© 2017 Mark R. McNeill, Craig B. Phillips, Andrew P. Robinson, Lee Aalders, Nicky Richards, Sandra Young, Claire Dowsett, Trevor James, Nigel Bell.
Soil frequently occurs as a contaminant on numerous sea, land and air transport pathways. It can carry unwanted invasive species, is widely recognized as a biosecurity risk, and is usually strictly regulated by biosecurity authorities. However, little is known about relative risk levels between pathways, thus authorities have limited capability to identify and target the riskiest soil pathways for management. We conducted a an experiment to test the hypotheses that biosecurity risks from soil organisms will increase both with declining transport duration and with increasing protection from environmental extremes. Soil was collected from two sites, a native forest remnant and an orchard, and stored on, in and under sea containers, or in cupboards, and assayed after 0, 3, 6 and 12 months for bacteria, fungi, nematodes and seeds.
Results showed that viability of Pseudomonas spp., bacteria, nematodes and plants declined over 12 months, irrespective of soil source. Also, mortality of most biota was higher when exposed to sunlight, moisture and desiccation than when protected. However, bacterial and fungal numbers were higher in exposed environments, possibly due to ongoing colonization of exposed soil by airborne propagules. The results were consistent with our observations of organisms in soil intercepted from airports and sea ports, and indicated there is potential to rank risks from transported soils based partly on transport duration and environmental exposure. This would help authorities to optimally allocate management resources according to pathway-specific risks.
Protecting primary industries and native flora and fauna from invasive alien species (IAS) is critical to all nations' economic welfare and biodiversity (e.g. Pimentel et al. 2001; Early et al. 2016, Paini et al. 2016). Research that allows regulatory authorities to make rational evidence-based decisions about biosecurity risks (pathways and pest species) posed by arrivals of tourists, freight, machinery and biological material is essential to these aims. Soil frequently occurs as a contaminant on transported items, is widely recognised as a vector for non-native species, and is often the target of management practices that aim to minimise the spread of IAS (Catley 1980, Sequeira and Griffin 2014, Eschen et al. 2015, Migliorini et al. 2015). However, knowledge of the biosecurity hazards that can be vectored in transported soil, their relative survival rates on different pathways, and their establishment probabilities is currently insufficient to support optimal policy and management decisions (Brunel et al. 2014, Hulme 2015, Singh et al. 2015).
Comparisons between studies suggest that biosecurity risks from transported soil will vary depending on a range of biotic and abiotic factors including the taxa and life stages present, duration of transport, and exposure to environmental extremes during transport. For example, previous research suggests soil transported by sea, which will have had relatively long transport durations, contains fewer organisms than soil transported by air: Construction vehicles shipped by sea contained 0.002 nematodes/g (Hughes et al. 2010) and soil from sea containers contained 0.07 nematodes/g (Marshall and Varney 2000), while soil from air passengers' footwear contained 41 nematodes/g (McNeill et al. 2011). Similarly, 11% of seeds from construction vehicle soil were viable (Hughes et al. 2010) c.f. 69% in footwear soil (McNeill et al. 2011). McCullough et al. (2006) recorded a lower diversity of organisms from soil on cargo arriving by sea and air than from soil in luggage, and a recent study (McNeill et al. unpublished) recorded generally lower incidences and counts of organisms/g of soil from sea containers compared to air passengers' footwear (McNeill et al. 2011).
Marshall and Varney (2000) suggested that soil organisms transported on the external surfaces of sea containers might suffer high mortality rates due to exposure to solar radiation and sea water. As transport duration is typically longer by sea than air, McNeill et al. (2011) further postulated that incidences and counts of soil taxa could also be influenced by the time elapsed from when imports become contaminated with soil, and when the soil is sampled to assess biosecurity hazards (hereafter referred to as 'soil age'). Unfortunately, observational studies can generally provide only imprecise estimates both of soil age, and of the environmental conditions that soil has been subjected to during transport. For example, container ships may visit several ports en-route to a destination, with soil contamination potentially occurring at any port where containers are unloaded and reloaded. Moreover, the route that a sea container takes to New Zealand is often only traceable to the last two ports. Similarly, McNeill et al. (2011) could only roughly estimate the age of soil on air passengers' footwear by surveying passengers. Thus, controlled experiments offer better opportunities to measure factors influencing survival of soil biota.
Soil origin is also likely to influence the species that occur in transported soil (Fierer et al. 2007), and will be especially relevant to whether a particular high risk pest species with a restricted geographical distribution could be present. However, there is little published evidence to suggest that soil transported from different locations should show major community differences at higher taxonomic levels (Chu et al. 2010, Decaens 2010, Kuske et al. 1997). For example, McNeill et al. (2011) recorded bacteria, fungi, nematodes, seeds and arthropods in soil samples originating from a diversity of international locations. In addition, for reasons previously explained, the origin of transported soil is frequently impossible to identify and cannot be used for gauging biosecurity risks. Thus, our study focused on the roles of soil transport duration and storage method, rather than soil origin, on survival of soil biota. Nevertheless, our experiment included soil from two contrasting sites to check our assumption that soil organisms from different locations will show similar responses to transport duration and storage method.
Understanding the effects of environmental conditions and transport duration on organism survival is important for developing robust biosecurity risk assessment processes (World Trade Organisation 2010; Burgman et al. 2014). However, such knowledge is lacking for soil organisms (Singh et al. 2015), hence our replicated experimental study asked how different storage conditions and transport durations affect soil biota. Soil was collected, subjected to treatments that simulated differing conditions during transport, and subsampled throughout 1 year to monitor changes in soil organism incidence and abundance.
The results increase knowledge of how environmental exposure and transport time influence soil biota survival, inform pest risk assessments, and help prioritize risks from soil that occurs on different transport pathways. This will assist quarantine authorities to target management resources at the highest risks to improve biosecurity protection without additional cost.
Soil was collected on 23 August 2011 (winter) from two sites in Canterbury, New Zealand: A regenerating native forest reserve in Prices Valley, Banks Peninsula (43°46.014'S, 172°42.840'E) (soils 1-3); and an organic orchard at Lincoln (43°39.048'S, 172°27.354'E) (soils 4-6). The forest reserve was bounded by farmland and a road, and was fenced to exclude livestock. Soil was taken from three different locations at each site, and each of these six samples were treated separately throughout the experiment. In the native reserve, the three locations were approximately 10 m apart and, in the organic orchard, the locations were approximately 5 m apart. At each location within a site, six spade square soil samples (14 cm × 14 cm) were taken to a depth of 5 cm at six randomly chosen points within a 3 m radius of an arbitrarily designated central point. Prior to extracting each spade square, vegetation was cut to ground level with scissors and loose litter was removed. The six spade squares were mixed in a stainless steel tray and transferred to a plastic bag. The spade was cleaned with 70% ethanol both between each site, and between each location within sites. Disposable laboratory gloves were worn at all times, and changed between sites.
In the laboratory, the soil was screened with a 10 mm sieve and a subsample was taken for chemical analysis, and for counting microbes and nematodes. The remaining soil from each site (n = 2) and location (n = 3 per site) was divided amongst stainless steel steam trays (external dimensions c. 400 mm × 240 mm × 50 mm; internal dimensions 300 mm × 200 mm × 50 mm), in which twenty 4 mm diameter drainage holes had been drilled into the base, then allocated to treatments (c. 700 g of soil per tray). The soil was spread evenly onto the tray surface and gently pressed with a stainless steel pan to lightly compact it.
Each of the six soil samples was divided among the same eight treatments, which are summarised in Table 1 and described below. A data logger was allocated to each treatment to record temperature for the duration of the experiment. Treatments were divided between four cupboards and four sea containers. The four cupboards were placed in an unheated shed. The sea containers (3 m length × 2.4 m height × 2.5 m width) were cleaned with high pressure water, transported to an outdoor concrete pad at Lincoln (S43.6279, E172.4704), and situated c. 2 m apart.
Summary of soil samples, treatments and assays to investigate survival of soil biota (bacteria, fungi, nematodes and plants).
Six uncovered trays (two soil sources × three locations) containing soil were placed inside each of four cupboards, which were located indoors and kept at ambient temperature. Thus, these samples were protected from sun, wind and rain, and were expected to experience less temperature variation compared to samples assigned to the sea container treatments. There was low potential for additional organisms to disperse to these samples.
Six uncovered trays containing soil were placed in locations in, on and under each of four sea containers. The six samples placed within each container were protected from sun, wind and rain. They were expected to experience less temperature variation and lower rates of invasion by additional soil organisms. The six samples placed on top of each container were exposed to UV, wind and rain. They were expected to experience maximal temperature variation, and high rates of invasion by additional soil organisms such as windborne microbes and seeds. The six trays placed underneath each container were positioned in the fork lift cavities. They were protected from direct sunlight, and rain, but were exposed to wind and had potential to become wet. They were expected to experience moderate temperature variation and high rates of invasion by additional soil organisms such as windborne seeds and perhaps some arthropods.
The sites from which the soil was originally sourced were resampled on the same dates the container samples were assayed on 28 November 2011 (spring), 27 February 2012 (summer) and 27 August 2012 (winter). The top 5 cm of soil was sampled from six randomly chosen points at each site (n = 2) and location (n = 3 per site). Soil from six spade squares per location was mixed in a stainless steel tray, then assayed in the same way as the sea container and cupboard treatments. These samples are hereafter referred to as 'fresh soil'.
The incidence and abundance of soil organisms persisting within each tray was assayed on day 1 (23 August 2011, winter), then after 3 months (28 November 2011, spring), 6 months (27 February 2012, summer) and 12 months (27 August 2012, winter). This coincided with sampling of fresh soil.
Each tray was subdivided into five equal areas. At each bioassay time, one c. 20 g subsample of soil was taken from a predefined location within each of the five areas, thereby providing c. 120 g of soil from each of the six trays per treatment for each assay. However, loss of soil from the trays situated on top of the sea containers meant that the amount collected for the 6 and 12 month bioassays had to be reduced.
Soil organisms were assayed as previously described in the study of soil on international air passengers' footwear (McNeill et al. 2011), then identified to the extent achievable with the resources and taxonomic expertise available. Assays included culturing of all culturable bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. bacteria, and fungi. Pseudomonas spp. were chosen as model bacteria for isolation because several species are important plant pathogens (Silby et al. 2011) and are categorised as regulated species by New Zealand's biosecurity authority, the Ministry for Primary Industries.
Depending on the weight of each sample, a subsample of 1.05 g to 21.55 g of soil was taken to estimate bacterial and fungal densities (colony-forming units per gram, CFU/g). Each sample was diluted 10-fold using 1% peptone and sonicated for 3 minutes to facilitate mixing. Serial dilutions were plated onto three different media: 10% tryptic soy agar plates with 100 ml/L cycloheximide to determine total bacteria counts; water agar containing 100 mg/L streptomycin for total fungi counts; and Oxoid Pseudomonas agar, supplemented with Oxoid CFC (cetrimide 10 mg/L, fucidin 10 mg/L and cephalosporin 50 mg/L) to select for pseudomonads. Fungi were enumerated by serial dilution plating onto water agar containing 100 mg/L streptomycin. For bacteria, plates were incubated at 20 °C (light: dark, 0: 24) and colonies were counted after 7 days. For fungi, the plates were incubated at 20-25 °C and colonies were counted after 10 days. Counts for bacteria and fungi were taken from 186 of 192 samples. It was not always possible to count every plate due to the presence of high concentrations of bacteria or fungi. In these circumstances, experience was used to determine the best dilution result to use.
The amount of soil used for nematode extraction was 100 g for fresh soil, and ranged from 11.34 g to 25.3 g for soil subsampled from the trays, depending on the amount of soil available. Nematodes were extracted from the samples taken on 23 August 2011 following the method of Bell and Watson (2001). This used the Whitehead tray extraction method whereby each sample was placed on two-ply tissue paper, supported by two layers of nylon gauze within a shallow tray to which 500 ml of tap water was added. The tray was left for 72 hours, after which the liquid was poured into a 1 L plastic beaker, left to settle for 4 hours, then gently reduced to 100 ml volume by removing the supernatant. The 100 ml samples were transferred to 100 ml plastic beakers and allowed to settle for 4 hours before reduction to a final volume of 20 ml. Nematodes were counted in a Doncaster dish (Doncaster 1962), to provide a total nematode count (fungal, bacterial, omnivore, predator and plant parasitic). For samples collected directly from the field sites, a quarter of the sample was counted then multiplied by four to give the estimated total. For those subsamples collected after 3, 6 and 12 months, all the nematodes extracted from the soil were counted. Plant parasitic nematodes were identified to genera based on the keys of Siddiqi (2000) for Tylenchida, and Bongers (1994) for other groups. The plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) were further identified, counted and assigned either to the Criconematidae family, or a plant parasitic genus (e.g. Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Paratylenchus and Pratylenchus).
