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The role of health-related behavioural factors in accounting for inequalities in coronary heart disease risk by education and area deprivation: prospective study of 1.2 million UK women
Sarah Floud1,
Angela Balkwill1,
Kath Moser1,
Gillian K. Reeves1,
Jane Green1,
Valerie Beral1 &
Benjamin J. Cairns1
for the Million Women Study Collaborators
Some recent research has suggested that health-related behaviours, such as smoking, might explain much of the socio-economic inequalities in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. In a large prospective study of UK women, we investigated the associations between education and area deprivation and CHD risk and assessed the contributions of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and body mass index (BMI) to these inequalities.
After excluding women with heart disease, stroke or cancer at recruitment, 1,202,983 women aged 56 years (SD 5 years) on average, were followed for first coronary event (hospital admission or death) and for CHD mortality. Relative risks of CHD were estimated by Cox regression, and the extent to which any association could be accounted for by smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, and BMI was assessed by calculating the percentage reduction in the relevant likelihood-ratio (LR) statistic after adjustment for these factors, separately and together.
A total of 71,897 women had a first CHD event (hospital admission or death) and 6032 died from CHD during 12 years follow-up. In analyses adjusted by age, birth cohort and region of residence only, lower levels of education and greater deprivation were associated with higher risks of CHD (Pheterogeneity < 0.0001 for each); associations for education were found within every level of deprivation and for deprivation were found within every level of education. Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI accounted for most of the associations (adjustment for all four factors together reduced the LR statistics for education and for deprivation by 76 % and 71 %, respectively, for first CHD event; and by 87 % and 79 %, respectively, for CHD mortality). Of these four factors, adjustment for smoking resulted in the largest reduction in the LR statistic. Given the large reduction in the predictive values of education and deprivation after adjustment for only four health-related behavioural factors recorded just at recruitment, residual confounding might plausibly account for the remaining associations.
Most of the association between CHD risk and education and area deprivation in UK women is accounted for by health-related behaviours, particularly by smoking and to a lesser extent by alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI.
Inequalities in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk have been reported for women in relation to both education and area deprivation, with women who are less educated or more deprived being more likely to develop, and die from, heart disease [1–21]. Most of the evidence regarding education comes from the US and Scandinavia, which historically have had different education systems from the UK in terms of length of compulsory schooling [22–24], and there have been relatively few studies conducted on women in the UK [14, 16, 19]. Previous findings suggest that much of the association between low education and higher CHD risk, as well as that between greater deprivation of an area and higher CHD risk, is mediated through factors such as current smoking, alcohol consumption, inactive lifestyles, and obesity (all of which we refer to here as "health-related behaviours", since obesity is largely a marker of behaviours such as dietary intake and physical inactivity) [2, 4, 7, 12, 25–28]. The extent to which these health-related behaviours explain socioeconomic inequalities in CHD risk, and the relative importance of the different behaviours, is unclear given that previous estimates have varied between studies and some behaviours, such as alcohol consumption and physical inactivity, have rarely been examined as explanatory factors [16].
The Million Women Study is a large contemporary cohort of women in the UK, approximately a fifth of whom have smoked for their entire adult lives and over half of whom are overweight or obese [29, 30]. Our aim was to examine the associations between education and area deprivation and risk of CHD in this cohort, and to investigate the extent to which smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and body mass index (BMI) can, separately and jointly, account for the associations.
The Million Women Study is a population-based prospective study of women in the UK. Details of the design and methods of the study have been described elsewhere [31]. Briefly, 1.3 million women were invited for breast cancer screening at National Health Service (NHS) clinics in England and Scotland and were recruited to the study between 1996 and 2001 by completing a questionnaire. The respondents gave written consent to participate and ethical approval was provided by the Oxford and Anglia Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee. Study questionnaires and further details of the data and access policies can be viewed on the study website [32].
Individuals in the study were linked electronically by their unique NHS number and date of birth to routinely collected NHS data through which they were followed-up for deaths, emigrations, cancer registrations and hospital admissions. Information is provided on the date of each event, with diagnoses coded to the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10).
The main outcomes for these analyses were first CHD event and CHD mortality (ICD-10: I20-I25). A first CHD event was defined as a first hospital admission with CHD diagnosis (in any position) or death with CHD as the underlying cause, whichever came first. CHD mortality was defined as death with CHD as the underlying cause. In a sample of this cohort, we have shown that 92 % of hospital admission diagnoses coded to ICD-10: I20-I25 were confirmed as CHD by primary care physicians [33].
Women were followed from recruitment until 31 March 2011 in England and 31 December 2008 in Scotland because hospital admission data were incomplete after these dates. Person-years were calculated from recruitment until the date of hospital admission for CHD, death, emigration or end of follow-up, whichever came first. Follow-up is virtually complete, with only 1 % having been lost to follow-up and contributing person-years up to the date of loss. Women were excluded from the analyses if they had previous heart disease, stroke or cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer) and if there was no information on either education or area deprivation. The remaining 1,202,983 women formed the population at risk for these analyses.
Education and area deprivation
Level of education was determined using the reported age at leaving school and the highest educational qualification achieved. Education was divided into five categories: tertiary qualifications (college or university), secondary qualifications (A levels or O levels usually obtained at 18 and 16 years of age, respectively), technical qualifications (nursing, teaching, clerical or commercial), completed compulsory schooling with no qualifications, and did not complete compulsory schooling (with no qualifications). There was a change in the compulsory school leaving age from 14 to 15 years old on April 1, 1947, in England and Scotland; whether participants left school before the compulsory leaving age which applied to them was calculated from this date, the age at which participants reported leaving school, and their date of birth.
Area deprivation level was determined for each participant from reported postcode at recruitment within the smallest geographical unit to which a Townsend score [34] could be assigned (census enumeration districts in England, census output areas in Scotland) and was categorised by tertiles and quintiles before any exclusions were made for this analysis. The Townsend index is constructed from four census variables: percentage of households without a car, percentage of overcrowded households, percentage of households not owner-occupied and percentage of persons unemployed. Compared to national data, the women in the Million Women Study are less socio-economically deprived than the UK average, but all levels of deprivation are represented [35].
In a follow-up questionnaire, which 521,170 participants completed, on average, 12.5 years (SD 0.5 years) after recruitment, deprivation in childhood was assessed using questions on household characteristics when the women were about 10 years old, including housing tenure (rented, owned/mortgaged, other), availability of household plumbing (running hot water, indoor toilet) and number of people in their bedroom. On average, these women were 10 years old in 1952.
All analyses used Stata 13.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (called relative risks (RRs) here) and 95 % confidence intervals for risk of first CHD events and of CHD mortality by education and area deprivation. The underlying time variable was attained age and models were stratified by region of residence at recruitment (10 geographic regions). The models were also stratified by birth cohort (born before 1939, born 1939–1945, born after 1945) with similar numbers of women in each birth cohort category, and which reflect the potential influence of societal changes related to World War II on CHD risk. We examined the effect of adjusting for four self-reported health-related behaviours: cigarette smoking (never, past, current < 15 per day, current ≥ 15 per day), alcohol consumption (0, < 7, 7–14, ≥ 15 drinks per week), physical activity (strenuous exercise "enough to cause sweating or a fast heart beat" rarely/never, less than once per week, more than once per week) and BMI (< 22.5, 22.5–24.9, 25.0–27.4, 27.5–29.9, ≥ 30 kg/m2). Adjustment was made for each of these health-related behaviour variables separately and then for all four simultaneously.
Models for education and area deprivation were adjusted for each other, since they were only moderately correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.23, P < 0.0001). We also cross-classified women into 3 × 3 categories based on level of education (tertiary, secondary/technical, no qualifications) and area deprivation (least deprived third, middle third, most deprived third).
In this report, the likelihood-ratio (LR) χ2 statistics quoted in the text and tables provide a quantitative measure of the extent to which education and area deprivation predict CHD risk in different models (e.g. with and without adjustment for particular health-related behaviours). If associations of CHD risk with education or area deprivation are explained wholly or in part by particular health-related behaviours, then the associated LR statistics will be smaller in models which include the health-related behaviours than in models which do not. Changes in the LR statistics between models which do and do not adjust for health-related behaviours are therefore a measure of the extent to which the behaviours account for any associations between CHD risk and education or area deprivation [36]. Percent reductions in the LR statistics for education and area deprivation were calculated for a series of models which included each of the four health-related behaviours, singly and then jointly.
In this cohort, we have shown good validity of smoking (against measured cotinine levels) [37] and BMI (against measured height and weight) [38], as well as good repeatability of reported alcohol intake and physical activity between recruitment and the re-survey three years later [39, 40]. Among 19,309 women who completed the recruitment questionnaires twice, the repeatability of reporting of each of the four health-related behaviours considered here did not vary by education or by deprivation (Additional file 1: Table S1). We investigated possible differential changes by education and deprivation level in the four health-related behaviours over time, by examining changes in these behaviours from recruitment to the re-survey questionnaire 3 years later.
In four separate sensitivity analyses, we (1) restricted analyses to women who reported never smoking in order to assess the extent of residual confounding by smoking; (2) categorised deprivation based on quintiles of the national distribution of deprivation for comparison with national statistics; (3) excluded women who reported at recruitment that they were being treated for hypertension and diabetes, as these factors may be mediators of any observed associations; and (4) we allowed for intra-group correlations within census enumeration districts using a clustered sandwich estimator [41].
Women with no educational qualifications were more likely to live in deprived areas and tended to be older and of shorter stature, on average, than those with qualifications; they were also more likely to smoke, be obese, be physically inactive, and drink less alcohol (Table 1). Similarly, women living in the most deprived areas had fewer educational qualifications and were of shorter stature than those living in the most affluent areas, and were also more likely to smoke, be obese, physically inactive, and drink less alcohol.
Table 1 Characteristics of 1,202,983 women by education and by area deprivation
Indicators of childhood deprivation were, as expected, associated with lower levels of education and greater area deprivation in adulthood (Table 2). Women who, as adults, had no educational qualifications and who lived in deprived areas were more likely to have lived in rented housing, to have had no indoor plumbing, and to have shared a bedroom when they were 10 years old (which was in 1952, on average). Deprivation in childhood was more strongly associated with lack of educational qualifications than with deprivation in adulthood, as evidenced by the much larger χ2 values for heterogeneity for the associations with education than the associations with deprivation (Table 2).
Table 2 Household circumstances at age 10 by subsequent education and area deprivation
During an average follow-up period of 12 years per woman (11.6 years (SD 2.3 years) for CHD incidence, and 11.8 years (SD 1.9 years) for CHD mortality), there were 71,897 first CHD events and, overall, 6032 women died of CHD (Table 1).
Education and CHD
With minimal adjustment (for age, birth cohort and region only), there were clear differences in CHD incidence and mortality between women with different levels of education (Table 3). For example, women who had completed compulsory schooling with no qualifications had almost twice the risk of a first coronary event as women with tertiary qualifications. Similar differences were observed for risk of death from CHD (Table 3). Simultaneous adjustment for the four health-related behaviours, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI, strongly attenuated the relative risk estimates and the LR statistics for the associations declined by 76 % for first CHD event and by 87 % for CHD death. Adjustment for smoking alone had the greatest effect, with the LR statistic declining by 35 % for first CHD event, and by 55 % for CHD death. When the minimally-adjusted associations with education were adjusted for area deprivation alone, the LR statistic declined by 38 % for first CHD event. However, after adjustment for all four health-related behaviours, the additional adjustment for area deprivation had only a small effect on the risk estimates and the LR statistic declined by just 7 %, suggesting that the contribution of deprivation to the association between education and CHD risk is largely accounted for by the four health-related behaviours.
Table 3 Relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and CHD mortality by education
Area deprivation and CHD
Gradients in CHD incidence and mortality were also found by level of area deprivation (Table 4). With minimal adjustment (for age, birth cohort and region only), women in the most deprived quintile had twice the risk of a first CHD event and three times the risk of CHD death than women in the least deprived quintile. As with education, simultaneous adjustment for all four health-related behaviour variables led to substantial attenuations of the risk estimates and the LR statistics declined by 71 % for first CHD event and 79 % for CHD mortality with adjustment for all four variables. Again adjustment for smoking had the greatest effect (a reduction in the LR statistic of 41 % for first CHD event and 56 % for CHD death).
Table 4 Relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and CHD mortality by area deprivation
From recruitment to the re-survey 3 years later, women with some educational qualifications were slightly more likely to quit smoking but slightly less likely to put on weight and to reduce their alcohol intake than women with no qualifications (Additional file 1: Table S2). Similar small differences were also seen by area deprivation (Additional file 1: Table S2). These differences would contribute to residual confounding by these factors.
When education and area deprivation were cross-classified, the risk estimates for the association with first CHD event were attenuated after adjustment for the four lifestyle factors and the LR statistic reduced by 74 % as had been found in the main analyses when education and area deprivation were not combined (Additional file 1: Table S3). In a sensitivity analysis restricted to never smokers, the relative risks for CHD in relation to education were lower than those found after adjusting for smoking in the whole cohort, suggesting that there may still be residual confounding by smoking (Additional file 1: Tables S4 and S5). The sensitivity analyses in which area deprivation was categorised based on quintiles of the national distribution (Additional file 1: Table S6), the one excluding women treated for hypertension and diabetes (Additional file 1: Tables S7 and S8), and the one allowing for intra-group correlations (Additional file 1: Table S9), all showed similar results to the main findings.
In this large prospective study of UK women, education and area deprivation were each strongly associated with CHD risk in analyses that were minimally adjusted only for age, year of birth and region of residence. However, four health-related behaviours, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI accounted for most of the inequalities observed for CHD risk both by education and by area deprivation. Smoking had the greatest single effect in attenuating the risks. Overall, at least 70 % of the variation in risk by education and area deprivation was accounted for by adjustment for these four health-related behaviours recorded at recruitment. Given that only four health-related behaviours were included in the model and that they are an imperfect measure of behaviours throughout the follow-up period, residual confounding could plausibly account for any remaining associations [42]. Indeed, re-measurement 3 years after recruitment showed that changes in these health-related behaviours varied somewhat by education and by deprivation, providing supporting evidence that some residual confounding is likely.
Prospective evidence on educational inequalities and CHD risk for women is limited. Our findings are consistent with findings from another UK study, where the same four factors as well as other socioeconomic factors and prior disease appeared to account for about 70 % of the association between age at leaving full time education and CHD risk [14]. Similar findings were reported from a prospective study in Sweden [4]. Although somewhat smaller reductions were found in Norway and Finland, the Norwegian study did not adjust for BMI and the Finnish study did not adjust for physical activity or alcohol consumption [7, 8].
Area deprivation is an indicator of the general characteristics of the people who live in the area in which participants live. We found that the influence of area deprivation on CHD risk also appears to be substantially mediated through health-related behaviours, consistent with previous evidence [19, 26]. For example, in a record linkage study of UK women, associations between area deprivation and CHD risk were reported to be substantially attenuated after adjustment for age, smoking, BMI, diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and medication use [19].
In the present study, smoking was the single strongest confounding factor, as it accounted for the largest proportion of the associations of education and deprivation with CHD risk. Smoking has previously been estimated to account for around half of socioeconomic inequalities in overall mortality for men [43]. UK smoking rates are higher in the socioeconomically disadvantaged [44] and smoking is known to be an important cause of CHD [29]. Alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI each accounted for a proportion of the association with CHD risk, but generally not as much as that attributed to smoking. In analyses restricted to non-smokers, the adjusted risk estimates were lower than in the main analyses, providing further evidence that there may well be residual confounding by smoking.
Education may influence health-related behaviours by promoting a greater awareness of what constitutes healthy lifestyle behaviours [45, 46] and, at the same time, by leading to higher earnings which might affect the ability to lead a healthy lifestyle [47–49]. The social norms of an area have been found to influence the acceptability of smoking [27], and features of the physical environment, such as the availability of places to exercise and healthy food stores, may also affect the ability to lead healthy lives [26, 28]. It has been proposed that psycho-social factors related to poverty could have a direct effect on health outcomes [50], but the fact that the associations between CHD risk and education and deprivation appeared to be largely due to smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI suggests that any direct psycho-social effects on CHD risk might be relatively minor. A similar conclusion can be drawn from an analysis of the UK Whitehall II study, which found that the association between employment grade and cardiovascular mortality was substantially accounted for by adjustment for health behaviours [51]. Nevertheless, psycho-social factors could affect behaviours [51]; for example, smoking can be used as a coping strategy for stress [52]. We were unable to investigate other measures of socioeconomic status, such as those based on occupation, although women's own occupations can mask the extent of social inequality unless augmented by information about their husbands' occupations and income [53].
We did not investigate possible inequality in uptake of treatments for CHD, which might have affected the associations of education and area deprivation with CHD mortality, but no social gradient in uptake of treatment in England has been found for the period under study [54]. The strengths of this study are the large sample size, including around a quarter of women in the UK in the target age range at recruitment, and the virtually complete follow-up both for hospital admissions and for deaths attributed to CHD. The women in this study included the first generation in the UK in which a considerable proportion have smoked for their entire adult lives and among whom the full effect of smoking could be reliably assessed [29]. Education and area deprivation at recruitment reflect material circumstances both in early life and in middle age, and education in particular was strongly associated with participants' reported household circumstances in childhood. A further strength of this study is the inclusion of adjustment for the effects of alcohol consumption and physical inactivity on inequalities in CHD risk, which have rarely been examined as possible explanatory factors in previous studies [16].
In this study of UK women, much of the inequality in CHD risk associated with education and area deprivation was accounted for by smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and BMI.
CHD:
Likelihood-ratio χ2 statistic
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The authors thank the women who have participated in the Million Women Study as well as the staff from the participating NHS breast screening centres. We also thank the NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care in England and the Information Services Division in Scotland for the hospital admission data.
The Million Women Study Advisory Committee are: Emily Banks, Valerie Beral, Lucy Carpenter, Carol Dezateux, Jane Green, Julietta Patnick, Richard Peto, Cathie Sudlow.
The co-ordinating staff for the Million Women Study are: Hayley Abbiss, Simon Abbott, Miranda Armstrong, Krys Baker, Angela Balkwill, Isobel Barnes, Valerie Beral, Judith Black, Kathryn Bradbury, Anna Brown, Benjamin Cairns, Dexter Canoy, Andrew Chadwick, Dave Ewart, Sarah Ewart, Lee Fletcher, Sarah Floud, Toral Gathani, Laura Gerrard, Adrian Goodill, Jane Green, Lynden Guiver, Alicia Heath, Michal Hozak, Carol Hermon, Isobel Lingard, Sau Wan Kan, Nicky Langston, Kath Moser, Kirstin Pirie, Gillian Reeves, Keith Shaw, Emma Sherman, Helena Strange, Sian Sweetland, Sarah Tipper, Claire Wotton, Lucy Wright, Owen Yang, and Heather Young.
The following NHS breast screening centres took part in the recruitment and breast screening follow-up for the Million Women Study: Avon, Aylesbury, Barnsley, Basingstoke, Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire, Cambridge & Huntingdon, Chelmsford & Colchester, Chester, Cornwall, Crewe, Cumbria, Doncaster, Dorset, East Berkshire, East Cheshire, East Devon, East of Scotland, East Suffolk, East Sussex, Gateshead, Gloucestershire, Great Yarmouth, Hereford & Worcester, Kent (Canterbury, Rochester, Maidstone), Kings Lynn, Leicestershire, Liverpool, Manchester, Milton Keynes, Newcastle, North Birmingham, North East Scotland, North Lancashire, North Middlesex, North Nottingham, North of Scotland, North Tees, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Portsmouth, Rotherham, Sheffield, Shropshire, Somerset, South Birmingham, South East Scotland, South East Staffordshire, South Derbyshire, South Essex, South Lancashire, South West Scotland, Surrey, Warrington Halton St Helens & Knowsley, Warwickshire Solihull & Coventry, West Berkshire, West Devon, West London, West Suffolk, West Sussex, Wiltshire, Winchester, Wirral and Wycombe.
The Million Women Study is funded by the UK Medical Research Council (grant no. MR/K02700X/1) and by Cancer Research UK (grant no. C570/A16491). BJC acknowledges support from the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford (British Heart Foundation grant RE/13/1/30181). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Data access policies for the Million Women Study are available via the study website (http://www.millionwomenstudy.org/).
VB, GKR and JG were involved in the conception, design and data acquisition for the Million Women Study. SF, BJC and AB analysed the data and all authors interpreted the data. SF drafted the first version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to drafting revised versions of the manuscript and gave their final approval of the version to be published.
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
Sarah Floud, Angela Balkwill, Kath Moser, Gillian K. Reeves, Jane Green, Valerie Beral & Benjamin J. Cairns
Sarah Floud
Angela Balkwill
Kath Moser
Gillian K. Reeves
Valerie Beral
Benjamin J. Cairns
Emily Banks
, Valerie Beral
, Lucy Carpenter
, Carol Dezateux
, Jane Green
, Julietta Patnick
, Richard Peto
, Cathie Sudlow
, Hayley Abbiss
, Simon Abbott
, Miranda Armstrong
, Krys Baker
, Angela Balkwill
, Isobel Barnes
, Judith Black
, Kathryn Bradbury
, Anna Brown
, Benjamin Cairns
, Dexter Canoy
, Andrew Chadwick
, Dave Ewart
, Sarah Ewart
, Lee Fletcher
, Sarah Floud
, Toral Gathani
, Laura Gerrard
, Adrian Goodill
, Lynden Guiver
, Alicia Heath
, Michal Hozak
, Carol Hermon
, Isobel Lingard
, Sau Wan Kan
, Nicky Langston
, Kath Moser
, Kirstin Pirie
, Gillian Reeves
, Keith Shaw
, Emma Sherman
, Helena Strange
, Sian Sweetland
, Sarah Tipper
, Claire Wotton
, Lucy Wright
, Owen Yang
& Heather Young
Correspondence to Sarah Floud.
Agreement of reported health-related behaviours on identical recruitment questionnaires by education and by area deprivation (n = 19,309). Table S2. Changes in health behaviours over 3 years by education and by area deprivation. Table S3. Relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence by level of education and area deprivation combined. Table S4. Relative risks and 95 % CIs of CHD incidence and CHD mortality by education, restricted to never smokers (589,237 women). Table S5. Relative risks and 95 % CIs of CHD incidence and CHD mortality by area deprivation, restricted to never smokers (589,237 women). Table S6. Relative risks and 95 % CIs of CHD incidence and CHD mortality by area deprivation quintiles, using national deprivation quintiles (1,202,839 women). Table S7. Relative risks and 95 % CIs of CHD incidence and CHD mortality by education, excluding women treated for hypertension or diabetes at baseline (1,014,256 women). Table S8. Relative risks and 95 % CIs of CHD incidence and CHD mortality by area deprivation quintile, excluding women treated for hypertension or diabetes at baseline (1,014,256 women). Table S9. Relative risks and 95 % CIs of CHD incidence and CHD mortality by area deprivation quintile, using a clustered sandwich estimator (1,202,983 women). (DOCX 54 kb)
Floud, S., Balkwill, A., Moser, K. et al. The role of health-related behavioural factors in accounting for inequalities in coronary heart disease risk by education and area deprivation: prospective study of 1.2 million UK women. BMC Med 14, 145 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0687-2
Accepted: 06 September 2016
Area deprivation
Health behaviour
Socio-economic status


