Workplace Wellness Bad travel experiences negatively affect employee performance and drive good workers away.
It is no secret that business travel drives business growth and face-to-face interactions help get business done. Ultimately those who travel want to save time when possible, be productive and have a pleasant experience while accomplishing their business goals.
For years now, members of the Global Business Travel Association, or the GBTA, have told us that duty of care has become one of the top responsibilities for travel managers. When many people think of duty of care, the catastrophic usually comes to mind, but it is so much more than just ensuring employees are safe in the event of a natural disaster or terrorist attack. We're hearing more today about companies 'putting the care into duty of care,' ensuring the overall well-being of their travelers on the road.
At our recent annual Convention in San Diego this August, a panel of experienced travel buyers took the stage telling attendees that successful corporate travel buyers must work hand-in-hand with human resources to help increase employee retention and recruitment. In these days of low unemployment, travel managers truly recognize their role in helping keep employees happy.
Technology also makes an important contribution to business traveler satisfaction, enabling a more efficient travel process.
Ensuring a smooth business travel experience that limits wear and tear on employees is incredibly important. GBTA research shows business travel can have a considerable impact on employee satisfaction and retention as 79 percent of business travelers say their business travel experience impacts their overall job satisfaction. This is even truer among Millennials, as 88 percent say it impacts job satisfaction.
People want to travel. Business travel not only influences how employees feel about their current company, it can also influence whether they take a job in the first place. Roughly 50 percent of business travelers indicate a company's travel program is an important factor when considering a potential new employer. Additionally, 83 percent of travelers say the quality of their business travel experience impacts their business results, showing employee well-being and satisfaction on the road can also boost the company's bottom line.
When asked what perks or amenities impact their business travel experience the most, convenient and comfortable hotels topped the list for business travelers followed by non-stop flights, booking flexibility and paid time off for long trips. Looking at optional purchases business travelers make on their own to improve their experience is also telling. These include airplane and train Wi-Fi, hotel high-speed internet, seat upgrades, and international mobile calls and texts. Business travelers say they purchase these items because they find value in them, helping them remain productive while in transit or away from the office. Technology also makes an important contribution to business traveler satisfaction, enabling a more efficient travel process.


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Paths of Possession is an American melodic death metal band featuring George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher of Cannibal Corpse in a more melodic environment, with song structures that have much more in common with early Bay Area Thrash than the Tampa death metal scene.

Biography
Formed in 1999 by Randy Butman (Silhaven), Jay Fossen, Erin "Goat" Fuller (Cryptic Winds) and Richard Brunelle (ex-Morbid Angel guitarist), as Swollen, Paths of Possession is a mix of traditional heavy metal with influences of Swedish melodic death metal. Paths of Possession independently released their first CD-R demo, Legacy in Ashes, in 2000.

Following the release of Legacy of Ashes, Erin left the band to join Hell on Earth and was replaced by Brian Ridley (Cancerslug, Union Down) in 2002. Soon after, Paths of Possession was approached by Keith Suchland better known as "Splattergod" about releasing their next CD. It was mutually decided that they and Dark Faith would release a split EP, with each band contributing four songs.

While working on the split, Butman was asked to join Withered Earth in late 2002, officially doing so in January 2003, resulting in the band going on hiatus and the split being put on hold. Following the release of Withered Earths' Of Which They Bleed, the band broke up and Butman returned to Tampa and set about resurrecting the dormant Paths of Possession.

As their then-vocalist, Bill Lander, had relocated to New York, Butman asked his friend, George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher (vocalist of Cannibal Corpse) to take over the vocal position. The new line-up then opted to record their six songs in Ozone Studios, St. Petersburg, Florida, finishing in September 2003. The result was entitled The Crypt of Madness and released on Splattergod Records, limited to 1000 copies. Plans were then made between the band and Splattergod to release their full-length CD in late 2004 / early 2005.

Soon following the split's release, in early 2004, Richard Brunelle was replaced by current guitarist Jack Goodwin, and drummer Brian Ridley left to rejoin Cancerslug. Nick Goodyear (Dark Faith) stepped in to take over the drumming duties. Paths of Possession debuted their new/current lineup at the second Gathering of Lowlifes Festival on April 9, 2005, appearing with the newly reformed Hallow's Eve as well as Dark Faith, Gardy Loo and Eviscerated Zombie Tampon.

