CCFinder is shorthand for Creative Commons Finder. CCFinder helps you to easily find pictures which were publicized under the Creative Commons License. CCFinder enables you to search based on specific usage criteria and shows you what you may do with each picture. This means that you can re-publicize most of the pictures found, for example on your website.
With this package you can easily create your own data, audio and video CD/DVD compilations, make a backup copies, master your own family album DVD-Video titles.
GIF to PDF converter utility supports multiple images into PDFs conversion at a single glance. Software can convert all GIF formats stills, snaps, images, graphics, pictures or photographs into Adobe Acrobat documents files with encrypted securities.


text:
Q: Is there a production safe version of Function.caller in Javascript? Is there a way to return the function that invoked the current function? Function.caller will only work for non-strict mode applications.
I want to be able to use this functionality for production environment, therefore I need strict mode to be turned on.
Expected return: function itself or the name of function.
function a() {
 b()
}

function b() {
 console.log(b.caller)
}

Function.caller will throw an error when used in strict mode:
Uncaught TypeError: 'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed on strict mode functions or the arguments objects for calls to them

A: One possible way is use Console.trace

function a() {
 b()
}

function b() {
 console.trace()
}

a()

Check the browser console to see output

A: There does not seem to be a flexible way of doing that natively in JavaScript.
When using a non-standard solution might be acceptable, you could look into the Error.prototype.stack property. You could use the method in p.s.w.g's answer, as Royson already suggested in a comment.
For a more robust solution for production use, I think you should consider using an external package (like stacktrace.js).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Take what you think you know about hygge and throw it out the window.
Scandinavian design is having a moment right now, and if you've ever nodded your head like, "oh yeah, I love Scandinavian decor!" but in reality have no effing idea what it actually is, you wouldn't be alone. But you're probably more familiar with it than you realize, because it's popping up all over social media, design blogs, and your favorite magazines. Let's break it down, so you can do less smiling and nodding and more finding cool ways to work it into your home.
Yes, it has nuances that make it different from minimalism, modernism, and contemporary decor, but at it's most basic level, Scandinavian design is minimal, with a focus on simplicity and functionality. There's not a lot of clutter, and it focuses on functionality, using natural materials, and taking a "democratic approach" to design, says author of Lagom: The Swedish Art of Living and the blog My Scandinavian Home, Niki Brantmark. "Scandinavian design has a tradition of striving to ensure everyone has access to good design, not just the elite, she explains. "This is why you'll see beauty in everyday pieces. IKEA is a good example of this."
"The simple aesthetic means it can fit seamlessly with almost any style and era."
It's Inspired By Nature and Climate.
Scandinavian design emerged in the 1930s, though really grew to popularity in the 1950s. A design show traveling through the U.S. and Canada in 1954-1957 promoted works by Nordic designers emphasizing simple designs inspired by nature and the climate of the region. "The style was well received, and people appreciated the 'beauty in the everyday' aspect," Brantmark notes.
Improving Daily Life Is A Core Tenant.
At its core, Scandinavian design seeks to improve every day life. Nordic countries get as little as seven hours of daylight in the winter, so lighting is key. You won't find wall-to-wall carpeting, as hard-wood natural or white floors help the space seem brighter. Furniture is functional, doubling as storage, and window treatments are nonexistent, or sheer at most, in order to maximize the light that comes in.
Texture Keeps It From Feeling Stark.
Minimalism is often considered cold and stark to critics, but Scandinavian design creates warmth through textiles, rather than cluttering things with a lot of decorative items. Soft textiles, such as sheepskin, wool, and mohair, are a necessity in cold climates, and keep the aesthetic paired down, but add some visual interest. Their rationale: Anything added should have a practical purpose.
The Palette Is Neutral, But You Can Play With Color.
Neutral colors are the foundation, since natural light can be rare in Nordic homes, but recently, color has started to be used as an accent, though still in earthy tones—dark blues, greens, grays, and browns. The nature-inspired shades can aid in creating a cocoon-like space.
See more at Scandinavian Homes.
Hygge Is A State Of Mind, Not A Design.
Since 2016 put hygge on our radars, the devotion to the concept hasn't seen any slow down, but don't subscribe to the common misconception. The Danish word associated with coziness isn't a design style at all, but rather, a state of mind. You can seek to create it with your decor, and in large part, much of Scandinavian design does, but the two are not interchangeable.
Similarly to the idea of hygge, Sweden uses the word lagom, which means not too little, not too much—basically, finding the balance. "In my home, I like to find a balance between minimalist and cozy. I love to mix and match old and new, and try to ensure no two items are the same for a relaxed look," Brantmark says. That means adding lots of textiles in the form of sheepskins, linen cushions, and layered rugs to boost the curl-up-and-relax factor, while keeping furniture and decor minimal and streamlined.
"The beauty of Scandinavian design is that it's incredibly versatile," Brantmark says. "The simple aesthetic means it can fit seamlessly with almost any style and era, while the sculptural, organic shape adds an element of drama to a room." You could deck your space out completely in Scandinavian-inspired decor, or you could incorporate pieces sparingly, if you just want to dabble with the design. Just make sure to "keep the space around [the items] decluttered so you can more easily appreciate the beauty of each item," Brantmark says. And if you're not sure where to start, Brantmark recommends shopping at Design Within Reach, eBay, West Elm, and, of course, IKEA.


text:
Liam Christopher O'Brien (28 de maio de 1976) é um dublador, roteirista, e diretor de dublagem estadunidense. Ele é um membro do elenco da websérie de Dungeons & Dragons que co-criou, Critical Role. Ele participou de diversos jogos eletrônicos, desenhos animados, e adaptações de animes para o inglês.

Seus papéis mais notáveis em animes incluem Gaara em Naruto, Vincent Law em Ergo Proxy, Jushiro Ukitake em Bleach, Lloyd em Code Geass, Kenzo Tenma em Monster, Akihiko em Persona 3, e Nephrite Sailor Moon. Em desenhos e cartoons, O'Brien dublou vozes em Star Wars Rebels, Transformers: Robots in Disguise, Avengers Assemble, Wolverine and the X-Men, e Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.. Nos jogos eletrônicos, dublou Gollum em Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor, Caius Ballad em Final Fantasy XIII-2, War em Darksiders, Asura em Asura's Wrath, Tokugawa Ieyasu em Sengoku Basara: Samurai Heroes, Illidan Stormrage em World of Warcraft e Heroes of the Storm, Yasuo em League of Legends, Zvatto em Lost Planet 2, Grimoire Weiss em NieR, Warden em For Honor, Barker em Titanfall 2, e Infinite em Sonic Forces.

Biografia
Liam Christopher O'Brien nasceu em Weehawken, Nova Jérsei, em 28 de maio de 1976. Sua mãe trabalhou como educadora e consultora sobre garantia de qualidade. Após se mudar para Nova Iorque para estudar na universidade, trabalhou em teatro e em várias produções ao redor do país. Ele conheceu Crispin Freeman enquanto trabalhava em uma produção de Romeu e Julieta em Cincinnati, que o ajudou a conseguir trabalhos com dublagem em Nova Iorque.

Vida Pessoal
Em 2002, O'Brien se casou com a dubladora Amy Kincaid, com a qual teve dois filhos.

Em uma entrevista, ele afirmou sofrer de hiperacusia, uma doença auditiva que o torna sensível aos barulhos do dia-a-dia.

Carreira
O'Brien interpretou Red XIII em Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children. Além de realizar dublagens, também trabalhou como diretor de dublagem ou roteirista em vários outros jogos e animes. Ele também co-criou e participa da websérie de role-playing Critical Role, onde joga uma campanha de Dungeons & Dragons com outros colegas dubladores.

Filmografia

Animes

Animações

Filmes

Jogos eletrônicos

Live action

Ver também
 Critical Role
 Critical Role Productions

Ligações externas

Dubladores dos Estados Unidos
Produtores de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Critical Role
Nascidos em 1976

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<!doctype html>
<meta charset="utf-8" />

grid example

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../node_modules/normalize.css/normalize.css">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


How to mark a controller to be accessed only by logged in user?
To mark a controller to be accessed only by a logged in user, we can use Authorize attribute.
Above controller action method will only be accessible to those user who are logged in to the application. Despite Index method doesn't have Authorize attribute but this method will not be available to the anonymous user as the Authorize attribute is written at the Controller level so all action method inside the controller will be secure.


text:
Q: Remove Space at end of String but keep new line symbol How can I check if a Python string at any point has a single space before new line? And if it does, I have to remove that single space, but keep the new line symbol. Is this possible?

A: def remspace(my_str):
    if len(my_str) < 2: # returns ' ' unchanged
        return my_str
    if my_str[-1] == '\n':
        if my_str[-2] == ' ':
            return my_str[:-2] + '\n'
    if my_str[-1] == ' ':
        return my_str[:-1]
    return my_str

Results:
>>> remspace('a b c')
'a b c'
>>> remspace('a b c ')
'a b c'
>>> remspace('a b c\n')
'a b c\n'
>>> remspace('a b c \n')
'a b c\n'
>>> remspace('')
''
>>> remspace('\n')
'\n'
>>> remspace(' \n')
'\n'
>>> remspace(' ')
' '
>>> remspace('I')
'I'

A: How about just replacing the specific instance of ' \n' with '\n'?
s1 = 'This is a test \n'
s1.replace(' \n', '\n')
>>> 'This is a test\n'

s2 = 'There is no trailing space here\n'
s2.replace(' \n', '\n')
>>> 'There is no trailing space here\n'

A: If you want to strip multiple spaces, you can use regex:
import re

def strip_trailing_space(my_string):
    return re.sub(r' +(\n|\Z)', r'\1', my_string)

def strip_trailing_whitespace(my_string):
    return re.sub(r'[ \t]+(\n|\Z)', r'\1', my_string)

A: Input File:
filea.txt (With many spaces)
dragon
dragonballs
test.py
filea = open('filea.txt','r')
fileb = open('fileb.txt','a')
for line in filea:
for i in range(len(line)):
if ' \n' in line:
line = line.replace(' \n','\n')
fileb.write(line)
op:
fileb.txt
dragon
dragonballs