Global Reinsurance has undergone a change After a lengthy period of discussion both internally and with the industry at large, the April issue sees the next step in the evolution of the magazine.
As a publication, Global Reinsurance has gone through four previous regenerations, and as the magazine celebrates its 15th anniversary we enter the fifth phase in its development. What we have sought to do in the revision process is to enhance the accessibility of the publication while also maintaining the levels of in depth, informed analysis which have formed the backbone of Global Reinsurance since its inception in 1990.
In order to achieve this we have retained the core elements of the magazine, and will continue to provide specific focuses each month, eg run-off, captives, asset management, coupled with analysis of key issues affecting the re/insurance marketplace.
In conjunction with these tried and trusted sections, the April issue sees the introduction of six new features: Global Matters, Industry Matters, Country Analysis, Company Analysis, Investment Analysis and CEO Q&A. These new entrants are compiled by our in-house reporting team, our international bureau of correspondents and influential figures heading up the re/insurance industry, providing a broad array of perspectives on the issues currently shaping the market.
Global Reinsurance would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those people who have contributed to the relaunch of this publication.
The April issue leads with the article "Pulling down TRIA". The uncertainty which surrounds the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act is growing on a daily basis as the deadline for dismantlement of the act approaches. Set up to ensure the continuation of property/casualty terrorism cover, the legislation saw the US government become the world's largest reinsurer. Always temporary, however, unless the act is amended or a new one introduced, Saturday 31 December 2005 will see the government hand in its reinsurance badge.
TRIA has been an unmitigated success in guaranteeing uninterrupted terrorism cover, but by legislating that insurers must continue to provide such cover at rates similar to those prior to the terrorist attack of September 11, the act was never going to fail on this front. However, where TRIA appears to have failed is in allowing for the creation of a sufficiently robust private market for terrorism cover that can fill the gap which will be left by the withdrawal of the federal backstop.
While we await the outcome of the US Treasury study into the effectiveness of TRIA, due to be completed by 30 June 2005, the insurance industry appears to be in little doubt as to the results. Since early 2004, the call for TRIA to be extended to 2007 has echoed across the US, with bills piling up on the steps of the US Senate, but will the government listen?
The government is keen to allay the fears of the industry and is at pains to reassure insurers that they will not leave them in the lurch. "Because of the importance of this element of the war on terror," stated Acting Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions Greg Zerzan, "insurers and insured alike should know that this Administration is fully considering all of the possible options in order to make sure that this front is properly covered."
A long-term solution is required, but time is running out for TRIA, and unless the act is extended in the next few months, the market for terrorism cover could disappear.