At the 3 month assay, nematode extraction employed both the Bell and Watson (2001) method and a misting method (Seinhorst 1950; De Waele et al. 1987). The misting method allowed faster throughput of multiple samples. Analysis comparing the two extraction methods on the 24 cupboard samples found no significant difference in nematode yields (P = 0.724 for the log total nematodes, and P = 0.211 for the the log plant parasitic nematodes) (L. Aalders, unpublished data). Therefore, the misting method was used to extract nematodes from subsequent samples. The misting method involved placing c. 25 g of soil in a mistifier funnel and misting for 30 s every 5 minutes for 72 hours at a water temperature of 20 °C. The mistifier funnel system consisted of a plastic tube (75 mm internal diameter), positioned vertically with a plastic mesh base (1 mm aperture) on which two layers of paper tissue (Kimwipes™, Kimberley-Clark Worldwide Inc.) supported the soil sample. This tube sat on top of a plastic funnel. The water from the overhead mister washed the nematodes through the soil and into a glass test tube. Another c. 20 g of soil was oven dried at 80 °C for 48 hours to measure soil moisture.
To enable comparison across treatments and with previous studies (e.g. McNeill et al. 2011), results are presented as nematodes per g of collected soil, rather than per g of dry soil. Soil samples from which nematodes had been extracted were then used to assess if the soil contained viable seeds (see below).
Because visual searches are an imperfect method for detecting all seeds in soil samples (McNeill et al. 2011), the soil that had been used for nematode extraction was also used to determine the number of viable seeds using germination tests. After the 72 h nematode extraction, the soil from each sample was laid in a 5 mm thick layer on a paper towel over a wet medium (potting mix) for small samples (<25 g), or on a layer of towels in a small metal tray for the larger samples (100 g). The soil was kept moist under natural light in a quarantine glasshouse (15–35 °C) for up to 12 weeks, and observed 1–2 times per week for germinated seedlings. Seedlings were transplanted into sterile potting mix 1–2 days after emergence and grown on for identification to the lowest possible taxonomic level.
Aids to identification were a combination of web-based keys (e.g. http://www.efloras.org) and published literature on New Zealand native and introduced species (Webb et al. 1988; Edgar and Connor 2000; Champion et al. 2012; James et al. 2012).
Temperature and humidity were recorded in each cupboard, and temperature on the top, inside on the floor, and under each sea container. The loggers located on the top of containers were housed within Stevenson-type screens. In addition, two extra loggers recorded humidity (and temperature) inside and under one of the containers. Temperature and humidity data were recorded either every 30 or every 60 minutes using Tinytag™ loggers (Gemini Data Loggers Ltd, Chichester, UK).
Soil for chemical analysis was collected at the start of the experiment by taking five 7.5 cm diameter × 5 cm deep cores from each location at each site. Any vegetation was removed with a box cutter. The cores from each location were hand mixed then bagged prior to being forwarded to a soil analysis laboratory. Soil pH, P (Olsen phosphate), K, sulphate sulphur (S SO4), organic sulphur, total phosphorous, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn, organic carbon and organic matter were quantified. Soil was classified using Landcare Research's S-map series (http://smap.landcareresearch.co.nz/) (accessed 01 September 2016).
Data analysis methods are briefly described here, and full details are given in the Suppl. material 1. Analysis was carried out using a Latin square design, blocked by treatment (cupboard, sea container, fresh) and site (forest, orchard), which allowed measurement of: variation between and amongst cupboards and sea containers; and interactions between site and treatment (e.g. soil with high organic matter content might dry more slowly, thus enhancing organism survival). Obtaining soil from three locations per site enabled comparisons between stored soil (treatments) and fresh soil (untreated controls).
This design has split-plot elements (the site effect is not replicated), nested random effects (soil location nested within site), crossed random effects (soil location nested within site is crossed with storage treatment location), and longitudinal measures (four repeated measurements in time). The null hypothesis was that there was no difference between the treatment levels upon the effect of time upon the response variables. If the hypothesis was rejected for the response variables, then we explored possible relationships between temperature, treatment and the response variable.
The statistical model that we fitted used the following template.
ψi ~ N(0, σδ2); k = 1, …, 9 is the storage treatment location random effect, where locations 1 – 4 are sea containers (corresponding to treatments 1 – 3 only), 5 – 8 are cupboards (corresponding to treatment 4), and 9 is the fresh soil treatment; and εijkmtt ~ N(0, σ2) is a random error.
It is reasonable to expect that the response variables will vary with site, so they should be included in the model, as ωii. However, in order that the three locations within each site not be considered as independent realizations of the predictor variable, we included site as a random effect in the model (γii). Including site as a random effect induced the needed correlation between samples from the same site to reflect the design. The soil samples were taken from two sites only, so any test of soil origin, or factors that interact with soil origin, are pseudo-replicated. The tests can not be interpreted as representing all possible soil samples from forests or orchards, although see Discussion. It was sometimes necessary to include those terms in the model as fixed effects in order to accurately capture the variability (see online materials).
This model was applied to seven response variables, namely (i) relative bacteria count per unit soil volume, (ii) fungi, (iii) Pseudomonas, (iv) nematodes, (v) plant seeds corrected for soil volume (vi) plant species corrected for soil volume and (vii) the raw number of plant species not corrected for soil volume. A similar model was applied to the response variable defined as the binomial proportion of nematodes that were plant-parasitic nematodes, for which we used only the observations that had non-zero counts of nematodes.
The fixed effects were tested using likelihood ratio tests, with the cut off for statistical significance set at 0.01 in order to loosely compensate for the multiplicity of tests. The random intercepts were not tested; they were included in order that the model faithfully represent the experimental design. Initially a full model was fitted, and diagnostic graphics were checked. The full model included treatment, site, and storage duration as a linear effect. The outcome of the check was generally the selection of some form of transformation for the response variable, e.g., natural log. We next applied backwards elimination to assess whether site should be retained as a fixed effect, noting that the site fixed and random effects are confounded. A backwards elimination approach was then applied to see how duration should enter the model, including: not at all, as a linear term, as a quadratic term, and as a constrained two-knot spline, with knots set at 3 months and 6 months, which is equivalent in degrees of freedom to a cubic polynomial function, but performed better visually. Invariably, the most complex temporal model was selected by the test. Duration was treated using cubic splines, because extrapolation using the cubic polynomial was unrealistic, and using a category for duration ignores the relative location of the observations in time. For example, the first three measures were separated by 3 months whereas the last measure is after 6 months. The best model was then assessed using graphical diagnostics, and adjustments made if needed. The fitted models were then overlaid upon scatterplots of the data that were augmented with smooth means, as a visual aid to the testing and modelling process.
Although it was commonly true in the analyses that the model assumptions were ratified by graphical diagnostics, sometimes the distribution of the residuals was a little more skewed than symmetric. In these instances, we were reasonably confident that the sample size was sufficiently large that the Central Limit Theorem would hold, and that the test assumptions would be robust to the departure from the nominal assumptions.
The following reasoning for assessing the importance of interactions between random effects was used. There are no reasons to assume that the random effects would interact with duration (see above) and beyond the effects of the interaction of treatment with duration, so the random interactions were not formally tested. However, graphs were constructed to act as diagnostics for this assumption. If there was an important interaction between the random effect and duration, then we assumed that it would be visible in these graphics. In cases where this occurred, we formally tested the extended term using a whole-model likelihood ratio test, and if it was significant, repeated the fixed effects test suite with the new random effects structure. In no case did the test of the fixed effects alter from the original result in any important way; hence, these results were not pursued further. Interactions between fixed and random effects were not tested further.
If the estimated soil location random effect was non-zero, then the effects of soil chemistry upon the response variable was informally assessed by examining scatterplots of the estimated soil location random effects against the soil chemistry variables. More formal analysis did not seem appropriate owing to the large number of potential soil variable predictors. These results are not included here.
If the interaction between treatment and duration was statistically significant, then further analysis was undertaken to assess the effect of temperature. The analysis was performed by taking the temporal differences of the response variable, or transformations of the response variable where appropriate (e.g. natural log for count data and empirical logit for proportion data) and assessing the effect of the interaction of duration with both treatment and temperature upon the change from assay time to assay time.
All analyses were carried out using the open source statistical environment R (R Core Team 2014). We obtained 95% confidence intervals of the estimated random effects (not shown here), using a parametric bootstrap algorithm that is provided by the lme4 package (Bates et al. 2014).
Earthworms and arthropod larvae (e.g., grass grub, Costelytra zealandica) were observed in the soil during its initial collection. Some were inadvertently transferred to the trays, but none were alive in the 3 month assay. For the trays located under the sea containers, colonisation by spiders occurred within 3 months, a dead bird was found in one tray after 12 months, and rodent droppings were observed at intervals throughout the experiment.
Full results from the statistical analysis are in the Suppl. material 1, and are summarised here as follows. Each response variable is presented with a graphical summary that plots duration against the raw data with smoothed means, constructed using a loess algorithm, augmented by dashed lines that represent the best-fitting statistical model. In each case, the results are contrasted with results from the fresh soil that was assayed at the same time.
For all response variables, the most complex model with duration was required. Sample site was statistically important for several variables (namely fungi, nematodes, plant count and plant species count, see online materials).
Modelled and mean observed changes in bacteria across time are presented in Figure 1. The fresh soil retained high counts throughout the 12 months of the study. The cupboard and inside-container treatments had similar trajectories for both forest and orchard soil, dropping in the 12 months to a tenth of the original count or less. Soil located on top of the sea containers retained the initial high counts, and in some cases had levels higher than fresh soil. Soil located under the container suffered a short-term drop, but returned to the same levels as the container-top soil and the fresh treatment. There was no detectable difference between soil sites.
Scatterplot of mean bacterium counts (cfu/g) at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months measured in soil recovered from on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards. Solid lines show the smoothed means and dashed lines predictions from the preferred model.
Modelled and mean observed changes in Pseudomonas spp. counts across time are presented in Figure 2. Counts from fresh soil remained reasonably constant throughout the 12 months. For stored soils, mortality was highest in cupboards and on top of containers after 12 months, which both descended to about a tenth of the original counts. Pseudomonas spp. counts in soil located under containers, followed by soil inside containers, were intermediate between fresh soil and cupboard soil except at 6-month period. Counts in soil located on top of containers showed a temporary plateau at 6 months.
Scatterplot of mean Pseudomonas spp. counts (cfu/g) at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months measured in soil recovered from on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards. Solid lines show the smoothed means and dashed lines predictions from the preferred model.
Modelled and mean observed changes in fungus cfu/g across time are presented in Figure 3. Fungus counts in soil on top of and under containers was comparable to fresh soil, with little mortality occurring during the experiment. Fungi from soil held inside either the cupboard or the container showed the highest mortality after 6 months, with counts dropping about ten-fold over the 12 months. The orchard site had more fungi than the forest, but in the absence of replication we cannot ascribe this difference to site.
Scatterplot of mean fungus counts (cfu/g) at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months measured in soil recovered from on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards. Solid lines show the smoothed means and dashed lines predictions from the preferred model.
Modelled and mean observed changes in nematode counts over time are presented in Figure 4. In the day zero sample, there were means of 22 and 33 total nematodes/g of soil for forest and orchard soil, respectively. Counts declined in all storage treatments over time. Fresh soil collected at 3, 6 and 12 months had higher counts than stored soil. With stored soil, nematode counts were higher in orchard soil than forest soil, with survival in cupboards generally higher than in sea containers over the 12 months.
Scatterplot showing changes in mean total nematodes/ g soil at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months measured in soil recovered from on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards. Solid lines show the smoothed means and dashed lines predictions from the preferred model.
