text:
Q: How to get how much requests units consumed by cosmos query in Python SDK API How to check how many Request units consumed for each requests in Azure comsos DB query using python sdk.
Below code only prints output of the response from particular ReadItem, I also interested in how many request units consumed by query.
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE.txt in the project root for
# license information.
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
import azure.cosmos.cosmos_client as cosmos_client
import azure.cosmos.exceptions as exceptions
from azure.cosmos.partition_key import PartitionKey

from config import configs

HOST = configs['host']
MASTER_KEY = configs['key']
DATABASE_ID = configs['database_id']
CONTAINER_ID = configs['container_id']
client = cosmos_client.CosmosClient(HOST, {'masterKey': MASTER_KEY} )

def read_item(container, doc_id):
    id =  "9fedcb0991553b94b6e79595c9c26922b3c480940fc024fe4acd7dbad122d66b"
    pk= "/c/file1"
    response = container.read_item(item=id, partition_key=pk)
    print(response)

def run_sample():

    try:
        # setup database for this sample
        db = client.create_database_if_not_exists(id=DATABASE_ID)

        # setup container for this sample
        container = db.create_container_if_not_exists(id=CONTAINER_ID, partition_key=PartitionKey(path='/file_path', kind='Hash'))
        read_item(container)

    except exceptions.CosmosHttpResponseError as e:
        print('\nrun_sample has caught an error. {0}'.format(e.message))

    finally:
            print("\nrun_sample done")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    run_sample()

I tried below options
 request_charge = client.last_response_headers['x-ms-request-charge']

But I am getting below error
run_sample done
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/vcimalap/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-Microsoft/my_code/my_test_code/k8s/smb.yaml/cosmos_db/query.py", line 197, in <module>
    run_sample()
  File "/Users/vcimalap/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-Microsoft/my_code/my_test_code/k8s/smb.yaml/cosmos_db/query.py", line 175, in run_sample
    read_item(container, item)
  File "/Users/vcimalap/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-Microsoft/my_code/my_test_code/k8s/smb.yaml/cosmos_db/query.py", line 55, in read_item
    request_charge = client.last_response_headers['x-ms-request-charge']
AttributeError: 'CosmosClient' object has no attribute 'last_response_headers'

A: You need to access container.client_connection not the client,
request_charge = container.client_connection.last_response_headers['x-ms-request-charge']


text:
L'infirmité ne se démarque pas de la misère à l'époque médiévale. En effet celle-ci s'inscrit dans la classe sociale des pauvres en tout genre, malheureux de la vie, mais aussi, pour les deux derniers siècles de l'époque médiévale, bohémiens, filles de joies, jongleurs, truands et autres marginaux. Les pauvres et les infirmes sont partout à l'époque médiévale et sont loin de représenter un phénomène isolé.
En effet, si l'on considère les ressources matérielles, on peut dire que la majeure partie de la population à l'époque médiévale serait aujourd'hui considérée comme pauvre. Les techniques agricoles sont trop précaires pour permettre un bon rendement des terres et la population est à la merci du moindre changement climatique qui met en péril les cultures.
D'autant que l'on observe un changement climatique après l'an mil qui aura des conséquences catastrophiques : le temps devient plus froid et humide. Les populations les plus démunies sont les premières touchée par le fléau de la famine, entre autres.
L'état de pauvreté est tel que ceux qui la composent forment une classe complète de la population, les infirmes en font partie.

Éléments d'histoire

Avant le grand déclin du

L'organisation de la société se fait alors de façon locale, le village ou groupe de villages assurant la subsistance de ses pauvres. L'infirme, lui est pris en charge soit par sa famille, soit par la paroisse de laquelle il dépend et a un rôle dans le monde rural, il permet le rachat des péchés, car il est comme le Christ, humble parmi les humbles.
Mais un autre état de misérabilisme existe, et celui-ci concerne ceux qui ne dépendent pas d'un village ou d'une chapelle. Ce sont les électrons libres passant de ville en ville, ayant choisi volontairement de s'écarter des cadres de la société. Dans cette population de vagabonds, on trouve une grande partie d'infirmes.
En effet, ceux-ci partent sur les routes pour aller sur les lieux saints, les lieux qui leur assureront une guérison. Ils quittent donc l'endroit où ils sont nés et partent, souvent très loin, parfois suivis d'un accompagnateur. La route est cependant fatale à nombre d'entre eux qui n'atteignent pas leur but. Ou bien, une fois arrivés, le miracle ne se produit pas et ils attendent. L'accompagnateur repart, laissant alors seul l'infirme, loin de ceux qui le prenaient auparavant en charge. Qu'advient-il alors de ces infirmes ? Certains reprennent la route, s'ils en ont la possibilité ; d'autres restent sur place où ils vivent de la mendicité.

Grandes misères des  : marginalisation des indigents et des malades

On connaît, du  au , une relative amélioration des conditions de vie, avec un accroissement de la population. La fin de cette accalmie se situe au , où la densité de la population devient un facteur aggravant de la pauvreté, le nombre de terre n'étant pas suffisant pour nourrir toutes les bouches.
Au , la situation s'aggrave encore ; les famines, les guerres et surtout la peste créent une dépression démographique considérable ainsi qu'un état de misère sans précédent. La mort est partout, et on en cherche les causes.
Toutes les populations marginales sont soupçonnées d'être responsables des maladies et surtout de la peste. Cela conduira par exemple à la grande persécution des juifs. Ou encore des lépreux qui  sont en marge de la société et qui sont accusés d'avoir empoisonné les puits et créé l'épidémie de peste. La répression ira même jusqu'à leur condamnation à mort (prenons par exemple le , où sont brûlés près de 2000 juifs à Strasbourg).
Bref, dans cet état de panique générale, toutes les personnes un peu étranges ou ne répondant pas aux normes communément admises, sont taxées des pires ignominies. Ainsi l'étranger est-il surveillé et peu admis dans les villes et les villages.
Durant ces périodes de troubles, la situation dans la plupart des villages s'aggrave au point que leurs populations n'ont le choix qu'entre l'exil ou la mort. C'est à ce moment que l'on passe d'une société hautement sédentarisée à une autre, plus en mouvement.
Les pauvres sont les plus touchés par les maladies et surtout  la peste, car en cas d'épidémie, ces derniers ne peuvent fuir rapidement et ont souvent nulle part où aller. Puis, lorsqu'ils partent, ils sont souvent déjà infectés, apportant avec eux la terrible bactérie. Ainsi, ils propagent la maladie, et on comprend la réticence à cette époque d'accueillir des étrangers.
Et on passe ainsi de la compassion à la méfiance envers ceux qui souffrent. Cependant la charité reste présente, mais elle ne s'effectue plus de façon individuelle comme auparavant :  ce sont à présent les villes qui réfléchissent au problème de la pauvreté et offrent des solutions d'accueil. L'hébergement de cette masse de pauvres se fait en dehors des villes. Les miséreux sont relégués en bordure, ce qui les marginalise d'autant plus. On les loge dans des établissements en fonction de leur misère, les pauvres avec les pauvres, les malades avec les malades, les infirmes avec les infirmes…
La prise en charge des malades et des pauvres prend un nouvel aspect qu'il gardera durant des siècles. À présent, la classe des indigents est mise à l'écart, et par conséquent, stigmatisée.

Attirance – Répulsion envers les pauvres

Les miséreux se trouvent donc dans une situation ambivalente puisque la pauvreté est un aspect dégradant de la personne, la mettant en marge de la société, mais ils s'avèrent être toujours indispensables à la réalisation des œuvres de charité. C'est pourquoi il existe ce double élan de répulsion - attirance. Il faut cependant se garder de croire que les pauvres étaient tous considérés de la même façon. De ce point de vue les malades et les bien portants ne sont pas considérés de la même façon comme pauvres. En effet, la société médiévale n'admet la mendicité que si celle-ci est nécessaire ;  or, on estime qu'une personne valide est apte à travailler et ne doit pas mendier. C'est pourquoi un certain nombre de personnes choisirent de paraître infirmes pour demander l'aumône. Certaines allèrent jusqu'à l'automutilation.
D'autres adoptèrent une pauvreté volontaire et attiraient sur elles l'admiration. Ayant délibérément écarté tous biens matériels pour se rapprocher de l'idéal prôné par le Christ, ces derniers étaient considérés comme des modèles à suivre, et les dons affluaient vers ces nouveaux serviteurs du Christ au plus près des misères de ce monde.
Cependant, le comportement envers les vrais nécessiteux ne ressemble guère à cet élan d'amour que connaissent les pauvres des ordres mendiants, les premiers provoquant plutôt la répugnance et la mise à l'écart.

On voit dans la miniature du milieu du  ci-contre l'interdépendance des riches et des pauvres, d'une certaine manière indispensables l'un à l'autre.

Le devoir de charité

Le pauvre est indispensable à la réalisation des œuvres de charité. Sans lui, les riches ne peuvent donner l'aumône et prouver leur générosité aux yeux de tous. Cet exercice courant d'aumône ne se faisait pas sans une mise en scène prouvant la bonne foi, mais aussi l'étendue des richesses et la puissance du donateur. Ainsi les pauvres sont un moyen d'assurer le salut et la reconnaissance sociale aux riches.

Dans ce contexte on se rend bien compte que rien n'était fait pour faire sortir l'indigent de sa situation. En effet, le pauvre n'a de valeur que parce qu'il est pauvre, et son changement d'état n'est à la limite pas accepté. À cela s'ajoute l'idée que la création étant d'ordre divin, il est répréhensible de vouloir modifier la condition dans laquelle Dieu vous a mis.

C'est une des raisons pour lesquelles le vol est tant condamné, car il représente dans les mentalités une façon pour le pauvre de se sortir de son état. Il n'a pas à convoiter ce qu'il ne possède pas car sa situation est légitime.
Ainsi le seul mode de subsistance admis se situe dans l'aumône. Jusqu'au , les mendiants sollicitaient l'aumône de porte à porte en promettant de prier pour l'âme du bienfaiteur. Les pauvres quémandaient également de quoi vivre sur les places publiques ou devant les églises. Après la messe du dimanche, une foule de mendiants venaient jouir des dons des fidèles, plus importants ce jour-là.
Après les bouleversements des , la ville s'affirme de plus en plus comme un centre économique vivace, supplantant le système féodal dont l'économie dépend des villages. Les villes deviennent des centres commerciaux importants par lesquels transitent l'argent et les biens. Cette nouvelle économie attire les paysans, journaliers agricoles sans possession, ou toute autre personne dans le besoin. En effet, les villages ne pouvaient plus assurer la charge de ses indigents, et la recette en argent de ceux-ci pouvait être très fructueuse dans les villes.

