Photo: William Xu and Maui Orozco with Congresswoman Dr. Judy Chu (D-CA), the first Chinese American woman elected to U.S. Congress.
Las Vegas, NV—This past August, NAPA engaged in a historical gathering of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (APIA). Four U.S. presidential campaigns met representatives of APIA affinity groups from around the nation at the 2016 APIA Vote Presidential Townhall. The candidates and their political surrogates appealed to the gathering of APIA leaders for their support. Alpha Phi Gamma's Maui Orozco, along with Pi Delta Psi's Will Xu, represented the NAPA community at the public forum.
The presidential candidates present, which included Jill Stein of the Green Party and Gary Johnson of the Libertarian party, sat down with NBC anchor Richard Lui to discuss salient topics ranging from immigration reform to national security. Gary Johnson was even quizzed on what "AAPI" stood for. President Bill Clinton took the stage for his partner and democratic nominee Hillary Clinton. He framed the racial and political plurality of our nation as a defining strength and advocated for unity amidst narratives of extreme divisiveness. Finally, Utah Attorney General Sean Reyes addressed the crowd on behalf of Donald Trump. He leveraged his Filipino roots to discuss the conservative, hardworking values instilled in him by his immigrant parents, and how these values can help our community achieve a shared American dream.
The town hall coincided with the Asian American Journalist Association and the National Asian American Association of Professionals Conventions, bringing together the largest gathering of Asian American professionals in recent memory. NAPA's participation in the APIA Vote youth civic engagement training sessions opened future opportunities to expand coalitional programming efforts. Student leaders learned how to galvanize campus populations and utilize non-profit resources to improve "Get Out The Vote" campaigns across the country.
With the NAPA logo projected on the backdrop as a supporting partner of the APIAVote Presidential Townhall, NAPA has now taken part in its fourth Presidential Town Hall, continuing its tradition of partnership with APIAVote that gave birth to NAPA over a decade ago. NAPA's participation ensures a pipeline of leaders from Asian-interest fraternities and sororities to the public sector, exposing its membership to opportunities in non-traditional career paths where APIAs continue to be underrepresented. NAPA's youth vote advocacy initiative maximizes exposure to the community it serves, combats existing stigmas of apolitical involvement, and forges crucial partnerships that will define NAPA a decade from now.


and a persistence layer to access the Metadata Repository (currently a relational database; MySQL) and the Data Hub (currently a graph database; Neo4j).
Knowledge workers, e.g., system librarians, usually interact with the Back Office web application and may use the data hub browser to inspect or visualize the data stored by d:swarm. Administrators or advanced knowledge workers may make use of the TPU to execute data processing tasks on larger amounts of data. Both parts (Back Office + TPU) communicate with the d:swarm backend via its HTTP API. A documentation of this API is provided via Swagger. Hence it can be simply explored via the Swagger UI. This is a very convenient way to discover and test the back end's functionality.


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M A (Development Studies)
To be admitted to the programme for the MA (Development Studies) degree, a candidate must have a good first degree not lower than Second Class, Lower Division (2nd Lower) or its equivalent from an accredited university. In addition, the candidate must pass a selection interview and also satisfy the specific requirements for the chosen specialization.
Requirements for Graduation:
For a candidate to graduate, a minimum Cumulative Weighted Average (CWA) of 55.00 is required. All courses taken must secure a pass mark of 50%. A minimum total Credit Hours of 33 and a maximum of 39 must be achieved for graduation.
Assessment of Students Performance and Achievement
Continuous assessment will be based on research submissions and oral presentations. This will constitute 40% of final marks.
End of semester examinations will consist of a 3-hour examination paper per course. This will constitute 60% of final marks.
Dissertations submitted will be assessed on their own merit. A minimum pass of grade C is required.
MPhil Development Studies
Entry Requirements :
To be admitted to the Programme for the MPhil (Development Studies) degree, a candidate must have a good first degree not lower than Second Class, Upper Division (2nd Class Upper) or its equivalent from an accredited University. The candidate must also pass a selection interview. A choice of specialization must be related to candidate's background.
Candidates with MA (Development Studies) may be admitted to the MPhil (Development Studies) programme. Such candidates will be required to take appropriate MPhil (Development Studies) courses including DTM 611: Philosophy of Development Studies and write an MPhil thesis over a period of 12 months.
Requirements for Graduation :
For a candidate to graduate with an MPhil (Development Studies) Degree, a minimum Cumulative Weighted Average (CWA) of 60.00 and a maximum of 66.00 are required. Candidates must secure a 50% pass in all MPhil (Development Studies) courses taken.
A total minimum credit hours of 55 must be achieved for graduation. In addition, candidates must pass a public defense of their MPhil (Development Studies) thesis.
Assessment of Student Performance and Achievement
Continuous assessment makes up 40% total final marks. Research submissions and oral presentations are assessed for the purpose.
End of semester examinations make up 60% of final total marks. Three-hour Exam papers are written per course.
The submitted MPhil theses must obtain a minimum pass mark of 50%.
Public defense of MPhil thesis must also obtain a minimum pass mark of 50%.
PhD (Development Studies)
To be admitted into the PhD (Development Studies) programme, a candidate must have a Master of Philosophy degree in Development Studies or its equivalent from an accredited university. Candidates must also pass a selection interview.
Candidates may be asked to take relevant MPhil (Development Studies) courses in year 1 of the PhD (Development Studies) programme, as appropriate.
PhD (Development Studies) candidates are required to achieve a minimum total credit hours of 72 and a maximum of 81 to graduate.
In addition, candidates are required to obtain a pass at a public defense of their PhD (Development Studies) thesis.
PhD candidates are required to make presentations at all required research seminars and obtain a minimum pass mark of 50% at each seminar.
Submitted PhD theses will be assessed on their own merit and must obtain a minimum pass mark of 50%.
A viva voce public defense of the PhD thesis must obtain a minimum pass mark of 50%
SPECIFIC ENTRY REQUIREMENT FOR SPECIALIZATION
Applicants must have a degree in Business Administration (Accounting Option), Bachelor of Commerce (B.com) or Accounting, and other professional qualifications of relevance
Applicants seeking to specialize in this area must have obtained a first degree in Science and Technology eg. B.Sc. Engineering, B.Sc. Agriculture and other related programmes.
Law and Development
Applicants seeking to specialize in this area must have obtained a degree in Law
Higher Education and Development
Applicant must possess a degree in Education
Applicants seeking to specialize in this area must have obtained a degree in Economics and related programmes.
Community Development; Gender and Development; Peace and Development; Leadership and Development;
Applicant seeking to specialize in any of these areas must have a good first degree or its equivalent from an accredited university.
Email: info@idtm.edu.gh
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Humility cannot be taught but it can be learned and it can be a gift from God. Most people will learn and acquire the gift of humility through trials and tribulations. King Nebuchadnezzar did not learn to be humble until he ate with the animals and he lived like them. Moses learned the art of humility in the wilderness having fled from the King who sought to kill him. King David exhibited traits of humility throughout his trying times and the only man who was truly humble was Jesus. He didn't raise his hands or feet or eyes when beaten and battered, instead he blessed his persecutors and he prayed for them. Humility means keeping quiet when insulted or abused even though it might hurt your feelings. Humility is walking away from claiming your rights when being persecuted for it.
In my longing to be like Christ, I have found myself saying prayers for a heart of humility. Whilst I believe this is a start to my personal revival, I also believe this is a prayer everybody must engage with because everything really begins from the heart. This heart needs building up in faith. It needs developing in Christian character, it needs continuous growth and maturity in Christ, it needs mending, it needs healing, it needs refocusing, it needs restoration and sometimes it needs deliverance too. It is the heart that the Lord works with and not your physical appearance.
Perhaps you find that your prayers are yet to be answered? You may just need to check the state of your heart. When you consider your intentions and you humble yourself, the Lord will hear from heaven. For that response you have been waiting for from heaven, the following declarations might help in setting the state of your heart right before the Lord.
I declare that my heart is surrendered to Christ in humility. I will humble myself before the Lord and allow Him to elevate me in His own way. Jesus is the Lord of my life and I will allow Him to fight my battle for me. I belong to Jesus and I will keep His commandments in my heart so that they will guide me in times of adversity when I am being tested for a heart of humility.
Today I will keep in constant check the state of my heart and I will reflect upon my actions. I will align myself to the message of Jesus on humility and I will avert myself from being proud-hearted.
I declare a total submission to God's instructions and guidance for my life today. I acknowledge my sins of pride, arrogance and boastfulness and I repent of them all so that the Lord will hear me. I humble myself under the mighty hand of God and I choose to turn away from all ungodly activities. Henceforth the Lord will hear my prayers and he will heal my heart.


