text:
List of commanders of V Corps (United States)
in: Pages with broken file links, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Conflicts in 1967,
1967 in Vietnam
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving Vietnam
Kon Tum Province
Battle of Dak To
Part of the Vietnam War
A U.S. soldier calls for a medic to help a wounded friendly as the 1st Battalion, 503rd U.S. Infantry battles for Hill 882, southwest of Dak To, November, 1967.
3–22 November 1967
Dak To, Kontum Province, Republic of Vietnam
U.S./South Vietnamese tactical victory
Communist strategic victory
Republic of Vietnam North Vietnamese Army
Viet Cong
William R. Peers Hoang Minh Thao (military)
Tran The Mon (political)
16,000 ~Four Regiments
361 killed
15 missing
1,441 wounded[1]
South Vietnam:
73 killed
Few hundred wounded US estimated: ~1,000–1,664 killed[2]
~1,000–2,000 WIA
of the Vietnam War
Guerrilla phase
1st Ap Bac
Go Cong
Hiep Hoa
Long Dinh
Kien Long
Quyet Thang 202
Bien Hoa Airbase
USNS Card
Nam Dong
An Lao
Binh Gia
Camp Holloway
Song Be
Ba Gia
Dong Xoai
Ka Nak
Deo Nhong
American intervention
Nui Thanh
Battle of An Ninh
Plei Me
Marble Mountain
Minh Thanh
Gang Toi
1st Bau Bang
Ia Drang
Masher/White Wing
Suoi Bong Trang
Kim Son Valley
A Shau
Xa Cam My
Hill 488
1st Dong Ha
Minh Thanh Road
Duc Co
Bong Son
Tan Son Nhut airbase
Lam Son II
Firebase Bird
SS Baton Rouge Victory
Paul Revere IV
Deckhouse V
Tra Binh Dong
Bribie
Junction City (1st Prek Klok
2nd Prek Klok
Ap Gu
Suoi Tre
2nd Bau Bang)
Francis Marion
Beaver Cage
The Hill Fights
1st Con Thien
Malheur I and Malheur II
Nine Days in May
Union II
Vinh Huy
2nd Con Thien
Hong Kil Dong
Suoi Chau Pha
Dong Son
Wheeler/Wallowa
3rd Con Thien
Ong Thanh
1st Loc Ninh
1st Dak To
Tam Quan
Thom Tham Khe
Vuon Dieu - Bau Nau
New Year's Day Battle of 1968
Khe Sanh
Tet Offensive
1st Saigon
1st Quảng Trị
Ban Houei Sane
Lang Vei
Lima Site 85
My Lai Massacre
Toan Thang I
Scotland II
2nd Dong Ha
Allen Brook
Kham Duc
Coral–Balmoral
Mameluke Thrust
Duc Lap
Maui Peak
Meade River
Speedy Express
Drawdown 1969–71
Bold Mariner
Dewey Canyon
Taylor Common
2nd Tet
Massachusetts Striker
Maine Crag
Montana Mauler
Oklahoma Hills
Virginia Ridge
Apache Snow
Hamburger Hill
Twinkletoes
Binh Ba
Bu Prang
Chicago Peak
FSB Ripcord
1st Cambodia
Kompong Speu
2nd Cambodia
Snuol
Jefferson Glenn
Hat Dich
Lam Son 719
Son Tay Raid
Chenla I
Chenla II
FSB Mary Ann
Long Khanh
Nui Le
Easter Offensive
2nd Quang Trị
3rd Quang Trị
2nd Loc Ninh
An Lộc
3rd Dong Ha
2nd Dak To
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)
Cửa Việt
Ap Da Bien
Iron Triangle
Thường Đức
Phuoc Long
Ban Me Thuot
Hue–Da Nang
Phan Rang
Xuân Lộc
Newport Bridge
Rach Chiec Bridge
2nd Saigon
Farm Gate
Barrel Roll
Steel Tiger
Arc Light
Tiger Hound
Shed Light
Yen Vien
Niagara II
1st Do Luong
2nd Do Luong
Igloo White
Giant Lance
Commando Hunt
Freedom Deal
Linebacker I
Enhance Plus
Linebacker II
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Babylift
Eagle Pull
Frequent Wind
Naval operations
Yankee & Dixie Stations
Gulf of Tonkin
Market Time
Vung Ro Bay
Game Warden
PIRAZ
Deckhouse Five
Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River
Sealords
Hai Phong Harbor
Custom Tailor
End Sweep
Paracel Islands
Mayaguez incident
The Battle of Đắk Tô was a series of major engagements of the Vietnam War that took place between 3–22 November 1967, in Kontum Province, in the Central Highlands of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The action at Đắk Tô was one of a series of People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) offensive initiatives that began during the second half of the year. North Vietnamese attacks at Lộc Ninh (in Bình Long Province), Song Be (in Phước Long Province), and at Con Thien and Khe Sanh, (in Quảng Trị Province), were other actions which, combined with Đắk Tô, became known as "the border battles."
During the summer of 1967, heavy contact with PAVN forces in the area prompted the launching of Operation Greeley, a combined search and destroy effort by elements of the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade, along with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam's 42nd Infantry Regiment and Airborne units. The fighting was intense and lasted into the fall, when the North Vietnamese seemingly withdrew.
By late October, however, U.S. intelligence indicated that local communist units had been reinforced and combined into the 1st PAVN Division, which was tasked with the capture of Đắk Tô and the destruction of a brigade-size U.S. unit. Information provided by a PAVN defector provided the allies a good indication of the locations and intentions of North Vietnamese forces. This intelligence prompted the launching of Operation MacArthur, and brought the units back to the area along with more reinforcements from the ARVN Airborne Division. The battles that erupted on the hill masses south and southeast of Đắk Tô became some of the hardest-fought and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War.
1.1 Border outpost
1.2 Operation Greeley
2 Prelude
3.1 Operation MacArthur
3.2 Hill 875
6.1 Published government documents
6.2 Memoirs
6.3 Secondary sources
Border outpost
For more details on U.S. covert operations in Laos, see Studies and Observations Group.
For more details on the PAVN logistical network, see Ho Chi Minh Trail.
Aerial photo of Đắk Tô looking toward Laos.
During the early stages of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, several U.S. Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) camps were established along the borders of South Vietnam in order to both maintain surveillance of PAVN and National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF or Viet Cong) infiltration and to provide support and training to isolated Montagnard villagers, who bore the brunt of the fighting in the isolated area. One of these camps was built near the village and airstrip at Đắk Tô. After 1965, Đắk Tô was also utilized as a Forward Operations Base by the highly classified U.S. Studies and Observations Group (SOG), which launched reconnaissance teams from there to gather intelligence on the Ho Chi Minh Trail across the border in Laos.
Đắk Tô lies on a flat valley floor, surrounded by waves of ridgelines that rise into peaks (some as high as 4,000 feet) that stretch westward and southwestward towards the tri-border region where South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia meet. Western Kontum Province is covered by double and triple-canopy rainforests, and the only open areas were filled in by bamboo groves whose stalks sometimes reached eight inches in diameter. Landing Zones (LZs) large enough for helicopters were few and far between, which meant that most troop movements could only be carried out on foot. Temperatures in the highlands could reach 95° Fahrenheit (35° Celsius) during the day and could drop to as low as 55° Fahrenheit (12.78° Celsius) in the evenings.
Operation Greeley
In January 1967, Major-General (later LTG) William R. Peers had taken command of the 4th Infantry Division, which had responsibility for the defense of western Kontum Province. Prior to the onset of the summer monsoon, Peers set up blocking positions from the 4th Infantry Division's 1st Brigade base camp at Jackson Hole, west of Pleiku, and launched Operation Francis Marion on 17 May. The 4th had on hand its 1st and 2nd Brigades while its 3rd Brigade operated with the 25th Infantry Division northwest of Saigon.
File:Map of the II Corps Tactical Zone in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam (as used during the Battle of Dak To, 1967).jpg
The II Corps Tactical Zone, the Central Highlands of South Vietnam
Throughout the middle of 1967, however, western Kontum Province became a magnet for several PAVN spoiling attacks and it appeared that the North Vietnamese were paying an increasing amount of attention to the area. Immediately after taking command, Peers instituted guidelines for his units in order to prevent them from being isolated and overrun in the rugged terrain, which also did much to negate the U.S. superiority in firepower. Battalions were to act as single units instead of breaking down into individual companies in order to search for their enemy. If rifle companies had to act independently, they were not to operate more than one kilometer or one hour's march from one another. If contact with the enemy was made, the unit was to be immediately reinforced.[3] These measures went far in reducing the 4th Infantry's casualties.
