text:
Information for IROS Associate Editors
IROS 2023 Time Line for Associate Editors
Overview of Review Process and AE Responsibilities
Summary Rejection
Selecting Appropriate Reviewers
Requesting Reviews in PaperPlaza
Preparing and Submitting an AE Report
Requesting Reviewers to Revise Reviews
AE Recommendation of Award Candidates
Editor Endorsement of AE reports
Plagiarism (and iThenticate tool)
1 March 2023 Submission deadline
5 March 2023 Video submission deadline
13 March 2023 Papers assigned to AEs
20 March 2023 Deadline for AEs to assign papers to reviewers
20 March 2023 Deadline for AEs to summarily reject papers
20 April 2023 Deadline for reviewers to submit reviews
4 May 2023 Deadline for AE final reports
Overview of Review Process and Associate Editor Responsibilities
The 2023 IROS Conference Review Board (ICPRB) consists of one Editor-in-Chief (EiC), 27 Senior Editors (SE's), roughly 400 Associate Editors (AE's), and several hundred Reviewers. Each paper to be reviewed will be assigned one Editor and to one of the AEs that that Editor supervises. The AE will be responsible for obtaining a minimum of two high quality reviews for each paper they handle, and for preparing an AE recommendation that explains the recommended decision regarding the paper acceptance and presentation type. The AEs will also help to identify papers to be considered for awards. The Editors will be responsible for reviewing and endorsing the work done by the AEs on the papers for which they are responsible.
Assignment of Papers to Editors and AEs. For IROS 2023, the keywords are partitioned into sets, each of which is the responsibility of one Editor. When a paper is submitted to the conference (via PaperPlaza), the author's choice of keywords will be used to determine to which Editor and AE the paper will initially be assigned. This initial assignment, which is done automatically by the system, is then reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and the Editors to avoid conflicts of interest (COIs), to improve the matching of the expertise of the AE with the paper, and to provide load balancing across the AEs. Finally, the AEs must review the papers assigned to them and inform the Supervising Editor of any COI they may have with their assigned papers.
AE Tasks and Responsibilities. Once assigned papers to handle and notified that they should get started, the AE should follow the following steps:
As soon as possible, the AE should check the papers they have been assigned and make sure that they do not have a conflict of interest (COI) with any of their assigned papers. If a COI exists, they should notify the managing Editor and the EiC immediately so that the paper can be assigned to another AE.
By the posted deadline (typically one week after paper assignments are made), the AE should:
identify papers to be recommended for summary rejection (rejected without review), or
determine appropriate reviewers and request reviews from them in PaperPlaza.
The AE should monitor the review process as reviews come in. If reviews are not substantial enough or are not prepared in a appropriate way, then the AE should ask the reviewer to provide an improved review. In extreme cases, the AE may need to request an additional review if a reviewer does not provide a review or does not provide an appropriate review. If difficult situations arise, the AE should consult with the managing Editor and/or the EiC.
After a sufficient number of quality reviews (at least two) have been obtained, then the AE should prepare the AE report providing their recommendation on the paper. This should also include a recommendation on the presentation type (regular oral presentation or multimedia presentation), if the paper is to be accepted, and a recommendation on whether the paper should be considered for an award.
After the AE report has been submitted, the supervising Editor will review the AE recommendation and either provide the Editor Endorsement or suggest modifications.
Note about Organized Sessions: From the perspective of AEs and Editors, papers submitted to organized sessions will be handled in the same way as any other paper. The decision regarding whether an Organized Session Proposal (ISP) will be accepted, and if so, which papers will be included in it, will be handled by the Senior Program Committee (SPC).
The review process for IROS is managed using the PaperPlaza system. PaperPlaza provides a wide variety of tools to help AEs manage the review process. Reviewer assignments, review entry, AE reporting, and final decisions are all managed using PaperPlaza.
To access the system, go to the PaperPlaza page, click Start and then Log in. If you have forgotten your login information, you can retrieve it using the PIN management page.
It may be useful to spend a few minutes looking over the help pages, and in particular the Associate Editor's FAQ at the PaperPlaza site: PaperPlaza Help Page.
In certain special cases, an AE may recommend that a paper be rejected without sending the paper for review. In such cases, the AE writes a brief summary review giving the rationale for this decision, and gives the paper an Unsatisfactory rating. This is done via the usual AE Report mechanism (described below). The Editor assigned to the paper will then make the final determination as to whether the paper should be rejected without further review, or should go through the formal review process.
A paper should be rejected without review in any of the following cases:
It clearly makes no novel contribution to the state of the art.
It contains significant technical errors.
The paper has been published previously (i.e., the paper is identical to, or nearly identical to previously published work by the same authors).
The paper plagiarizes previously published research by other authors.
A paper should not be rejected without review merely because it makes only an incremental contribution, because it fails to report real-world experiments or because of poor writing quality. Further, a paper should not be summarily rejected because the AE feels its subject lies outside the scope of IROS (this judgment is left for the Program Committee). If there is any doubt as to the decision, the paper should be sent for review.
No more that 10-15% of submitted papers will be rejected without review.
The ICPRB has a strict review quality policy: every submitted paper must receive at least two substantial reviews. An AE should reject any sub-standard review received - e.g., too short or shallow. It is also the AE's responsibility to see that reviews are constructive and not diminishing the authors' efforts, even when they have to be negative or very negative. Relevant information about the reviewing process is described in the page 2023 IROS Reviewer Information.
Selecting appropriate reviewers is critical in order to have a quality and timely review process. The most important criteria is for the reviewer to have the appropriate expertise. Candidate reviewers may include leading researchers in the topic area, colleagues who are familiar with the topic, authors of papers on the reference list, authors of relevant papers that have been previously presented at IROS or in other high-profile journals and conferences. Generally, a key idea to secure reviewers is to align the interest of reviewers with ours: the paper is on a topic that they would really like to see or to say something about. Having reviewers who are interested in going over the manuscript helps alleviate the need of repeatedly sending reminder messages, and avoids the need for AEs to write detailed comments themselves to supplement shallow and not-to-the-point reviews.
In addition to having appropriate expertise, the following provides some other requirements and guidelines in selecting reviewers.
The reviewer cannot have a conflict of interest with the paper.
An AE cannot provide a review for the paper.
At most one of the reviewers for a paper can be at the same institution as the AE for the paper.
A mix of reviewers from different geographical regions is also desirable.
While it is not explicitly forbidden to ask other AEs to perform reviews, it is likely that they will decline, since they will be quite busy managing their own paper load.
A good mix of senior and junior reviewers is desirable as they provide reviews from different perspectives and at different levels of detail.
IMPORTANT NOTICE: Paperplaza has a very nice feature to help you choose your reviewers, which however has a potential for misuse. The feature is that you can get a list of registered users whose keywords match the paper at hand, so that a reviewer can be recruited with a single click. The abuse of this feature is that the AE selects a reviewer whom the AE does not know, and whose expertise is not proven. It may thus happen that junior members of the community (e.g., undergraduate students), or simply people that are associated to a keyword by chance or mistake, are asked a review in a field where they are not competent. This is clearly unacceptable, and ultimately counterproductive in terms of time - as the reviewer will probably decline, or anyway the Editors will discard the review.
Also, please note that you should not add new users to the system unless you are certain that they are not already registered. Multiple PINs for a single user can cause significant difficulty and confusion.
Review requests are handled by the PaperPlaza system. After you have compiled your list of reviewers, a review can be requested by following the Reviews link for a submission, then clicking the Request a review link. You may edit the standard form letter as you please. You must click Send to actually generate the e-mail invitation to the reviewer.
You can find details about this process in the PaperPlaza help pages: Compiling my reviewer list.
Once you have collected all reviews, you should prepare and submit your AE report. You can find details about the report process in the PaperPlaza Help pages available after you have logged in. Please note that we will not be using the rebuttal process.
We would like to have the AE reports have a common structure that:
First, summarizes the paper topic/contribution (could be brief, even just 1-2 sentences).
Next, notes the main strengths and weaknesses of the paper, summarizing the main points from the reviews and noting any additional issues noted by the AE. Please avoid copying excerpts of the reviews in your report, as authors will see the reviews.
Then, notes any special circumstances that may apply. For example, if two reviews are in serious conflict, the AE Report should resolve the conflict if possible. If neither review is substantive, the AE Report should give a solid rationale for the decision to be taken.
Here is guidance and reminders on what to put or not to put in your report and in determining your scores:
Please do not mention charge/mention plagiarism in the comments to the authors. That should be in the confidential comments only.
Please do not mention a decision (reject or accept) in the text part of the AE report that is meant for the authors, but only the motivations for your recommendation. The reason for this is that your recommendation is a recommendation to the program committee and that while they usually do agree with the AE, in some cases the Program Committee may change the recommended decision, and we want to avoid confusing the authors if that happens.
You will give a recommended score, which is not visible to authors. If the reviews disagree, please do not merely give the average as your rating. As AE, your role is to settle the conflict. In recommending your score, please consider that papers with an "A" are "Definitely Accept", "B+" are "accept", "B" are "high borderline", "B-" are "DO NOT USE" , "C" are "low borderline" and "C-" are "reject" and "D" are "reject". Ratings of "B-" are discouraged and should not be used. Notice that "U" is not "F", i.e., it is not the next lowest grade in the technical score scale. Rather, "U" stands for "Unsuitable", and should be used as a flag to signal "problem" papers - e.g., out of scope, or suspect of partial plagiarism, or incomplete, etc.
Note that once you have submitted your AE report, no further reviews can be obtained or entered into the system. When you submit your report, all pending reviews are canceled automatically. If you made a mistake or anyway need to change the report, you must ask the Profile Editor to reopen the paper.
Request revision of the review. After checking a review that has been submitted this link may be used to request the reviewer to prepare and submit a revised review. The form letter "Request to submit a revised review" is available for this purpose. This is a conference wide form letter that may be individualized on the Personalized form letters page. Revision of a review may be requested if the status of the submission is Under review or Decision pending. When this request is sent to the reviewer the status of the review is reset to 'Saved' so that the reviewer may re-access and resubmit the review. The usual option to save a review is not available to the reviewer for such reviews.
Restoring reviews to original after revision requested. To Restore a review for which revision was requested to the original review click on the link "Revision requested on..." for the review in question. This opens an information box with a link to view the original review and another link to restore the original review.
NOTE: Disposition of unreceived revised reviews. Reviews for which a revision was requested but not received are considered reviews that were requested but not submitted by the system. If they are not restored to the original review they are automatically canceled when the Review summary report is submitted for the submission.
AE Recommendation for Award Candidates
IROS 2023 features a number of awards. The ICPRB is asked to help in the selection of these awards. In particular, the ICPRB will designate a number of outstanding papers from which the Senior Program Committee will draw finalists for Conference Awards. Accordingly, Associate Editors are asked to identify which papers in their assignments they would consider as potential candidates for an award. To do so, please use the "Confidential comments to the Program Committee" textbox in your AE Report form. It is not necessary to identify which award would a paper be a suitable candidate for. The actual selection of finalists for each award will be made by the Senior Program Committee, using your inputs.
The AE's recommendation, expressed in the report, will be reviewed by the supervising Editor, who will be responsible for checking that the quality standards of the review process (including number and depth of reviews, significance of AE's reports avoiding undecisiveness) have been met. The Editor will issue a brief statement for each recommendation, whereby the correctness and completeness of the revieweing procedure is endorsed.
Editors will also overview and endorse the processing of award candidates by the AEs.
An ICPRB Editor, Associate Editor and a ICPRB Reviewer is deemed to have a conflict of interest in a submitted paper if
A. he or she is a (co-)author of the paper; or
B. one (or more) of the authors of the paper:
B.i. is, or has been, a student or advisor of that person, or
B.ii. has co-authored a paper or has closely collaborated in a research project with that person
in the previous five years, or
B.iii. is employed at the same institution (at the Department or Division level) as that person;
C. there are any other circumstances which may create an appearance that the person might have a bias in the evaluation of the paper.
Plagiarism cases involve serious accusations, which should be dealt with carefully. IEEE has clear policies to follow. IEEE defines plagiarism as the reuse of someone else's prior ideas, processes, results, or words without explicitly acknowledging the original author and source. It is important for all IEEE authors to recognize that plagiarism in any form, at any level, is unacceptable and is considered a serious breach of professional conduct, with potentially severe ethical and legal consequences (source: Section "8.2 Publication Guidelines" of the IEEE PSPB Operations Manual, "Guidelines for Adjudicating Different Levels of Plagiarism." )
CrossCheck database and iThenticate tool
IROS 2023 has access to the CrossCheck database, and initiative to prevent scholarly and professional plagiarism. Every submission will receive a plagiarism similarity score. The score and scan reports are generated by an external provider (iThenticate) and the scan reports are stored on the iThenticate servers and not downloaded to the conference submission system servers. Eventually the reports are deleted from the iThenticate servers at a time determined by conference and provider policy, after which they are no longer available.
IMPORTANT: It is very important to note that it is not possible to draw any conclusion from the iThenticate numerical score alone. Unfortunately, due to the output from iThenticate algorithms, there will be a number of false positives. One issue is that it represents a cumulative score so that, e.g., a 1% similarity with 40 papers is shown as 40% similarity. Another issue is that there may be large similarity, but still not plagiarism. For example, if an author has a version of their paper as an technical report or in a public dropbox someplace, it might get a very high (e.g., 99% or 100% similarity score). Hence, it is necessary that the detailed report be scanned to make sure that there is indeed a case of plagiarism. Also, some of the papers will not scan properly due to font problems.
The iThenticate reports are available to you as an Associate Editor and to your Editor, but they are NOT available to reviewers. To access the report for a particular paper:
click on the "Workspace" link
On your Workspace, there is a column labeled "Plagiarism scan" it shows the percentage overlap determined.
Click on the "Go to the plagiarism scan page" link for the paper in the "Plagiarism scan" column
Click on the "View" link in the "Report" column to see the plagiarism report. You should review the report for all of your papers, and need to pay particular attention if the score is 40 or higher.
Also on that page you can set one of two plagiarism flags, "Possible case of plagiarism" if you think there is plagiarism, and "Plagiarism report needs to be followed up" if you are not sure but think it should be followed up. If you determine that you need to set either of these flags, please also email your Editor to let them know to take a look at this paper.
Self-plagiarism. The definition of self-plagiarism is that the paper includes substantial overlap with another of the authors published paper(s) and that the previously published paper is not cited in the references and/or the contribution of the current paper over that other papers is not described in the current submission, both of which are required by IEEE policy.
The AE should be able to determine if self-plagiarism is a concern by reviewing the paper and the plagiarism report. If this is considered to be the case, then the AE should set one of the plagiarism flags and inform their managing Editor. If the Editor agrees, then they will inform the Editor-in-Chief who will also review the paper and the report. If the EiC concurs, then the paper is a candidate for summary rejection and the AE will be asked to prepare a report describing the reason for the summary rejection.
The similarity score and iThenticate report are available to AEs and to Editors, but not to reviewers.
Discretion and confidentiality are extremely important. The reviewers, AEs, and Editors should not discuss the details or names of potential plagiarism case with anyone other than the persons above them in the chain, e.g., an AE could discuss with their supervising Editor or the Editor-in-Chief but not with another Editor or AE.
Comments related to plagiarism should be in the confidential comments for the PC and should not be mentioned in the comments for the authors. It will be up to the plagiarism process to determine what actions to take and what to report to the authors.
AE Procedures:
For all papers whose similarity score is 40% or above, the AE should review the paper and the iThenticate report.
The AE should provide a report regarding their findings in the confidential comments of the AE report.
The AE should indicate their determination regarding potential plagiarism in the plagiarism report section of the AE report.
If the AE indicated "plagiarism report needs to be followed up" or "possible case of plagiarism", then they should alert their Editor.
Unless instructed otherwise by their Editor or the Editor-in-Chief, the AE should follow the review process normally for the paper by obtaining reviews and making a recommendation for acceptance based on the reviews and their own technical evaluation of the paper. It is important that this is done so that the paper can be treated fairly if the plagiarism alert is determined to be unfounded.
Plagiarism may also be spotted/reported by reviewers (recall, they don't have access to the iThenticate report). If a reviewer detects a potential case of plagiarism, then they should document their concerns in the confidential comments portion of their review and should alert their AE. It is important that the Reviewer is factual in their remarks, and that as much and detailed evidence is provided as possible. For instance, this could be a copy of the supposedly plagiarized paper with the copied parts highlighted. It should also be noted that there exist freely available software that can detect plagiarism automatically: if this was used, details on the query and its outcomes would also be useful. Based on this information, the AE should use the information provided by the reviewer in the same fashion in which they would have if the alert was prompted by the iThenticate report.
Scoring Guidelines for Reviewers
Score Recommended Action Interpretation
A / 5.0 Definitely accept Top 15% of accepted IROS papers, an excellent paper. I advocate and will fight for acceptance.
B+ / 4.5 Accept A great paper. I will strongly argue for acceptance.
B / 4.0 High Borderline I am leaning to accept. This paper should be accepted, although I would not be upset if it were rejected.
B- / 3.5 Borderline I am undecided, I would not be upset if it were accepted or rejected.
C / 3.0 Low Borderline I am leaning to reject. This paper should be rejected, although I would not be upset if it were accepted.
C- / 2.5 Reject The paper needs substantial improvements. I will strongly argue for rejection.
D / 2.0 Definitely Reject The paper is trivial or wrong or known. It is clearly below IROS conference quality, I assume no further discussion is needed.
U / 1.0 Inappropriate This does not fit the conference or its standards.
The reviews will help to maintain the quality of IROS. Each review is required to meet the 1,200 non-white character threshold, which has the purpose to provide useful and constructive feedback to the authors. Please refrain from filling the space with meaningless or repeated text. The reviewers should respect the time invested by the authors and should not accept to review unless they are willing to at least provide a meaningful review.
Past and Future Venues
Conference Paper Review Board