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Watch: Wicked Strife
June 17, 2018 January 13, 2019 nickbewes Leave a Comment
I'm not one for heading to the theatre on a regular basis to see plays or musicals. I'm more a comedy show kind of person, which for those who know me, that won't come as much of a surprise. However, stand by your beds. This weekend I've been to the theatre twice! The plays couldn't be more different however.
On Friday night as a birthday surprise for my other half, we visited the Leeds Grand Theatre to see Wicked – acclaimed as "the ultimate Broadway experience for theatre audiences all over the UK" (Northern Echo) so says the Grand website. Another thing that won't come as a surprise to those that know me, I'm not a fan of musicals! Whether that screen or on stage! Musicals have just never been to my taste. However, when you see something this good, you can't be anything but impressed.
From the staging, to the dancers (obviously I'm an expert, not) to the amazing voices of the cast, this stage show is very good. Especially the two leads. Helen Woolf as Glinda and Amy Ross as Elphaba were outstanding performers. Ross in particular is amazing in the finale of Act 1.
I knew nothing about the story beforehand other than it's something to do with the Wizard of Oz, so I was surprised at how funny it was. Woolf delivering some very funny lines in particular, as does Kim Ismay as Madame Morrible. The Wizard is played by Steven Pinder, who, for me, will always be Max Farnham in Brookside.
Many positives from the show, but also a few negatives. The seats for one. Rather narrow, and not very comfortable. I know many theatres are grand old buildings, and you can't do much within the structures, but sat on the balcony at the Grand wasn't a comfortable experience. Especially when you compare these seats with what you get at the cinema nowadays.
Speaking of uncomfortable seats. On Saturday night, we took ourselves off for another but completely different night at the theatre. This time to Bradford Playhouse @Studio for Strife in a Northern Town. The seats in the @Studio are basic and basically bum numbing! Thankfully the performance tonight wasn't that long!
The play is described as 'a high-energy thrill ride with quick switches, laughter, mayhem and maybe even a tear or two, too'. And it certainly was high energy. Just two actors, Tracy Gabbitas and Jennifer Banks play the multiple characters, including Donna and Tracey who work at the local supermarket. And it's these two that greet us when we walk in to the tiny @Studio. One sat on the floor, one stood up, giving the audience funny looks as we walk in, sit down, clean glasses, get sweets out. And you can imagine, how in this intimate surroundings, the late comers get particular strange looks from the pair!
As the play progresses, with each character change, from the supermarket girls to receptionists Pepsi and Lulu and so on, the actors change wigs and props, moving chairs and tables to create the setting for each section. As I said earlier, you couldn't get much different from Friday night's grandiose to this simplicity. For me some characters are more welcome than others. I wasn't a particular fan of Kay who has a dog phobia and an allergy to cheese and was very annoying! Sadly, she is one of the more frequent characters in the play and kept reappearing!
The Playhouse itself is an interesting building. Having looked at it's history, it's always seemed to struggle to stay open. It certainly is a poor relation to the other theatres in Bradford, The Alhambra & St Georges Hall, the latter being closed at the moment for renovation, which is something that wouldn't go amiss at the Playhouse.
Strife had it's funny moments but of the two, Wicked wins hands down. And it's a musical! I don't like musicals!
Watch: Funny Cow
Listen: Rival Sons – Do Your Worst


March 18, a nationalist Facebook page Georgian Idea released a story, according to which Muslim parents in Canada demanded the removal of pork from school canteens in Montreal and its suburbs. Georgian Idea also reports that the Mayor of Dorval has allegedly called on Muslim parents to change their lifestyle and integrate into the society. The post has been shared by 711 persons (as of March 25).
The story about Muslim parents allegedly demanding the removal of pork from school canteens in Canada represents disinformation. The story first started to circulate via e-mails in 2013 and it referred to Belgium instead of Canada. Since 2013, the disinformation has involved various cities and countries. The Mayor's false remarks are also attributed to the Mayors of various cities of Belgium, Canada da Australia.
Five years have passed since the disinformation about the demand to remove pork from school canteens was first disseminated.
The Muslim parents' demand with an identical text for removal of pork from school canteens was first disseminated in 2013. But the demand was addressed not to the Mayor of Dorval, but to Mayor of Ath, Marc Duvivier. The latter's false response was also circulated via e-mails and it is identical to the post uploaded by Georgian Idea in 2018. Duvivier not only denied having made the statement attributed to him, he also denied that any request about removing pork from canteens had ever been presented to him.