These heavy enemy contacts prompted Peers to request reinforcement and, as a result, on 17 June, two battalions of Brigadier General John R. Deane's 173rd Airborne Brigade were moved into the Đắk Tô area to begin sweeping the jungle-covered mountains in Operation Greeley. The 173rd had been operating near Bien Hoa Air Base outside Saigon and had been in combat only against NLF guerrillas. Prior to its deployment to the highlands, Peer's operations officer, Colonel William J. Livsey, attempted to warn the Airborne officers of the hazards of campaigning in the highlands. He also advised them that PAVN regulars were a much better equipped and motivated force than the NLF. These warnings, however, made little impression on the paratroopers, who were about to become victims of their own overconfidence.[4]
173rd Airborne troops during Operation Greeley
On 20 June, Charlie Company, 2nd battalion, 503rd Airborne Infantry (C/2/503) discovered the bodies of a Special Forces CIDG unit that had been missing for four days on Hill 1338, the dominant hill mass south of Dak To. Supported by Alpha Company, the Americans moved up the hill and set up for the night. At 06:58 the following morning, Alpha Company began moving alone up a ridge finger and triggered an ambush by the 6th Battalion of the 24th PAVN Regiment.[5] Charlie Company was ordered to go to support, but heavy vegetation and difficult terrain made movement extremely difficult. Artillery support was rendered ineffective by the limited range of visibility and the "belt-grabbing" - or "hugging" - tactics of the North Vietnamese.[6] Close air support was impossible for the same reasons. Alpha Company managed to survive repeated attacks throughout the day and night, but the cost was heavy. Of the 137 men that comprised the unit, 76 had been killed and another 23 wounded. A search of the battlefield revealed only 15 dead North Vietnamese.[7]
U.S. headquarters press releases, made four days after the conclusion of what came to be called "The Battle of the Slopes", claimed that 475 North Vietnamese had been killed while the 173rd's combat after action report claimed 513 enemy dead. The men of Alpha Company estimated that only 50–75 PAVN troops had been killed during the entire action.[8] Such losses among American troops could not go unpunished. The operations officer of the 4th Infantry went so far as to recommend that General Deane be relieved of command. Such a drastic measure, however, would only provide more grist for what was becoming a public relations fiasco. In the end, the commander and junior officers of Charlie Company (whose only crime was that of caution) were transferred to other units.[9]
File:Contour map as used by the US Army during Operation Greeley, 1967.jpg
Operation Greeley and the Dak To area
In response to the destruction of Alpha Company, MACV ordered additional forces into the area. On 23 June, the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division arrived to bolster the 173rd. The following day, the elite ARVN 1st Airborne Task Force (the 5th and 8th Battalions) and the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Air Cavalry Division arrived to conduct search and destroy operations north and northeast of Kontum. General Deane sent his forces 20 kilometers west and southwest of Dak To in search of the 24th PAVN Regiment.
After establishing Fire Support Base 4 on Hill 664, approximately 11 kilometers southwest of Đắk Tô, the 4th Battalion, 503rd Airborne Infantry found the North Vietnamese K-101D Battalion of the Doc Lap Regiment on 10 July. As the four companies of the battalion neared the crest of Hill 830 they were struck by a wall of small arms and machine gun fire and blasted by B-40 rocket-propelled grenades and mortar fire. Any advance was impossible, so the paratroopers remained in place for the night. The following morning, the North Vietnamese were gone. The 4th of the 503rd suffered 22 dead and 62 wounded. The bodies of three PAVN soldiers were found on the site.[10]
North Vietnamese pressure against CIDG outposts at Dak Seang and Dak Pek, 20 and 45 kilometers north of Đắk Tô respectively, was the impetus for dispatching the 42nd ARVN Infantry Regiment into the area while the ARVN Airborne battalion moved to Dak Seang. On 4 August, the 1st of the 42nd encountered the North Vietnamese on a hilltop west of Dak Seang, setting off a three-day battle that drew in the South Vietnamese paratroopers. The 8th Airborne, along with U.S. Army advisers, was airlifted into a small unimproved air field next to the Special Forces camp at Dak Seang. The camp was under sporadic fire and probing ground attack by PAVN forces. This occurred when its Special Forces commander and a patrol failed to return and the camp received what appeared to be preparatory fire for a full scale ground attack by PAVN. The terrain was high mountains with triple canopy jungle. The importance of the Dak Seang camp was that it lay astride the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the main infiltration route of the PAVN into the South.
About a kilometer from the camp, the Army advisers and the 8th Airborne came upon the bodies of the lost Special Forces patrol, all dead, including the camp commander. As the 8th Airborne moved up the mountain, the lead elements were taking small arms fire. Before long, it was obvious that the PAVN troops had filtered down on all sides. By noon of 4 August, the 8th Airborne with its advisers were in a fight that lasted several days. When the unit finally overwhelmed the PAVN forces because of superior firepower in air and artillery, it reached the top of the mountain and found a fully operational PAVN Headquarters, complete with hospital facilities and anti-aircraft emplacements. During the three-day battle, the 8th Airborne Battalion alone withstood six separate ground attacks and casualties among all the South Vietnamese units were heavy.
By mid-August, contact with communist forces decreased, leading the Americans to conclude that the North Vietnamese had withdrawn across the border. The bulk of the ARVN Airborne units were then returned to their bases around Saigon for rest and refitting. On 23 August, General Deane turned over command of the 173rd to Brigadier General Leo H. Schweiter. On 17 September, two battalions of the 173rd departed the area to protect the rice harvest in Phu Yen Province. The 2nd of the 503rd remained at Đắk Tô along with the 3rd ARVN Airborne Battalion to carry out a sweep of the Toumarong Valley north of Đắk Tô and the suspected location of a PAVN regimental headquarters. After three weeks of fruitless searching, however, the operation was halted on 11 October. Operation Greeley was over.
Major General William R. Peers, commander of the 4th Infantry Division and overall U.S. commander at Đắk Tô
By early October, U.S. intelligence reported that the North Vietnamese were withdrawing regiments from the Pleiku area to join those in Kontum Province, thereby dramatically increasing the strength of local forces to that of a full division. In response, the 4th Infantry began moving the 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry and the 3rd Battalion, 8th Infantry into Đắk Tô to launch Operation MacArthur. On 29 October, the 4/503 of the 173rd Airborne Brigade was returned to the area as a reinforcement. The battalion was moved west of Đắk Tô to the CIDG camp at Ben Het to protect the construction of Fire Support Base 12 on 2 November.
On 3 November, Sergeant Vu Hong, an artillery specialist with the 6th PAVN Regiment, defected to the South Vietnamese and was able to provide U.S. forces with detailed information on the disposition of PAVN forces and their objectives, both at Đắk Tô and at Ben Het, 18 kilometers to the west. The North Vietnamese had fed approximately 6,000 troops into the area, most of which made up the 1st PAVN Division. The 66th PAVN Regiment was southwest of Đắk Tô preparing to launch the main attack while the 32nd PAVN Regiment was moved south to prevent any counterattacks against the 66th. The independent 24th PAVN Regiment held positions northeast of Đắk Tô to prevent reinforcement of the base from that direction. The 174th PAVN Regiment was northwest of Đắk Tô, acting as a reserve or an offensive force as the situation dictated. In addition, the 1st PAVN Division was supported by the 40th PAVN Artillery Regiment.[11] The goal of these units was the taking of Đắk Tô and the destruction of a brigade-size American unit.
File:Brig. Gen. Leo H. Schwiiter (1967).jpg
Brigadier General Leo H. Schweiter, commander of the 173rd Airborne Brigade
The communist actions around Đắk Tô were part of an overall strategy devised by the Hanoi leadership, primarily that of General Nguyen Chi Thanh. The goal of operations in the area, according to a captured document from the B-3 Front Command, was "to annihilate a major U.S. element in order to force the enemy to deploy as many additional troops to the Central Highlands as possible."[12] As the Americans quickly discovered, the area had been well prepared by the North Vietnamese. The number and elaborateness of defensive preparations found by U.S. and ARVN troops indicated that some had been prepared as much as six months in advance. As General Peers noted:
Nearly every key terrain feature was heavily fortified with elaborate bunker and trench complexes. He had moved quantities of supplies and ammunition into the area. He was prepared to stay.[13]
After contact with the PAVN forces on the 4th and 5th of the month, General Schweiter received orders to move the rest of his brigade back to Đắk Tô. The immediate goal of the paratroopers was first to establish a base of operations and bolster the defenses at Ben Het. They would then begin to search for the headquarters of the 66th PAVN Regiment, which U.S. intelligence believed to be in the valley stretching south of FSB 12. Simultaneously, most of the remaining elements of the 4th Infantry Division moved into the area around Đắk Tô. They were joined by two First Air Cavalry battalions (the 1/12 and 2/8th Cavalry) and ARVN forces consisting of the four battalions of the 42nd Regiment and the 2nd and 3rd Airborne Battalions. By this time, the village and airstrip had become a major logistical base, supporting an entire U.S. division and airborne brigade and six ARVN battalions. The stage was set for a major pitched battle.
Operation MacArthur
The first fighting of the new operation erupted on 3 November and 4 November when companies of the 4th Infantry came across PAVN defensive positions. The next day the same thing occurred to elements of the 173rd. The American and ARVN troops soon applied a methodical approach to combat in the highlands. They combed the hills on foot, ran into fixed PAVN hill-top defensive positions, applied massive firepower, and then launched ground attacks to force the North Vietnamese off. In all of these instances, PAVN troops fought stubbornly, inflicted casualties on the Americans, and then withdrew.