How to absorb oil while leaving a dry floor?
1. Inform people in the vicinity to avoid the risk of slipping or falling.
2. Use POLYCAPTOR® universal absorbent to create a dam around the spill. Absorb the spill.
3. Collect the residue. The absorbent will mix with the oil without leaving any residue or trace, even on irregular surfaces.
How to absorb and clean flocculant polymers?
1. Inform people in the vicinity of the risk of slipping or falling..
3. Leave it for a few minutes and then pick up the residues. The absorbent will mix with the flocculant polymers without leaving any residue or trace, even on irregular surfaces.
How to pick up a paint spill?
1. Inform people in the vicinity of the risk of slipping or falling.
3. Collect the residues. The absorbent will mix with the paint without leaving any residue or trace, even on irregular surfaces.
1. Inform people in the vicinity of the hazard. Then find the right equipment to protect yourself and secure the area.
2. Make a dam around the spill with TRIVOREX® versatile neutralizing absorbent (compatible with all solvents) or POLYCAPTOR® universal absorbent. Then put the absorbent on the spill and wait a few minutes for complete absorption of the liquid. It will allow you to pick up residues more easily without leaving slippery or hazardous marks on the ground.
3. Collect residue and remove the waste in accordance with the applicable national regulations..


text:
author: Shadocko
tags: []
imagefeature: https://static.fablab-lannion.org/cyb-santa-claus-2400px.png
layout: post
slug: les-lutins-reviennent-au-fablab-en-2019
date: 2019-11-29
title: "Retour de l'atelier des lutins au Fablab"
comments: True
---
Bientôt l'Avent !