C'est à cette époque que l'on voit se développer le « métier » de mendiant. En effet, face à l'appât de ce gain facilement gagné et face à la rigueur de la vie rurale, nombre de pauvres remplissent les villes et en accentuent l'accroissement démographique. Au même moment se met en place tout un ensemble de lois visant à régir la masse des indigents. La mendicité devient alors très contrôlée et on assiste à la création de postes spéciaux, à l'initiative de la ville, pour surveiller et réprimer les mendiants. Comme nombre d'entre eux n'entraient pas dans les normes établies, ils vivaient clandestinement dans les quartiers les plus démunis.

Les infirmes, eux, avaient le droit de mendier. On considérait légitimement qu'ils ne pouvaient travailler et que si leur famille ne pouvait les prendre en charge, la ville et surtout les instances épiscopales se devaient d'assurer leur subsistance. Le handicap devait être suffisamment lourd pour que la prise en charge soit efficiente.

La charité dans les villes

Cette prise en charge s'effectue alors de deux façons : soit dans la distribution d'aumône lors des fêtes religieuses importantes, soit par le biais des hôpitaux, qui assurent à la fois le toit et le couvert.

La distribution de l'aumône est réglementée et se fait souvent sous forme de produits en nature car plus faciles à contrôler dans leur utilisation que l'argent. On distribue en premier lieu du pain : par exemple à Strasbourg, deux miches de quatre livres chaque dimanche. On donne également des vêtements. En 1319 le recteur de l'église Saint-Étienne de Strasbourg décide que 90 aunes d'étoffe seraient achetées et distribuées à ses frais aux pauvres au cours de son office anniversaire. Tous n'avaient pas le droit de bénéficier de ces dons. En effet, il fallait montrer des qualités morales satisfaisantes pour obtenir ces avantages. Les truands ou les personnes de mauvaise vie étaient exclues. Pour contrôler la distribution, on attribuait à chacun des jetons, un badge ou un écusson, en somme un moyen de vérifier que la distribution n'était faite qu'une seule fois par personne. Les personnes sélectionnées étaient souvent des privilégiés ayant travaillé auparavant dans telle ou telle famille. Les étrangers ne pouvaient espérer obtenir ce privilège.

Les établissements d'accueil, eux, assuraient le logis et le couvert à tous ceux qui ne pouvaient vivre de la mendicité pour des raisons médicales. De taille modeste dans les petites villes, ils pouvaient héberger plusieurs dizaines de personnes dans les bourgs plus imposants. A Strasbourg, l'hôpital peut accueillir plus de cinquante personnes.

L'entrée dans ces établissements est contrôlée. On vérifie tout d'abord les qualités morales de la personne qui se présentait, s'assurant qu'elle n'avait pas commis de délit. Puis on lui confisquait tous ses biens. Ceux-ci lui seraient restitués si un jour elle sortait de l'établissement (ce qui ne se produisait pas souvent puisque ces hôpitaux n'étaient pas des lieux où l'on soignait les malades, mais plutôt des mouroirs). On y accueillait de façon exceptionnelle des étrangers, puisque la police apportait chaque matin les mourants qu'ils trouvaient, étranger ou pas.

À Strasbourg, le cimetière était disposé derrière l'hôpital, et souvent incapable d'accueillir le nombre important des corps. Cela répandait une odeur infecte dans tout le quartier.

Une fois accueilli dans l'hôpital, le malade pouvait y rester jusqu'à sa mort (sauf en cas de perturbations graves qui auraient provoqué son expulsion).
Dans l'établissement, les malades recevaient les mêmes soins qu'ils auraient eu s'ils avaient eu une famille. C'est-à-dire des soins sommaires comprenant des mises en place de pansements, des saignées ou des soins aux ventouses. La femme du responsable de l'établissement avait la charge des malades et se comportait avec eux plus comme une mère que comme un médecin.

La charité dans les monastères

La charité et les dons s'effectuent également dans les monastères. La règle de saint Benoît par exemple exprime bien cette obligation. Chaque monastère doit posséder une « hostellerie » pour accueillir les voyageurs et les pauvres. Une boulangerie est parfois installée à côté de celle-ci pour permettre la distribution d'une ration de pain quotidienne pour toute personne se présentant à l'abbaye. On offrait également un lieu où dormir à qui le demandait. Mais le séjour ne devait pas être de longue durée et on ne tardait pas à remettre sur les routes les vagabonds. Les malades ou infirmes qui ne pouvaient se déplacer avaient le privilège de rester plus longtemps à l'abbaye.
Le lieu d'accueil des gens de passage est construit à côté de la porterie. C'est d'ailleurs l'un des premiers bâtiments à être construit, l'autre étant le lieu d'habitation des moines.
On peut prendre comme exemple significatif l'abbaye du Thoronet dans le Var, construite à partir de 1160, où l'on peut se rendre compte que les deux premiers bâtiments construits ont été l'actuel cellier et une première hostellerie, modifiée par la suite.

Les causes de la maladie

Les causes physiques de l'infirmité

L'infirmité est issue de maladies plus ou moins graves, de causes relevant du vécu de la personne ou de sa constitution même. On devient infirme pour des raisons diverses. Celles-ci peuvent être de l'ordre de l'accident entraînant la paralysie ou l'amputation d'un membre, ou bien d'infections diverses. Parfois la simple hygiène de vie provoque des malformations irrémédiables (genoux arqués à la suite d'une malnutrition par exemple). Bref, les causes de l'infirmité sont nombreuses.

Les réponses médicales le sont moins. En effet, les découvertes permettant une prise en charge efficace des personnes malades sont peu nombreuses, et le médecin ou les personnes accompagnant l'impotent sont la plupart du temps dans une impasse thérapeutique.

Les seules connaissances médicales de la période médiévale datent en effet de l'Antiquité, avec quelques découvertes arabes plus récentes. Les théories antiques et médiévales expliquent que tout dans l'organisme dépend de l'équilibre des humeurs. Une perturbation de ces fluides internes provoque à coup sûr la maladie. Donc, pour essayer de garder l'ordre à l'intérieur du corps, on s'assure que des humeurs corrompues ne peuvent se développer. Les traitements se limitent à des saignées, des lavements et à la prise de potions. Les connaissances médicales se limitant à cela, on imagine bien l'inefficacité des traitements et le sentiment de désarroi des hommes face aux maux corporels.

Autres types d'infirmités

La surdité

Du fait de leur impossibilité à communiquer, les personnes sourdes sont la plupart du temps considérées durant la période médiévale, comme dépourvues d'intelligence et même dépourvues de raison, voire dépourvues d'âme car inaccessibles au Logos Divin. Cependant, nous pouvons voir quelques cas rares de reconnaissance de la faculté d'apprendre des sourds.
Par exemple, saint Jérôme à la fin du  observe que des sourds peuvent apprendre l'Évangile par les signes et utilise dans la conversation journalière des mouvements expressifs de tout leur corps.
Saint Augustin, dans sa correspondance avec saint Jérôme, évoque l'existence d'une famille sourde très respectée de la bourgeoisie milanaise, dont les gestes forment les mots d'une langue.
Il faut également remarquer qu'une langue des signes existe déjà, mais celle-ci est à usage des moines et convers des monastères ayant fait vœux de silence. Cette langue serait peut-être à l'origine de celle utilisée aujourd'hui.

La vue

Une mauvaise alimentation et une mauvaise hygiène de vie sont à l'origine de nombreux troubles oculaires. C'est pourquoi, à la période médiévale le nombre de personnes souffrant de problèmes de vue est considérable.
Les lunettes ont été inventées au  à Murano, près de Venise. Leur usage se répand aussitôt, même si leurs verres ne sont que de simples objets grossissants enfermés dans des cercles de corne ou de métal unis par une tige. Celles-ci ne corrigeaient que la presbytie et s'appelaient au début les pierres à lire.

Le traitement des problèmes oculaires reste archaïque pendant longtemps. Voici quelques exemples de remèdes insolites :
Il était recommandé par exemple contre la maladie des yeux, de réduire en cendres la tête d'un chat noir et d'en insuffler plusieurs fois par jour l'œil malade.

Au  le moine Albert le Grand préconisait ce traitement : « si l'on prend des limaçons en morceaux, et si les ayant bien mêlés avec de la poudre d'encens et d'aloès, jusqu'à ce que le tout soit épais comme du miel, on les applique sur le front, ils guérissent toutes les fluxions des yeux. »

Au  pour traiter les «éblouissements, nuées et fumées des yeux » on utilise ces remèdes de Dioscoride : « Urine de personne bouillie en un pot de sciure et distillée pour les yeux » ou « eau de fiente en application ».

Pour « garder de tomber le poil des paupières » on peut « enduire sur les paupières l'humeur que jettent les escargots, piqués avec une aiguille » ou bien « prendre un caméléon vivant, lui arracher l'œil droit et appliquer ce dernier avec du miel sur les paupières du malade »

De tout temps il était courant  pour « augmenter la vue » d'oindre les angles internes des yeux et des paupières avec de la cire d'oreille.

Les causes spirituelles : l'homme pécheur qui devient l'homme malade

Le péché originel cause de toutes les souffrances humaines

L'inefficacité des explications mécanistes pousse l'homme médiéval à chercher des causes spirituelles aux souffrances humaines. Selon l'opinion commune, Adam n'aurait pas connu de souffrance avant le péché originel. Il serait avant cette grande faute, exempt de tous maux physiques et promis à une vie éternelle, la providence l'écartant également de tout risque d'accident.

Ainsi, les causes spirituelles de la maladie prennent racines dans le pêché originel. Les malades souffrent donc de cette première faute, et par leur souffrance permettent le rachat de l'espèce humaine, à l'image du Christ, à condition que cet état soit accepté et tire le malade vers l'état de sainteté.

L'autodétermination par nos propres péchés

Une autre théorie voudrait que nos propres péchés soit la cause de toutes nos souffrances physiques. On peut facilement critiquer cette théorie quand on voit de grands pécheurs en parfaite santé physique ou des hommes saints être chétifs et maladifs. Donc en principe le péché n'est pas la cause de la maladie.