Members of Co. C, 1st Bn, 8th Inf, 1st Bde, 4th Inf Div, descend the side of Hill 742, located five miles northwest of Dak To. 14–17 November 1967.
To expand the coverage of supporting artillery fires, the 4th Battalion of the 173rd was ordered to occupy Hill 823, south of Ben Het, for the construction of Fire Support Base 15. Since the rest of the battalion's companies were already deployed elsewhere, the 120 men of Bravo Company would combat assault onto the hilltop by helicopter alone. After several attempts to denude the hilltop with airstrikes and artillery fire, Bravo company landed unopposed that afternoon, but the hill was not unoccupied. Fifteen minutes later, contact was made with the North Vietnamese. The battle that ensued raged at close quarters until early the following morning when elements of the 66th PAVN Regiment withdrew, leaving behind more than 100 bodies. Nine Americans of Bravo Company, 4/503 also lay dead and another 28 were wounded.[14]
File:American soldiers call in air and artillery support (Battle of Dak To, 1967).jpg
Calling in air and artillery support, Hill 823
The following morning Bravo Company was relieved by Lieutenant Colonel David J. Schumacher's 1/503, which (against the admonitions of Colonel Livsey) was divided into two small Task Forces. Task Force Black consisted of Charlie Company supported by two platoons of Dog Company and Task Force Blue which was composed of Alpha Company and the remaining platoon of Dog. Task Force Black left Hill 823 to find the North Vietnamese who had attacked B/4/403. At 08:28 on 11 November, after leaving their overnight laager and following a PAVN communications wire, the force was ambushed by the 8th and 9th Battalions of the 66th PAVN Regiment and had to fight for its life.[15] Task Force Blue and Charlie Company 4/503 drew the job of going to the relief of the beleaguered task force. They encountered fire from all sides during the relief attempt, but they made it, reaching the trapped men at 15:37. U.S. losses were 20 killed, 154 wounded, and two missing.
The commanding officer of Task Force Black, Captain Thomas McElwain, reported an enemy body count of 80 but was commanded by Schumacher (whose conduct of the action later came under severe criticism) to go out and count again.[16] He then reported back that 175 PAVN soldiers had been killed. He later stated that "If you lost so many people killed and wounded, you had to have something to show for it."[17] McElwain and Schumacher later clashed over McElwain's recommendation for a decoration for Private First Class John Andrew Barnes, III, who had leapt on a grenade and sacrificed his life to save wounded comrades during the action. Schumacher refused to endorse the recommendation, stating that he did not think medals were for "men who committed suicide."[18] Barnes was later awarded the Medal of Honor.
File:McAt2.jpg
The build-up at Đắk Tô
Simultaneous with this action was a North Vietnamese attack on the three companies of the 3/8th Infantry of the 4th Infantry Division on Hill 724. Beginning at 13:07 and lasting for thirty minutes, a mortar barrage rained onto the battalion's laager site. North Vietnamese troops then charged out of the jungle to the attack. By the time the action ended at 19:03, 18 Americans were dead and another 118 were wounded. The 4th Infantry claimed that 92 North Vietnamese had died in the clash.[19]
On the night of 12 November, the North Vietnamese launched the first of many rocket attacks against the airstrip at Đắk Tô, firing 44 missiles. By 08:00 on 15 November, three C-130 Hercules transport aircraft were in the turnaround area as a PAVN mortar barrage landed squarely on the aircraft, destroying two of them. The resulting fires and additional incoming mortar fire caught the ammunition dump and fuel storage areas a blaze with explosions continued all day and into the night. During that night's incoming shelling, a lone mortar round landed on two steel containers of C-4 plastic explosive. Both detonated simultaneously, sending a fireball and mushroom cloud high above the valley and leaving two craters 40 feet deep. This was said to be the largest explosion to occur in the Vietnam War, knocking men off their feet over a mile away. The explosion destroyed the entire 15th Light Equipment Company compound next to the ammunition dump but miraculously no one was killed. Engineer Lieutenant Fred Dyerson thought "it looked like Charlie had gotten hold of some nuclear weapons." Although more than 1,100 tons of ordnance were destroyed during the explosions and fires, this was as close as the North Vietnamese would get to taking Dak To. The rapid deployment of allied forces had upset the North Vietnamese offensive and had thrown them onto the defensive. Previous actions had battered the 66th and 33rd PAVN Regiments, and they began a southwesterly retreat, covered by the 174th Regiment. The Americans and the ARVN then began to run into tenacious rearguard actions. To prevent a repetition of the artillery attack against its base camp, the 4th Division's 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment was ordered to take Hill 1338, which had an excellent overview of Đắk Tô, only six kilometers away. For two days, the Americans fought their way up the steep slope of the hill and into the most elaborate bunker complex yet discovered, all of the fortifications of which were connected by field telephones.
U.S. wounded being moved to aid station during battle for Hill 882
After scouring the area of the North Vietnamese who attacked Task Force Black, the three companies of 1/503 moved southwest to occupy Hill 882. The force was accompanied by approximately a dozen civilian news correspondents. On the morning of 15 November, the lead company crested the hill and discovered bunkers connected by telephone wire. They were then attacked, and the rest of the Americans rushed to the hilltop to take defensive positions. PAVN troops poured small arms, machine gun, and mortar fire on the Americans and launched several ground attacks. The U.S. commander requested helicopter evacuation for the most seriously wounded, but this request was denied by Colonel Schumacher, who demanded that the civilians be evacuated first.[20] When the fighting ceased on 19 November the U.S. battalion had suffered seven killed and 34 wounded. The North Vietnamese 66th Regiment left behind 51 dead.[21]
While the action on Hill 882 was underway, tragedy struck Dog Company, 4/503. The unit was conducting road clearing operations around Ben Het while being accompanied by a CIDG Mike Force. While calling in an artillery fire mission, an error caused two rounds to fall on the company's position. Six Americans and three CIDG were killed outright and 15 paratroopers and 13 CIDG troops were wounded in the friendly fire incident.[22]
South Vietnamese units had also found plenty of action in the Đắk Tô area. On 18 November, on Hill 1416 northeast of Tan Canh, the ARVN 3/42nd Infantry found the PAVN 24th Infantry Regiment in well-fortified defensive positions. The elite, all-volunteer ARVN 3rd and 9th Airborne Battalions joined the action, attacking the hill from another direction. The ARVN forces took the hill on 20 November after vicious close-quarters fighting that claimed 66 South Vietnamese dead and another 290 wounded. The North Vietnamese left behind 248 of their own.[23]
U.S intelligence indicated that the fresh 174th PAVN Regiment had slipped westward past Ben Het and had taken up positions on an 875 meter-high hill just six kilometers from the border. The 174th had done so in order to cover the withdrawal of the 66th and 32nd Regiments, which were moving toward their sanctuaries across the Cambodian frontier. On 19 November, General Schweiter was informed that a Special Forces Mobile Strike Force company had run into heavy resistance while reconning the area. He then ordered his 2nd Battalion to take the hill.
At 09:43 on 19 November, the three companies (330 men) of 2/503 moved into jumpoff positions from which to assault Hill 875. Charlie and Delta companies moved up the slope followed by two platoons of Alpha Company in the classic "two up one back" formation utilized since World War I. The Weapons Platoon of Alpha remained behind at the bottom of the hill to cut out a landing zone. Instead of a frontal assault with massed troops, the unit would have been better served by advancing small teams to develop possible North Vietnamese positions and then calling in air and artillery support.[24]
U.S. 105 mm artillery battery in action in the Central Highlands.
At 10:30, as the Americans moved to within 300 meters of the crest, PAVN machine gunners opened fire on the advancing paratroopers. Then B-40 rockets and 57mm recoilless rifle fire were unleashed upon them. The paratroopers attempted to continue the advance, but the North Vietnamese, well concealed in interconnected bunkers and trenches, opened fire with small arms and grenades. The American advance was halted and the men went to ground, finding whatever cover they could. At 14:30 PAVN troops hidden at the bottom of the hill launched a massed assault on Alpha Company. Unknown to the Americans, they had walked into a carefully prepared ambush by the 2nd Battalion of the 174th PAVN Regiment.
The men of Alpha Company retreated up the slope, lest they be cut off from their comrades and annihilated. They were closely followed by the North Vietnamese. All that prevented the company-strength North Vietnamese onslaught from overrunning the entire battalion was the heroic efforts of American paratroopers who stood their ground and died to buy time for their comrades.[25] Soon, U.S. air strikes and artillery fire were being called in, but they had little effect on the battle because of the dense foliage on the hillside. Resupply became a necessity because of high ammunition expenditures and lack of water, but it was also an impossibility. Six UH-1 helicopters were shot down or badly damaged that afternoon trying to get to 2/503.[26]
At 18:58 one of the worst friendly fire incidents of the Vietnam War occurred when a Marine Corps fighter-bomber dropped two 500-pound bombs into 2/503's perimeter. One of the bombs exploded, a tree burst above the center of the position, where the combined command groups, the wounded, and the medics were all located. It killed 42 men outright and wounded 45 more, including the overall on-scene commander, Captain Harold Kaufman. 1Lt. Bartholomew O'Leary, Delta Company Commander, was seriously wounded. (Alpha company's commander had been killed in the retreat up the slope).[27]
U.S. troops in combat on Hill 875.