**Samedi 14 Décembre 2019**, le Fablab se transformera une nouvelle fois en
annexe de l'atelier des lutins du Père Noël.

Venez utiliser la
[découpeuse Laser](http://fablab-lannion.org/wiki/index.php?title=D%C3%A9coupeuse_laser_Keyland)
du Fablab pour fabriquer vos décorations personnalisées à accrocher dans le
sapin ou à offrir (boules, étoiles, ...).

![Gingerbread-Xmas-Set-2400px](https://static.fablab-lannion.org/Gingerbread-Xmas-Set-2400px-1024x813.png)

N'hésitez pas à dessiner vos objets en avance en suivant
[le guide](http://wiki.fablab-lannion.org/index.php?title=Chaine_logicielle_pour_d%C3%A9coupeuse_laser)
pour réaliser des dessins au format vectoriel avec l'outil
[inkscape.](https://inkscape.org/fr/).

Vous pouvez aussi préparer vos dessins à la main sur feuille de papier
**en noir et blanc** : tout ce qui est colorié en noir correspond à la
partie conservée, devant se tenir d'une seule pièce, le blanc constituant la
dépouille
([voir quelques exemples des années passées](https://wiki.fablab-lannion.org/index.php?title=AtelierNoel2017)).

Cet Atelier est ouvert à tous et aura lieu de 14H à 17H00.

Les enfants doivent **impérativement** être accompagnés d'un adulte.

Les places sont limitées. Une inscription préalable doit obligatoirement être faite par mail à l'adresse contact@fablab-lannion.org.

Une participation aux frais de 2€ sera demandée pour chaque participant.
Ne tardez pas à vous inscrire !

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Theresa Hampshire accepted the Distinguished Service Award for Community Help Center, and Pastor Geoff Grow accepted on behalf of Wesley United Methodist Church. Merna Brenner, another winner, was unable to attend the banquet but was recognized for her work with the Preservation Society.
UNION CITY – Three Distinguished Service Awards were presented at the recent Union City Chamber of Commerce Banquet.
They went to Merna Brenner, who was unable to attend; Community Help Center and Wesley United Methodist Church.
It was reported that Brenner was one of the first people to be on board when the Preservation Society formed to save the historic Kirshbaum Building.
The Community Help Center was started when two churches, First Christian Church had a food pantry and Trinity Lutheran had a clothing bank; they decided to come together in 1986 to form a non-profit thrift store. They formed directors to start the planning stage. The store opened in October 1986 and has operated for 32.5 years now, and the board of directors oversee daily operation of the store.
It was pointed out that the Community Help Center started when The Body Company, Sheller Globe and Del-Mar Cabinet Factory were going strong in the community.
"When the auto industry was up and down, faced strikes and lay-offs, and when some of the businesses shut the doors some of the churches realized that there was a real need in the community," it was reported.
The Help Center receives donated items, which are sold to the public at low cost to make items more affordable to help with the ever-rising cost of living that is affecting every families bottom line.
In 2008, the business received a grant to build a new store that allows it to have a positive effect in many lives throughout the local community, by helping when they are in need of food and clothing and assisting with utilities, rent or other miscellaneous services. It serves Randolph Eastern School Corporation and Mississinawa Valley, helping low-income, elderly and disabled families.
Through proceeds from the thrift store, they have seen a huge increase of the families that they have been helping in the past.
Those working at the Community Help Center said they are blessed with the community support from the churches, businesses, civic organizations, schools, Boy Scouts, individuals, etc. They also do Christmas baskets for the local families to help them through the holidays.
Wesley United Methodist Church has been a big part of Union City for many years. Its mission statement is "to Love God and Love Others with the focus of Reaching, Transforming and Serving." So many members of the congregation work and give selflessly without asking for recognition.
After a tragic accident at a little league baseball field, the pastor was asked to become the chaplain for Union City, Indiana, First Responders. He accepted the position, with no pay, and now is a vital part of the First Responder's Team. He not only ministers to the police, fire and EMT crews, but he also ministers to individuals and families in times of need and crisis.
Wesley later teamed up with the County Corrections and Prosecutor's office to start a Youth Guidance Program in the county. This program offers first-time underage offenders the opportunity to have a mentor, participate in community service and get connected to a faith-based community in order to get the youth back on the right track.
Reaching out to the community has always been a priority for Wesley. Many years ago, what started out as feeding a Thanksgiving meal to the youth at Steps, has grown into a community-wide Thanksgiving meal held yearly at Randolph Eastern School in conjunction with the city, school and other community churches to feed more than 600 individuals each year, for the past three years.
Other community programs that Wesley is involved in or established include: Cop Camp, Annual First Responder's Night at Randolph Eastern School, Community Block Parties, Food Bank, Brianna's Hope Chapter in Union City, Yearly Teacher Grants, Back to School Bash, Manna Ministry, United as One AAU program for Union City sports teams, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Steps Ministry, Eagles remodel to soon become the YMCA daycare in Union City, inspiration for Girls Basketball team "Prayer Circle" and numerous mission projects across the United States and internationally.
This entry was tagged Community Help Center, Preservation Society, Union City, Union City Chamber of Commerce, Wesley United Methodist Church. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
{{Ficha de comida
|nombre          = Completo
|imagen          = Completo italiano.jpg
|tamañoimagen    = 250px
|pie de imagen   = Completo italiano. Una de las variantes más populares y difundidas de este platillo.
|nombre_completo = Completo
|tipo            = Bocadillo
|procedencia     =
|origen          = Gastronomía chilena
|creador         = Eduardo Bahamondes
|ingredientes    = Básicos:PanVienesaTomatePaltaMayonesaOpcionales:ChucrutKétchupMostazaPebreAjí
|distribución    =
|similares       = Perrito calienteChoripánAsChaparrita
}}
El completo es un bocadillo tradicional de Chile que consiste en un pan de hot dog, «pan de completo» o «pan copihue» abierto a lo largo, con una vienesa en el medio sobre la cual se colocan diversos ingredientes.

Es una de las especialidades de comida rápida más comunes y conocidas en Chile. Se diferencia del tradicional hot dog estadounidense por llevar una mayor cantidad de ingredientes y aderezos y, además, por tener un mayor tamaño.

Principales ingredientes
En la gastronomía chilena, el completo suele estar compuesto de variados ingredientes o acompañamientos, que lo hacen muy versátil y asequible para distintos gustos, generando a su vez diferentes tipos de completos.

Además del pan y la vienesa (salchicha de Viena), entre los ingredientes más típicos o clásicos del completo chileno se encuentran: el tomate (cortado en pequeños cubos), palta triturada, mayonesa o chucrut. Usualmente se le pueden agregar otros aderezos tales como el ají chileno, salsa americana (picadillo de encurtidos), ketchup y mostaza a gusto del comensal. También existen preparaciones en las cuales se le agrega queso, cebolla, tocino o carne molida, dependiendo del lugar donde se consuma. El orden de los ingredientes es fundamental al momento de confeccionar un completo, en el clásico va en primer lugar la vienesa, luego el tomate, la palta triturada, la mayonesa y posteriormente las demás salsas a gusto de consumidor.

Historia

Aunque la creación del hot dog se remonta a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos, a Chile habría llegado muchos años después.

Eduardo Bahamondes habría sido el primero en importar la idea del hot dog a Chile durante los años 1920. Bahamondes, quien había trabajado en restaurantes estadounidenses, decidió abrir un local en el Portal Fernández Concha, junto a la Plaza de Armas de Santiago. El Quick Lunch Bahamondes fue así el primer local en vender esta variedad de sándwich, que popularizó el local ubicado en pleno centro de la capital. Además, Bahamondes introdujo nuevos ingredientes, puesto que el ketchup y la mostaza originales no eran de gran aceptación en la población de la época. Así, incorporó mayonesa, chucrut, tomate, palta, cebolla y perejil, entre otros ingredientes.

La idea del completo se expandió a otros locales del sector, quedando el Portal Fernández Concha hasta la fecha como un centro de comida rápida en Santiago, especialmente de completos. Posteriormente, el restaurante Nuria de calle Huérfanos se especializó en versiones gigantes del completo, mientras que el Dominó, nacido en 1952 en la calle Agustinas, popularizó diversas variedades y se caracterizó por un servicio expreso. Con el paso del tiempo, el completo se expandió a otras ciudades de Chile.

Comercialización

Los completos son preparados en los hogares, usualmente para las once (ocasionalmente también para las colaciones o almuerzos de fin de semana), pero también son vendidos ampliamente de forma callejera en todas las ciudades y pueblos de Chile.

El completo es ofrecido en fuentes de soda y restaurantes tradicionales, aunque varios locales se especializan en la venta únicamente de este producto.