It was also during this time that Metal Blade Records owner Brian Slagel, after hearing The Crypt of Madness, approached Fisher about signing Paths of Possession, which came about in 2005. Paths of Possession entered Mana Recording Studios / Razzor Media in St. Petersburg, Florida to record Promises in Blood, with renowned metal producer Erik Rutan (Hate Eternal, Soilent Green, Into the Moat). Once the recording was finished, Promises in Blood was sent off to West West Side in New York City to be mastered by Alan Douches, best known for his work with artists such as Nile, Sepultura, Hatebreed, Clutch, Unearth, The Misfits, Mastodon, Shadows Fall, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Converge and Earth Crisis.

Current members
Randy Butman – bass
Jay Fossen – guitar
Jack Goodwin – guitar
Nick Goodyear – drums
George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher – vocals (2003–present)

Former members
Erin Fuller – drums
Brian Ridley – drums
Chad – drums
Bill – vocals
Richard Brunelle – guitar (died 2019)

Discography
Legacy in Ashes (2002)
The Crypt of Madness (Paths of Possession / Dark Faith split album) (2003)
Promises in Blood (2005)
The End of the Hour (2007)

External links
Official website (archived)

Musical groups from Tampa, Florida
Death metal musical groups from Florida
Musical groups established in 1999
American melodic death metal musical groups
Metal Blade Records artists
1999 establishments in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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This entry was posted in Uncategorized by sal. Bookmark the permalink.
What a fun time we shared at Hillbilly Tea even though there was NO BENEDICTINE on the menu – haha! HAPPY BIRTHAY, ANGELA! Thanks for the hard work 37 years ago, Diane!


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History Audio Books to Download
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| 20th Century | 21st Century | American | Ancient | Biographical | British | Military | Miscellaneous | Music Related | Pre 1900 | Social and Economic | World |
FREE Audio Books - Courtesy of the audiobookquest.com
Flyboys (Abridged)
Narrator : James Bradley
Hachette Audio
Categories : American
Over the remote Pacific island of Chichi Jima, nine American flyers—Navy and Marine airmen sent to bomb Japanese communications towers there—were shot down. One of those nine was miraculously rescued by a U.S. Navy submarine. The others were captured by Japanese soldiers on Chichi Jima and held prisoner. Then they disappeared.
When the war was over, the American government, along with the Japanese, covered up everything that had happened on Chichi Jima. The records of a top-secret military tribunal were sealed, the lives of the eight Flyboys were erased, and the parents, brothers, sisters, and sweethearts they left behind were left to wonder. Flyboys reveals for the first time ever the extraordinary story of those men. Bradley's quest for the truth leads him to discover a mystery that dated back far before World War II—back 150 years, to America's westward expansion and Japan's first confrontation with the western world.
With no easy moralizing, Bradley presents history in all its savage complexity, including the Japanese warrior mentality that fostered inhuman brutality and the U.S. military strategy that justified attacks on millions of civilians. And, after almost sixty years of mystery, Bradley finally reveals the fate of the eight American Flyboys, all of whom would ultimately face a moment and a decision that few of us can even imagine.
Flyboys is a story of war and horror but also of friendship and honor. It is about how we die, and how we live—including the tale of the Flyboy who escaped capture, a young Navy pilot named George H. W. Bush, who would one day become president of the United States. A masterpiece of historical narrative, Flyboys will change forever our understanding of the Pacific war and the very things we fight for.
Len Deighton
Narrator : Full Cast Production
BBC Audiobooks Ltd
Categories : 20th Century
The highly acclaimed BBC Radio 4 production starring Tom Baker, Jack Shepherd and others. More info...
Tim Clayton & Phil Craig
Narrator : Sir Derek Jacobi, Christian Rodska and Sandra Duncan
Hodder & Stoughton Audiobooks
The bestselling audiobook of the acclaimed BBC1 series, described as 'Brilliant' by the Daily Mail More info...
No One Left Behind (Abridged)
Amy Waters Yarsinske
Narrator : Gary Telles
Listen & Live
The true story of a pilot who went missing on the opening eve of the Gulf War. More info...
Jerry Robbins
Narrator : Colonial Radio Theatre
Colonial Radio Theatre On The Air
Categories : Drama
General U.S. Grant and General Sherman are caught off guard by the entire Confederate Army More info...
Have you always loved reading but sometimes find it hard to find the time? Theres nothing quite like curling up with a good book but many of us cannot do that as much as we would llike. We sacrifice this special time because we have so many other things to do each day. It is a common problem and it is the reason why people on average are not reading as much as they once did. Audio books bring the story to life just as the storytellers of the past did. They allow you to experience the book in a whole new way; in the way the writer felt and heard it in their head. You can feel the emotion when you allow audio books to let the story come to life.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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To the soldier battle is merely another word for skill, and courage is synonymous to honor.


text:
Chondrocephalus granulifrons is een keversoort uit de familie Passalidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1886 door Bates.

