Celia Rees was born in 1949 and grew up in Solihull, England.
She took a degree in History and Politics at the University of Warwick and worked as a secondary school English teacher for seventeen years, during which time she also became a writer. Her first novel, Every Step You Take - a thriller for teenagers - was published in 1993, and was followed by many more thrillers and tales of horror and the supernatural. These include the HAUNTS series (1998), which starts with four children embarking on their city's traditional ghost tour; The Bailey Game (1994), about a vicious game played on new pupils who arrive at school; and The Cunning Man (2000), set at Salt House, where nightmares of drowning recur. In 2000, Truth or Dare was also published, a gripping novel about a boy who uncovers, layer by layer, a terrible family secret. Celia Rees' books are written for older children and teenagers, and usually include an element of fear. She often sets them in particular places and eras, and undergoes extensive research, taking her inspiration from the world around her - stories from newspapers, people she meets, and places she visits, particularly museums and art galleries. Her book, Witch Child (2000), was inspired by a trip to the American Museum near Bath and brought back her fascination with the American history she had studied at university. It is the story of Mary, whose grandmother was hung for being a witch, and of Mary's flight to the New World from persecution in England in the seventeenth century. Witch Child was shortlisted for the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize in 2001, and was followed by a sequel, Sorceress, published in 2002, and shortlisted for the 2003 Whitbread Children's Book Award.
Her latest books are Sovay (2008), The Fool's Girl (2010), This Is Not Forgiveness (2012) and Daughters of Time (2014). As well as being a writer, Celia gives talks on her writing and teaches Creative Writing on the University of Warwick Open Studies Programme. She lives in Leamington Spa.
Celia Rees' novels for teenagers are predominantly thrillers and horror stories.
Dina Rabinovitch describes her as 'that archetypal English staple, the utterly straightforward, probably rather shy, female middle-aged woman who writes', until Rees describes her obsession: ' "I am really, really interested in how you scare people - modern teenagers in particular, because they've seen it all […] What you do is choose a common fear; say, being followed. Then you distort that in some way, and so confound the reader's expectation" ' (The Guardian, 25 May 2005).
This interest in fear and darkness has led to a variety of different types of novel - they certainly do not all follow the same formula. Witch Child (2000), its sequel Sorceress (2002) and Pirates! (2003) are historical dramas, often described by reviewers as 'swashbuckling', while The Wish House (2005) tells a dark tale of adolescent love, obsession and betrayal. The Vanished (1997), Soul Taker (1997), Ghost Chamber (1997) and A Trap in Time (1998) emerged from Rees' interest in the gothic and the supernatural, while her own teenage reading of Bram Stoker's Dracula-inspired Blood Sinister (1996). Rees' work is often praised for its ability to present seemingly clichéd storylines with freshness, lucidity and sophistication. Her historical novels are based upon detailed and accurate research which is skilfully incorporated within the story, and does not in any way detract from the narrative. These novels therefore impart an abundance of fascinating knowledge without in any way making readers feel that they are being 'taught'.
Rees has commented that she regularly re-visits her childhood for inspiration - usually this is something which features in her stories covertly, but occasionally she uses her childhood more directly, for example in The Bailey Game (1994) and Truth or Dare (2000). The Bailey Game explores malicious school bullying, and shows the cruelty that children can be capable of, while Truth or Dare tells the story of Josh, whose family have kept a horrifying secret hidden for years. Josh has always believed that his uncle, Patrick, died in his teens, yet there is no grave and Patrick's name is never mentioned. Gradually, Josh discovers that Patrick did not actually die, but was committed to a mental institution - the novel implies that he had Asperger's Syndrome. Rees explores the way in which the family's attempts to hide their problems and conform to 'normality' has simply caused more intense suffering, to both Patrick and themselves.
The year 2000 also saw the publication of Rees' greatest success, Witch Child, which was followed by a sequel, Sorceress, in 2002. These novels, too, explore the way in which people react to things they do not understand and feel threatened by. Inspired by the author's interest in American history, Witch Child is set in the seventeenth century, during the time of witch-persecutions. The novel, though fictional, is written as the diary of 14-year-old Mary, whose beloved grandmother was a suspected witch who has been hanged. Mary then travels with the Pilgrims to America to escape a similar fate, but the witch-hunts are no less ferocious there, particularly when Mary's interest in herbs and nature and her affinity with the local Native Americans are noticed. Witch Child has been compared to Arthur Miller's The Crucible, which is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 and also centres on the now infamous witch-hunts. Witch Child's setting is some thirty years earlier (it starts in 1659), but it depicts a similar environment. Like Miller, Rees also studied transcripts of the witch trials for her research, in order to ground her story in real-life events and convincing details.
Mary's story centres on the fact that she is different and therefore not accepted. This is a theme which runs through much of Rees' work, both her historical novels and those with contemporary settings, and it is an issue which has resonance in any era. Indeed, Mary's persecution is remarkably similar to the malevolent playground bullying in The Bailey Game and the treatment of those with mental health disorders and learning disabilities in Truth or Dare.
The story of Nancy Kington, the heroine of Rees' 2003 novel, Pirates!, is more upbeat and empowering: Nancy rejects the role which is being enforced on her, and carves out her own path. Pirates!, as the exclamation mark implies, is one of Rees' most exciting novels. It is set in the 1720s, the era of legendary pirates such as Black Beard and Black Bart Roberts, and also of female pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read, who fought alongside their male counterparts. Nancy, the daughter of a Bristol merchant, is sent to the West Indies, where she meets Minerva Sharpe. Though Nancy is from a wealthy background and her new friend Minerva is a slave, both feel that they are 'owned', oppressed and expected to conform to society's expectations of them. The two young women end up running away and going 'on the account', that is - joining a pirate crew.
In childhood, Rees loved Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, and found herself sympathising with the pirates. Her research for this novel confirmed for her that pirates were no more brutal than legitimate seaman, and did at least attempt to run their ships as democracies: 'I found so much to admire in their spirit of rebellion, their desire for freedom' (Rees' official website: http://www.celiarees.co.uk). Geras believes that Rees' balanced view, along with her depiction of the details of daily life, enables her to show readers why piracy was so appealing, yet without naively glorifying it either: 'She shows us that the men who sailed under the Jolly Roger were neither more nor less honourable than merchant sailors…' (The Guardian, 1 November 2003, cited above). She also shows that the women who sometimes accompanied them shared the same spirit of adventure.
The Wish House (2005) has a more contemporary setting. Fifteen-year-old Richard spends every summer on a humdrum caravanning holiday with his dull, conventional parents. This particular year, however, he has a passionate affair with the seductive daughter of a local artist. Clio and her bohemian family open up an enticing new world for Richard, but he is haunted, firstly by feelings of sexual inadequacy, and then by an increasingly sinister feeling. As discussed above, Rees often takes a familiar plot which, in the hands of a less talented writer, might appear tedious and predictable. Yet her skilful crafting of language, subtle but menacing build-up of tension and intriguingly complex characters, ensure that this is no clichéd tale. As Diane Samuels comments: 'Rees has such lucid command of the particular story she is telling that it makes its own mark ... there are no cardboard cut-outs here. And the range of form is broad, embracing pre-Raphaelite romanticism, a touch of the Gothic, postmodern collage and photography' (The Guardian, 12 March 2005).
The Stone Testament (2007) is Rees' first - and very successful - attempt at fantasy. Yet this foray into new territory is marked with Rees' familiar style and themes - explorations of fear, darkness and sinister goings-on. The Stone Testament is based on Mayan mythology and its 'Long Count' prophecy which predicts that the world will end in December 2012. Modern-day characters Adam and Zillah travel back in time in order to try to prevent the approaching apocalypse, and this richly-packed and ambitious novel weaves together an array of diverse and multi-faceted elements: ancient worlds and Beast Gods; shamanism; Edwardian explorers and intellectuals; and the sinister forces of modern-day suicide cults.
Rees returns to more familiar territory with another historical drama, Sovay (2008), yet once again she creates an original and lucid story out of her characteristic style and thematic interests. Set in England in the 1790s - the aftermath of the French Revolution - its protagonist is a young woman, Sovay, who has been brought up in a Radical household, concerned with freedom and equality. However, traumatic times ensue when the family's sympathy with the revolutionary cause leads to an accusation of treason. Like the protagonists of Witch Child and Pirates!, this novel offers a strong female character who is determined to be her own person, though she may be persecuted for doing so. Sovay's story is particularly poignant, for the late 18th century was the era which witnessed the beginnings of human rights of all kinds, including the early days of feminism and the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft.
Rees is a highly original writer for teenagers. Her many different types of horror story are all founded on believable and sympathetic characters, often in seemingly ordinary situations in which it gradually becomes apparent that something is amiss. Her skill is in her subtlety and her attention to detail: the slow, evocative build-up of tension usually centres on the minutiae of her story. In Rees' fascination with how to scare people, it seems that sophisticated understatement is the key.