Pourtant cette détermination de la maladie par les péchés est communément admise et on peut même dire que ces tournures d'esprit et de croyances appartiennent, sous des formes diverses, à la pensée archaïque de l'humanité. D'où la difficulté pour les médecins théoriciens qui adoptent une attitude positive à cet égard, de faire changer les mentalités qui entrent en contradiction avec les théories chrétiennes, qui laissent trop souvent sous-entendre que la maladie aurait pour cause une malédiction diabolique.

On ne peut admettre à une époque où la pensée chrétienne gouverne tout, que les causes des maladies et de l'infirmité ne soient que purement naturelles. D'autant que ces dernières provoquent une exclusion sociale forte, symbole d'une marginalité, à la fin du Moyen Âge.
Alors comment ces causes pourraient-elles venir de Dieu ? On a déjà vu que pour la période allant du début du Moyen Âge jusqu'au , l'infirme est pris en charge par sa famille, au sens large (comprenant également le village et la paroisse). Mais avec la destruction du noyau que représente le village, les infirmes se retrouvent sur les routes et l'assistance, prise en charge par les villes, a l'effet néfaste de « parquer » les malades. Cela provoque une mise en accusation de ces populations des pires méfaits. Accusations rendues d'autant plus faciles que l'on regroupe à la marge à la fois les pauvres, les infirmes, mais aussi les vagabonds, les bohémiens, les jongleurs et d'autres marginaux encore.
Ainsi, on ne peut s'empêcher de faire un rapprochement entre la maladie et une forme de vie non conforme aux attentes de la société et par conséquent pécheresse.

Malgré les efforts des théoriciens de l'époque médiévale, l'infirmité est vue non comme un mal purement physique découlant d'un déséquilibre des humeurs (quoique celui-ci ait, comme on le croit également, des  causes extracorporelles), mais la résultante d'une vie pécheresse.
En fin de compte, la raison pour laquelle une personne devient infirme, ou l'est à sa naissance, vient du fait que celle-ci a des rapports avec le péché et qu'elle doit transformer sa douleur en mérite. Elle devient par la suite un exemple d'humilité, acceptant, sans condition, l'état dans lequel Dieu a choisi de le faire vivre.
De cet état d'esprit vont naître les théories des ordres mendiants qui accorderont une grande place aux nécessiteux, le devenant eux-mêmes afin de se rapprocher de l'idéal d'humilité dicté par le Christ.
Mais l'on reste cependant dans un double rapport d'attirance répulsion envers les infirmes.

Les pauvres dans l'art

Les œuvres de miséricorde

Cette thématique dans l'art est peu présente et seulement dans le contexte restreint des « Œuvres de charité ». En effet, l'art illustrera les propos des œuvres de miséricorde : « J'ai eu faim et vous m'avez donné à manger, j'ai eu soif et vous m'avez donné à boire, j'étais un étranger et vous m'avez accueilli, nu et vous m'avez vêtu, malade et vous m'avez visité, prisonnier vous êtes venu me voir (…). Dans la mesure où vous l'avez fait à l'un des plus petits de mes frères, c'est à moi que vous l'avez fait. »
Et c'est dans ce cadre que les pauvres et les infirmes seront montrés. Mais toujours d'une façon qui les démarque des riches, comme on le voit par exemple sur les vitraux des grandes cathédrales française jusqu'au . Après cette date, les indigents disparaissent des thèmes des vitraux.
On voit également des misérables dans certaines bibles moralisées pour illustrer les œuvres de charité. Ainsi la Bible de Philippe le Hardi (duc de Bourgogne de 1342 à 1404) présente de nombreux médaillons où figure une foule de pauvres. La pauvreté apparaît comme un aspect dégradant de la personne, et une ligne franche sépare  toujours les donneurs et les mendiants.
Le but de ces représentations n'est pas tant de figurer des pauvres, que de montrer la grande générosité des riches. Celle-ci sera d'autant plus exaltée que les pauvres seront repoussants.
On se doute bien que dans ce contexte la représentation des mendiants n'est pas une image de la réalité, mais une déformation à l'usage des riches.

La pauvreté, c'est aussi la pauvreté volontaire, « Dame Pauvreté ». Les représentations de cette dernière sont beaucoup plus flatteuses. Elles montrent en effet une pauvreté allégorique, embrassée de tout son gré, comme le préconisent de grandes figures religieuses telles que saint François d'Assise. Une fois encore, nous sommes bien loin de représentation réaliste de l'état du pauvre.

Pierre Bruegel l'Ancien et l'appareillage des infirmes

Pour trouver des représentations réalistes de personnes pauvres et malades, il faut aller au-delà du XV, en Europe septentrionale. L'artiste marquant de cette façon de faire de la peinture de genre c'est évidemment Pierre Bruegel l'Ancien.
Il n'est pas erroné de considérer son œuvre comme faisant partie de la peinture médiévale bien que Pierre Bruegel ait vécu de 1525 à 1569, car il a su à la fois embrasser les nouvelles techniques de l'art italien, mais aussi assimiler l'art du Moyen Âge dans la façon de traiter les thèmes religieux ou profanes.

Il nous montre des infirmes mendiant, avec tout l'appareillage qu'ils utilisaient pour se déplacer malgré des handicaps lourds. On voit, par exemple, dans Les Mendiants ou Les Culs-de-jatte de 1568, quatre personnes se déplaçant grâce à un système de béquilles mais aussi de planchettes de bois glissées sur les moignons. En glissant dessus, l'infirme peut se déplacer.

Dans Le Combat entre Carnaval et Carême, on peut observer un malade à même le sol, les jambes remontées derrière lui montrant son impossibilité de les utiliser, se tirant à l'aide de sorte de poignées, sur le sol. Il glisse grâce à un morceau de tissu glissé sous lui.

Dans Les œuvres de Miséricorde du musée de Valenciennes,  on trouve un autre type d'appareillage où le malade, plus chanceux que le dernier, possède une sorte de carapace en bois, dans laquelle il s'est mis et qu'il fait avancer à la force de ses bras.

Les faux infirmes

Il faut également établir une distinction de genre entre les vrais et les faux infirmes. On voit que la tendance des , plus méfiante à l'égard des mendiants, est de montrer le valide, feignant la maladie afin de pouvoir mendier. On en trouve un très bel exemple dans La nef des Fous (1494) de Sébastien Brant où il nous parle de ces charlatans :

« De la mendicité : […]

Certains se font mendiants
à l'âge où, jeune et fort,
et en pleine santé
on pourrait travailler :
pourquoi se fatiguer […]
Tous les faux estropiés
et gibier de potence
qui rôdent dans les foires
lui font joyeuse escorte. […]
L'autre pendant le jour
traîne sur des béquilles,
mais quand il se voit seul,
il trotte allégrement. »

Des représentations accompagnent la version du début du XVI, que l'on attribueraient à Bruegel lui-même. On voit dans la gravure accompagnant la partie nommée « De la mendicité » (dont sont extraits ces derniers vers), un homme utilisant un appareillage pour simuler une jambe en moins.

Comme nous l'avons vu plus haut, les faux infirmes n'étaient pas rares et l'on trouvera à d'autres reprises la représentation de cette supercherie visant à se faire passer pour cul-de-jatte.
C'est d'ailleurs l'origine de l'expression « cour des miracles », endroit où logeaient les mendiants et où, comme par miracle, les infirmités disparaissaient !

Bibliographie

Médecine

 L'homme réparé artifices,  victoires, défis découverte Gallimard, 1988
 Médecine curieuse d'autrefois, Suzanne Jacques-Marin, éd. Charles Corlet, 1996

Histoire

 Les Misérables dans l'Occident médiéval, Jean-Louis Goblin, éd. Points Histoire, 1976
 Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Jean Favier, éd. Fayard, 1993
 L'Histoire politique du handicap, de l'infirme  au travailleur handicapé, Pascal Doriguzzi, ed. L'Harmattan, 1994
 La Civilisation dans l'Occident médiéval, Jacques le Goff, éd. Arthaud, 1984
 Genèse médiévale de la France moderne, Michel Mollat, éd. Arthaud, 1970
 La Potence ou la pitié, l'Europe et les pauvres du moyen Âge à nos jours, Bronislaw Geremek, éd. Gallimard, 1978
 Les pauvres au Moyen Âge, étude sociale, Michel Mollat, Hachette 1978
 Charité et assistance en Alsace au Moyen Age,  Paul Adam, Librairie Istra Strasbourg, 1982
 Le mal et le diable, leurs figures à la fin du Moyen Âge,  Nathalie Nabert, éd. Beauchesne, 1996
 Maladie et Culpabilité, P. Lain Entralgo, éd. Resma, 1970

Littérature, Arts

 -La nef des fous, Sébastien Brant, éd. La nuée Bleue/DNA, Strasbourg, 1977, « De la mendicité ; Du mépris de la mendicité »
 Les trois aveugles, fabliau :
 Brueghel, Pierre Francastel, éd. Hazan, Paris, 1995
 Pierre Brueghel l'Ancien, Max Dvorak, Gérard Montfort éditeur, 1992

 Surdité
 Les Sourds avant et depuis l'abbé de l'Épée, Ferdinand Berthier, Paris,  1940
 Gestes des moines, regard du sourd, éd. Du Fox
 The Cistercian Sign Langage, a study in Non-verbal Communication, Robert A. Barakat, Cistercian Publications, Michigan, 1975

 Sources iconographiques
 Richesse et pauvreté, Boccace de Casibus (trad. Laurent de Premierfait), Lyon, 1435-1440, BNF
 Écusson de l'hôpital de Strasbourg au , il orne la couverture d'un Obituaire de l'hôpital. Il contient dans un calendrier liturgique tous les legs et donations, messes anniversaires, distributions d'aliments, rentes viagères, etc., faits au profit de l'hôpital.
 Premiers bâtiments construits à l'abbaye du Thoronet, c'est-à-dire une porterie à droite et l'ancien cellier à gauche servant de dortoir aux moines. Image extraite de Le Thoronet, une abbaye cistercienne, Yves Esquieu, éd. Actes Sud, Paris, 2006
 Allégorie de la Richesse et de la Pauvreté, Boccace de Casibus (trad. Laurent de premierfait), Paris,  du , BNF
 Les Mendiants, Brueghel l'Ancien, 1568, huile sur bois, 18 x 21,5 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris
 La Nef des fous, Sébastien Brant, éd. La nuée Bleue/DNA, Strasbourg, 1977, « De la mendicité »