A grandmother was left "absolutely horrified" after dead rats were thrown into her garden in what is believed to be a gruesome scam.
Debbie Jones discovered the animals in the back yard of her Helston home following a suspicious visit from a woman purporting to be from the Environment Agency.
The cold caller claimed there was a rodent problem in the area and took down Mrs Jones' contact details.
A short time later a man phoned the 63-year-old and suggested she looked outside, where she discovered four "huge black rats" by her doorstop. He then offered to "deal with" the problem, for what he said was a knock-down price.
Mrs Jones, who is married to Helston town councillor Ronnie Jones, said: "A lady on my door and said she was from the Environment Agency and asked if there was a rodent problem in the area. I said 'not that I know of'.
"She said it was something that people didn't talk about, which seemed possible. She was after the names and numbers of people who lived in the street so the agency could ring people. I gave her my name and phone number.
"Within five to 10 minutes a man saying he was from the Environment Agency phoned saying his colleague had passed on my details and did I know that I had a rat infestation.
The man advised Mrs Jones, who lives in the Beacon Parc area, to check her garden. When she stepped outside she was horrified by what she found.
She said. "While I was on the phone I went outside and had a look.
"There in the back yard were four huge black rats. I was absolutely horrified. My first reaction was 'yes come and sort them out' but then I thought about it.
"I said 'hang on a minute, I was out here with my grandchildren less than half an hour ago and they weren't there then.
Although she suspected it was a scam, the grandmother-of-eight was very distressed by the incident.
"We think the rats were from a pet shop," she added.
"My neighbour was brilliant. He came over and had a look and said they don't look like wild rats because they are mostly brown.
Mrs Jones, who believes the rats were thrown into her garden by the woman who visited her home, reported the matter to the police and now wants to make other people aware of the incident so they don't fall for the scam.
The woman who claimed she worked for the Environment Agency arrived at the property at about 5.30pm on Wednesday, March 20.
Police believe this was part of a wider scam and have urged residents to be wary, and report any similar events.
A spokesperson from Devon and Cornwall Police said: "We believe this to be a scam.


Podcasters, meet Fruitcast: Monetize your podcast with Fruitcast. I am relatively sure thtat high profile podcasters are already doing this in their own right. Podcasters can signup to the service for free, add your podcast to the podcast directory, and then simply change your feed to point to your new Fruitcast RSS feed. Fruitcast will then stick a small 10 to 15 second long advertisement message that is simple and unobtrusive to the beginning or end of your podcast (possibly both). When your podcast gets listened to, you will then earn money from an advertiser that has been accepted to place an ad on your podcast.


Randells have many years experience in servicing and repairing agricultural, garden and horticultural machinery. Our modern, well equipped workshops at Norwich Road, Horstead and Hillside Nurseries, Toftwood, Dereham prepare new and used equipment for sale as well as providing full servicing and repair facilities. We provide full warranty support for every new machine that we sell.
At both Horstead and Toftwood we service and repair all types and most brands of domestic and professional lawn mowers and grass cutting equipment. We can also maintain other types of horticultural machinery including most makes of brushcutters and strimmers, chainsaws, compact tractors, cultivators and tillers, chipper/shredders, and hedgetimmers. We also have facilities to sharpen blades of cylinder mowers.
Recently, we have expanded the service we offer to chainsaw owners and can now offer chain replacement and sharpening services for all major brands, including Stihl. We are main dealers for Echo and Mitox chainsaws.
We offer a collection and delivery service throughout Norfolk and the Waveney Valley of Suffolk for larger items of machinery. In addition, we have a fleet of fully equipped vehicles enabling our engineers to carry out some repairs at our customers premises. Smaller items such as rotary mowers and hand held equipment may be brought to us by customers.
We offer competitive fixed price servicing rates for Ariens, Countax, Mountfield, Kubota, and Stiga ride on mowers which include all service parts, oils and VAT. We service these excellent brands to manufacturers maintenance schedules, using genuine parts. Our aim is to provide customers with a clear understanding of our service costs. Any repairs found to be needed in addition to service work are not undertaken without our customers permission.
Our ride on mower servicing costs are from £149.00. Walk behind mower services are from £60.00.
Both our branches are Service Link registered garden machinery centres and we were presented with Mountfield's Award for Excellence for providing outstanding service in 2012.
Our recently expanded workshop at Toftwood has facilities for us to service and repair agriculture machinery in a central location of Norfolk. We specialise in Vaderstad equipment and can also service and repair a wide range of other agricultural machinery, including tractors. We have particular experience with Valtra tractors.


text:
America Mappillai  () is a 2018 Tamil-language web television series, starring Raja Krishnamoorthy, Leela Samson, Arjun Chidambaram, Namita Krishnamurthy, Rakesh Ram and Gokul Anand. It premiered on ZEE5 from 2018. The show was writer by Raja Ramamurthy and director by Praveen Padmanabhan.

Synopsis
Ganesh is a young man who his father constantly nags to get married. His gay friend suggests that Ganesh pretend to be gay so as to avoid marriage. Ganesh acts out the plan but there are unintended consequences.

Cast
 Raja Krishnamoorthy
 Leela Samson as Vasantha
 Arjun Chidambaram as Ganesh
 Namita Krishnamurthy
 Gokul Anand as Karthik
 Rakesh Ram
 Delhi Ganesh

Special appearances
M. S. Bhaskar
Sruthi Hariharan

Episodes

Reception
The News Minute reviewed America Mappillai as a light hearted and funny webseries. They also stated that it was hard to understand the characters due to lack of time to elaborate more about the individuals. The series takes on the Indian obsession of marriages and caste differences. Anyhow, the format of the series is easy to understand.

The Indian Express gave a review of the series stating that the story is quite interesting but some moments portrayed in the series feel stagey and unnatural. The episodes in the web series are named after colours in an ode to its queer story, with minimal music. Some moments throughout the series don't have any sound, however, the silence in those scenes was brilliant. The overall performance of the actors in America Mappillai was good.

A Pot Pourri Of Vestiges  reviewed by stating that the series has an interesting perspective on marriages in India. America Mallipai overturns all the stereotypes making the series a worthy addition to binge-watch all eight episodes in one go. The director of the series Praveen Padmanabhan has done a great job in bringing out the right kind of performances from all the actors.

References

External links

America Mappillai on ZEE5

ZEE5 original programming
Tamil-language web series
Tamil-language comedy television series
Tamil-language LGBT-related television shows
2018 Tamil-language television series debuts
2018 Tamil-language television series endings


Come Celebrate Clearwater Casino's 22nd Birthday Bash!
The year was 1995. Toy Story came out in theatres. The last episode of Full House aired. People everywhere were dancing the Macarena. The Russian president, Boris Yeltsin, was found in his underwear on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC trying to hail a cab after one too many vodkas. That year on December 22nd the Suquamish Clearwater Casino opened its doors for the first time. To celebrate our birthday we are having our famous yearly bash and you are cordially invited.
The festivities begin at 12:00 noon. We are going to be having a $1,000 cash drawing every 30 minutes from Noon-8 PM. Don't leave at 8 PM though because at 8:30 we will be having a $2,000 cash drawing followed by a $3,000 cash drawing at 9 PM. In order to win the cash drawing, you have to be present so stick around! If there are uncollected prizes we will be having an additional drawing at 9:30 PM for all the unclaimed prize money. If you hang around, you might be leaving with a heavy wallet or purse from the fat stack of cash you'll be taking home!
Did someone say FREE cupcakes? Oh wait, I JUST DID. From 5 PM to 7 PM we will be giving out free cupcakes to celebrate our birthday. In addition, Beach Bru Coffee will be selling special birthday cake lattes for only 22 cents while supplies last. That day will also be jam packed with great deals and events such as our Beach Rock Music and Sports Happy Hour from 5-7 PM and "Star Machine" Live Band Karaoke at 8 PM. So if great food and drink deals as well as performing like a rock star sounds fun to you then our birthday is also YOUR special day. If cards are more your speed, come try your hand at our Big Weekly Evening Poker Tourney at 6 PM where you can look to win some serious moolah.
However, the real star of our birthday is our awesome BIRTHDAY BUFFET. For $22 a person from 4:30-9PM we will offer a kingly feast featuring rotisserie roasted pig with homemade sauces, seafood and crab trio, sushi and sashimi, and a prime rib carving station in addition to our traditional buffet fare. I don't know about you, but just reading that sentence made my mouth water! It might as well be your birthday because there will be a party in your belly and our buffet will be invited!
We can't wait to see you on our birthday at the Suquamish Clearwater Casino Resort!


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Localization of single particle quantum states has been an ubiquitous phenomenon,
observed primarily as a consequence of disorder in a system, and is traditionally
called the Anderson localization~\cite{anderson}. The pivotal result in the field
of disorder-induced localization is that, the single particle eigenstates of a
Hamiltonian describing a disordered lattice should be exponentially localized
for dimension $d \le 2$, and even for $d > 2$ for strong disorder.
The effect is strongest in one dimension where all the states are localized
for any strength of disorder. The envelope of
the wave function decays exponentially with respect to a given location in the lattice
~\cite{kramer,abrahams}.
These results have been aptly justified by various calculations
related to the localization length~\cite{rudo1,rudo2} and the density of
states~\cite{alberto}.
The single parameter scaling
hypothesis -- its validity~\cite{rudo3}, variance~\cite{deych}, or even
violation~\cite{bunde,titov} in low dimensional systems within a tight-binding
approximation has also enriched the field.

This picture is to be contrasted with the effect of quasiperiodic order
~\cite{kohmoto1,kohmoto2} in one dimensional lattices where the single
particle excitations are {\it critical} and exhibit a power law localization
with a multifractal character in general ~\cite{mace}. Resistance for such systems exhibits
power law growth as well as the size of the lattice
increases~\cite{kohmoto3,sankar, macia}. The exotic spectral properties of
quasiperiodic lattices occupied an immense volume of literature over the
past three decades, and even today, the unusual behaviour of quantum conductance
in such systems are of immense inetrest~\cite{varma}.

