For the award recognizing achievement in the Latin music industry, see Latin Grammy Award. For the classical music award presented by Gramophone magazine, see Gramophone Award.
A Grammy Award (stylized as GRAMMY, originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest. The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually (between the American Music Awards in the Fall, and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer).
It shares recognition of the music industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Academy Awards (film), the Emmy Awards (television), the Tony Awards (theater), and the Game Awards (video games).
The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4, 1959, to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Following the 2011 ceremony, the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012.
The 61st Annual Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018, were held on February 10, 2019, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.
By February 2009, a total of 7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded.
Since 2012 there have been a small number of adjustments made to the list of categories and genre fields. The number of categories has gone up from 78 in 2012 to 84 in 2017.
Whereas members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences are generally invited to screenings or are sent DVDs of films nominated for Oscars, NARAS members do not receive nominated recordings. Instead, they receive access to a private online listening function.
The eligibility period for the 61st Annual Grammy Awards was October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018.
A special Grammy Award of merit is awarded intermittently to recognize "ongoing contributions and influence in the recording field". It has been called the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Living Legend Award at different ceremonies. As of 2018,[update] only fourteen solo musicians and one band have received this award.
In recent years, the remarks given by the president of The Recording Academy has been followed by an In Memoriam segment. The segment was later preceded by the final commercial break of the broadcast.
Prior to 1971 the Grammy Award ceremonies were held in different locations on the same day. Originally New York City and Los Angeles were the host cities. Chicago joined being a host city in 1962, and then Nashville became the fourth location in 1965.
In 2004 the Staples Center became the permanent home of the award ceremonies. The Grammy Museum was built across the street from Staples Center in LA Live to preserve the history of the Grammy Awards. Embedded on the sidewalks at the museum streets are bronze disks, similar to the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honoring each year's top winners, Record of the Year, Best New Artist, Album of the Year, and Song of the Year. During May 2017 it was announced that the 60th Annual Grammy Awards would take place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, marking the first time the Grammys have taken place outside of Los Angeles since 2003.
They have also been criticized for generally awarding or nominating more commercially successful albums rather than critically successful ones. In 1991, Sinead O'Connor became the first musician to refuse a Grammy, boycotting the ceremony after being nominated for Record of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Performance. O'Connor would go on to win the latter category. She said that her reasoning came from the Grammys' extreme commercialism.
In his article "Everything Is Praised Again", Jon Caramanica of The New York Times criticized Grammy voters for being "conservative" and disregarding more "forward-looking" music, and wrote in response to the 54th Grammy Awards, "for the umpteenth time, the Grammys went with familiarity over risk, bestowing album of the year honors (and several more) on an album that reinforced the values of an older generation suspicious of change." He cited the Grammy successes of Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation (1999), Norah Jones' Come Away with Me (2003), and Adele's 21 (2011) as examples of "the Grammys dropp[ing] a boatload of awards on a young female singer-songwriter and her breakthrough album". Of Kanye West's absence from the ceremony, Caramanica stated, "He didn't even bother to show up for the broadcast, which was well enough, because hip-hop was almost completely marginalized."
The Grammys' eligibility period – which runs from October 1 to September 30 each year – is also a perennial source of complaints and confusion. Because records that are released in the last quarter of a given year are not eligible for that year's awards, fans often think a favorite artist has been snubbed (e.g., Adele, whose 25 was released in November 2015 and so was not nominated that year despite massive sales). Conversely, the same issue means that the Grammys often recognize work that no longer feels current by the time it wins. Taylor Swift's 1989, for example, won Album of the Year in 2016, even though the album was released in October 2014. The same was the case with Adele's 25. It was released in November 2015 but received the award in 2017.
The Grammys have also been accused of being unfavorable and racist to black recording artists. Canadian artist Drake accused the awards in a 2017 interview of seeing him only as a rapper and not as a pop-music artist because of his previous work and because of his heritage. He criticized the snubbing of "One Dance" for the prestigious award of Record of the Year and the nomination of "Hotline Bling" for Best Rap Song and Best Rap/Sung Performance despite it not being a rap song. The Atlantic's Spencer Kornhaber accused the Grammys of "sidelining a black visionary work in favor of a white traditionalist one". Drake did not attend the 2017 Awards Ceremony where he was nominated. He had a performance in Manchester, England on February 12, 2017, the same night as the ceremony. Frank Ocean was vocal about boycotting the same Grammy Awards and did not submit his album for awards consideration as a protest.
The Grammys have also received criticism for their treatment of female artists. Notably at the 60th Grammy Awards, New Zealand singer Lorde made media headlines after turning down an offer to perform at the ceremony. She claimed that she was invited to perform alongside several other artists in a tribute to Tom Petty but was refused a solo slot, despite being nominated for the Album of the Year Award and stated that each of the male nominees were allowed solo performances. Lorde's mother also criticized the Grammys, pointing out an article which stated that only nine percent of nominees at the previous six Grammy Awards were women. Following the 60th ceremony, many media outlets reported that the ceremony had failed women, specifically pointing to the most nominated female artist SZA who did not win in any of her five nominated categories and to the Best Pop Solo Performance category which was composed of four female nominees but won by Ed Sheeran. In an interview, Neil Portnow, President of the Recording Academy attracted controversy by stating that female artists need to "step up" in order to win awards. Portnow's comments drew criticism from many female musicians including Pink, Katy Perry, Vanessa Carlton, Sheryl Crow, Iggy Azalea, Halsey and Charli XCX. They also prompted the hashtag #GrammysSoMale on social media.
I can pull together a performance over night and you know that, Ken, it was when my creativity & self expression was stifled by you, that I decided not to attend. I hope the show is exactly what you want it to be and more.
The Recording Academy announced on June 21, 2011, that it had reached a new deal with CBS to keep the awards show on the network for another 10 years. As part of the new contract the network also could air "nominations concert" special in the last week of November where the nominees are released during the special that is exclusive to CBS, rather than the traditional early-morning press conference with a release of the nominations seen with most major awards ceremonies which any network takes as part of a press pool. This was discontinued after the 2016 concert due to low ratings and criticism about the announcement format, and as of the 2017 nominations, they are revealed during a roundtable conversation about the nominations with Recording Academy representatives during CBS This Morning. In 2016, the Grammys became the first awards show to be broadcast live in all U.S. territories, and for decades, alongside the Academy Awards, Primetime Emmy Awards and Tony Awards, have aired live in more than 150 countries worldwide.
For years, the Grammys were usually held on the second Sunday of February, with two exceptions: if that day was February 14 (Valentine's Day), it was moved to the following day; if it was a Winter Olympics year, it was held earlier on the last Sunday of January. In 2020, the Academy Awards moved their ceremony back to the second Sunday of February, forcing the Grammys to move theirs back to the last Sunday of January to avoid a conflict with either the Oscars or the Super Bowl on the first Sunday in February.
^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame History". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
^ "Making the Grammy". Billingsartworks.com. 2006. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ "THE RECORDING ACADEMY® CONTINUES EVOLUTION OF GRAMMY® AWARDS". April 6, 2011.
^ "Explanation For Category Restructuring". GRAMMY.com. 5 April 2011.
^ "The Academy Continues Evolution Of GRAMMY Awards Process". April 6, 2011.
^ "See The Full List Of 60th GRAMMY Nominees". GRAMMY.com. 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
^ "Grammy Legend Award". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
^ "When are the 2018 GRAMMYs?". Grammy.com. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ Luling, Todd Van (2016-02-15). "The Grammys Are Even More Terrible Than You Thought". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
^ "Drake Won't Be at the Grammy Awards". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
^ "Here's why Lorde turned down a Grammy performance - NME". January 28, 2018.
^ "How the 2018 Grammys failed women artists".
^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (January 30, 2018). "Pink, Sheryl Crow and more slam Grammys boss for telling women to 'step up'". the Guardian.
^ "The Internet Is Calling Out the Grammys With #GrammysSoMale". Time. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
^ Aswad, Jem (February 5, 2019). "Ariana Grande Not Attending Grammys After Disagreements With Producers". Variety.
^ "Ariana Grande slams Grammys producer and accuses him of lying". CBS News. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
^ "Grammy Awards Furious Oscars Ambushed Them on Traditional Date: "It was a very disrespectful move on their part"". Showbiz411. August 8, 2018.