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Home > Forums > Discussions > Specificity Versus Patterning Theory: Continuing the Debate
Specificity Versus Patterning Theory: Continuing the Debate
by Allan Basbaum on 24 Jun 2011
Does the brain process and interpret innocuous and noxious stimuli by "reading" a pattern of activity across multimodal lines of activity, or are there specific, labeled lines that carry functionally distinct modalities from the periphery to the spinal cord and then rostrally in the neuraxis?
The specificity camp has its origins in the nineteenth-century studies of German neurophysiologists who concluded that there are modality-specific spots on the skin (e.g., touch, cold, etc.), and that a percept is generated by activation of specific neuronal pathways in the periphery and CNS (for reviews, see Craig, 2003; Ma, 2010; and Perl, 2007). This concept was originally articulated by Müller (Müller, 1840), who proposed that the stimulus did not even determine the perception, but rather that connectivity of the afferent and its ultimate projection site in the brain were critical.
The pattern theory, by contrast, proposed that afferent fibers respond to a host of stimulus modalities, and that the ultimate perception depends on the brain's deciphering and interpretation of the patterns of activity across the different nerve fibers. The late Patrick Wall, almost 30 years after coauthoring the Gate Control Theory of Pain in 1965 with Ronald Melzack (Melzack and Wall, 1965), wrote that "…specificity theory has failed to generate any explanation for clinical pains. Worse yet…it has encouraged ineffective, often counterproductive, surgical attempts to destroy the cells or their axons" (Wall, 1996). The poster boy/dartboard for the specificity camp, of course, is Descartes' little boy whose "pain pathway" runs from his foot to a pain center in his brain.
It is of interest that the focus of Melzack and Wall's seminal 1962 article "On the nature of cutaneous sensory mechanisms," which preceded the Gate Control Theory paper by three years, was on the processing of non-noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli, as compared to pain-producing stimuli. The paper dealt much less so, if at all, with the question of the processing of different modalities of noxious/painful stimuli (i.e., heat, cold, mechanical, and chemical pain) (Melzack and Wall, 1962). Pat Wall was, of course, strongly influenced by his discovery, with Lorne Mendell, of the wide dynamic range (WDR) dorsal horn neuron (Mendell and Wall, 1965). The WDR neuron clearly responds to both innocuous and noxious stimulation, which argued against a specific Cartesian "pain" pathway. However, subsequent demonstrations by Ed Perl and colleagues of primary afferents (nociceptors) and lamina I dorsal horn neurons that respond only to noxious stimulation, at least in uninjured animals (Bessou et al., 1971; Christensen and Perl, 1970) provided fodder for the labeled line advocates.
So where are we today? As a student of both Melzack and Wall, I grew up with a firm belief in pattern theory. However, results from our recent studies have encouraged me to reexamine this basic tenet. Just as the ability to record from single fibers made possible the identification of afferents that respond rather exclusively to noxious stimulation, so the molecular revolution has revealed a detailed subclassification of the nociceptors. In fact, nociceptors are remarkably heterogeneous; different subsets express channels that are responsive to different noxious stimulus modalities (e.g., heat [TRPV1], cold [TRPM8], mustard oil [TRPA1], etc.) (Basbaum et al., 2009; Julius and Basbaum, 2001). Of course, there is some overlap of these channels, and there is no question that many of the nociceptors are polymodal, responding to thermal as well as mechanical stimulation. Nevertheless, our studies argue strongly for a modality-specific contribution of subsets of primary afferents to the presumptive pain-generated behaviors evoked by the particular modality, (e.g., heat, cold, mechanical) (Cavanaugh et al., 2009; Scherrer et al., 2009).
Although I have written (in a syllabus for an IASP Refresher course) that "there are no labeled lines….", I now believe that there is behaviorally relevant specificity, at least at the level of the primary afferent. To what extent the behaviorally relevant (pain, and likely itch) information generated by primary afferents is also manifest at the level of circuits in the spinal cord and at higher levels of neuraxis is the critical unanswered question. Yes, there are nociceptive-specific neurons in the dorsal horn, but the WDR neuron cannot be ignored (Price et al., 2003). Indeed, the relative contribution of these two neurons is worthy of continued discussion in this forum.
In their 1962 article, Melzack and Wall proposed that, "A satisfactory theory of somesthesis must be able to provide answers to two essential problems: 1) What is the nature of the information that is sent to the central nervous system when the skin is stimulated, and 2) How do the central cells select or abstract from this information to provide the many different qualities of our sensory experience?" We have come a long way to answering the first question, butclearly, we need more information as to the specificity versus patterning question at the level of CNS circuitry, so that answers to the second question can be generated.
These questions are not merely of interest to the basic scientist, but are relevant to the development of approaches to the clinical management of pain. Are there clinical pain conditions that arise from activity in subsets of nociceptors, and if so, can drugs be developed to block selectively the contribution of those afferents? For example, TRPV1 is generally associated with noxious heat transduction and heat hypersensitivity, but clearly that is not its function in a visceral afferent that innervates the pancreas. Thus, a drug that blocks TRPV1-expressing afferents selectively may have great utility, beyond regulating heat-pain sensibility (which is clearly not a major clinical concern).
The question of specificity is also relevant to ablative procedures. Because attempts in animals are now made to ablate chemically subsets of spinal cord neurons (e.g., with substance P-conjugated to saporin; Nichols et al., 1999), the controversy, unquestionably, has significant clinical implications. Does the preclinical development of these techniques mean that we are poised to go beyond what Pat Wall, as noted above, referred to as "ineffective, often counterproductive, surgical attempts to destroy the cells or their axons" (epitomized by anterolateral cordotomy), or are the new approaches built upon a misunderstanding of the way pain is generated? Should we be concerned that reducing information flow in a specificity-based "pain transmission network" can contribute to the development of central pain syndromes (as can occur post-stroke)?
Finally, and very importantly, this author certainly appreciates that this contemporary perspective on the question of specificity versus patterning relates more to the processing of nociceptive messages, and much less so to the sensory experience/perception of pain. The latter is clearly influenced and in some cases dominated by emotional and cognitive factors. To what extent specificity or patterning or some hybrid model integrates with these factors is not at all clear, and will not be determined by studies directed only at the primary afferent or spinal cord circuits. Studies that integrate an analysis of the pathways through which inputs are transmitted from the cord to the brain, with others directed at identifying where and how emotional/affective and cognitive factors are processed, will require combining psychophysical studies with novel imaging methods that can monitor the process of information transfer from the spinal cord to the brain.
Remember that the original discussion of specificity versus patterning was not a neurophysiological one. Rather, it was a perceptual one: How does the brain generate a pain percept? It is certainly possible that convergence of "specific" inputs at the level of the spinal cord or higher in the neuraxis generates an integrated pattern of activity that is read by the brain, the product of which is the ultimate percept.
Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, Julius D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell 2009, 139:267-284.
Bessou P, Burgess PR, Perl ER, Taylor CB. Dynamic properties of mechanoreceptors with unmyelinated (C) fibers. J Neurophysiol 1971, 34:116-131.
Cavanaugh DJ, Lee H, Lo L, Shields SD, Zylka MJ, Basbaum AI, Anderson DJ. Distinct subsets of unmyelinated primary sensory fibers mediate behavioral responses to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:9075-9080.
Christensen BN, Perl ER. Spinal neurons specifically excited by noxious or thermal stimuli: marginal zone of the dorsal horn. J Neurophysiol 1970, 33:293-307.
Craig AD. Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 2003, 26:1-30.
Julius D, Basbaum AI. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature 2001, 413:203-210.
Ma Q. Labeled lines meet and talk: population coding of somatic sensations.
J Clin Invest 2010, 120:3773-3778.
Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965, 150:971-979.
Melzack R, Wall PD. On the nature of cutaneous sensory mechanisms. Brain 1962, 85:331-356.
Mendell LM, Wall PD. Responses of single dorsal cord Cells to peripheral Cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Nature 1965, 206:97-99.
Müller J. Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. Koblenz: J. Holscher; 1840.
Nichols ML, Allen BJ, Rogers SD, Ghilardi JR, Honore P, Luger NM, Finke MP, Li J, Lappi DA, Simone DA, Mantyh PW. Transmission of chronic nociception by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 1999, 286:1558-1561.
Perl ER. Ideas about pain, a historical view. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:71-80.
Price DD, Greenspan JD, Dubner R. Neurons involved in the exteroceptive function of pain. Pain 2003, 106:215-219.
Scherrer G, Imamachi N, Cao YQ, Contet C, Mennicken F, O'Donnell D, Kieffer BL, Basbaum AI. Dissociation of the opioid receptor mechanisms that control mechanical and heat pain. Cell 2009, 137:1148-1159.
Wall PD. Comments after 30 years of the Gate Control Theory.
Pain Forum 1996, 5:12-22.
Last comment: Vania Apkarian, 18 Jun 2012
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Clifford Woolf , Children's Hospital Boston
Transcending Specificity
Although many philosophical questions may ultimately be answered by neurobiology—the nature of self-knowledge and free will, for example—generally the two disciplines live in parallel separate universes. My first exposure in the late 1970s to the Specificity versus Pattern Theory debate, repeated endlessly over too many pints of ale at the Jeremy Bentham pub near University College London, was from Pat Wall. He was passionate in his hostility to Specificity, based I think on his philosophical certainty that the Pattern theory was much more intellectually challenging and interesting than "mere fixed telephone lines," and therefore it just had to be correct, a question of neuroaesthetics. However, in the end, facts are our currency and the accumulated data from the last 30 years demonstrate quite conclusively that at the primary afferent level, there is clear specificity. Sensory neuron subtypes display exquisite selectivity in deconvoluting the external work into defined neural representations by virtue of their specialized transduction processes, extracting information about particular aspects of the sensory environment, its intensity, nature, place, and time. Individual afferents capture enough information from defined stimuli to tempt us to conflate their firing patterns with the sensation generated, leading us into calling them warm, tickle, itch, or pain fibers. However, as Basbaum points out in describing his conversion from the Pattern Theory to the Specificity School, the way in which the CNS represents the sensory information at a systems level and the way in which it is read from neural circuitry as a sensation remains almost a closed book. Is the exquisite specificity engineered in the periphery maintained in the CNS, or is perception the consequence of an interrogation of complex multidimensional information across space and time, the translation of a pattern? Here, due to our lack of data, we can remain, for the moment, philosophical. However, the capacity to silence or activate designated subsets of central neurons, to record activity simultaneously from many neurons in vivo, and the new field of connectomics that will reveal the synaptic wiring diagram of the brain, means that it is only a matter of time before the answer will be revealed. Take your bets. I know mine.
Kenneth Casey, University of Michigan
Ghosts of Pattern and Specificity
This discussion by Alan Basbaum and Clifford Woolf deserves more attention than it has received, at least as judged by the number of commentaries. Conceptual models of the pain mechanism strongly influence the research agenda and our approach to diagnosis and treatment. The concept of a labeled line from the periphery to a labeled perceptual apparatus in the brain is very attractive because we can understand it and because it continues to justify invasive and usually expensive treatments directed at the (presumably) identified pathway. In a few instances, some of these procedures provide at least some relief, but the medical literature is full of reports of long-term failure and often serious complications from many of these interventions. The slow and difficult progress on the pharmacological front has been discussed in this Forum by Jeff Mogil and colleagues and is due in large part to the inconvenient number and distribution of genes, receptors, and neurotransmitters. Nonetheless, the evidence for peripheral receptors and afferent fibers selectively responsive to noxious stimuli or inflammation is well established and there is little doubt that interrupting the centripetal flow of this information will block or attenuate pain when the peripheral source is clearly identified; this evidence and experience encourages acceptance of the labeled line model. The problem arises, as Basbaum and Woolf acknowledge, when considering the function of the central nervous system (CNS).
For over 40 years, the pain research and clinical communities have acknowledged that pain requires the participation of supraspinal circuits mediating both affective experience and the recognition of uniquely noxious stimulation (nociception) [ 1 , 3 ]. Animal and human lesion studies and human functional brain imaging experiments have consistently supported this concept, which is embedded in the IASP definition of pain and which is consistent with the widely accepted operation of parallel distributed networks in the brain. In addition, there has long been evidence that central pathways activated by nociceptors initiate centrifugal control of nociceptive input, supporting Basbaum's concern about central lesions of "pain pathways" resulting in central pain. Thus, the peripheral label is not lost; but it is distributed among anatomically distinct but interacting circuits mediating nociception, affect, and the modulation of each.....to say nothing of cognitive functions. This arrangement is complex, but it is not disorderly and it does not suggest that the CNS creates specific sensations out of some chaotic pattern. Perhaps, as Woolf suggests, we will someday identify, anatomically and biochemically, the unique circuit (read connectome) for pain; it is theoretically possible, but by then we will probably have learned how to recognize each unique experience through the interpretation of the dynamic, ultra-high resolution functional brain images of the future.
The "pattern" and "specificity" theories are ghosts of the past. Basbaum and Woolf have evolved to their present conceptual models, as I have, in the face of contemporary evidence. The same is true of premier specificity champions of the past. Ed Perl writes: "Considering the evidence, it seems reasonable to propose pain to be both a specific sensation and an emotion, initiated by activity in particular peripheral and central neurons.....The mechanisms of pain include specialized receptive organs, selective and convergent pathways, plasticity of responsiveness and interactive modulation"( [ 2 ], p.78). Yet, the ghosts remain an unwelcome, and sometimes dangerous, presence in our research, clinical practice, and teaching. We still have much work to do.
1. Melzack, R, Casey, KL, Sensory,Motivational,and Central Control Determinants of Pain. In: DR Kenshalo (Ed.), The Skin Senses. Springfield: C.C Thomas 1968. pp. 423-439.
2. Perl, ER, Ideas about pain, a historical view. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8: 71-80.
3. Price, DD, Psychological and Neural Mechanisms of the Affective Dimension of Pain. Science 2000; 288: 1769-1772.
Howard Fields, University of California San Francisco
. I thank Allan, Clifford and
I thank Allan, Clifford and Ken for shining light into this important issue and re-opening the question of labeled line versus pattern analysis that predominates in the steps leading to the subjective experience of pain. My opinion is that rather than an either/or debate it is a question of if-and-when. The full-blown labeled line concept is that activity in a specific class of primary afferent nociceptor is necessary and sufficient to produce a specific, reproducible sensation. It seems likely that this can happen-- perhaps something like the pain one feels when immersing a sunburned hand in water that would be hot but not painful in normal skin. On the other hand, there are circumstances in which pain is a compound sensation produced by simultaneous activation of two or more classes of primary afferent. Our understanding of this goes back to Henry Head who observed that following transection of a small cutaneous nerve there was what he called a transitional zone (between the insensitive region and the region of normal innervation). In this transitional zone, innocuous stimuli were experienced as painful. Later, Landau and Bishop showed that selective block of myelinated primary afferents innervating a skin region created a situation in which light mechanical stimulation, or innocuous warm or cold, gave rise to a burning pain. This was interpreted to mean that pain was a compound sensation that depended upon pro-pain nociceptor activity and anti-pain activity in non-nociceptive primary afferents. These observations demonstrate that the labeled line idea has, at best, limited generality for understanding how primary afferents produce pain sensation. These observations were critical antecedents to the Gate Control Hypothesis.
The other important observation is that primary afferents that respond maximally to innocuous stimulation can produce pain provided there is also nociceptor input. This was most clearly demonstrated by Torebjork and colleagues (J. Physiol. 1992) who used low intensity electrical stimulation of a peripheral cutaneous nerve to activate low threshold mechanoreceptive primary afferents. In normal skin, the stimulation produced innocuous tingling. However, following injection of skin with capsaicin to selectively activate primary afferent nociceptors, an area of secondary hyperalgesia developed that included the area innervated by the nerve they were stimulating electrically. Following the development of hyperalgesia, electrical stimulation at the intensity that produced innocuous tingling prior to capsaicin now produced burning pain. This clearly shows a modality switch, such that a single set of primary afferents can produce two distinct sensations, depending upon what other primary afferents are firing at the time. This observation points to the critical role of central processing-- whether you want to call this pattern-theory is a matter of semantics. While there is no doubt that labeled lines are the rule in the periphery, the subjective experience of pain typically involves input from two or more labeled lines, i.e., it is a compound sensation.
Vania Apkarian, Northwestern University Medical School
A theoretical view of ghosts
I too had thought that the debate between specificity and pattern theory was one that was buried with the passing of its main proponents. I too have been privy to heated discussions that seem to repeat themselves from one scientific meeting to the next: one group arguing that specific neurons are all that are needed for pain perception and the second that non-specific neurons are really where pain perception occurs. I also remember scratching my head, with the nagging thought that the evidence for both camps is certainly adequate and wondering "What am I missing?" Here, I want to address what, I think, has been and continues to be missing in this debate.
Let me begin with a discussion of information coding in the visual system. In visual neuroscience, where knowledge of brain mechanisms are perhaps a century ahead of that in pain research, there is little doubt that at least in the primary visual cortex the outside world is coded by neurons with receptive fields comprised of lines and/or edges, that is in complete compliance with the pattern theory. Moreover, the bulk of the evidence now indicates that CONSCIOUS visual perception requires primary visual cortex [4]. On the other hand, the so-called grandmother neurons [3], that is neurons that preferentially or only specifically respond to the face of one's grandmother (or to Marilyn Monroe, or Clinton, or Lewinsky), first hypothesized to exist in the cortex back in 1940s, are now known to exist in higher visual cortical regions. The important point is that even in a system where (at the earliest levels) information is coded in a pattern, this information is then recombined to generate neurons with very specific response properties.
A second important point that vision neuroscience has elegantly demonstrated is the role of individual neurons in perception. Newsome and colleagues in the 1990s [2] showed that in awake monkeys manipulating the firing rate of a single neuron in the cortex changes the animal's behavioral responses to the visual input. This result is important given the fact that about one-third of the primate brain is dedicated to vision and in any visual task one-third to one-half of the brain seems involved in the task. Thus, even when 3 billion neurons (assuming that primate brain has 10 billion neurons) are involved in a task, the activity of a single one within that pool can still influence perception. Let me remind the reader that the equivalent has been repeatedly demonstrated in the somatosensory system for peripheral afferents in humans. Namely microneurographic studies [6] have repeatedly demonstrated that electrical activation of a single peripheral axon with a single pulse can give rise to touch or pain perception (not true for some specific types of tactile afferents). Yet, again brain imaging studies indicate that such perception involves activation of some 10-20% of the neocortical mantle, and human neuroimaging studies have yet to demonstrate the existence of a single cortical voxel that shows nociceptive specificity. The point I am trying to make is that even though the brain is a highly interconnected network, comprised of a huge number of elements, the common saying that you only use some small proportion of your neurons in life is simply false and instead we now know that every neuron has the potential to contribute to perception, behavior, and/or other brain functions.
With this viewpoint of the role of single neurons in perception, and given the ample evidence that nociceptive neurons come in a huge variety, some showing specificity to unique stimulus kinds, others showing highly convergent responses to many types of energy applied to tissue, we need a redefinition of the debate from one of existence to that of functional relevance. Let me first register a general complaint about the pain research community. Unfortunately the field has been, and continues to remain, primarily empirical and observational, and continues to bank on the idea that better and more detailed observations would clarify these issues. Clifford Woolf's solution to this debate offers such an example, I paraphrase him saying: "All we are missing is the connectome, and that with the latter the issue would be resolved." I suspect, instead, the connectome too will show evidence for a myriad of types of nociceptive specific and non-specific neurons contributing to varying extents to a long list of pathways.
I contend instead that what we are missing is a theoretical construct within which the specificity vs. pattern theory of pain can be framed (Wall's gate control theory remains the only serious theoretical construct in the field, and that was published in 1965!). With a simplistic view that the brain is a highly interconnected self-organizing network with the intention of promoting the survival of the DNA, and with the idea that sensory systems extract specific and optimal types of information to promote this survival, I can assert that computational constructs are relevant to nociceptive information processing just as they are for all other sensory systems. In fact the properties of computational models of simulated networks shed light on the topic. Any simulated parallel distributed processing network comprised of multiple layers and composed of Hebbian learning rule-based connectivity, exhibits hidden layer receptive fields composed of both specific and non-specific receptive fields [5]. Moreover, depending on the learning paradigm used, one would observe shifts in the relative prominence of the two types of hidden layer neurons. I contend that such simulations exhibit the constraints of the problem and exhibit, what in signal detection theory would be equivalent to sensitivity and specificity of the solution, based on the training paradigm. With this construct one can pose the notion that specific and non-specific nociceptors respectively contribute to the specificity and sensitivity at which pain will be experienced, or equivalently set the accuracy and dynamic range of the perception. From such a theoretical view one can further speculate that shifts in nociceptive response properties, for example following injury or change of state that has been amply demonstrated for over the last 20 years by Clifford Woolf's studies [7] as well as by many others (state-dependent shifts of nociceptive neurons from specificity to non-specificity was first demonstrated by Casey in 1966 [1]), correspond to a new computational state with unique signal detection, or perception, characteristics. I can even envision extending this construct to the unique reorganization that the brain exhibits for different chronic pain conditions.
[1] Casey KL. Unit analysis of nociceptive mechanisms in the thalamus of the awake squirrel monkey. J Neurophysiol 1966;29(4):727-750.
[2] Cohen MR, Newsome WT. What electrical microstimulation has revealed about the neural basis of cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004;14(2):169-177.
[3] Gross CG. Genealogy of the ''Grandmother cell". Neuroscientist 2002;8:512–518.
[4] Kravitz DJ, Saleem KS, Baker CI, Mishkin M. A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011;12(4):217-230.
[5] McClelland JL, Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE. Parallel Distributed Processing, Vol. 1: MIT Press, 1987.
[6] Torebjork HE, Vallbo AB, Ochoa JL. Intraneural microstimulation in man. Its relation to specificity of tactile sensations. Brain 1987;110 ( Pt 6):1509-1529.
[7] Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science 2000;288(5472):1765-1769.
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People Who Care – Grinnell + People Who Care – Grinnell will be Tuesday, July 24. The hour-long meeting will begin at 5:30 p.m., and will be held in the Caulkins Community Room at the Drake Library. This will be a voting meeting for the organization, where a decision is made regarding support for a community organization in the greater Grinnell area.
With membership now numbering 90, building toward the goal of having at least 100 members, the beneficiary organization will receive over $ 9,000 in donations. The 90 memberships are comprised of 116 individuals from the greater Grinnell area.
At the upcoming quarterly meeting, members will nominate charitable entities in the greater Grinnell area. Three of the nominations will be drawn, with the nominators then offering a brief description of the project. There will be an opportunity for questions regarding each project, and then the members will vote. The project receiving the most votes becomes the recipient entity for the third quarter of the year. Each member commits to writing a $ 100 check to that entity. Members will also receive an update report at the meeting on the Local Foods Connection, which was selected as the recipient of the members' April donations.
100 + People Who Care – Grinnell had its beginning in January, 2017 and is based on a model pioneered in 2006 in Jackson, Michigan. The concept is very simple. One hundred people, each willing to write a check for $ 100 will result in a total of $ 10,000 being raised to benefit a community organization. This action happens four times per year. Currently, world-wide, there are more than 600 "100 People Who Care" organizations, with other, regional ones being based in Des Moines, Marshalltown, Cedar Rapids, and Pella.
Membership in 100 + People Who Care – Grinnell is open to all. Those who would like to join are invited to attend the July 24 meeting. It is also possible to attend as a non-voting guest, in order to learn more about the organization. For further information, please contact any of the founding board members: Christine Day (641-485-6180), Dennis Day (641-485-6118), Donna Ricks (319-269-9626), or Al Ricks (319-269-3475). Donna Ricks serves as the point coordinator for membership questions, with her e-mail contact being djrteach@msn.com. Christine Day serves as the point coordinator for nominations and administrative questions, with her contact being cday7117@gmail.com.
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Throughout his career, he has guided the development of 14 NFL draft picks, including Wes Welker, Danny Amendola, and Michael Crabtree. He also served as the strength and conditioning coach at the University of Texas, and has coached more than 100 collegiate football players—grooming them for careers in the NFL.
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One of the most important things you can do when learning a new subject is attempting it with your best effort. While this sounds simple, so many people think they are too good for this step and skip it.
I couldn't have put it better myself. This is exactly the kind of issue I run into all the time, and I know that it can affect others just as much. We have this idea that reading implies learning, but there are many ways to read a textbook and learn next to nothing about solving problems. This includes skipping through the exercises and examples, preferring to just read the solutions. This is good up until the point that you are faced with a question on your own, such as on a test. At that point, you may find that the problems are not so easy.
It's simple to say, "Oh yes, this solution makes sense. I get it." It's much more difficult to think of what that solution is on your own. But this is what doing the examples in a textbook is for! They are there to allow you to think of the solution without a helping hand. The solutions are for after you've done this step.
This is so important, because I see people all the time take ten seconds to read a problem before saying, "I don't know what to do." Well, of course you don't know what to do! You've barely had time to think about it at all.
The purpose of doing all these exercises is to give you a sense of what works and what doesn't. As a consequence, you start to gain an eye for what a solution might look like. When I tell the students I tutor how I solved the problem they are struggling with, they look up at me in disbelief, as if they would never be able to do what I did. But they're wrong. I didn't do anything special. In fact, I did something I've done a bunch of times. That doesn't mean I was as good when I was in the same year as them. It just means I've been at it longer and have put the work in to make those problems trivial.
It seems like a waste of time, but the real key to learning and succeeding in your studies is to attempt to do problems on your own, without referring to your text. I'm not suggesting you memorize every single formula in physics. Rather, I'm talking about learning to come up with your own strategies to solve problems. From there, it's just a lot of practice and refinement. If you prefer to skip the work and read the solutions, this skill won't be developed. You'll always be looking for the "trick" to solve problems, instead of applying techniques. Therefore, it's in your best interest to work through as many problems as you can. It will pay off in your future.