The next morning, the three companies of 4/503 were chosen to set out and relieve the men on Hill 875. Because of intense PAVN sniper and mortar fire (and the terrain) it took until nightfall for the relief force to reach the beleaguered battalion. On the afternoon of 21 November, both battalions moved out to take the crest. During fierce, close-quarters fighting, some of the paratroopers made it into the PAVN trenchline but were ordered to pull back as darkness fell. At approximately 23:00, the 4th Division's 1/12th Infantry was ordered to withdraw from an offensive operations in the southern Central Highlands and redeploy to Đắk Tô. In an almost flawless night-time air redeployment, the entire battalion redeployed and took up positions around the main fire support base at Đắk Tô in less than 12 hours.
The following day was spent in launching airstrikes and a heavy artillery bombardment against the hilltop, totally denuding it of cover. On 23 November, the 2nd and 4th Battalions of the 503rd were ordered to renew their assault while the 1st Battalion of the 12th Infantry assaulted 875 from the south.[28] This time the Americans gained the crest, but the North Vietnamese had already abandoned their positions, leaving only a few dozen charred bodies and weapons.[29]
The battle of Hill 875 had cost 2/503 87 killed, 130 wounded, and three missing. 4/503 suffered 28 killed 123 wounded, and four missing.[30] Combined with noncombatant losses, this represented one-fifth of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's total strength.[31] For its combined actions during operations around Đắk Tô, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.
By the end of November, the North Vietnamese were forced to withdraw from the area and back into their sanctuaries in Cambodia and Laos. Failing to wipe out a major American unit, yet the PAVN had forced the U.S. Army to pay a high price. 376 U.S. troops had been killed or listed as missing-presumed dead and another 1,441 were wounded, in the fighting around Đắk Tô.[1] The fighting had also taken a toll on South Vietnamese troops. 73 ARVN soldiers were killed in the fighting. U.S. munitions expenditures attested to the ferocity of the fighting: 151,000 artillery rounds, 2,096 tactical air sorties, 257 B-52 strikes, and 40 lost helicopters.[32] The U.S. Army claimed that 1,644 PAVN troops had been killed by body count, but this figure quickly became a source of contention.[33]
In his memoirs, General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. commander in Vietnam, mentioned 1,400 North Vietnamese casualties, while Major General William B. Rossen, the MACV deputy commander, estimated that the North Vietnamese lost between 1,000 to 1,400 men.[34] Not all American commanders were happy with the friendly to enemy loss ratio. U.S. Marine Corps General John Chaisson questioned "Is it a victory when you lose 362 friendlies in three weeks and by your own spurious body count you only get 1,200?"[35]
File:Troops of the 173rd Airborne coming off duty after campaigning in the Central Highlands (Battle of Dak To, 1967).jpg
Exhausted soldiers of the 173rd Airborne after campaigning in the Central Highlands.
Three of the four North Vietnamese regiments that participated in the fighting had been so battered that they played no part in the next phase of their winter-spring offensive. Only the 24th PAVN Regiment took the field during the Tet Offensive of January 1968. The 173rd Airborne Brigade and two battalions of the 4th Infantry Division were in no better shape. General Westmoreland claimed that "we had soundly defeated the enemy without unduly sacrificing operations in other areas. The enemy's return was nil."[36] But Westmoreland's claim may have missed the point. The border battles fought that fall and winter had indeed cost the North Vietnamese dearly, but they had achieved their objective. By January 1968, one-half of all U.S. maneuver battalions in South Vietnam had been drawn away from the cities and lowlands and into the border areas.[37]
Several members of Westmoreland's staff began to see an eerie resemblance to the Viet Minh campaign of 1953, when seemingly peripheral actions had led up to the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu.[38] General Giap even laid claim to such a strategy in an announcement in September, but, to the Americans, it all seemed a bit too contrived. Yet, no understandable analysis seemed to explain Hanoi's almost suicidal military actions. They could only be explained if a situation akin to Dien Bien Phu came into being. Then, almost overnight, one emerged. In the western corner of Quang Tri Province, an isolated Marine outpost at Khe Sanh came under siege by PAVN forces that would eventually number three divisions.
Three members of the 173rd Airborne Brigade (Maj. Charles J. Watters, Pfc. John A. Barnes III and Pfc. Carlos Lozada) all posthumously received the Medal of Honor for their actions during the battle.
↑ 1.0 1.1 Murphy, p. 325.
↑ Smedberg, M(2008), Vietnamkrigen: 1880–1980. Historiska Media, p. 181
↑ Edward F. Murphy, Dak To. New York: Ballantine, 2007, p. 37.
↑ Murphy, pgs. 33 & 34.
↑ Shelby L. Stanton, The Rise and Fall of an American Army, New York: Dell, 1985.
↑ Communist troops were instructed to open their actions or move as close to American forces as possible, thereby negating U.S. artillery, aerial, and helicopter gunship strikes, which demanded a safety margin for utilization – hence, "grabbing the enemy by the belt."
↑ Murphy, p. 105.
↑ Terrence Maitland, Peter McInerney, et al., A Contagion of War. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1983, p. 168.
↑ Maitland & McInerney, p. 169.
↑ Stanton, pps. 163–164.
↑ Murphy, 205.
↑ Murphy, pgs 205 & 206.
↑ Private First Class Carlos Lozada held the rear guard position for Alpha Company with his M60 machine gun. As the North Vietnamese advanced, Lozada mowed them down and refused to retreat until he was shot dead. For his actions that day, Lozada was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor.
↑ Chaplain (Major) Charles J. Watters, an inspiration to the men of 2/503, was killed in the blast while ministering to the wounded. For his gallantry in repeatedly exposing himself to enemy fire to retrieve the wounded on Hill 875, he was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor.
↑ Albert N. Garland, ed., A Distant Challenge. Nashville TN: Battery Press, 1983, pps. 37–40. See also Murphy, p. 321.
↑ Michael Casey, Clark Dougan, Denis Kennedy, Shelby Stanton, et al., The Army at War. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987.
↑ Stanton, p. 168.
↑ William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports. New York: Doubleday, 1976, p. 282. Maitland & McInerney, p. 183 and Murphy, p. 326.
↑ Westmoreland, p. 280.
↑ Edward F. Murphy, The Hill Fights. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003, p. 235.
↑ Dave R. Palmer, Summons of the Trumpet. New York: Ballantine, 1984, p. 214-215.
Published government documents
Brewer, Maj. Robert R. and Sp5 Roger E. Hester, Vietnam: The Third Year – 173rd Airborne Brigade. Japan, 1968.
McGarrigle, George L. Combat Operations: Taking the Offensive, October 1966 to October 1967. Washington DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 1998.
Scott, Leonard B. The Battle of Hill 875, Dak To, Vietnam 1967. Carlisle Barracks PA: Army War College, 1988. [1]
Ketwig, John, "...and a hard rain fell: A GI's True Story of the War in Vietnam". Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc, 2002.
Westmoreland, William C., A Soldier Reports. New York: Doubleday, 1976.
Clodfelter, Micheal., "Mad Minutes and Vietnam Months". McFarland, 1988
Arthurs, Ted G., "LAND WITH NO SUN: A Year in Vietnam With the 173rd Airborne (Stackpole Military History Series)". Stackpole Books, 2006.
Casey, Michael, Clark Dougan, Denis Kennedy, Shelby Stanton, et al., The Army at War. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987.
Garland, Albert N., A Distant Challenge: The U.S. Infantryman in Vietnam, 1967–1972. Nashville TN: The Battery Press, 1983.
Maitland, Terrence, Peter McInerney, et al., A Contagion of War. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1983.
Murphy, Edward F. Dak To: America's Sky Soldiers in South Vietnam's Central Highlands. New York Ballantine, 2007.
Murphy, Edward F. The Hill Fights: The First Battle of Khe Sanh. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003.
Palmer, Dave R, Summons of the Trumpet. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984.
Stanton, Shelby L., The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973. New York: Dell, 1985.
Cash, John A.; Albright, John; Sandstrum, Allan W. (1985 (reissue from 1970)). "5. Three Companies at Dak To". Seven Firefights in Vietnam. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/7-ff/Ch5.htm.
Murphy, Edward F. (1993). Dak To : the 173d Airborne Brigade in South Vietnam's central highlands, June-November 1967. Novato, CA: Presidio. ISBN 0891414290.
Okendo, Lawrence D. (1988). Sky soldier : battles of Dak-To. [S.l.]: L.D. Okendo. ISBN 0962033308.
Shirbroun, Marty (2009). Through the eyes of a combat medic, Marty Shirbroun : a soldier's story. United States: Xlibris Corp.. ISBN 9781436361545.
