwell, a firm associated with PricewaterhouseCoopers, and in 2000, he was appointed head of the Legal department of Indra Sistemas. From this position, he assumed responsibility for the privatisation of the technology multinational, its flotation on the stock exchange and also contributed to its international contributed to its internationalisation process.
In 2007, he joined Prisa (Promotora de Informaciones) as deputy secretary-general and deputy secretary of the Board of Directors. In this position he led, from the legal function, the Group's divestment processes, the refinancing and restructuring of its debt, and the restructuring of its debt, as well as the coordination of the Board of Directors and its Committees, among others.
In 2013, Carlos Ulecia joined NH Hotel Group as secratery-general, and secretary of the Board of Directors and Legal advisor of Sotogrande, a position he left in 2015 after its sale to the Cerberus and Orion funds. As General Secretary of NH Hotel Group and a member of the Management Committee, Ulecia leads at global level the areas of Legal advice, Compliance and internal audit, as well as the management of the Board of Directors and its Committees.
Carlos Ulecia is a visiting professor at IE Business School on Mergers & Acquisitions and Corporate Governance. He holds a PhD in Law and a degree in Business Administration from Universidad de Zaragoza, as well as a Master´s degree in Tax & Legal advice to companies from IE Business School.
Founded in 2013, Hyperloop TT, is an American research company formed using a crowd collaboration approach (a mix of team collaboration and crowdsourcing) to develop around the world commercial transportation systems based on the Hyperloop concept. It has an established network of more than 800 highly skilled individuals across five continents and has created powerful partnerships with universities and corporations. This passion-driven and unstoppable team works across countries, time-zones, and disciplines to fast-track the future.
Carlos will maintain his position at NH while managing the Legal matters of the Los Angeles-based company.


text:
Die ehemalige Kathedrale von Saint-Pons-de-Thomières in der etwa 2.000 Einwohner zählenden Kleinstadt Saint-Pons-de-Thomières im Département Hérault in der Region Okzitanien im Süden Frankreichs ist zu Ehren des hl. Pontius von Cimiez geweiht. Der Kirchenbau ist bereits seit dem Jahr 1840 als Monument historique anerkannt.

Geschichte
Das Bistum Saint-Pons-de-Thomières wurde in den Jahren 1317/8 durch einen Erlass des in Avignon residierenden Papstes Johannes XXII. vor dem Hintergrund der Albigenserkriege gegründet. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Erzbistum Narbonne aufgeteilt und ein bereits seit dem 10. Jahrhundert existierendes und von Graf Raimund III. von Toulouse gegründetes Benediktinerkloster in Saint-Pons-de-Thomières aufgelöst. Die ehemalige – bereits befestigte – Abteikirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts wurde in eine Bischofskirche umgewandelt, ohne dass zunächst bauliche Veränderungen vorgenommen wurden.

Erst im 15. Jahrhundert wurde der romanische Chor zugunsten eines gotischen Neubaus abgerissen, der jedoch in den Anfängen steckenblieb. Im Jahr 1567 zerstörten die Hugenotten die ehemaligen Klostergebäude und Teile der Kathedrale. Im Jahr 1711 schloss man die Ostseite der halben Ruine durch eine barock-klassizistische Portalfassade, verlegte den Altar in den Westen der Kirche und vermauerte das romanische Westportal. Der heutige Altar mit rötlichem Marmor aus Caunes-Minervois und weißem aus Italien stammt aus dem Jahr 1768; das kunstvoll gestaltete und teilweise vergoldete schmiedeeiserne Chorschrankengitter wurde drei Jahre später eingebaut.

In der Zeit der Französischen Revolution war der Bau zeitweise geschlossen. Durch das zwischen Napoleon und Papst Pius VII. geschlossene Konkordat von 1801 wurde das Bistum Saint-Pons-de-Thomières aufgelöst und dem späteren Erzbistum Montpellier angegliedert; die ehemalige Kathedrale wurde in den Rang einer Pfarrkirche herabgestuft.

Architektur

Außenbau
Das ein Triumphbogenschema mit zwei seitlichen Blendportalen nachbildende ehemalige romanische Westportal zeigt ein mittleres Doppeltympanon mit den Darstellungen des Abendmahls bzw. der Himmelfahrt Christi (links) und der Kreuzigung (rechts). Sowohl der kompositorische Aufbau als auch der Figurenstil beider Tympana sind sehr einfach; viele Köpfe wurden entweder durch die Hugenotten oder während der Französischen Revolution abgeschlagen.