To be eligible for the Pet Food Pantry program, you must qualify as low income, be a current participant in a state/federal assistance program, or experiencing financial hardship due to the current economic situation. To establish your financial needs, you will need bring backing documentation in the form of a Social Security letter, Medicaid letter, Food Stamp Determination, WIC folder or Unemployment letter.
Applicants must provide a photo ID and proof of residency from Jefferson County, MO.
We ask for personal information when one applies but do not share it with anyone and all information is kept strictly confidential.
No one in the household is to resell food or items provided by the Pantry. If we find out the food or item(s) was resold, the household and all members involved will be banned from assistance indefinitely.
We reserve the right to refuse anyone under any circumstance.
Because of the unwanted pet population in Jefferson County, we prefer your pets be spayed or neutered. If they are not, we can direct you to low cost spay/neuter programs and can sometimes assist with cost.
Acquiring more pets while on the program is a not permitted, we understand sometimes there are extenuating circumstances, but please inform us beforehand.
Please make us aware of any special food needs your pet might have (allergies, senior, diet, etc.).
We are a temporary (not permanent) source for pet food. We reserve the right to determine how much or how often we give food to an individual.
We accept all kinds of pet food from donors. By accepting food and/or services from the Pantry, the recipient, all household members, their friends and family agree not to hold the Pantry, its staff, volunteers, and benefactors legally liable in the unfortunate event the recipient's pet(s) becomes ill or the food upsets the pet's stomach.
Applicants agree that if they cannot properly care for their pet, they will notify someone from Jefferson County Pet Food Pantry. We work with many rescue groups and will do our best to find your pet a happy home.
Giving back with your time, volunteering or a small donation is another way to say thanks and help us help others. Pay it forward.