^ "Grammy Awards Sets Dates For 2020 & 2021". Deadline Hollywood. October 23, 2018.
^ Porter, Rick (February 11, 2019). "'Shark Tank' and Grammys pre-show adjust down: Sunday final ratings". Retrieved February 23, 2019.
^ Porter, Rick (January 30, 2018). "'Shark Tank' and Grammys pre-show adjust down: Sunday final ratings". Retrieved August 18, 2018.
^ a b c "Average cost of a TV commercial during the Grammy Awards 2014 | Statistic". Statista.com. July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Grammy Awards TV Ratings Nielsen Ratings - Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. January 28, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
^ Hampp, Andrew (2013). "Grammys Bump More Than Sales". Billboard Magazine: 27.
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Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as Americas greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Edison was an inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France. Edisons inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications and these included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his career as a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of generation and distribution to homes, businesses. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York, Thomas Edison was born in Milan and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr.
and Nancy Matthews Elliott. His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario, in a known as Shewsbury, Vienna. Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837 and his father, Samuel Sr. had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr. s struggle found him on the losing side, once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way of New Jersey and his mother taught him at home. Much of his education came from reading R. G, parkers School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age, the cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. In his years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, Edisons family moved to Port Huron, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined.
Kacey Lee Musgraves is an American country music singer and songwriter. She self-released three albums before appearing on the season of the USA Networks singing competition Nashville Star in 2007. She signed to Mercury Nashville in 2012 and has released two acclaimed albums on the label, Same Trailer Different Park and Pageant Material. Her first Christmas-themed album, A Very Kacey Christmas, was released on October 28,2016, Musgraves was born in Golden, Texas. She began songwriting at the age of eight, when she wrote a song called Notice Me for her school graduation. Musgraves first got her start in the music industry at the age of 18. Her mother would take her to music festivals to sing western swing music. While living in Austin in 2008, Kacey was discovered, recordings from that time are available on a digital EP online, Musgraves joined Lady Antebellum on their Own the Night 2012 tour in the United Kingdom. She signed with Mercury Nashville in 2012 and released her debut single Merry Go Round.
The song is included on her album Same Trailer Different Park and she co-wrote Miranda Lamberts 2013 single Mamas Broken Heart. Same Trailer Different Park produced additional hit singles in Blowin Smoke, undermine, a song co-written by Musgraves and Trent Dabbs, was featured in the ABC television series Nashville on October 17,2012. Musgraves was nominated for four awards at the 47th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards, kaceys fourth studio album, Same Trailer Different Park, debuted at number 2, selling 42,000 copies. Musgraves was nominated for four Grammy Awards at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, tying Taylor Swift and those nominations included Best New Artist, Best Country Album, and Best Country Song for both Mamas Broken Heart and Merry Go Round. Merry Go Round won the Best Country Song Grammy award, Kacey Musgraves joined Katy Perry on the North American leg of her Prismatic World Tour as well as Willie Nelson and Alison Krauss on select dates during their tour. Musgraves provided backing vocals for Bourbon in Kentucky, the single on Dierks Bentleys 2013 album Riser.
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which controls the current Viacom.
The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H.
The Recording Academy is a U. S. organization of musicians, recording engineers and other recording professionals. The Recording Academy is headquartered in Santa Monica, neil Portnow is the current president of The Academy. The Recording Academy, which began in 1957, is known for its Grammy Awards, in 1997, the Recording Academy launched The Latin Recording Academy, which produces the Latin Grammy Awards. Michael Greene was the founder and the first President of the Latin Grammys, the origin of the Academy dates back to the beginning of the 1950s Hollywood Walk of Fame project. The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce asked the help of recording industry executives in compiling a list of people in the music business who should be honored by Walk of Fame stars. This was the start of the Academy and of the Grammy Awards, the Producers and Engineers Wing is a part of the academy made up of producers, engineers and other technically involved professionals. It is composed of almost 6,000 members, the producers and engineers wing addresses various aspects of issues facing the recording profession.
Emile Berliner, originally Emil Berliner, was a German-born American inventor. He is best known for inventing the flat disc phonograph record, Berliner was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1851 into a Jewish merchant family. Though raised in a Jewish family, he became an agnostic. He completed an apprenticeship to become a merchant, as was family tradition, while his real hobby was invention, he worked as an accountant to make ends meet. To avoid being drafted for the Franco-Prussian War, Berliner migrated to the United States of America in 1870 with a friend of his fathers, in whose shop he worked in Washington, D. C. He moved to New York and, living off temporary work, such as doing the paper route and cleaning bottles, after some time working in a livery stable, he became interested in the new audio technology of the telephone and phonograph, and invented an improved telephone transmitter. The patent was acquired by the Bell Telephone Company, in America, Thomas Edison and Berliner fought a long legal battle over the patent rights.
Berliner subsequently moved to Boston in 1877 and worked for Bell Telephone until 1883, emile Berliner became a United States citizen in 1881. Berliner invented what was probably the first radial engine, a helicopter. In 1886 Berliner began experimenting with methods of sound recording and he was granted his first patent for what he called the Gramophone in 1887. By 1890 a Berliner licensee in Germany was manufacturing a toy Gramophone and five-inch hard rubber discs, but because key US patents were still pending they were sold only in Europe. Berliner meant his Gramophone to be more than a mere toy and he began marketing seven-inch records and a more substantial Gramophone, which was, still hand-propelled like the smaller toy machine. The difficulty in using early hand-driven Gramophones was getting the turntable to rotate at a steady speed while playing a disc. The US Berliner Gramophone Company shut down in mid-1900 and Berliner moved to Canada, the Berliner Gramophone Co. of Canada was chartered on 8 April 1904 and reorganized as the Berliner Gramophone Co.
The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre.
From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian.
Christopher Chris Cross is an American singer-songwriter from San Antonio, Texas. His debut album earned him five Grammy Awards and he is perhaps best known for his US Top Five hit songs, Ride Like the Wind and Arthurs Theme, the latter recorded by him for the film Arthur starring Dudley Moore. Sailing earned three Grammys in 1981, while Arthurs Theme won the Oscar for Best Original Song in 1981, Cross first played with a San Antonio-based cover band named Flash before signing a solo contract with Warner Bros. in 1978. Cross released his debut album, Christopher Cross, in 1979. The Billboard Hot 100 top 20 hits from this album included Ride Like the Wind, Never Be the Same, due to the almost immediate success and popularity gained by his first album, he was nominated for several Grammy Awards, garnering five. Crosss second album, Another Page, included the hit songs Arthurs Theme, All Right, No Time for Talk, Another Page sold well, getting Gold Certification. He co-wrote and sang the song A Chance For Heaven for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, after 1984, Crosss star quickly dimmed.
Crosss next two albums, 1985s Every Turn of the World and 1988s Back of My Mind did not produce any top 40 hits or reach Gold or Platinum status. Cross made three albums in the 1990s, and although some of his releases have gained critical response. After his decline in fame in the mid-1980s, he toured and opened for acts during the 1990s. In 2002 he released his Very Best of, and in 2007 he completed a Christmas album, A Christopher Cross Christmas. In 2008 recorded a new album of his hits titled The Cafe Carlyle Sessions. In 2011 Cross released a new album titled Doctor Faith. In 2013 he released A Night in Paris, a 2-CD live album he recorded and filmed in April 2012 at the Theatre Le Trianon in Paris, the song Ride Like The Wind was featured on the Anchorman 2, The Legend Continues original movie soundtrack, released in 2013. In September 2014 he released his latest album, Secret Ladder, Cross married Jan Bunch in 1988. They have two children, son Rain and daughter Madison and that home had earlier belonged to the Cummins family.