Veronica offers her veil to Jesus.
I always imagine Veronica with this impromptu reaching out. Not something, she brought from home, with a plan to wipe Christ's face in a premeditated gesture. Instead, Veronica seeing the pain of Christ, is called into action.
Perhaps it was the blood from the thorns that was falling into his eyes that prompted her. Perhaps, sweat from and dirt from falling, mixed with blood, meant that she could not see the face of her beloved Jesus. Maybe it was the way his swollen, blackened eyes compelled her to move. Or maybe it was the shackled hands, carrying the burden of the heavy cross unable to reach up and clear his own vision?
Whatever the reason, Veronica (name means 'true image') is stirred to move. To step forward and offer the veil, to wipe that beloved face.
This is what Saint Paul of the Cross calls us to each day. "This power of the Cross, which is the wisdom of God, gives us strength to discern and remove the causes of human suffering." (The Constitutions of the Congregation of the Passionists #3) Saint Paul of the Cross calls us to look upon Christ on the Cross, at Calvary, and take that pain that suffering and never want to see it on a human again. We see Christ suffering and He stirs us to move, to step forward to wipe a face, feed the hungry or show compassion to the lost.
When we move, God is never outdone in his generosity! It is in Veronica's selfless gift that we see Christ's, always more abundant, gift. She gives a simple veil and He gives an imprint of his suffering for us to ponder for thousands of years.
Another challenge for us, on this journey of Lent, go and do. Move. In your gift of time, talent and treasure consider that Christ is never outdone in His generosity.