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Laura Scherian on not overthinking it and putting yourself out there
Laura Scherian is a current Sunshine Coast Lightning netball player and debuted for the Australian Diamonds for the first time in the Constellation Cup in 2019. With a background in naturopathy and nutrition, Laura has started 'Shez's Kitchen' which aims to educate people on the benefits of home cooking and eating well. Laura has over 12 years of netball coaching experience and is passionate about boosting player's confidence and developing their love for netball. In this conversation we chat about impactful coaches as well as fostering persistence in your putting yourself out there.
How did you find netball?
I lived in a little town in Victoria called Gisborne and mum coached my sister's team. Every week I'd go down and one week they were short a player, which I was a little too excited about. I stepped in to play wing defence and never looked back.
You mentioned your mum very casually there. When we spoke to Maddy McAuliffe last year, she said that your mum was one of the pivotal coaches in her netball journey. How did that play out?
For me in netball, my mum was just my mum. She was very supportive of whatever I wanted to do and never pushed me to do anything I didn't want to do. I never really realised how experienced she was until we started moving around specifically for her coaching job. It was quite funny because even to this day I don't really listen to her when it comes to netball stuff. She's definitely awesome to bounce stuff off but it's never about skills, it's just normal stuff that a kid would talk to their mum about.
Looking at your netball career, being an Australian Diamond and being a member of the very successful Sunshine Coast Lightning team, it would be easy for people to think that your path has been really easy. I know that hasn't been the case, can you tell us a little about those years that were a struggle?
I got a contract straight out of the AIS to play for the Queensland Firebirds in 2010 and wasn't re-contracted for 2011. That was really tough for me because I had a taste for playing professionally and then it was gone. I then wasn't recontracted until the Lightning which wasn't until 2017.
My path was a little bit different, but I think throughout that time I learnt a lot about myself on and off the netball court. It actually shaped me into a better person and a better player for my team. Throughout those 6 years that I wasn't playing professionally, I was still playing in the Australian Netball League (which is just under Super Netball), so I was still trying to be seen and put myself out there if any opportunities did arise.
A couple of times throughout those years I was called into the Firebirds squad to travel and I regularly trained with them. I was always sending videos and emails to coaches to keep my name out there because you never know what's going to come up. I also finished my university degree and worked at a fantastic health food store where I had the opportunity to manage stores and develop those skills.
At the time, it was devasting to not be playing netball professionally but there are other things in life that I needed to learn as well.
Do you think it made you appreciate the contract when you did get the call?
Definitely! I don't necessarily think I was lucky in my younger years, because I did work really hard to get into those squads, but I think the opportunities came quite regularly. That was my first major letdown and a 6-year wait is quite a long time. Part of me thought the call was never going to come. I remember talking to mum about potentially not sending through those emails that year, but I just decided to give it one more go and so glad I did!
Did it get easier to keep up that persistence?
I think it got harder as I got older and younger girls were coming through ANL and getting those opportunities. It was something that I had to stay confident with. I knew that if the opportunity came, I would be ready to go.
That was a big thing for me – to stay positive and know within myself that I had what it takes. Even with training, I made sure I was doing the same amount of sessions as I would if I was still playing professionally.
How did you foster those skills about living in the moment?
Playing for the Firebirds in my younger years, I always wanted to be fitter and faster than the other girls. I was always trying to achieve more rather than being happy with what I had. When I started playing for Lightning, I was really stressed for the first few weeks. I then realised I needed to take a step back to realise the amazing environment I was in and enjoy the opportunities because I didn't want to lose it again.
That was definitely a turning point for me, realising that I have to focus on being the best player for my team. It's important to focus on what you can do better to contribute to the team rather than how you can be better as an individual.
Your Lightning group is really cohesive, and you've achieved so much together. How did you find your place in that team?
It's really an amazing culture to be part of and playing a part in creating that has been awesome. I think Noels, right from the start, was about what you're good at as an individual and celebrating each player's uniqueness. I can't rave enough about Noels and Kylee. They did so much for the team as well as me as an individual. Noels just looks at the game a little differently, partly because of her experience in New Zealand but she's also a person who thinks outside the box.
Noels leads us to the answers rather than feeding it to us which develops our thinking skills on the court.
What about your experience debuting for the Diamonds last year, what an incredible opportunity! Tell us about that
Learning from my first 3 weeks with Lightning, I realised I didn't have 3 weeks to settle in – it was only a 3-week tour! I just enjoyed it right from the start. In the first game, one of the coaches said they were looking at changing it up on the attack end. I remember looking around wondering who they were going to put on and then they looked at me. Before I knew it, I was on the court.
I didn't really have time to think about it, so I didn't have the time to overthink it.
How did you find it going into that new group and what recommendations would you have for young athletes transitioning into new teams?
It's really important to be yourself and not try too hard to fit in. You need to identify what you have to give and know that it's going to be different from everyone else. You need to be confident in yourself because you were picked for a reason.
How did you manage that position change?
I didn't mind it at all. When you have coaches and support staff who you trust, you can be confident. Being able to trust that they know what's best, it made me really excited. Growing up, I'd always played WA so I wanted to prove to myself that I could go back to that position. Once I got in there, it was like pulling on an old pair of trackies. Once I had a few games under my belt, I knew it was better to have that positional flexibility. I just focussed on my job from the basics – I knew what I had to do so I just tried to remain calm.
Tell us about your passion for food as medicine
I love cooking and have a strong passion for it. I've started Shez's Kitchen which is my way to share that with everyone. I'm passionate about people getting back into the kitchen and cooking together. That's the main purpose. It's also about having good nutrition and wholefoods but it's also about eating with people. For me growing up, I have really fond memories of cooking with my nan and I don't think we do that enough as a society. It's now all about premade meals and quick meals so I'm trying to get people to think more about cooking.
You can watch the recording of our conversation with Laura Scherian on IGTV
You also can hear more about the netball journeys with Steph Wood, Karla Pretorius and Madeline McAuliffe
You can find more of Shez's incredible recipes here
Train with Laura?
Erica Fowler on Finding Next Level Determination
Alicia Lucas on brutal honesty, communication and pre-game confidence
Online Mentoring for Victorian children
Leadership and Being a Team Player with Karla Pretorius
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Stuff To Buy If You're A Soldier In The War On The War On Christmas: Literary Gift Ideas For Specific Kinds Of People From Sycamore's Editors
By Jacob Sunderlin, Rosalie Moffett, Conor Broughan, and Matt Kilbane
BOOK FOR A CRATE-DIGGING VINYL SNOB
How Bluegrass Music Destroyed My Life (2000)
by John Fahey
Drag City Books, $15.00
Do you have one of those uncles who has more square-footage of used records than he has money in the bank? Does he sometimes wonder aloud what America's premier fingerstyle guitar luminary thinks about the films of Michelangelo Antonioni? Or the ways in which folk festivals approximate fascistic regimes? Even if the answer to all these questions is no, this is the tome with all the answers. John Fahey revolutionized the way the acoustic guitar is treated in American music, and he was a notable collector of rare vinyl and a notorious crank. This is his truth-stretching memoir—one "memory" revolves around Fahey's participation in various suburban street-gangs, which is almost certainly total horseshit—was published by the record label Drag City, home of avant-literary weirdoes Smog and Will Oldham. Score obscurity points by nabbing up a first edition.
BOOK FOR A COUSIN WHO WEARS "THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE" T-SHIRTS AND PLAYS MAGIC, THE GATHERING
The Occult: A History (1973)
by Colin Wilson
Vintage, $12.00
This is a fairly tall glass of Kool-Aid (especially the part about the moon's moving closer to earth and causing the mythological flood and also making early humans nine feet tall because of the shift in gravity), but if you take a couple sips, you'll be in for a long weird haul. Colin Wilson spins a freaky web of interconnectedness revolving around something he calls "Faculty X" and its various permutations in what we have come to call "Occult knowledge"—the iChing, Tarot, Scientology, alchemy, etc. But it isn't a New Age-ey book of spells and crystal diagrams—it's a serious (sorta) academic history about expanded consciousness. And you can help your cousin score freaky points in the lunch room, or by getting him kicked out of Sunday school once and for all. Either way, win.
FILM FOR A FLANNERY O'CONNOR OBSESSIVE
Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus (2003)
dir. Andrew Douglas
BBC Films DVD, $20.00
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G35TIlWXw4
This BBC documentary has a relatively simple premise: a film crew follows alternative country singer Jim White as he buys a junker for a couple hundred bucks and drives around the back roads of the American south talking to people. The result is a transcendental piece of Southern Gothic poetry. The color palate is grey, the coffee is bad, and the music is gnarled. Johnny Dowd—a singer who makes Tom Waits sound like Dean Martin—sits in a junkyard and sings a murder ballad: "There's a body in the bedroom / Another one in the hall." Other notable scenes include an interview with author Harry Crews about the proper way to bury the corpse of a possum (eyes pointed down), haggling over the purchase of a light-up Jesus lawn statue, a nighttime river baptism, and diner-discourse about Hell. Despite the fact that it's a film made by a crew of Europeans, it never falls into easy answers or cliché History Channel-style proclamations about the "nature of the American South." It presents its subject with the great dignity and complexity of one of O'Connor's stories.
POEMS FOR A POET WHO ONLY READS NEW POETRY OR SOMEONE WHO REALLY LIKES PEPSI
The Sonnets (1973)
Penguin, $12.00
This collection somehow still manages to rankle, surprise, push poetry buttons—and it's forty years old. Had it been published yesterday, it would seem futuristic but also nestle comfortably alongside the new Susan Wheeler collection Meme and everything by CA Conrad. This is both a testament to Berrigan's influence (like The Velvet Underground & Nico launched a thousand garage bands, The Sonnets launched a thousand small presses) and to it's reverberating significance in the ongoing "poetry conversation" (barf).
One last plug—here's the entry for 1962 on the Chronology at the beginning of his Collected Poems, edited by Alice Notley and his sons Anselm and Edmund: "Finished his master's thesis, 'The Problem of How to Live as Dealt with in Four Plays by George Bernard Shaw.' Upon receiving his MA from the University of Tulsa, he returned it with the note, 'I am the master of no art.' Met Kenneth Koch during Koch's office hours at Columbia. Took one semester of classic Greek at Columbia, earned money writing papers for Columbia students. Met and married Sandra Alper in New Orleans over the course of a weekend, traumatic difficulties ensuing with Sandy's family. Began writing The Sonnets."
James Franco, put your money into making THAT movie. It should star Will Ferrell.
POEMS FOR PRECOCIOUS AND EMOTIONAL TEENS
The Duino Elegies (2001)
Rainer Maria Rilke, Translated by Edward Snow
North Point Press, $11.00
Know any moody eighteen-year-olds who are too smart/nerdy for their own good and also interested in being writers? Maybe they're studying German? Or even if they're not, get them a new translation of the DuinoElegies. (And it's pronounced Rhyner—lest the precocious teen correct you.) Don't be surprised if they retire to some magnificent cold castle to eschew eating and drinking in order to write as brilliantly as Rilke.
POEMS FOR SUSPICIOUS ADULTS, AMONG OTHERS
Words for Empty and Words for Full (2010)
Bob Hicock
University of Pittsburgh Press, $14.00
Know anyone who is all-grown-up, but will only accept sincere emotion if it is mostly wrapped in a sarcastic-funny-contemporary bacon? Bob Hicock's Words for Empty and Words for Full has enough of the right kind of vitamin for anyone.
A NOVEL FOR AT LEAST ONE PERSON'S NEPHEW
Know a nineteen year old nephew who says he really wants to "get in to" vinyl, smokes clove cigarettes, and claims Thomas Pynchon as his favorite writer even though he never finished The Crying of Lot 49? Get them Tom McCarthy's C.
STORIES FOR SOMEONE WHO IS CURIOUS ABOUT EMOTIONS, YOUTH AND THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN WEST
Battleborn (2012)
Claire Vaye Watkins
Riverhead, $15.50
Know anyone who loves brilliantly written short stories about confused young people or people who are confused by young people? If they also happen to be fascinated with deserts, casinos, housing booms, ghost mining towns, ruminations on the Manson family, and just about everything else that makes Nevada a pretty decent metaphor for our country at the moment, get them Claire Vaye WatkinsBattleborn.
POEMS FOR A CERTAIN KIND OF FATHER
The Abundance of Nothing (2012)
Bruce Weigl
TriQuarterly, $16.00
Dad-Rock Poems (a book for your father, who called recently to let you know how much he's really starting to dig "The Wilco").
POEMS FOR GENERAL PETRAEUS
How the Losers Love What's Lost (2012)
Patrick Ryan Frank
Four Way Books, $12.00
Should he happen to have made your X-Mas list, this might be a good choice.
Posted in: Blog | Tagged: Conor Broughan, Jacob Sunderlin, Matt Kilbane, Rosalie Moffett
Results of the First Annual Wabash Prize for Nonfiction
Some New Reading on Writing on Writing!