Mortality was highest in soil located either on or under the sea containers, with approximately 7.5- and 12-fold declines in total nematodes for the orchard and forest soil, respectively, after 3 months. Thereafter, total nematode numbers were negligible for the rest of the experiment. By comparison, for soil held inside the sea containers, there was only a 2- and 3-fold decline in nematode numbers after 3 months for the orchard and forest soil, respectively. At 6 months, there were 5- and 6-fold declines in numbers for the orchard and forest soils, respectively. Total nematode counts were close to zero after 12 months.
For soil held in cupboards, nematode counts did not change for the first 3 months, but after 6 months there were 4- and 5-fold declines in the orchard and forest soil, respectively. At 12 months, this decline had increased, to a 55-fold decrease in forest soil compared to 7-fold decrease in orchard soil.
PPN recovered were from the genera Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Heterodera and Helicotylenchus, and the family Criconematidae. There was a higher diversity of plant parasitic nematodes in the forest soil (Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Globodera, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus and Criconematidae) than the orchard soil (Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus and Heterodera spp.). In addition, many plant parasitic species from the forest soil could only be identified to genus. Changes in the count of PPN across time are presented in Figure 5. In the day zero sample, there were means of 3 and 2.4 PPN/ g of soil for forest and orchard soil, respectively. Fresh soil collected from the source sites at 3, 6 and 12 months had higher plant parasitic nematode counts than stored soil (Figure 5). As observed for total nematodes, PPN declined rapidly in stored soil, with the rate of decline highest in soil situated on or under sea containers, and lowest in soil in cupboards. PPN were not detected in soil positioned on or under sea containers from 3 months onwards. Survival was highest in soil in cupboards, and better in orchard than forest soil. PPN were present in orchard soil after 12 months, with a 40-fold decline over that period. In comparison, in forest soil, PPN were not detected after 6 months, showing a 122-fold decline over that period. There was a decline in PPN bio-diversity for all storage treatments over time, both relative to the original soil samples and compared with the two sites were resampled at 3, 6 and 12 months. Mean number of taxa found in soil from the forest and orchard over the 12 months averaged 3.9 ± 0.23 and 2.0 ± 0.12, respectively. By comparison, in stored soil, the mean number of taxa in soil where PPN were present, averaged (± SEM) 1.5 ± 0.29 and 1.1 ± 0.08 after 3 months for cupboard and sea container soil, respectively. By 6 months, the mean number of taxa recovered from cupboard and sea container soil was 1.1 ± 0.07 and 1.0 ± 0.0 after 6 months and 1.0 ± 0.0 and 0 after 12 months, respectively. Pratylenchus species were the dominant genus (84%) recovered from stored soil from 3-12 months irrespective of location.
Scatterplot showing changes in mean plant-parasitic nematodes/ g soil at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months measured in soil recovered from on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards. Solid lines show the smoothed means and dashed lines predictions from the preferred model.
Overall, the orchard soil had more seeds/g soil than forest soil, but in the absence of replication we cannot ascribe this difference to site. The number of plant species per soil was similar, with 29 and 38 species in the forest and orchard soils, respectively, but the composition of plant species between the two sites was markedly different. In the forest soil, 13 native and 16 exotic species were found, while in the orchard soil one native and 37 exotic species were present. Only 13 species were common to both sites (Suppl. material 2), all exotic invasive weed species, with Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade) being the most frequently recorded species in both soils.
Soil in relatively exposed locations on or under sea containers did not recruit significantly more new plant species than soil in relatively protected locations inside cupboards or sea containers (data not shown).
Changes in plant counts per g of soil over time are presented in Figure 6. In the day-zero sample, there were means of 0.3 and 0.1 plants/g of soil for forest and orchard soil, respectively. Fresh soil had higher total plant numbers and plants/g of soil than stored soil. The number of plants that germinated declined significantly after 12 months for soil in all storage treatments from both sites. Soil stored on top of containers showed the greatest decline, while soil stored elsewhere showed declines that were similar to one another. Plant species count (not shown) showed a similar response, regardless of whether raw counts were used, or species per g of soil.
Scatterplot showing changes in mean plants/g soil grown from soil collected at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months recovered from on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards. Solid lines show the smoothed means and dashed lines predictions from the preferred model.
The forest soil is a Taitapu deep silt loam described as a recent gley soil, while the orchard soil is a Wakanui deep silt loam and described as a mottled immature pallic soil. Both soils comprise 15-35% clay. Based on the USDA Soil Series Classification, the Taitapu soil is a Typic Fluvaquent and the Wakanui soil an Udic Dystocrept. They had similar pH, but P, K, total phosphorus and Cu were higher in the orchard soil, while Fe was higher in the forest soil. Soil chemistry had no significant effect on counts of any taxa. Details of the soil chemical analysis are in the Suppl. material 3.
Temperatures (Figure 7) varied with season and treatment, being lowest during winter (June-August) and highest in summer (December-February). Throughout the year, the lowest minimum temperature was recorded on top of containers (-6.5 °C), with a maximum temperature of 30.7 °C. The highest temperature fluctuations and maximum temperatures occurred inside containers with a range of -5.3 to 36.9 °C. Temperatures under containers were consistently bounded by temperatures in other treatments and ranged from -5.0 to 29.1. Temperatures varied least inside cupboards (0.8-26.0 °C).
The minimum, average and maximum temperatures recorded on, in and under four sea containers and inside four cupboards over a 12 month period. Lines of the same colour represent different replicates of the same treatment.
Figure 8 summarises how relative numbers of each taxon changed with storage duration in each storage location. Nematodes, plants and Pseudomonas spp. bacteria exhibited one set of characteristic responses to the treatments, and fungi and other bacteria exhibited another. When stored in exposed locations, survival of nematodes, plants and Pseudomonas spp. bacteria rapidly declined to less than c. 25% of the original numbers after 3 months and less than c. 10% after 12 months (Figure 8). When stored in protected locations, the decline to c. 25% of the original numbers took c. 6 months rather than three (Figure 8). Fungi and bacteria (other than Pseudomonas spp.) showed the same patterns as the other taxa when stored in interior locations. However, when stored on top of or under containers, populations of fungi and non-Pseudomonas bacteria fluctuated widely with storage time, though only fungi stored under containers remained above their original levels after 12 months.
Changes in relative amounts of biota against duration, by storage location. Where the relative amount differed by soil origin, the maximum was chosen. In the legend, 'Nematodes (PP)' represents plant parasitic nematodes.
This research is the first to estimate the effects of storage time and environmental exposure on soil-borne taxa that could be biosecurity hazards. The results showed clear patterns that should prove useful for targeting management resources at soil contaminants that are the most hazardous, particularly when combined with results of other studies.
Unlike other taxa, fungi and non-Pseudomonas bacteria in soil stored in exposed locations showed large population fluctuations during storage. It is uncertain if these fluctuations were due to growth and mortality of the fungi and bacteria originally present in the samples – perhaps associated with fluctuations in populations of algae and other food substrates – or if the taxa concerned colonised the soil after it was originally collected (S. Wakelin, AgResearch, personal comm.). Molecular analysis of the samples we retained from this experiment that are currently stored at -80 °C might help to clarify which of these processes was most important. This issue is pertinent because, if fungi and bacteria present in transported soil tend to be recent colonisers, then they are more likely to be local rather than introduced taxa, and often may not be biosecurity hazards.
We expected soil stored in exposed locations would be invaded by additional organisms such as windborne seeds as the experiment proceeded, but the results showed both that soil stored in exposed locations contained similar densities of viable seeds to soil stored in protected locations, and that seed viability declined with storage duration. It is possible the similarity between the exposed and protected treatments was an artefact of our experimental setup: For example, our sea containers were situated on a paved surface, approximately 20 m from the nearest vegetation, thus reducing propagule pressure; and the trays that contained the soil had 50 mm high rims which may have impeded seed entry. However, it is more likely this result is indicative of real-world soil contaminants on sea containers because it is similar to seed count data obtained from a recent study of soil intercepted from sea containers at New Zealand ports (McNeill et al. in prep.). Moreover, our experimental result also matched the 0.03 seeds that germinated per gram of soil intercepted from construction vehicles in Antarctica (Hughes et al. 2010). Thus, we tentatively conclude that soil contaminants on sea containers represent small, difficult-to-hit targets for windborne seeds, so seed counts per gram of soil will seldom increase during transport, while seed viability will generally decline. It is even possible that in some circumstances seed counts per gram of soil will also decline with transport duration due to granivory by birds, rodents and arthropods.
The organisms contained in soil from each of our sources (orchard and forest) showed nearly identical responses to storage duration and location. Although soil source was unreplicated, these results were consistent with our expectation, based on previous observations (Chu et al. 2010, Decaens 2010, Kuske et al. 1997, McNeill et al. 2011), that higher taxonomic groups will usually be shared between soil sources, and those obtained from different locations will show similar responses to storage duration and location.
It is interesting to compare our results from fresh orchard and forest soil to those from a study of soil on international air passengers' footwear (McNeill et al. 2011). Air passengers' footwear gave similar counts per gram of soil for bacteria and nematodes, and even higher values for seeds and fungi. This is consistent with short transport duration (low soil age), low environmental exposure, and relatively high risks from soil transported on airline pathways.
In general, our results supported the hypotheses that some soil organisms transported on the external surfaces of shipping containers will suffer high mortality rates due to environmental exposure (Marshall and Varney 2000), and that duration of soil transport will negatively influence soil organism survival (McNeill et al. 2011). This suggests there is potential to rank risks presented by soil on different pathways by comparing environmental exposure and transport duration between pathways, thus enabling management to mitigate the highest risks. Risks will also vary depending on the diversity and also the life stages of taxa (e.g. cysts, eggs and seeds/spores in dormant stages) vectored with soil. Also the risks are likely to vary between taxa as some genera and/or species may have better survival rates than others. To further develop and test this approach, we need measurements of the incidence and abundance of soil organisms from a greater range of pathways (including conveyances), and better pathway-specific estimates of soil age.
An important aspect of risk analysis relevant to soil contaminants that has seldom been studied is between-pathway variation in the likelihood that organisms vectored by soil will be transported to habitats suitable for their establishment. Soil on plants imported for planting would presumably present a particularly high risk in this regard because environmental exposure and transport duration will likely be low and, unless the soil is removed and quarantined, there will be a high probability that IAS will be transferred with the plants to habitats suitable for organism establishment (Miglionini et al. 2015). Organisms vectored in soil adhering to footwear might also have high potential for transfer to suitable habitats through treading in unpaved areas, while, at first glance, establishment opportunities for organisms in sea container soil perhaps seem less. Proper investigations of such possibilities would contribute greatly to improved management of biosecurity risks from transported soil.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The research was funded by AgResearch via the Better Border Biosecurity research collaboration (www.b3nz.org). The authors thank Alasdair Noble, John Kean, Scott Hardwick, and Alison Popay (all AgResearch) for providing helpful suggestions on the draft document. The soil tests were carried out by New Zealand Laboratory Services Ltd, Hamilton.
Bongers T (1994) De Nematoden van Nederland. Koninklijke Nerlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging. Utrecht, 408 pp.
Catley A (1980) Container infestation: the realities and the remedies. Cargo Systems 7: 71, 73.
Champion P, James TK, Popay AI, Ford K (2012) An illustrated guide to common grasses, sedges and rushes of New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Lincoln, 1–208.
De Waele E, De Waele D, Wilken R (1987) Effect of root mass on the efficacy of methods for extracting root-lesion nematodes from maize roots. Phytophylactica 19: 473–474.
Edgar E, Connor HE (2010) Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, 715 pp.
James TK, Popay AI, Champion P, Grbavac N, Rhode B (2012) An illustrated guide to weed seeds of New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Lincoln, 126 pp.
Kuske CR, Barns SM, Busch JD (1997) Diverse uncultivated bacterial groups from soils of the arid southwestern United States that are present in many geographic regions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 3614–3621.
Marshall JW, Varney G (2000) Assessment of contamination soil as a risk pathway. Report No. 284, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd. Report to Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry, 40 pp.
Webb CJ, Sykes WR, Garnock-Jones PJ (1988) Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons – Flora of New Zealand (Vol. 4). Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch, 1–1365.