Carat, Paul (2011) (in French). Pris en otage par les Viet-cong : journal de captivité d'un missionnaire durant les combats de Dak-Tô : extraits du carnet de note de l'année 1972 de Paul Carat, prêtre des missions étrangères de Paris. Valence: Peuple libre. ISBN 9782907655644.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Dak To.
Video of action at Hill 875
Detailed Map of Battle Slopes
Coordinates: 14°39′4″N 107°47′55″E / 14.65111°N 107.79861°E / 14.65111; 107.79861 (Dak To)


Typical complaints, include, "no road to my lot" or "no water, power, bridge, etc." We encourage buyers to do their homework, to look before they leap. Here is a punch list from our own developers who have helped many buyers find "mas Pura Vida y menos pesadillas" (More Pura Vida and fewer nightmares).
As Mark Twain observed "You only appreciate the value of water when the well goes dry." Remember, Guanacaste is a extremely arid for much of the year. A reliable source (or two) of water is a must and should already be in place on the property.
Trust, but verify. Ensure that power, (again) water, and other must-have amenities on your hit list are in place. Promises of using your investment to complete utilities is putting faith in someone who in the end may not be able to deliver what you paid for.
Most visitors have no inkling of the flurry of road repair that goes on as 'high season' approaches. Potholes filled, gullies smoothed out and washed-out stream crossings rendered passable once again. Talk to developers about rainy-season repairs to the roads and find out what happens if a flood or other water-related emergency makes the road impassable – a near guarantee at some point. Are homeowners left to fend for themselves or is there a plan in place to take fast, corrective action?
Ensure that the property you are looking has a clean title before signing any paperwork. Even if everything else on your checklist is satisfied, a problematic piece of property (for example, taxes not up to date or inconsistencies in the national registry) will result in seemingly endless work with the courts, banks, and lawyers.
Restaurants, supermarket, mechanic, doctors, hospitals, banking, etc. Considering road conditions and gas prices how far you want to drive for a carton of milk, lunch, or the ATM.
Is there a sense of community, a connection with local culture, and a shared concern among residents for the natural world that surrounds us?
The Internet provides unscrupulous promoters with a platform to present the best possible scenario. The problem with 'virtual' is that it's hard to verify. And that's why you want to learn everything about the good, the bad and the ugly before you buy a plane ticket and buckle up. Use this list to ask the right questions up front and save the headache for after your housewarming party in paradise.


One of the surest ways to become more connected in the cannabis industry is to attend marijuana trade shows. You'll be presented with countless networking opportunities as you meet growers, glass blowers, dispensary gurus and edible engineers. On top of that, you also get to enjoy listening to valuable lectures by leading industry experts.
If you want to break into the cannabis industry, and you live on the West Coast, you will want to give the International Cannabis Business Conference a look. It is scheduled to take place in Portland, Oregon on September 9, 2014.
The conference will feature some of the pre-eminent voices in the cannabis industry, such as United States Congressman Earl Blumenauer and legendary cannabis cultivator Ed Rosenthal. Event organizers hope to provide a networking platform for those in the cannabis industry, as well as lend important insight to marijuana laws in Oregon, Washington, California and Colorado.
Speakers will discuss a wide variety of topics, ranging from dispensary operations to cannabis investment opportunities. The International Cannabis Business Conference will be at the spacious Oregon Convention Center in the Portland Ballroom. Cannabis industry members on the West Coast should definitely attend this convention.
If you are on the East Coast, don't worry; you haven't been left out. On September 9, 2014 in Thontosassa, Florida, the National Cannabis Industry Association will be hosting an event called Florida: Medical Marijuana Fundraiser at Mision Lago.
While not strictly a cannabis trade show, this event is perfect for novice and intermediate cannabis industry members to network with industry leaders like Aaron Smith, NCIA's executive director, and Steven DeAngelo, co-founder and executive director of Harbor Side Health Center.
The event will provide information for the medical marijuana legalization effort in Florida; and all funds raised at this event will go towards cannabis advocacy groups Students For Sensible Drug Policy and United for Care.
The future of Florida's cannabis industry will be determined within the next two months; if you want to get in on the ground floor, this is where you need to be. You will not find a better collection of experts, entrepreneurs and people just like you looking for their own slice of Florida's cannabis market.
If you want to get into the future of Florida's cannabis market and you can't make the September 9 deadline, don't worry because there is an alternative event on September 20. The organization Florida Medical Marijuana Business Seminars, in collaboration with HighDrive Digital Group, will be hosting a seminar on the future of the Florida medical marijuana. There you will hear lectures given on the economics of dispensaries, licensing procedures, and marijuana law.
If you live on the North East and don't feel like making the 30 hour drive to Florida, the International Cannabis Association will be hosting their 2014 East Coast Cannabis Business Expo & Regulatory Summit on October 11-13, 2014.
If you're located in the middle of the country, don't worry there are a couple marijuana conference for you. The organization Marijuana Investment Conferences will be hosting a conference on September 8, 2014, in Houston, Texas; the conference is intended for marijuana investors and entrepreneurs alike.
Ten days later, in Chicago, the ArcView Group will hold an event for accredited investors on September 18. This event will have a "Shark Tank" component to it, but with cannabis. You will hear pitches and business plans from dozens of herbal entrepreneurs; if you've been flush with cash yet short on ideas, this event is ideal for you.
No matter where you are in the cannabis industry, coming together with your fellow industry members will be good for your marijuana-related endeavors. Networking with industry leaders and learning from experts is one of the only ways you will reach your full potential as an herbal entrepreneur.
Even if you don't attend these upcoming events, stay on the lookout for more events in the cannabis industry because the more you know the more you'll grow.


• Nasal sarcoidosis may affect nasal skin, mucosa, or bone, separately or simultaneously. Its incidence in patients with systemic sarcoid was once thought to be low, but this may be due to lack of proper intranasal examination and awareness of its existence by physicians who are more preoccupied with lung and other visceral involvement.
The otolaryngologist should be aware of nasal sarcoidosis because nasal obstruction or drainage secondary to nasal sarcoidosis may be the first and only manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis. The otolaryngologist can diagnose this disease earlier in its course by being aware of its existence.


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Raj Kumar Jatia
Mr Raj Kumar Subhkaran Jatia was born in Rangoon, Burma (Now Myanmar).
He started his career in the family textile business and grew the business to Japan, Hong Kong and Nepal. He later returned to India to expand his operations to the ceramics and safety match industries. Mr Jatia acquired India's largest safety match company WIMCO and turned this failing company into a success.
Mr Jatia ventured into the hospitality field In the 1980s during the Asian Games, establishing India's first Hyatt Regency Hotel and thereafter constructed three more hotels in Mumbai, Kolkata and Pune which are operating under the Hyatt Regency brand.
Mr Jatia built India's first Four Seasons Hotel in Mumbai in 2008. This property continues to be a Landmark in Mumbai.
Mr Jatia has a passion for construction, technology & innovation in development.
Adarsh Jatia
Mr Jatia schooled in Mumbai before leaving to the UK where he read Business & Economics at University of Sheffield.
Mr Jatia worked at Arthur Anderson and later Ernst & Young within their Business Risk Consulting practice. He returned to India in 2004 to lead the planning and execution of the Four Seasons Mumbai as well as the Hyatt Regency in Pune. Mr Jatia is driven by the pursuit of perfection and extreme attention to detail. Creative and forward thinking, Mr Jatia prides himself on his ability to identify unique projects and tailor them to suit a chosen niche market.
Mr Jatia has a keen interest in Art, Gourmet Cuisine, Architecture and Design.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sports Roundup
Fitzgerald fuels balanced Bulldogs past Timothy Christian; RBHS wrestlers qualify 11 for sectional
by Marty Farmer February 11, 2014
RBHS guard Kevin Fitzgerald scored a career-high 24 points to power the Bulldogs past Timothy Christian 71-53 last week. (David Pierini/Staff Photographer)
Red-hot Fitzgerald sinks Timothy Christian
For much of the season, seasoned varsity players like Will Kincanon, Sam Johnson and Jack VandeMerkt along with promising varsity newcomers like Danico Jackson and Mark Smith have garnered much of the attention for the Riverside-Brookfield High School boys basketball team. In the Bulldogs' 71-53 win over visiting Timothy Christian last week, junior guard Kevin Fitzgerald took his turn starring for the Bulldogs with a career-high 24 points.
With RBHS trailing Timothy Christian 36-34 at halftime, Fitzgerald found his range from beyond the three-point arc in the second half to fuel the Bulldogs' second-half surge. Fitzgerald made seven three-pointers (and eight overall on 11 attempts) in the second half against the Trojans. Kincanon scored 23 points and Jackson contributed 10 points, eight assists and five rebounds for RBHS (15-5, 8-0 Metro Suburban Conference) which is posied to claim its 13th straight conference championship.