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Comparison of serum protein profiles between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Sang Jin Rhee1,2,
Dohyun Han3,
Yunna Lee1,
Hyeyoung Kim1,4,
Junhee Lee1,
Kangeun Lee1,
Hyunsuk Shin3,
Hyeyoon Kim3,5,
Tae Young Lee6,7,
Minah Kim1,2,
Se Hyun Kim1,
Yong Min Ahn1,2,6,
Jun Soo Kwon1,2,6 &
Kyooseob Ha1,2,6
Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders that are difficult to distinguish, as their diagnosis is based on behavioural observations and subjective symptoms. Quantitative protein profile analysis might help to objectively distinguish between these disorders and increase our understanding of their pathophysiology. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the peripheral protein profiles between the two disorders.
Serum samples were collected from 18 subjects with major depressive disorder and 15 subjects with bipolar disorder. After depleting abundant proteins, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and label-free quantification were performed. Data-dependent acquisition data were statistically analysed from the samples of 15 subjects with major depressive disorder and 10 subjects with bipolar disorder who were psychotropic drug-free. Two-sided t-tests were performed for pairwise comparisons of proteomes to detect differentially-expressed proteins (DEPs). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of canonical pathways, disease and functions, and protein networks based on these DEPs was further conducted.
Fourteen DEPs were significant between subjects with major depressive disorder and those with bipolar disorder. Ras-related protein Rab-7a (t = 5.975, p = 4.3 × 10− 6) and Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (t = 4.782, p = 8.0 × 10− 5) were significantly overexpressed in subjects with major depressive disorder and Exportin-7 (t = -4.520, p = 1.5 × 10− 4) was significantly overexpressed in subjects with bipolar disorder after considering multiple comparisons. Bioinformatics analysis showed that cellular functions and inflammation/immune pathways were significantly different.
Ras-related protein Rab-7a, Rho-associated protein kinase 2, and Exportin-7 were identified as potential peripheral protein candidates to distinguish major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Further large sample studies with longitudinal designs and validation processes are warranted.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are both prevalent psychiatric disorders with an overall prevalence of 3–10% and 2–4%, respectively [1, 2]. Both disorders are debilitating, as MDD (unipolar depressive disorder) and bipolar affective disorder were ranked 1st and 4th among all mental and substance use disorders when calculating the Disability-Adjusted Life Year value in the Korean population [3]. Moreover, their associated mortality rates including death from suicide have significantly increased [4].
Distinguishing MDD from BD is challenging because diagnosis is mostly based on behavioural observations and subjective symptoms, and the conditions show similar manifestations. Although there is accumulating research regarding the differences between MDD and BD [5], more than 30% of subjects with BD are misdiagnosed initially with MDD [6], and the average lag time for correctly diagnosing BD after a diagnosis of MDD is nearly 10 years [7]. This might lead to mistreatment and antidepressant monotherapy prescription for subjects with BD [8], which worsens patient outcome by inducing hypomanic/manic or mixed states during the course of the disorder [9].
As the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders can be somewhat subjective, there has been growing efforts to discover objective biomarkers. Previous studies have involved large-scale genetic analyses followed by transcriptome evaluations [10, 11]. Although these studies have shown some promising results, they also demonstrated the importance of focusing on -omics that are more reflective of the functions and phenotypes of an individual [12, 13]. Traditionally, studies have focused on the central nervous system (post-mortem brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid), but this is practically challenging in clinical practice because of invasiveness and accessibility issues [13, 14].
Thus, studies to quantitatively measure peripheral protein profiles that are associated with mood disorders have increased [12,13,14]. Analysing the protein profiles of BD and differentiating them from those of MDD, in particular, can increase the understanding of disease pathophysiology and help us to distinguish these disorders. Because of advances in analysis techniques, it is now possible to simultaneously measure numerous proteins in individual samples [12]. Different articles have reported quantitative protein profile differences between MDD or BD and controls [12, 15,16,17,18]. However, few studies have compared the profiles of MDD and BD [19, 20]. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the peripheral proteomic profiles between MDD and BD.
Clinical samples
Serum samples were initially collected from 18 subjects with MDD and 15 with BD (4 BD-I, 10 BD-II, and 1 BD NOS), aged 16–42 years, from Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between May 2012 and September 2017. Subjects were diagnosed clinically based on the DSM-IV or DSM-5 diagnosis for MDD and BD by psychiatric specialists. No subjects were diagnosed with substance-related (alcohol or drug use) disorders, and no subjects suffered from physical illnesses such as hypertension, endocrine diseases including diabetes or thyroid diseases, hypercholesteremia, liver diseases, or epilepsy. Those showing evidence of mental retardation or organic brain disease or with difficulty interpreting the Korean language were excluded. Demographic data were collected with written questionnaires, and symptom severity was assessed with the Hamilton depression rating scale [21]. Final statistical analysis was conducted for 25 subjects who had not been administered psychotropic drugs for at least 2 weeks and had no missing values for demographic and clinical data. At the time of blood collection, all subjects with MDD were in a mild-to-moderate depressive state and the clinical states of the subjects with BD were depressed (N = 5), depressive with irritability (N = 4), or hypomanic (N = 1).
Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals. Informed consent from both the individuals and parents/guardians was obtained for those under the age of 18. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. 1704–075-846) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Serum sample preparation
Blood was collected in the morning after overnight fasting for at least 8 h. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min, and the serum was collected and stored at < − 70 °C. Serum samples were prepared according to the method reported by Geyer et al. (2016) [22] with some modifications. The protein digestion process was optimised to 2 μL of each serum sample. Briefly, digestion buffer (8 M urea, 5 mM TCEP, 20 mM CAA in 0.1 M ABC) was added to the serum sample. The mixture was boiled for 25 min at 60 °C to denature and alkylate the proteins. After cooling to room temperature, protein digestion was performed at 37 °C overnight using a trypsin/LysC mixture at a 100:1 protein-to-protease ratio. The second digestion was performed at 37 °C for 2 h using trypsin (enzyme-to-substrate ratio [w/w] of 1:1000). All resulting peptides were acidified with 10% trifluoroacetic acid and desalted using homemade C18-StageTips as described [23, 24]. Desalted samples were completely dried with a vacuum dryer and stored at − 80 °C.
Establishment of a matching spectral library
To construct a matching spectral library for matching between runs [25], a MARS-14 column (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used to remove the 14 blood proteins of highest abundance according to the manufacturer's instructions. The depleted samples were digested using the 2-step filter-aided sample preparation as described previously [23, 24]. Digested peptides were desalted using homemade C18-StageTips. For the in-depth data set, 25 μg of purified peptides were fractionated using an Agilent 1260 bioinert HPLC (Agilent Technologies) equipped with an analytical column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5-μm particle). High-pH reversed-phase peptide fractionation was performed at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min over a 60-min gradient using solvent A (15 mm ammonium hydroxide in water) and solvent B (15 mM ammonium hydroxide in 90% acetonitrile). A total of 96 fractions was collected each minute and non-contiguously pooled into 24 fractions. The fractions were dried in a vacuum centrifuge and stored at − 80 °C until liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.
LC-MS/MS analysis
LC-MS/MS analysis methods were performed using Quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometers, Q-exactive plus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled to an Ultimate 3000 RSLC systems (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) with a nano electrospray source as previously described with some modifications [23, 26]. Peptide samples were separated on the 2-column setup with a trap column (75 μm I.D. × 2 cm, C18 3 μm, 100 Å) and an analytical column (50 μm I.D. × 15 cm, C18 1.9 μm, 100 Å). Prior to sample injection, the dried peptide samples were redissolved in solvent A (2% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid). After the samples were loaded onto the nano LC, a 90-min gradient from 8 to 30% solvent B (100% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid) was applied to all samples. The spray voltage was 2.0 kV in positive ion mode and the temperature of the heated capillary was set to 320 °C. Mass spectra were acquired in data-dependent mode using a top 15 method on a Q Exactive. The Orbitrap analyser scanned precursor ions with a mass range of 300–1650 m/z and resolution of 70,000 at m/z 200. Higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) scans were acquired on the Q Exactive at a resolution of 17,500. HCD peptide fragments were acquired at a normalised collision energy of 28. The maximum ion injection times for the survey and MS/MS scans were 20 and 120 ms, respectively.
Data processing for label-free quantification
MaxQuant (version 1.5.3.1) was used to process mass spectra [27], and the Andromeda engine was used to match MS/MS spectra with the Human Uniprot protein sequence database (December 2014, 88,657 entries) [28]. For total protein level analysis, primary searches were conducted using a 6-ppm precursor ion tolerance. The settings were as follows; MS/MS ion tolerance at 20 ppm, N-Acetylation of proteins and oxidation of methionine as variable modifications, cysteine carbamido-methylation as fixed modification, and enzyme specificity to full tryptic digestion [26]. Peptides with a minimal length of six amino acids, and up to two missed cleavages were considered, and the false discovery rate (FDR) was set to 1% at peptide, protein, and modification levels [26]. To maximize quantification events across samples, matching between runs was performed using the depleted sample as a library.
Among the 33 subjects, 25 were free of psychotropic drugs for at least 2 weeks and had no missing values for demographic and clinical data. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) data were statistically analysed in these subjects to enable comparisons of demographic and clinical characteristics between the two diagnostic groups and analyse the proteomic profiles independently of the effects of psychotropic drugs. Demographic and clinical differences between the diagnostic groups were analysed using a Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for dichotomous variables.
Statistical analyses for the DDA data were performed using Perseus software [29]. Initially, proteins identified as only identified by site, reverse, and contaminants were removed. The expression level of proteins in the serum was estimated by determining their Intensity Based Absolute Quantification (iBAQ) values calculated using Maxquant software. Because of the skewed distribution of the data, log2 transformation was conducted for these values. Valid values were filtered with proteins with a minimum of 70% quantified values in at least one diagnostic group. Missing values of the proteins were imputed based on a normal distribution (width = 0.3, down-shift = 1.8) to simulate signals of low-abundance proteins. Two-sided t-tests were performed for pairwise comparisons of proteomes to detect differentially-expressed proteins (DEPs). The protein abundances were subjected to z-normalisation followed by hierarchical clustering with Pearson's correlation distance.
Canonical pathways, diseases and functions, and protein networks were evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) [30] based on the annotated DEPs with matched gene names. The analytical algorithms embedded in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis uses lists of DEPs to predict biological processes and pathways. Additionally, a tree-map was visualised, in which the major boxes represented categories of related biological functions or diseases. Statistical significance of both the gene ontology classification and enrichment analysis was determined by the Fisher's exact test. All statistical tests were two-sided and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
In total, 15 subjects with MDD and 10 subjects with BD were included in the final statistical analysis of the DDA data. There were no significant differences between diagnostic groups regarding age, sex, body mass index, smoking, duration from onset, and duration from the first psychotropic treatment. Depressive symptoms were more severe in the MDD group (HAMD score; 15.33 ± 4.61 vs 12.10 ± 3.54, p = 0.02). A summary of the characteristics is presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects
First, we performed comprehensive serum profiling using pooled serum samples with the depletion of 14 highly-abundant proteins to generate a peptide matching library, which consisted of 1616 proteins and 16,505 peptides. Thirty-three serum samples were analysed by unbiased single-shot approaches and "match between run" functionality with the constructed peptide library. We quantified 481 serum proteins with at least two peptides. After considering proteins that were quantified by at least 70% in either the MDD group or BD group from drug-free patients, 268 proteins were subjected to statistical analysis (Additional file 1).