Passalidae


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Discussion in 'Making Money' started by hatterftw1, Apr 15, 2013.
Any other Mgcash users out there noticed a EPC decline over the past 2-3 weeks? I have had a dip here lately.
is it just with MGCash?
Around tax time every year sales usually drop everywhere..
You are a MGcash user?
Also has anyone using MGcash been paid for March yet?
Every single Topic I see about MGCash I am more and more tempted to jump in and use my dormant account.
What keeps me away from it is that damn ID verification.
I don't feel comfortable to send my scanned ID around.
I don't want to sound like a broken record, but are any mgcash users out there getting really low earnings the past few weeks? Like before my lockers would average $8.5-$10 per 100 clicks, now I'm getting like $4.5 per 100 clicks, and nothing has changed on my end, same traffic same everything.
@Fakker well blank some numbers and send it over if its easier for you that way..
@hatterftw1 and what about now? If you still have bad epc feel free to add me on Skype, so I can help you out with it, my Skype ID is: darkomgcash.


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Light in the Dark Days
by Linzi Clark | Dec 10, 2020 | Community, COVID19, Culture, Digital, Events, Lonliness, Place, Power, Uncategorised
On an average Monday morning at Wallace Street, I start my working day greeted by Margaret with her little Chihuahua pup in arms. She tells me about her latest knitted dog coat purchase as other bodies start to shuffle through the narrow corridor. We settle in a semi-circle of kind faces and laughter, and I can hear the sound of mugs clinking and the smell of coffee brewing in the background.
Now, my morning begins with adjusting the volume of my laptop, fixing my fringe in the camera and making sure everyone can hear me ok.
As a support worker in the time of COVID, adapting to the new digital landscape felt like it was going against all natural instincts of being present and showing support. How do I show compassion that is genuine and feels honest? How do I lend a listening ear and create a safe environment for our community members through pixels on a screen? How do we break down digital exclusion barriers so everyone can take part? How do we continue to explore our creativity and challenge our perceptions of what it means to participate in cultural activity when we're all stuck indoors with limited resources?
Luckily, we fully adapted our services to ensure that our community members could continue to benefit from the services at Star – running on the same days, at the same times – albeit taking a slightly different format. Like everyone's lockdown experiencing of 'pasta-gate', toilet roll hoarding, the dreaded zoom quizzes, and Thursday night clapping, I was also fortunate enough to be a part in developing and delivering a digital adaptation of STAR's cultural programme – which hosted some really special and unique moments. Here's some of my highlights:
'Virtual Summer trips': the community members visited Safari's, Theme Parks, Beaches and the countryside – all from the safety of their homes and equipped with activity packs and lunches delivered by our wonderful volunteers!
DIY face masks/coverings from recycled t-shirts
A community-led recipe book with alternative COVID-19 options to reduce food waste
Lots of labyrinth making workshops
'Back to School Breakfast' to chat out any anxieties around the return of schools
Challenge Poverty Week workshops – writing policies for change!
Created a safe space online to chat through issues surrounding Coercive control,
DIY Halloween costumes from recycled items at home to promote sustainability
Collaborating with Civil disobedience – where community members wrote their own songs, poems, monologues on the topic of Radicalism in Paisley.
As well as all the brilliant digital innovation from the team at STAR, we were also able to offer support in more traditional formats too. In my role, this has taken the form of offering 1:1 wellbeing phone calls with community members. Throughout these phone calls, the issue of isolation came to the forefront, and it was clear that many people were feeling detached from society as a result of lockdown. While there is an ongoing narrative around loneliness and the importance of social interaction in contributing to 'good' mental health, it became clear how real and raw the issue of 'loneliness' is in Paisley, and how vital projects like STAR are to our communities. Although some of the conversations were challenging, I have never felt a greater sense of gratitude for the privileges I experience in my own life. Being a support worker during a pandemic has been a truly eye opening experience.
Although there were some difficult times, there have been so many incredible moments shared by staff and community members. On days where it all just felt too much, our new digitised 'Drop-In' has really helped to lift spirits and to give our morning routines a sense of normality. We share the same chit-chat, laughter and supportive environment of the physical drop-in space but just through an online chat platform. We're no longer in a semi-circle, but a beautiful patchwork of squares, knitted together on the screen. The Drop-In has been a really positive space. It's a space where you can pop in to say 'hello', keep up to date on recent COVID developments, have a moan about the queues outside the supermarkets, and most importantly to share what you're having for tea that night! While the dynamic atmosphere and snappy banter of the Drop-In is difficult to emulate online, the relationships, sense of togetherness, and peer-to-peer support has been inspiring to witness and be a part of. On a personal level, it has kept me going throughout my own lockdown experience, and having the means to wake up, log in and have instant access to social interaction is something that I no longer take for granted.
So what does the future hold? I have launched a block of creative workshops taking influence from 'Hygge' – The Danish way to Happy Living'. The essence of 'Hygge' is to seek happiness in the everyday – to enjoy the smaller things in life, to look after your wellbeing and make tiny changes to your environment to aid the feeling of cosiness and contentment. The idea of 'self care' can often feel exclusionary to those with limited income or those who are facing difficulty with their mental health. Adapting habits to compliment 'good mental health' is the last thing on the priority list when food insecurity, health risks and social isolation have only intensified during lockdown. This, with the mass marketing of product-associated self care, alludes to a belief that 'positive wellbeing' is something that only people with the financial means have access to. I hope to explore the accessibility of self care throughout the upcoming 'Cosy Club' workshops. Now – more than ever – we need to look after ourselves and each other – no matter what shape that takes for you. A cup of tea and a chat with someone you feel safe with is a good start, and that sense of safety is something that STAR continuously tries to ensure.
The positivity, resilience and togetherness the community members have expressed throughout the past few months has been incredible, and has helped with my own mental wellbeing throughout the complex challenges of working from home. With dark mornings and early sunsets starting to creep in, the light from the community members on a daily basis outweighs the dark days ahead.
Linzi Clark is a Support Worker at STAR Project, Paisley