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text:
Kartka świąteczna – okolicznościowa kartka pocztowa, często w formie karnetu, z grafiką lub ilustracją tematycznie nawiązującą do świąt, ich symboli i tradycji.

Wiele z kartek zawiera też gotową treść życzeń świątecznych. Idea kartek świątecznych narodziła się w XX wieku dzięki masowemu rozwojowi poligrafii. W Polsce zwykle są wysyłane z okazji Bożego Narodzenia i Wielkanocy. Mimo rozpowszechnienia poczty elektronicznej, która  ograniczyła korzystanie z usług tradycyjnej poczty, kartki świąteczne z życzeniami nadal cieszą się ogromną popularnością. Wiele przedsiębiorstw zamawia własne projekty i wysyła je do klientów.

Zwyczaje świąteczne
System pocztowy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Prominence Treatment Center is now offering a holistic approach to addiction that includes healing of both the body and mind.
No matter whether one's addiction is to alcohol, prescription medication, or illegal drugs, the road to recovery can be a difficult one. Many addicts may try to break themselves of their habit, only to find that some programs may not work for them. This is why Drug Rehab in Los Angeles, Prominence Treatment Center, is now offering a holistic alternative to those that would like to turn to a life of sobriety efficiently and permanently.
Many of those that find themselves addicted to any number of substances will not understand how they have gotten themselves in their situation or why a traditional drug rehab program may not be working for their own unique needs. This is why Prominence Treatment Center is now providing residents with a mixture of 12 step and non 12 step recovery program that is based on personalized treatment.
Prominence Treatment Center offers both 12 step programs and non 12 step programs in order to give individuals the tools that they need to succeed in a sober and healthy life. This Los Angeles non 12 step drug rehab center was created on the idea that all of those that struggle with addiction are going to need to find the root causes of their behavior. Their holistic non 12 step alcohol rehab includes options that will heal the body and mind ranging from music therapy to a world-class yoga program.
The team of specialists at Prominence Treatment Center has created a unique and welcoming environment in which individuals are going to receive a customized treatment plan that attacks the roots of their addiction, not just the side effects. People from around the world are now finding that the solution to their addiction is in a holistic and tailor-made treatment program.
Visit http://www.prominencetreatment.com or call (855) 201-0121 for more information about the programs offered at this center.


text:
National Savings goes nuts
Updated: 19:00 EST, 10 February 2002
NATIONAL Savings has spent £2m on adding a word to its name and a new logo of a conker. National Savings & Investments (NS&I) announced the changes today, saying that the new corporate identity follows a three-year business transformation programme.
Unhappy with the move? Join the discussion.
It says the new brand has been extensively researched with existing and potential customers who welcomed the enhanced name.
As part of its business changes, in December the Treasury-backed organisation introduced a 24-hour, seven-day call centre service (0845 964 5000) for customers' queries and purchases.
Last year it also launched a new code of conduct and a forgotten account tracing service.
From next month, customers will be able to buy online at NS&I's revamped website. A number of new products will also be on offer soon.
Peter Bareau, NS&I chief executive, says: 'Our new name and identity is a message to our customers showing we have undergone a significant and fundamental change. The use of the conker icon was well received as it supported renewal, security and growth.'
A leaflet explaining the name change is now available in Post Office branches. The first of the new-look product brochures will be available in Post Office branches from 18 February.
This is Money says: 'Investing in improved customer services and an enhanced product range is commendable, but squandering millions on image consultants and focus groups to produce a conker is highly questionable.
'National Savings has 30 million customers - more than any other financial services provider by some distance - and the organisation is close to their hearts. Successive rate cuts have lowered the earnings on their savings to the lowest in decades, giving rise to the nickname National Shavings.
'While we appreciate the need for businesses, even those backed by the Government, to keep ahead of the flock, the timing of this move must be viewed critically.'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Director check available online for Cassie Beatty, Spalding, Lincs, PE12 6DB.
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Director Cassie Janet Beatty - Free filings, work history, age, information about coworkers for 6 million directors, secretaries and LLP members.
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Tanner Bailey, Katie Metcalf. Tyler Baxter, Kaleb Miller. Cassie Beatty, Sammi Pappas. Brady Bodine, Maxwell Pearson. Siara Carter, Amanda Queen.
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Basehor-Linwood's Cassie Beatty competes in a hurdling event at the Class 4A regional track and ... May 21, photo thumbnail.


text:
Pirc urges Barclays investors to oppose pay plans
Pirc, which represents the interests of fund managers and pension funds with more than 1.5 trillion pounds ($2.4 trillion) of assets, said the complexity of the Barclays' plan "prevents analysis of the design and quantum of executive pay."
Pirc also slammed the British bank's choice of performance targets that link pay to its capital ratio.
"This is not appropriate, particularly in a regulated bank where regulatory requirements are being used to justify incentive payments," Pirc said in its weekly newsletter.
Barclays has linked pay for senior staff to its core Tier 1 capital adequacy ratio, with bonuses deferred over three years and clawed back if the ratio falls below 7 percent.
Criticism over pay in the banking industry has refused to go away two years on from the financial crisis, despite changes to the way many executives are paid, as bumper pay packages have returned for some.
Barclays investors will vote on its remuneration report at its annual general meeting on April 27.
(Reporting by Tommy Wilkes; Editing by Will Waterman)