Two-sample t-tests showed that the levels of 14 proteins were significantly different between MDD and BD (Fig. 1). When adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR adjusted p-value, the levels of Ras-related protein Rab-7a (RAB7A), Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), and Exportin-7 (XPO7) were still significantly different (Table 2 and Additional file 2). Hierarchical clustering revealed that the two disorders generally clustered together (Fig. 2).
Volcano plot of p-values for differentially-expressed proteins between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Representative protein IDs in red indicate statistically significant differentially-expressed proteins based on a p value < 0.05
Table 2 Differentially expressed proteins between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Hierarchical clustering of statistically significant differentially-expressed proteins
Bioinformatics analysis
The 14 proteins that were differentially expressed were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. The top five significant canonical pathways were LXR/RXR Activation (CD14, SAA4), IL-12 Signalling and Production in Macrophages (RAB7A, SAA4), Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis Signalling (RAB7A, SAA4), Actin Cytoskeleton Signalling (ROCK2, CD14), and the Extrinsic Prothrombin Activation Pathway (F13B). RAB7A was also included in the Remodeling of epithelial adherens junction pathway, and ROCK2 was included in the following pathways, Semaphorin Signalling in Neuron, PCP pathway, Actin Nucleation by ARP-WASP Complex, Ephrin A Signalling, Ephrin B Signalling, and Chemokine Signalling (Fig. 3 and Additional File 3).
Canonical pathway analysis of the differentially-expressed proteins
The tree-map for diseases and functions is shown in Fig. 4. The DEPs were particularly enriched in organismal injury and abnormalities, cell-to cell signalling and interaction, cellular function and maintenance, inflammatory response, cellular assembly and organization, and neurological disease. (Additional File 3). Finally, network analysis of 14 DEPs in the serum of MDD samples versus BD were assessed. The first network consisted of six proteins (RAB7A, ROCK2, CD14, ANG, SELENOP, and KIF20B), and its related diseases and functions incorporated cellular movement, haematological system development and function, and immune cell trafficking (Fig. 5).
Tree-map for diseases and functions of the differentially-expressed proteins. Major boxes represent categories of biological functions/diseases and individual rectangles represent an individual biological function or disease. The size of a rectangle is correlated with increasing overlap significance and darker colours indicate lower p-values
Top protein network generated by IPA for 14 differentially-expressed serum proteins in MDD versus BD. Direct and indirect interactions are represented by the solid and dashed lines, respectively. The shapes represent the molecular classes of the proteins defined in the legend. The protein interaction networks were generated through the use of IPA. MDD, major depressive disorder; BP, bipolar disorder; IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
In this study, we detected 14 DEPs between psychotropic drug-free MDD and BD subjects. RAB7A and ROCK2 were significantly overexpressed in MDD and XPO7 was significantly overexpressed in BD even after multiple comparisons. Bioinformatics analysis showed that cellular functions and inflammation/immune response pathways were significantly different.
To date, there are two published articles directly comparing DEPs between MDD and BD [19, 20]. Chen et al. (2015) compared plasma samples from drug-naïve patients and identified 25 DEPs, whereas Ren et al. (2017) compared plasma samples from drug-free patients and identified nine DEPs [19, 20]. However, no proteins were common between studies [19, 20]. We compared serum samples from subjects with MDD and BD and found only one protein, Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), as a duplicate protein from the previous studies [20]. These discrepancies are likely related to variations in the study designs and differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study. Our study was based on serum samples, and there is evidence that expression between the serum and plasma profiles can differ for certain proteins [18], which might explain these discrepancies. Moreover, the overall depressive symptoms were milder in our study, which might have also led to differences in the peripheral profiles.
The most significant DEP based on the fold-change and p-value was RAB7A, which was overexpressed in MDD compared to levels in BD. This protein is a key regulator of endo-lysosomal trafficking [31] and is distributed in various components of the body including the central nervous system and peripheral blood [32, 33]. The level of RAB7A was increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of subjects with Alzheimer disease [33], and a recent study demonstrated that RAB7A gene expression was significantly changed in both the hippocampus and peripheral blood of subjects with Alzheimer disease, suggesting the possibility of screening Alzheimer disease from the peripheral blood [32]. However, its association with mood disorders is not well-understood. A previous study showed that RAB7A gene expression in the post-mortem brain was up-regulated in patients with depression who died by suicide [34]. Recently, RAB7A was demonstrated to modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress [35], which is associated with mood disorders [36, 37]. Other functions of RAB7A include growth-factor-mediated cell signalling and lipid metabolism [38], which are also proposed mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders [39, 40]. Further studies focusing on the association between RAB7A and the different manifestations of mood disorders based on these functions are needed.
ROCK2 was also overexpressed in MDD compared to in BD. The direction of expression and the protein itself were consistent with the results found by Chen et al. [20]. ROCK is a serine/threonine kinase that is a crucial regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity [41]. It has two highly homologous isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2; interestingly ROCK2 is distributed mostly in the brain, spinal cord, and heart [42]. Inhibition of ROCK increases neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration and activates pro-survival protein kinase B in the central nervous system, and its potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases is being explored [41]. Direct associations considering the expression of ROCK2 and mood disorders are limited; one report showed that placental ROCK2 is down-regulated in women with depression [43]. However, there is evidence that ROCK2 expression increases during sleep deprivation [44] and ROCK2 is involved in the circadian variation of vascular contractility [45]. There is increasing evidence of the differences in sleep abnormalities and circadian rhythm dysregulation between MDD and BD, and circadian rhythm dysregulation has also been proposed as a marker specific for BD compared to MDD [46]. ROCK2 might also help to distinguish MDD from BD; studies of its role in circadian rhythm and mood dysregulation are needed.
XPO7 mediates the nuclear export of proteins with broad substrate specificity and was identified as one of the significant genes in a genome-wide association study on alcohol dependence [47, 48]. In a confirmation study, this gene was significantly changed in patients with BD with comorbid alcohol dependence, but not in those without alcohol dependence [49]. However, its mechanism in alcohol dependence or mood disorders is unclear because of the lack of current literature linking XPO7 function with psychiatric manifestations.
Bioinformatics analysis revealed that cellular functions and inflammation/immune pathways are significantly altered. The most significant canonical pathway was found to be LXR/RXR (liver X receptor/retinoic acid receptor) activation. LXRs form heterodimers with RXRs, which regulate the expression of genes controlling sterol/fatty acid metabolism/homeostasis [50]. Interestingly, this pathway was recently demonstrated to be significantly altered in plasma DEPs in a mouse model of depression [51]. Inflammation and immune pathways were also significantly different, and these have been proposed to be involved in mood disorders [52,53,54]. Analysing the differences in protein expression associated with certain biological pathways, and mood disorder subtypes might improve our ability to differentiate BD from MDD.
The present study had several limitations. First, the sample size was small, and the study lacked a control group without mental disorders. Larger sample sizes would increase the power to detect DEPs, which might improve the precision of bioinformatics analysis. The lack of a control group made it difficult to interpret the direction of overexpression of proteins between the disorders. Second, this was a cross-sectional study, and thus a causal relationship between the protein profiles and disorders could not be determined. Moreover, in cross-sectional designs, the diagnosis of MDD always has the potential to be associated with undiscovered BD because of hypomanic/manic episodes that have not yet manifested or patient non-reporting. Third, our study lacked validation. Validation in a different group based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay would reveal the reliability of our results. However we were not able to confirm the results with alternative assays because of the insufficiency of residual samples. Fourth, as depressive symptoms were more severe in the MDD group, there are possibilities that such differences in depression severity could have influenced the main findings of the study. However, of note, the association between levels of the three major DEPs and diagnosis (MDD or BD) was still significant after additionally controlling for the total HAMD score as a covariate in linear regression models. Fifth, treatment histories could have influenced the results. Even though we only analysed those who were drug-free, treatment regimens and the total duration of treatment before the drug-free period could have influenced the results. Finally, other uncontrolled covariates such as exercise might have influenced the protein profiles. However, despite these limitations, our study's strength is that we focused on the difference between MDD and BD, which is an understudied subject, and detected potential DEPs. Additionally, we only recruited drug-free subjects and performed sampling in the morning after overnight fasting, which contributed to the control of factors that affect protein expression.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that serum proteomic profiles differed between MDD and BD. RAB7A, ROCK2, and XPO7 proteins were significantly changed after controlling for multiple comparisons. These proteins might enable differential diagnosis and expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of the two disorders. Additional studies with longitudinal designs, particularly to determine the longitudinal protein profiles from those who are initially diagnosed with MDD but develop hypomanic/manic symptoms later, are needed. Additionally, studies involving a larger sample size with more information on covariates that can influence the proteomic profiles, as well as those including validation designs, are warranted.
MDD:
BD:
LC-MS/MS:
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
HCD:
Higher-energy collisional dissociation
FDR:
DDA:
Data-dependent acquisition
Differentially expressed protein
RAB7A:
Ras-related protein Rab-7a
ROCK2:
Rho-associated protein kinase 2
XPO7:
Exportin-7
LXR:
Liver X receptor
RXR:
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This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI17C0870), and a grant from the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning, Republic of Korea (grant number: NRF-2019M3C7A1030625). The funding body had no involvement in study design planning, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data in writing the manuscript.
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Sang Jin Rhee, Yunna Lee, Hyeyoung Kim, Junhee Lee, Kangeun Lee, Minah Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Yong Min Ahn, Jun Soo Kwon & Kyooseob Ha
Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Sang Jin Rhee, Minah Kim, Yong Min Ahn, Jun Soo Kwon & Kyooseob Ha
Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Dohyun Han, Hyunsuk Shin & Hyeyoon Kim
Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Hyeyoung Kim
Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Hyeyoon Kim
Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Tae Young Lee, Yong Min Ahn, Jun Soo Kwon & Kyooseob Ha
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
Tae Young Lee
Sang Jin Rhee
Dohyun Han
Yunna Lee
Junhee Lee
Kangeun Lee
Hyunsuk Shin
Minah Kim
Se Hyun Kim
Yong Min Ahn
Jun Soo Kwon
Kyooseob Ha
Drafting of the manuscript: S.J.R. and D.H. Analysis of serum samples: H.S., H.K.2 and D.H. Study design: H.K.1, J. L, T.Y.L, M. K, S.H.K. Y.M.A, J.S.K, D. H, K.H. Data collection: Y. L, K. L, Y.M.A, K.H. All authors read and approved the final manuscript
Correspondence to Kyooseob Ha.
Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals. Both the individuals and parents/guardians informed consent was obtained for those under the age of 18. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. 1704–075-846) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
List of 268 proteins subjected to statistical analysis. (Protein IDs and majority protein IDs).
Major protein IDs and full protein IDs of the differentially-expressed proteins. (Protein IDs and majority protein IDs).
IPA Canonical Pathway and IPA Diseases & Functions.
Rhee, S.J., Han, D., Lee, Y. et al. Comparison of serum protein profiles between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry 20, 145 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02540-0
rab7 protein
ROCK2 protein, human
XPO7 protein, human