 Œuvres supplémentaires
 Les Œuvres de Miséricorde, maître du fils prodigue, musée des beaux-arts de Valenciennes
 Les Œuvres de Miséricorde, école flamande du XVI, musée d'Abbeville
 Charité de saint Damien et saint Côme, Ambrosius Francken le Vieux, Musée royal des beaux-arts, Anvers
 La Parabole des aveugles, 1568, Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples
 Les Estropiés'', école hollandaise du , musée des beaux-arts de Troyes

Articles connexes
 Âge sombre
 Pessimisme
 Renaissance (historiographie)

Moyen Âge
Sombre
Terminologie en historiographie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is a survival and creative server thats called Chaotic Creeper!
There is a Survival world where you can build, pvp, survive and pretty much do whatever you wish. There is also a Creative world where you can build as much as you want!
Please read all the rules and follow them, if you do not, you will get temporary banned or permanetly banned.


text:
College savings plans deceptive
Weissman program to send 31 interns across globe
Kennedy Schools Dynarski says plans privilege wealthy savers
By Alvin Powell Harvard News Office
Specially designed college savings plans that offer tax-free savings can
Susan Dynarski, an assistant professor of public policy at the Kennedy School of Government: 'Financial aid policy has become so complicated that parents pay financial planners to explain it to them.' (Staff photo Jon Chase/Harvard News Office)
actually cost low- and middle-income families more than they save by reducing their eligibility for financial aid, according to a researcher at the John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Susan Dynarski, an assistant professor of public policy, examined the savings incentives created by various savings vehicles, including the Coverdell Education Savings Account (ESA), similar to an IRA for education savings, and the 529 savings plans, which include state and institution-created savings plans to help pay for college tuition.
Dynarski's findings showed that families sending children to a four-year college could lose as much as $1.22 in need-based financial aid for every dollar they save in a Coverdell ESA, and as much as $1.24 per dollar saved in an account created under the Uniform Transfer to Minors Act. She found that funds held in a 529 plan could lose a family 15 cents of need-based aid for every dollar saved, while a traditional IRA could cost between 26 and 39 cents of financial aid and a mutual fund in a parent's name would cost 40 cents of financial aid for every dollar saved.
"The financial aid system is designed in such a way that if people put money into the wrong vehicle, they can actually be worse off than if they didn't save at all," Dynarski said.
As Dynarski's articles went to press, the Department of Education announced that it was altering its treatment of the Coverdell ESA. It will now be weighed the same as a 529 in the determination of financial aid eligibility.
Dynarski's research, currently published in the Kennedy School's and National Bureau of Economic Research's working papers series, is slated for publication in two journals, the National Tax Journal and Tax Policy and the Economy.
Dynarski said her research shows that despite political rhetoric when the savings accounts were passed that they would benefit people of modest means, the reality shows that they actually benefit the wealthy, who can reap the tax advantages of the programs but who do not rely on financial aid and thus would not bear the disadvantage of lost financial aid due to savings.
In fact, Dynarski said, her research shows that even if the wealthy use the college savings plans for noncollege expenses, which carries a penalty, they benefit more due to the program's tax savings than a low-income family who uses the plans for college expenses.
"High-income people gain more from using the Coverdell ESA for noneducational purposes than does a low-income family who uses it to pay for college," Dynarski said.
For low-income families whose children do not go to college, the penalties for using money in the plans for noneducational uses wipe out what small benefit they may have gained.
Dynarski investigated several different types of savings plans, including traditional IRAs, mutual funds, and the Uniform Transfer to Minors Act account, which is an alternative to a trust account. She investigated the implications of different savings accounts and the impact of these accounts if they're held in a parent's or child's name.
The result, she found, was sharp differences in how families fared from the different savings instruments. She said that college savings plans, now that the treatment of the Coverdell has been corrected, outperform traditional savings accounts. Savings accounts or mutual funds in a child's name would fare worse than the same account in a parent's name. The best way to finance college, from a tax standpoint, she said, was through home equity loans, a route that is unavailable to lower-income and many middle-income families who either don't own homes or for whom repaying the loan would overstretch the family budget.
Dynarski said she's more interested in effecting policy changes than she is in becoming a financial adviser for families. Dynarski said she isn't opposed to financial aid being reduced for families that have savings they can use to pay college bills. But she said that tax and financial aid policies should not be drafted in such a way that two families who save the same amount in different savings plans fare very differently when college bills come due.
Her main advice to parents would be to save carefully and to investigate different savings vehicles before putting money into them. And to policy-makers, her message is that saving for college shouldn't require parents to become financial investigators.
"Financial aid policy has become so complicated that parents pay financial planners to explain it to them," Dynarski said. "A better-designed aid policy would allow parents to devote their time and money to preparing their children for college rather than to gaming the college financial aid system."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Escrito por Jonathan on 11 de Mayo de 2017 in Releases.
Version 2.3.2 has been released this evening, and it addresses a few big issues.
A very nasty bug related to deleting clips and then using undo to bring them back. The clips would appear to come back, but in reality, it was more like a zombie clip... just waiting to eat OpenShot's brains. Fixed.
Apparently I'm not great at testing obvious things, like scaling a clip down to 0 pixels wide/tall. This resulted in a hard-crash. Fixed.
One of the most common exceptions reported is related to an out-of-date libopenshot library. Sometimes, new methods are added to libopenshot, and if you only update the openshot-qt package, it's possible those new methods are not available. So, now openshot-qt checks the libopenshot version, and stops you before things get ugly. This will also help packagers test packages, and will quickly remind them to also update the libopenshot package.
Reduced source code file size, by further compressing images, removing unused translation resources, and a few other reductions. The result is smaller source code, smaller packages, and smaller installers.
Fixed another bug when deleting, undoing, and then moving a clip. Similar to the previous bug fix... but now I think I got it fixed. Closes #590.
Fixing crash on undo/redo when deleting a clip... and other related crashes.
Attempting to fix a strange race condition when frozen with cx_Freeze, where some users get ZipImportErrors when calling loadUi(). This prevents that function from running at the exact same time, and hopefully will prevent the error.
Removing unused translation files at run-time. Original PO and MO files can be found on LaunchPad: https://translations.launchpad.net/openshot/2.0. These bloat the installers for no real reason.
Changing name of toolBar to "Toolbar".
Adding a missing documentation image.
Updating translation template, and tweaking style of "Update Available" button which only appears when an update is available.
OpenShot 2.0 - Beta Released!


text:
Dianna Hart Biography, Age, Family, Husband, Career And Interview.
Dianna Hart Family
Diana Hart (born Diana Joyce Hart-Smith), was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to Perry Hart (father), who was mainly a Scots-Irish descent but also had Scottish and English ancestry, and Sue Hart (mother). She is the youngest daughter of Canadian wrestling promoter Stu Hart and was the second to last child born to Stu and his wife Helen, who was born in New York, making Hart a dual citizen of Canada and the United States.
She had 11 siblings; Smith, Bruce, Keith, Wayne, Dean, Ellie, Georgia, Bret, Alison, Ross, and Owen.
Dianna Hart Husband
Hart knew Davey Boy Smith when she was at the age of 17 and Daviey 18. The two exchanged rings on October 7, 1984, a day before her 21st birthday.
Hart and Davie Boy Smith, welcomed new members into the family, two children, Harry (born on August 2, 1985) and Georgia (born September 26, 1987). It was until the couple divorced in 2000 when Harry followed his father and mother into professional wrestling.
Dianna Hart Career
Speaking of her career, Hart's 1st wrestling appearances was in her father's promotion, Stampede Wrestling, in August 1989, during a heated rivalry between her husband and his storyline brother Johnny Smith, in which her brother Owen Hart also got involved after Johnny's disrespect towards the Hart family.
She was also engaged in the 1999 incarnation of Stampede Wrestling. She ones denied to put the belt around the waist of a wrestler and were attacked but her son Harry intervened and chased the attackers off.
At the end of the match, she embraced both her brother and her husband to signify the family's unification. Two years later at the 1994 SummerSlam, she sat at ringside beside her husband, who had just returned to the WWF, to watch her brothers Bret and Owen wrestle each other inside a steel cage for the WWF Championship.
In April 1996, the WWF began a storyline where Hart claimed that she was sexually assaulted by Shawn Michaels backstage at In Your House: Good Friends, Better Enemies in an attempt to play mind games with Michaels as her husband prepared to challenge him for the WWF Championship at In Your House: Beware of Dog.
Two months later, she was at ringside for the WWF One Night Only British pay-per-view, where her husband lost the WWF European Championship to Shawn Michaels in the main event.
Several documentaries that she has appeared include; Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows, Surviving the Dungeon: The Legacy of Stu Hart and Hart & Soul: The Hart Family Anthology. She has also appeared together with her brother Ross on Shaw TV (2015) to speak about their father Stu's one hundred birthday. Other documentaries are; Hart Still Beating, which is about her brother Smith and nephew Matt, and the 2017 shoot documentary Queen of Harts: The Diana Hart Story.
Dianna Hart Photo
Dianna Hart
Diana Hart Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/p/Bp6zG2Znk-h/
Diana Hart Twitter
Tweets by DianaHartSmith
Diana Hart Facebook
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The Infinix Smart 2 Pro is for you if live your best life now! Bring your best moments to life with the 13MP + 18MP back and front cameras, your pictures and videos will always have a professional quality. Downloads, charging, and switching from app to app are all accomplished at incredibly fast speeds thanks to its quad-core 1.5GHz processor and 2GB RAM.
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3. If some issue happens, you can contact local after-sales service center to get help.


text:
Q: What is the easiest way to check if aerospike set is empty from python? I don't see a method in a Python client which checks if the given set is empty.
As documentation says from the command line I can use:
asinfo -h <host> -v 'sets/<namespace>/<set>'

but it is for a single host only.
Another way is to look at the output of:
asadm -h <host> -e 'info set'

How would you implement such a method in Python?

A: Use the "info" API in the client: https://www.aerospike.com/apidocs/python/client.html#aerospike.Client.info_all
client.info_all("sets/<namespace>/<set>")

Then sum the stat you are interested.