If you're looking for unparalleled pitcher/batter interaction along with play result and base runner advance depth and variability then Box Seat Baseball is the game for you!
Batters have individual ratings for vs. left and vs. right in all categories!
Batters are rated in seven categories for hitting in scoring position!
Pitchers are rated separately for vs. left and vs. right! You'll see the difference between facing a dominant lefty and a finesse lefty!
All pitchers are rated for runners on and bases empty! Starting pitchers are rated for the first inning "Early" rating and the seventh inning on "Late" rating!
All two team players have been rated separately for each team and virtually every player on each roster is included! Ballpark effects include separate left/right home run ratings, day / night weather and Ballpark cards that include a ballpark photo, and optional effects for singles, doubles, and triples!
Which Version is right for you - Easy Play, Under The Hood or Box Seat Baseball Classic?
Utilizes 3 dice, flip cards and tri-fold charts. The flip cards provide for the ultimate ease of play with almost all play results coming off the batter and pitcher cards and all batter and base advance coming off the flip cards!
To learn more the manual is directly below and also a Quick guide created by Josh Nelson to allow you to get up and playing this version right away.
Utilizes 5 dice, tri-fold charts and a loose charts page. No flip cards involved with this version which entails an original 4 dice original roll and a specialized pitcher die for the pitcher and batter interaction. Results evolve between dice roll, batter and pitcher cards, and tri fold charts that include many more individual game charts to take you under the hood of the Box Seat game engine!
To learn more manual is directly below.
Utilizes 3 dice, flip cards, tri-fold charts and loose charts page. Limited flip card usage involved and the biggest difference with this original version is play result numbers are utilized and taken to the tri fold charts where are the action unfolds. This is the format in which Box Seat first appeared in the early 2000's.
So How Do I Choose Which Version To Order?
Below is a quick overview of the differences since it really is a matter of personal taste in what each individual is looking for in a baseball board simulation I'd advise downloading and looking at each manual for a more thorough understanding of the differences between each version. I feel that each version has a little something different to offer for the baseball enthusiast!
Easy Play Version: For those who tend to prefer the ease of play derived from the flip cards that contain the vast majority of game action (very minimal tri fold and game charts reference) and play results coming off the batter and pitcher cards as opposed to the use of play result numbers.
Under The Hood Version: For those who enjoy rolling the dice and seeing the inner game engine by referencing extra charts and a more "inside the numbers" pitcher / batter interaction mechanism. Also if you do not prefer flip card usage this is the only version that does not involve flip cards. Like Easy Play, play results come off of the pitcher and batter cards as opposed to the use of play result numbers.
Classic Version: For those who tend to prefer the use and mystery of game results coming from numbers that are taken to a reference chart as opposed to the results coming directly off the player cards.


The floral pair are Capri length NEVER WORN tag still on both pairs Both size: L both originally $50 each get BOTH for 50!
good condition, has a few dirty marks which you could see on the pics.
Medium grey leather slim wallet Michael Kors. New with tags. Closed size : 5,5 inches / 4 inches. Open size : 5,5 inches / 8 inches.
Never used. Snap to close cardholder.


text:
Q: Prob. 6, Sec. 28, in Munkres' TOPOLOGY, 2nd ed: An isometric self-map of a compact metric space is homeomorphism Here is Prob. 6, Sec. 28, in the book Topology by James R. Munkres, 2nd edition:

Let $(X, d)$ be a metric space. If $f \colon X \to X$ satisfies the condition
  $$ d \big( f(x), f(y) \big) = d(x, y) $$
  for all $x, y \in X$, then $f$ is called an isometry of $X$. Show that if $f$ is an isometry and $X$ is compact, then $f$ is bijective and hence a homeomorphism. [Hint: If $a \not\in f(X)$, choose $\varepsilon$ so that the $\varepsilon$-neighborhood of $a$ is disjoint from $f(X)$. Set $x_1 = a$, and $x_{n+1} = f\left( x_n \right)$ in general. Show that $d \left( x_n, x_m \right) \geq \varepsilon$ for $n \neq m$.]

My Attempt:

Let $(X, d)$ be a compact metric space and let $f \colon (X, d) \to (X, d)$ be a mapping such that
  $$ d \big( f(x), f(y) \big) = d(x, y) \tag{0} $$
  for all $x, y \in X$.
Note that $f$ is continuous (in fact uniformly continuous) on $X$, for given any real number $\varepsilon > 0$, if we choose any real number $\delta$ such that $0 < \delta \leq \varepsilon$, then from (0) above we find that
  $$ d(x, y) = d \big( f(x), f(y) \big) < \varepsilon $$
  whenever $x, y \in X$ satisfy
  $$ d(x, y) < \delta. $$
We first show that $f$ is injective. Let $x$ and $y$ be any points of $X$ such that $f(x) = f(y)$. Then using the given condition (0) above we obtain
  $$ d(x, y) = d \big( f(x), f(y) \big) = 0, $$
  and hence $x = y$. Therefore $f$ is injective.
We now show that $f$ is also surjective. Let us suppose, if possible that,
  $$f(X) \subsetneqq X. \tag{1} $$
As $f \colon X \to X$ is continuous and as $X$ is compact (relative to the topology determined by the metric $d$ on $X$), so the image $f(X)$ is also compact, by Theorem 26.5 in Munkres.
Now as $f(X)$ is a compact subspace of $X$ and as $X$ (relative to the metric topology determined by metric $d$ on $X$) is Hausdorff, so we can conclude that $f(X)$ is closed in $X$, by Theorem 26.3 in Munkres.
As $f(X)$ is closed in $X$, so $X \setminus f(X)$ is open in $X$.
As $f(X) \subsetneqq X$ by (1) above, so we have
  $$ X \setminus f(X) \neq \emptyset. $$
  Thus $X \setminus f(X)$ is a nonempty open set in the metric space $(X, d)$.
Let $a$ be any point in $X \setminus f(X)$. Then as $X \setminus f(X)$ is open in $X$ and as $a \in X \setminus f(X)$, so there exists a real number $\varepsilon > 0$ such that
  $$ B_d ( a, \varepsilon ) \subset \big( X \setminus f(X) \big), \tag{2} $$
  where
  $$ B_d (a, \varepsilon ) \colon= \big\{ \, x \in X \colon d(x, a) < \varepsilon \, \big\}. \tag{Definition 0} $$
  [Please refer to Sec. 20 in Munkres.] That is, if $x \in X$ and $d(x, a) < \varepsilon$, then that $x$ would be in $X \setminus f(X)$ also; in other words, for any point $x \in f(X)$, we must have
  $$ d(x, a) \geq \varepsilon. \tag{2*} $$
Let us put
  $$ x_1 \colon= a. \tag{Definition 1} $$
  and
  $$x_2 \colon= f\left( x_1 \right). \tag{Definition 2} $$
  Then as $x_2 \in f(X)$, so in view of (2*) above, we must have
  $$ d \left( x_1, x_2 \right) \geq \varepsilon \tag{3} $$
Now suppose $n \in \mathbb{N}$ is given such that $x_n$ has been chosen. Let us put
  $$ x_{n+1} \colon= f \left( x_n \right). \tag{Definition 3} $$
In this way we obtain a sequence $\left( x_n \right)_{n \in \mathbb{N} }$ in the metric space $(X, d)$.
For every $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $n > 1$, as $x_n \in f(X)$, so from (2*) we must have
  $$ d \left( x_n, x_1 \right) = d \left( x_n, a \right) \geq \varepsilon. \tag{3*} $$
Let $m$ and $n$ be any two distinct natural numbers. First suppose that $m > n > 1$. Then from (2) above we obtain
  $$
 d \left( x_m, x_n \right) = d \big( f\left(x_{m-1}\right), f\left( x_{n-1} \right) \big)
= \ldots =  d \left( x_{m-n+1}, x_1 \right) = d \big( f\left( x_{m-n} \right), a \big) \geq \varepsilon;
$$
  that is,
  $$  d \left( x_m, x_n \right) \geq \varepsilon. \tag{4} $$
  Here we have used the fact that
  $$ f \left( x_{m-n} \right) \in f(X). $$
  Interchanging the roles of $m$ and $n$ in the above reasoning, we find that (4) also holds if $m < n$.
Thus from (3), (3*), and (4) above, we can conclude that, for any natural numbers $m$ and $n$ such that $m \neq n$, we have the inequality
  $$ d \left( x_m, x_n \right) \geq \varepsilon. \tag{4*} $$
If $\left( x_{n_k} \right)_{k \in \mathbb{N} }$ be any subsequence of $\left( x_n \right)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$, where $\left( n_k \right)_{k \in \mathbb{N} }$ is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers, then in view of (4*) above, we see that $\left( x_{n_k} \right)_{k \in \mathbb{N} }$ cannot be Cauchy and hence cannot be convergent in $(X, d)$. Therefore $\left( x_n \right)_{n \in \mathbb{N} }$ cannot have any convergent subsequence.
But as $(X, d)$ is compact, so it is also sequentially compact, by virtue of Theorem 28.2 in Munkres. This implies that the sequence $\left( x_n \right)_{n \in \mathbb{N} }$ in $(X, d)$ must have a convergent subsequence.
Thus we have a contradiction. Therefore our supposition that (1) above holds is wrong. So $f(X) = X$, and $f$ is surjective.
Hence $f \colon (X, d) \to (X, d)$ is a continuous bijective mapping.
Moreover, $(X, d)$ is a compact Hausdorff space. Note that $(X, d)$ is compact by our hypothesis and every metric space is Hausdorff w.r.t the metric topology.
Therefore, $f \colon X \to X$ being a bijective continuous mapping of the compact topological space $(X, d)$ onto the Hausdorrf space $(X, d)$, is a homeomorphism, by virtue of Theorem 26.6 in Munkres.