Algunos restaurantes han industrializado la producción del completo, creando grandes cadenas. Una de ellas es Doggis de G&N Brands, establecida en 1983, fue la primera cadena de comida rápida a nivel nacional basada exclusivamente en completos y fue en 2010 la cadena con más locales en Chile, superando a McDonald's. Otra es Dominó, nacido como un pequeño restaurante de la calle Agustinas. En los años 2000 comenzó un proceso de expansión basado en completos y otros sándwiches de mayor calidad, llegando a patios de comida y centros comerciales de todo el país.

Pese a lo anterior, el completo mantiene su esencia como un producto callejero y de compra al paso, especialmente para estudiantes universitarios. También se venden en la noche a personas que salen de discotecas. Se suelen realizar «completadas» como una forma de reunión familiar, convivencia vecinal y hasta para eventos de beneficencia y recaudación de fondos.

Variantes
Debido a la multiplicidad de ingredientes utilizados, las distintas preparaciones se distinguen por nombres, entre las que destacan el «completo» y el «italiano», las variaciones más comunes o típicas. De la primera variación es de donde el sándwich toma su nombre. Todas las variaciones llevan el pan de mesa y la vienesa como base:

 A lo pobre: Huevo, cebolla frita y queso. Llamado así por llevar ingredientes del bistec a lo pobre.
 Alemán: Tomate, chucrut y mayonesa.
 Antiguo: Palta, salsa americana y mayonesa.
 Atómico: Tomate picado, chucrut, mayonesa, palta, salsa americana y salsa de ají picante.
 Brasileño: Queso derretido y palta. Llamado así por la similitud de sus colores con la bandera de Brasil.
 Chacarero: porotos verdes, ají verde y mayonesa. Llamado así por llevar los ingredientes del chacarero.
 Chemilico: Huevo revuelto.
 Dinámico: Tomate, salsa americana, chucrut, palta, salsa verde o salsa americana y mayonesa.En Valparaíso y Viña del Mar, se denomina completo a esta variante.
 Español: Panceta, ají de color y queso. Llamado así por la similitud de sus colores con la bandera de España.
 Especial: Mayonesa. Equivalente al perrito caliente.
 Gringo: Tomate, pepinillo, lechuga, cebolla y mayonesa.
 Indio: Palta, mayonesa, zanahoria rallada, curry y ají amarillo.
 Irlandés: Lechuga, mayonesa y tomate.
 Italiano: Palta molida, mayonesa y tomate. Llamado así por la similitud de los colores de sus salsas con la bandera de Italia.
 Jarpa: Queso derretido y jamón cocido a la plancha troceado (emulando un Barros Jarpa).
 Luco: Queso derretido. Llamado así por llevar el ingrediente base del Barros Luco.
 Napolitano: Tomate, orégano, queso y aceitunas negras.
 Rodeo: Queso, salsa de barbacoa y tocino.
 Simple o Tomate mayo: Tomate en cubos y mayonesa.
 Suizo: Queso, tomate y mayonesa.
 Turco: Huevo y queso.

También existen variantes regionales del completo, a saber:
 Osornino: Cebolla caramelizada, tocino y mayonesa.
 Ariqueño: Palta, papas hilo y salsa al olivo.
 Iquiqueño: Cebolla morada, pilco (granos de choclo) y salsa de rocoto.
 Antofagastino: Tomate, cebolla caramelizada, ají verde y salsa tártara.
 Atacameño: Mote, mayonesa y ají verde.
 Coquimbano: Palta, espárragos y ciboulette.
 Porteño: Completo italiano con chucrut. La variante con pilco se conoce como viñamarino.
 Metropolitano o Santiaguino: Tomate, mayonesa y salsa americana.
 Rancagüino: Poroto verde, cebolla caramelizada, tomate, mayonesa y ají verde.
 Chillanejo: Salsa de arvejas, pilco, mayonesa de ajo y zanahoria picada.
 Penquista: Palta, tomate, champiñones salteados y salsa verde.
 Temucano: Mayonesa de ajo, piñones al merkén y nueces.
 Valdiviano: Cebolla caramelizada y huevo revuelto con merkén.
 Puertomontino: Cebolla morada, mayonesa de papa y ají amarillo.
 Patagónico: Mayonesa al pilpil, champiñones al romero y queso derretido.
 Magallánico: Queso derretido, huevo frito y merkén.

Opcionalmente todos pueden llevar otras salsas y aderezos como ketchup, mostaza, pasta de ají, salsa golf, pebre, etc.

El completo talquino

El completo talquino (también denominado completo mojado) es uno de los más reconocidos dentro de las variedades nacionales. Esencialmente, el completo cuenta con los mismos ingredientes que los originales, pero se diferencia en su preparación. Una de la principales diferencias es la preparación del pan, puesto que a este se le realiza una cocción a baño maría, de tal manera que queda blando y húmedo, mientras que en los completos tradicionales el pan se sirve sin ningún proceso previo, o bien, se pasa por un tostador o plancha para que quede más crujiente. La otra gran diferencia recae en la preparación del tomate, puesto que en la mayoría de los casos se sirve molido o rayado, mientras que en el completo tradicional se sirve picado en cuadros.

El as

Una de las principales variantes del completo chileno es el denominado as o chilenito, que se prepara de forma similar al completo, pero reemplaza la salchicha por carne de vacuno picada tipo churrasco o en su defecto pechuga de pollo picada o láminas de lomo de cerdo, cualquiera de las tres cocinada a la plancha. Sobre la carne se agregan usualmente los mismos ingredientes utilizados para los completos, generando también cada una de las variantes antes nombradas.

Completo en marraqueta
El pan a utilizar es normalmente pan de completo, pero también existen variantes que utilizan marraqueta (denominado también como pan batido o pan francés, dependiendo de la localización), esta variante es típica de la elaboración casera de completos, ante la falta de pan de completo (o de mesa), se recurre a la marraqueta, dividiendo el pan a lo largo, diferente al corte tradicional de este pan, para improvisar así dos panes de completo. En algunas partes del país se le suele llamar también Tortuga.

Sopaipleto, sushipleto y papapleto

Existe una serie de nuevas variaciones, que a pesar de que no pueden ser consideradas típicas han adquirido un gran auge los últimos años. Dentro de estas, hay una variante que utiliza como pan una sopaipilla conocida sopaipleto, que suele tener los ingredientes de un completo italiano a excepción de la salchicha, que en este caso es opcional, otra variante del completo es el sushipleto que es un completo con forma de sushi, ya sea con arroz como con pan de completo aplanado. El papapleto es una variante orientada a las personas vegetarianas o veganas que reemplaza la vienesa por papas fritas, pero mantiene todos los demás ingredientes y variantes.

Véase también
 Gastronomía de Chile
 Chaparrita
 Sopaipilla
 Anexo:Sándwiches

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Perritos calientes
Sándwiches de Chile
Gastronomía de Chile

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Franco-Ontarians ( or  if female, sometimes known as Ontarois and Ontaroises) are Francophone Canadians that reside in the province of Ontario. Most are French Canadians from Ontario. In 2016, the Government of Ontario calculated that there are approximately 622,415 francophones residing in the province. The majority of Franco-Ontarians in the province reside in Eastern Ontario, Northeastern Ontario, and Central Ontario, although small francophone communities may be found in other regions of the province.

The first francophones to settle in Ontario did so during the early 17th century, when most of it was part of the Pays d'en Haut region of New France. However, French settlement into the area remained limited until the 19th century. The late 19th century and early 20th century saw attempts by the provincial government to assimilate the Franco-Ontarian population into the anglophone majority with the introduction of regulations that promoted the use of English over French, for example Regulation 17. During the late 1960s and 1970s, because of the Quiet Revolution, Franco-Ontarians established themselves as a distinct cultural identity – having only identified as French Canadians before. Francophone rights were furthered in the 1970s as a result of C'est l'temps, a Franco-Ontarian civil disobedience movement that pressured several provincial departments to adopt bilingual policies.

The provincial government passed the French Language Services Act in 1986 which recognized the French language as a "historic language of Ontario," and as an official language of the province's education system, judiciary, and legislature. However, the Act did not make the French language an official language in its entirety; with other provincial services only made available in French in designated communities and regions with a significant Franco-Ontarian population.

Definition
The term Franco-Ontarian has two related usages, which overlap closely but are not identical: it may refer to francophone residents of Ontario, regardless of their ethnicity or place of birth, or to people of French Canadian ancestry born in Ontario, regardless of their primary language or current place of residence. In June 2009, the provincial government expanded the definition of a francophone as a person whose mother tongue is French, or a person that has a different mother tongue but still uses French as the primary language at home. The term Ontarois is used sometimes to distinguish French-speaking Ontarians, while the general term for Ontarian in French is Ontarien. The use of the term Ontarois follows the convention that a francophone minority is referred to with endings of -ois.

In popular usage, the first meaning predominates and the second is poorly understood. Although most Franco-Ontarians meet both definitions, there are notable exceptions. For example, although Louise Charron was the first native-born Franco-Ontarian appointed to the bench of the Supreme Court of Canada, she was preceded as a francophone judge from Ontario by Louise Arbour, a Quebecer who worked in Ontario for much of her professional career as a lawyer and judge. As a result, both women have been referred to as "the first Franco-Ontarian Supreme Court justice", although the technically correct practice is to credit Charron, Franco-Ontarian in both senses, with that distinction.

Conversely, two of the most famous rock musicians from Ontario, Avril Lavigne and Alanis Morissette, are Franco-Ontarian by the second definition but not by the first, since they were born to Franco-Ontarian parents but currently live outside Ontario and work primarily in English. Former Prime Minister Paul Martin was born in Windsor to a Franco-Ontarian father from Pembroke and an anglophone mother, although many Canadians consider him a Quebecer as he represented a Montreal riding in Parliament.