A: Here is my python implementation:
def _info_result_prop_value(info_result, prop_name, default):
    result_split = info_result.split(':')
    return next((s.strip().split('=', 2)[1] for s in result_split
                 if s.strip().startswith(f'{prop_name}=')), default)

def count_objects(client, ns, set_name):
    count = 0
    for info_result in client.info_all(f"sets/{ns}/{set_name}").values():
        count += int(_info_result_prop_value(info_result[1], 'objects', '0'))
    return count

def is_empty_set(client, ns, set_name):
    return count_objects(client, ns, set_name) == 0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ALT SCRIPT: Write a Killer First Draft
Clive Davies-Frayne shares his process for writing a first draft. Do your development work before you start writing, and discover how to make your first draft all killer with no filler.
Clive Frayne
Click to tweet this article to your friends and followers!
There isn't a one-size-fits-all solution to writing a killer first draft because every writer works differently.
In this article, I want to share the way I approach first drafts. Perhaps my process will help you, even if it only inspires you to create your own development process. But before I can write about the development tools I use, it's important to understand why nobody can write a killer first draft by starting with a blank page and working the story out as they go.
Understand the Problems
Early in my career, I noticed a couple of problems with my own first drafts. The first problem: My first drafts took ages to write. I'd be lucky if I could write four or five pages a day. I knew I was physically capable of writing more pages a day than that. So the problem wasn't about the physical task of putting words on paper. The problem wasn't even about getting precisely the right words on the page, because screenplays aren't literature. We don't need to fret about creating an individual writing style in the same way novelists do.
7 Lessons in Outlining, First Draft & Fear, Oh My!
It was the creation of the story and the development of the characters which took all the time. Writing a first draft took a long time because I was using the first draft as my primary plot and character development tool. Before writing every single line I had to ask myself, who are these characters and what is the next step in my story? And, I had to keep all of this development work straight in my head.
Doing script development work by writing a first draft also explains my other problem with first drafts. I soon learned that first drafts always need immediate, page-one rewrites. They are always utterly and fatally flawed. If you use your first draft as a character development tool, it stands to reason you will understand your characters better at the end of the script, than you will at the start. If nothing else, a second draft is needed to make sure the characters are consistent throughout the story.
Step One: Development and Writing are Different Things
The first step in writing killer first drafts is to separate the development process and screenwriting. Don't even try to create interesting characters or your plot, whilst getting down pages of the script. Instead, think about script development as a process which can be broken into bite-sized lumps. A process you undertake before writing word one.
Learn How to Plot a Screenplay or Novel with Our FREE Structure Grid of Character and Plot Development eBook!
If the only thing you ever do is some development work before you start writing, your first drafts will improve dramatically. And, once you do that, you'll also discover, the more development work you do, the better the actual writing becomes.
Hone Your Concept with a Compass Logline
Traditionally, loglines are used by writers as a way of pitching stories. The normal formula for a logline consists of a couple of sentences, totaling less than forty words. A well written logline reveals what the story is really about. It reveals the heart of the story.
One thing that helps keep every page of a script on track is knowing precisely what the story is about. Scripts where the central concept hasn't been nailed down have a tendency to drift. The writer hunts for the story on each page, scenes get written which don't serve the story. To use an analogy, writing with a compass logline is like following a path through the woods; writing without one is like wandering aimlessly through the trees.
A compass logline doesn't have to be the one you'd use to pitch, all it needs to do is to encompass the core of the story. Using a compass logline improves first drafts by keeping the story heading in the right, general direction.
7 Crucial Logline Mistakes and How to Fix Them
Develop Your Characters
90% of the talk about how to write screenplays seems to be about story structure. Structure is important--the story needs to unfold in a way that people can follow. But, anyone going straight from concept to the story is going to set themselves up for any number of problems. That's because a story is merely...
"The way specific characters respond to a sequence of circumstances."
The problem with a structural approach to screenwriting, one that relies on getting the plot points in the right place, is it puts too much focus on the sequence of circumstances and draws attention from the more important way specific characters respond to those plot points.
To write a killer first draft the one thing you need to understand is ALL plots are character-driven. And, anyone trying to create a plot-driven story doesn't really understand what a story is. I can demonstrate this fairly easily. Let's imagine that the set-up for our story is the protagonist has a case full of important documents and the case gets stolen by the bad guys. In one story, the protagonist is Tony Stark (Iron Man), in another story, the protagonist is Spongebob Squarepants. Will the stories be the same? Of course, they won't. But why? Well, it's because the story is created by the way specific characters (Tony Stark or Spongebob Squarepants) respond to a sequence of circumstances (a stolen case of important documents).
As you can see, although the circumstances (the plot) force the characters to respond, it is the uniqueness of the character that determines what happens next. Or, in other words, characters drive plots not the other way round.
Elevate Your Story - Push Your Hero Off a Cliff
On a fundamental level, ALL script development work is character development! Therefore, the better your character development process, the easier it is to write a killer first draft. This also means anyone wanting to write a killer first draft needs to figure out how to develop characters before writing their script.
My approach to character development is simple, effective, and shows natural plot points based on areas of conflict between characters. I teach it as an on-demand webinar at the Writer's Store.
There are other ways to do it. Some people fill notepads with notes. Some writers collate folders full of articles and photos (digital scrapbooking). Some writers create short stories about incidents from the character's life outside of the film's story. Whatever you do, the better your character development work the more chance you have of writing a killer first draft.
Step Four: Beat-Sheets are Good; Treatments are Better
So, your compass logline tells you what your story is really about and you know your characters inside and out. Is it time to start writing that killer first draft?
Sorry, but there is one more step to take. It's time to create a short version of the story. What is the ordinary world of the protagonist? How does the antagonist create the circumstance which then drives the protagonist to take the first step into the story? And then what happens?
Beats Sheets
The most common method to do this is to create a beat sheet. A beat sheet is just a list of things that happen. Some people put their story beats onto file cards and attach them to a cork-board. A method that allows the writer to swap out beats or to reorder the plot points. Some people just create a list of beats. A beat sheet is as good a method as any other. I really like beat sheets.
The main advantage of a beat sheet is it reduces the story to a couple of pages. Those pages consist of between thirty and fifty plot points expressed in single sentences. It is low impact, quick way to look at a film's story. You can rewrite and reimagine the film in a couple of hours, or even less. If you go with the cork-board approach it's even more adaptable. It's certainly a lot easier than writing a new draft of the script whilst trying to keep the plot straight in your head.
Most writers use treatments as part of the pitching process. In its simplest form, a treatment is a wordier version of a beat sheet that is written to be read by other people. It normally contains enough description to allow the reader to visualise the story. Treatments written for pitching purposes normally run to about five pages.
There is another kind of treatment. The kind which is used for script development. These are considerably longer. So, for instance, mine normally run to about twenty-five pages. For me, a treatment is about what happens? Where does it happen? How do the characters respond to each circumstance? It is about the order and manner in which the audience discovers the truth of the story.
Download Tips on How to Write a Treatment
It's entirely up to the writer to decide how much and what detail they need. I often include "on the nose" dialogue if it drives the plot. I sometimes include basic location descriptions. By the time I have completed a treatment, I can see the entire film in my mind... and then it's time to write the script.
Tricks to Write the Killer Script
If you want to write a killer first draft you need to do comprehensive and methodical development work before you start writing. Because every writer is different their development process will reflect what works best for them. My experience tells me any development process needs to address four steps:
separating script development from script writing
create a compass logline to define what the film is really about
develop your characters to the point you know how they'll react in any circumstance
create your story using either a beat-sheet, treatment or both
If you do the development work well, when you sit down to write that first page you will know precisely what needs to happen, how your characters will react, and what your story is really about. You can now concentrate on how your story is revealed to the audience. You can concentrate on creating a cinematically rich story, thrilling action and killer dialogue. You are able to do this because you have freed your mind from creating characters, discovering the theme, and finding the plot.
Oh, and there is another thing. If you write a killer first draft and a producer needs you to do a rewrite because of a commercial opportunity, any writer who has done systematic development work can quickly and easily do a killer rewrite.
More articles by Clive Davies-Frayne
Gain more insights from Clive's unique approach to writing in his on-demand webinars!
treatmentsscriptwritingkiller first drafts1st draftsdevelopmentbeat sheetsloglinesscriptwriting tips
Clive Frayne is a writer with over thirty years experience in broadcast media. After a very successful career running professional writing teams in the radio industry he decided to move into screenwriting. Since then he has written and directed two feature films and half a dozen award-winning short films, and authored the book The Process of Screenwriting. These days he splits his work between writing, script editing and teaching screenwriting. He is a passionate advocate of two things, process-driven screenwriting and independent filmmaking. Follow Clive on Twitter @clivefrayne


we will call you right away.
Product descriptions are some of the most critical elements of any e-commerce store, and they should never be disregarded. But most people who sell their products on multiple e-commerce platforms make a grave mistake when posting product descriptions for such products. They craft a superb product description and use it on the different e-commerce websites they've listed their products on. This is a bad practice, as it will be treated as duplicated content. When Google catches up with such duplicate content, it will lower your search rankings. When crafting product descriptions for your products, make sure that each e-commerce store you list your products on has a unique product description to prevent the site from being penalized by Google.
A few years back, SEO was the real thing, but many website owners misused it through black hat techniques such as keyword stuffing, link schemes and scraping to boost their Search engine rankings. It came to a point where SEO almost became irrelevant, as Google began cracking down on mediocre content with stuffed keywords. However, SEO as a strategy has transformed into something a lot more sophisticated. The new trend for webmasters and e-commerce website owners alike is white hat SEO. White hat SEO includes top quality content, real personal relations, and keyword optimizations to achieve page ranking. For an e-commerce website owner, the challenge is massive because SEO changes frequently. So you'll need to have a sharp eye out on the latest SEO trends.
When you have an out-of-stock scenario, it can be difficult to decide the best course of action with the out-of-stock page. You may be tempted to leave the page the way it is, redirect it or get rid of it entirely. Before taking any rash decision, it's best to ascertain if the product is temporarily or permanently out of stock. If it's temporarily out of stock, the best course of action is to leave the page as it is. However, if you determine that the product is permanently out of stock, the best step is to redirect the page. Use the 301 redirect page feature to do that. This is a prudent action because it will let you retain any traffic coming in from that link.
Valuable and useful content is vital to your pages, even if you're operating an e-commerce store. This is good for both search engine rankings and customers. But, there is one page that is frequently overlooked when it comes to adding content: product category pages. You'll need to include content on these pages, lest you get penalized by Google for thin content pages. This will also help you outrank your competitors, more so if they lack content on those pages. While including content on your product category pages is beneficial, you should not overwhelm your customers with heavy category pages. The solution is to keep your word count below 300 and situate the content below the product.