In this communication, we revisit the effect of
`deterministic disorder', introduced in an
infinitely long one dimensional chain of atomic sites by buckling the chain
in {\it local segments}, and throughout its
length, following a quasiperiodically ordered sequence.
Bent quantum wires have been studied previously in the context of
ballistic transport characteristics~\cite{vacek}. Single and multiply bent
two dimensional quantum wires were examined in respect of localized, doubly
split one electron states~\cite{vakhnenko}. Apart from these,
winding chains have been considered as models of
conducting polymers~\cite{xiong1,xiong2}. The winding brings sites that were distant
neighbors in the unperturbed system to close proximity, and a tunnel hopping
provides additional paths for the electron.
The lattice becomes a topologically
disordered (deterministic though) system in the spirit of Guinea and
Verg\'{e}s~\cite{guinea}, who discussed the effect of fluctuating coordination
numbers in a linear chain, caused by dangling branches coupled from a side, or
bridging two distant sites in a one dimensional lattice.
Such tunneling has been shown~\cite{xiong1,xiong2}
to have profound influence on quantum transport, leading to large localization
lengths in disordered polymers, which
is indicative of a metal-insulator (MI) transition in such systems.
Real polymers of course, include interaction between different constituent
chains, the coupling between the adjacent chains being mediated by the
overlapping hydrogen orbitals. In several cases the main spectral features
can be explained by an effective tight binding model with next nearest neighbor
hopping integrals.
The effect of second neighbor hopping is also studied for quasi one dimensional
organic polymer ferromagnetic systems and have unravelled a plethora of information
~\cite{kailun}.
Buckling a chain makes such longer range interactions possible in a natural way,
and thus deserves close scrutiny.

In addition, a quasiperiodic order in chains and their bending are two important
ingredients that have been shown to arise in the recent field of two dimensional materials,
a graphene nanoribbon for example~\cite{naumis}. This provides an extra motivation for studying the present model.

We examine two different cases. At first, we consider a perfectly periodic
chain of atoms within a tight binding approximation.
Buckling is introduced in a Fibonacci quasiperiodic sequence~\cite{kohmoto1}
such that the chain bends after every $n$ and $m$ atoms, the numbers $n$ and
$m$ being distributed in a Fibonacci pattern. Tunnel hopping is introduced across
such clusters and it is seen that for large strength of the tunnel hopping amplitude,
which may be thought to be caused by large bending of the local segments, the
energy spectrum turns out to be extremely interesting. The outer edges of the spectrum
retain the character of a pure, one dimensional chain of atoms, while the
central part, spanning between $E=\epsilon \pm 2t$, feels the `disorder' and breaks up
into multiple subbands populated by extended eigenstates as well as sharply
localized bound states. Thus wrinkling the chain appropriately one can look into the
possibility of a switching action as one sweeps the
Fermi energy from the domain of absolutely continuous spectrum to the
fragmented one, mixed with transparent and localized states.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=6.5cm,angle=0]{order1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) A one-dimensional chain of atoms with identical
quantum dots each of having on-site
potentials $\epsilon$ and hopping integral $t$ with long range hopping
$\lambda$ (blue line) across $n$-atoms and across
$m$-atoms which follow a Fibonacci
sequence, as discussed in text.
The figure below indicates the \textit{renormalized} version of
the buckled ordered chain with restricted long range hopping.}
\label{order}
\end{figure}

In the second example, we consider a quasiperiodic Fibonacci chain to begin with.
The tunnel hopping, spanning the second neighbors, but in a restricted sense,
also follows a Fibonacci sequence. This introduces a competing quasiperiodic order.
The introduction of the tunnel hopping in this case results in something
totally different. We have encountered several cases where an appropriate choice of the
tunnel hopping is seen to generate {\it absolutely continuous} subbands in the
otherwise fragmented Cantor set energy spectrum, typical of a Fibonacci
lattice~\cite{kohmoto1} making the system conduct over specified energy intervals.

In what follows, we discuss our findings in details. In section II we lay down the
models and the methods followed. Section III contains the results for both the cases
addressed here, and in section IV we draw our conclusions.

\section{The model and the method}
\subsection{The perfectly periodic chain with quasiperiodic buckling}
Let us refer to Fig.~\ref{order} which shows a linear chain of atomic
scatterers (violet spheres). The chain is assumed to be buckled after
every $n$ and $m$ atoms, where we have taken the sequence of $n$ and $m$
following a Fibonacci distribution. That is, the chain is inhomogeneously distorted
and the distorted segments are distributed as, $na$, $ma$, $na$, $na$, $ma$, $.......$,
where, $a$ is the uniform lattice spacing.
This is the typical arrangement of constituents in a binary
Fibonacci chain comprising of say, two letters $L$ ans $S$, and grown following the
algorithm $L \rightarrow LS$ and $S \rightarrow L$~\cite{kohmoto1}.
The Hamiltonian describing the system
and written in a tight binding approximation reads,
\begin{equation}
H = \epsilon \sum_{i} |i\rangle \langle i| + \sum_{ij} t_{ij} |i\rangle \langle j|
\label{ham}
\end{equation}
In this case,
$\epsilon$ is the uniform on-site potential describing
the parent ordered chain. The hopping integral $t_{ij}=t$ for the
nearest neighboring sites on the linear backbone, and $t_{ij}=\lambda_n$ or
$\lambda_m$ depending on whether the buckling (shown by the blue line),
connecting the vertices along the chain and
across a segment of $n$ sites or a segment of $m$ sites. However, in the
subsequent discussion, we shall stick to the case where, $\lambda_n = \lambda_m =
\lambda$, which shows interesting spectral behavior.

Using a set of difference equations,
\begin{equation}
(E - \epsilon) \psi_i = \sum_{ij} t_{ij} \psi_j
\end{equation}
It is simple to reduce the original chain depicted in Fig.~\ref{order}
to a linear Fibonacci chain with
two kinds of (effective) bonds $L$ and $S$ (see Fig.~\ref{order})
which follow a Fibonacci pattern $LSLLSLSLLSLLS.....$.
This results in three kinds of (effective) on-site potentials
namely, $\epsilon_\alpha$, $\epsilon_\beta$ and $\epsilon_\gamma$,
representing vertices flanked by $LL$, $LS$ or $SL$ bonds.
The hopping integrals along the effective $L$ or $S$ bonds are designated by
$t_L$ and $t_S$ respectively. These on-site potentials
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=5.5cm,angle=0]{order2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) A one-dimensional chain of atoms with identical
atomic sites each of having on-site
potentials $\epsilon$ and hopping integral $t$ with long range hopping
$\lambda$ (blue colored line) across $n$-atoms and across
$m$-atoms which follow a Fibonacci
sequence, as discussed in text. In this particular case
we have taken $n=2$ and $m=1$ for instance.
The figure below indicates the equivalent \textit{decorated} version of
the buckled ordered chain with restricted long range hopping.}
\label{order1}
\end{figure}
and the hopping
integrals are given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon_\alpha & = & \epsilon + 2 t \frac{U_{n-1}(x)}{U_n(x)} \nonumber \\
\epsilon_\beta & = & \epsilon + t \left [\frac{U_{n-1}(x)}{U_n(x)} +
\frac{U_{m-1}(x)}{U_m(x)} \right ] \nonumber \\
\epsilon_\gamma & = & \epsilon_\beta \nonumber \\
t_L & = & \lambda + \frac{t}{U_n(x)} \nonumber \\
t_S & = & \lambda + \frac{t}{U_m(x)}
\label{fibopara}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $x=(E-\epsilon)/2t$, and $U_n(x)$ is the $n$-th order
Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind.
The resulting {\it effective} Fibonacci chain (Fig.~\ref{order}(b)) is then
further renormalized using the standard
decimation procedure, viz., by `folding' it backward using the
deflation rule $LS \rightarrow L'$ and $L \rightarrow S'$.
The recursion relations relating to the potentials and the hopping
matrix elements at one length scale to the next, given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon_\alpha' & = & \epsilon_\gamma + \frac{t_L^2 + t_S^2}{E - \epsilon_\beta}
\nonumber \\
\epsilon_\beta' & = & \epsilon_\gamma + \frac{t_S^2}{E - \epsilon_\beta} \nonumber \\
\epsilon_\gamma' & = & \epsilon_\alpha + \frac{t_L^2}{E - \epsilon_\beta} \nonumber \\
t_L' & = & \frac{t_L t_S}{E - \epsilon_\beta} \nonumber \\
t_S' & = & t_L
\label{recur}
\end{eqnarray}
The above equations are exact.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=8.5cm,angle=0]{fibo.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Schematic view of a part of an infinite Fibonacci
lattice comprising of long ($L$) and short ($S$) bonds having three different
kinds of sites
$\alpha$ (red sphere), $\beta$ (cyan sphere) and $\gamma$ (green sphere)
with corresponding on-site potentials
$\epsilon_{\alpha}$, $\epsilon_{\beta}$ and $\epsilon_{\gamma}$ with
{\it restricted} short ranged $NNN$ interactions shown by blue curved lines.
The figure below indicates the \textit{renormalized} version of the
buckled Fibonacci chain.}
\label{fibo}
\end{figure}
The spectrum is then easily obtained by calculating the density of states
(DOS) by evaluating the Green's function
$G_\alpha = (E + i\eta - \epsilon_\alpha^{*})^{-1}$ at any local site, say $\alpha$,
where, $\epsilon_\alpha^{*}$ is the fixed point value of the potential
$\epsilon_\alpha$,
which is achieved when the hopping integrals $t_L$ and $t_S$ flow to zero under
iteration,
and $\eta$ is a small imaginary part added to the energy.
The DOS is given by,
$\rho_\alpha = (-1/\pi) \lim_{\eta \rightarrow 0} Im G_\alpha (E + i\eta)$.

Before we end this sub-section, it is nice to appreciate that, the ``buckling''
simulates a long range hopping between sites that are not the
nearest neighbors in the parent 1-D chain. The linear lattice depicted in
Fig.~\ref{order} can be equivalently drawn as a quasiperiodic arrangement of
say, squares and triangles (for $n=2$ and $m=1$) where the distant neighbors
are connected by an overlap integral $\lambda$. A section of the original linear chain
and its quasi-one dimensional equivalent is shown in Fig.~\ref{order1}. Thus the
essence of ``buckling" is just to bring in the flavor of long range hopping in the
system. Interestingly, similar long range hopping is considered recently in a Schr\"{o}dinger chain, and has been shown to
lead to a new extremum at the center of the density of states accompanied by a van Hove singularity
~\cite{stock}.