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How to Use YouTube's Take a Break Feature
By Henry T. Casey 14 May 2018
YouTube's latest feature helps you set limits, so you don't spend too much time staring at your screens. Here's how to use it.
Often, including during this past weekend, I've fallen into a pattern of watching YouTube videos for hours, and it's not always a good thing. This is why YouTube is rolling out a new "Take a Break" feature, so that people with habits similar to mine can be warned when they're in the middle of such a video streaming binge.
More: Read our guide on how to unblock YouTube
The "Take a Break" feature, available now in the YouTube app available from the Google Play and iOS app stores, is part of Android's Digital Wellness project announced at Google I/O. The overarching mission: to get us all to think more about how much time we spend using our phones, and to learn to detach to spend time with those around us.
MORE: 5 Reasons You Should Pay for YouTube Red
Why is it important to consider digital wellness? Aside from the joys found outside your screen, your physical well-being is something to consider. I don't know if my chronic back problems have anything to do with how I've spent years glued to screens, but I bet I'd be in better shape if I spend more time stretching and being physically active.
Also, you can strain your eyes if they stay stuck on a single screen for too long. The last time I saw an optometrist, they suggested I follow the 20-20-20 rule — after spending 20 minutes looking at a screen, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds — to avoid drying out my eyes.
In my testing, I've found the Take a Break interface to be easy to use. Not only is the option placed prominently in the Settings screen, but the notifications that say you've hit your timer are easy to dismiss and non-judgmental (unlike Netflix's "are you still watching?" prompts).
On the other hand, the list of options (every 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 minutes) feels a little incomplete. Where's the 2-hour mark? Yes, I wouldn't be surprised to hear that many people are spending 3 hours hooked on YouTube, but that in-between setting feels missing.
Here's how to use YouTube's Take a Break feature:
1. Tap the user profile icon in the top right corner. These screens were taken from my account, which is using YouTube's Dark theme and is subscribed to YouTube Red, so while your screen may look slightly different, the instructions will be the same.
3. Tap "Remind me to take a break."
4. Select an amount of time.
After you watch YouTube for that much time, your video will pause and your screen will tell you you've hit that limit. You'll also see the option to change your settings or dismiss and keep watching.
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Home KSL NewsRadio Hosts Of Eden Season 2: Everything You Need To Know
Hosts Of Eden Season 2: Everything You Need To Know
KSL NewsRadio's popular sci-fi podcast is back for a second season.
Fans of the popular sci-fi podcast, Hosts Of Eden, will be thrilled to learn that Bonneville International has not only greenlit the show's second season, but it's already in the can and ready for release. All 10 episodes of Season 2 of Hosts Of Eden will debut on Monday, March 5th at 1:00 pm MT.
Creative Sponsorship Connection
Hosts Of Eden is available to download for free thanks to a sponsorship by Genesis Dental. Known for their friendly and comfortable care, Genesis Dental has multiple locations in Utah in Salt Lake, Tooele, and Utah counties. The sponsorship of Genesis Dental is sure to make fans of Hosts Of Eden smile. An object called the "Genesis device" is a central part of the sci-fi podcast.
As part of the series promotion, KSL NewsRadio will be providing giveaways and prizes to fans of the podcast.
About The Series Creator, Jay Mcfarland
Hosts Of Eden is a story from the creative mind of KSL NewsRadio mid-day host Jay Mcfarland, host of "The JayMac News Show". The podcast has been compared to a free audiobook, but it's closer to an elaborate campfire story. Instead of reading, Mcfarland "tells" each episode to the audience. The experience is enhanced with dramatic background music, ambient noises and sound effects.
Hosts Of Eden Season 2 Description
While Marian and Mason are trying to adjust to their new role as guardians of the Genesis device, the nation is faced with a new threat. Someone or something is able to jump from one body to the next allowing them to infiltrate high-security military installations leaving a trail of bodies behind. No one knows what they are looking for or how to stop them. Having no other options the President of the United States seeks Marian's help with the hope that she can use her newfound abilities to track down this elusive enemy. Marian reluctantly agrees and is then on a path that eventually causes her to question whether or not the Hosts of Eden are the only ones who want the bodies of mankind.
Hosts Of Eden: Season 1 Reaction
Season 1 of Hosts Of Eden was a huge hit both locally in Utah as well as Internationally. After slowly climbing up the download charts, the podcast was featured on iTunes. You can find it in the Modern Radio Drama section.
Full Season Release
"We got some valuable fan feedback last season," said series host and creator Jay Mcfarland. "We staggered the release of Season 1's episodes… a few every few days. But once people got hooked, they got frustrated waiting for the next episode."
To cater to binge listeners, this time all 10 episodes in Season 2 will be released at the same time.
How to Subscribe To 'Hosts Of Eden'
It's easy to subscribe to "Hosts of Eden". The series is free thanks to the sponsorship if Genesis Dental and available in the KSL NewsRadio mobile app, Apple Podcasts, Google Play and via an RSS feed.
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Funeral Flowers from FLOWERS BY MIKI - your local Knoxville, TN.
Let FLOWERS BY MIKI deliver a lovely floral expression of sympathy and reverence for you. This arrangement features white roses, Fuji mums, gladiolus, lilies and bells of Ireland.
A funeral for a friend or loved one can be difficult, but funeral flowers from FLOWERS BY MIKI of Knoxville, TN can help begin the healing process. Funeral flowers provide the opportunity to express how much the departed means to you. Celebrate the life of your loved one with one of the beautiful funeral flower arrangements found here such as: Classic Remembrance Urn, Mixed Flowers Sympathy Tribute or one of our standing sprays. Browse our funeral flowers page to find the perfect sympathy arrangement and place your order online. You can also call and speak with a designer at FLOWERS BY MIKI in Knoxville, TN for funeral flowers just as unique as your friend or loved one.