The Halo universe is extensive and complex—just like your life! So treat yourself to this Halo-themed wall calendar filled with stills of some of the greatest characters. Join Master Chief John-117 in this year's awaiting adventure. You've got what it takes to succeed. Sixteen-month wall calendars feature spacious grids for each month of the year as well as the last four months of the previous year, printed on paper certified by the Forest Stewardship Council.
Halo is a military science fiction first-person shooter video game franchise managed and developed by 343 Industries, a subsidiary of Microsoft Studios. The series centers on an interstellar war between humanity and an alliance of aliens known as the Covenant.


text:
Q: Google trends data for interest I was discussing about the popularity of some terms and used google trends to conclude in the decrease of their popularity.
Here is an exemple of the queries for some of the biggest french engineering schools. I concluded rapidly in a decreasing interest/popularity of these schools.
But giving another thought, I wondered if the decrease may have another explanation. Google trends give a relative number, proportional to the total number of queries. Is it possible that the population accessing google has so much evolved in these years that we can't conclude to a decrease in interest ?
I mean that the majority of queries should come from educated/wealthy people and researchers. So with the democratization of internet access the fraction of wealthy/educated people over total should have decreased. Thus explaining a decrease of the querries over total.
How can we show this effect ?
How can we remove this effect ?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Spaceflight Insider
Mission Monitor
The Hangar
Launch of Shijian 20 lights up Chinese skies and exploration ambitions
The third Long March 5 with the Shijian 5 satellite lifts off from the Wenchang Launch Site 1. Image Credit: CCTV
China put the pin in its 2019 launch manifest by sending the Shijian-20 communications satellite into high-Earth orbit. This relatively routine flight could herald the opening of a bold new era in Chinese space exploration.
Shijian 20 is based off of the DFH-5 satellite platform. A newer design, the satellite is capable of producing an estimated 18 kilowatts of payload power. It also sports a larger truss and advanced electronics. The spacecraft is safe in a very high orbit, approximately 22,369 miles (36,000 kilometers).
The launch of the Shijian-20 marked only the third time that the Long March 5 has flown the Chinese skies. The Friday, Dec. 27 flight was announced by the Chinese News Agency after it had been determined the mission's objective had been successfully accomplished. The Long March 5 lifted off from the Wenchang launch site located on Hainan island at 8:45 p.m. EST (1245 GMT).
In 2019 China led the world in launches with some 34 additional launch "notches" on its belt. By comparison, the United States completed 27.
The Shijian 20 satellite. Photo Credit: CCTV
The Long March 5 was first launched in November of 2016 and is estimated to be able of hefting as much as 25 tons of payload to orbit. While powerful, the rocket doesn't have the best track record. Money woes and technical issues delayed the rocket's inaugural flight. Its second flight ended in failure with the loss of the Shijian 18 satellite. Long March rockets are "coded," the vehicle that launched Shijian 20 was listed as Long March-5 Y3.
While NASA astronauts cannot travel beyond Earth's atmosphere without expensive help from Mother Russia, China has been working to send its "taikonauts" to the nation's Chinese Space Station (CSS) which could be on orbit as soon as 2022. While this in-and-of itself would be a major milestone, the communist nation isn't stopping with a manned station.
China has ambitions beyond low-Earth orbit. It has the Moon in its sights – once again. The Chang'e-5 the follow-on to its highly-successful Chang'e-4 planned to touch down on the Moon next year. The timing of the Chang'e-5 mission was thrown off when things went "wrong" during the 2017 Long March 5 launch.
Despite this minor setback, China is still working toward pushing forward to Mars. The Long March 5 is a large part of the nation's ambitions as it has set its eyes toward the Red Planet.
Video courtesy of SciNews
Tagged: #fatfive China China National Space Administration Lead Stories Long March 5 Mars Moon Shijian 20 shijian_20
SpaceFlight Insider is a space journal working to break the pattern of bias prevalent among other media outlets. Working off a budget acquired through sponsors and advertisers, SpaceFlight Insider has rapidly become one of the premier space news outlets currently in operation. SFI works almost exclusively with the assistance of volunteers.
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In order for your hair to grow long and strong, it needs to have a firm foundation supporting its growth. This means taking good care of yourself and your needs will also allow you to be taking good care of your hair. Eating a balanced diet, getting enough water to drink every day, and having an established bedtime routine will all help to give your hair the support that it needs.
These additional tips will also help to add strength and length to your hair quickly and effectively.
#1. Change how you wash your hair.
If you're washing your hair on a daily basis and you use hot water to do so, then your hair will become brittle over time. Its growth will slow down and you'll be spending more on conditioning products for your daily washing just to keep your hair quality up.
Try washing your hair based on the type you have instead of making it a daily event. If your hair is of medium weight and isn't overly oily, then switching to a once-per-week wash could help your hair become long and strong quickly.
#2. Give the blow dryer a break.
Adding heat to your hair after you've just put it through a hot bath or shower is going to continue adding brittleness to each strand. This effect is exaggerated if you are rough with your hair while brushing it or trying to complete a fast towel-dry as you're getting ready. A simple switch to the cold air feature on the blow dryer can make a world of difference for your hair.
#3. Find a salon which will give you a regular trim.
Hair tends to grow longer and stronger when it is at its healthiest. Although it might seem crazy to cut your hair if you want it to grow, a regular trim will help to get rid of the split ends, dryness, and other forms of damage that can affect each hair follicle.
Finding a salon to provide this service for you will help you get a professional evaluation of your hair. It will also be easier to remove the hair components that have been damaged, especially in the back.
Once your hair gets to a certain length, the temptation to throw it into a pony tail or let it flow freely can be great. Your hair is long and strong and you want to show it off! Showing it off will also potentially cause damage to it that can limit future growth.
Try to wear your hair in such a way that it will protect the ends from splitting. The oldest parts of your hair will often be the driest, so consider braids, buns, and other tighter styles that will help to protect these parts of the hair.
Maybe you perm your hair. Maybe you have it relaxed. There is a good chance that these chemical processes are causing breakage and other forms of damage. The healthiest hair will always be in its natural state and texture. This may make it difficult to work the hair, especially if you need to remove your hair that has been chemically treated, but it will help your hair in the long run.
These hair tips to help your hair become longer and stronger can be implemented immediately, but may take several weeks for you to see results. As long as you take care of yourself, you'll be able to take care of your hair to create the look that you want.