Always Go is a perfect motto for adventure. Blank on the inside. Comes with matching kraft envelope. Printed in the USA on soft white, 100% recycled stock. Measures 4.25" x 5.5".
Designed in California by Smoke Signals.


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Soas students join international hunger strikes in solidarity with Egyptian detainees
Written by Alice Finden
Photograph: Chloe Rosser
Activists from the School of Oriental and African Studies (Soas) stage 1,000 hours of hunger in solidarity with Egyptian detainees
The 21st September saw the start of a new round of hunger strikes in Egypt. The group 'Journalists against the Protest Law' commenced their two day hunger strike, otherwise known as the 'Battle of Empty Stomachs', in opposition to the controversial protest law which has been in place in the country since November 2013. Their hunger strikes are in solidarity with around 90 Egyptian detainees who have been unfairly held captive in prisons in Egypt as a result of the protest law. Now, activists in Egypt and beyond are banding together to take part in rolling hunger strikes in unity with the prisoners.
We, the students of the School of Oriental and African Studies (Soas) in London have now joined the international campaign. Our initiative is to reach 1000 hours of hunger, through a series of 24 hour strikes. We have been raising awareness on campus and online through the Egypt Solidarity Initiative's website, and staged an 'Empty Plates Protest' on Thursday 25th September outside the university's main building.
We are working to draw attention to the appalling conditions in which prisoners are being detained, often without charge or trial. Activist and detainee Mohamed Soltan began his hunger strike in retaliation to the unjust and extreme punishment to which he has been subject since August 2013. Soltan has not eaten now for nearly 250 days, and according to Amnesty International, is at risk of heart failure because Egyptian authorities are denying him sufficient medical care.
The Protest Law, which has been described as repressive and which imposes restrictions on the freedoms of the Egyptian people, has seen around 40,000 activists jailed since August 2013. Sharanya Gopinathanm (SOAS) commented:
"Worldwide, we see governments suppressing dissent of any form with crushing and disproportionate force... solidarity of any form from any part of the world is essential to stop this global trend and to give hope to activists worldwide."
The international campaign will continue until justice is served and the detainees are released. For more information, or to join the campaign (this can be done anywhere in the world!) please go to the Egypt Solidarity Initiative site and sign up on the online form.
Photograph by Chloe Rosser
At last a large-scale fightback against Islamophobia in France?
From protest to revolt in days: a new phase of global resistance
Playing by the rules only works if both sides agree - weekly briefing
By Lindsey German
The Big Ride for Palestine
By Orlando Hill
President Mohamed Morsi: murdered by the thug El Sisi
By John Rees
Tagged under: Middle East Egypt Solidarity SOAS
The Canary and The Crow at Arcola Theatre - review
Socialists and trade unionists chart the way forward after Brexit
The Corbyn Project was defeated by the historic strengths of conservatism and liberalism
What caused Labour's decline: 2019 vs 2017
Our world is burning
Australia fires: where climate inaction leads to


If you are wanting to plan effective speech therapy lessons, but are limited on time, then this blog post is for you. St. Patrick's Day is a holiday coming up in March. You can use the St. Patrick's Day speech therapy activities in this blog post to quickly find materials for your whole elementary caseload. Today, I am sharing LOTs of speech and language activities to use for St. Patrick's Day!


Baby, I just can't treat you right.
Don't mean maybe, because I love you so.
Although I hate to see you go.
*The G7 chord that ends the first line of each verse suggests a variety of "walking bass" progressions of leading back to the C. A favorite of mine would voice the G7 as 323003, follwed by a G9 of 303203 and back to the G7 formation. The basic G-A-B to the C chord works just as well.


This HTML email design training class is for anyone that needs to create or manage email campaigns. No previous experience is needed for this HTML email training course. Students must have a good working knowledge of computers, operating systems, using a mouse, keyboard, standard menus and commands. Students must be able to open, save, and close applications, files, as well as navigate to other folders.
We have instructors ready to teach this class, but we do not currently offer it on our open enrollment schedule. If you are interested in this class, please fill out the form below and we will contact you shortly about your training options!
Commercial Price Per Person: Contact Us For Pricing!


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Isola del Giglio (Italian pronunciation: [ˈiːzola del ˈdʒiʎːo]; English: Giglio Island) is an Italian island and comune situated in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, and is part of the Province of Grosseto. The island is one of seven that form the Tuscan Archipelago, lying within the Arcipelago Toscano National Park. Giglio means "lily" in Italian, and though the name would appear consistent with the insignia of Medici Florence, it derives from Aegilium, "Goat Island", a Latin transliteration of the Greek word for "little goat" (Ancient Greek: Aigýllion, Αιγύλλιον).
Comune di Isola del Giglio
Old Lighthouse on the north of the island
Location of Isola del Giglio
Location of Isola del Giglio in Italy
Show map of Italy
Isola del Giglio (Tuscany)
Show map of Tuscany
Coordinates: 42°21′N 10°54′E / 42.350°N 10.900°E / 42.350; 10.900Coordinates: 42°21′N 10°54′E / 42.350°N 10.900°E / 42.350; 10.900
Grosseto (GR)
Isola di Giannutri, Giglio Castello, Giglio Porto, Giglio Campese
Sergio Ortelli
24.01 km2 (9.27 sq mi)
(2018-01-01)[2]
Gigliesi
San Mamiliano
Saint day
In 2012, the cruise ship Costa Concordia foundered off the coast of the island.
The island is separated by a 16-kilometre (10 mi) stretch of sea from the nearest point of the mainland, the promontory of Monte Argentario. Mainly mountainous, it consists almost entirely of granite, culminating in the Poggio della Pagana, which rises to 496 metres (1,627 ft). Ninety percent of its surface is covered by Mediterranean vegetation, alternating with large pine forests and numerous vineyards which allow the production of the local "Ansonaco" wine. The coast is 27 kilometres (17 mi) long, made up of rocks, smooth cliffs and several bays: Arenella, Cannelle, Caldane and Campese, the biggest one with its small village of the same name.
The municipality is composed of the islands of Giglio and Giannutri. Three principal settlements are located on the main island:
Giglio Porto (G. Harbour), located on the eastern coastal side and hosts the port. It is divided into the quarters of Chiesa, Moletto and Saraceno.
Giglio Castello (G. Castle), located upon a hill between the two other localities and characterized by the majestic walls of a fortress. It is divided into the quarters of Casamatta, Centro, Cisterna and Rocca.[3]
Giglio Campese, it is located on the north-western coastal side and is a modern sea resort.
The modern island was formed probably 4.5 to 5 million years ago, and has been inhabited since the Stone Age. Later, it was probably an Etruscan military stronghold. Under the Roman dominion, Aegilium Insula[4] or Igillia Insula[5] it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and was cited briefly by Julius Caesar in his De Bello Civili,[6] by Pliny,[7] by Pomponius Mela,[8] and by the fifth-century AD poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, who celebrated Igilium's successful repulse of the Getae and safe harbor for Romans, in a time when Igilium's slopes were still wooded.[9]
In 805, the island was donated by Charlemagne to the abbey of the Tre Fontane in Rome, and was later successively a possession of the Aldobrandeschi, Pannocchieschi, Caetani, and Orsini families, and of the municipality of Perugia. In 1241, the Sicilian and Pisan fleet of Emperor Frederick II destroyed a Genoese fleet in the Battle of Giglio. From 1264, Isola del Giglio was a Pisan dominion, from which it passed to the Medici family. It suffered several Saracen attacks, which ended only in 1799.
On 14 June 1646, Grand Admiral Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé was killed at the Battle of Orbetello, at sunset on his flagship the Grand Saint Louis.
Alongside its history, the island was always renowned for its mineral ore: many columns and buildings in Rome were built with the Gigliese granite.
Main sightsEdit
"Arenella" beach with a view of Monte Argentario on the nearby Tuscan coast
Canelle Beach
The island houses the remains of a Roman villa of Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st-2nd century AD), in the area of Giglio Porto (Giglio port). No traces of the once existing Temple of Diana can be seen now. The church of San Pietro Apostolo in Giglio Castello (Giglio castle) has an ivory crucifix attributed to the sculptor Giambologna.
The island is also the site of an Etruscan shipwreck dating back to the early Iron age, c. 600 BC.[10] The cargo of the ship included copper and lead ingots, iron spits, amphorae and a Corinthian helmet. Even a wooden writing tablet with stylus was preserved. The finds are almost completely lost now.
TransportationEdit
Isola del Giglio is connected to Tuscany by ferries Toremar and Maregiglio ("sea lily"), departing daily from Porto Santo Stefano.
Costa Concordia grounding incidentEdit
Main article: Costa Concordia disaster
In 2012, the island received prolonged international media attention, following the 13 January 2012 running aground of the cruise liner Costa Concordia, just off the island's shore. Most of the more than 4,200 passengers and crew were rescued and taken to the island, as well as to the mainland. At least 30 people died and 64 were injured, with 2 missing (as of 20 December 2012).[11] The people of the island rushed to help, providing hot drinks and blankets, and many opened their homes to the victims. The arrival of 2,000 salvage workers invigorated life on the island, and many of the workers fraternised with the islanders. Some local girls left the island with their new partners.[12]
The ship removal work was started in 2013 and was completed towards the end of July 2014. Flotation devices were attached to right the ship and then raise it. It was subsequently towed to its final destination port of Genoa to be scrapped.[13][14]
In popular fictionEdit
In the 2007 romantic bestselling Italian novel Scusa ma ti chiamo amore by Federico Moccia, the couple end up living in a lighthouse on this island.
GovernmentEdit
List of mayorsEdit
Term start
Term end
Giacomo Landini 1995 2004 National Alliance
Attilio Brothel 2004 2009 Civic
Sergio Ortelli 2009 Incumbent The People of Freedom/Civic
Twin townsEdit
San Quirico d'Orcia, Italy, since 2013
List of islands of Italy
Tuscan Archipelago
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Giglio Castello". Tourist Association Pro Loco Isola del Giglio and Giannutri "G. Bancalà". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
^ Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites: "Aegilium Insula"
^ Christoph Cellarius, Notitia orbis antiqui: sive geographia plenior, 1701-06:606.
^ De Bello Civili, book I, ch. xxxiv.
^ Hist. Nat. III.12.
^ Mela, book ii, ch. cvii.
^ Namatianus, Rutilius Claudius (1907). Charles H. Keene (ed.). Rutilii Claudii Namatiani De Reditu Suo Libri Duo: The Home-Coming of Rutilius Claudius Namatianus from Rome to Gaul in the Year 416 A.D. Trans. George F. Savage-Armstrong. London: G. Bell. pp. 134–137.
^ Lienhard, John H. "An Etruscan Wreck". The Engines of Our Ingenuity. University of Houston. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
^ "Concordia disaster: House arrest for Captain Schettino" (BBC News)
^ "A Costa Concordia love story: Island beauty, 22, is swept off her feet by British salvage expert, 36, working on wreck - and now she's moving to Kent to have his baby" (Daily Mail)
^ ‹See Tfd›(in Italian) "Summary of the presentation of removal project" (Giglio News)
^ ‹See Tfd›(in Italian) "The Costa Concordia will be transported to Genoa" (Rai News24)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isola del Giglio.
Isola del Giglio official website ‹See Tfd›(in Italian)
Tourist and Visitor Information for Isola del Giglio
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isola_del_Giglio&oldid=902166736"


Beloved wife of RAYMOND. Loving mother and mother-in-law to LEANNE and GEOFF, TONY, and SANDY. Much loved grandmother and great grandmother. A loved and cherished member of the MATTHEWS and HALVERSON FAMILIES.
Relatives and Friends of JOAN are warmly invited to attend her Funeral Service in the Chapel of St. Patrick's of Nulkaba this THURSDAY 11.04.2019 at 2.30pm.