Süd- und Nordwand des Kirchenbaus werden von tiefenräumigen Arkaden stabilisiert, oberhalb derer jeweils ein Wehrgang mit Schießscharten verläuft. Diese gleichzeitig stabilisierenden und wehrhaften Hinzufügungen stammen aus der Zeit nach 1170, dem Jahr, als der Vizegraf von Béziers, Carcassonne und Albi Roger II. Trencavel die Abtei angriff. Der schmucklose Nordwestturm verfügt über eine durch einen Zinnenkranz erhöhte Brüstungsmauer; der oktogonale Spitzhelm zeigt Schindelimitationen.

Auf der Nordseite befindet sich ein durch einen Vorbau geschütztes romanisches Portal mit dekorativ gestalteten Archivoltenbögen. Die ursprünglich im Gewände eingestellten Säulen sind verschwunden; nur ihre Basen sind noch zu sehen. In den oberen seitlichen Zwickeln des Portals befinden sich allegorische Darstellungen von Sonne (links) und Mond (rechts).

Die im 18. Jahrhundert hinzugefügte und weitestgehend schmucklose Ostfassade ist im Stil des klassizistischen Barock gehalten. Lediglich die Portal- und Fensterrahmungen sind geringfügig profiliert. Das Portal schließt ab mit einer halbkreisförmigen Lünette.

Inneres
Das spätromanische Kirchenschiff ist von einem von Gurtbögen unterzogenen Spitztonnengewölbe überspannt; die Gurtbögen ruhen auf Pilastern mit gemauerten Halbsäulenvorlagen. Seitenschiffe sind nicht vorhanden; in der Zeit der Gotik wurden – inzwischen wieder verschwundene – Seitenkapellen angebaut und die Fenster vergrößert.

Ausstattung
Dekorative Höhepunkte des Innenraums sind die aus verschiedenfarbigem Marmor gestaltete spätbarocke Chorschranke mit ihrem teilweise vergoldeten schmiedeeisernen Gitter und der dahinterliegende mit denselben Materialien gestaltete Altar. Die an der Südwand angebrachte Kanzel ist zwar stilistisch und farblich auf den Altar abgestimmt – jedoch ist sie aus farbig bemalten Hölzern gefertigt.

Orgel

Die Orgel wurde 1772 von den Orgelbauern Jean-Baptiste Micot und dessen Sohn erbaut. Im Laufe der Zeit wurde das Instrument mehrfach verändert und ergänzt; 1870 wurde das Récit mit einer Schwellvorrichtung ausgestattet. Trotzdem ist das Instrument bis heute weitgehend in dem Ursprungszustand erhalten.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Bischöfe von Saint-Pons-de-Thomières

Literatur

Weblinks

 YouTube-Video: Michel Chapuis spielt an der Orgel von Jean-Baptiste Micot in der Abteikirche Saint Pons de Thomière

Einzelnachweise

Ehemalige Kathedrale in Frankreich
Pontiuskirche
Kirchengebäude im Département Hérault
Monument historique im Département Hérault
Kirchengebäude im Erzbistum Montpellier
Romanische Kirche
Bauwerk der Romanik in Okzitanien
Barockisierte Kirche
Disposition einer Orgel
Monument historique seit 1840
Monument historique (Kathedrale)
Kathedrale
Saint-Pons-de-Thomieres


text:
Q: Bootstrap - Disable body scroll on full screen implementation of Collapse On the XS breakpoint, the div I am using Bootstrap's collapse feature on is full screen and has enough content that it requires a scroll. I want to disable the rest of the website from scrolling when this is expanded. I have tried overflow:auto on the div and overflow: hidden on the body but it doesn't seem to do anything.
Is this possible to have scrolling enabled on the div when its expanded and have the body scrolling disabled?
Edit: Figured it out. Thanks to everyone that jumped in to help!