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X-Photographers
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11.05.2016 Knut Koivisto
"X-Pro1 to X-Pro2" by Knut Koivisto
Knut Koivisto
Knut Koivisto is one of Sweden's most respected portrait photographers, who moves effortlessly between the worlds of entertainment and business. His style is to create a pared-down image, with the focus firmly on the person. He has a humanist world view and always cherishes the individual. He combines figures from cinema and portraits of Sweden's biggest actors with the cream of Swedish business. He also teaches and gives lectures. He works on his own personal projects and is one of the leading lights of the new social media. "I think the most important thing, whatever the title or position of the person being photographed, is to go straight to the heart of the person, without getting hung up on effects or gimmicks. It takes a while to learn that. To ignore the thought that this is a CEO or a big movie star like Mikael Persbrandt or a nurse. They all deserve the same respect and should be treated like human beings. That's how you create the magic, together. Because if you work with people, it's always about teamwork."
By Knut Koivisto
I can still remember the day I heard the news about the coming Fujifilm X-Pro1. It's four years ago but it's still a clear memory. I could see that all I had wished for in a digital camera was in the X-Pro1. I just knew I had to have it and I wanted to be the first.
My love affair with the digital Fujifilm cameras started already with the X100 in 2011. I had been looking for the perfect digital camera for almost ten years and tried a lot of different brands and models but none of them came close to my demands. I wanted a camera that would perform the image quality and handling of a professional but with the size of almost a compact camera.
When the date for the release of the X-Pro1 came up I contacted my professional camera dealer ProCenter in Stockholm and told them, I need to have the first X-Pro1 that you get! I called them every day and demanded to know, when will you have the camera! So I got the first sample and I'm convinced it was the first in Sweden.
It's strange, I've been obsessed by the Fujifilm X-series since the first day and I hear it from other photographers who shoot with the X-cameras, both enthusiasts and professionals. We're Fujilovers and we care about our cameras.
The X-Pro1 was marvelous. I loved the design, you could feel the connection to classical cameras of gone by days and still it had it's unique look and identity. The hybrid view finder also gave it a usability unheard of. But for me the image quality from the new X-Trans CMOS Sensor was my main reason to finally give my heart to the camera.
Sure, there were issues with it. People where talking about the autofocus. It wasn't fast enough for some people. In low light situations it went hunting. The autofocus wasn't maybe as fast as some other cameras but when it locked it was sharp. For me it was more about lack of support of the raw-files in the beginning. And that you had to get correction lenses for the viewfinder if you needed diopter correction (I wear glasses when also when I shoot).
But also it wasn't as intruding as the big DSLR's. People got relaxed when I picked up my X-Pro1 and that means a lot when you shoot portraits of people for a living, as I do. You remain discreet during the shoot, either people know they are being photographed or not.
In the beginning there was the three Fujinon prime lenses, 18mm, 35mm and 60mm. You can do a lot with that combination. The fact that Fujifilm went for the primes first before they started making zoom lenses is for me a strong signal that says, we mean serious business and the conscious photographer is our target. Today the system is huge with a lens for every need you might think of and new ones being released all the time.
After the X-Pro1 there have been a couple of X-series cameras. I have tried them all and I have enjoyed them. Each one of them shearing the same sensor and by that, maintaining the high image quality. And each one of them raising the bar of the X-cameras quality. But there has always been that question. When were we going to get the new X-Pro2?
Now finally we have our long awaited X-Pro2 here! I always thought the new model really had to be something special. Just an upgrade wouldn't do and with the arrival of the X-T1, witch was outstanding, I was skeptical of how that would be possible. But already at the technical specs I felt that X-Pro2 was something special. A new 24 megapixel sensor with 273 selectable focus points. A brand new processor to help speed up everything in the camera, from image processing to autofocus and the whole camera. The new shutter speed dial combined with the ISO setting witch I think is brilliant. The new joystick to help with all kinds of selection including the focus point while shooting. Double SD card slots and weather sealing. I could go on but this isn't about the technical specs, it's about how is this camera to work with.
Me, I'm a photographer. I work as one, professionally, and I do it a lot on my spare time. All the time in fact. I need a camera I can just pic up and it will work. Doesn't matter if it's a working situation in my studio or if it's on a film set or if I'm in the streets shooting on my own. And it has to be portable, lightweight and small. It has to look good too, that's very important to me. This used to be an impossible equation. Now with the X-Pro2 I feel safe and it fulfill all the above points. I'm just amazed. It still have all the design and quality of the old X-Pro1 that I fell in love with but it's like everything under the hood has been changed into a race car like camera. It's the next level of the X-Series. It's the new flagship.
I think one of the reasons photographers love to work with X-Pro2 (and all the other X-cameras) is the ease of handling. It comes down to the logic and the planing of the layout. The controls are where you need them to be and there is no need to dive into the many for simple adjustments. You always have the basic overview of the camera settings. Even when the camera is switched off. Now there are some people who say the camera has a retro design due to the controls and the shape of it. But I would go further and say it's the most logical design and therefore timeless.
The X-Pro2 is a joy for me to photograph with and I feel it's with me all the time. The X-series has grown into a mature system where I can pick just the parts I need. For me as a photographer the X-Pro2 is now an extension of my mind and my eye. I no longer have to think about the camera, I just let it react to my will. For me as a photographer that is exactly what I want, a companion to explore my future photography together with. Me and my X-Pro2, beautiful things awaits us.
5 years of X Series
X-Photographer
Traveling with the X-H1 by Jacek BoneckiJacek Bonecki04.05.2018
Shooting UEFA Super Cup with the new FUJINON XF200mmF2 R LM OIS WRHendrik Osula24.08.2018
GFX Panorama & Street Photography by Takashi NakagawaTakashi Nakagawa01.03.2018
Wildlife Photographer of the Year 2017, Marco Urso won with a photograph taken with X-T2Marco Urso05.01.2018
Nordic Aftermath Part 3: The Classic RacesJonas Dyhr Rask20.10.2016
Fly Free – Free Ski and Snowboard World Class AthletesHeinz Zak14.05.2018
HOMERécits Série X"X-Pro1 to X-Pro2" by Knut Koivisto
FUJIFILM Local
FUJIFILM World