It's a chilling statistic: Twenty-two United States veterans commit suicide a day, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. One recent victim: Thirty-year-old Air Force Reserve Capt. Jamie Brunette.
Capt. Brunette, the youngest of five children from Milwaukee, had served two tours of duty in Afghanistan during her 11-year Air Force career. On Feb. 9, police in Tampa, Fla., found her dead from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound. Her family and friends came together this week to honor Brunette's memory and raise awareness about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), something Brunette's friends say was hard for her to talk about.
Brunette's friends say they were shocked and in disbelief that a friend who they say was so full of vitality and spirit would take her own life.
Brunette's roommate, Heather Milner, says she had just seen Capt. Brunette the night before she died.
Brunette's friends and family gathered this week in Tampa to celebrate her life, but talk quickly turned to depression and PTSD, parts of Capt. Brunette's life her roommate says she rarely spoke about.
Her friends say Brunette was getting help from the VA for PTSD.
"I knew that she was at one point getting counseling from the VA, but I didn't know when she started going or how often she was going," Milner says. "She never once gave me the inclination that she was suffering heavily from PTSD," Aguiar says.
Research suggests that female veterans are far less likely than their male counterparts to take their own life, but female veterans are three times more likely to kill themselves than women who have never served. That is something Capt. Brunette's family and friends hope her death will bring to the forefront.


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News Articles: long covid
Long-COVID clinics are wrestling with how to treat their patients
The clinics have popped up all over the country, but doctors still don't know the best way to treat these patients, whose symptoms can vary dramatically.
Millions of Americans have long COVID. Many of them are no longer working
An estimated 4 million workers in the U.S. are struggling to work due to debilitating symptoms from long COVID. The government is urging employers to provide accommodations to keep them on the job.
Andrea Hsu
Reinfection of COVID-19 is possible, and increases chances of 'long COVID' lingering symptoms
With variants increasingly changing and becoming more transmissible, people who remain unvaccinated — even if they already had COVID-19 — are at risk of developing long COVID.
Ellen Eldridge
Omicron poses about half the risk of long COVID as delta, new research finds
Some scientists estimate that cases of long COVID from omicron will still rise, however, because of high transmissibility and the misconception that people don't have to worry about catching it.
What's ailing long COVID patients? A new federal study looks for clues
The first results from an in-depth investigation of long COVID produced provocative results. Researchers don't understand the mechanism behind the lingering symptoms but found a link with anxiety.
COVID-19 infection increases your risk for diabetes, a new study says
Researchers found that people who had COVID-19 were about 40% more likely to develop diabetes within a year after recovering, compared to participants in a control group.
Jaclyn Diaz
Evidence grows that vaccines lower the risk of getting long COVID
Though findings are preliminary, many studies suggest that vaccinated people have good protection against the condition, although just how much is still up for debate.
Will Stone
People with 'medium COVID' are caught in a gray area of recovery with little support
Even if you don't have long COVID, it can still take weeks to recover — much longer than the isolation period implies. Millions of Americans are finding that this still majorly disrupts their lives.
Nina Feldman
How long COVID sheds light on other mysterious (and lonely) chronic illnesses
Writer Meghan O'Rourke says long COVID-19 and other chronic illnesses put a heavy burden on patients, who have to "testify to the reality of their own illness." Her new book is The Invisible Kingdom.
Georgia Today: For long COVID sufferers, it's a pandemic without end
As the worst of the omicron surge fades around the country, health officials worry more Americans may end up with long COVID. The condition affects roughly one-third of COVID-19 survivors. For this episode, we hear from a Georgia mother of two who is living with long COVID.
Steve Fennessy and
Jess Mador
From blood clots to infected neurons, how COVID threatens the brain
The virus that causes COVID-19 can cause strokes, inflammation, oxygen deprivation and infection in the brain. And each of these may lead to long-term neurological problems.
Jon Hamilton
Coronavirus FAQ: What is long COVID? And what is my risk of getting it?
One of the surprising aspects of the pandemic is that symptoms can linger months after infection. This syndrome has been called "long COVID," and it's had a profound impact on many people's lives.
New clues to the biology of long COVID are starting to emerge
Scientists have begun to find abnormalities in the immune systems of some long-COVID patients that might help explain the syndrome, at least in some people. But there is still much more to learn.
New Study Finds More Than A Third Of COVID-19 Patients Have Symptoms Months Later
The symptoms, such as headache, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction, persist or recur months after diagnosis, far more often than they do for the flu, researchers say.
Scott Neuman


A man who recently got married was teased by a colleague friend that it wouldn't take long for his wife to dominate him and their marriage will break up in no more time. The married man replied him by saying, "I don't think so, if I do what the Bible teaches me to do as a husband and likewise my wife, we will live happily ever after as married couples". The negative colleague kept silent and left shamefully. We must learn to stand strong in our daily life experiences and run the devil out off our property. Jesus said in Luke 10:19 that He has given us authority in this earth. As children of God; we have the ability to rebuke anything that is contrary to God's plan for our lives. When we humble, obey and not opposing to the truth as written in James 4:7; the enemy will flee from us with his lies against God's Word. The married man replied to his colleague referring to the scriptures written about marriage in Ephesians 5:21-25. Thank God for His Word which gives wisdom, knowledge, strength, council and guidance? Be strong in the Lord and stand in the power of His Word.


Casa Cascada is located in the prestigious residential area of Costa Azul, in the charming beachside town of San Francisco (San Pancho) and is just a quick 2 minute walk to the beach. From the moment you enter this magnificent villa you will notice the dramatic ocean vistas, which are ever present throughout the home. Stairs meander through lavish tropical flora creating pathways to the many private nooks ending on the sculptured ocean view infinity pool. Five masterly designed en-suite bedrooms; each nestled in their own private area afford the best in relaxed luxury living. The expansive living area adjoins a tropical outdoor dining area in an open floor plan, which overlooks the pool. Located on the same level as the living area is the kitchen, dining room, outdoor gas barbecue a wet bar. Another unique feature of this property is the multitude of quiet alcoves, which affords the ability to easily slip away for quiet time or an intimate conversation. Casa Cascada was beautifully decorated by British designer, Anthony Chetwind and is adorned with elegance in all its ample living spaces. Perfect for hosting family or a group of friends, Casa Cascada has the feel of waterfalls from the moment one enters. An impressive cascade flows from the infinity edge pool over the stairs, which take you out of the home. The professional, attentive staff make your experience even more relaxing as they provide gourmet meals for you if you so desire, or, you can make your way down the villa's stairway for a meal at Mar Plata, one of San Pancho's finest restaurants, which sits just a moments walk away.


We have had the most phenomenal week of outdoor furniture plans to kick off this Memorial Day Weekend, and why not let it roll? We jump back to one of our most favorite collections here at TDC, the Chesapeake Collection with an amazing daybed! Squeal….
Cut the pieces for the legs according to the diagram. A circular saw may be the easiest way to do it but a jigsaw will be needed to cut out the straight section on the back of the legs.
Cut the pieces for the aprons. Set the Kreg jig for ¾" material and drill pocket holes in each end. The longer aprons will be flush with the face of the legs while the shorter aprons will be set 1-1/4" back from the inside edge. Secure to the legs using glue and 2" pocket hole screws.
Cut the pieces for the supports. Drill pocket holes in each end of the longer boards. Secure to the frame at the spacing indicated ¾" down from the top of the aprons (the bottom will be flush with the apron) using glue and 1-1/4" pocket hole screws. The shorter pieces will be attached to the longer side aprons using glue and 1-1/4" countersunk screws. They will also be located ¾" down from the top of the apron with the bottoms flush.
Cut the pieces for the side slats. Drill pocket holes in each end. The top slat will be located ½" down from the top of the leg and ¼" from the inside edge. Attach the side slats following the inside angle with 1" spacing in between using glue and 2" pocket hole screws.
Cut the pieces for the seat slats. They will be attached to the supports using glue and 1-1/4" countersunk screws. The end slats will be located 1-1/2" from the legs while the remaining slats will be spaced 3-1/2" apart.
I would love to try making this PB Inspired Chesapeake Daybed. Although I could not find the plans for it. Is there any chance that you can upload them again?
you got it! i shall get it all fixed up shortly!


Jobs in cleaning in Grimsby are advertised in the local job centre, in local newspapers, local radio stations and on notice boards in supermarkets. Various websites such as jobisjob.co.uk and indeed.co.uk have vacancies for jobs in cleaning in Grimsby.
Grimsby is situated on the Humber estaury in the county of Lincolnshire with a population of almost 88,000. Grimsby has almost five hundred food processing companies. Many of these companies are in the fish processing sector with Young's Seafood being the largest and giving employment to 2,500 people in the area.
Due to the thriving economy, jobs in cleaning in Grimsby are plentiful. Cleaners are employed in many sectors including industrial, commercial and by the local council. Council cleaners sweep the streets of litter, clear fallen leaves and unblock clogged drains. They also make sure public areas are clean and litter free and that the public street bins are emptied on a regular basis.
Contract cleaning companies such as Independent Cleaning Services and Kram Contract Cleaning operate in the Grimsby area. Kram offers £6.10 per hour. The office cleaners work outside regular office hours when the day workers have left. This type of cleaning job suits many stay at home mothers who can work in the evening and they do not have to pay for child minding as their partner is at home to mind the children.
Private house cleaning is also an option when looking for jobs in cleaning in Grimsby. These jobs are often filled by word of mouth.