Majestic yet elegant, the Helford Horse 2 by Natural Curiosities is the wonderful addition to add to any style home. The beautiful horse figure is leafed in gold and then silkscreened to accentuate the bold, geometric outlines, resulting in an image that shimmers with ethereal energy. The Helford Horse 2 by Natural Curiosities will brighten up your room with its stylish design. A full collection of Natural Curiosities is available at Luxe Home Philadelphia.


Math is immersed in our daily lives. When we weigh fruit at a supermarket, receive change at a store, or measure flour for a favorite brownie recipe, we are using math concepts. When children reach grade school they begin to "formally" learn mathematics. Yet even at a very young age, children can develop an understanding of basic math principles in fun and engaging ways.
1. Sequencing. Sequencing is an understanding that events and objects occur in a specific order – an important precursor to both math and reading. To practice sequencing at home, have your child gather a group of toys and put them in a pile. Then, using sequencing words, ask your child to order them. For instance, you might say, "In one line, place the green truck first and the yellow car second. Place the purple block third. Finally, place the green ball last in the line." You can also create your own sequencing cards describing events in a story. For example, tell your child a story about a girl who wakes up, brushes her teeth, eats breakfast, and goes to school. Then make 4 picture cards describing these events, mix them up, and have your child put them in order.
2. Grouping and Sorting. Make a trip to the supermarket academically productive by teaching your child grouping and sorting. For example, grab an assortment of red, green, and yellow apples and several plastic produce bags. Ask your child to put all of the green apples in one bag, red apples in another, and so on. You can also select a group of tomatoes or plums and have him put the smaller ones in one bag and the larger ones in another. At home, have him sort crayons in containers based on color, blocks in boxes based on shape, or balls in baskets based on size.
3. Time. The concept of time can be a tricky one to grasp at a young age, but these age-appropriate exercises can help your child develop a basic understanding. Try setting a timer to help your child understand how long certain tasks take to complete. For example, time her as she brushes her teeth, eats breakfast, or gets dressed. Talk about which task took longer, how much longer one task took than the other, and so on. Also discuss with her what time she does certain activities. For instance, she might wake up at 7:00am, go to school at 8:30am, and eat dinner at 6:00pm. Discussing time in this manner with help your child begin to understand the concept.
4. Shapes. Have your child play with different shapes to learn both their names and how they feel. Try cutting out basic shapes using felt (triangle, rectangle, square, diamond, etc.) and put them all in a box. Have her take one shape out of the box and tell you its name. Also ask her to describe how many sides it has and how it feels. This kinesthetic approach will help the names and visual representations stick in your child's long term memory.
5. Estimation and Prediction. Teach your child estimation using every day items at home. For example, have him create a stack of magazines and a stack of books, and, before doing so, ask him to predict which one he thinks will be taller. You can also draw a large square on a sheet of paper and have him estimate how many Cheerios he can fit in that square, then actually fill the square with Cheerios. Have him compare the actual number by counting them (another important math skill!) to the estimated number.
Math is an important skill that is weaved into almost all aspects of our lives. Even at a very young age, children can learn fundamental math concepts through play and engaging activities. It's never too early to start learning the basics!