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Barbashi () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Svetloyarsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 33 as of 2010.

Geography
Barbashi is located 94 km northwest of Svetly Yar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Svetly Yar is the nearest rural locality.

References

Rural localities in Svetloyarsky District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


For passengers on a Baltic cruise landing in Rostock/Warnemünde, Hamburg or Stettin (Szczecin).
All Berlin tours are private - Only your group will tour in the same vehicle.
Why taking a private Berlin Shore Excursion with me?
You'll be picked up directly from Cruise Centre by your driver with a modern, spacious, comfortable and air-conditioned vehicle (Mercedes-Benz or similar) - Total duration of Berlin shore excursion: about 11 ½ hours and about 6 hours to be spent in Berlin.
You will not have to sit in a large coach in more or less cramped space and will not have to comply with a fixed, non-flexible itinerary - You will instead see and explore the sites you are really interested in.
Your private tour across Berlin will not be a standard tour meaning that everything can be custom-tailored to suit your wishes.
After a scenic ride of about 2 ½ hours through the idyllic flatlands of North Germany and its hundreds of lakes, your Private Guide will meet you in Berlin, taking you round the highlights of the German capital.
Your Berlin shore excursion from Warnemunde to Berlin will start in Berlin close to Charlottenburg Castle - a splendid baroque palace - followed by lively Kurfurstendamm Avenue.
Along the way you'll see, among other sights, Berlin Cathedral, the Reichstag Building (German Parliament) and the new Government Quarter and of course the Brandenburg Gate.
Naturally one of the few remaining stretches of the Berlin Wall, the tree-lined "Unter den Linden" boulevard, Bellevue Palace, the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church and of course notorious sights of the Third Reich and Cold War as for example Checkpoint Charlie, the Reichstag Building, Göring's former Aviation Ministry and many other thrilling sites.
If you feel like having a typical, German hearty lunch there'll be also time for such a stop (price not included in the tour price - About USD 25.00/person).
On request, you may have a special Berlin "Jewish Heritage Tour" including an "on your own" visit to the Memorial of former Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp on the way to Berlin (About 2 hours time to be spent at the former Camp + about 3 1/2 hours time for touring Berlin).
During a 6 hours tour of Berlin, you might also visit one of Berlins famous museums - For example, the Pergamon Museum, the Jewish Museum, the Allied Museum, among others.
As my associates and myself are all locals, we will also take you to some places off the beaten path and give you the opportunity to experience Berlin's history, architecture and culture in a way that is both informative and entertaining.