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Home Formula 1
Alex Albon explains the part he played in the 2021 title triumph
Alex Albon the new Formula1 driver for the Williams F1 team has described the role that he played during the 2021 season for Red Bull and Max Verstappen.
Rishabh Negi
Alex and Max
Alex Albon the former RedBull driver has explained the part that according to him he played in helping Max Verstappen win his and RedBull's first drivers championship ever since the hybrid era started in 2014. Alex Albon is going to drive for Williams in the 2022 season of Formula1.
It has been stated in Planetf1 that Alex Albon while giving an interview has quoted "We spent a lot of time in the simulator to make our car more stable than the 2020s and to address the main weaknesses." According to him before the 2021 season, he helped the RedBull team in fixing the stability issues that the team faced during 2020 by spending a lot of time in the simulator during the winter break.
At the same time, he has also admitted that the aerodynamics rule change for the 2021 season was the key in developing a car that was able to go up against the pacey silver arrows.
Alex Albon on playing a bigger role in 2021 title fight
While talking to the press, Alex explained during the 2020 Formula1 season the car was a bit tricky to drive with the Fricke rear wing and said the rule change helped the team for the 2021 season. He also gave a mention of the rigorous work that he and the team put in during the winter break and said because of that they were able to develop a very potent package for the Formula1 2021 season.
When it was announced that Alex was going to be the reserve driver in the 2021 season, most pundits thought he was going to help in developing the 2022 car, but as the season went on Alex said his duties became more and more about the 2021 season.
He gave a special mention of the work that he did for the team during the last two races of the season. Alex Albon was asked if according to him he played a bigger role in the title fight than he was expecting, he responded by saying "A little, Yes."
RedBull Formula1 team
Alex Albon is very pleased with Max for giving the team their first title in several years and has been left a little pleased with himself for playing a role in it. Alex rounded off his interview by saying that "Even though I only contributed 0.1 percent to the end result, it was not in vain and this success gives me great satisfaction."
Also Read: Helmut Marko had this to say about Max Verstappen winning the world title in Abu Dhabi
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Listen to all songs in high quality & download Jungle Love songs on e Love Free Mp3 Download Jungle Love Song Free Download Jungle Love Hindi Movie Mp3 Download Jungle Love Video Download Jungle Love Free Music Download Mera Mehboob Aayega Sadhana Sargam/ 100104 Koyaliya Gaati Hai Payayliya Chankaati Hai Anuradha Paudwal/ 100019, Hey Man O My He Man Falguni Singh/ 101489, Hum To The Anjaane Anuradha Paudwal/ 100019 Laila Ne Kaha Jo Majnu Se Anuradha Paudwal. Direct Download Links For Hindi Movie Jungle Love MP3 Songs: Song Name ( 128 Kbps) 01 Laila Ne Kaha Jo Majnu Se Download 02 Hey Man O My He Man Download 03 Hum To The Anjaane Download 04 Koyaliya Gaati Hai Payayliya Chankaati Hai Download 05 Mera Mehboob Aayega ee download MEGO – Jungle Love Mp3. We provides Tarjane jangle love hindi movie' s songs in formats like mp4 webm, mkv, wav, hd, flv, wmv, 3gp mp3. Amazon Search eBay Search Play on Amazon Amazon Music Unlimited.
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The Archies were created by promoter Don Kirshner, who was coming off of a major success as the creator of the Monkees. In late 1967, Kirshner was hired as music supervisor for CBS' new Saturday morning cartoon the Archie Show, which was to feature a new original song every week. C86 is a cassette compilation released by the British music magazine NME in 1986, featuring new bands licensed from British independent record labels of the time.
As a term, C86 quickly evolved into shorthand for a guitar- based musical genre characterized by jangling guitars and melodic power pop song structures, although other musical styles were represented on the tape. Similar in many ways to the traditional indie pop sound, the Dunedin sound uses " jingly jangly" guitar- playing, minimal bass lines and loose drumming.
Keyboards are also often prevalent. Primitive recording techniques also gave this genre a lo- fi sound that endeared its earnest music, but occasionally hard- to- understand vocal accompaniment, to university students w this is what i call fun. this is a whole bunch of stuff.
jangle from REM, reverb from jesus and mary chain, surf guitar from somewhere in california, vocals from let' s active.
yet it' s all somehow distinctly athenian. i think, in many ways, love tractor was sort of the definitive athens band of the 80s. not REM, not the B- 52s or pylon.
but all the more representative of the athens scene. When you use a browser, like Chrome, it saves some information from websites in its cache and cookies.
Clearing them fixes certain problems, like loading or formatting issues on sites. Rhapsody is now Napster. Same digital music service.
Stream the music you want and download your favorite songs to listen Songs Jungle Love Mp3 Song Download only for review course, Buy Cassette or CD / VCD original from the album Jungle Love Mp3 Song Download or use Personal Tone / I- RING / Ring Back Tone in recognition that they can still work to create other new songs. Jungle Love is a Hindi album released on Jan 1990.
This album is composed by Anand - Milind. Jungle Love Album has 5 songs sung by Anuradha Paudwal, Manhar Udhas, FALGUNI SINGH.