Is this proof correct in each and every detail? If so, is it clear and detailed enough in each and every step therein? If not, then where are the problems?
Last but not least, is my notation correct and rigorous enough, especially my usage of the term "compact" for the metric space $(X, d)$?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The R1 high flow sports catalyzers for the Z34 Nissan 370Z and HR motor-equipped Z33 Nissan 350Z vehicles completes the full exhaust system. The high efficiency catalyst improves torque between the 3000 rpm and 5000rpm range throughout the midrange of the powerband. In combination with the R1 Titan Progress system for 370Z, the sound output is roughly 96db.
This modification is for maximum power without the excessive noise and smell without catalysts.
NOTE: Produced in 304 Stainless Steel.


Contribute to Skyrim User Reviews by rating and commenting!
A few of the musical pieces presented in Skyrim are refurbished versions of the music in The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind (2002). Both were composed by Jeremy Soule.
If though this is one of the biggest maps ever in a video game, it is not the largest. Elder Scrolls 2 is.
Occasionally you can hear a background character say, "I used to be an adventurer like you but then I took an arrow in the knee". This phrase has spawned a popular Internet meme.
Guard: I used to be an adventurer like you. Then I took an arrow in the knee.
Guard: Let me guess, Someone stole your sweetroll!
Random child: [when your character is only in underwear] Naked! Naked, naked, naked!
In the city of Riften there is a family called the Black-Briar. Given Joan Allen's performance in the game, the family's name is a clear reference to the movie The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) where Allen starred as Pam Landy, a chief officer of the CIA, who was kept in the dark about a program also called Blackbriar.
On the plains to the west of the city of Whiterun, the player can find a skeletal hand sticking out from one of the many scattered ponds holding a sword aloft, a reference to the legend of King Arthur and Excalibur.
Rarely, at night from 10 PM to 4 AM, while on one of the roads, you may see a glowing, moving shape running towards you, it is the Headless Horseman, if you follow him, he will stop at a tomb called Hamvir's Rest and you can see him resting by his tomb during the day where you can see a skull and helmet on it which might be his.
High Hrothgar is possibly named after the 6th century Danish king Hroðgar. The name has appeared in a few Anglo-Saxon epics, including Beowulf. One of the names of king Hroðgar, who was also known as "Hrothgar", was 'Ro'. 'Ro', in Skyrim, is one of the second words you learn in the Dragonshout 'Unrelenting Force', acquired by one of the monks at High Hrothgar.


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Vince Carter's Net Worth: Who is Vince Carter Dating?
By Jeremy Caroll On Jul 19, 2022
Daytona Beach, Florida is the location where Vince Carter was born on January 26th, 1977. It's possible that you are unaware of this fact, but when he was a kid, he was much more interested in playing football than basketball. Baseball was another sport that he was pretty excellent at.
While he was growing up, he was one of those "Wonder kids" who excelled at multiple sports, including basketball, baseball, and football. Following the recommendation of his father, he decided to play basketball rather than either of the other two sports. Do you know that he is one of the very few basketball players to have competed in each of the four decades since the 1980s? The 1980s were the beginning of his professional career.
He was active as a musician during the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. Slam dunks were his claim to fame and made him renowned. Because of this, many people in the past referred to him as a half-man. Half awesome. You should know that he was selected for the All-Star squad in 2003 as a starting player, but he decided to cede his position to Michael Jordan Michael instead. This act of kindness was always appreciated by Jordan. In addition to being a basketball player, he is also a musician. The drum is his favorite instrument, and many different publications agree that he is at the very top of his game.
After finishing his education, Vince Carter started his career in professional basketball with a team called the Toronto Raptors, which is a member of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He spent a significant amount of time hanging out with the 'Raptors' there. Carter needed out of the 'Raptors,' but the executives did not agree with that decision. The presentation of the group started getting most clearly worse, and so Carter needed to go.
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The fact that Vince started to feel down and played poorly led to the Raptors being forced to trade him to the 'New Jersey Nets.' Vince Carter has committed to playing with the New Jersey Nets for the next four seasons. He led the team threefold to the games at the end of the season by playing exceptionally well at the nets as well as in other basketball situations.
He produced the highest possible figures and accomplished a career-high in a variety of aspects of the game. In light of the fact that Vince had a fruitful spell while playing with the 'Nets,' he was traded to the Orlando Enchantment.
In the game versus the Philadelphia 76ers, he delivered the presentation for Sorcery. Even though he was only there for one season, he nevertheless managed to have a significant impact. In the 2010 NBA postseason, Vince Carter led the Wizards to the NBA Finals, where they were ultimately defeated by the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals.
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After that, the Phoenix Suns received Vince Carter in a trade. He established a productive organization with NBA legend Steve Nash while he was with the Suns. However, due to the fact that the team was in the process of being remade at the time, the Phoenix Suns were unable to play in any of the games at the end of the season. The Suns signed free agent specialist Vince not too long before the start of the following season.
At that time, Vince Carter agreed to accept a contract to manage the defending champion Dallas Dissidents for the next three years. Here, he met up with his former coworker Jason Kidd for the first time. After spending a total of three years with the Dallas Mavericks, during which time Vince once again had an outstanding season, he moved on to play for the Memphis Grizzlies. Before signing with the Sacramento Lords in 2017, he was a resident of that location for a considerable amount of time.
Who is Vince Carter Dating?
According to the information that we have on file, Vince Carter is married to Ellen Rucker Sellers. As of the month of May 2022, Vince Carter is not involved with any other person.
Record of Partnerships: We do not have any information regarding previous relationships with Vince Carter. It's possible for you to assist us in compiling Vince Carter's dating history!
Carter's debut season did not begin until January 1999 because of the lockout that occurred in the NBA. Carter's soaring offensive game, which led to his being given the nickname "Air Canada," helped him win the hearts of the fans very fast. After averaging 18.3 points per game and making a number of dunks that were worthy of being featured in highlight reels, he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year.
Carter's second season was the turning point in his career, as it was during this time that he established himself as a bona fide superstar, compiling a scoring average of 25.7 points per game, which was good for fourth-highest in the league, and leading Toronto to its first-ever appearance in the playoffs as a franchise. Following that, he was selected for his first NBA All-Star Game and was placed on the Third Team for All-NBA Players.
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During the weekend of the 2000 NBA All-Star Game, Carter displayed what is widely considered to be the most memorable Slam Dunk Contest performance in the competition's whole history. He won the competition by performing a variety of dunks, such as a 360-degree windmill, a between-the-legs bounce dunk, and an "elbow in the rim" dunk, which is sometimes referred to as a "cookie jar" or "honey dip" dunk.
As teammates in Toronto between the years 1998 and 2000, Carter and his distant cousin Tracy McGrady proved to be a devastating one-two punch for the Raptors. But in August of 2000, the Toronto Raptors made a trade that sent McGrady to the Orlando Magic, so Carter is now the team's franchise player.
Vince Carter became well-known for his outstanding athletic prowess during this time, and as a result of his talents, he was of great assistance to the Toronto Raptors, a new NBA franchise at the time.
The Slam Dunk Contest at the NBA All-Star Game in 2000 was the most amazing moment in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was the highlight of the game with five spectacular dunks, three of which received perfect scores of 50 points each.
A post shared by Vince Carter (@vinsanity25)
Vince Carter's Net Worth
"Vince Carter," a former player in the American professional basketball league who is considered to be the best in the world, has a net worth of $115 million. According to thetoughtackle Vince Carter, the most famous American to have played professionally in the sport of basketball in the United States, is estimated to have a net worth of approximately $115 million.
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Vince Carter's wealth is estimated to be 115 million dollars, as was mentioned earlier in the conversation. The vast majority of that money was earned while playing basketball. Outside of basketball, he has proven to be an excellent spokesman for the company. As a brand ambassador, he has amassed earnings of more than 30 million dollars over the course of his career.
What is the Net Worth of Vince Carter?
The whole total Vince Carter's net worth is somewhere in the neighborhood of $115 Million.
When did Vince Carter come into the world?
Vince Carter is 45 years old at the present time (26 January 1977).
What exactly does Vince Carter make for a living?
It is projected that Vince Carter brings about $10,000,000 in annual compensation.
Jeremy Caroll 2940 posts
I written for a lot of different movie-related publications. I first worked as an editor and then as the head film critic. Now, I works as a freelance film journalist and writes for many different media outlets. I also done a lot of work for radio shows and TV shows in the movie business.
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It was all about Porter Beach—or mostly all about it—at a meet-and-greet on Wednesday at the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center, where the superintendent of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Constantine Dillon, fielded questions about the park.
"Just a chance to discuss anything of interest to you," as Dillon told a small gathering of folks.
Of interest to the Porter Beachers in attendance was Porter Beach. One woman who lives there drew Dillon's attention to the narrowness of the sidewalk leading from the National Shore parking lot to the beach—made all the narrower by dunes grass growing into it—prompting most folks just to walk in the street.
Where "they pay no attention to the cars," she added.
Generally, however, two factors have contributed over the years to visitor-access problems to Porter Beach—and to many of the beaches in the National Lakeshore.
First, Dillon said, Porter Beach has no looped roadway to make it easier for motorists to turn around—"They're all dead-ends"—the result of a "piecemeal" approach to the beach, under which infrastructure has been installed over a long period of time without any unified vision or plan.
Dillon did note that the original idea had been to provide shuttle service to the beaches from a remote parking area. "It's still a good idea," he said, "but we would have to pay to build a remote lot and operate the service." And—again—such a service wouldn't be able to pay for itself if it were only being heavily used a few weekends every year.
The National Park Service (NPS) is currently in discussions with the Town of Porter about improvements at Porter Beach, Dillon said, including the construction of a picnic shelter on the site of two houses slated for demolition. The particular goal of that project is to provide beach-goers with a convenient place where they can eat in the shade, to preclude their tramping the dunes grasses and contributing to beach erosion.
The other issue—or question really. Why were the Chellberg Farm barn closed recently? "The whole story is in the barn," the man said. "What were the issues?" Dillon said in response that he didn't know but would find out.
Another question: whatever happened to the Singing Sands newsletter?
Someone else wanted to know about the time-table for the completion of a long-term management plan for Chellberg Farm.
One woman wanted to know whether the rumor is true that the old Visitor Center on Kemil Road is going to be demolished.
Estimated cost of asbestos remediation and ADA compliance: $1 million.
Dillon did say that a monetary donation would be returned to the contributor were it earmarked for an unacceptable use, say—just for example—a Ferris wheel.
In addition, NPS loves to get volunteers for projects around the park, both individuals and organizations. Call Lynda Lancaster at 395-1682 to volunteer.