\subsection{Quasiperiodic buckling of a quasiperiodic chain}
We consider a Fibonacci chain grown using two letters $L$ and $S$ following
the growth rule $L \rightarrow LS$ and $S \rightarrow L$. A segment of an infinite
Fibonacci chain is depicted in Fig.~\ref{fibo}. The $L$ and $S$ bonds are associated
with the hopping integrals $t_L$ and $t_S$ respectively at the bare scale of length.
The three different kinds of sites $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\gamma$ lie between an
$LL$, $LS$ and $SL$ pairs of bonds respectively. We consider buckling of the parent
chain such that a tunnel hopping $\lambda$ is established across
the combination of $LS$ or $SL$
pairs of bonds, but not across an $LL$ pair. Thus the present model can equivalently
be looked at as a quasiperiodic chain with `restricted' second neighbor hopping.

The parent lattice with such restricted second neighbor hopping can be renormalized
into a Fibonacci chain with nearest neighbor hoppings only by decimating a subset of
vertices and now, using a different length scaling, viz.,
 $LSLSL \rightarrow L'$ and $LSL \rightarrow S'$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=8.5cm,angle=0]{tdifedif.eps}
\caption{(Color online) (a) $\Delta\epsilon = \epsilon_\alpha - \epsilon_\beta$
plotted against $x$. We have selected
$\epsilon=0$ and $t=1$. $\epsilon_\alpha$, $\epsilon_\beta$, $t_L$ and $t_S$ are
defined in Eq.~\eqref{fibopara} and (b) $\Delta t=t_L - t_S$ plotted against
$x$.The dimensionless
parameter $x=(E-\epsilon)/2t$ and the energy $E$ is measured
in units of $t$.}
\label{edif}
\end{figure}
To evaluate the DOS at any particular site one can use the same set of recursion
relations given in Eq.~\eqref{recur}.
\section{Results and discussion}
\subsection{\textcolor{red}{The periodic chain case}}
Let us fix, for the sake of clarity, $\epsilon=0$ and $t=1$.
Using the set of Eq.~\eqref{fibopara} we have worked out the difference
$\Delta\epsilon = \epsilon_\alpha - \epsilon_\beta$ and
$\Delta t = t_L - t_S$ with the tunnel hopping being set in the
range $-3 \le \lambda \le 3$. The
results are displayed in Fig.~\ref{edif},
as a function
of $x=(E-\epsilon)/2t$. It is seen that, for $-4 \le E \le -2$ and $2 \le E \le 4$,
the differences $\Delta\epsilon$ and $\Delta t$ are both zero, implying that for such
ranges of the energy the parameters represent a perfectly ordered chain.
Both the graphs show that the system `feels' disorder solely in the energy range $-2 \le E \le 2$.
Due to the specific pattern imposed in the distribution of the buckled segments, this
part of the spectrum gets maximally perturbed by the aperiodic distribution of the
tunnel hopping $\lambda$.
The existence of these localized states are marked by the divergence of $\Delta\epsilon$
at various values of $x$ within the range shown in the figure.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=7cm,angle=0]{dospure.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Density of states (violet curve) and two terminal
electronic transport characteristics (black curve) of an ordered chain
buckled sequentially at every $4$-th and $5$-th sites (that is, $n=3$ and $m=4$)
following a Fibonacci pattern. We have selected $\epsilon=0$, $t=1$ and
$\lambda = 3$. Energy is measured in units of the hopping integral $t$.
The values of the lead parameters for the transport calculation
are $\epsilon_0 = 0$ and $t_0 = 3.5$.}
\label{dospure}
\end{figure}
The number of subbands and
such localized states depends strongly on the values of $n$, $m$ and of course, on the
strength of the tunnel hopping amplitude $\lambda$. But, in every case we come across a scenario
where a smooth crossover from an absolutely continuous part in the spectrum to a
mixed character, dominated by subbands of narrower widths and point like spectrum,
can be engineered.

The DOS, as presented in Fig.~\ref{dospure} exhibits an apparent continuum towards the
outer parts of the spectrum with a typical divergence shown by an ordered lattice at the
band edges. This can be understood in a perturbative way. For example, when $\lambda$ is
large compared to $t$, we can, as a first approximation, ignore $t$ and the system
resembles a linear chain with nearest neighbor hopping integral $\lambda$. The band extends from
$\epsilon-2 \lambda$ to $\epsilon+2\lambda$ and the edges should exhibit a square root divergence
as in an ordered chain of atomic sites. If we now `switch on' a non-zero value for $t$, the system
starts feeling the presence of a quasiperiodic Fibonacci ordering of the potentials and the
nearest neighbor hopping integrals. However, as long as $t$ is not comparable to $\lambda$ only the
central part of the spectrum gets affected, while for $t \approx \lambda$, the entire spectrum gets
affected, and gap opens everywhere.

As seen in Fig.~\ref{dospure} a gap opens up at
the center of the spectrum,
punctuated by tiny clusters of \textit{isolated} peaks.
We have extensively investigated the flow pattern in such cases. Typically for any isolated peak
in the density of states the number of RSRG iterations vary between $10$ to $15$. This means that
the overlap of the Wannier orbitals extends typically over clusters of size $\tau^{10}$ to $\tau^{15}$.
Beyond this length the envelope decays down, but this indeed is a \textit{slow decay}. This scenario
is to be contrasted with exponentially localized
single particle states (not a member of the continuum regime),
for which the hopping integrals flow to zero very quickly (as the wave function
of the electron is localized pretty sharply over a limited number of atomic sites)~\cite{south1,south2}.
We thus get confidence to comment that such isolated states are \textit{critical} in the
usual sense of a Fibonacci lattice.

On the other hand, the shaded
portions of the continuous subbands in the DOS
are populated by extended eigenfunctions. For any energy eigenvalue picked up
at random from such continuous zones, the
nearest neighbor hopping integrals never flow to zero under the RSRG iterations.
This proves that
the envelopes of the wave functions have
non-zero overlap at all scales of length. This means they are {\it extended}.

The black curve in Fig.~\ref{dospure} depicts the variation of two-terminal
transmission coefficient as a function of the Fermi energy.
To calculate the transmission coefficient,
we have first placed a large but finite segment
of the sample in between two perfectly ordered semi infinite `leads' where the atoms
have a constant on-site potential $\epsilon_0$ and nearest neighbor hopping integral
$t_0$. The ordered chain with the quasiperiodic buckling is transformed in to an
`effective' Fibonacci chain. The transmission coefficient is then worked out using
the well known formula~\cite{stone}, viz.,
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
T(E) = \frac{4 \sin^2 ka}{[(M_{12}-M_{21}) + (M_{11}-M_{22}) \cos ka)]^2 +
[(M_{11}+M_{22})^2 \sin^2 ka]}
\label{tran}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
where, $\cos ka = (E-\epsilon_0)/2t_0$, $M = M_R (\prod M_{i}) M_L$,
with $M_i = M_\alpha$,
$M_\beta$ or $M_\gamma$ following the Fibonacci sequence generated~\cite{kohmoto1}, and
$M_{R(L)}$ being the transfer matrix corresponding to the atoms sitting at the
right and the left extremities respectively.
The explicit form of the matrices are,
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
M_\alpha = \left( \arraycolsep=5pt \def1.1} \begin{array}{cccc{1.5} \begin{array}{cccc}
\frac{(E-\epsilon_\alpha)}{t_L} & -1 \\
1 & 0
\end{array}
\right),
M_\beta = \left( \arraycolsep=5pt \def1.1} \begin{array}{cccc{1.5} \begin{array}{cccc}
\frac{(E-\epsilon_\beta)}{t_S} & -\frac{t_L}{t_S} \\
1 & 0
\end{array}
\right),
M_\gamma = \left( \arraycolsep=5pt \def1.1} \begin{array}{cccc{1.5} \begin{array}{cccc}
\frac{(E-\epsilon_\gamma)}{t_L} & -\frac{t_S}{t_L} \\
1 & 0
\end{array}
\right)
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
The `left' and the `right' matrices are also given by,
\begin{equation}
M_L = \left( \arraycolsep=5pt \def1.1} \begin{array}{cccc{1.1} \begin{array}{cccc}
\frac{(E-\epsilon_L)}{t_S} & -\frac{t_0}{t_S} \\
1 & 0
\end{array}
\right),
M_R = \left( \arraycolsep=5pt \def1.1} \begin{array}{cccc{1.1} \begin{array}{cccc}
\frac{(E-\epsilon_R)}{t_0} & -\frac{t_L}{t_0} \\
1 & 0
\end{array}
\right)
\end{equation}
Here $\epsilon_L$ and $\epsilon_R$ are the on-site potentials of
the left and right atoms of the finite size atomic chain respectively.
\subsection{The Fibonacci chain}
We refer to Fig.~\ref{fibo}. The infinite Fibonacci chain is buckled
so that a tunnel hopping $\lambda$ connects sites separated by an $LS$, or
an $SL$ pair, but excludes an $LL$ pair. This geometry equivalently
represents a Fibonacci chain with `restricted second neighbor hopping'. It is
interesting to observe that such a model can be mapped onto a nearest neighbor
hopping model by a deflation rule, $LSLSL \rightarrow L'$ and $LSL \rightarrow S'$.
This decimates a subset of sites in the original chain to yield a renormalized
version of it. The effective on-site potentials and hopping integrals for this
renormalized Fibonacci lattice can be worked out in a tedious, but straightforward
manner. For clarity we present below the initial values of the
parameters for the effective
Fibonacci chain with nearest neighbor interaction.
To simplify the cumbersome expressions we select
$\epsilon_\alpha=\epsilon_\beta=\epsilon_\gamma=0$ in the original chain. This doesn't
affect the physics as the choice of the on-site potentials only sets the centre
of the density of states spectrum. For the `new' Fibonacci chain the parameters
read,
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& \epsilon_{\alpha,new} = \frac{{\cal F}_1 E^3 + {\cal F}_2 E^2 +
{\cal F}_3 E + {\cal F}_4}
{E^4 + {\cal G}_1 E^2 + {\cal G}_2 E + {\cal G}_3} \\
& \epsilon_{\beta,new} = \frac{{\cal F}_5 E^5 + {\cal F}_6 E^4 + {\cal F}_7 E^3 +
{\cal F}_8 E^2 + {\cal F}_9 E}{-E^6 + {\cal G}_4 E^4 - {\cal G}_2 E^3 + {\cal G}_5 E^2 +
{\cal G}_6 E + {\cal G}_7 } \\
& \epsilon_{\gamma,new} = \epsilon_{\beta,new} \\
& t_{L,new} = \frac{{\cal F}_{10} E^2 + {\cal F}_{11} E +
{\cal F}_{12} + {\cal F}_{13}}
{E^4 + {\cal G}_8 E^2 + {\cal G}_2 E +{\cal G}_9} \\
& t_{S,new} = \frac{2 \lambda t_L E + t_S (\lambda^2 + t_L^2)}
{E^2 - t_S^2}.
\end{aligned}
\label{newfibo}
\end{equation}
where, ${\cal F}_1 = 2 (t_L^2 + \lambda^2)$, ${\cal F}_2 = 4\lambda t_L t_S$,
${\cal F}_3 = 2 [ t_L^2 ( \lambda^2 - t_L^2 - t_S^2) -\lambda^2 (\lambda^2 + t_S^2)]$,
${\cal F}_4 = 4 \lambda t_L t_S (\lambda^2 -t_L^2 - t_S^2)$,
${\cal F}_5 = -2 (\lambda^2 + t_L^2)$, ${\cal F}_6 = -4 t_L t_S \lambda$,
${\cal F}_7 = 2 t_L^4 + 4 t_S^2 (\lambda^2 + t_L^2) + \lambda^2 (2 t_L^2 + 3 \lambda^2)$,
${\cal F}_8 = 8 \lambda t_L t_S (t_L^2 + t_S^2) + 6 t_L t_S \lambda^3$,
${\cal F}_9 = \lambda^4 (t_S^2 - t_L^2) - \lambda^6 - t_L^2 t_S^2 (t_L^2 + 11 \lambda^2) - 2
t_S^4 (t_L^2 + \lambda^2)$,
${\cal F}_{10} = 3 t_L \lambda^2$,
${\cal F}_{11} = 2 \lambda t_S (2 t_L^2 + \lambda^2)$,
${\cal F}_{12} = 2 \lambda^2 t_L (t_S^2 - \lambda^2)$,
${\cal F}_{13} = t_L^3 (t_S^2 + \lambda^2)$,
${\cal G}_1 = -(t_L^2 + 2 t_S^2 + 2 \lambda^2)$, ${\cal G}_2 = -4 \lambda t_L t_S$,
${\cal G}_3 = \lambda^4 - t_S^2 (2\lambda^2 - t_S^2)$,
${\cal G}_4 = t_L^2 + 3 t_S^2 + 2 \lambda^2$, ${\cal G}_5 = -[\lambda^4 +
t_S^2 (t_L^2 + 3 t_S^2 + 4 \lambda^2)]$, ${\cal G}_6 = -4 \lambda t_L t_S^3$,
${\cal G}_7 = t_S^6 - \lambda^2 t_S^2 (\lambda^2 + 2 t_S^2)$,
${\cal G}_8 = - (2 t_S^2 + 2 \lambda^2 + t_L^2)$, and
${\cal G}_9 = (t_S^2 - \lambda^2)^2$.