Stuck in a mission? The game crashes unexpectedly? Here's the right place to find help, if Nexus doesn't want to cooperate.
Discuss new mod ideas, announce your new project or find new team members - everything about general mod development or mod releases belongs here.
Everything related to game asset creation for Nexus and proper importing techniques: 3d models, textures, audio, particle effects - you name it.
Questions and information about everything scripting-related like mission design or campaign scripting.
Information about the tools of the trade - the official modding tools, 3rd party tools, content creation tools, etc.
Got a question or suggestion about the use of the Nexus Skirmisher?
Have a problem with the Skirmisher? The tool crashes, your skirmish mission doesn't work or some mod doesn't appear to be compatible? Get help here!
There is more to gaming than just Nexus - discuss about what else you like to play in your spare time or what game you're looking forward to.


In the past six months, Family Promise has helped a total of thirty-one people through the Rapid Re-Housing (RRH) program. RRH is a federally funded program designed to quickly house homeless individuals and families. This rent assistance program can pay up to 100% of a security deposit and first month's rent, and then a maximum of 70% of monthly rent for up to twelve months.
For those women, men, and families who qualify, Family Promise conducts an assessment, contacts landlords to explain the program and then visits the apartment to ensure it's safe, secure and the amount of rent is appropriate. RRH rent assistance money is sent directly to the landlord, and the renter sends in their share. During the time a renter is in the RRH program, Family Promise staff provide case management services. These services include visiting the renter in their apartment, setting up a budget and connecting them to other resources in the community. Budgeting is a major component because the renter will start paying a larger portion of the rent until they are able to pay the entire amount on their own.
Through this program, eight families and five single persons have been helped. The families are all single mothers, have a combined total of nineteen children, eleven age 5 or younger. We look forward to helping even more this year.


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Hi sweety! Thank you so much for the partay! Have a wonderful week.
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Marion Cotillard (born September 30, 1975) is a French actress. For her performance as Édith Piaf in La Vie en Rose (2007), she received an Academy Award for Best Actress and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in both cases it was the first time that an actress had won those awards for a French language performance. For that role, she was also recognized with a César Award for Best Actress, and a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy. She is known for her work in French cinema, in such films as Arnaud Desplechin's My Sex Life... or How I Got Into an Argument (1996), Taxi (1998), Furia (1999), and Les Jolies choses (2001). She has also appeared in such films as Big Fish (2003), A Very Long Engagement (2004), for which she received a César Award for Best Supporting Actress, Mary (2005) and A Good Year (2006).
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A new, 108-room apartment complex has opened in Los Angeles' skid row, offering what funders hope will ease the homelessness rate. The Los Angeles Time reports that the $28-million Gateways Apartment comes equipped with an open-air atrium, solar panels and a smoking lounge with its own filtration system. Each of the single units are designated for those who are homeless, with some reserved for people with AIDs, mental illness, or a long history of living without shelter.
"We're taking people really right off the street," said Anita Nelson, chief executive officer of SRO Housing Corp., which developed the building on an empty lot purchased for $4 million on the corner of 5th and San Pedro Streets. L.A. County also forwarded $8 million to providing on-site mental health treatment, along with medical, drug and alcohol treatment. Interesting to note: officials say residents, who pay 30% of their income or government assistance as rent, does not have to be drug- and alcohol-free or mentally stabilized to qualify.


Get to know JA Street.
Jim was graduated from Virginia Tech with a degree in Civil Engineering. He spent 13 years as a construction company project manager and vice president before starting J. A. Street & Associates in 1985. Jim is highly regarded as a successful manager and businessman, and serves on many community boards. His community work is recognized with receipt of the Boys & Girls Club Zella Moore Arnold Award, National Service to Youth Award, and American National Medallion; named by the Business Journal as "One of the Twenty-Five Most Powerful Male Executives", and is a Junior Achievement Business Hall of Fame inductee. When not at the office or on a job site, you may find Jim on the golf course or at a VT game.
Brian leads the Pre-Construction efforts at the company and brings more than twenty-five years of experience dedicated exclusively to this crucial phase. Brian joined the company in 2000 and has fulfilled the role of Pre-Construction Manager and/or Estimator on the vast majority of our projects since that time. He has an extensive background in construction data management including the integration and reporting of construction budgets and job cost accounting systems. Brian serves on several community board and was recently awarded the Boys and Girls Club Zella Moore Arnold Award in recognition of service to the organization.
Mark was graduated from East Tennessee State University with a degree in Construction Engineering Technology. He has been with the company since 1988 and excels at developing, estimating and managing construction of retail shopping centers. He manages the company's retail supermarket projects and has been involved in the construction of over 65 supermarkets and renovation of more than 100 others. Mark was named the Association of General Contractors Project Manager of the Year in 1995, 2003, 2004, and 2005. When Mark isn't on a job site, you might see him in a regional race – trying to beat his New York City marathon time!
Mike has been with the company since 1989. He manages job site superintendents and field crews and is responsible for the warehouse and inventory. When Mike isn't at the office or on a job site, you might find him at one of the local rivers or lakes fishing.
Tim was graduated from East Tennessee State University with a degree in Construction Engineering Technology. Tim has been with the company since 1998 and has previous experience in land surveying and site development. Tim enjoys spending time on his farm when he's away from the office.