Friars' Senior Night spoiled by streaking Caravan
The Fenwick boys basketball team ran into red-hot Mount Carmel at the wrong time. The Caravan upset the Friars 59-51 (Feb. 7) in a Chicago Catholic League North matchup. Senior guard Keshaun Smith led the Friars (16-7, 7-3 CCL North), who struggled all night from the three-point line and behind the three-point arc. David Nichols' game-high 23 points paced Mount Carmel (17-6, 8-2). The Caravan is in hot pursuit of league front-runner Loyola (19-2, 10-0) and St. Joseph (18-4, 9-1) for the Catholic North championship.
Bulldogs bounce back
After losing to Glenbard South 66-47 (Feb. 4) and essentially squashing any remaining hope of winning the Metro Suburban Conference championship, RBHS (22-5, 9-2 Metro Suburban Conference) rebounded well in lopsided wins over Leyden and Ridgewood. The Bulldogs seized a 16-4 lead after one quarter at Leyden Saturday and coasted the rest of the way to earn a 55-38 nonconference victory over the Eagles. Freshman guard Samantha Bloom scored a game-high 15 points for RBHS, while center Dana Rettke and forward Janae Dabney also reached double figures with 12 points and 11 points, respectively. Lyndsey Hoyd added six points for the victors.
Last Thursday (Feb. 6), the Bulldogs blasted visiting Ridgewood 71-27 in a conference meeting. RBHS built leads of 19 at the half and 35 by the end of the third quarter as multiple players contributed to the victory. Dabney scored 11 points in the second quarter to trigger the Bulldogs' spirited run against the Rebels.
The Bulldogs also found out last week they are the No. 6 seed in the Hinsdale South Sectional of the playoffs. The Sectional is loaded with quality teams headlined by the top two seeds, No. 1 Whitney Young and No. 2 Trinity.
Fenwick girls basketball edges St. Viator
Creighton-bound Jade Owens scored 14 points and Jenny Mackowiak added 12 points as the Friars slipped past St. Viator. Fenwick is 9-16 overall this season, including a 3-5 record in the East Suburban Catholic Conference.
The host Bulldogs claimed their own regional title with 205 points in the opening round of the Class 2A IHSA Individual State Tournament. St. Ignatius (160.5), Nazareth (126.5), Solorio (100) and Kennedy (96) rounded out the top 5 teams from the nine-team field.
Zach Smith (106-pound weight class), Nick Giurini (113), Antonio Ochoa (132), Andrew Misiorowski (138), John Szydlo (145), Ivan Ceja (152), Richard Theus (160), Zach Colvin (170) and Zach Greenwell (220) all advanced to a regional final en route to earning a sectional berth. Joel Gonzalez and Shannon Hickey also advanced for RBHS to the sectional competition by winning their third-place bout
Giurini, Ochoa, Misiorowski, Colvin and Greenwell each won a weight class regional championship. In the title bouts, Giurini defeated Patrick Walsh of St. Ignatius 10-1 and Ochoa edged Little Village's Dan Velazquez 7-4. Misiorowski bested Nazareth's Matt Spiller 5-3 for the 138-pound title, while Greenwell pinned Mike Moran of Nazareth at the 5:04 mark of the match.
Fenwick boys swimming earns second at MCAC
The Friars finished second with 328 points in their home pool, trailing only Loyola (361) at the Metro Catholic Aquatic Championships. Brother Rice (286.50), Marmion (285) and St. Ignatius (262.50) rounded out the top five.
The Friars' 200-yard medley relay and 200 free relay teams each won its race. Senior sprint swimmer Zach Tieke claimed a pair of titles in the 50-yard freestyle with a time of 21.60 and in the 100 Free with a time of 47.64. Cavan Smith took first in the 100 butterfly (52.90). Connor Fabian and Paul Devereux finished second (1:02.87) and third (1:02.91), respectively, in the breaststroke.
"This was a great meet for us," Fenwick swim coach Luke McGuire said. "We saw significant time drops from the younger group that tapered for their final meet. The varsity boys that are still going strong showed up as competitors. With strong leadership from Zach Tieke, David Durkin, and Connor Fabian, we feel like we're in good position for the Illinois state series."
Fenwick hosts its annual sectional on Feb. 22
RBHS earned 15th place in at the IHSA state meet over on Friday at the U.S. Cellular Coliseum in Bloomington, IL. The Bulldogs punched their ticket at the state meet by finishing fourth at their home sectional.
The Bulldogs enjoyed success all season, as evidenced by their second-place finishes at the Metro Suburban Conference meet and Joliet West Cheer Fest during the regular season. RBHS also garnered fourth place at the Grayslake North invitational, Midwest Cheerfest and Huntley Cheer Invite.


I'm trying to clean up my CheatManager by moving functions into various UActorComponents, but I'm having trouble.
When I have an exec function directly inside CheatManager it works fine.
However when I move that function into a UActorComponent that's created by my CheatManager, the exec function shows up in the autocomplete list, but the log shows "Command not recognized" when I hit enter.
What am I doing wrong? Is there a way of having exec-able functions in a UActorComponent? Is there a different way to modular-ize a CheatManager?
How can I use UFUNCTION(Exec) from within UActorComponent?


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MNS Pro
India Market
हिंदी मे
Indian Population: It's effects on the economy.
by moneynotsleep
in Editorial, India Market, India News
The excess Indian population has caused several problems, like unemployment, excessive dependency, an insufficient income rate, job losses, and social problems.
What is the Indian Population and how does it affect the economy?
Indian population People are both the means and the ends of economic development. They are an asset when at adequate strength and a liability when at excessive strength.
If the number has surpassed the optimal level, has become a liability, and has proven to be a major impediment to the success of economic planning and development.
How do we know that the Indian population is growing?
According to Worldometer's elaboration of the most recent United Nations data, India's current Indian population is 1,414,496,069 as of Thursday, January 19, 2023. According to the 2011 Indian census, the Indian population was exactly 1,210,193,422, indicating that the country has surpassed the one-billion-person mark. This is the world's second-most populous country after China, and various studies predict that India will overtake China as the world's most populous country by 2025. Despite the fact that the Government of India's Indian Population policies, family planning, and welfare programs have resulted in a continuous decrease in the fertility rate, actual Indian population stabilization will not occur until 2050.
Reportedly, India is the world's second-most populous country after China, and its reputation is lethal.
Why Does India Require an Indian Population Control Bill?
The two primary causes of the excessive Indian population are:
The birth rate continues to outnumber the death rate. We have been successful in lowering death rates, but not in lowering birth rates.
The fertility rate has been declining as a result of Indian Population policies and other measures, but it remains significantly higher than in other countries.
The aforementioned causes are linked to the various social issues in our country that are contributing to the excessive Indian population.
1. Early marriage:
Even though a girl's marriageable age is legally 18 years old, the concept of early marriage still exists in many parts of society, and getting married at a young age extends the childbearing age. Marriage is also a sacred obligation and a universal practice in India, where nearly every woman marries at reproductive age.
1. Poverty and illiteracy:
These are two other factors contributing to rapid Indian population growth. Poor families believe that the greater the number of family members, the greater the number of opportunities to earn income. Some argue that the more children there are, the more adults are needed to care for them in their old age. Furthermore, hunger may be a reason for death for their children, implying the requirement for more children. Surprisingly, Indians continue to lag behind in the use of contraception as well as birth control methods. Many of them are either unwilling to discuss them or are completely unaware of them. Thus, another cause of overIndian Population is illiteracy.
1. Age-old cultural norm:
Sons are the breadwinners in Indian families, an age-old cultural norm. This age-old belief places significant pressure on parents to have young kids until a boy is born.
1. Illegal migration:
Last but not least, we cannot ignore the reality that continuous illegal migration from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar contributes to increased Indian population density.
What are the general effects of overIndian Population?
After 75 years of independence, India's structure remains unstable due to the Indian population. The following are some of the major consequences of the high Indian population:
Unemployment:
Creating jobs for a large Indian population in a nation like India is extremely difficult. Every year, the percentage of illiterate people grows. As a result, the rate of unemployment is on the rise. The COVID-19 pandemic, which pushed millions into poverty and unemployment, added to these pledges.
Workforce utilisation:
The number of unemployed individuals in India is increasing as a result of the economic downturn, slow business development, and expansion activities.
Infrastructure strain:
Unfortunately, infrastructure development is not continuing to keep pace with the increasing Indian population. As a result, there is a lack of public transportation, communication, housing, education, healthcare, and so on. Slums, overcrowded housing, traffic congestion, and other problems have increased.
Overexploitation of resources:
Areas of land, water resources, and human resources are overexploited. A growing Indian Population may pose a threat to the existing ecosystem as consumption increases, putting strain on natural resources and potentially leading to a shortage of water and food.
Reduced preducation: cost increases:
Food manufacturing and distribution have been unable to keep up with the growing Indian Population, causing production costs to rise. The main effect of overIndian Population is inflation.
Inequitable incistribution:
As the Indian Population grows, there is an imbalanced distribution of income, and inequalities within the country grow. Because of the large number of people, the job is not appropriately valued, which may significantly reduce the value of the skill.
Is India's poverty caused by overIndian Population?