One can now use Eq.~\eqref{recur} with the initial values of the on site
potentials and the nearest neighbor hopping integrals as listed above to work out the
density of states, as discussed before.
The density of states at any site of this renormalized, effectively nearest neighbor
Fibonacci chain can be obtained using the recursion relations Eq.~\eqref{recur}. The
local density of states at an $\alpha$-site is presented in Fig.~\ref{fibo1}(a), when
we introduce the tunnel hopping $\lambda$ at the bare scale of length. This
implies that the Fibonacci chain is wrinkled every $LS$ or $SL$ pair. The
effect on the spectrum is most severe in this case. However, surprisingly,
patches of continuous distribution of eigenvalues turn out to be an
interesting feature in this case.

In Fig.~\ref{fibo1} we show sequentially the
effect of variation of the long range hopping on the density of states. $\lambda$
is chosen to have values $0.5$, $1.0$, $2.0$ and $3.0$ in Fig.~\ref{fibo1} (a), (b),
(c) and (d) respectively. While for $\lambda=0.5$ the density of states does not show any
significant continuum, for $\lambda=1.0$, a trace of a continumm appears to the left of
$E=0$. The continuum appears much more prominently as $\lambda$ increases to $2.0$ and
$3.0$ respectively. For each such case, we have tested the flow of the hopping integrals
under successive renormalization. The hopping integrals, for any energy
eigenvalue picked at random from such dense patches of energy, keep on oscillating without
converging to zero, indicating that the states are extended in character.
We have thoroughly examined such regimes with finer and finer scanning of the
intervals of energy.

In Fig.~\ref{fibo2} we impart buckling on a $20$ times
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=8.5cm,angle=0]{bucklefibodos.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Density of states of an infinite Fibonacci
chain as a function of the energy for different combination of
buckling constant $\lambda$.
The buckling has been applied at the bare length scale.
We have set $\epsilon_i=0$, $i=\alpha$,
$\beta$ and $\gamma$. $t_L=1$, $t_S=1.5$.
Energy is measured in
units of $t_L$. The values of the buckling parameters in
the following four cases respectively are
(a) $\lambda=0.5$
(b) $\lambda=1.0$
(c) $\lambda=2.0$
(d) $\lambda=3.0$. }
\label{fibo1}
\end{figure}
renormalized Fibonacci chain to begin with. Naturally, such a
long chain retains the essential features of an infinite lattice.
The figure shows the three subband structure in the
DOS pattern, a trademark of the transfer model of a Fibonacci chain~\cite{kohmoto2}.
However, the bound states caused by the buckling are still observed within the
spectral gaps of the three subband area, as well as outside the global band edges.

The fine structure of the spectrum is brought out as shown in Fig.~\ref{fibo2}(b)
around the central part. The typical self similar three subband spectrum opens up, with
further splitting being visible. The additional feature is the appearance of
sharply localized bound states inside the multiple gaps in the spectrum, indicating
a self similar distribution of the bound states as well.

The two terminal transport across a $144$-bond long Fibonacci chain,
buckled at the bare length scale with the strength of the
tunnel hopping $\lambda$ following the sequence of values as
in Fig.\ref{fibo1}, is shown in Fig.~\ref{transfibo}. The parameters
are the same as those in Fig.~\ref{fibo1}. The absolutely continuous character
present in the density of states spectrum is corroborated by a continuous zone of
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=8.5cm,angle=0]{fibodos1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Density of states of an infinite Fibonacci
chain.
(a) Buckling is applied to a $20$ times renormalized
Fibonacci chain. (b) Enlarged central part of (a) to bring out the
inherent self similarity displayed by the distribution of the eigenvalues.
We have set $\epsilon_i=0$, $i=\alpha$,
$\beta$ and $\gamma$. $t_L=1$, $t_S=1.5$ and $\lambda=2.5$. Energy is measured in
units of $t_L$.}
\label{fibo2}
\end{figure}
high transmission coefficient which certify for the extended character of the spectrum.

To end, we find it instructive to illustrate the distribution of the energy eigenvalues
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=8.5cm,angle=0]{trans.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Two-terminal transmission characteristics
 of a Fibonacci
chain with $144$ bonds as a function of the energy for different combination of
buckling constant $\lambda$.
The buckling has been applied at the bare length scale.
We have set $\epsilon_i=0$, $i=\alpha$,
$\beta$ and $\gamma$. $t_L=1$, $t_S=1.5$.
Energy is measured in
units of $t_L$. The values of the buckling parameters in
the following four cases respectively are
(a) $\lambda=0.5$
(b) $\lambda=1.0$
(c) $\lambda=2.0$
(d) $\lambda=3.0$.}
\label{transfibo}
\end{figure}
of a buckled Fibonacci chain as a function of the tunnel hopping amplitude $\lambda$.
Fig.~\ref{fibospec} displays the effect of buckling. The four panels correspond to
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=8.5cm,angle=0]{spec1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) $E$ versus $\lambda$ profile of a Fibonacci lattice at
different stage of initial renormalization (a) $n=0$, (b) $n=2$, (c) $n=4$ and
(d) $n=6$.
The parameters are
$\epsilon_{\alpha}=\epsilon_{\beta}=\epsilon_{\gamma}=0$ and $t_{L}=1$ and $t_{S}=1.5$.}
\label{fibospec}
\end{figure}
the different scales of length at which the buckling has been introduced. Panel (a)
shows the effect when the chain is bent at its bare scale of length.

In general, the energy spectrum of a Fibonacci quasicrystal, in an
off-diagonal model, consists of three fragmented subbands, each splitting
further into three self similar subbands on finer scan over the
energy interval~\cite{kohmoto1}. In the present case, with buckling
at the bare scale of length we can see that
this three subband pattern is destroyed.
The effect of the buckling is maximum here.
The bound states
arising out of the sequential bending are not visible prominently, but the global
three subband spectral splitting of a Fibonacci chain with nearest neighbor interaction
is lost. With the buckling introduced over longer segments, achieved by renormalizing
the original chain, say, two, four or six times first, the three subband pattern
seems to be getting restored gradually, and is quite apparent in the last of
the panels, that is, (d). This is understandable, as the introduction of the buckling
through a longer range tunnel hopping on an $n$-step renormalized lattice implies that
the nearest neighbor quasiperiodic chain's spectrum is preserved as we have larger
and larger segments of `clean' Fibonacci lattice trapped in the {\it bent zone}
for increasing values of $n$. The appearance of the bound states are also apparent
as $\lambda$ increases.
\section{conclusion}
We have addressed the problem of the changes brought about in the electronic spectra
of a perfectly periodic
chain of atoms and in a quasiperiodic Fibonacci chain when finite segments of them
are buckled to bring two distant neighbors into close proximity. This `proximity'
is modeled by a tunnel hopping connecting these distant neighbors. We have used a
real space renormalization group decimation scheme to map the chains with restricted
long range hoppings on to chains with renormalized on-site potentials and nearest neighbor
hopping integrals, both being functions of the energy of the electron. It is seen that
the buckling induced spectral characters of the pure and the quasiperiodic chain
are quite contrasting. With large values of the tunnel hopping integral, a measure
of the amount of buckling, the `ordered' chain can retain its absolutely continuous
part towards the end of the spectrum, populated by extended
eigenstates only, while the central part turns `dirty' and offers a
mixed character of extended and localized states. This can be utilized to look for
a possible `switch on', `switch off' effect in its electronic conduction.