Days 0–3 Weather Summary: Heavy rain (total 36mm), heaviest during Wed morning. Warm air temperatures (max 25°C on Wed afternoon, min 22°C on Mon morning). Winds increasing (light winds from the ENE on Mon morning, near gales from the SSE by Wed morning). Days 4–6 Weather Summary: Mostly dry. Warm air temperatures (max 22°C on Thu morning, min 17°C on Sat morning). Winds decreasing (strong winds from the N on Sat morning, light winds from the ESE by Sun morning).


Although it may seem like some people are naturally gifted with the art of great writing, while others have to go through a lot of efforts in order for their writing to be considered as good; this is really not the case. It is true, though, that some people are slightly better at expressing their thoughts and finding their way with words than others, it doesn't however mean that they would require to make any fewer efforts to become a great writer.
All accomplished writers had to put a lot of time, efforts, and dedication into their writing to achieve that position. Writing is purely a form of art and like all other forms of art; it needs a lot of practice and time. While there is no easy or short way to dramatically improve your writing, we do have a list of some great writing tips for you that will help you immensely on your path to becoming a great writer.
These tips are general in nature and are not restricted to any particular form or style of writing. So whether you're a college student, a freelancer writer, or just passionate about writing; you will find these tips to be invaluable.
Without further ado, let us present you with these proven tips for great writing.
You must have heard this one a lot, and that is simply because it really is one of the most effective tips to improve your writing skills. If you want to become a great writer, you must read the works of great writers. Read as often as you can, and pay close attention not only to the content but also to the style and mechanics those writers used. It will help you in understanding the elements that made those writings great.
In order to improve your writing, you must begin writing! As simple as it may sound, it is actually one of the hardest parts about writing. To begin writing, you don't need anything except a will to do so. Just think of a topic, grab a paper and pen or a laptop or whatever works for you; and just start writing.
At this stage, don't worry about how it looks. Just transform your thoughts into words and let them flow freely. It is one of the foremost things to do and the more often you do it, the more you will get used to writing.
You will always find good writers to be great observers. They pay due attention to the people, places, and events in their surroundings to draw inspiration for their setting, plot, themes, and characters. Good compositions are always based, at least to some extent, on real life people, issues, and events. If you want to write something worthwhile, try to develop a habit of closely and keenly observing your surroundings.
Connecting to the previous point, it is a good practice to keep a journal with you in order to note down all those great inspirations and ideas that cross your mind. Take notes about people, conversations, places, and events that you think might be useful for you to craft some great characters, setting, descriptions, dialogues, and themes for your content. It is especially useful for novice writers to ensure that they don't lose any of their brilliant ideas.
Crafting a good composition requires your undivided attention and concentration. If you are serious about improving your writing, it is best to find a spot where you can easily carry out your writing endeavors without any distraction. Writing is not an easy task in itself and any sort of distractions can make it harder for you to focus on writing. You need to find yourself a silent and serene place to sit down and write.
Wait, doesn't this negate the second tip in this list that says just start writing? Well actually, it doesn't. By planning, we don't mean that you are to sit down for hours and plan the entire piece in your mind, but just to do a bit of brainstorming to generate ideas, and plan out the structure and layout of your composition. Basically, it is just like making an outline in your mind where you determine what aspects and features of your topic you will be writing about, and in what order.
It is needless to say that you should have a strong command over grammar if you wish to craft effective and meaningful writings. Having poor grammar in your writing can have adverse effects on your readers even if it has some great expressions or ideas. A good writer not only knows the rules of grammar inside out, but he also knows when he can effectively break those rules and get away with it.
You don't necessarily need to have a grand topic or a large audience in order to start and run a blog. The point here is to simply get you started with writing. Your blog can be pretty much about any topic that you can think of.
You can even share your ideas and experiences as a new writer. If you happen to have a few readers, it is very likely that you'll be receiving direct feedback from them about your blog and it will help you determine how well you are doing as a writer, and possibly the areas that you should focus on improving.
If you fail to find such a group in your surroundings and acquaintances, don't worry because there are thousands of such groups and communities online that you can join. Being a part of such a group will immensely help you in progressing fast and in a meaningful direction as you'll be learning from the experiences of others, and will likely be able to avoid any mistakes they made in their pursuit to become good writers.
Writing is a skill and like any other skill; you need a lot of practice to excel at it. Writing can seem difficult and tedious at first but the more you practice it, the more you'll get better at it. Try to write something daily, and if possible, do it several times a day. It is a good idea to find a certain time of the day when you can write without any disturbance, and make it a routine to sit down and write at that time every day.
Writing is certainly not something easy as it takes a good deal of mental energy, and at times, can exhaust your working memory. This holds particularly true if you're in the beginning stages of your writing endeavors. On such occasions, you will find yourself get very easily distracted by the TV, internet, or anything else. It is a bit difficult in the beginning but with a little time and patience, you will easily learn how to cope with this and not lose your focus. In time, you will learn when to take a well-deserved break, and when to push yourself to keep on going.
This is one of the most effective and proven ways to improve your writing skills in a comparatively short time. Fortunately, the internet is loaded with hundreds of thousands of such exercises that you can download and practice with for free. Practicing with these exercises lets you explore and experiment with a variety of forms, techniques, and styles of writing.
Spotting and fixing your own mistakes is not always easy, but it is crucial to develop good writing skills. Initially, you just focus on writing down your thoughts and proofreading comes at a fairly later stage, but it's an important step nonetheless.
Once you're done with writing, take some time off, ideally a day or two, and then return to your piece to examine it for sentence construction, parallel structure, spelling mistakes, and the overall unity and flow of the text.
It is needless to say that you need to have strong grammar skills for effective proofreading. After you're done, it is better to get it proofread by someone else to ensure you didn't miss anything out.
While it may seem tempting to use uncommon words and flowery language in your writing, you should avoid doing so by all means. A distinguishing characteristic of good writing is that it's always concise and simple. Avoid using unnecessarily longer sentences, and try to express yourself effectively in as fewer words as possible.
The beginning and end of your texts are very important, especially the beginning. If you don't grab the reader's attention and interest in the start, it is not likely that they will read your text, at least not with any interest. Always try to have a strong start that makes the reader want to read more. You can start with a quote, an anecdote, an interesting statistic, or even a thought-provoking question.
This list of writing tips was crafted after thorough research on the suggestions, biographies, and interviews of numerous accomplished and successful writers; where they shared the obstacles they faced during their initial writing period and the ways in which they overcame those obstacles. Regardless of the form of writing you're interested in and the purpose of your writing, incorporating these tips into your writing will help you improve your writing to a great extent.


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Force is still with 'Star Wars,' with massive N.America opening
British actor Daisy Ridley poses with stormtroopers upon arrival for the European premiere of Disney's "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker" in London on December 18, 2019
The force is clearly still with the galactic good guys, as "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker" opened with a massive estimated take of $175.5 million in North America, industry watcher Exhibitor Relations reported Sunday.
The Disney film scored the third biggest December debut ever, behind only the two earlier chapters in the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy, "The Force Awakens" and "The Last Jedi," according to Variety.
"Rise of Skywalker," directed by J.J. Abrams and starring Adam Driver, Mark Hamill, Daisy Ridley and Oscar Isaac, blew away the weekend's competition.
Its domestic take was nearly seven times that of the No. 2 movie, Sony's game-inspired "Jumanji: The Next Level," which booked $26.1 million for the Friday-through-Sunday period. It stars Jack Black, Dwayne ("The Rock") Johnson and Kevin Hart.
In third was another Disney product, "Frozen II," at $12.3 million. The animated film recounts the return to Arendelle and the magical animated world of Queen Elsa (voiced by Idina Menzel) and the gang.
Fourth place went to Universal's film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Cats," at $6.5 million. Tom Hooper, critically acclaimed for his work on "The King's Speech" and "The Danish Girl," directed the movie.
But despite an all-star cast including Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, Jennifer Hudson, Idris Elba and James Corden, the musical has received stunningly bad reviews (the Guardian called it a "dreadful hairball of woe," while for the Wall Street Journal it was "a confusing litter box of intentions").
In fifth spot was Lionsgate's droll murder mystery "Knives Out," at $6.1 million. Daniel Craig plays a Southern detective hired to unravel the bloody death of a wealthy patriarch.
Rounding out the top 10 were:
"Bombshell" ($5.1 million)
"Richard Jewell" ($2.6 million)
"Queen & Slim" ($1.9 million)
"Black Christmas" ($1.8 million)
"Ford v. Ferrari" ($1.8 million)
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Bluepoint Technologies employs a carefully selected team of engineers and technicians that have the right qualifications and experience.
Bluepoint Technologies consistently invests in training and works closely with its training partner , namely CNet Training, which is a global provider of data centre and network infrastructure training programmes, to ensure that its team is kept up to date with the latest standards and installation techniques ensuring that the quality of the service provided exceeds expectations.
Here's a brief overview of the qualifications held by the Bluepoint Technologies team:BICSI, RCDD (Registered Communications Distribution Designer), CNCI (Certified Network Cabling Installer), CNIDP (Certified Network Infrastructure Design Professional), City & Guilds, CSCS Cards, SSSTS, IPAF, Prince2 and CTPM (Certified Telecommunications Project Manager).
Bluepoint Technologies' is proud that its team members hold the coveted Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD) qualification as according to the worldwide association for cabling design and installation professionals, BICSI: "Those awarded with the RCDD designation have demonstrated their knowledge in the design, implementation, integration and project management of telecommunications and data communications technology and related infrastructure".
Another noteworthy qualification held by the Bluepoint team includes the Certified Network Cable Installer (CNCI), the training programme and certification for which is helping to shape the future of the network cabling infrastructure industry. Furthermore, CNCI certified individuals have demonstrated the highest levels of knowledge, skills and expertise in network cabling infrastructures.
Bluepoint Technologies' team members also hold the highly regarded PRINCE2 project management qualification. It is used by the government, in the private sector and is recognised throughout the world. PRINCE is an acronym for PRojects IN Controlled Environments.
Bluepoint Technologies holds a number of accreditations and its team also holds security clearances.