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By picsite
September 30, 2006 in Friendship and Friends
picsite
Ok so a simple version of a ton of my previous posts....I talked with this girl over summer a lot, her parents are really picky about a lot of stuff and she didn't get to leave the house a lot. So i guess we just bonded because she didn't really have anyone else to bond with. I took it the wrong way and thought she liked me so i told her I also liked her, which I did. She said she didn't and said we were good friends.
Before she used to tell me everything, like I mean everything, this is pretty lame but i was like her best girlfriend (even though im a guy, but just as an example of like how two girls can get really close). So now obviously things have changed and for a while (two weeks) she was completely dry to me and now shes a bit better, like how she was before the summer when we got really close.
The truth is I miss that, being really close to her....so now I don't know what to do??? I really don't want to bring in any awkwardness back so I don't know....should I just leave things as is...
What I have been doing uptil now is not msg her only respond if she msgs, even in school just be normal and try not to be around her 24/7 stuff like that. And the response I'm gettin is that she doesn't msg me a lot like she did b4 or always try to be around me like she did b4. I so regret telling her I liked her.......damn this sucks.
Today her msn name was something somethin then it said "dnd" (do not disturb) but i wanted to remind her to bring somethin for tomm so i was like "bring this and thats it i wont disturb anymore" and shes like its ok u can disturb i put that there becuz i dont want to talk to someone. Now in the past im sure I would have known who that someone was but now....nope. I don't know being that close to a girl seems kind of loserish...girls normally only tell that kind of stuff to other girls. I guess she was just lonely during the summer and I was there so she bonded with me.
littlemsred
The last sentence of your post suggests that you think the girl concerned only became close friends with you because she had no one else to talk to over the summer. I think that's really unlikely to be true. This is more like boy meets girl, then boy and girl misunderstand each other
Girls supposedly have a tendency to form much more intense personal relationships with our friends than guys do. This really doesn't apply to all girls and it doesn't mean that girls can't or don't also form casual relationships with less close friends and acquaintances. Do you really think that this girl would become close friends with you because she had no one else to hang out with over the summer?
She probably did start hanging out with you because you were available, but she obviously decided she liked you as a person. Otherwise, friendship so close that she told you everything would never have developed between you both. She just would have hung out with you, for something to do, until summer ended.
She seems to be a decent person who is trying to avoid hurting your feelings. She obviously considered you a close friend and because you told her you like her in a romantic sense, she thinks its unkind to be that close to you because she only thinks of you as a friend. If you want that closeness back again, its going to take time and you'll have to convince her that you see her solely as a close friend. It can't be forced but if you stay friends with her you might get some or all of the closeness you had with her back
"being that close to a girl seems kind of loserish"!? You should be so lucky
haha thx for your long response...i really appreicate it
Oh, you're welcome
Art professor told me to reconsider studying art at university
spinstermanquee
Should this be cause for concern in my relationship? 1 2
By sysnoot, September 11, 2022
ImpulseVindicator
He Still Has Pictures of His Ex-Girlfriend
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smackie9
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Thread: Collapse
15th June 2020, 11:35 #616
NotAPretender
I totally get it, Chris...but you sound like a person that is doing the right things? Doesn't that point out a societal level problem? Money, the concept is a creeping virus.
"Chance is perhaps God's pseudonym when He does not want to sign" Anatole France, Le Jardin d'Epicure
The Following 6 Users Say Thank You to NotAPretender For This Useful Post:
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Just here
Originally posted by NotAPretender
, yes, of course...and I broke all the rules. I would play by myself because I knew I wasn't faking it. That is kind of a long scary story and I still really dont' know what to make of it.
I knew you were mad.
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Amen to that, brother, but I was young and innocent (really not so innocent)
Dreamtimer
Patapsco Valley
There have been discussions on the forum about ouija boards. Potentially dangerous stuff, particularly if you don't close the door.
What's going on here in the States is not communism. The wealth has been redistributed, into fewer and fewer hands. The numbers speak for themselves. The majority of the wealth in America is in the hands of a very few people, most of whom don't pay taxes for all the services that they use.
At one time the laws in our country required corporations to take into account the communities they were part of. Now they don't have to care about anyone but their shareholders, and most of their wealth ends up outside of the country in tax shelters.
The middle class has been sucked dry and our leaders are still begging us to go out and spend while not wanting us to be paid enough to do so.
It's nothing like communism.
Wanting a man like Trump to round folks up and put them in prison sounds utterly insane. I don't believe you're insane, Chris, but that's some serious crazy talk.
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Originally posted by Dreamtimer
DT, I never said the US currently has communism, of course not, it is a hypercapitilistic and ultra-unequal society, hence movements towards more equality are a natural reaction to that. I'm not opposed to more equality and some sort of Social Democratic model, however, the tactics used by the far-left currently to achieve that are revolutionary in nature and are reminiscent of Maoism and Bolshevism in their language and methods.
Their ultimate aim isn't Communism admittedly, but some sort of socialist system, with heavy redistribution, however, my point is that their tactics are likely to end up impoverishing everyone, rather than lifting up the poor from poverty, which was invariably the case, whenever such revolutionary methods were tried.
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Everyone is already being impoverished. The stock market will tank again, and the folks who bet on a losing economy will make more money, again.
The same types have been making money off of the fall in the economy due to the coronavirus. And when election season hits full force and Trump fuels the fires of the Boogaloo Boys, more rich folks will get richer off the continuing collapse of the economy.
The left isn't making this happen. They are not the ones wielding power. The power in this country is where the money is.
No, you don't get what I mean by impoverishment. People will be eating tree bark to stave off hunger (or each other), rather than live like kings off food stamps and benefits, like they currently do. You think poor Americans are poor, but in absolute terms, they live like kings. That is why most of them are enormous. Americans have always lived extremely well by world standards, the land is just so abundant and productive. However, if the current collapse continues, they may well find out what real poverty means, in absolute terms.
Aragorn (15th June 2020), NotAPretender (15th June 2020), Octopus Garden (16th June 2020), Wind (16th June 2020)
https://kunstler.com/clusterfuck-nat...w-and-to-come/
Disorders Now and To Come
The desperate condition of the USA is a much greater illness than the symptomatic grievance of systemic racism — though, for the moment, that complaint galvanizes the nation's attention because it is woven into so many strands of national myth, narrative, and historic psychodrama. The short version of systemic racism is that predatory white Europeans came upon the New World and raped it, and then, utilizing that ill-gotten treasure, proceeded to rape the rest of the world and the non-whites peacefully living there (a.k.a. Colonialism). Who has any sympathy for the rapist?
Leaving aside the omissions in that story, the USA faces a graver set of circumstances than the animus between blacks and whites. In the background these weeks of protests, riots, looting, and arson is the disintegrating economy, which signifies that pretty much everybody in this land will not be able to keep on keeping on in the ways we're used to. Everybody will have a harder time making a living. Everybody will endure shocking losses in wealth, status, and comfort. And, sadly, everybody will be too perplexed and bamboozled by the rush of events to understand why.
The short version of that story is we've overshot our resources, especially the basic energy resources that all other activities require. This mystifies the public, too, but you can boil it down to the cost of getting oil out of the ground being too high for customers and not high enough for the oil producers to cover their costs — a quandary. One result has been the rapid bankruptcy of the shale oil industry. Another is the incremental impoverishment of what used to be America's broad middle-class — a malady that has, just for now, ring-fenced off the denizens of Wall Street, the notorious One Percent (of the population), who still luxuriate in zooming share prices and dividends while everybody else sucks wind in a ditch with-or-without the added affliction of Covid-19.
The perplexed and bamboozled includes the entire leadership nucleus of the land, who seem starkly unable to act coherently in the tightening vortex of crisis. While Mr. Trump seems to dimly apprehend the urgent need for economic restructuring, he's able to express it only in messages that sound like a 1961 Frigidaire commercial, with overtones of Marvel Comics superhero grandiosity. The president may understand that a country can't consume stuff without producing stuff, but he doesn't get that it's too late to bring back all that activity at the scale we used to run it when he was a young man in the 1960s. His answer to the call of restructuring — what the Soviets called perestroika before they fell apart — is to pile on more debt, that is, borrow more from the future to pay for hamburgers today.
That dovetails neatly with the needs of the financial community, led by the hapless "Jay" Powell at the Federal Reserve, who is on a mission to destroy the US dollar in order to save the banking system and its auxiliaries in the stock markets. He literally doesn't know what to do — except "print" more dollars to support share prices, a symbolic talisman of theoretical economics that has less and less to do with what people actually do on-the-ground in the hours when they're not sleeping. It looks unlikely that the Fed will rescue either Wall Street or Main Street. The longer he props up the former at the expense of the latter, the more certain it is that it will provoke insurrection that goes well beyond the current hostilities.
Then there is the ever-seditious opposition to Mr. Trump, the Democratic Party and its Resistance allies. Race war is their latest "solution" to the woes of a disintegrating economy, which only adds social and cultural collapse to the darkening scene. Since much of the Resistance leadership is drawn from America's intellectual class — the news media, the campus faculties, the honchos of bureaucracy, the politicized judiciary, and the performing monkeys of Hollywood — they will end up denouncing and eating each other in their zealous competition to bring down the hated Trump by inventing ever-fresh fantasies to justify destroying western civilization and all the horses it rode in on, namely: individual liberty, free inquiry in the pursuit of truth, the rule of and due process of law, and the consent of the governed.
Never in US history has there been a faction as dishonest as today's Democratic Party or as habituated to the application of bad faith in political conflict. Their addiction to malicious hoaxes and engineered untruths knows no limits — and naturally so, since they are motivated primarily by dissolving all boundaries in policy, law, sexual relations, and personal conduct. They've been busy proving the past few weeks that they're against the social contract as a basic proposition, exhorting for an end to law enforcement while inciting street violence, crimes against property, and murder.
Many voters are onto them, of course, so the Resistance is also determined to derail the 2020 elections by any means necessary, only starting with ballot fraud but surely escalating to new, innovative chicanes and disruptions. Their chosen candidate for president — that is, their putative "leader" — is an obvious empty vessel fronting for sinister forces in the background. They stuffed Joe Biden in a basement twelve weeks ago and have no intention of setting him loose on the landscape where he would reveal his unfitness with every breath he takes and every move he makes. The news media especially, in its bad faith role, pretends not to notice, but its minions are too self-important to realize that there are other ways for citizens to learn what is happening out there.
Events are rushing ahead at a pace you can barely follow. Summer begins in another week and why, now, would you expect any lessening in civil disorders? A heat wave is upon us here in the crowded eastern US at the end of this week and that's always an invitation to raucous behavior on the steamy streets. Have Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi appealed to their followers to end their violence? Maybe I missed that. They are hinting at a return to Covid-19 lockdown conditions — but you can forget about anyone following that when the temperature tops ninety degrees (and certainly the Dem leadership knows that).
The devastation of small business, careers, livelihoods, households, and futures continues. Take measures to protect your own future, as far as possible. Put your energy into imagining how you can be helpful to other people, and perhaps incidentally earn their trust and their assistance in mutually beneficial ways. Think about finding a plausible place to live where the rule of law perseveres. Think about how you might fit into an economy run at a smaller scale. Start taking action on that thinking. There's potential for a lot of people to get hurt in the disorders-to-come. There's plenty you can do to not be one them.
Aragorn (15th June 2020), NotAPretender (15th June 2020)
Poor people don't live like Kings. I'm not sure why you think this is so, Chris, it isn't. Poor communities suck. There's crime, the roads are bad, there are no jobs there, I could go on.
Obesity comes from a very poor diet. Surely you must know this. Too many empty calories, too little fiber and fresh produce. When people are malnourished they remain hungry despite the amount of calories they injest. There is almost no fresh produce available in poor communities. The businesses which come into these communities offer the worst options, nutritionally poor food, alcohol, and tobacco.
And then there are the paycheck loan companies who bleed people dry with their usury.
I'm surprised you don't know about these things.
Food stamps don't leave anyone living like a King. 'Welfare Queens' are a myth used to make people mad and score political points. Clinton got rid of endless welfare, or didn't you get the memo?
Aragorn (16th June 2020), Chris (16th June 2020), Elen (17th June 2020), NotAPretender (16th June 2020), Octopus Garden (16th June 2020), Wind (16th June 2020)
From the Atlantic:
Twitter's decision to label Trump's posts as misleading was a hinge moment. For years, the company had provided the president with a platform for propaganda and a mechanism for cowing his enemies, a fact that long irked both critics outside Twitter and employees within. Only when Trump used Twitter to threaten violence against the protests did the company finally limit the ability of users to see or share a tweet.
Once Twitter applied its rules to Trump—and received accolades for its decision—it inadvertently set a precedent. The company had stood strong against the bully, and showed that there was little price to pay for the choice. A large swath of S&P 500 companies soon calculated that it was better to stand in solidarity with the protests, rather than wait for their employees to angrily pressure them to act.
A cycle of noncooperation was set in motion. Local governments were the next layer of the elite to buck Trump's commands. After the president insisted that governors "dominate" the streets on his behalf, they roundly refused to escalate their response. Indeed, New York and Virginia rebuffed a federal request to send National Guard troops to Washington, D.C.* Even the suburb of Arlington, Virginia, pulled police officers who had been loaned to control the crowd in Lafayette Square.
As each group of elites refused Trump, it became harder for the next to comply in good conscience. In Sharp's taxonomy, the autocrat's grasp on power depends entirely on the allegiance of the armed forces. When the armed forces withhold cooperation, the dictator is finished. Of course, the U.S. is far more democratic than the regimes Sharp studied and doesn't fit his taxonomy neatly. But on Wednesday, the president's very own secretary of defense explicitly rejected Trump's threat to deploy active-duty military officers to American streets. It's among the most striking instances of an official bucking a president in recent decades.
Aragorn
witter's decision to label Trump's posts as misleading was a hinge moment. For years, the company had provided the president with a platform for propaganda and a mechanism for cowing his enemies, a fact that long irked both critics outside Twitter and employees within. Only when Trump used Twitter to threaten violence against the protests did the company finally limit the ability of users to see or share a tweet.
You know, this could be the end of the whole QAnon religion. If and when the US military itself turns its back on Trump, then the whole house of cards will come tumbling down on top of them.
This should be good. I can't wait.
= DEATH BEFORE DISHONOR =
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What's funny about Clinton is that even as President he bought into the myths and memes, Perhaps not but the ambient social zeitgeist forced his hand. Later, when the realities emerged having always been bolstered by real scientific research, Clinton not so publicly admitted he had made a mistake...but it never makes any difference to those whose urges run lower than logic. Not suggesting this of Chris but there are plenty around, not suggesting this forum...oy vey! Talk about political correctness, perhaps pc is just another poopoo hole to dive into. Ringo Starr once showed us how a little money will tip that balance.
Aragorn (16th June 2020), Chris (16th June 2020), Dreamtimer (17th June 2020), Elen (17th June 2020), Octopus Garden (16th June 2020)
Yes, DT, I know about these things. But I have seen real poverty and I can tell you that practically no one in the United States is poor in absolute terms. Look up the difference between relative and absolute poverty.
People who live in first world countries have no idea how lucky they are and how good they've been having it. All that is about to change and you are likely to see real poverty in America and the West for the first time in almost a century.
Unfortunately I know my history and geography all too well, so I can easily see the similarities and differences with other time periods and geographical regions. Poor people in the USA today live extremely well by world standards and especially compared to other historical periods. Nobody has to survive on less than a dollar a day, even a homeless beggar eats better than a factory worker in India or a farmhand in Africa. There are also various welfare programmes and charities that cater to basic needs. Nobody actually has to starve, if they apply for help.
BTW, Henry VIII was considered extremely large in his time, today he would feel small in your average Wal-mart aisle.
Aragorn (17th June 2020), Dreamtimer (17th June 2020), Elen (17th June 2020), NotAPretender (16th June 2020), Wind (16th June 2020)
"Food Insecurity" is the sociological measure...We can very much find that in the United States...
Aragorn (17th June 2020), Chris (16th June 2020), Dreamtimer (17th June 2020), Elen (17th June 2020)
Yes, indeed, but that is very different from people actually starving to death, or being on the brink of starvation all the time. Food insecure people in the US might have to skip some meals, but overall they get plenty of calories, as evidenced by their girth. Quality is another matter, but let's leave that aside for now. In many places in South Asia and Africa, people are starving and not just now, but probably have been for the last couple of centuries. America has always been well known for its extreme abundance and that remains true today.
Aragorn (17th June 2020), Dreamtimer (17th June 2020), Elen (17th June 2020), NotAPretender (16th June 2020)
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HANDMADE PAPER TODAY, A WORLDWIDE SURVEY OF MILLS, PAPERS, TECHNIQUES AND USES.
(Papermaking). Turner, Silvie and Birgit Skiold.
New York: Frederic C. Beil, (1983).
First U.S. edition. Details of hand-made papermaking with surveys of 115 mills producing hand-made paper as of 1983. With a section on papers produced by Henry Morris at his San Seriffe Paper Mill (a hoax, of course). Illustrated.