At the previous council meeting a heated trash debate took place. At yesterdays council meeting, Forest Green Waste Service was officially voted in as the new trash collection company. The Vote as 4 to 3.
At the last meeting John Peckskamp from Forest Green Waste Services thanked Council for the opportunity to bid on the contract. He stated they read the specs thoroughly and saw it advertised and reacted to it with what they would consider a very good bid at a very competitive price. Forest Green Waste Service company specializes in residential and commercial waste removal, serving the Greater Cincinnati area since 1987. Additionally, they provide dumpsters for roof replacement, removing fire/flood damaged building materials, new or room addition construction.
Also at the past council meeting, Mr. Brock stated that the City of Monroe accepted bids for Residential trash services and recycling on November 11, 2011; Forest Green Waste Services was the bidder that submitted a bid. We did not receive a bid from Rumpke and Waste Management submitted a no bid.
In dispute was the quality of the new company's service. At the past meeting, Mr. Kelley said he got his facts off the internet, "...where you find more negative comments than positive."
At the last council meeting of meeting Dean Ferrier of Rumpke admitted that" Rumpke dropped the ball." However there was some pressure put upon council by Rumpke owner Jeff Rumpke who was in attendance and had spoken to at least one councilman prior to the meeting. Rumpke has had the Monroe trash contract for the past five years.
After the meeting, I asked Councilman Hickman about the vote, he said, "Since Forest Green submitted a satisfactory bid, within the bid period, we had to award Forest Green with the contract. It's the ethical thing to do."
The close vote was a surprise. Had the vote gone the other way, the city would have to put the contract out to bid again. Putting a contract out for re-bid after a satisfactory bid had been submitted within the guidelines of the bid call in to question the bid process in general. Another potential lawsuit averted by 4 councilmen.
Photo: John Peckskamp of Forest Green and Jeff Rumpke, Owner of Rumpke both signed in at last night's meeting. City Manager Bill Brock had predicted that representatives from both companies would be in attendance.