text:
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  # googlefontdirectory.googlecode.com was verified as official when first introduced to the cask
  url 'https://googlefontdirectory.googlecode.com/hg-history/67342bc472599b4c32201ee4a002fe59a6447a42/ofl/medievalsharp/MedievalSharp.ttf'
  name 'MedievalSharp'
  homepage 'http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/MedievalSharp'

  font 'MedievalSharp.ttf'
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
KNOCK-OUT Liverpool and Chelsea handed tough Champions League tests in last-16 draw
Image: Stephen McCarthy / SPORTSFILE
SPORTSFILE
Kevin Palmer
Liverpool and Chelsea may have won their Champions League groups, but they have still been handed tough draws in the last-16.
Six-time champions Liverpool will take on dangerous German opponents RB Leipzig, who sealed their place in the knock-out phase by ending Manchester United's interest in the competition last week.
Meanwhile, Frank Lampard's Chelsea will take on Atletico Madrid, who knocked Liverpool out of the Champions League last season.
Manchester City appear to have been handed the best draw of all the English clubs as they take on Bundesliga side Borussia Monchengladbach, while the clash between Paris Saint-Germain and Barcelona is an eye-catching showdown to look forward to in 2021.
Bayern Munich may be the Champions League holders and the bookies' favorites to hang on to the trophy, but former Liverpool winger Steve McManaman believes England's 'big two' are the teams to beat in this season's competition.
"For me, the English clubs are favourites to win the Champions League this season," two-time Champions League winner McManaman told the Sunday World at a BT Sport event.
"Bayern Munich are in the mix and they are a very good team, but Liverpool and Manchester City are strong contenders.
"You look at Barcelona and Real Madrid and they have massive problems at the moment.
"Then the Italian teams are not quite strong enough, so Liverpool and City have a real chance to go close in the Champions League.
"A little bit of luck is required at crucial moments in the latter stages of the competition and Liverpool didn't quite get that against Atletico Madrid last season.
"I'd expect them to be right there at the back end of the Champions League this season and if Liverpool can have most of their top players fit and available by then, they have a real chance as they are clearly one of the top sides in Europe."
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Justin Fashanu: LGBTQ+ Norwich fan group raises money to install statue of first openly gay footballer | Football news
Amaya December 7, 2022 3 min read
A campaign has been launched to raise £150,000 for a statue in honor of Justin Fashanu.
In 1990, former Norwich striker Fashanu became the first male professional to come out as gay while still playing. He took his own life in 1998 at the age of 37.
LGBTQ+ fan group Proud Canaries is raising money to pay for the sculpture to be created by Taslim Martin, which will depict Fashanu's raised finger after scoring against Liverpool in February 1980.
"The idea had been around for a few years, it was paused during the pandemic. But now people have really come together," Professor Andrew Reynolds of the Justin Fashanu statue campaign told me. Sky Sports news.
"What we are trying to do is raise £150,000 to install the statue of Justin, which means so much to so many people. We have a fantastic artist, one of the leading sculptors in Britain, Taslim Martin, who is going to create the statue for us.
"We're going to have a little community space, a little community garden around the statue where people can stop and even sit down on their way to the ground.
"We've already been blessed with a huge amount of public support for the campaign."
The statue will be placed in a memorial garden on the banks of the River Wensum along the approach to Norwich's Carrow Road stadium.
Actor and Norwich fan Stephen Fry is supporting the campaign.
'Fashanu more than just a great footballer'
Fashanu was the first black footballer to receive a £1 million transfer fee with his move to Nottingham Forest in 1981. The striker has played for a total of 22 clubs in England, North America, Scotland and New Zealand.
In May last year, Blackpool midfielder Jake Daniels became Britain's first active professional player since Fashanu coming out as gay 32 years later.
"I think a lot of us would say he was a great footballer," added Reynolds. But he's more important than that.
"He was one of the few courageous black British footballers to break that barrier early in his career. He was the first £1 million black footballer.
"He was also the first player to come out as gay. That was a moment in time that lasted for another 32 years, so he represents something more than just a really good footballer."
"He represents something about what we want the game to be and who gets to play the game."
The 'No accident' campaign coincided with the World Cup in Qatar
World Cup host Qatar has been criticized for its stance on LGBTQ+ rights, with homosexuality being illegal in the Gulf state and punishable by up to three years in prison.
Reynolds says it's "no coincidence" that the campaign launched this week with the tournament well underway ahead of the quarter-finals this weekend.
"Qatar has allowed us to focus on this question – on who gets to watch, who gets to play and who are we encouraging to play this game that we love," he added.
"Qatar has made us reflect on the continued exclusion of queer, gay, bisexual players – men and women – across the country and around the world.
"Our hope is that during this nine-month campaign of producing the statue and raising money for the statue, we don't drop the ball on that important controversy over what Qatar has said about who gets to play.
"We want to continue this conversation as we still don't have a gay or bisexual player in the Premier League or almost every team in the 92 teams in the English leagues."
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The Historic Thousands on Jones Street (HKonJ) Moral March is a truly historic march in downtown Raleigh, North Carolina that hundreds of people and organizations attend every year. People come from all over North Carolina and unite under one goal: to be heard.
In Washoe County, Nevada, ACE Action Fellows are working with the Washoe County Air Quality Management Division (AQMD) to run a regional Idle Free Schools Campaign.
On May 20, ACE alums Aryaana Kahn, Lillian Davis-Bosch and Hakim Evans attended the Youth Climate Summit at the Kurt Hahn Expeditionary Learning School in Brooklyn, NY as part of ACE's partnership with The Wild Center's Convening Young Leaders for Climate Resilience NOAA project.
ACE followed up with them afterwards to hear how it went.
ACE: Describe what and where the event was and who was there.
Recently, I was astounded to find that special interest groups funnel nearly $1 billion each year* to push anti-science bills, delay action on climate change, and spread fake climate science to K-12 schools. It's in this context that ACE has launched an all-new version of Our Climate Our Future, our award-winning climate education resource and a powerful way to stop the spread of dangerous misinformation.
I'm a 16-year-old environmental activist. I am the founder of a national youth climate action movement called Zero Hour. We are gearing up for the revolutionary Youth Climate Action Weekend this summer.
During the summer of 2017, I volunteered at The Wild Center in New York for a month. While there, I learned about their Youth Climate Summit program, an annual conference for high school students that brings different school groups together to learn about and discuss climate change. The first Summit originated in New York with one student's idea, and has since spread all over the world.
The #YouthvGovNC hearing on February 7, 2018 was a quintessential example of the power of the youth voice in leading the fight against climate change. Three students, Arya Pontula (my sister!), Hallie Turner, and Emily Liu, urged the North Carolina Air Quality Committee of the Environmental Management Commission (EMC) to recommend adoption of a petition to reduce NC carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2050.
Last week, thousands of teachers in Arizona and Colorado walked out of their classrooms to demand fairer compensation for their work. They follow in the footsteps of teachers in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Oklahoma as part of the #RedforEd campaign.


These Spanish snacks are as fun to make as they are to eat. Your guests will love learning to make a variety of comida deliciosa!
$95 / person: Select two vegetarian, one meat, one seafood and one dessert.
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Q: I am getting following error while creating download png using html2Canvas While creating a website I was using html2canvas which is going to convert text to an image. Conversion is done successfully but while trying to download on button click,
I got the following error :
Error Screenshot
Can anyone help me out with this please?
PS: I am completely new in web designing
html2canvas(document.getElementById("myname"), {
  onrendered: function (canvas) {
    var screenshot = canvas.toDataURL("image/png");
    document.getElementById("textScreenshot").setAttribute("src", screenshot);
  },
});

btnDownload.addEventListener("click", function () {
  if (window.navigator.msSaveBlob) {
    window.navigator.msSaveBlob(textScreenshot.msToBlob(), "sg.png");
  } else {
    const a = document.createElement("a");
    document.body.appendChild(a);
    a.href = screenshot.toDataURL();
    a.download = "sg.png";
    a.click();
    document.body.removeChild(a);
  }
});

Error:texttoimg.html:99 Uncaught ReferenceError: screenshot is not defined
at HTMLButtonElement.