Both meanings can be politically charged. Using the second to the exclusion of the first may be considered offensive to some in that it excludes francophones born in or with ethnic origins from other francophone countries from the Franco-Ontarian community. Using the first to the exclusion of the second obscures the very real ethno-cultural distinctions that exist between Franco-Ontarians, Québécois, Acadians, Métis and other Canadian francophone communities, and the pressures toward assimilation into the English Canadian majority that the community faces. As a result, the complex political and sociological context of Franco-Ontarian can only be fully understood by recognizing both meanings and understanding the distinctions between the two.

Demographics
Franco-Ontarians constitute the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec. According to the province of Ontario, there are 622,415 francophones in Ontario, making up 4.7 per cent of the province's population. However, the figure is derived from the province's "Inclusive Definition of Francophones" (IDF), which includes respondents from the 2016 Canadian Census who reported French as their mother tongue and respondents whose mother tongue was not French but have proficiency in the language and use it as their primary language at home. Prior to the introduction of IDF in 2009, a respondent's mother tongue was the main measure used by the government to determined the number of francophones in the province. There were 568,345 Ontarians, or 4.3 per cent of the population, that reported having French as a mother tongue in the 2016 census, making it the most common mother tongue in the province after English.

The majority of Franco-Ontarians are bilingual in both French and English; a minority (40,045 respondents) reported having proficiency in only the French language and limited or no knowledge of English. In the same census, more than 1.52 million Ontarians, or 11.49 per cent of the province's population, reported having proficiency in the French language; while 11.2 per cent of the population reported to be bilingual in French and English. However, that figure includes both Franco-Ontarians and Ontarians who speak French as a second language.

Approximately 16.1 per cent of francophone Ontarians identified as a visible minority. More than half of Ontario's francophone visible minority population reside within Central Ontario (including the Greater Toronto Area), with 37.8 per cent residing in Eastern Ontario, and the remaining 5.7 per cent in other areas of the province.

In 2016, 59.5 per cent of francophones in Ontario were born in province, while 19.6 per cent originated from Quebec, and 16.4 per cent came from all other provinces or territories in Canada. However, the percentage of those born in the province varies between region, with 85.3 per cent of francophones in Northeastern Ontario being born in Ontario; whereas only 39.6 per cent of francophones in Central Ontario were born in the province. Approximately 4.5 per cent of francophones in Ontario were born outside Canada. Around 35 per cent of francophones born outside Canada were born in Africa, while 28 per cent were from Europe, 20 per cent were from Asia, and 17 per cent were from other countries in the Americas. Francophone immigrants account for 15 per cent of all immigrants into Ontario, and nearly a third of all immigrants into Central Ontario. Approximately 17.4 per cent of immigrants to the province between 2011 and 2016 were francophone.

Communities

Franco-Ontarians may be found in all areas of Ontario. Approximately 43.1 per cent of francophones in province reside in Eastern Ontario, with 268,070 francophones living in that region. Francophones comprise approximately 15.4 per cent of Eastern Ontario's total population. More than 68 per cent of francophones that live in Eastern Ontario reside in its Champlain region, an area that encompasses Cornwall, Hawkesbury, Ottawa and Pembroke (all of which are adjacent to or near the Ontario-Quebec border).

However, Northeastern Ontario is the region that has the highest proportion of francophones, with the 122,360 francophone residents of the region making up 22.6 per cent of the region's population. Central Ontario (including the Greater Toronto Area) also has a large population of Franco-Ontarians, with 191,375 francophones residing in that region. The remaining regions'  Franco-Ontarian populations are 33,555 in Southwestern Ontario and 7,055 in Northwestern Ontario.

History

Early history

Étienne Brûlé is often considered the first francophone and European to have arrived in the region in 1610.  During this time, most of Ontario formed a part of New France's Pays d'en Haut region; with most of the European inhabitants in the region at the time being coureurs de bois and voyageurs, or Jesuit missionaries in Huronia; most notably the settlements of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (in present-day Midland) in 1649, and another settlement in Sault Sainte Marie in 1668. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the military of New France established a number of fortifications and garrisons in the region, including Fort Frontenac (in present-day Kingston) in 1673, and Fort Rouillé (in present-day Toronto) in 1750. The development of Fort Pontchartrain in Detroit, led to the development of Petite Côte, a permanent settlement south of the Detroit River. The settlement was the first permanent settlement in Ontario, and eventually became Windsor. However, European settlement into the region remained largely limited during this period.

After the Treaty of Paris was negotiated in 1763, New France was ceded to the British. Present day Ontario was governed as a part of the Province of Quebec until 1791, when Ontario was severed from the colony, forming Upper Canada. In 1797, the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada passed the Upper Canada School Act, which provided for schools that used English and French and instructional languages. In 1798, during the final years of the French Revolution, French nobleman Joseph-Geneviève de Puisaye led a small group of royalists from France to settle lands north of York (present day Toronto).

French migration into Canada West/Ontario did not accelerate until the second half of the 19th century, farmers from Canada East/Quebec began to migrate in search of fertile land in Eastern Ontario, and along the Canadian Pacific Railway north of Lake Nipissing and Lake Huron. A large number of French Canadians were also drawn to Northern Ontario during this period, with the discovery of nickel in Sudbury, and gold in Timmins.

In an attempt to alleviate anti-French sentiments, in 1885 George William Ross, the provincial Minister of Education, mandated the requirement of English to be taught in francophone schools for two hours in the first four years of elementary school, and for four hours in its final four years.

20th century

1901–1950
The late 19th century, and early 20th century saw the Ontario government much less supportive of, and often openly hostile toward the Franco-Ontarian community. In an attempt to protect Franco-Ontarian language rights, the Association canadienne-française d'Éducation de l'Ontario (ACFÉO) was formed in 1910, who typically opposed the English-only initiatives launched by the Orange Order of Canada, and Irish Catholics led by Michael Fallon, the Bishop of London, Ontario. However, French Canadian migration throughout Ontario continued, with sawmills and papermills in Kapuskasing, and Hearst; and automotive plants in Oshawa and Windsor attracting French Canadian laborers during the 1920s.

In 1912, the provincial government passed Regulation 17, which limited the use of the French as the primary language of instruction to the first two years of elementary school. However, enforcement of the regulation was abandoned in 1927, when it became apparent to the provincial government that the regulation perpetuated inferior schooling of pupils in the province. Instead, a new policy permitting French-language schools instruction was introduced, with French given legal status in Ontario's education system, and the bilingual University of Ottawa Normal School was officially recognized. The regulation formally remained in the statutes of Ontario until 1944, when the regulations were revised.

Although the regulation itself was rescinded in 1927, the government did not fund French language high schools. As a result, francophones had to pursue high school education in English, pay tuition to private high schools (which few Franco-Ontarian families could afford), or simply stop attending school after Grade 9. Due to the lack of funding, several generations of Franco-Ontarians grew up without formal education, with the dropout rate for francophones high during this period. Franco-Ontarians thus opted for jobs which did not require reading and mathematical skills, such as mining and forestry, and were virtually absent from white collar jobs. Sociologically, it meant that education was not a value transmitted to younger Franco-Ontarians. Further, those that did have higher levels of education often pursue job opportunities in larger cities, particularly Ottawa or even Montreal, which can create a barrier to economic development in their home communities. As well, even today many students of Franco-Ontarian background are still educated in anglophone schools. This has the effect of reducing the use of French as a first language in the province, and thereby limiting the growth of the Franco-Ontarian community.

Quebec writer Yves Beauchemin  once controversially referred to the Franco-Ontarian community as "warm corpses" (« cadavres encore chauds ») who had no chance of surviving as a community. In a similar vein, former Quebec Premier René Lévesque referred to them as "dead ducks".

1951–2000
The late 1960s saw a schism form between the francophones in Quebec, and the other francophone communities of Canada, notably the francophones in Ontario. The emergence of a separate québécois identity during the Quiet Revolution; also resulted in the development of a unique Franco-Ontarian identity, with francophones in Ontario forced to re-conceptualize their identities without relying on francophones in Quebec.

Recommendations from the Provincial Committee on Aims and Objectives of Education in the Schools of Ontario, and the Bériault Report led to the provincial government passing the Schools Administration Act, and the Secondary Schools and Boards Act in 1968.  The following acts introduced public funding for French-language secondary schools, and laid the foundation for the province's present elementary and secondary francophone school system. In 1969, the provincial government established its French-language public educational broadcaster, TFO.

Following the advice of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Ontario's premier John Robarts made French an official language of the provincial legislature in 1970. While the Victoria Charter was being negotiated between the provincial premiers and the federal government, Robarts agreed that the province would recognize Franco-Ontarians rights to access provincial public service in the French language, and for French-speakers to receive the services of an interpreter, if needed, in Ontario's courts. However, plans to adopt these measures were abandoned after negotiations for the Victoria Charter collapsed. His successor, Bill Davis instead opted to simply provide legal services in French, with the issuance of bilingual drivers licenses and government documents.

A civil disobedience movement made up of Franco-Ontarian wanting to further accessibility rights for French-speakers emerged in 1975, known as C'est l'temps. Members of C'est l'temps refused to pay tickets issued in only in English, pressuring the provincial judiciary to act in a bilingual manner. As a result of the protest, the Ontario's Attorney General, Roy McMurtry authorized the first French-language provincial court proceeding in 1976.