The Town of Ridgway, coined Gateway to the San Juans, is a Home Rule Municipality in Ouray County, in the southwestern portion of the U. S. State of Colorado. The town is a railroad stop on the Uncompaghre River in the northern San Juan Mountains. The town population was 713 at the 2000 census and 924 according to the 2010 census, steep forested mountains and cliffs surround Ridgway on the south and northeast. The Uncompahgre River runs through the town and flows into the Ridgway State Park and Reservoir, Dallas Creek flows from the south west and forms a confluence with the Uncompahgre before entering the reservoir. There is a notable wildlife presence — mountain lions, deer, bears, wild turkey, the regions bald eagles nest in the cottonwoods along the river and are a common sight in the late fall. Ridgway and the area have featured predominantly in pop culture. Most notably the area is the setting of John Waynes western movie True Grit, Ridgway has the only stoplight in Ouray County, at the intersection of Highways 550 and 62.
Ridgway began as a town, serving the nearby mining towns of Telluride. The town site is at the terminus of the Rio Grande Southern Railroad where it meets with Denver. Ridgway was located about 3 miles south of the town of Dallas. Articles of incorporation were filed on May 22,1890 and granted on March 4,1891, the town was named for Denver and Rio Grande railroad superintendent Robert M. Ridgway, who established the town in 1891. The Rio Grande Southern filed for abandonment on April 24,1952, the dam for that reservoir, the Ridgway Dam, was proposed in 1957 as part of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamations Dallas Creek Project, and its original location would have inundated Ridgway. A1975 decision to put the dam further downstream kept the town above-water, land around the reservoir became the Ridgway State Park north of town limits. Ridgway is situated in the Uncompahgre Valley at an elevation of 6,985 feet, the town is located on the San Juan Skyway, cradled in the heart of some of the most photographed mountains in the world.
The term gilding covers a number of decorative techniques for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold. A gilded object is described as gilt. Where metal is gilded, it was silver in the West, to make silver-gilt objects, but gilt-bronze is commonly used in China. Methods of gilding include hand application and glueing, chemical gilding, and electroplating, parcel-gilt objects are only gilded over part of their surfaces. This may mean that all of the inside, and none of the outside, of a chalice or similar vessel is gilded, herodotus mentions that the Egyptians gilded wood and metals, and many such objects have been excavated. Certain Ancient Greek statues of great prestige were chryselephantine, i. e. made of gold and ivory, extensive ornamental gilding was used in the ceiling coffers of the Propylaea. But he adds that luxury advanced on them so rapidly that in very little time you see all, even private and poor people, gild the walls, vaults.
Owing to the thickness of the gold leaf used in ancient gilding. Fire-gilding of metal goes back at least to the 4th century BC, in Europe, silver-gilt has always been more common than gilt-bronze, but in China the opposite has been the case. The ancient Chinese developed the gilding of porcelain, which was taken up by the French. Modern gilding is applied to numerous and diverse surfaces and by various processes, mechanical gilding includes all the operations in which gold leaf is prepared, and the processes to mechanically attach the gold onto surfaces. The process is completed by cold burnishing, overlaying or folding or hammering on gold foil or gold leaf is the simplest and most ancient method, and is mentioned in Homers Odyssey and the Old Testament. The Ram in a Thicket of about 2600–2400 BCE from Ur uses this technique on wood, the next advances involved two simple processes. The first involves gold leaf, which is gold that is hammered or cut very thin sheets. If gilding on canvas or on wood, the surface was often first coated with gesso, gesso is a substance made of finely ground gypsum or chalk mixed with glue.
Frances Densmore recording Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief on a cylinder phonograph in 1916.
A radio broadcasting system from 1906.
Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.
CBS News engineers prepare a remote: Justice Hugo Black's 1937 denial of Klan ties.
Inaugural winner, Bobby Darin went on to score 22 top 40 hits in America, including five top three hits and a number one song.
Bob Newhart (seen here in 2002) won the Grammy for his work as a comedian. The same year he also won the Album of the Year award.
Peter Nero (left) was the first Jazz musician to win the award.
The Swingle Singers were the first group and Foreign act to win the Award and are still active today.
Gilded page edges on a book.
Edison's Menlo Park Laboratory, reconstructed at Greenfield Village at Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as in this picture from the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition.


Barack Obama's speech at tonight's Jefferson-Jackson dinner in Iowa took him back to the roots of his stardom. Crucially, the setting was similar to that of the 2004 Democratic national convention, where Obama's keynote speech changed his destiny: Obama appeared onstage alone, before a roaring auditorium crowd, delivering an oratorically ambitious speech. It was a far cry from the candidate debates, with their silly questions and Mike Gravels, which have diminished Obama--or his sometimes lackluster town hall meetings with voters. Instead, Obama showed off his star power again and, for me at least, refreshed the logic of his call for "change that we can believe in."
Obama was all the more dramatic because he offered one of his sharpest critiques of Hillary Clinton to date. He went on something of a tear against Clintonism and the too-clever-by-half politics of what he called "Washington textbook campaigns." "Not answering questions because we're afraid our answers won't be popular just won't do it," Obama said--obviously referring to Hillary's debate performance last week. Without naming Hillary, he also ripped the practice of "telling the American people what we think they want to hear instead of telling the American people what they need to hear" and relying on "triangulating and poll driven positions because we're worried about what Mitt or Rudy might say about us. If we are really serious about winning this election, then we can't live in fear of losing." The Democratic Party, he said, has been best "when we led not by polls, but by principle; not by calculation, but by conviction." One can take some issue here (isn't it reasonable to worry about saying things that give "Mitt or Rudy" easy avenues for attack?). But to see Obama in his grandiose element, looking poised and confident, feeding off the energy of the surging crowd, was an important reminder of why he's made it so far so fast.
John Edwards gave a familiar speech about his humble rural origins, the evil power of lobbyists and, striking a similar chord to Obama, the need for Democrats "to stand up as a party with some backbone and some strength, and to not back down from what we believe in." Most interesting, perhaps, Edwards also riffed on how George W. Bush has "destroyed" the "trust relationship" between Americans and their president. "You're in a place to judge who is trustworthy, who is honest, who is sincere, who can restore that trust relationship," Edwards said. This reminded me of Bush's famous promise to restore honor and decency to the Oval Office--only this time it was clearly Hillary Clinton's honor at issue and not Bill's.
I doubt any of the other three candidates changed any minds tonight. Chris Dodd was particularly senatorial and lackluster, see below re: Richardson, and although Joe Biden delivered dramatically grave remarks summed up here, they seemed to yield extremely wan applause.
Prior to tonight's dinner there was much chatter about how the event might reshape the Democratic race. I didn't see anything like that. If I had to declare a winner it would definitely be Obama, who made me think anew about his potential as a nominee who can excite voters. But my main conclusion is that these candidates have all established their basic rationales and critiques, ones unlikely to change much between now and January 3. From here it's an endurance test, a struggle to avoid unforced errors--and, above all, a furious ground game to get your damn people to the caucuses.


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US Supreme Court Decisions - On-Line> Volume 59 > UNITED STATES V. LARKIN, 59 U. S. 557 (1855)
UNITED STATES V. LARKIN, 59 U. S. 557 (1855)
United States v. Larkin, 59 U.S. 18 How. 557 557 (1855)
United States v. Larkin
59 U.S. (18 How.) 557
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED
STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
Where there was a grant of land in California made by the governor to the secretary of the government, and neither the petition nor the patent stated the quantity, but the concession and direction by the governor to the proper officer to issue the patent limited the quantity to eleven square leagues, this concession and direction constitute a part of the evidence of title, and are sufficient to make a good grant for that amount. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The petition to the governor was accompanied with a sketch or map giving the location and boundaries of the tract. The patent refers to this sketch, and by it the land can be located.
The fraudulent nature of the grant was not made a question in the court below, and therefore cannot be made here. Moreover, there is no evidence of fraud.
The objections that the case was not submitted to the departmental assembly and that judicial possession was not taken of the land are overruled by the case of United States v. Fremont, 17 How. 542.
Neither the act of the Mexican congress of 1824 nor the regulations of 1828 prescribe any particular form of grants or patents of the public lands. And there is no uniformity with respect to the conditions imposed upon the grantee either in those which relate to the cultivation or taking possession of the land. The absence of the condition of settlement within a limited time will not avoid the grant in this case.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
MR. JUSTICE NELSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a decree of the district Court of the United States for the Northern District of California, in which a land claim was confirmed to the appellees, and which had been previously confirmed by the board of commissioners.
The grant was made to Manuel Jimeno, who was at the time secretary of the government of California, by Governor Micheltorena on the 4th November, 1844.