The Fibonacci chain on the other hand, shows the startling appearance of one or
more {\it absolutely continuous} subbands populated
by unscattered (extended) eigenstates flanked by the usual {\it critical} ones.
The appearance of sharply localized, bound states mark both the case, particularly
when the buckling is large, that is the tunnel hopping integral $\lambda$ assumes
a large value compared to the intrinsic hopping parameters of the systems. Such states
appear to get
distributed in a self similar manner, a fact that becomes more apparent when
the buckling is introduced over larger and lager segments of the original
Fibonacci chain.

It is to be appreciated that the long range hopping brings in a flavour of the formation
of \textit{rings}, providing additional path for the electron to jump to a distant site.
The `buckling' essentially gives rise to the formation of polygonal structures (see
Fig.~\ref{order1}). For example, with $n=2$ and $m=1$ one encounters a sequence
of trapezia and triangles, the latter creating frustration and the anti-bonding states
gets pushed away in energy. This has immense effect on the localization properties
~\cite{naumis2}. Such buckling has been implemented experimentally in graphene nanoribbons
very recently~\cite{lit} for both in-plane and out-of-plane bendings, and
the changes in the density of states have been probed.
The spectrum is not unlikely to display similar or even richer properties if one studies
a two dimensional strip, buckled and stressed. This will be addressed theoretically in a future communication.
\begin{acknowledgments}
\textcolor{red}{A.M. acknowledges DST, India for the financial support provided through an INSPIRE Fellowship [IF$160437$].} A.N. is thankful for the financial support provided through a research fellowship
[Award letter no. F.$17$-$81 / 2008$ (SA-I)] from UGC, India.
A.C. acknowledges partial financial support from a DST-PURSE grant through the
University of Kalyani.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Well, I am really annoyed about my financial decisions lately.
So what I am going to do is take out the $900 and pay $200 on each of the CCs ($300 CC and $375 CC) and put $400 towards the laptop and then pay the rest off in payments on both.
I already have $25 a week going into my Savings and I am sure I can come up with ways to make extra income.
Anyway I was also reminded of the Suze Orman segment of "Can you Afford It" when the chick had BIG BUCKS in her Savings and still had ton of CC and Student Loan debt and she told her what is the point of having a BIG Savings if you have all this Debt??? So I agree. Plus I am sure Suze would have DENIED me getting this new Laptop Oopsy!
oh my god, 25% interest is massive! why is it so much?