Other departments in the government of Ontario also began to adopt policies of bilingualism, and policies for French services, such as the Ministry of Health in 1979, and the Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services in 1980. French was formally made an official language of the provincial judiciary in 1984. In 1986, the provincial French Language Services Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, where it recognized French as a "historic language in Ontario," an official language in its courts and in education, as well as the "desirable use" of French in its provincial institutions including the Legislature. However, the Act itself did not make the province bilingual, instead designating a number of communities where French-speakers constitute a majority or significant minority, as an area where provincial services are required to be provided in French and English.

The following legislation saw pushback from several anglophone Ontario towns and cities, most notably Sault Ste. Marie, which was persuaded by the Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada to declare themselves "English-only" in the wake of the French Language Services Act and the Meech Lake Accord debate. This was considered by many observers to be a direct contributor to the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement in the 1990s, and consequently to the 1995 Quebec referendum.

21st century
On October 19, 2004, a Toronto lawyer successfully challenged a "no left turn" traffic ticket on the basis that the sign was not bilingual in accordance with the 1986 French Language Services Act. The judge in R. v. Myers ruled that the traffic sign was not a municipal service, but instead was regulated under the provincial Highway Traffic Act and therefore subject to the bilingual requirements of the French Language Services Act. As this was a lower court ruling, it did not affect any other court. However the implication of the decision was that many traffic signs in bilingually designated areas of Ontario would be invalid. It was feared that the ruling would have a similar effect as the Manitoba Language Rights ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada, in this case forcing municipalities to erect new bilingual road signs at great expense and invalidating millions of dollars in existing tickets before the courts. The City of Toronto appealed the ruling. At the appeal hearing both parties asked the court to enter a plea of guilty. A guilty verdict was entered even though no arguments were made by either side on the merits of the case. The situation created a legal vacuum for several years, during which numerous defendants used the bilingual signage argument to fight traffic tickets. The precedent was overturned by the Ontario Court of Appeal in a 2011 case, R. v. Petruzzo, on the grounds that the French Language Services Act specifically states that municipalities are not required to offer services in French, even in provincially regulated areas such as traffic signage, if the municipality has not specifically passed its own bylaw governing its own provision of bilingual services.

Ontario's Minister of Francophone Affairs, Madeleine Meilleur, became the province's first cabinet minister to attend a Francophonie summit in 2004, travelling to Ouagadougou with counterparts from Quebec, New Brunswick and the federal government. Meilleur also expressed the hope that Ontario would someday become a permanent member of the organization. On November 26, 2016, Ontario was granted observer status by La Francophonie.

On January 10, 2005, Clarence-Rockland became the first Ontario city to pass a bylaw requiring all new businesses to post signs in both official languages. Clarence-Rockland is 60 per cent francophone, and the city council noted that the bylaw was intended to address the existence of both English-only and French-only commercial signage in the municipality.

In 2008, the provincial government officially introduced a French licence plate, with the French slogan "Tant à découvrir" in place of "Yours to Discover", as an optional feature for drivers who wished to use it.

In 2009, the government faced controversy during the H1N1 flu pandemic, when it sent out a health information flyer in English only, with no French version published or distributed for the province's francophone residents. In response, MPP France Gélinas introduced a private member's bill in May 2011 to have the provincial Commissioner of French Language Services report to the full Legislative Assembly of Ontario rather than exclusively to the Minister of Francophone Affairs.

2010s
On April 26, 2010, the Ontario government designated September 25 as Franco-Ontarian Day. This date was chosen as it represented the anniversary of the official raising of the Franco-Ontarian flag in 1975. On 22 February 2016, premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne formally issued an apology on behalf of the government of Ontario to Franco-Ontarians for the passage of Regulation 17, and its harmful impact on its communities. The motion for the government to present an official apology to the Franco-Ontarian community was first presented by Glenn Thibeault.

In 2015, MPP France Gélinas introduced a private member's bill to mandate the creation of a fully independent French-language university. Although her bill did not pass, the government of Kathleen Wynne announced the creation of a French-language university in 2017.

In 2018, the provincial government of Doug Ford announced several government cutbacks that impacted the Franco-Ontarian community, including ending the position of the French Language Services Commissioner and transferring its responsibilities to the office of the Ontario Ombudsman, reducing the status of the Ministry of Francophone Affairs from a full ministry to a government office, and cancelling funding announced by the prior government of Kathleen Wynne for the creation of the French-language university. After extensive backlash to the announcement, Ford reversed course, announcing that the commissioner position would be retained and that the office of francophone affairs would be restored to a full government ministry. The actions led to one Franco-Ontarian MPP, Amanda Simard, leaving his caucus to sit as an independent. During this period, governments in Quebec began to fly the Franco-Ontarian flag as a gesture of solidarity. The flag was hoisted at Montreal City Hall on November 23, and at the National Assembly of Quebec on December 1.

Ford later cancelled funding for the new Francophone university, created by  the previous government. However, in September 2019 the provincial and federal governments announced a new funding plan for the creation of the French first language university in the province. The province's first publicly-funded university that operates solely as a French-language institution was incorporated in April 2018 as the Université de l'Ontario français, expecting to accept its first cohort of full-time students in 2021.

2020s
On September 21, 2020, Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an amendment to the Franco-Ontarian Emblem Act, 2001, first proposed by Progressive Conservative MPP, Natalia Kusendova, to designate Franco-Ontarian flag as an official emblem of Ontario. It received royal assent and became law on September 24, 2020.

On September 25, 2020, the government under Doug Ford, through Minister of Francophone Affairs, Caroline Mulroney, announced that Franco-Ontarians will be able to request a free replacement driver's licence or Ontario photo card displaying their name using French-language characters.

The Université de Hearst, which teaches entirely in French and for decades operated as a federated college of Laurentian University using Laurentian's degree-granting authority, was chartered as a fully independent university in 2021.

Politics
The Ministry of Francophone Affairs is a department of the government of Ontario responsible for the provision of provincial services to the Franco-Ontarian community. Caroline Mulroney is the provincial cabinet minister responsible for the Francophone Affairs portfolio. The French language has been recognized as an official language of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1970.

In 2016, the government of Ontario was granted observer status to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, permitting the provincial government to submit requests to the organization's ministerial conferences, and participate in certain meetings held by the organization. Ontario is one of four governments in Canada that participates in the Francophonie, with the federal government of Canada and the provincial governments of New Brunswick and Quebec being full-fledged members of the organization.

Access to services
Although French is an official language in Ontario's education system, legislature, and judiciary, the province as a whole is not officially bilingual and its other provincial services do not provide English/French bilingual service throughout the entirety of the province. However, the provincial French Language Services Act requires all provincial ministries and agencies to provide French-language services within 26 designated municipalities and regions.

An area is designated as a French service area if the francophone population is greater than 5,000 people or 10 per cent of the community's total population. Due to the 5,000 population threshold, large cities that are actually overwhelmingly anglophone with virtually no francophone population proportional for the size of the city, are nevertheless still subject to the Act. Francophones who live in non-designated areas can also receive French language services by directly contacting the Office of Francophone Affairs in Toronto, or in the nearest designated community. The most recent addition to the list of designated areas is the city of Markham. It was named in June 2015, and after the three-year implementation period provided for by the French Language Services Act, officially became a bilingual service centre in 2018. Enforcement of the French Language Services Act is conducted through the office of the provincial French Language Services Commissioner.

The following census divisions (denoted in dark blue on the map) are designated areas in their entirety:

 Algoma District
 Cochrane District
 Greater Sudbury
 City of Hamilton
 Nipissing District
 City of Ottawa
 Prescott and Russell United Counties
 Sudbury District
 Timiskaming District
 City of Toronto

The following census divisions (denoted in light blue on the map) are not fully designated areas, but have communities within their borders which are designated for bilingual services:

Municipality of Chatham-Kent: Tilbury, Dover Township, Tilbury East Township
Essex County: Lakeshore, Tecumseh, Windsor
Frontenac County: Kingston
Kenora District: Ignace
Middlesex County: London
Niagara Region: Port Colborne, Welland
Peel Region: Mississauga, Brampton
Renfrew County: Laurentian Valley, Pembroke, Whitewater Region
Thunder Bay District: Greenstone, Manitouwadge, Marathon, Terrace Bay
Simcoe County: Essa, Penetanguishene, Tiny
United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry: Cornwall, North Glengarry, North Stormont, South Glengarry, South Stormont, Winchester
York Region: Markham

The French Language Services Act only applies to provincial government services, and does not require services operated by the municipal government to provide bilingual services, although several municipalities have done so at their own discretion. There are presently 44 communities in Ontario whose municipal government and services are bilingual in English and French. Most of these are communities are members of the Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario, or AFMO.

Judicial access

The provincial judicial system is officially bilingual in English and French, with access to a French-speaking justice viewed as a quasi-constitutional right in Ontario. The official languages of the provincial courts was set in s. 125 of the Courts of Justice Act, with s. 126 of the same act outlining the specific rights afforded to a French-speaking party. French-language access within Ontario's judicial administrative offices is also required in designated communities under the French Language Services Act. Francophone linguistic rights are further reinforced for criminal cases as those tried under the Criminal Code, a federal statute, have the right to be tried in either English or French as specified in section 530 of the Code.

However, in practice the courts function primarily in English. Francophones in some parts of the province have noted some difficulty in actually accessing French language services, especially in civil litigation matters; for example, francophones in the justice system have sometimes faced unnecessary and expensive delays in their judicial proceedings, or been forced to proceed in English even if they were merely functional but not fluent in the language, due to gaps in the system's ability to actually provide full French services. Acting upon a number of complaints received from the French Language Service Commissioner, the Attorney General of Ontario launched a committee in 2009 to address French language rights in the judicial system.