We hope you find exactly the information you are seeking here, but if you have any questions please feel free to call us at 405.230.1310, we will be glad to assist you. OK Cremation and Funeral Home, LLC is a traditional funeral home and is locally owned, with offices and facilities in mid-town Oklahoma City just a few blocks from the State Capitol. We place your needs first, providing you with a professional and dignified service.
OK Cremation and Funeral Home, LLC was founded in 2003 by Al McAffrey and G. Terry Felts to provide professional and dignified cremation and funeral services at an affordable cost. Brent D. Jones purchased the funeral home from Al McAffrey in November 2014 and became the owner and operator.
Brent, a former longtime Seminole County resident and local funeral director, attended Seminole State College and the Dallas Institute of Funeral Service. He has been in funeral service for over 21 years. Brent resides in Shawnee with his wife, Annika, and their two sons, Brandon and Davin.
Our goal is to help provide a positive lasting memory with affordable funeral and cremation options.


text:
Horse Drawn Funeral Coaches
Caring For Families During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Everything After
How to Write and Deliver a Eulogy
Ask the funeral director for guidance and ideas and ask for resources that will support your vision. If you would like to have multiple eulogists, talk with the funeral director about guidelines you will want to provide. How many will speak, how long should they talk, who will give them an outline of what they should c...READ MORE
When is it too late to have a funeral service?
The amount of time that has passed since the death should not be the deciding factor when considering scheduling a service of remembrance for someone you loved. Especially now, when so many people have been required to postpone or eliminate celebrating a loved one's life because of the pandemic. Instead of time, let yo...READ MORE
Three Ways to Support Someone Who is Grieving in Isolation
Grief is difficult in perfectly normal times. However, when a global pandemic has us isolated, we lose two important comfort and coping mechanisms. Hugs are very hard to come by these days. In normal times the physical touch of a hug fills the vacuum when a person who loves another is at a loss for words but wants to s...READ MORE
Leaving Something in the Casket
The practice of sending a deceased loved one off with objects from this earthly life is as old as mankind. Ancient Egyptians believed when a person died, they passed into "the afterlife." Burial goods paralleled objects used in life because it was believed these same objects would be needed in the afterlife. Burial goo...READ MORE
Burial Vault: What's the Point?
Historically speaking, burial vaults were conceived as a means of protection from grave robbers. They were designed and intended to make it difficult to get into the coffin and remove valuables or even the body itself from the grave. Early vaults were made of wood and were called a "rough box" because they were rustic...READ MORE
Bissler & Sons Funeral Home and Crematory
| 628 West Main Street
| Kent, OH 44240
Kent Ohio Obituaries
Kent Funeral Home
© 2022 Bissler & Sons Funeral Home and Crematory. All Rights Reserved. Funeral Home website by CFS & TA | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


text:
Q: B2C Password Reset verification code is expired too soon. How can I extend this time and what is default expiry time? Currently I am using B2C standard password reset policy for changing password. During password reset journey B2C sending code to email and validate code for password reset. Currently this code is expiring almost immediately. How can I extend this expire time.

A: The default expiry time for email verification code is 5 minutes and we can not extend it. It seems like you are getting emails after that time period.
For now you can disable email verification system. Please check the below documentation
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory-b2c/active-directory-b2c-reference-disable-ev
I hope it helps.


The Watch Co. invited bloggers and influencers to a high tea and calligraphy workshop to celebrate the Olivia Burton Watches pre Autumn/Winter 17 Collection launch.
Olivia Burton's latest collection sets a new tone for its timepieces, bringing new design and colors for its Animal Motif Watches, Applied Wing Watches, Big Dials and many more. Their new collection can be found at The Watch Co.'s website.


Lakehead's track team ran well at the OUA indoor track championships over the weekend.
Kevin Tree was the closest Thunderwolf to reaching the podium on the weekend, competing in the men's 3000m on Friday evening. After leading for most of the race Tree was overtaken on the final lap and looked to stretch it out for the bronze medal, but was beaten by a nose (.16 of a second) and forced to settle for 4th place with a time of 8:21.35. Tyler White ran a new personal best (PB) in the 3000m with a time of 8:46.98, placing 13th.
In the women's 3000m, Kayla Gallo and Marla Keyes placed 15th and 16th, respectively, thus improving on their ranking coming into the race (19 and 21).
Mason Quarrell and Tyler White both ran well in the 1500m on Saturday, Quarrell making an impressive effort, as he came into the race ranked 16th and placed 8th overall with a time of 3:58.31, placing 2nd in his section. White won his section and placed 17th overall in a time of 4:03.36.
In the women's 1500m, Kayla Gallo ran a new PB with a time of 4:57.42, placing 20th while Marla Keyes was next in 21st place in a time of 5:07.38.


text:
Q: Javascript login bookmarklet Using Chrome Version 44.0.2403.107 m
I'm making a bookmarklet for work to speed up user log in. The environment I need to access has multiple different logins that I need to use frequently, so instead of logging out, typing in my credentials and logging back in, I made a bookmarklet to speed it up a little.
javascript:
    (
        function getCreds(){
            var username = prompt("Please enter username details before the @ symbol.", "user.name");

            un.value = username + "@example.com";
            pw.value = "password";