OverIndian Population has pushed India to its limit. 57 billionaires control seventy percent of India's wealth. Economic inequality leads to poverty, a lack of free medical care, a lack of social security, and poor living conditions.
How can you eliminate over Indian Population as a problem for the Indian economy?
Several actions can be taken to avoid overIndian Population:
raise awareness about government policies that prevent and discourage having more than one or two children.
Because of overcrowding and nature's exhaustion, people should become more aware of their plight.
What is the impact of overpopulation on GDP?
Although overpopulation has had no effect on India's GDP, the country's GDP has grown at a rapid pace over the last two decades. India is now the world's third largest economy, but due to population growth, it is still ranked 116th in terms of per capita income and 130th in terms of HDI.
The rising population has a negative impact on living standards. Overpopulation causes problems such as unemployment, food scarcity, low per capita income, capital formation issues, high pressure, social problems, economic insecurity, social insecurity, increased pressure on land, and environmental degradation.
Population changes have a significant impact on India's economic planning and development. Despite its growing human resources and abundant natural resources, India is still classified as a developing country. India is still unable to use its natural resources effectively for the benefit of its growing population. Poverty is widespread in India as a result of inadequate clothing, inadequate housing, inadequate medical care, and malnutrition. India's current situation is characterized by a lack of electricity in many villages, insufficient food for a large portion of its population, and inadequate health care and education facilities.
India's global strengths in various fields, including science and technology, health care and medicine, business and industry, military, communication, entertainment, literature, and many others, cannot be overlooked. Experts believe that the government's efforts to raise public awareness and implement strict Indian population control policies will pave the way for the country's economic prosperity and Indian population control. The excessive Indian population has a significant impact on the Indian economy. The strain it places on the economy has grown over time. If the Indian population is not monitored, India will begin to fall in its current rankings. Every country's strength is its economy, and India, for example, must never capitulate to challenges such as overpopulation.
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Theory and research in child development. List of Child Development Theories (Definition and FAQs) 2022-12-25
Theory and research in child development Rating: 8,9/10 1098 reviews
Child development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur in children from birth to adolescence. The study of child development is an interdisciplinary field that includes psychology, sociology, anthropology, and education, and it seeks to understand how children grow and learn, and how they are influenced by their environment and experiences.
The theories of child development provide a framework for understanding how children change and grow over time. One of the most influential theories is the stage theory of child development proposed by psychologist Jean Piaget. According to Piaget, children go through four distinct stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage is characterized by different cognitive abilities and ways of thinking about the world.
Another important theory of child development is Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, which proposes that children go through eight stages of development, each with its own challenges and tasks that must be mastered in order to achieve a healthy sense of self. Erikson's stages focus on the social and emotional development of children, and they include trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, and identity versus role confusion.
In addition to these theories, research in child development has also focused on the role of nature and nurture in shaping children's development. Some research suggests that certain traits and abilities are inherited, while other research suggests that environment and experience play a more significant role in child development.
One area of research that has gained a lot of attention in recent years is the impact of early experiences on child development. This research has shown that the first few years of a child's life are critical for brain development and that children who experience positive, nurturing environments are more likely to grow and develop in healthy ways.
Another important area of research in child development is the role of social and cultural factors in shaping children's development. This research has shown that children's experiences and opportunities can vary greatly depending on their socio-economic status, race, and ethnicity, and that these factors can have a significant impact on children's development.
Overall, the study of child development is an important field that helps us understand how children grow and learn, and how they are influenced by their environment and experiences. By understanding child development, we can work to create supportive and nurturing environments that promote healthy development and well-being for all children.
Theory and Practice in Child Development
Bare essentials of social learning theory. However, implicit memory is nevertheless exceedingly important to us because it has a direct effect on our behavior. However, when Rovee-Collier and Hayne 1987 found that 3-month-olds could remember the mobile after two weeks if they were shown the mobile and watched it move, even though they were not tied to it. According to Freud, personality is largely set in stone by the age of five. Psychoanalytic theory indicates the perspective and theoretical concepts that Sigmund Freud initiated. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson were two predominant figures in the field. The psychology of early growth, including norms of infant behavior and a method of genetic analysis.
Theories of Cognitive Development
Attachment theory The attachment theory posits that children are born with an innate need for human contact Bretherton, 1992. They need to know their unconscious desires and how to resist them to expand the accessible selections. Collectively, these four influences control children's cognitive development. Without that freedom, they grow to doubt themselves and their abilities. A closer examination of this stage causes us to really appreciate how much learning is going on at this time and how many things we come to take for granted must actually be learned.
Child Development Theories: Role and Importance
Based on this theory, environment influences in every respect impact the children's development. This concern occupied him from 1925 to 1940, and after 1940 he began to describe some of the developmental stages in formal, structural terms using models from symbolic logic Flavell, 1963, 1-9. He was Piaget's contemporary. The value of children's emerging abilities with cultural tools is supported with Jerome Bruner's Recently Vygotsky's theories have drawn interest, particularly among child development specialists and early childhood educators who acknowledge a constructivist understanding of cognitive development, but criticized Piagetian theory. For example, when an animal was placed in the box, it would move all over the place, smelling and searching, and accidentally pressed the bar. On the fifth step, the child evaluates the effectiveness of strategies that he or she generates and finally, the child enacts the self-chosen response p. They then filmed the infant using an infrared camera.
Child Development Theorists Cheat Sheet
One week later the mobile was reintroduced to one group of infants and most of the babies immediately started kicking their legs, indicating that they remembered their prior experience with the mobile. Throughout the 1940s, he wrote his book Childhood and Society Erikson, Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalytic theory inspired psychodynamic therapy. It has a lever and food in a tray. Of course, you can try to find topics in child development on various websites. Whether they are explaining to them how they punished their children or how they made it easier for them to learn something. The theories include: Social-information processing theory, Social learning theory and Attachment theory.
List of Child Development Theories (Definition and FAQs)
For example, if adolescents have difficulty defining their own identities, they may become confused about their roles. This then makes the person assume a specific perception about the social experience. For instance, if the first mobile had had yellow blocks with blue letters, but at the later retrieval session the blocks were blue with yellow letters, the babies would not kick. Related to this is syncretism ,which refers to a tendency to think that if two events occur simultaneously, one caused the other. If you do not understand why using an acronym might be helpful, or how to create an acronym, the strategy is not likely to help you. Head Start is a program for children whose ages range from 3 to 5 years.
A Guide to Child Development Theories
When children age and acquire language, schema becomes more abstract. To help as many students as possible, we are constantly updating the list. Psychologists today draw on varieties of theories and perspectives to gain insight on the ways in which kids grow, behave, and think. Robert Siegler 1979 gave children a balance beam task in which some discs were placed either side of the center of balance In the balance-scale task, children have to predict the movement of a balance-scale see figure below , on which the number of blocks on each peg, and the distance between the blocks and the fulcrum are varied. For overall child development to occur there must be interaction cognitive, physical, psychological and emotional development. The most likely explanation is that while the frontal lobes participate in all executive functions, other brain regions are necessary.
The Importance of Theory and Research in Child Development...
Role of the Executive System The executive system is thought to be heavily involved in handling novel situations outside the domain of the routine, automatic psychological processes i. Is she going to look first in the box or in the basket? The researchers stated the therapeutic relationship between the child and therapist is as critical to constructive outcomes as it is with adults. A 7-year-old child understands that when one of two equivalent balls of clay is transformed into a sausage-shape, the two lumps still consist of equal amounts of clay. Psychologists have established several developmental theories. A teddy bear, for example, can be a baby or the queen of a faraway land! Using the example of a child, this theory suggests that the separation of mother and child usually causes distress on the child, which is then replaced by joy when the mother comes back to the child. Skinner 1904—1990 was an American psychologist and a leading advocate of behaviorism, which views human behavior in relation to reactions to environmental stimuli and prefers the controlled, scientific study of responses as the best straight way of explaining human nature. License: CC BY-SA Attribution Share A like.
Development Theories in Child Development
Do you want to test your ability to write a complex academic paper on a difficult subject? As Gemelli 1996 aptly puts it, though an infant may have some innate biological abilities, through an interaction with the environment, the infant is able to construct a representation of what the world should be. Writing key words, thinking of examples to illustrate their meaning, and considering ways that concepts are related are all techniques helpful for organizing information for effective storage and later retrieval. According to Shaffer 2008 , the social information-processing theory best explains why some children favor specific usually aggressive or non-aggressive solutions to problems they encounter in the society when growing up. The Harvard University Press has compiled a series of books that highlights the recent research that has taken place on development from infancy to adolescence and beyond at the intersection of developmental psychology, research, and policy. Thus, reinforcers managed the appearance of the preferred partial behaviors.
100 Child Development Research Topics (Updated for 2022)
Gardner believed that humans learned through seven and later nine separate intelligences. The origins of intelligence in children. Later published by the B. According to one longitudinal study, levels of cognitive empathy begin rising in girls around 13 years old, and around 15 years old in boys Van der Graaff et al. License: CC BY 2.