Education

Elementary and secondary

Legislation on educational instruction in the French language was first passed in Upper Canada under the Upper Canada School Act, 1797, which provided for schools that used English or French as an instructional languages. The use of French as the primary language of instruction was later limited to the first two years of elementary education in Ontario, from 1912 to 1927. In 1927, its enforcement was dropped with the province again permitting French-language instruction past Grade 2. The present public French-language elementary and secondary school system originates from education reforms implemented by the province in 1968. French-language rights for resident elementary and secondary school students in Ontario are afforded through the provincial Education Act and Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Public education in the Ontario is managed by the provincial Ministry of Education, which sets the guidelines and curriculum for both its English and French language public school systems. There were 103,490 students enrolled in Ontario's public francophone elementary and secondary schools during the 2015–16 academic year.

In addition to language, public education in Ontario is also split between a secularized, and separate school school systems. As a result, twelve public francophone school boards operate within the province; with four secularized public school boards forming a part of the Association des conseils scolaires des écoles publiques de l'Ontario, and eight separate school boards forming a part of Association franco-ontarienne des conseils scolaires catholiques. In 2016, Ontario's public francophone school boards operated 351 elementary schools, and 104 secondary schools.

These school boards were formed after the passage of the Fewer School Boards Act in 1997, with a number of secularized and separate school boards being split and re-consolidated into larger school districts based on language. The re-consolidated French school boards served a significantly larger catchment area than an English-language school board in the province due to the smaller francophone population.

In addition to public elementary and secondary school, a number of private schools also operate with French as the primary instructional language.

Post-secondary

Ontario is home to several public post-secondary institutions that operate either as francophone or as bilingual English and French institutions. There were approximately 21,300 students enrolled in a post-secondary francophone program/institution in Ontario during the 2015–16 academic year.

Ontario has two francophone post-secondary colleges, Collège Boréal, and Collège La Cité. The former is based in Sudbury, and operates satellite campuses throughout Ontario; while the latter is based in Ottawa, with a satellite campus in Hawkesbury. A third French-language college, Collège des Grands-Lacs, formerly operated in Toronto from 1995 to 2002. After the college ceased operations, its programs were taken over by Collège Boréal.

There are several publicly-funded universities in Ontario where French is the official instructional language. Universities that operate as francophone institutions includes the Université de Hearst and the Université de l'Ontario français. Four other Ontario-based universities are officially bilingual institutions, offering instruction in both English and French, the Laurentian University, the Royal Military College of Canada, the University of Ottawa, and the University of Sudbury.

Three other universities in Ontario also maintain federated or affiliated institutions that provide bilingual instruction in either English or French. Although these affiliated institutions and schools are bilingual, their parent universities are otherwise considered anglophone institutions. Affiliated institutions that are bilingual include Dominican University College, an institution affiliated with Carleton University in Ottawa; Glendon College, an institution affiliated with York University in Toronto; and Saint Paul University, an institution federated with the University of Ottawa. Additionally, the University of Toronto also operates the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, a functionally bilingual graduate school.

Language
The dialects of French spoken in Ontario are similar to, but distinct from, Quebec French and constitute part of the greater Canadian French dialect. According to Michel Laurier (1989), the semantic and stylistic value of the use of the subjunctive is progressively disappearing. In the article "Le français canadien parlé hors Québec : aperçu sociolinguistique " (1989), Edward Berniak and Raymond Mougeon underline some characteristics:
 the use of the possessive à
 the transfer of rules from English to French, e.g., "J'ai vu un film sur/à la télévision" which comes from "I saw a film on television", or " Je vais à la maison/chez moi " coming from "I'm going home".
 the loaning of English conjunctions, for instance, "so" for ça fait que or alors.

Due to the large English majority in the province, English loanwords are sometimes used in the informal or slang registers of Franco-Ontarian French. While English loanwords occur to a large extent in many varieties of French in Canada and Europe, there has been more of a conscious effort in Quebec to eliminate anglicisms.  In addition, the majority of Franco-Ontarians are, out of necessity, functionally or fluently bilingual in English, a fact that encourages borrowing, as does the fact that the English language has a greater prestige in the province from its being a majority language. Franco-Ontarian communities with a small francophone population tend to have more English-influenced French, and some younger speakers there may feel more comfortable using English than French. On the other hand, the French spoken in French-dominant Ontarian communities (such as Hearst and Hawkesbury), or in those communities near the Quebec border (such as Ottawa), is virtually indistinguishable from Quebec French.

Furthermore, improved access to publicly funded French-language schools and the establishment of bilingual universities and French language community colleges has improved French-language proficiency in younger populations.

Culture
The primary cultural organization of the Franco-Ontarian community is the Assemblée de la francophonie de l'Ontario, or AFO, which coordinates many of the community's cultural and political activities.

Franco-Ontarians retain many cultural traditions from their French Canadian ancestry. For example, unmarried elder siblings dansent sur leurs bas (dance on their socks) when their younger siblings get married. Catholic Franco-Ontarians attend messe de minuit (midnight mass) on Christmas Eve. Many Franco-Ontarians also enjoy late night feasts/parties on Christmas Eve, called réveillon, at which tourtière is a common dish. They also celebrate Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day on June 24th as the national holiday for French Canadians.

Franco-Ontarian identity
The concept of Franco-Ontarians as a distinct cultural identity emerged during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Prior to this time, virtually all French Canadians were understood as a single unified cultural group regardless of which province they lived in, with Quebec serving as the "citadel" of French Canada.

However, the Estates General of French Canada of 1966 to 1969 radically reshaped the landscape of French Canadian identity. During the Estates General of Canada the Quebec delegation, influenced by the Quiet Revolution, had pushed forward a new concept of a uniquely québécois identity, believing that the French Canadian population risked assimilation unless they focused their efforts on saving "the body of the nation," namely Quebec. However, many Franco-Ontarians perceived the refocus in priorities by the Quebec delegation as an abandonment of the other French Canadian communities, and their shared French Canadian identity. This resulted in what is sometimes described as a "rupture" between the francophones of Quebec, and the Franco-Ontarian community, who were then forced to re-conceptualize their own cultural identities while being reliant on the federal government, as opposed to Quebec.

The actual depth of this "rupture" has been questioned by academics, as Quebec continues to exert strong cultural influence on francophone minority communities in the rest of Canada. However, it remains a prominent theme in contemporary cultural analysis of French Canadian identities,
It is also evident that by the early 1970s, a uniquely Franco-Ontarian cultural space had emerged with the creation of new institutions and symbols.

Symbols

Franco-Ontarian Flag

The Franco-Ontarian flag consists of two bands of green and white. The left portion has a solid light green background with a white fleur-de-lys in the middle, while the right portion has a solid white background with a stylized green trillium in the middle. The green represents the summer months, while the white represents the winter months. The trillium is the floral symbol of Ontario, while the fleur-de-lys represents the French-Canadian heritage of the Franco-Ontarian community. The green color on the flag is Pantone 349.

The flag was created in 1975 by Gaétan Gervais, history professor and Michel Dupuis, first year political science student, both from Laurentian University. It was officially recognized by the Ontario PC government as the emblem of the Franco-Ontarian community in the Franco-Ontarian Emblem Act of 2001. In September 2020, the flag was made an official emblem of the province.

Franco-Ontarian Day
Franco-Ontarian Day is celebrated on September 25, the anniversary of the first raising of the Franco-Ontarian flag in Sudbury in 1975.

In 2010, the Minister Responsible for Francophone Affairs Madeleine Meilleur introduced Bill 24 to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario to have Franco-Ontarian Day officially recognised by the province. The bill, the Franco-Ontarian Day Act, 2010, passed unanimously and received royal assent in May 2010.

Monuments
Seven monuments known as Les Monuments de la francophonie d'Ottawa, were erected in Ottawa by the francophone community to commemorate francophone contribution to the development and well-being of the city. The first of the series of monuments, Monuments de la francophonie d'Ottawa was designed by Edward J. Cuhaci, and represents the first homes and the founding of Bytown. The next five monuments, each progressing uphill,  highlight business achievements that were crucial to the prosperity of Ottawa economy. The seventh monument, an unfinished granite block, symbolizes future developments.

A monument to Franco-Ontarians also exists at Queen's Park in Toronto. The Notre Place monument commemorates the Franco-Ontarian community as well as the contributions the francophone community made to Ontario. The monument was first proposed in 2015. Work on the monument began on 25 September 2017, on Franco-Ontarian day, and was unveiled on the same day the following year. The stainless steel columns were designed to commemorate Franco-Ontarian contributions in the province's forestry industry, while the surrounding public square was intended to be used as a gathering space. The name of the monument, Notre Place, is a reference to song from Paul Demers and François Dubé. The name of the monument, and the Franco-Ontarian flag is also present on the stoned wall bench that surrounds most of the square. Designed by the architectural firm Brooke McIlroy, the cost to construct the monument was approximate C$900,000.

Arts

Film
Through their proximity to Gatineau or Montreal, Ottawa and the communities east of it toward Montreal are the only regions in Ontario which have consistent access throughout the year to French-language theatrical films. However, Cinéfest in Sudbury and the Toronto International Film Festival include francophone films in their annual festival programs, the Toronto-based Cinéfranco festival programs a lineup consisting entirely of francophone films, and community groups in many smaller communities offer French film screenings from time to time, sometimes in conjunction with the Tournée Québec Cinéma touring program of Quebec films. Francophone films also air on TFO, Radio-Canada and cable channels such as Unis and Super Écran.