The petition for the same is as follows:
"EXCELLENT SIR GOVERNOR: "
"I, Manuel Jimeno Cassarin, a resident of this department, represent before Y. E., with due respect that inasmuch as it suits my interests to establish a rancho about (port) the Sacramento River, according to the accompanying sketch, I entreat Y. E. to be pleased to grant to me, since it lies completely unoccupied, and nobody has petitioned for it, the land, as it is made apparent by the general map, formed this year by the Land Surveyor Bidwell. By which grace I will receive mercy from Y. E."
"[Signed] MANUEL JIMENO"
"Monterey, November the 1, 1844"
And on the same day the governor made the following memorandum:
"Monterey, November 1, 1844"
"The party concerned not being able to report on account of his being at a time concerned party and secretary of government,
I order that whatever it may be convenient to have in mind for the purpose of coming to a determination be brought to my knowledge."
"[Signed] MICHELTORENA"
And on the next day directions were given for the issuing of the patent, as follows:
"Monterey, November the 2d, 1844"
"After having seen the petition at the head of this record of proceedings, the uncultivated state in which the land petitioned for lies, according to the general map which has been formed of the Sacramento River, and whatever else it was found convenient to attend to, in conformity with the laws and regulations on the subject, I declare Don Manuel Jimeno the owner of eleven square leagues 'Sitios de Ganado Mayor' between Sacramento River, the ranch which the children of Senor Larkin have applied for, and the vacant lands lying south, as the respective sketch shows. Let the corresponding patent be issued, let it be entered in the respective book, and let it be delivered to the party concerned, for his security, and other ends."
And on the 4th November the patent was issued, in the following terms:
"[L.S.]"
"[Maritime Custom House, Monterey]"
"The citizen Manuel Micheltorena, general of brigade of the Mexican army, Adjutant-General of the staff of the same, Governor, Commandant-General, and Inspector of the Department of Californias."
"[Govern't of the Department of the Californias]"
"Whereas Don Manuel Jimeno has petitioned for his personal benefit for the tract of land which is unoccupied between the ranch which has been granted to the children of Don Tomas O. Larkin, the River Sacramento, and the uncultivated lands which are on the side of the south, entirely in conformity with the showing in the corresponding plan. The necessary preliminaries and investigations having been gone through with, as directed by the laws and regulations on the subject, exercising the authority in me vested in the name of the Mexican nation, I have just granted to him the said land, subject to the following conditions:"
"1. He may enclose it without prejudice to the cross-ways, roads, and right of way; he shall enjoy it freely and exclusively, destining it to the use and cultivation which best suits him."
"2. He shall solicit the proper judge to give him juridical possession
of it, in virtue of this grant, for the which boundaries thereof shall be marked out, within the limits of which, besides the usual landmarks, he shall plant some fruit-bearing or some forest trees of some utility."
"3. If he shall contravene these conditions, he will lose his right to the land."
"Wherefore, I order this title, being of itself duly firm and valid. Record thereof shall be taken in the proper book, and that it be delivered to the party interested for his security, and for other purposes."
"Given in Monterey this fourth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty-four."
"[Sg'd] MAN'L MICHELT'A"
"[Sg'd] FRANC'O ARCE"
"First Official"
"The record of this grant has been taken in the proper book, folio."
"FRANC'O ARCE"
On the 21st April, 1846, Jimeno made application to the departmental assembly for a confirmation of his grant.
"To the excellent departmental assembly:"
"I, Manuel Jimeno, represent before Y. E., with all due respect, that by the adjoined title is proved the grant, made in my favor, of a tract of land on the margins of the Sacramento ('corresponde') River, and, inasmuch as it pertains correspond to Y. E., to give Y. E. approval."
"I beg Y. E. to deign to grant it to me, whereby I will receive grace and mercy. I swear so, and Y. E. will be pleased to excuse my usage of common paper, there being none of the corresponding paper."
"Monterey, April the 21, 1846"
And on the 3d June, the same year, that body acted upon the application of which we have the following record:
"Angeles, June 3, 1846"
"Account having been given in today's session to the excellent departmental assembly, with this instancy, it was ordered to be referred, together with the respective record of proceedings, to the committee on vacant lands."
"[Signed] AUGUSTIN OLIVERA"
chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Jimeno and his wife conveyed all their interest in the land to the appellees on the 30th August, 1847, soon after which the grantees took actual possession, and have occupied and possessed the same ever since.
The petition to the governor was accompanied with a sketch or map giving the location and boundaries of the tract solicited, and referred also to a general map of the valley of the Sacramento River, made by Bidwell, a land surveyor, the same year. The quantity of land was not specifically designated in the petition. Neither does the patent itself designate the quantity, but refers to the sketch accompanying the petition. But the concession and direction by the governor to the proper officer to issue the patent limits the quantity to eleven square leagues, and which concession and direction constitute a part of the evidence of the title, or, according to the Mexican vocabulary, a part of the "expediente," and therefore may well qualify and limit the quantity to this number even if the number of leagues within the boundaries, as given by the rough sketch, exceeded it, especially should this construction be given as the power of the governor to grant to a single person was limited so as not to exceed this quantity, according to the 12th section of the decree of the Mexican Congress of the 18th August, 1824.
The decree of the commissioners, and also of the district court, very properly limited the confirmation to the extent only of eleven square leagues, provided the quantity should be contained within the sketch called for by the patent, and if there should be less than that quantity, then no more than this lesser quantity is confirmed.
No question appears to have been made as to the practicability of locating the grant in the tribunals below; nor do we see any ground upon which such a question could have been properly raised in the case.
The plan or sketch found in the expediente in connection with the description given in the grant furnishes all the materials essential to determine the boundaries. Three sides are given, and the quantity will guide the surveyor in closing the lines by running the fourth.
It has been suggested on the argument here that this grant is a fictitious one, made by the governor to the secretary of the territory according to the forms of law for the purpose of defrauding the United States. One answer to the suggestion is that no objection as to the bona fides of the grant was taken before either of the tribunals below, where it should have been made, if relied on by the government, so as to have given the claimants an opportunity to have met it. To permit it to be taken in the appellate court for the first time, where there is no chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
opportunity for explanation, would be a surprise upon them of which they might justly complain. The commissioners say, "the grant is fully proven, and we find no cause to doubt its genuineness." And the judges of the district court observe "that the grant is fully proved; nor is its genuineness called in question."
Besides this answer to the suggestion, even were we to entertain the question, we see nothing in the record to justify the imputation. The grant was made 4th November, 1844, at a time when California was in the full possession of the Mexican authorities and more than a year previous to any hostile entry of the forces of the United States, and more than three years before the cession of the country to this government. The fact that seems most to be relied on to maintain the suggestion is that Jimeno, the grantee, was the secretary of the territory at the time, and hence the grant an act of favoritism. But there is nothing in the decree of 18th August, 1824, of the Mexican Congress, or in the regulations of the 21st November, 1828, forbidding such grants. On the contrary, it is known to be the usual mode of remuneration to an officer of the government for meritorious public services. A preference is given to such officers in the distribution of the public lands by the 9th article of decree of 1824, above referred to.
It is also objected that the grant does not contain the condition of confirmation by the departmental assembly, and also that there has been no confirmation by that body.
The 5th regulation of November, 1828, provides that grants to individuals or families shall not be definitively valid without the previous approbation of the departmental assembly to which the respective "expedientes" shall be referred. There is nothing in this or any other regulation that requires this condition to be inserted in the patent.
It appears from the records in the case that the grant was submitted to this body by Jimeno on the 21st April, 1846, and that that body, on the 3d June following, referred it to the committee on vacant lands; but for aught that appears, no further action was had upon it. The expediente, however, which was before this body seems afterwards to have been returned to the appropriate office for the keeping of these records, and was found in the government archives.
The 6th regulation of 1828 provides that "if the governor does not obtain the approval of the departmental assembly, he shall report the same to the supreme government," together with the "expediente," for its decision. Inasmuch as the record of the title was found returned by the governor to the government archives, and not forwarded to the supreme government, it is chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
insisted on behalf of the claimants that the fair presumption is that the grant had been approved; otherwise it would not have been returned to government archives.