Use this as opposed to that means use this instead of that.
" 'Yahshua' supporters teach that since the Messiah will 'come in his Father's Name', 3 then he must have the name of Yahweh, or at least the abbreviated form () within his spoken name. (Sacred Name believers teach that 'name' is to be interpreted literally as opposed to meaning 'authority')."
I'm going to assume that " Quit" dialog is blocking input into other applications if that is the only thing you can click on while it is up. I'm assuming that's what you mean by "basically everything in GDM stops working" as opposed to meaning something more like that once that dialog appears your entire environment is dead until you switch to a console and restart gdm.
Unlike most contemporary poets with a highly formulatedaesthetic, Jackson does not play the game of post-modernism, makingit clear from the start that poetry for him "is not a question hereof arguing that poems are only about language, as some languagepoets argue." Instead he has roots in Dante, Wordsworth, Petrarch(his last book, featuredsonnets in a contemporary mode). He admires Petrarch' s ("shifting style"), "language beyond language . . .always in the impossible position of trying to say something beyonditself." On one level then (the most important) the "essentialpower of language" is "as sound and as a physical thing as opposedto meaning and representation." This echoes, as Jackson points out,Wordsworth's notion of "words, not only as symbols, but as things,active and efficient," as well as a number of other well-knownformulations: Frost's "sentence sound" that "often says more thanthe words," Richard Hugo's "triggering town" whereby an image, aprompt, even the "sound of words" can carry "the poet and poem inunanticipated directions," and similarly Brodsky's "dictate oflanguage," which also "prompts, or simply dictates, the next line"and may surprise the poet with the poem's outcome. Jackson wants"an excess of associations through the play of language," "a richarray of possibilities, a kind of fluidity of meanings—though nottotally out of control since they are limited by the shape of thequilt."
I would have said that the link was an onomatopoeic one. It is based entirely on the closeness of sound, as opposed to meaning.
One way to answer such questions is to perform a form class test. The test will produce either a marked (^) or an unmarked result. If you are fluent in standard written English and the sentence sounds even slightly unnatural to you, consider it marked. If it sounds natural, consider it unmarked. Be sure to listen for syntax as opposed to meaning. A bizarre meaning does not mean that the sentence is marked.
Overall, findings suggested that the two groups of students were working toward separate goals: the international students' goal is academic writing in English ; the US-educated students' goal is academic writing in English. Despite these differences, there were practices on the part of the tutors that were either more effective or less effective for both groups of students. In other words, effective feedback practices worked for all students, and less effective feedback practices were generally ineffective for all students as well. Practices that facilitated the initiation, giving, or making use of oral feedback included (a) reading aloud, (b) providing specific, descriptive positive feedback, (c) using interactive signals, and (d) making links between talk and writing. Factors that constrained these processes were (a) limited oral proficiency, (b) over-reliance on reference materials, (c) form-based (as opposed to meaning-based) approaches to grammar, and (d) rushing to frame a problem as grammatical. Implications are suggested for providing oral feedback on second language writing, as well as for considering the role of language in writing.
According to Heidegger, the "world-as-picture" entails a distance between us and the world, a transformation of participation and dwelling into observation and . (see ) Values and goals (as opposed to meaning) lend themselves to spatial representation as end points, something that one can approach or recede from. Heidegger characterizes this as a "loss of nearness."
This discussion arose around the statement"PersonX was my oldest high-school friend"The intention was to refer to length of time known (roughly the opposite of 'most recent') as opposed to meaning that the friend was older in years (age).


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Dance/USA Announces New Board Chair and Council Chairs for its 2021-2022 Board of Trustees
Washington, DC – Dance/USA, the national service organization for professional dance, announced today its 2021-2022 Board of Trustees.
Dance/USA's new Board Chair is Anne Huang (executive director, World Arts West, San Francisco, CA). Malik Robinson (executive director, Cleo Parker Robinson Dance, Denver, CO) is the Past Board Chair. Find a complete list of the Executive Committee here.
The Dance/USA membership elected five new Council Chairs for a one-year term that commenced on July 1, 2021 and will conclude on June 30, 2022: Karen Long Charles (artistic/executive director, Threads Dance Project, Minneapolis, MN), Shoshona Currier (director, Bates Dance Festival, Lewiston, ME), Katie Moore (business director, Kun-Yang Lin/Dancers, Philadelphia, PA), Francine Sheffield (senior partner, Rhizome Arts; founder, Sheffield Global Arts Management, Richmond, VA), and Ellen Walker (executive director, Pacific Northwest Ballet, Seattle, WA). Walker is already a Trustee, serving a three-year term.
The following members of the Dance/USA Board of Trustees rotated off the Board this summer: Thaddeus Davis (co-director, Wideman/Davis Dance; associate professor, dance, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC and Chicago, IL), Thomas DeFrantz (professor of dance and African American studies, Duke University; director, SLIPPAGE, Durham, NC), Sandy Garcia (director of booking, Pentacle, New York, NY), Amalia Viviana Basanta Hernández (artistic director, Ballet Folkórico de México de Amalia Hernández, México City, MX), Michelle Ramos (vision keeper [executive director], AlternateROOTS, New Orleans, LA), Linda Shelton (executive director, The Joyce Theater Foundation, New York, NY), and Linda Yudin (artistic director, Viver Brasil, Los Angeles, CA).
"We're grateful for the leadership and support these Trustees provided during their term and we thank them for their dedicated service to Dance/USA, our member community, and the dance ecosystem," commented Dance/USA Executive Director Kellee Edusei. "We look forward to working with the new additions to the Dance/USA Board of Trustees."
Find a complete list of the new Dance/USA Board of Trustees here.
Established in 1982, Dance/USA champions an inclusive and equitable dance field by leading, convening, advocating, and supporting individuals and organizations. Dance/USA's core programs are focused in the areas of engagement, advocacy, research, and preservation. Learn more about Dance/USA at danceusa.org.