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text:
Home Forums > On the Fringe > Alternative Theories >
The Human Brain Is Incapable Of Volition Or Free Will
Discussion in 'Alternative Theories' started by Steve Klinko, May 10, 2021.
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exchemist Valued Senior Member
Write4U said: ↑
And human chemicals and insecticides are rendering the honey bee, the natural pollinator of flowering plants, vulnerable to disease.
In China many orchards now have to be hand dusted because the honey bee has disappeared. It takes humans weeks to pollinate an orchard where bees can do this is a few days. Not a very symbiotic relationship, IMO.
Humans do not live in symbiosis with nature. We try to shape nature for our convenience often in direct contradiction to what took nature 3 billion years to establish as a successful recycling of resources.
Nothing can live in symbiosis with "nature" as a whole.
exchemist, Jul 3, 2021
C C Consular Corps - "the backbone of diplomacy" Valued Senior Member
[...] Emergence: A unifying theme for 21st century science
Flocking, the collective motion of many birds in flight, is an emergent behavior arising from individuals following simple rules without central coordination or leadership.
Emergence as a unifying paradigm
Nanowires, like these grown by depositing atoms on a silicon crystal, are among new manmade materials with emergent properties. (U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology)
.....more
https://medium.com/sfi-30-foundatio...-theme-for-21st-century-science-4324ac0f951e#
Wetness is an emergent property of non-wet particles.
Good grief. Try to at least make some attempt to stay on track or in context with what you're replying to. IOW, don't reference examples of emergence that are public (consist of detectable and potentially verifiable affairs).
C C said: ↑
[...] Plus, how inconsistently insane would it be (in the context of natural science) to propose that certain procedures (either mechanical, electrical, or chemical) can conjure a hidden or subjective _X_ novelty via their performance?
[...] Most items claimed to be instances of emergence are public -- they are new activities slash structures or patterns that can be observed or detected by observation or instruments. Still composed of atoms, particles, fields (i.e., they don't float on their own).
[...] A routine(?) assertion that physical operations are emergently producing something immaterial that can't be directly detected (akin to epiphenomenalism), might be fine if one doesn't mind going over the cliff of inconsistency with respect to everything else one usually believes. Otherwise, it's probably a good idea for the physicalist to slap one's self back into the world of consequences with respect to what one proposes. Not directly stating an apparent consequence of a proposal or trying to remain ignorant of it does not really offer exoneration.
[...] So that's arguably the second issue: the presentations of consciousness cannot even be determined to be the case in terms of residing in public space, directly available to the "many" of scientific investigation. An emergent novelty that is private might as well be a report about divine revelation. Multiple believers can share a consensus about each individual privately intuiting God, but that's still suspect BS.
C C, Jul 3, 2021
exchemist said: ↑
Apparently man cannot live in symbiosis with nature at all.
Dr. Hellstrom:
In fighting the insect we have killed ourselves, polluted our water, poisoned our wildlife, permeated our own flesh with deadly toxins. The insect becomes immune, and we are poisoned. In fighting with superior intellect, we have outsmarted ourselves.
The people that actually do live in symbiosis with nature are considered "primitive" and "backward" and then modern man comes along and takes what he wants., destroying the entire ecosystem. The results are self-evident.
Write4U, Jul 3, 2021
Good grief. Try to at least make some attempt to stay on track or in context with what you're replying to.
Perhaps I misunderstood, but AFAIK you made a blanket statement there are no emergent phenomena. You cannot now claim selective context. My response was perfectly in context of the general question.
The article I cited posits that all evolutionary processes are emergent phenomena in essence.
Complexity acquires potentials over and above the properties of the individual parts. This is not new.
Perhaps I misunderstood, but AFAIK you made a blanket statement there are no emergent phenomena.
No. I specifically stated "hidden or subjective _X_ novelty" in the very part you quoted. Which in addition (for the heck of it), was a footnote not even relating to a sentence which directly mentioned emergence. Your reading skills are selective (though we've all been carelessly or deliberately guilty of that at one time or another, barring those who preen their idealized, feathered coats of perfection and immortality).
Write4U likes this.
Great, I'm glad we have no disagreement on this. I appreciate your generosity.
I do not consider "conscious volition" as a _X_ novelty, as a "hard question".
Conscious volition is a "hard fact" and can only be an emergent property of complexity. There is no other available option, IMO.
Even if we do not yet know "how", we do know "consciousness is" a demonstrable fact and can be traced back all the way back to the very emergence of biological life (abiogenesis) and the evolution of neural sensitivities in Eukaryotic organisms.
Dr. Hellstrom: The people that actually do live in symbiosis with nature are considered "primitive" and "backward" and then modern man comes along and takes what he wants., destroying the entire ecosystem. The results are self-evident.
Your - unsourced - quote does not support your claim.
That's because you are misquoting it. Selective reading?
Write4U said: ↑ Apparently man cannot live in symbiosis with nature at all.
"In fighting the insect we have killed ourselves, polluted our water, poisoned our wildlife, permeated our own flesh with deadly toxins. The insect becomes immune, and we are poisoned. In fighting with superior intellect, we have outsmarted ourselves."
Quoted from this source;
https://www.quotes.net/movies/the_hellstrom_chronicle_146436
For full disclosure;
The Hellstrom Chronicle
"The earth was created not through the gentle caress of love, but through the brutal violence of rape."
So begins the improbable 1972 Best Documentary Oscar-winner The Hellstrom Chronicle, a deliciously hyperbolic insect study that marries beautiful microphotography with a Herzogian view of nature as a deceptively idyllic stage that sings with the relentless harmony of murder.
It has, as its narrator, one Dr. Nils Hellstrom, an irreverent doomsayer who claims that his name has been connected with words like "fanatic" and "heretic," and who claims to have lost "two fellowships, one assistant professorship, and even a few friendships" as a result of his revelations about the coming insect takeover. Except Hellstrom isn't a real scientist, he's a fictional character, played by Edward Pressman, who gives statements with basis in fact. Apparently there were no actual experts hammy enough to do the job.
To a large degree, The Hellstrom Chronicle is a camp relic of the '70s, a documentary that's so committed to blowing up the format that it makes its own conclusions seem laughable.And yet, taken in the right spirit, it's a wondrously entertaining, hypnotic demonstration of an inarguable point: Insects were around millions of years before mankind came into being, and they'll be around millions of years after we're gone.
Hellstrom makes it sound like some diabolical plot, but the film's footage of Venus flytraps, praying mantises, ant colonies, beehives, and other societies serve a simpler thesis that insects are primitive yet exacting (and pitiless) in function, and simply more capable of adapting to change than any other creatures on Earth.
There's nothing heretical in the least about Hellstrom's assertions, save maybe for the shameless fear-mongering that makes the film seem more like a '50s science-fiction shocker than a cool assessment of the environment. (Sample: "The industrial waste that poisons our air, the DDT that poisons our food source, the radiation that destroys our very flesh are to the insect, nothing more than a gentle perfume.")
https://www.avclub.com/the-hellstrom-chronicle-1798171174#
Intellect , Intelligence ; is the essence of free-will .
river, Jul 4, 2021
river said: ↑
IMO, "refined awareness of choices" is the essence of volitional action, such as planing for future events.
As Antonsen says; "when we can look at something from several different perspectives, that makes for understanding" on which to base volitional choices of action. Still deterministic, but now within a range of possible solutions, i.e. how high and strong to build the next dike or levee to prevent a future flood after the last neglected levee was overwhelmed at cost of lives and treasure.
In Holland, which is partly below sea-level the height of sea dikes was critical and made the Dutch famous dike builders. We have fought against the North Sea for a long time and even claimed a sizable portion for rich farmland.
Several Dutch cheeses are made from milk of cows grazing on what was once an inland sea (the Zuiderzee) connected to the North Sea, but fed by a major inland river.
How the Netherlands Reclaimed Land From the Sea
Polders and Dikes of the Netherlands
Reclaiming the Zuiderzee
Storms and floods in 1916 provided the impetus for the Dutch to start a major project to reclaim the Zuiderzee. From 1927 to 1932, a 19-mile (30.5-kilometer) long dike called Afsluitdijk (the "Closing Dike") was built, turning the Zuiderzee into the IJsselmeer, a freshwater lake.
On February 1, 1953, another devastating flood hit the Netherlands. Caused by a combination of a storm over the North Sea and spring tide, waves along the sea wall rose to 15 feet (4.5 meters) higher than mean sea level. In some areas, the water peaked above existing dikes and spilled upon unsuspecting, sleeping towns. Just over 1,800 people in the Netherlands died, 72,000 people had to be evacuated, thousands of livestock died, and there was a tremendous amount of property damage.
This devastation prompted the Dutch to pass the Delta Act in 1958, changing the structure and administration of the dikes in the Netherlands. This new administrative system, in turn, created the project known as the North Sea Protection Works, which included building a dam and barriers across the sea. This vast engineering feat is now considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Further protective dikes and works including dams, sluices, locks, levees, and storm surge barriers were built, beginning to reclaim the land of the IJsselmeer. The new land led to the creation of the new province of Flevoland from what had been sea and water for centuries.
Much of the Netherlands Is Below Sea Level
Today, around 27% of the Netherlands is actually below sea level. This area is home to over 60% of the country's population of approximately 17 million people. The Netherlands, which is roughly the size of the U.S. states Connecticut and Massachusetts combined, has an average elevation of 36 feet (11 meters).
A huge part of the Netherlands is highly susceptible to flooding. Time will tell if the North Sea Protection Works are strong enough to protect it.
https://www.thoughtco.com/polders-and-dikes-of-the-netherlands-1435535#
Compare that with the erosion taking place in many places of the world due to rising sea levels.
Intellect Evolution , which has been going on for 450 million yrs .
I would say "ongoing" since the advent of abiogenesis, some 3.5 billion years. (Robert Hazen)
EUKARYOTES – 2.7 BILLION YEARS AGO
The oldest evidence of eukaryotes is from 2.7 billion years ago. Scientists believe that a nucleus and other organelles inside a eukaryotic cell formed when one prokaryotic organism engulfed another, which then lived inside and contributed to the functioning of its host.
http://kitto.cm.utexas.edu/courses/ch395g/fall2009/MOL190/Eukaryotes27.pdf
And before then;
The evolution of the cytoskeleton
The view that the cytoskeleton was a feature unique to eukaryotes was dramatically overturned about 20 years ago by the discovery that bacteria possess homologues of both tubulin (de Boer et al., 1992; RayChaudhuri and Park, 1992; Mukherjee et al., 1993) and actin (Bork et al., 1992). Since that time, a combination of bioinformatics, structural data, and advanced cell imaging has cemented the idea that both bacteria and archaea have active and dynamic cytoskeletons.
However, as more information has emerged regarding the function of prokaryotic filaments and the distribution of cytoskeletal components, it has become clear that there is no simple relationship between the cytoskeletons of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Moreover, there is considerable diversity in both composition and function between cytoskeletons in different lines of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The cytoskeleton is formed and maintained by microtubules and due to their remarkable self-organizing dynamic properties which allows for electro-chemical data transfer, IMO, that's when intelligence (sensory awareness) originated .
Introduction https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160578/
To your last statement . Agreed
Not only sensory awareness but also Memory .
Steve Klinko Registered Senior Member
Don't get distracted by focusing too much on the specific content of "experience", which seems to be the myopic trademark of qualophiles.
Thank you for the Insult. I study Conscious Experiences. Yes, the Conscious Experiences themselves, in and of themselves. You should think more Deeply about your own Conscious Experiences. You might then come to appreciate the importance of these Experiences.
Steve Klinko, Jul 5, 2021
Steve Klinko said: ↑
It's not an insult, it's advice. I've focused enough on my "experiences" to know that the fundamental mystery is not their specific content (like a red quale), but the fact that the content manifests. A mundane robot could be asserted to have information content to its navigational and recognition processes, but that content remains "invisible" to itself, consists of mechanistic relationships without any additional novelty appended.
As far as an extinctivist and anti-panpsychic version of physicalism goes: When you're dead everything disappears -- that's the conventional character of matter with respect to phenomenal verification of itself existing. Non-consciousness is thereby easy to define, and the inversion of that provides the most simplistic definition of (phenomenal) consciousness: "Stuff" is presenting itself, whether personal thoughts or the appearances of an external world.
To focus too much on qualia is to go down into the very valley that the Daniel Dennett and Keith Frankish school want you to go down into. So that they can strawman the "problem" into being about that particular category of content (which they consider vulnerable to criticism), rather the overall "hit-you-in-the-face like a rake handle" problem of manifestation. Which, BTW, is only a problem because of how certain strains of materialism (or commonsense views if that be the case) are taken to pronounce matter as lacking even a proto-capacity to exhibit to itself as anything.
When I study Conscious Experiences I am always trying to understand how they Manifest. That is the main goal of my quest. I don't understand how you think anyone will ever understand the Manifestation without directly and tirelessly keeping their eyes on the Target of Experiences (Qualia) themselves. I learned a long time ago to ignore anything Dennett says anymore. His ramblings about Illusions are incoherent and irrelevant. I don't care about his straw men.
When I study Conscious Experiences I am always trying to understand how they Manifest. That is the main goal of my quest. I don't understand how you think anyone will ever understand the Manifestation without directly and tirelessly keeping their eyes on the Target of Experiences (Qualia) themselves.
I tentatively (tentatively!) accept the notion that qualia either are fundamental or can be treated as that. Which is to say, I could consider a patch of red for several weeks and not discern any composites or answers for it other than the neural correlates it may correspond to in the brain. Which are radically different in terms of both appearance and their abstracted, causal mapping (electrochemical and network interactions).
So -- for me at least, pondering a patch of red (which in synesthesia could be triggered as much by a crossover of tactile sensory information as the conventional optical stimulation), or another quale, is about as productive as caricaturized sages gazing at their navels. And it's not like experiments and scientific research can be conducted upon an appearance residing in 1st-person territory, beyond public scrutiny.
Thus, the common key attribute of qualia -- that they "show" themselves -- in contrast to raw, non-represented matter which [supposedly] does not -- is for me the item that such content of general manifestation is sort of futile with respect to illuminating. (For me) it's kind of like trying to account for a skillet with the eggs and bacon being fried in it.
I learned a long time ago to ignore anything Dennett says anymore. His ramblings about Illusions are incoherent and irrelevant. I don't care about his straw men.
Yes, but from a tactical standpoint... Something from the Dennett/Frankish camp is almost always going to indirectly or directly introduce itself to the fray when a discussion constantly revolves around qualia. If you instead try to emphasize "experience" most of the time, then that's definitely better. But as soon "red patch", etc, is mentioned, the qualia alarms are probably going to sound, and here comes the strawman detour from manifestation to "specific content that appears to be unjustified by the meanings we have cherry-picked for a definition".
I'd also like to avoid "consciousness" like the plague, because it inevitably gets conflated with cognition and intellectual activity rather than the narrowness of phenomenal presentations. But that's pretty difficult when most of PoM today seems to be tossing "consciousness" around as if perfectly equivalent to experience, rather than (traditionally) more of an umbrella concept for various features.
I actually don't understand how Qualia became such a Straw Man. To me Qualia (Conscious Experiences) are the only things that are real. A radical thought occurred to me a couple of years ago where it seemed like the people I debated did not even really Experience Qualia. I posted this in a couple of forums a while back:
I have always assumed that all normally functioning Human Minds would have at least similar kinds of Conscious Experiences. I have thought this for decades. But after many years of discussions about this with people it has finally become clear to me that some people actually must not have Conscious Experiences or Qualia. I limit this observation to things like the Experience of Redness, the Standard A Tone, the Salty Taste and so on. The Experience of Colors and especially the Experience of Redness has been a major target for my discussions with people on the various Philosophy of Mind and Consciousness Forums. There are people that flat out deny the Existence of the Experience of Redness. I think they give it their best shot at understanding it but they always fall back to just dismissing the Experience of something like Redness as pure Fantasy, Superstition, Magic, and Illusion. I have become convinced that their denials of Conscious Experience, their very words, show that they truly and simply do not perceive Redness as a kind of Experience. There is no Redness Experience. They are not Color blind so they can Detect Red in their Visual Field in some way but it seems to be more at the level of the Neural Activity. They can somehow sense that their Neurons are Firing for Red and indicate that there is Red in their Field of View but there seems to be no Experience of Redness in their Field of View. They deny any such extra Consciousness Phenomenon is happening. I used to think they were just messing with me, and I was hoping that after all these years that they would get tired of continuing their Fraud. But they are not messing with me, they truly do not have Conscious Experiences or Qualia. In fact they say that Qualia was invented by Idiot Philosophers. They are usually nasty and arrogant like that and I wonder if that is a symptom of their lack of Qualia. It is interesting that their lack of Qualia would make them living examples of the P-Zombies from Philosophy. One thing I can say is that if they really never have had an Experience of something like Redness then I can completely understand how they would think it was something Magical, and Illusory. These people simply deny the Existence of Qualia and are completely stymied by talk of Qualia.
I have been astounded by the possibility that some people (mostly the Physicalists) actually might not Experience the Color Qualia. It is a mystery to me what their Inner Experience of Color could be like. I have always tried to use the Experience of Redness as a discussion point for talking about Conscious Experiences. These people literally will say that there is no such thing as Redness and they always try to compare descriptions of Experiences of Redness to Religious Experiences. I have tried for a long time to get them to describe what the Experience of Redness means to them. After receiving mostly insults, one of them gave me a description of what the Experience of Redness was from their own point of view. He dismissively said that his Experience was the same as everybody else. He described the multitude of Emotions and Memories that were Experienced while Seeing Red. He went on to describe particular Emotions and Memories. I noticed that there was no recognition of the Experience of the Redness itself, but rather it seemed like his Experience of Redness wholly consisted of Associations to other things. This seemed a little odd, but telling. So I then asked him to strip away all the Emotions, Memories, and other Associations from his Experience of Redness and tell me if there was anything still remaining in the Experience. Here is his reply: "How the {!#%@} would I know? It isn't possible for me to 'strip out all the Emotions, Memories, and any other Associations'. Further, I don't believe for a moment that you can either, Steve. This is navel-gazing, pure and simple." This person obviously does not Experience the Redness, but rather Experiences all these other things in place of the Redness Experience. He literally can not figure out what I am talking about. Notice the reference to Navel-Gazing. He still thinks that the Redness is a Religious Experience.
After some further conversations I now understand what an Experience of Redness is for these Physicalists. When they think about Experiencing Redness they always branch off into talking about Emotions and Memories. For them, it appears that the actual Experience of Redness is an Experience of Emotions and an Experience of Memories. That is the Experience for them and there is nothing else for them to report. This is of course why they hate the word Qualia, because it does indeed imply that there is something else happening with the Experience of Redness. I can fully see how they would think that the concept of Qualia is Redundant to their Experience. I can fully now understand why they would think that Qualia and the Experience of Redness are different things. For the Physicalists the Experience of Redness is not what I expected. It is something different than my Experience of Redness. I Experience Redness as a Quale and they Experience Redness as associated Emotions and Memories. In fact I can say I really don't even Experience Redness as Emotions and Memories at all. I just simply Experience Redness as a Thing In Itself.
Another discussion thread I have participated in where the people denied the Existence of Qualia was one where the people were convinced that we cannot see a Color until we have a Word for the Color. This seems like a very strange thing to believe. I tried in vain to convince them that the Word for the Color does not make the Color real but that the direct Experience of the Color is real. They could not understand what I was talking about. This can only make sense if you consider that they might never have Experienced a Color Quale. They instead receive some kind of Signals from their Neurons that gives them some type Indication of the different Colors but without an actual Conscious Experience of the Colors. I can see how the Words might be of prime importance to them.
But yet another example of People that probably have no Conscious Experiences or Qualia are the people that don't understand the difference between a Computer detecting Red and a Human detecting Red. They probably also just Detect Red in some way but have never had an actual Experience of Redness.
I have always assumed that all normally functioning Human Minds would have at least similar kinds of Conscious Experiences. I have thought this for decades.
You are right. All conscious experiences have similarities, but are not necessarily identical. An eagle's eyesight is much sharper than a human, but the difference is an evolved genetic advantage for the eagle.
But after many years of discussions about this with people it has finally become clear to me that some people actually must not have Conscious Experiences or Qualia.
I think you are wrong there. Almost all people have subjective conscious experiences .
You seem to accept the notion that subjective experiences must be exactly alike or one or the other is an emotional zombie. IMO, that is just a limited view of what goes on when we observe and experience cognition and how certain sensory experiences are balanced against prior memories.
The fact is that the experience of qualia is generated by the physical senses. When the sensory receptors of color are impaired by a condition such as deuteranopia, that does not make a person a zombie, it makes that person partially disabled.
Let's reverse the question. If I have arthritis and moving my hand causes pain do I have better qualia than a person without arthritis and who moves his hand without experiencing pain? In that case the increased qualia are an indication of inflammation, a homeostatic warning that something is wrong with my hand.
However, I have demonstrated before that deuteranopia does impair a person's perception (best guess) of reality and when that impairment is filtered for conflicting wave lengths and the brilliant distinction between red a green is accentuated , the emotional response is usually quite obvious. People may cry from the overwhelming experience of color differentiation, which increases the deeper emotional experience in the observer. But zombie is such a useless term.