text:
Q: DEPRECATION WARNING while using bundle install So I am trying to do bundle install . But it is throwing the below errors. What is the problem here?
bundle exec rake db:create:all
DEPRECATION WARNING: String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda. (called from included at /home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/bundler/gems/authlogic-09163c7d2a9b/lib/authlogic/session/callbacks.rb:66)
DEPRECATION WARNING: String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda. (called from included at /home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/bundler/gems/authlogic-09163c7d2a9b/lib/authlogic/session/callbacks.rb:67)
rake aborted!
Cannot load `Rails.application.database_configuration`:
Could not load database configuration. No such file -
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/railties-4.1.5/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb:105:in `database_configuration'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/activerecord-4.1.5/lib/active_record/railtie.rb:43:in `block (3 levels) in <class:Railtie>'
Could not load database configuration. No such file -
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/railties-4.1.5/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb:105:in `database_configuration'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/activerecord-4.1.5/lib/active_record/railtie.rb:43:in `block (3 levels) in <class:Railtie>'
Tasks: TOP => db:create:all => db:load_config
(See full trace by running task with --trace)

Earlier I had tried the below:
rake db:create:all
rake aborted!
Gem::LoadError: You have already activated rake 10.4.2, but your Gemfile requires rake 10.3.2. Prepending `bundle exec` to your command may solve this.
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/bundler-1.7.12/lib/bundler/runtime.rb:34:in `block in setup'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/bundler-1.7.12/lib/bundler/runtime.rb:19:in `setup'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/bundler-1.7.12/lib/bundler.rb:122:in `setup'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/bundler-1.7.12/lib/bundler/setup.rb:7:in `<top (required)>'
/home/project/config/boot.rb:4:in `<top (required)>'
/home/project/config/application.rb:1:in `<top (required)>'
/home/project/Rakefile:4:in `<top (required)>'
LoadError: cannot load such file -- bundler/setup
/home/project/config/boot.rb:4:in `<top (required)>'
/home/project/config/application.rb:1:in `<top (required)>'
/home/project/Rakefile:4:in `<top (required)>'
(See full trace by running task with --trace)
$  bundle exec rake db:create:all
DEPRECATION WARNING: String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda. (called from included at /home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/bundler/gems/authlogic-09163c7d2a9b/lib/authlogic/session/callbacks.rb:66)
DEPRECATION WARNING: String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda. (called from included at /home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/bundler/gems/authlogic-09163c7d2a9b/lib/authlogic/session/callbacks.rb:67)
rake aborted!
Cannot load `Rails.application.database_configuration`:
Could not load database configuration. No such file -
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/railties-4.1.5/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb:105:in `database_configuration'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/activerecord-4.1.5/lib/active_record/railtie.rb:43:in `block (3 levels) in <class:Railtie>'
Could not load database configuration. No such file -
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/railties-4.1.5/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb:105:in `database_configuration'
/home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/activerecord-4.1.5/lib/active_record/railtie.rb:43:in `block (3 levels) in <class:Railtie>'
Tasks: TOP => db:create:all => db:load_config
(See full trace by running task with --trace)

A: You are trying to run "rake db:create:all" which would create your database but as error states - it seems you don't have your config/database.yml file. It's a configuration file that tells rails how to connect to your database. You can read more about it here.
If you really want to run bundle install, just use "bundle install" command instead. This will install all gems listed in your Gemfile.
If you will get problems with rake version conflicts, check out this stack overflow question.

A: It seems you have no config/database.yml file in your project's directory.
Why I think so? Follow me ...

Could not load database configuration. No such file -
  /home/.gem/ruby/2.1.3/gems/railties-4.1.5/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb:105:in `database_configuration'

Ok, let's take a look at this code where we have error:
yaml = Pathname.new(paths["config/database"].existent.first || "")
config = if yaml.exist?
  require "yaml"
  require "erb"
  YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {}
elsif ENV['DATABASE_URL']
  # Value from ENV['DATABASE_URL'] is set to default database connection
  # by Active Record.
  {}
else
  raise "Could not load database configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
end

As you can see - if no such file or ENV variable then rails throws error.

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