Literature

Ontario has seven francophone publishing companies, including Sudbury's Prise de parole, Ottawa's Editions Le Nordir and Les Éditions David.

Notable Franco-Ontarian writers include Lola Lemire Tostevin, Daniel Poliquin, Robert Dickson, Jean-Marc Dalpé, François Paré, Gaston Tremblay, Michel Bock, Doric Germain, Fernand Dorais and Hédi Bouraoui. The French-language scholar Joseph Médard Carrière was Franco-Ontarian.

Music and theatre

Nine professional theatre companies offer French language theatrical productions, including five companies in Ottawa (Théâtre du Trillium, Théâtre de la Vieille 17, Vox Théâtre, Théâtre la Catapulte and Créations In Vivo), one in Sudbury (Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario) and three in Toronto (Théâtre Corpus, Théâtre La Tangente and Théâtre français de Toronto). There are also numerous community theatre groups and school theatre groups.

Annual music festivals include La Nuit sur l'étang in Sudbury and the Festival Franco-Ontarien in Ottawa. Notable figures in Franco-Ontarian music include Robert Paquette, Marcel Aymar, En Bref, Chuck Labelle, Les Chaizes Muzikales, Brasse-Camarade, Swing, Konflit Dramatik, Stéphane Paquette, Damien Robitaille and CANO.

The song "Notre Place" by Paul Demers and François Dubé, long considered an unofficial anthem of the Franco-Ontarian community after it was written for a gala to celebrate the passage of the French Language Services Act in 1986, was legally designated as the community's official anthem by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 2017.

Place des Arts, a multidisciplinary arts centre bringing together many of the francophone arts and culture organizations in Sudbury, is slated to open in 2022.

Visual arts
La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario is an art museum whose collections and exhibitions are centred around Franco-Ontarian artists.

Media

Print
Ontario has one francophone daily newspaper, Le Droit in Ottawa. However, several other communities in Ontario are served by francophone community weekly papers, including L'Express and Le Métropolitain in Toronto, Le Voyageur in Sudbury, L'Action in London/Sarnia, Le Rempart in Windsor, Le Régional in Hamilton-Niagara and Le Journal de Cornwall in Cornwall. Important historical publications include Ottawa's Le Progrès, which was launched in 1858 as the province's first francophone newspaper, and Sudbury's L'Ami du peuple, which was published from 1942 to 1968.

Radio
On radio, the Franco-Ontarian community is served primarily by Radio-Canada's Ici Radio-Canada Première network, which has originating stations in Ottawa (CBOF), Toronto (CJBC), Sudbury (CBON) and Windsor (CBEF), with rebroadcasters throughout Ontario. Ici Musique, Radio-Canada's arts and culture network, currently broadcasts only in Ottawa (CBOX), Toronto (CJBC-FM), Sudbury (CBBX), Kitchener-Waterloo (CJBC-FM-1) and Windsor (CJBC-FM-2), with an additional transmitter licensed but not yet launched in Timmins.

Non-profit francophone community stations exist in several communities, including Penetanguishene (CFRH), Hearst (CINN), Kapuskasing (CKGN), Cornwall (CHOD), Ottawa (CJFO) and Toronto (CHOQ). Many campus radio stations air one or two hours per week of French-language programming as well, although only CHUO at the University of Ottawa and CKLU at Laurentian University are officially bilingual stations.

Francophone commercial radio stations exist in Sudbury (CHYC), Timmins (CHYK) and Sturgeon Falls/North Bay (CHYQ); all three stations are owned and operated by Le5 Communications, and air distinct locally targeted morning shows while operating for the remainder of the day as a shared region-wide simulcast with each station originating some of the common programming. Ottawa francophones are served by the commercial radio stations licensed to Gatineau, and many other Eastern Ontario communities are within the broadcast range of the Gatineau and Montreal media markets. One station in Hawkesbury (CHPR) airs a few hours per week of locally oriented programming, but otherwise simulcasts a commercial station from Montreal.

Television

The province has two Ici Radio-Canada Télé stations, CBOFT-DT in Ottawa and CBLFT-DT in Toronto, which previously had rebroadcast transmitters throughout the province but remain available provincewide on basic cable. Both stations carry identical programming directed from Radio-Canada's master control in Montreal, except for local news and advertisements. CBOFT produces a newscast for broadcast only in the Ottawa area, while CBLFT produces another serving the rest of the province. The network formerly also operated CBEFT in Windsor, which was shut down in 2012.

The provincial government operates TFO, a sister channel to TVOntario, which is available provincewide via mandatory carriage on basic cable or satellite packages and via online streaming; it formerly also transmitted over the air in selected communities with significant francophone populations, but this was discontinued in 2012. In 2003, TFO produced and aired Francoeur, the first Franco-Ontarian téléroman. In 2008, TFO also began airing the first Franco-Ontarian sitcom, Météo+ — itself, in part, a satire of the Franco-Ontarian community's relative lack of access to local French-language media. In 2012, the production team behind Météo+ launched Les Bleus de Ramville.

The Quebec-based francophone network TVA as well as specialty channels TV5 Québec Canada and Ici RDI are available on all Ontario cable systems, as these channels are mandated by the CRTC for carriage by all Canadian cable operators. Where there is sufficient local demand for French-language television, Ontario cable systems may also offer French-language channels such as Noovo, Ici ARTV, Elle Fictions and RDS, although these channels only have discretionary status outside Quebec and are typically offered only on a digital cable tier rather than in basic cable packages.

Notable Franco-Ontarians

See also

French Canadians
Quebecer
Acadians
Franco-Albertan, Franco-Columbian, Franco-Manitoban, Franco-Newfoundlander, Franco-Nunavois, Fransaskois, Franco-Ténois, Franco-Yukonnais

Notes

References

External links
 Government of Ontario, Office of Francophone Affairs

Ontario


But when I try to play a game on the pcsx2, none of the controls work.
When I go to the lilipad settings I get this image.
Can anyone please tell me what to do? And if possible as simple as possible since I'm a complete noob at pcsx2.
I have Motioninjoy but it still didn't change from before.
You need the latest motioninjoy version (0.7.1001).
Updated it, and followed all the steps in that guide, but it still hasn't changed at all.
Make sure you click Enable in motioninjoy. You need to do this after every reboot.


Whether you're looking for second anniversary gift ideas for him or for her, the second year is traditionally all about cotton, but in recent years it is also celebrated with fine china. There are a number of contemporary and traditional second anniversary gift ideas for both sexes, so if you really want to make your anniversary special, here are some great second anniversary gift ideas.
This year's bridal fashion week was bigger than ever. The Bridal industry has been booming for some time now, but it's still going from strength to strength year upon year. And 2015 was no exception. We saw some stunning new collections from all of the biggest names such as Amsale, Christos, Vera Wang and Angel Sanchez. Here are some of the top bridal fashion week trends that we saw on the runways this year, so if you're planning that special day, be sure to keep your eyes glued to the page.
There is a good chance that you have seen a man or woman hunched over a desk, peering at a teeny diamond through a little looking glass. What are they looking for and what is that thing they are looking through?  – They are taking a deep look into the diamond to make sure it is real. Oh and they are using what is called a loupe.
If you were born in November, then you're lucky, because you were born in one of those few months that offer more than one stone to choose from. Indeed, November is the month for citrine and topaz. Of course, you could choose your favorite, or you could wear both. If you know someone special who is a November baby, you could even custom design a jewelry piece that features both stones. After all, both stones are beautiful and complement each other very well. Here's the story behind each November birthstone.


On April 15th, 2019, the sixth Technology Forum will be held at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The 20 organisations co-organising the event await and welcome audience interested in usages of ICT. With distinguished speakers such as MIT Professor Constantinos Daskalakis, Mr. Apostolos Lerios with 22 US Patents, EU policy executive Dana Eleftheriadou, and Marily Nika from Google, it is expected to draw a larger audience than ever.
COMPOSITION participates in the exhibition area of the event and in the linked B2B meetings http://technologyforum2019.talkb2b.net/. Come see us to find common interests and synergies.


text:
Q: free(): invalid pointer when adding string This code works ok:
void sendToOne(int fd, string message)
{
    message += "$";
    char* S = new char[message.length()];
    strcpy(S, message.c_str());
    write(fd, S, message.length());
}

But when I add small change:
void sendToOne(int fd, string message)
{
    string msg2 = message + "$";
    char* S = new char[msg2.length()];
    strcpy(S, msg2.c_str());
    write(fd, S, msg2.length());
}

I am getting: free(): invalid pointer error. Can you explain me why does that happen?

A: Your code has a buffer overrun write in it:
char* S = new char[msg2.length()];
strcpy(S, msg2.c_str());

The first line allocates enough space for the characters in msg2, but the second line copies said characters (assuming no embedded NULs) and the NUL byte at the end (a total of one byte more than you allocated). If you get unlucky, and there were no slack bytes at the end of the allocation, you'll often overwrite allocator metadata bytes preceding a subsequent allocation (or an entry in the free list); when the allocator tries to use them, it (if you're "lucky") tries to read invalid memory and dies immediately; if you're "unlucky", it happens to point to random memory that's available to your process, but probably not the right place, and you get progressively more and more corruption until everything explodes.
All that said, it's kind of silly to do this. Just write the string's data directly:
string msg2 = message + "$";
write(fd, msg2.c_str(), msg2.length());

which also avoids the memory leak you made by using new without smart pointer management or a matching call to delete[].

A: you need extra 1 byte to hold the null character
char* S = new char[msg2.length() + 1];
see strcpy

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