Day 2 was going to start quite early. My greedy backpack was ready with his greedy list to be unchecked.
Topping the list was Jaigarh fort , built on "Hill of Eagles" in Aravali range of Jaipur built to guard the Amber fort to which it looks from the top by that time ruler Jai singh II on whose name was named as Jaigarh fort. This is the first time when i am hearing that " A fort guarding a fort " something which is very unusual.
Never heard of this thing and cant even imagine what the rulers were thinking that time to guard a fort build one more fort.
fort was some 30min away from my hotel The Theme. Weather was awesome, little bit of drizzle in the night had made the morning very misty but it was soothing and a great day to drive in Rajasthan.
First time i was seeing this that car was allowed inside the Fort area. We passed right to top of the fort with my Car only.
Once this place was more lively , now it has lost its charm. But still if i compare it with the fort of Gwalior which i visited recently i would say it is much better maintained. This fort is still maintained by the Royal Family of Rajasthan and the money collected from the tickets is spent on the fort only.
one would find these type of squared holes in the walls of any fort one visit. These were used by the soldiers to guard they used to keep there guns inside them to aim the enemy. Same was here but here these holes were guarding a fort from the enemies.
Jaigarh Fort walls are built with such angle that from every window one gets the view of Amber Fort , and if that would not be then it would not solve the whole purpose to build this extra fort.
Top view of Amber fort..
As i was not getting the perfect view of Amber fort top view i tried to click by climbing over the wall to have this magnificient view of the Amber fort. Right in front of the fort Maota lake was made which was used as water reservoir that time and now a days it is used as water reservoir for Elephants which are used by tourists to ride to Amber fort.


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Leadership for the Research Enterprise
For many of the largest universities, the research enterprise is an essential component of the mission. And during this year of pandemic related disruptions, it has proved to be one of the most resilient sources of university revenue. In recent years, major universities have established senior research officers to provide a unitary source of leadership for this vital work. Today, my colleague Oya Rieger and I are publishing a major examination of the role of the senior research officer at the largest research universities in the United States.
Our key findings:
Research offices have grown substantially, but there is considerable institutional variation.
Research revenue and research competitiveness are vital strategic priorities.
Research support–including large investments in space, technicians, and cutting-edge laboratory tools–provides a major competitive edge but presents a management challenge.
Growing tensions with China have produced a spike in compliance work and concerns about talent flows.
It is our hope that this report will help university leaders, including presidents, provosts, and the senior research officers themselves, reflect on organizational structure, budget and funding models, and strategic priorities. We also believe that this project will be of substantial interest to others involved in providing research infrastructure and support through partnerships with research offices, including library leaders, research data services managers, and outside vendors. Over the past few months, we have published several papers that look at the challenges and risks the research enterprise is facing:
Global Science and the China Split
The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Research Enterprise: A Landscape Review
Research Data Services in US Higher Education
Scholarly Societies in the Age of COVID
And, in early 2021, we will publish a report on the perspectives of chief financial officers at research universities. If we can help you interpret this work for your organizational context, or provide guidance on how to strengthen research support and the research enterprise at your institution, please let us know.
Email Name Website
The Senior Research Officer
Experience, Role, Organizational Structure, Strategic Directions, and Challenges
Oya Y. Rieger, Roger C. Schonfeld
What is the Academic Research Enterprise?
An Overview of State Higher Education Funding Approaches
The Impact of COVID-19 on Academic Libraries
Academic Library Strategy and Budgeting During the COVID-19 Pandemic


Ask fellow campers about "Mt. Gilead State Park" and nearby attractions.
We stayed the two weeks allowed in this quaint little campground in order to visit with family 13 minutes away. The park was recently refurbished with a brand new bathhouse and laundry facilities. I like the way it was set up with private individual unisex showers on one side of the building and restrooms on the other. The laundry room had 2 brand new commercial size washers and dryers that cost $1.00 each. I used them several times and was quite pleased. We stayed in the upper section which has full hook ups. The sites are cement pads and what I would consider to be short. We had no trouble getting in because the park was empty when we arrived. However, two others had to back up all the way down the road to get out as there was no way to turn around when the sites were full. Parking of your vehicle had to be perpendicular and in front of your coach. The park was extremely quiet. There is a beautiful picnic and pavilion area where a wedding also took place. They have a breakfast fundraiser one Saturday a month which we missed. There's a horseshoe pit and other games the office has for use. The beautiful office/small store was also brand new. The lower section has electric only and waste water dump areas which we had never seen before. It consists of a big door on the ground that you lift and find a dirt pile where you would dump your gray water. The lower lake area was closed as they had just finished rebuilding of the new dam. We drove to the dam which also is beautiful. We were in a 30 foot travel trailer with a long bed truck. We fit OK, but would have had trouble had we had a larger unit. Sites on the left in the upper section were short and some very short. The sites in the lower section were larger and more private and more primitive without water or sewer hook up but beautiful. Buckeye pass will give Ohio residents a discount. Disappointed there was no discount for seniors. We will definitely stay here again. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Nice small state park campground! The full hook up sites were a little close together but we had a pretty deep site by the bathrooms and older playground. There is a small new playground up by the office which was nice. We would stay here again. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Motorhome.
Nice full hookup sites. Partial to full shade in all sites. Newer restrooms and shower facilities. Many of the trails are currently closed due to the construction on the dam. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Just outside Mt. Gilead, so shopping and dining were near. Private golf course across the road from the park. Twenty minutes from Marion, OH, where the President Harding Home and Memorial are located.
Park is nice. Love the trails. Our site is a disaster. We are camping here for the Labor Day weekend. Shortly before we arrived, the new bathroom/shower/laundry facility was completed. Great news, except it's about 15-20 feet away from our camper. We're parked on a concrete slab, and the building sits right at the end of it. Naturally, everyone in the park is walking and biking straight through our campsite. DO NOT BOOK SITE 25. This should not be a site, period. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Again, I can't stress it enough. AVOID SITE #25 at all costs.
This state park just recently added several back-in, full-hookup campsites with brand-new cement pads. I had plenty of room for my 32' motorhome and the hookups worked fine. The problem is that the grass is going to take a little time to recover so mud was a problem. Also, the lake has been temporarily drained to raise the dam 2', so if you want to fish or boat, you need to call to find out if the project is finished and the lake refilled. Overall, it is good to see improvements being made and the park should be very nice by next summer. Verizon service was adequate. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Motorhome.
This park is setup for small campers. Sites are so close that we could not enjoy our stay. Not much to due here. The 2 lakes are more like lagoons. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Travel Trailer.
Read books or watch tv.
The park itself is fine. The grounds are neat and there is a playground for the kids, as well as fishing in the lake. But there is no running water anywhere in the park except at faucet at the back of the headquarters. There are no showers or flush toilets. The bird observatory is a joke. The feeders haven't been filled for along time. The toilets are all vault toilets and the buildings they are in are not the cleanest. We won't stay here again. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Travel Trailer.
This is a very small State Park. It's very quiet and that's nice when you want to enjoy nature. And that's all you have here is nature, but don't get me wrong we like it. They have nice walking trails that meander around the small lake. I'm not sure kids would find this park very exciting there is no swimming, but I did see basketball courts and a very small playground. You can fish in the lake so that's nice for kids. So, it's not a park with tons to do, but the beauty makes up for that. We camped at Mt. Gilead State Park in a Motorhome.
Are you affiliated with Mt. Gilead State Park ?


Reminded about comments made in the New Yorker magazine on the U.S.'s ties with PJAK, Wilson insisted that "the U.S. does not cooperate with PJAK. We have no relations with PJAK. We look at PJAK as a terrorist organization."
U.S. Ambassador to Ankara Ross Wilson said Monday "Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's upcoming visit to Iraq is an important step."
Speaking to reporters, Wilson said that the U.S. encourages dialogue between the two neighbouring countries --Turkey and Iraq.
"Turkey has played an important role to help stability in Iraq. I am confident that Prime Minister Erdogan's visit to Iraq would be an important step in this direction," Wilson said.