However this may be it is not important to determine, as it was settled, after full consideration, in the case of @ 58 U. S. 563, that the omission to procure the confirmation under circumstances existing similar to those attending this case did not operate to defeat or avoid the title.
The grant, in that case, to Alvarado, was made by the same governor and in the same year of the present grant, and we may add that the grantee was a military officer of the government at the time; the present grantee was a civil officer.
The same case also furnishes a full answer to the objections that judicial possession was not taken of the land. We refer to the grounds there stated without repeating them, as the facts in this case fully warrant the view there presented.
It is also objected that the grant does not contain the usual condition of cultivation and habitation within the year. Neither the act of the Mexican Congress of 1824 nor the regulations of 1828 prescribes any particular form of grants or patents of the public lands. And there appears to have been no uniformity in the conditions annexed in those issued by the different political chiefs, nor even as it respects those issued by the same individual. Great latitude seems to have been exercised in prescribing these conditions, both as to the number and the nature of them; also in respect to the time within which the possession was to be taken when inserted as a condition. It is understood that the condition was usually dispensed with in cases where the grantee was in actual possession at the time of the grant. It was probably dispensed with in the present case, as the grantee was the secretary of the territory and his services required at the seat of government, especially, as it appears that a civil disturbance had broken out between the political authorities and which continued down until possession was taken of the country by the United States in 1846 and 1847.
We think it would be going further than required by any of the provisions of the law of 1824 or regulations of 1828 to hold the grant void for the want of this condition of possession within a limited time, more especially as it appears that actual possession was taken of the land as soon as the state and condition of the country would admit, and which has been held ever since. And we are the more bound to hold this construction in respect to this particular condition, as the court has already held after the fullest consideration that even in cases where the condition is contained in the grant, the noncompliance with its terms will not necessarily have the effect to avoid the title. Circumstances may excuse the omission. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Upon the whole, we are satisfied that the judgment of the court below was right, and should be
MR. JUSTICE DANIEL and MR. JUSTICE CAMPBELL, dissented. For the reasons of MR. JUSTICE DANIEL's dissent, see the preceding case of Arguello v. United States.
MR. JUSTICE CAMPBELL, dissenting.
In exercising the jurisdiction conferred by the Act of Congress of the 3d March, 1851, in reference to claims for lands in California, it seems to me this Court should be satisfied that the claimant has received a title from the governor who was a legal representative of the Mexican nation, and that no credit should attach to the acts of the usurpers who from time to time occasioned anarchy and civil war in that territory; that the grant should be, in spirit and effect, a colonization grant, in accordance with the Mexican laws; that it should describe the lands so that they can be identified; and that the conditions of improvement and occupancy should be substantially fulfilled. The case before us is a claim for eleven leagues of land lying on the Sacramento River, with that length and of a league in width. The papers purport to have been made during the four first days of November, 1844, by the governor of the territory in favor of one Jimeno, the secretary of the government. The usual inquiries could not be made, for the party interested was charged with the performance of that duty, though the governor recites that, in making the grant, he had conformed to the regulations. The patent issued the 4th November, 1844, subject to the conditions that juridical possession should be taken and the proper boundaries marked out and that the grantee should plant fruit-bearing, or forest trees of some utility, and if he failed to perform the conditions he should lose the land. No act was done by this person during 1844 or 1845, or the early part of 1846 which indicates any claim on his part to this land. There is a petition entered by himself on the expediente directed to the departmental assembly, dated 21st April, 1846, asking for a confirmation and a certificate of one Olivera, dated 3 June, 1846, that it had been presented and referred to the committee of public lands. Here the connection of Jimeno terminates. The preparation of these papers is the whole extent of that connection. In August, 1847, the petitioner, Larkin, Consul of the United States at Monterey, purchases from Jimeno this claim for one thousand dollars, or rather, that is the price recited in the deed of Jimeno to him. The American flag had been raised at Monterey twelve months before, and the whole country was then in the possession of General Kearney. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
We have some unsatisfactory evidence that Larkin, either in 1847 or 1848, sent a Spaniard to enter upon this land; a camp in which he might find a shelter and some conveniences for collecting cattle form the facts of this settlement.
Neither, Jimeno nor Larkin entered upon or occupied the land. The evidence merely shows that Larkin was laying the foundations for a claim upon the United States, and was wholly unconnected with the Mexican regulations. The evidence satisfies me that this claim was fabricated after the difficulties between the United States and Mexico had occurred, with a view to enable the American consul at Monterey to profit from it in the event of the cession of the country to the United States. I lay no stress upon the fact that the papers are found in the archives. I presume Jimeno was the keeper of those archives. I dissent from the judgment of the Court confirming this claim.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Damon Wants Money and Years...Ick
By Marc Normandin@Marc_Normandin May 3, 2005, 5:17pm EDT
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This piece is not new, but I figure since Johnny Damon is once again making noise, I can run it; don't worry, I'll have new content all week. Think of this as supplemental reading:
According to Friendly Fenway's blog, Johnny Damon wants cash, and lots of it over an extended period of time. How does 6 years, $66 million sound to you guys for a centerfielder who is already overpaid at $8 million a year and has a skill set that should start declining once the ink dries on the new deal? The Sox have a rule about no contracts past 4 years, and they certainly won't give Damon 6 if they wouldn't even give Pedro 4. This is the part of Brian's article that I really want to focus on, but make sure you check out the rest of it:
In what could be a bit of bad news Johnny Damon thinks awfully high of himself. Damon is the best of a group of Red Sox players who are eligible for free agency at the end of this year. There has been no talk between Damon and the club about an extension, something that doesn't surprise or upset Damon. He says that he would sign a four year deal right now, but after the season is done the 31 year old will likely be asking for six years. He even threw in a barb about how the Yankees will be looking for a new center fielder in 2006. Damon compares himself to Ichiro Suzaki and J.D. Drew. He'll likely be looking for the type of deal that one of those two players might receive. Drew, as you may know, signed a 5 year, $55 million deal with the Dodgers this off-season. Johnny Damon has become the identity of the Red Sox. He's coming off one of the best years of his career and is quickly becoming one of the highest profile players in the majors, but if the guy thinks he should get a 6 year $66 million deal, he's nuts. I'd like for the Red Sox to bring him back, but even the $32 million over four years that he's getting now is a bit much, especially for a guy who is on the wrong side of 30."
What's that Red Sox nation? Hanley Ramirez, centerfielder? Let's play a game called project their performance through Ramirez's service clock time and Damon's hypothetical 6 year contract, and then compare value, using the contract figures Damon actually wants. I'm going to use my best guess here, so don't criticize me (too much). Also, lets pretend Hanley Ramirez is on the club starting as of 2006's Opening Day, starting his service clock.
Damon: .297/.373/.460, above average defense in center.
Ramirez: .270/.330/.400, haven't seen him play in center yet. (Major League Equivalent)
Obviously Damon wins in 2005, being a veteran major leaguer, while Hanley has to go to Double A now.
Damon: .290/.365/.440
Ramirez: .282/.340/.420
I think their performance, while still giving the edge to Damon, would be slightly closer.
Damon: .283/.360/.435 Defensive performance becomes average due to aging
Ramirez would be starting his second season in the majors, while Damon would be getting older. The performance is still close, although overall I think Damon could still be better, but Ramirez's upside would be huge.
I'd expect by Ramirez's third year in the majors for him to surpass Damon not only on a value level, but also on a skill level. I'd expect some more decline out of Damon's defense.
Ramirez: .300+.360+.460+
I don't want to get too out of control with Ramirez's numbers, so I'm just going to say he could build off his previous years numbers, using them as a performance base.
Damon: Roughly .270/.340/.410, roughly major league average player, defense in center way down from age
Damon: League Average
Ramirez: Starting his peak years?