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New Jersey Punk Rockers, The 65's, Are Back With Single Never Say Never
New Jersey punk rock veterans The 65's are back with the single "Never Say Never" the lead off track from their newest E.P. of the same name. Crafting lean and mean power pop since 2009 the 65's have mastered a sound that is upbeat, catchy and at times chaotic. Not quite too punk and not quite too pop, "Never Say Never" is the self-reflective and fast-paced song you need to hear to start your week off right.
Lone guitars playing distorted and bright chords lead in the new single before bombastic snare hits and jangly guitar riffs interrupt the relatively peaceful moment. It's a pretty dynamic that suggests dissonance and inevitable chaos is afoot and could possibly break loose at any instant creating balance of beauty and brute force that give it a touch of sarcasm. "Never was my way and I'm trying to get back" lead singer John Pugsley's scratchy vocal let's us know in a tone that suggests this admittance wasn't easy. The 65's continue to fill up their high energy and sonic space before a slight break and regrouping for one last chorus where John admits that he's "in too deep now."
Clocking in at 2 and a half minutes, "Never Say Never" is the perfect introductory song to a band that has a rich, DIY history. Listen to it on your commute or after work when you don't feel like doing anything but you know you've got to. The 65's introspective lyrics and driving music will put you in the right headspace to get through whatever it is that's holding you back.
If you like the song, be sure to follow the band on Spotify and social media because the full EP "Never Say Never" is due out February 28th and you won't want to miss it!


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4th Annual Pecan Harvest Celebrates Indigenous Heritage With 200-Year-Old Recipe
by Nicholas Frank December 5, 2019 December 4, 2019
Pecans have been central to indigenous culture for centuries. Credit: Flickr / Joey Rozier
A staple of San Antonio history and cuisine is about to get its due. While the 1938 pecan shellers' strike changed the lives of local workers for the better, the fruit of the hickory tree variety has been central to indigenous culture for centuries.
Accordingly, American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions (AIT-SCM) will hold its fourth annual Pecan Harvest gala to celebrate the flavorful nut with traditional and modern recipes. The gala, held Dec. 6 from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. at Progreso Hall, is a fundraiser for the 25-year-old nonprofit organization, which supports programs for education, health and wellness, arts, and civic engagement.
While mesquite flour was a primary food for the early Coahuiltecans of northern Mexico, San Antonio's plentiful pecans became a calorie-rich staple for their descendants, who harvest pecans regularly in late fall.
At least one recipe will combine the two key ingredients, in honor of the cultural minglings of the region. The recipe for pecan mesquite cookies is derived from the 200-year-old archives of the local Spanish Colonial missions, tweaked slightly for modern tastes, said Miguel Davila, AIT-SCM cultural arts coordinator.
Other recipes for the gala buffet were sourced from the tribal community, including personal cookbooks. The main dish will feature a pecan mole, another blend of regional staples hailing from Monterrey, Mexico, and San Antonio. A locally produced pecan ice cream will be offered for dessert, and a champurrado, or porridge-thick chocolate milk made using masa, will round out the menu.
"All of our dishes include heritage ingredients," Davila said. "That's really the main reason for the gala dinners, is to highlight our ancestral heritage foods."
Related: New Institute to Document San Antonio's Place in Mexican American Civil Rights History
The gala will also honor community member Christine Ortega, who helped fund the purchase of a new $5,000 mesquite flour mill for the organization. One of AIT-SCM's goals is economic development for the organization, Avila said. The mill will first be used to produce flour at a smaller scale, for a farmer's market and community meal. By 2021, Davila said, the hope is to package it for sale on a commercial scale.
As with all AIT-SCM programming, the gala is open to members of the public. Tickets are available for purchase through Eventbrite, or by calling the AIT-SCM offices.
Tagged: American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions, heritage ingredients, less than 500, pecan harvest, San Antonio Nonprofits, type:daily
Nicholas Frank
Nicholas Frank moved from Milwaukee to San Antonio following a 2017 Artpace residency. Prior to that he taught college fine arts, curated a university contemporary art program, toured with an indie rock...	More by Nicholas Frank


Vivofit has a "red bar" that is also known as the "move bar". This red bar is a motivational way Vivofit uses to tell you that it is time to move. The first red bar will appear on your Vivofit after approximately one hour of inactivity. It is very important to mention that this move bar builds in length the longer you are inactive. Each additional bar equals 15 minutes of inactivity.
The red bar on your vivofit is a "smart" motivational way this fitness band has to tell you that you need to get up and walk for a little. A full inactivity meter on your Vivofit can take up to 200 steps to reset completely; obviously it could take more steps to reset, depending on how long you were inactive. Does it make sense?


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Home Education NTV's News Anchor Victoria Rubadiri Graces True Love Magazine Cover of March...
NTV's News Anchor Victoria Rubadiri Graces True Love Magazine Cover of March Edition
True Love magazine's cover of March, 2015, this year, was graced NTV's news anchor Victoria Rubadiri. I the issue, Victoria speaks about her personal life, life as a pastor's kid, how she overcame the torment of being pregnant at an early age and how she is giving back to the society.
Popular NTV news anchor, Victoria Rubadiri has opened up on how falling pregnant at 18 made her desperate and left her thinking of procuring an abortion.
In an interview on the March edition of True Love magazine, Rubadiri talks of her devastation and desperation after discovering the unplanned pregnancy.
"It was a scary experience to find out I was pregnant, and the hardest part was to let my parents know since I never wanted them to go through that"
When she confessed to her father, he refused to let her do an abortion and her family came together to support her.
Victoria Rubadiri's daughter is now ten years old.
With that said many would just think that Victoria just appeared for the photo shoot and that was it. But it takes more than just that.
Making a cover of a magazine takes a lot of work and commitment and the team works tirelessly to produce the best results.
Victoria Rubadiri got pregnant while studying journalism at Temple University in the United States where her family was living.
On her choice to speak about her abortion, she said:
"I have been severally invited to speak in churches and institutions where I always share my story to encourage a young person whose life has taken an unexpected turn."
Victoria is now a living motivational speaker in a class of her own, leading a successful career in the media industry in Kenya, where she has been invited to to various colleges and universities.


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Keep up-to-date with
all our latest news
Helping Shropshire people build a brighter future
Wednesday, 14th March 2018
Severnside Housing is helping Shropshire people build a brighter future with its inspirational learning programme and Digital Dens. At an open day, this week Shrewsbury Mayor Jane Mackenzie saw the difference that is being made to help local people reach their full potential.
Severnside's community Digital Dens in Meole Brace and Castlefields offer cyber-style café facilities with free internet access and support to get online. Each Den has a weekly programme of events, including job clubs, drop-ins and digital training sessions.
At a recent open morning at the Meole Brace Digital Den, Mayor of Shrewsbury Jane Mackenzie and her husband Councillor Tony Parsons mingled with customers and even had a go at completing an online course.
"It's been a real pleasure to visit the Digital Den and see the great work that Severnside is doing to support the most disadvantaged in our local community." said Mayor of Shrewsbury, Jane Mackenzie. "Helping people to learn new budgeting skills, get online and into work is essential with the up-and-coming roll out of Universal Credit across Shropshire."
Packed full of a diverse range of great training opportunities the Learning Programme helps people boost their skills in key areas including IT, self-confidence, CV writing, money management and work experience. One-to-one support is also available to empower people to reach their full potential.
Severnside's learning programme and digital inclusion co-ordinator, Claire Poulson explains "Whether you choose to come along to a job club held at one of our Digital Dens, undertake training or apply for grant funding there really is something for everyone, no matter what your age or ability. I would encourage everyone from the local community to pop-in to our Dens to find out more about the great support we offer."
Partnering with the Prince's Trust also enables Severnside to offer young people the chance to take part in a life-changing 12-week programme.
"I gained a huge amount of confidence in my own skills and abilities by taking part in the Prince's Trust programme." said local resident Stacey Rigby. "The employability skills week held at the Digital Den was really helpful, particularly the mock-interviews. I now have a local part-time job and feel really positive about my future career prospects."
To find out more about Severnside's Learning Programme and what's happening, on a weekly basis at their Digital Dens in Meole Brace and Castlefields, please visit www.severnsidehousing.co.uk or call 0300 300 0059.
Home >> News >> Helping Shropshire people build a brighter future >>


Published on September 14, 2009 in General T&T, Politics and Religion. 1 Comment Tags: Arthur N.R. Robinson, Funeral Service, T&T Govt.
The Funeral Service for Mrs Patricia Robinson, wife of The Honourable Arthur N.R. Robinson, former President of the Republic, will take place on Thursday September 17th at the Church of The Assumption, Long Circular Road, Maraval, at 2.30 pm.
The family has requested that no flowers be taken to the church, and has indicated that donations may be made to the Alzheimer's Association and Kids In Need of Direction (KIND).