Chapter 1: Theory and Research in Child Development Flashcards
This grabbing, which is based on their understanding, indicates a schema. All this new information needs to be organized, and a framework for organizing information is referred to as a schema. In the early 20th century many theories were put forward to help explain why and how children develop. Water can be frozen and then thawed to become liquid again, but eggs cannot be unscrambled. The attachment theory is specifically limited to an age where a child has a strong bond to the parent. An infant may accidentally engage in a behavior and find it interesting such as making a vocalization. This experiment showed that children have largely lost their egocentric thinking by four years of age, because they are able to take the view of another.


Dr. van Zee is a Research Chemist in the Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where he leads the Nanoscale and Optical Process Metrology Group. He also serves as the Chair of the Strategic Planning Task Force for the National Nanotechnology Initiative. He is an alumnus of Calvin College (BA, `87) and the University of California, Berkeley (PhD, `92).
Roger D. van Zee (2007), "Energy-level Alignment of Aryl Thiols Chemisorbed on Metal Surfaces: Implications for Molecular Electronic Junctions," http://nanohub.org/resources/3272.


text:
24 Hours On A Scooter
3. 6. 2013 | Vendula Kosíková
Come on! Come on! Parallo! Here I go! Racers shouting at each other could be heard during the endurance relay race 24 Hours on a Scooter. The unusual race has a 25-year-long tradition; around fifteen teams participate in it every year. Adam Scheinherr from the Parallo team arrived from faraway Marseilles, where he studies biomechanics, to take part in this year's race. Why does he never miss out on the rather demanding 24-hour marathon just like others?
The only 200-metre-long hill of the 2.4-kilometre-long circuit enabled the racers to take a short rest.
"The event has a unique and electric atmosphere; I see most of the people, like, once a year – in Stromovka Park on scooters. What's more, my brother Martin and my father Jiří are also members of the Parallo team and regularly participate in such races. My father built scooters for our team, which has nine regular members, from old Favorit bicycles several years ago," Adam explains why he is so enthusiastic about the races. What he and his friends enjoy most about the Stromovka races is good company and unforgettable experiences.
First Medal After 20 Years Of Participation
Last year the Parallo team won the race for the first time in its history and gained the challenge skittle pin. However, this year they have handed it over to a group of chemists from the research laboratory "Sdílení hmoty" (Sharing Substance) who have managed to ride 233 rounds and 559 kilometres in a small team of around 4 -5 riders. You can find them under the name Grassel in the result chart.
Scooter From A Rental Shop
The team entitled "Nudle s mákem" (Noodles with Poppy Seeds) was founded some time ago by Jan Kepler Grammar School graduates. Three sturdy male canoeists and three beautiful female canoeists represented the team this year. "We do not ride scooters throughout the year at all; the founder of our team, the only owner of a scooter, did not take part in this year's 24-hour marathon, so we had to borrow a scooter for the race," the members of the last year's winning team - Nudle s mákem – explain. This year they came in a very commendable fourth place.
One Man Team
The eighteen-year-old Tomáš Rukavička from the Stopaři (Trackers) team showed an excellent performance on his home-made vehicle. His team did not arrive at the race, so he stood on the starting line with the aim of riding 300 kilometres just by himself. Thanks to the support he received from his family, he managed to pass the long dark night, endured torrential rain in the morning, and until Saturday 5pm, when the race officially finished after 24 hours, he managed to ride the 2.4-kilometre-long circuit in the Královská obora 115 times. During the ceremony at which the results of the race were announced, Tomáš enjoyed well-earned appreciation and undying applause from other contestants for the fabulous 276 kilometres he had ridden, for his unfailing courage and firm willpower.
Freshmen In The Race
While some teams break up, other teams emerge. The team called "Smraďoši" (Stinkards) took part in the race for the first time this year. The team was founded by a former Wemena team member, who challenged his former team to a duel. "I began to devote more time to the tourist club "Poutníci" (Tramps) and I wanted not only my colleagues, but also the children from my new club to take part in this wonderful event," says the 20-something racer known as "Opičák" (Monkey).
The 25th scooter race took place between 5pm of Friday 17 May and 5pm of Saturday 18 May in the back area of the Stromovka Park. For the final results please go to the website of the race organizer and at the same time the Prague scooter server provider - kolobezky.wz.cz.
See You Again Next Year
Scooters are a lifelong passion for the Yedoo team, as well as their daily routine. Alena Romanovská, international business coordinator of the Yedoo brand, who managed to complete 22 rounds in the Stromovka Park described her final round as follows: "Breaking the finishing tape after the 24-hour-long struggle and listening to the applause of all the participants was exciting, amazing and impressive. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to participate."
The race has just begun. While the first representatives of the team have set off for the track, the other racers have just arrived and have begun to pitch the tents.
One Man Team Stopaři Reloaded - Tomáš Rukavička on his home-made vehicle.
The racer in a stylish jersey writing down another completed round into the given chart.
Also small children represented several teams. Most of the small racers were members of the Smraďoši team.
The Yedoo team preparing their vehicles for the night part of the race.
The colourfully illuminated scooters of the Yedoo team could not be overlooked at night.
Morning heavy rain was replaced by a sunny day and at least seven hours of hard work awaited the racers.
Yedoo members taking turns.
Nudle s mákem and some other teams had only one scooter available for the race. The racers thus had to be well-coordinated to be able to exchange the vehicle.
Sirius members taking turns.
Saturday 18 May 4:59pm, one minute before the end of the race. The riders have just set forth on their final round.
Announcing the results - Adam Scheinherr from the Parallo team is about to collect his silver medal.
The challenge skittle pin went to a group of young chemists – the Grassel team.


Thoroughly educated and impeccably dressed, Lee Hernandez exudes business. Specializing in finance, strategy, and operations, he's worked on Wall Street and lived on that street, too. Besides New York, Lee has resided in New Jersey and Washington D.C. Though he liked them both, a gleam of excitement lights up Lee's eyes when he explains why he's chosen to make the Reno/Sparks area his home.
Originally from the Midwest, Lee pursued a BA in Economics and Government from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut and received an MBA from Columbia University in New York City, New York, with a focus in Accounting and Finance. But Lee's first introduction to Northern Nevada came in 2006 by way of his wife's family, who live in the area.
By 2010, Lee, his wife, and their toddler son lived in Reno. But Lee and his wife decided to move back East in 2015 to focus on his career, and thought the Eastern seaboard would be the perfect spot to make serious professional strides. But after their move to Virginia, he and his family quickly realized how deeply they missed Nevada.
Lee's preschool-aged son wished for the days when Lee would pick him up from daycare and they'd cast fishing poles into the crystal-clear swells of the Truckee River near Verdi. In Virginia, the Hernandez family drove two hours each way just to find suitable hiking and camping terrain. What a contrast to the Reno/Sparks area! Where a 15-minute drive lands you in verdant forests and within a short walk of pristine streams. Whether its hiking and off-roading, cycling or climbing in summer, snowshoeing, boarding or skiing in the winter, the region has it all when it comes to outdoor activities. So, after spending summer and winter breaks in Reno, he and his wife decided it was time to move back home!
Lee and his family made the move in 2017, and they still wake up every day with a sense of excitement and adventure. Instead of long commutes and hectic city streets, they're greeted by towering snow-capped mountains, fresh mountain air, and endless outdoor opportunities. Lee and his wife drive Jeep Wranglers and off-road every chance they get, and he and his sons have resumed their after-school fishing trips.


strategies and resources needed to improve school culture and student learning, and to design and carry out a successful Diversity Action Plan.
House Bill 1541 mandates the development of "cultural competency training" for K-12 school personnel as a key strategy for closing the educational opportunity gap.
the UnityWorks workshop was. It was such an amazing week.
I learned so much and am still processing new insights and understandings. The work you are doing is truly transformational!"
With our nation's largely white, middle class, monolingual teaching force, and an increasingly diverse student population, there is a critical need to provide educators of all colors with training, tools, strategies and support in order to effectively address the equity and diversity issues in our classrooms and schools, and to strengthen the commitment to our American ideals.
superintendents, principals, teachers and teacher educators, college staff and faculty, counselors, librarians, early learning providers, parents and community leaders. Individuals are also welcome.
available through ESD 105 for $3/clock hour.
To download a more detailed list, click here.
but are experiencing them as well.
For participant comments, click here.
For a short Prezi on the training, click here.
For higher education training, click here.
For a participant evaluation summary, click here.
For training fees and registration, click here.


Concept mapping is a simple and intuitive visual form of knowledge representation. Concept maps can be categorized as informal or formal, where the latter is characterized by implementing a semantics model constraining their components. Software engineering is a domain that has successfully adopted formal concept maps to visualize and specify complex systems. Automated tools have been implemented to support these models although their semantic constraints are hardcoded within the systems and hidden from users. This paper presents the Constraint Graphs and jKSImapper systems. Constraint Graphs is a flexible and powerful graphical system interface for specifying concept mapping notations. In addition, jKSImapper is a multi-user concept mapping editor for the Internet and the World Wide Web. Together, these systems aim to support user-definable formal concept mapping notations and distributed collaboration on the Internet and the World Wide Web.