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Deconversion and "Cuss-Words"
January 9, 2023 by Joel Furches
Deconversion and "Cuss-Words" January 9, 2023 Joel Furches
Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Patheos has the views of the prevalent religions and spiritualities of the world.
Thirty or forty years ago, investigating the phenomenon of religious deconversion would have been a challenging task. Surely people were leaving the church at that time, but finding those people and getting quality data from them would have been difficult.
In the 1960's, for instance, Lofland and Stark had to camp out in a cult compound and observe new recruits in order to study religious conversion. Imagine camping out on a college campus waiting for students to leave the faith in order to study deconversion.
The availability of personal information in the digital age has overcome most of these challenges. Early in my work on deconversion, I discovered about a half-dozen podcasts entirely focused on interviewing people about their deconversions. Even when I wasn't taking notes or recording data, I would still listen to these podcasts in order to gain further insights.
Of the many things I found during this process, one that gained my attention was what appeared to be an excessive use of profanity, curse words, or cussing in guests and hosts alike.
Investigating Profanity in Deconversion
As a person, I am not all research and study, I have other interests, and I mingle within the real, non-academic world. As a result, I am not unfamiliar with, or sheltered from, casual conversation and the degree to which average people or entertainers employ profanity. Based on my experience, the usage in these podcasts seemed to be above average.
To test this theory, I listened to around 2 hours of "unplugged" stand up comedy, counting the frequency in which the entertainers used foul language. I then performed the same count on 2 hours of deconversion podcasts.
Upon completion of this simple experiment, I found that the use of profanity was roughly equivalent between uncensored stand-up comedy and deconversion podcasts, with the podcasts edging out the comedy only slightly.
It is not difficult to speculate why individuals who have recently left religious environments may tend to be less guarded, or even more liberal with their usage of profanity. There has long been a stigma that when teenagers leave home, they begin trying all of the things they were forbidden at home. That when good Catholic children graduate from Catholic school, they run about and try all of the things they weren't allowed to do in their religious environment.
Put simply, when a person's environment constricts his or her behavior, exiting the environment causes less restrained behavior.
However, as a researcher, I did not wish to leap to any conclusions based on stereotypes and speculation. Instead, I took advantage of another feature of the digital age, and began interviewing members of digital spaces reserved for deconverts.
It seems that the conventional wisdom of people's behavior becoming unrestrained once the restraints are removed was shared by the people who had that experience.
For instance, one user said:
Yes! I feel free to express rather than suppress the negative thoughts and feelings. I say what I think. I express how I feel. I say "****" a lot! And it feels good! Lol Even my counselor encouraged it. He said to cuss and break things and stop repressing my emotions. In church, I was always taught to be thankful no matter what. And that I needed to constantly represent Christ to the world. So every action and word was to be carefully considered. Now I can just be me.
Interview Trends
Whereas the vast majority of interviewees confirmed that their use of profanity had increased remarkably, a small percentage said that it had not. These users suggested that it seemed uncouth, unprofessional, or uneducated.
I'm just someone who has never cared for the sound of vulgarity and have always sought more poetic forms of expression. So my language didn't change much. A lot of vulgarity just sounds uneducated to me. And deconstruction for me was about becoming more educated, not less.
Some said that, while they felt free to curse, they would avoid outright blasphemy (such as saying Jesus or God's name as a profanity) because they did not wish to make religious people uncomfortable.
I did it more for a while and now I do it more selectively and NEVER blasphemous. I just would never. Because I am a Christian Agnostic now and I just don't think there is a reason for that. Haha. My husband is still a conservative evangelical and so around him I use slang for the words (i.e. "F that" and such).
Definitely swear more, though interestingly tend not to use words that may be considered overtly blasphemous as I've no wish to cause discomfort for those who have faith.
However, more interviewees went the entirely opposite direction. They said that they went out of their way to say as much blasphemy as they could.
A resounding "YES" for me. 10+ years deconstructing. My most frequent curse is even "Jesus Christ".
I remember the first thing I did was say 'Jesus Christ' out loud as 'profanity'. honestly it changed my life. I always thought if I did that then something would happen like I would get struck by lightening. but nothing happened. then I realized maybe it was all fake, and I have felt more free ever since.
One of the more interesting trends described by an interviewee was that his use of profanity spiked initially after leaving religion, but gradually declined to be more similar to his level of use prior to leaving religion:
Yes, I swear or curse more after leaving Christianity. Why? Because it's natural language use and for some strange reason, my Christianity had a focus on 'purity of language' which means not swearing. Which is actually problematic because sometimes a swear word is more appropriate. There are even studies that show that swearing increases our ability to withstand discomfort.
But there is more to the story than that. My swearing, especially blasphemy, became excessive initially, mainly as a reaction to leaving the shackles of religion. After that initial spike how much I swore reduced and is now at a level that actually isn't that different to how much I swore as a Christian. So the effect was largely temporary.
Several other respondents echoed this user's experience: that the spike in profanity usage was immediately following deconversion, but gradually declined over time.
Benefits of Swearing
More than a few interviewees were quick to point to various studies which indicate that the use of curse words indicate intelligence or are a helpful means of dealing with stress or pain. The latter is evidently true for the mere reason that when one uses forbidden words, one activates a specific speech center in the brain storing those words. That speech center releases dopamine as it activates, causing relaxation and reduction of pain. The degree to which this is effective varies somewhat, but it is nevertheless a thing known to happen.
The Use of Language in Religious versus Irreligious People
In 2018 a group of researchers did a study to see how the complexity of language usage differed between religious people and irreligious people. The study did a "complexity analysis" using samples of writing from religious and irreligious people, and in one case, a sample of writing of a former atheist who became a Christian – comparing his use of language as an atheist with his use of language as a Christian.
To the best of my knowledge, no similar study has been done on a person pre and post deconversion. However, the study found that the use of language among religious people was as complex, if not slightly moreso, than that used among the irreligious.
A deconvert has certain restrictions removed from his use of language. His language is no longer policed by his religious environment, and he may speak about heretofore "forbidden" topics using "off-limits" language.
However, there is a frequently unrecognized restriction placed on language usage to the deconvert:
He no longer has access to the rich literary tradition of religious history (i.e. most of history).
An ex-Christian might go to Aesop or perhaps Plato to illustrate or make a point, but never Solomon or Aquinas.
What may we Conclude?
The best conclusion for this account may be the one given by one of the interviewees when he said:
Perhaps it's a parallel to adolescence, when kids start cussing as soon as they realize their parents can't hear them if they're not around. I'm no longer worried about cursing causing me to lose my salvation, so I let 'em rip.
deconversion
Integrative Complexity Analysis
religious conversion
Brian McLaren and Faith After Doubt
January 16, 2023 What the Book "How Minds Change" Tells us About Deconversion
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