Granted, the Sox may lock Ramirez up prior to the last two seasons or so in order to keep his price down, avoid arbitration, or lock him up before he can really hit his peak around age 27. But let's look at the performance: Damon would have been better in (starting with 06') in 2, maybe 3 of the seasons. Ramirez is the much better player in the second half of the contracts though, and has better value all the way around. Damon would be making $11 million per season for that performance, even the league average ones. Ramirez would make the league minimum, then maybe double that after a year or so, few hundred thousand more along the way, never making over a million until either arbitration or the Sox lock him up on a long term "Wow that is a lot of money for a 24-25 year old" Nomar type value contract. Even if Ramirez isn't able to sustain the numbers I've generated for him, or Damon is able to keep his skill set intact longer, the fact is he is overpaid now at $8 million (with the exception of his 2004 campaign) and a raise to $11 million when he will definitely be in decline is outrageous, especially with such a great value per dollar player waiting in the wings. If it will help the women out, we'll have Hanley grow long locks of flowing hair to ease the pain. Get this boy to a salon, immediately!
Damon could surprise all of us as a speed/power combination and continue to produce, but for the risk of $66 million, I just do not think it is worth the effort, especially with a viable candidate sitting in Double-A for the small price of $316,000. Damon looks to me like he could become Marquis Grissom, who has his own value, and a late career power spike has helped, but $11 million is not what he deserves.


Beauty and personal presentation has been one of the factors that have been considered by many employers while recruiting their teams and setting the minimum amount of wages that can be paid to these employees. Most employers have been found to rely on the first impression that a person creates while attending job interviews to set the maximum amount of money that they can offer for such a person. According to Varian (2006) in an article that appeared in the New York Times, there are employers who have offered discriminating wages based on the appearance of a person. While carrying out assessment of their employees using their resumes alone without a fore knowledge about the looks of these employees, these employers remained unbiased and offered wages that did not vary so much. As a result, both those that were considered to be beautiful in appearance and those that were not got an average wage pay. In an amazing turn of events, there are employers who have began employing people whom they term as beautiful in departments where these employees won't even be able to interact much with the customers, i.e. the technical departments.
There is an attachment that is associated with beauty in the society. Most people in society the world over like being associated with beauty. While this was an issue that was common in the social world, it has found its way into the employment world. In this regard, many employers have found it worthy to be associated with beauty, not just the physical beauty but also the total appearance and presentation of a person. The packaging of a person determines a lot. While in some cases, the overall packaging of a person may lead to one losing a job opportunity, there are other cases whereby one will loose salary benefits because of failing to package himself in a way that does not appeal to his employer. Among the notable employers who have focused much on 'beauty premium' are those are in direct link with their intended customers. For example, there is an emphasis on beauty in every media company, especially when it comes to the news anchors and presenters.
Consequently, this research paper will focus more on beauty and wage levels in different industries and how 'beauty premium' affects the amount of money that is attached to a particular employee. Moreover, the issue of 'beauty premium' has the ability to attract attentions of the people with most people expecting beautiful people to be smarter and therefore more productive than the ordinary people in the society. While wages should be pegged on productivity and the quality of work that one is able to produce, the introduction of 'beauty premium' in the job market is also a factor that has to be considered at length and therefore cannot be ignored. There are also arguments that beauty is interrelated with confidence and sharpness, factors that are able to boost the overall productivity among people.
According to Mankiw (2008), there is a relationship that exists between the appearance of a person and the determination of wages that such a person needs to be paid (p.418). It was argued that people who were beautiful were able to receive a salary that was 5% more that people who were considered to be average in beauty. The arguments that are put forth by Mankiw states that people who were beautiful were considered or assumed to be more productive in the society than those people who were less beautiful. As a result, a good-looking employee was considered to be an asset to the business or organization thus enabling him to earn more than the average worker. On the other hand, beauty was also considered as a prerequisite to one having other character traits that enabled such a person to be productive. For example, it was considered that people who are beautiful are more intelligent and very sharp as compared to people who are not beautiful. Similarly, it was assumed that beauty was a sign that a person had inborn characteristics that could benefit the company where such a person worked. For example, if a person was successful in a 'beauty' survey, such a person was considered as one that had an ability to succeed even on his work. This was particularly considered to be true where personal presentation beauty played a critical role in determining the 'beauty' of a person.
There have also been laws and regulations that have been formulated with a move to cub the extend by which 'beauty premium' was utilized in allocating salary scales to employees and during the time of employing people. These laws and regulation have argued that employers have been developing the habits of employing people who are attractive and fair in appearance and failing to employ those people who were considered less attractive but more qualified to particular job openings. According to Fineman & Dougherty (2005), such laws and regulations should only be put into practice when the marginal benefit that was derived from employing people who were considered attractive was less than the overall product that was associated with utilizing the services of people who were considered less attractive (p.88). However, if this condition was not met, 'beauty premium' should not be considered as a form of employment discrimination on the job market. Fineman & Dougherty (2005) continue to assert that physical attractiveness of a person was being used as a factor in job promotions. Therefore, those employees who were less attractive failed to receive job promotions that guaranteed wages increase as compared to those people who were considered to be beautiful. This resource will play an important role in providing information in regard to laws and regulations against wage determination based on 'beauty premium'.
Snower & de la Dehesa (1997) emphasize that education is no longer the only scale that is used in the current world to determine the skills that one has before being employed (p.252). While in the past, one had to show forth his/her educational prowess before securing a place in any business or organization, this is no longer so. As a result, an employee must possess other qualities for him to be employed and to be able to earn a certain amount of salary. While the less educated employees are being phased out from the workplace, education alone cannot guarantee that one will be employed. On the other hand, the issue of salary scale also plays a critical role in businesses and organizations. However, it should be noted that salary scale is pegged on beauty and physical appearance in people. Snower & de la Dehesa (1997) argue that it is not education alone that helps in determining the salary scale for employers. These arguments have created a channel to study other factors that influence wage determination among employers and is critical to this research in the sense that it creates an open door to examine factors that determine wages in businesses and organizations and in this case 'beauty premium'. This varied in both men and women, with men being the most affected as those who had fair appearance were able to receive high wages than those who were considered to be less fair in appearance (p.273).
The discrimination of employees by use of wages based on their beauty has also been contributed by customers. According to Jacobsen & Skillman (2004), customers were much attracted to beautiful employees much more than they were attracted to employees who considered as being less beautiful (p.418). Similarly, a study of the firms in Holland revealed higher revenues in firms whose employment policy focused on getting employees who were 'beautiful' and 'attractive' in terms of how they presented themselves to the general public. This attraction of the customers to employees who were beautiful may have contributed to employers offering higher wages to them than what they offered to employees who are less beautiful since the beautiful employees are termed as having the ability to attract more customers than the average employees and as a result, are more profitable to the businesses and organizations. Jacobsen & Skillman (2004) captures in their work an element of the driving force behind the high wages for employees who considered as being beautiful and attractive. Such information can play a critical role in helping researchers to study some of the issues that causes beautiful employees to be paid more as compared to employees who were less beautiful and attractive.
This research paper focused on the how 'Beauty Premium' contributed to the determination of wages in businesses and organizations. There are various sources that were used to gather the necessary information that provided the backbone of this research paper. Some of these sources included books whose authors had carried out extensive research on labor and wage determination. Similarly, there are various articles that were cited for this research as they provided current information and some statistics that were necessary in analyzing the topic of study in this research. The information that was obtained from these sources was deemed to be of great value to this research and it was analyzed using the modern analysis methods and presented in the trendiest way possible.
The research came up with various results in its quest to determine the effects of 'Beauty Premium' on wage determination. To begin with, it was realized that customers were attracted to the most beautiful employees and preferred to be served by these employees rather than being served by employees that were less attractive. According to Barro (2003), as long as the customer thinks that a beautiful employee of a particular business or organization is beautiful and there brilliant, that customer will opt to be served by that customer rather than seeking to be attended to by an employee who is perceived to be less attractive (p.70). For example, if there are two bank cashiers who are waiting to serve customers, one who is less attractive and another one very beautiful and attractive. When a customer walks into the banking hall, there is a high probability that this customer will walk right to the counter of the beautiful cashier. A closer investigation may reveal that this aspect of customers being attracted to the most beautiful employees is among the causes of high productivity among these kinds of employees. Therefore, since they have that natural ability to attract customers, their employers may develop mentality that they are more productive than the others and therefore raise their wages by a certain percentage.