A: This is happening because your screenshot variable is locally scoped to your onrendered function. You need to take it out and store in a global variable to be able to access it in the other function.
let screenshot; // making it global
window.onload = function(){
    html2canvas(document.getElementById("myname"), {
      onrendered: function (canvas) {
        screenshot = canvas.toDataURL("image/png");
        document.getElementById("textScreenshot").setAttribute("src", screenshot);
      },
    });
 }

btnDownload.addEventListener("click", function () {
  if (window.navigator.msSaveBlob) {
    window.navigator.msSaveBlob(textScreenshot.msToBlob(), "sg.png");
  } else {
    const a = document.createElement("a");
    document.body.appendChild(a);
    a.href = screenshot; // remote toDataURL from here
    a.download = "sg.png";
    a.click();
    document.body.removeChild(a);
  }
});


The Clinch Memorial Hospital Auxiliary is composed of a group of volunteers who are concerned about the patients who receive treatment at Clinch Memorial Hospital. Our goal is to help the doctors and nurses to provide our patients with the best care possible by spending time with the patients, and by making sure that they have refreshments to make their stay more comfortable while they are recovering. We also take time to encourage family members while their loved ones are healing. It is our pleasure to serve you, our family and friends in this capacity, and we invite you to join us in this rewarding effort. Anyone interested in volunteering should call 912-487-5211 Ext. 4523 for more information.


text:
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Varianti in altre lingue
Catalano: Vasc
Portoghese: Vasco
Spagnolo: Vasco
Spagnolo medievale: Blasco, Velasco

Origine e diffusione
Il nome può avere due diverse origini: da una parte, è basato sull'aggettivo spagnolo vasco, variante di basco, con il letterale significato di "abitante dei Paesi Baschi" o "abitante della Guascogna" e, in senso lato, "viaggiatore" o "persona bizzarra". Dall'altra parte, può costituire un ipocoristico, specialmente galiziano e portoghese, del nome spagnolo medievale Velasco; quest'ultimo è di origine basca, con il significato di "corvo" o "piccolo corvo" (da blasco o balasco, lo stesso dei nomi Rabano, Rocco e Brenno) o di "falda di una montagna".

Il nome è piuttosto famoso grazie al navigatore portoghese Vasco da Gama; in Italia ha una buona diffusione, ed è accentrato in Toscana.

Un nome omofono, ma non collegato etimologicamente, è il bulgaro e macedone Васко, traslitterato Vasko, diminutivo di Basilio.

Onomastico
L'onomastico si festeggia il 1º novembre per la festa di Ognissanti, poiché il nome è adespota, ovvero non è portato da alcun santo.

Persone

Vasco Ascolini, fotografo italiano
Vasco Bendini, pittore italiano
Vasco Bergamaschi, ciclista su strada e dirigente sportivo italiano
Vasco Giuseppe Bertelli, vescovo cattolico italiano
Vasco Brondi, cantautore italiano
Vasco Creti, attore italiano
Vasco da Gama, esploratore portoghese
Vasco de Almeida e Costa, politico portoghese
Vasco Errani, politico italiano
Vasco Faísca, calciatore portoghese
Vasco Fernandez Praga, trovatore galiziano
Vasco Giani, calciatore italiano
Vasco Gil, trovatore portoghese
Vasco Gonçalves, politico portoghese
Vasco Magrini, aviatore italiano
Vasco Martinz de Resende, trovatore portoghese
Vasco Modena, ciclista su strada italiano
Vasco Núñez de Balboa, militare spagnolo
Vasco Perez Pardal, trovatore portoghese
Vasco Pratolini, scrittore italiano
Vasco Presentati, partigiano italiano
Vasco Puccioni, calciatore italiano
Vasco Regini, calciatore italiano
Vasco Rossi, cantautore italiano
Vasco Tagliavini, calciatore e allenatore di calcio a 5 italiano
Vasco Vascotto, velista italiano

Variante Blasco
 Blasco I Alagona, detto Blasco I il Vecchio, uomo politico spagnolo giunto in Sicilia al seguito di Pietro II d'Aragona, Barone e Capitano del Regno con Federico III
 Blasco II Alagona, detto Blasco II il Giovane, reggente di Ludovico di Sicilia
 Blasco Bonito, informatico italiano
 Blasco Giurato, direttore della fotografia italiano
 Blasco Lanza D'Ajeta, diplomatico italiano
 Blasco Núñez Vela, esploratore spagnolo, primo Viceré del Perù

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Prenomi di origine basca
Prenomi di origine latina
Prenomi derivati da etnonimi
Prenomi derivati da zoonimi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


RFQ SPM4A8-16-Q-0056; Procurement of ONE (1) NON-FERROUS PLATE CUTTING SAW machine in accordance with Purchase Description VIBB 15-12-1055 dated January 11, 2016. The contractor shall provide One (1) Non-Ferrous Plate Cutting Saw, IUID, Technical Data, Chip Collection System, Six (6) Blade Package, Rigging, Training and Shipping. Quantity is 1 each. This solicitation will be solicited for award of a Firm Fixed Priced Contract.  Solicitation will be unrestricted, full and open competition procedures. FOB at Destination with Inspection/Acceptance at Destination. QAP 175a shall apply. All contractual performance period requirements shall be complete within 126 days after receipt of award. The final contract award decision may be based upon a combination of lowest price technically acceptable (LPTA), past performance and other evaluation factors as described in the solicitation. The estimated solicitation issue date is January 29, 2015.


text:
Q: Phonon, photon have chemical potential equal to zero Hi I know the chemical potential of the phonon and photon is equal to zero. And I know the reason is the number of these particle isn't conserved.
But I don't know why the number of the phonon isn't conserved? Isn't the number of phonons 3N?
Thanks for your help.

A: The number of modes of the phonons is $3N$. However, for each mode, the number of phonons is not conserved.
An analog is that we have $3N$ different harmonic oscillators, and each of them can be in a generic excited state, labeled by an integer $n$. Here each harmonic oscillator is the analog of a mode of phonon, and for each harmonic oscillator, being in the excited state labeled by $n$ is the analog of having $n$ phonons for this mode.

A: $3N$ is the number of available vibrational modes, where $N$ is the number of atoms in the solid. Each mode can have a non-negative number of phonons, so the total number of phonons is not $3N$. In thermal equilibrium, the average number of phonons in each mode is given by Bose-Einstein distribution with zero chemical potential.
Consider a 1D harmonic oscillator. The eigenstates of the oscillator are characterized by the "the number of phonons" $n$, and the energy eigenvalues are $\hbar \omega_0(\frac 1 2 + n)$ where $\omega_0$ is the classical frequency of the oscillator. To use the phonon terminology, there is only one vibrational mode occupied by $n$ phonons. $n$ can be any non-negative number.


text:
Grace for President
1st Show Weill Center Family Series
$10 +fees
Recommended for Ages 5-10
Doors open 1 hour prior to the show.
No refunds, exchanges or weather cancellations.
We are not affiliated with any secondary ticket markets.
Based on the book by Kelly S. DiPucchio
Book, music and lyrics by Joan Cushing
When Grace's teacher reveals that the United States has never had a female president, Grace asks "Where are the girls?" , as her third-grade teacher rolls out a poster of all 44 U.S. presidents. Frustrated by the lack of female faces in the White House, Grace decides she wants to be the first female president. Grace immediately starts off her political career as a candidate and initiates a mock school election. She seems the likely winner until the most popular boy runs against her.
In this timely story, the basics of elections, from campaigns to the complexity of the electoral college are explained in a way that is clear and age appropriate. Offering an inspiring example perseverance, courage, and independent thought of how to choose our leaders. Join Grace and her classmates on a musical theater journey through the throes of campaigning and pep rallies, service projects and posters, as Grace and her classmates discover what it takes to be the best candidate.
ABOUT THE PRODUCER:
CASA MAÑANA (PRODUCER) Junie B in Jingle Bells, Batman Smells is produced by Casa Mañana, the same theatre who produced the acclaimed tours of A Year with Frog & Toad, Mr. Popper's Penguins and Rapunzel! Rapunzel! A Very Hairy Fairy Tale. Located in the heart of the cultural district of Fort Worth, TX, Casa Mañana Theatre specializes in professional Broadway and Children's Theatre and arts education, and has done so for more than 50 years. As a performing arts organization, Casa Mañana strives to create, nurture and advance live professional theatre unparalleled in artistic excellence for the enrichment and education of its diverse community and its future generations of artists and patrons. Recently, Casa Mañana's Performing Arts Conservatory was listed first in regional theatre training programs by backstage.com. Learn more at www.casamanana.org.
Sponsored by Sargento, Vollrath Company, Kohler Foundation, US Bank Foundation, Ansay & Associates, Lake 98.1 and Kohler Company:


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