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Q: Why does displaying my divs as inline cause them to overlap my h1? I'm just playing around with the border/content box CSS properties in the very early stages of learning.
Trying to make the two boxes line up next to one another- I've achieved it with using the float left and right properties.
However, when I use display inline, it causes an overlap with the above block element h1. I've displayed it as a table here, so the background colour I've set on it only spans the width of the content, but that shouldn't change the fact that it is still a block element.
More than the overlap, display: inline on the div causes the boxes to shrink in size as well.
Can anyone explain why this is happening?
Please see the code here: https://jsfiddle.net/gouvrze1/

A: Only block elements respect width and height rules. Inline elements just flow with their text content. The overlap is caused by the padding and the fact that the divs are further down in the DOM, so they're drawn after and on top of previous elements.
Try changing your divs to display: inline-block instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Sheffield Liberal Democrats Believe In Better For Sheffield
Join the Liberal Democrats
Lib Dems Fight To Save Walk In Centre
Lib Dems secure a victory in the campaign to save the Walk In Centre and Minor Injuries Unit.
By Kurtis Crossland, Dec 07, 2017 3:12
Lib Dems secure a big victory in the campaign to save our Walk In Centre and Minor Injuries Unit as Council agree to oppose the plans.
NHS bosses in Sheffield are looking at closing the Walk In Centre on Broad Lane and the Minor Injuries Unit and Eye Clinic at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital. They would replace the service at the Northern General Hospital.
Cllr Steve Ayris, Shadow Cabinet Member for Health & Social Care said, "I believe the NHS should be above politics and I was very proud to see the Lib Dems proposed working together with all parties on the council to safeguard access to these vital services.
"Many people in Sheffield rely on easy access to NHS services. Imagine you're suffering from an illness or you have a problem with your eyes. You can't get an appointment at your GP but you know you should get checked out. Under these plans, you would have to travel all the way to the Northern General Hospital and in a lot of cases, on public transport. Would that be an easy trip for you?"
The local Lib Dems have been running a poll and so far, 98% of people are against it. You can fill the poll in below.
Published & promoted by Sheffield Liberal Democrats at Omega Court, 360 Cemetery Road, Sheffield, S11 8FT.


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John Carmack developing software to showcase Oculus Rift
By Emanuel Maiberg 08 January 2014
id Software co-founder and master of Doom John Carmack is one of the brightest minds in the industry, which is why we were excited to learn he had joined Oculus VR , maker of the Oculus Rift virtual reality goggles. Aside from the impressive demos of the device, nothing lent the company as much legitimacy as his coming on board as chief technical officer.
What that says about his actual responsibilities there, we don't exactly know, but according to a recent report from Engadget , he's also working on software that will showcase the Rift. That doesn't mean we'll see a full-fledged John Carmack-developed game, but it makes a lot of sense for him to be working on an engine, development tools, or even just an in-house tech demo that proves the full potential of the Rift.
"He's working on a lot of exciting tech," Oculus VR CEO Brendan Iribe told Engadget, "but his heart and soul and history certainly lies in the game-development side...It's been John carmack's philosophy—you gotta eat your own dog food here, and develop internal content also."
Up to this point, Oculus VR relied on third parties to make software that shows off the Rift, either by incorporating it into existing games, or by creating limited demos like CCP's EVE: Valkyrie .
From the first Doom multiplayer mode to the id Tech 4 engine (Doom 3) and id Tech 5 engine (Rage), the games Carmack is known for have arguably always existed first and foremost to prove the value of the technology they were using. I can't wait to see what he comes up with for the Rift.
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Maria Isabella von Spanien ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Maria Isabella d'Orléans-Montpensier (1848–1919), französisch-spanische Prinzessin, Gräfin von Paris, Infantin von Spanien

Siehe auch:
 Maria Isabel von Spanien (spanisch María Isabel de Borbón; 1789–1848), Ehefrau von Franz I. König von Sizilien, Infantin von Spanien


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require 'rake'

module Fitting
  class MyRailtie < Rails::Railtie
    rake_tasks do
      load 'tasks/fitting.rake'
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Christmas is almost here! And every day I'm getting the house a little more decked, a little more cozy. I think this year I might need to leave my decorations up even longer than normal, it's taken me so long to put them up! This time of year is always busy for me as a musician. I sing with the Cleveland Orchestra Chorus and Christmas is the season packed with the most concerts. And this year I've been doubly busy as you all know that my friend opened a store in Little Italy, Moonstruck CLE, and I've been helping her set up and contribute some products from psbonjour. Oh and I work a day job and host a few parties over the season. But I'm guessing all of you have as many or more things going on in your lives and can relate. So when we get our houses in order, the tree trimmed, the fireplace decorated … the feeling of comfort and peace can finally settle in. And we feel prepared to invite in friends and family to share the blessings of the season. I didn't get as much done as I wanted but guess what – this year it's just right!
So come on in, have a seat – can I make you a cup of hot cocoa or coffee?
I purchased this sweet minty bar cart from a fun vendor at the Cleveland Flea – somethingtobefound – check out her blog! I'm a sucker for hot cocoa drinks this time of year. Or maybe a little Irish coffee. Or maybe a nip of Frangelico or Bailey's in the hot cocoa or coffee!
And of course the bar cart needs the right cups and accessories! A lovely copper mug for Moscow Mules in the summer can be just as lovely for a steaming cup of cocoa in the winter. A Ho Ho Ho or Jolly mug always replaces my pumpkin mugs this time of year.
But no drink sipping is complete without a little musical entertainment. So the 'ol RCA Victor needs to be a part of the mix and spin some holiday 45's, don't you think?!
So let's get a little Frank or Dean on the turntable, put some milk on the stove, and get this party started!


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VUU names new head football coach
By Gerald Huggins
Virginia Union football has a found the new face of its program after naming a new coach on Monday.
Former Panther to the Rescue
Virginia Union University has selected their new football coach in Alvin Parker, Ph.D. Parker will be the 27th Head Coach in Virginia Union Football's 117-year history.
DR. ALVIN PARKER NAMED @VUUPanthers FOOTBALL COACH https://t.co/a4aEHuWnR1
— Virginia Union Sport (@VUUPanthers) December 18, 2017
The announcement was made on Monday, December 18, on the campus of Virginia Union University.
Parker was an Offensive Coordinator for the Panthers for five seasons. He was an assistant coach for the Panthers when they went to the CIAA Championship in 2000, 2001, 2003. He also coached André Braxton, the CIAA's all-time leading rusher, and single-season touchdown scorer.
Virginia Union's Athletic Director, Joe Taylor, had high praises of Parker as a player, coach, and a scholar.
Parker at the Helm
"Dr. Parker won CIAA championships here at VUU as a player and later as an assistant coach under Willard Bailey," said Virginia Union Athletic Director Joe Taylor. "He also won CIAA championships as the Assistant Head Coach and Offensive Coordinator at Elizabeth City State University. While experiencing success on the field, he has earned his undergraduate, Master's and Ph.D. An accomplishment that few football coaches in America have obtained."
As a player, Parker earned four varsity letters with the Panthers; he was the team captain of the 1997 and 1998 squad and was named offensive MVP in 1996 and 1998.
While at Elizabeth City State University, Parker was the leader of one of the nation's premier offensive attacks at ECSU. The American Football Coaches Association recognized Parker for his dedication to his team by being selected as a 2014 and 2013 Assistant Coach of the Year Finalist. The Vikings won CIAA division titles in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012 and played in the Pioneer Bowl in 2009 and 2012.
Parker was the offensive coordinator at Saint Augustine University the past two seasons. He was a 2016 AFCA National Assistant Coach of the Year Finalist.
Parker received his Bachelor's degree from Virginia Union in Mass Communications and his Master's degree in Sports Leadership/Athletic Administration from Virginia Commonwealth University as well as his Ph.D. in Sports Management from Northcentral University.
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