Past studies reveal that the intelligence of both the beautiful people and those that are perceived as ugly in the workforce does not vary by a big margin. Instead both have an average intelligence. According to Varian (2006), the productivity of both beautiful people and those that were considered as less beautiful have the same level of performance. However, beautiful people were a lot more confident about what they did and therefore, they were able to outdo those that were not beautiful in their work. Such confidence is a character that increased the rate of customers they served. In most cases, customers prefer a person who knows exactly what he/she is doing when serving them. As a result, confidence plays a critical role in any form of work, especially where customers are involved. On the other hand, employers require workers who are able to promote the image of the business or organization both in serving the customers and in the general outlook of the organization. For example, financial service firms require that their employees are well versed with the financial problems and solutions that the corporate world faces on a daily basis. However, without confidence one cannot be able to provide financial advice to people that need it, whether he/she knows these solutions or not. In this regard, employers are willing to pay more for a beautiful employee rather than paying less for a less attractive employee who will not be able to attract customers to their firms.
It was also found out that beauty is associated with good health, a factor that directly contributes to intelligence, confidence, alertness and productivity in any form of employment. As is reiterated by Barro (2003) in his work, people who were overweight earned wages that were below those that were not overweight (p.71). This is because these people were considered to be unhealthy and therefore lack certain characteristics that enhance the ability of a person to be productive in the society. According to Barro (2003), an overweight person earned a wage that was reduced by 12% for women and 9% for men. Most employers consider obesity as an inability for one to control his life and therefore may also be unable to take charge of work-related issues. Therefore, an obese employee was paid less as compared to those employees that were not obese. Similarly, when a customer is given an opportunity to choose an employee to serve him, the customer is less likely to choose an employee who is obese. The employer therefore cannot pay out the same amount of wage to this employee since he does not do a lot of work. Again his may not be perfect because of the status of his health.
The issue of health among employees has prompted many of them to take up workout programs to shed off extra weight that would reduce their earnings. A visit to gyms and even by just walking in the evening in residential areas and parks reveals how much people value their health. Most of them are employees who are out to exercise to ensure that their body physique is maintained. According to Knight (2008), there is an increase in the number of people who have been exercising every evening in order to maintain their body health and at the same time relieve stress, a factor that have been found to interfere with good health among people. Knight (2008) continue o argue beautiful people does not just earn more than people who are considered to be ugly but also have an upper hand over others when it comes to employment. The chances of a beautiful person being employed are high than those of an ugly person. It is believed that by exercising, people are able to maintain their beautiful figures and thus able to remain attractive in the society.
This research also found out that there are measure that have been taken by the government by laying down policies that require employers to shun away from discriminating against people who are considered less beautiful in the society. However, these measures have been unsuccessful since there is defined ways in which one can say that a person has been discriminated against because of his/her appearance. This is because, when one attends an interview, one is never told why he was not successful except that he didn't meet the minimum requirements of the firm. On the other hand, wages is a personal issue and many people are never comfortable to reveal what they earn. As a result, it is difficult to determine whether a person earns more than the other.
Beauty was something that was perceived and therefore cannot be defined completely. This is because there are no standards that can be used to measure beauty. It is actually in the eyes of the beholder and therefore, one cannot say that a particular person is more beautiful than the other and therefore deserves to be paid high wages. Barro (2003) argues that; 'Of course, economic reasoning would imply that physical appearance is always a bona-fide worker characteristic as long as customers and coworkers think so' (p.70). Beauty is more of a mental perception from both customers and coworkers. As a result of this there is a perception that beautiful people are more resourceful than those people who were considered less beautiful. Similarly, there is self awareness among employees concerning their beauty status and this may have contributed at great length the inferiority complex and lack of confidence among employees who are less beautiful since they are much aware of their beauty status. If one knew that he was weak in a particular area of his life, he was prone to making mistakes in this area even when it was easy for him to avoid these mistakes. The same applies to beauty. If a person understood that he was not beautiful, there is a psychological phenomenon that exposes these employees to their self thus causing then to loose their self confidence. Thus arguing from such point of view, these employees have a high probability of loosing their wages, not because they are incapable of performing in their work but because they don't have enough confidence as they dispense their services.
There is also a strong association of human being to beauty in nature. People are attracted to beautiful things; flowers, dresses, shirts, beautiful building design, etc. No one wants to be associated with anything that is seen as ugly in nature. Arnhart (2005) argues that human beings have a tendency of desiring beauty in their lives (p.37). They have that attraction to beauty. As a result, the issue of beauty that enables people to earn more emanates from the fact that human beings are naturally attracted to beauty. As a result, beautiful employees are better placed to advance in their careers and in what they earn since each and every person would like to be associated with them. In an example that is provided by Mankiw (2008), people have been found to be attracted to particular movies and movie stars because of their physical beauty (p.418). This attraction to beautiful people can be cited as one of the issues that have contributed at length to the desire for beautiful employees by employers and by customers. Therefore, the general demand in the market for beautiful employees is high than the demand for employees who are less attractive causing employers to pay more for the services of these employees.
There is also an association of beauty to particular kind of industries, especially where these industries deals directly with the customers. One of the industries that values beauty and will go a notch higher to obtain a beautiful employee by paying high wages is the media industry. Apart from meeting academic requirements, anchors are expected to meet 'beauty' standards for them to appear on the screen. There are also cases of movie directors sourcing for beautiful actors to participate in their movies not because these actors are the best in the industry but because of their beauty. In most cases, these employers and directors are aware of the fact that there is a psychological effect that causes people to desire to be associated with beauty. For example, everybody would like to be like a particular movie star. That attraction to beauty is a guarantee of high revenue returns to many employers and therefore, they cannot hesitate in going an extra mile by paying high wages to obtain a beautiful employer (Barbas, 2002, p.77-78).
While there are people who have earned their place in companies and organizations and earned better wages than their ugly counterparts, beauty alone cannot be used as the benchmark to determining the wages of employees. It cannot be used as a substitute for intelligence and productivity. According to Dobson (2007) in his article 'The Independent', reiterates that beauty as one of the factors that has determined the amount of money one earns and the time that one spend in climbing the employment ladder cannot be ignored. However, the employers have to keep their heads straight and ensure that they do not compromise with service delivery standards to their customers. There is a place of knowledge that needs to be integrated into the whole criteria of determining wages in an organization. Dwelling on beauty as a way of setting wages can easily work against a business or organization since it is not beauty that clients wants though it plays an important part. Instead, they are more interested in the service that is offered by that particular employee. Beauty is just but a supplement.
There are negative effects that are associated to 'beauty premium' as a way of determining wages. First, the ability of employers to tag higher wages on beauty has been found to affect people especially in the families. There are many employees who have been 'bribed' to shun away from family issues such as pregnancy for them to maintain they body physique as it is attractive to the intended customers. While it is important for one to earn good salary, life is not about work alone. There is also the issue of the family. In cases where these employees have defied these orders, most of them loose the high wage benefits as their value is seen to have decreased because of pregnancy. On the other hand, the beauty premium way of wage determination requires that the employee retain that beauty, failure to which one is bound to loose the wage benefits that have resulted because of his/her beauty. On the other hand, an obsession with beauty in determining wages has been found to lead to exploitation of masculinity and women sexuality as in most cases, these employees are paid higher wages than normal and their sexual status exploited in the sense that they are presented to the customer as sexual objects rather than human beings (Barbas, 2002).
There is also an element of discrimination that undermines hard work of employees who are less attractive and instead promote the work of beautiful employees who may not necessarily be perfect in their work. For example, a financial services firm may employ two people to work for them, one 'beautiful' and another one 'ugly'. Despite the fact that the 'ugly' one may be more resourceful than the 'beautiful' one, and better placed to handle customer financial issues than the beautiful employer, he/she will be assigned roles that require little interaction with the customer, thus killing the skills and knowledge that such an employee has leading to less pay because they are not doing a lot of work that involves dealing with the customers directly. Similarly, when carrying out filed research, the beautiful employees earn more in terms of allowances as he/she is the most preferred over the less attractive employee to be sent to the field. Such form of discrimination demoralizes other employees and reduces their production capabilities.