        }
    )();

All users have user names like test1@exmaple.com, test2@example.com and test.test@example.com. They all end in @example.com. The password is the same for every test user. This makes it so I just type in "test" and the javascript does the rest.
To speed this up further I would like it make it automatically login when you click OK on my prompt.
I tried loginForm.submit(); and many variations but I get a 401 error.
I cannot just write my own login form in the bookmarklet like many examples I've found have because there are built in javascript functions and library calls on the page I am using.
Can I inject the user name and password into the value fields of a form and then submit the form without making a custom html form?

A: Yes, you can.
To submit form generate click event on submit button: submitButton.click();


Bipolar disorder involves extreme changes in ______.
Symptoms of bipolar disorder typically appear during which time?
There are two types of bipolar disorder.
When experiencing a bipolar episode, people are always either manic or depressed.
Hypomania is a less extreme form of mania.
During a manic episode, some people experience hypersexuality.


text:
Ana Nedic
Based in Serbia, Ana has been working for Sourcefabric since its foundation as an implementer on diverse, international projects. Graphic and web design skills gained her a degree in archaeology and her passion became her profession. When she is not working, she plays music at Sourcefabric FM radio, goes scuba diving and hiking.
After a hiatus, Insajder is back with their own medium
Insajder staff working side by side the Sourcefabric team on the launch of the project
Part of our mission is to make professional-grade technology available to all who believe that quality independent journalism has a fundamental role to play in any healthy society. This is exactly in line with the mission of Insajder, originally an investigative TV program whose authors created more than 120 episodes that aired between 2004 and 2015 on TV B92. During its existence, the creators interviewed more than 500 people and displayed over 1,000 pieces of evidence of fraud, corruption and crime in Serbia and the region.
As Insajder's founder Brankica Stanković says: "We do not care who is in power today, who was yesterday, or who will be tomorrow. We do not make stories about individuals or political parties, but we disclose omissions in the system and pinpoint mistakes."
Brankica Stanković, Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Insajder
Exposés on fraud, crime and corruption are often met with resistance from powerful and influential viewers. While in operation, the Insajder team experienced this full force and was often faced with those seeking to discredit them with threats and campaigns against the TV show. At a certain point, further cooperation with TV B92 no longer seemed like a good fit for the Insajder team.
That's when the team consisting of 13 investigative journalists, some of them with 20 years of experience in the field, decided to step outside the medium of television and its conventions. Since Insajder's audio/visual coverage is authentic and strong, it seemed logical to launch their own medium in the form of a video portal which would allow them to reach their audiences globally while remaining independent.
Succesful launch of the Insajder video portal
After more than a year long hiatus, Insajder.net was launched succesfully yesterday. We were happy to be able to assist with building the video portal based on our open source CMS Newscoop. The site we created is fully responsive, with focus placed on videos and images. Thanks to the use of http/2 protocol, the site is loading quickly, which is crucial for optimum user experience. Central to the design was the way we decided to present serials within timelines, both on the homepage and on the page of each serial as well. We decided to wrap up all the content related to one serial, such as videos, articles, snippets, or even pdf documents, in one spot. Within each timeline, readers can filter out specific content (i.e. filter out videos, which are episodes).
An example of a serial timeline
It's a common practice for other media in the region to produce high volumes of content that only seek to get high numbers of clicks and monetise pageviews, but this is not a goal that Insajder has. Their focus is on producing high quality content that will grow a healthy viewer base by itself. However, during the first day following the launch, Insajder received approximately 100.000 pageviews, 18.000 users and average session duration of 19 minutes. Not bad, right?
For the second phase of the project, we planned to start Live Blog coverage for the elections in Serbia in April. But as a large amount of flooding occurred in Serbia yesterday, we altered the original plan and began covering the quickly unfolding events immediately with the default Live Blog theme.
Brankica Stanković declars that: "This portal will never resort to announcing anything as "spectacular", "unseen" or "sensational". Everything will be professional, checked and responsible." We wish the Insajder team success on their mission and a lot of dedicated readers!
Want to join our team and help us build the useful tools for journalists? We'd love to have you. Check out our jobs page to see if there are any openings right for you. If you don't see what you're looking for, feel free to send us an email, we are always on the hunt for talented people.