There are different factors that determine the wages of employees in the labor market. These factors vary from one employer to another, yet have a common background. However, one of the amazing factors that have been used to determine the amount of money that an employee will take home at the end of the month is beauty, commonly known as 'Beauty Premium'. Employers have been moving away each and everyday from employing just people who are qualified academically, and promoting every person who performs well in their company or organization to employing people who have fair appearance. More so, there are high tendencies that a beautiful employee has high chances of growth than an employee who is considered less beautiful. There are different factors that have contributed to employers preferring employees who are more beautiful on their teams. Similarly, paying higher wages to these employees may not actually be justified, since both the 'beautiful' and the 'ugly' have the same score when it comes to productivity. From the research, it is evident that the driving force behind the high wages for beautiful employees is derived from perceived thoughts that they are better than the 'ugly' employees. This perception stems from three sides; one from the employer, coworkers and the customer.
The coworkers of a beautiful employee believe that such a person is capable of doing every thing right and therefore, there is an attachment of 'Mr., Mrs. or Miss Perfect' mentality towards the beautiful employee. As a result, difficult tasks may be assigned to beautiful employees, an issue that erodes away the credit that could have been accorded to all employees irrespective of their beauty status. In such a case, the employers are vulnerable to noticing the work of the beautiful employees and thus award them by raising their wages. On the other hand, the confidence that is depicted among beautiful employees results in an attraction of customers as they believe that these employees are well versed with the problems they have and can easily help better than ugly employees. There is also an association of human beings to beauty. With such an advantage, beautiful employees are placed in a position whereby they are able to earn more and advance quickly in their careers more than employees who are less attractive since their beauty exposes their strengths to the employers more than their weaknesses.
Therefore, it can be concluded that beauty plays an important part if not critical in wage determination. Similarly, it enhances the chances of being employed in any business or organization. In this regard, further research should be carried out on the psychological phenomena of beauty and its impact not only on wage determination but also on the overall productivity of employees. For example, the psychological impact of beauty on employees, employers and customers should be analyzed at length to establish the place of beauty in the labor market and how it affects not only the business or organization but also the corporate world as a whole in terms of productivity and service delivery. Similarly, a research should be carried out on the effects of using beauty as a way of determining wages and how it affects employees who loose their beautiful texture because of one factor or another.


text:
NGC 5632 je zvijezda u zviježđu Djevici.

Izvori

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 DSS-ova slika NGC 5632
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5632

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This summer I had the opportunity to travel on my own with my two little girls. We spent a week at the seaside and a whole weekend in the capital. It was a bit scary I must admit but we managed despite all my fears.
So I encourage you all to dare and go on holiday with your kids even if you are on your own or you don't have a partner. I have two fantastic little girls that really listened to me while away but still I had to make sure that they both knew how they need it to act.
My dad drove us to the beach and although we are less than an hour away from the seaside I had to make sure the girls were comfortable in their sits and entertained.
Pack individual trip bags – food, treats, water and games. Like that you will not keep turning around to pass your children things as they can keep them next to them the whole journey and not only.
Pack water refills, food and treats in case they run out – you know how expensive they can all be at the motorway stops.
Stop and Stretch – Especially if it's a long journey.
Sing together – my girls love the Gummy Bear song!
If possible travel by night as then the kids can sleep through the whole journey.
What I love about travelling by train is that the kids don't have to be restrain to a car seat and they can move around and see more things through the window. It's only a two hour journey to Bucharest from my hometown so not very long for two chatty little girls.
Like above pack individual trip bags – in this situation besides the above they also had some clothes. This also help for the future as it made them more responsible about things.
Bring enough food and drinks for the entire journey. Buying stuff on the train can be quite expensive and stations stop are usually not long enough for a restaurant or shopping trip.
Bring treats – my girls always want dessert at the end of the meal so it's only normal for them to ask on their journey too. Fruits and gummy bears are some of their favourites.
Entertain them (not as easy when you are on your own) – Make sure your iPhone/iPad is fully charged as you might not be able to do so while on the train. Also have a backup – a deck of cards, a small puzzle, colouring book and pencils etc. as they might not have signal to watch or play cartoons on their devices.
Keep the noise levels down and be considerate to the other people travelling.
Arrive Early – If your hotel is far away from the beach especially as the beaches are getting busy really fast. Our hotel had it's own spot on the beach and that was great but we still had to be there quite early if we wanted a spot near the water for example. We loved sitting right there as I could keep an eye on the girls and our things all at the same time.
Plan with your children – This is so important. What are they going to take with them at the beach – toys, water accessories etc., who is going to carry and what. When you are on your own is important to take as little as possible especially if your children are still young and you need the bulk. My eldest helped a lot as she is now 7 and a half.
Bring your own snacks and drinks – It is better to do so as that means that you will not need to take money with you either. Plus, you will bring your kids favourites rather than get whatever you might find on the beach.
Set of rules – always wear a hat in the sun, never leave my sight, never leave without saying, don't pass the adult in the water, never pick anything on the beach without permission, never swim alone, keep at the shore line.
If possible sit on the beach near a Lifeguard post – There's a surprising benefit to being near the lifeguard station as it makes it easier for your kids to remember where you are in case you get separated. Just don't sit directly in front of the lifeguard's chair.
Don't forget the baby powder as it is very useful to de-sand.
Never stay on the beach between 12 – 4 in the afternoon. This is when the sun is more powerful and kids are in the danger of getting sun stroked. Plus this gives you time to eat lunch and for an afternoon nap.
Bring along a first aid kit. It's easy to get scrapes or cuts at the beach, and there's nothing worse than not having some kind of first aid with you.
Don't drink alcohol. While a cold beer can seem like a huge treat at the beach, it can quickly sap you of your hydration levels. Plus you need to stay alert for the kids.
I've saved this post to refer to just before our holiday in the autumn – we're doing a 6 hour car journey so need all the tips going!
These are great tips. I really like your one about sitting beside the lifeguard station. It makes perfect sense. I have heard of the baby powder trick but haven't used it yet.
Some wonderful tips here! We're a are finally off on our holidays in a few weeks, so will certainly be implementing these tips.
Great tips! It's seems like ages since we went away in February.
I took my two boys away for a week on my own last summer because my husband couldn't get time off work. It involved flights and train rides, to two different cities. Before the trip, I was sure I'd be ready to give them up for adoption by the end of it, but in fact we had a lovely time and I was a wee bit proud for managing it on my own. And as you say, planning is key!
Great tips. My kids think I am obsessed with toilets as we always visit them when we arrive and they are pointed out wherever we go!


In developing the Tri Glide Ultra Classic for 2009 (the FLHTCUTG continues as a 2010 نموذج), the H-D engineering folks set about creating a frame and associated chassis structure designed to specifically handle the steering force loads and overall increased weight of a three-wheeler. The rake was increased to 32.00 درجات, while the forks were stretched by 1.775-inches, changing the front end geometry and enhancing steering control by reducing the steering effort by up to 25 نسبه مئويه. بالإضافة إلى, a steering damper minimizes coast-down wobble and reduces bump steer and other road inputs when negotiating turns.
Power for the Street GlideTrike comes from a Twin Cam 103 V-Twin engine with Electronic Sequential Port Fuel Injection. The motor is Black powder-coated with a chrome treatment, and delivers 101 pound feet of torque @ 3,500 دورة في الدقيقة. It mates to the same 6-speed Cruise Drive transmission used on Harley's other touring bikes.
Storage is courtesy of a molded composite rear locking storage compartment that features 4.5 cubic feet of storage (50 pounds worth). The rear composite fenders are separate from the rear body box, making for easy removal for service and repair or replacement. A Tour Pak may be added, bringing the total cargo capacity to 6.56 cubic feet, increasing the weight allowance up to 80 جنيه أو رطل للوزن.
الأكبر, 103-inch motor is a definite plus over the two-wheeled Street Glide's 96-incher, due to the significant weight increase. The Street Glide tips the scale at 1,071 pounds dry rendering it exceptionally stable and pleasurable when traveling in a straight line, but it is a force to be reckoned with should one have to make a sudden high speed emergency turn.
In fact, turning even under ordinary conditions requires more force or upper body strength than a conventional bike, and leaning won't help (except to make you feel better). The Street Glide is essentially for the hot rod bike tourer at heart.
17.06.2015 | التعليقات مغلقة على هارلي حنين. هارلي ديفيدسون Flhp-طريق الملك الشرطة هاري: هارلي ديفيدسون.