Download "Nautical research Towing tank and ship manoeuvring simulator"
4 Scheur [fairway]. Through the waves the vessel will pitch, heave and roll. With larger vessels, this pitching and heaving response may be less, dependent on the wave spectrum, but the probability of touching bottom nevertheless increases on account of the decreased keel clearance and the greater effect of the rolling motion (due to waves, wind, bends) by vessels with a larger beam. There is much shipping traffic to a busy port such as Antwerp. Vessels meet and overtake each other, by which the hydrodynamic pressure fields of both vessels influence each other and forces between both vessels interact. This ship-to-ship interaction can cause the vessels to drift toward each other, resulting in a collision. The increasing size of vessels elevates the probability of such interactions as well. Interactions do not only occur between the vessels themselves, but also between the vessel and the river or sea bank. If the vessel is sailing eccentrically in a channel, the hydrodynamic pressure field differs between starboard and port. As a result of this, a lateral force and a bow out moment act on the vessel, usually sucking it to the nearest bank. Smaller under keel clearances still reinforce this phenomenon. At different ports throughout the world (amongst others, Zeebrugge, and to a lesser extent, Antwerp) mud accumulates on the fairway bottom. This mud layer requires maintenance dredging to ensure the harbour access. The upper layer however usually consists of highly liquid mud, which is difficult to dredge. Increasing draught of vessels causes keels to make contact with the mud. The manoeuvrability of the vessel is significantly affected even with a small under keel clearance above the mud layer. In May 2008, the Knowledge Centre Manoeuvring in Shallow and Confined Water was established. It has as objective to collect and record the scientific and experience-based knowledge concerning the behaviour of vessels in shallow or confined waterways, to expand this and to keep this knowledge available, in support of the admittance policy and the development of the waterways for vessels bound for Flemish ports and inland shipping. The organization of the Knowledge Centre is that of a co-operation between Flanders Hydraulics Research and the Maritime Technology Division of Ghent University.
10 SOME RECENT PROJECTS Nautical bottom The nautical bottom is defined by PIANC (International Navigation Association) as the level where the physical characteristics reach a critical limit beyond which contact with a ship s keel causes either damage or unacceptable effects on controllability and manoeuvrability. The concept of the nautical bottom is often applied with mud covered beds. For reasons of survey technology, the density of the mud is used to determine the critical limit. For the Port of Zeebrugge, e.g., the nautical bottom has a density level of 1200 kg/m³. This level is based on experimental research carried out at Flanders Hydraulics Research since The results of simulator research should however be checked against reality. This requires, amongst other things, the monitoring of arriving and departing deep-draughted vessels and a follow-up of the evolution of the mud layer characteristics. Enabling the passage of deepdraughted vessels - this also applies to larger container ships with a capacity of up to TEU - over the mud layers requires an adequate training of the pilots involved. More research proved to be required for this. In 2008, a new consolidated mathematical model was implemented in the simulators enabling the simulation of a vessel s behaviour above and in contact with any realistic mud layer. The year was concluded with the implementation of experimental research aimed at the behaviour of bow thrusters in muddy navigation areas. Bank effects The asymmetrical flow around a vessel, such as induced through the proximity of banks, leads to pressure variations between the starboard and port sides. Consequently, the vessel will be attracted to the nearest bank, while the bow is pushed towards the fairway. The effect is, of course, largely dependent on the distance between the vessel and the bank, but also on the vessel s speed and under keel clearance. Control of the vessel will become impossible with too strong bank effects. A reliable estimate for these bank effects is of importance in order to be aware of the limit conditions for safe traffic. A website was built for this specific research: The research contributes toward determining the limits of safe shipping traffic to the Flemish ports. The ship passes along the built-in banks to measure the ship-bank interaction forces.
12 Tugboat bow wave interaction When a tugboat is close to the bow of a container ship, its dynamic behaviour and controllability will substantially change. Tests were carried out with models in the Towing Tank for Manoeuvres in Shallow Water in order to determine these effect and their interdependencies. For a clear understanding of the physical phenomena arising in the proximity of a container ship and a tugboat, the flow around the container ship and tugboat has been registered. Based on the measurements from the towing tank, a numerical model will be validated in order to improve the prediction of motion behaviour. This research is carried out on behalf of the towing and salvage company URS by a student from the Delft University of Technology within the scope of his Master s thesis for a Master of Science degree.
14 Support for the probabilistic admittance policy to the Flemish ports: Start-up of the ProToel programme for Zeebrugge Port For the entry to the Port of Zeebrugge there is a deterministic admittance policy which requires a minimum under keel clearance over the entire itinerary. Moreover, the transverse current velocity at the port moles may not exceed a maximum value. A tidal window can be determined on the base of predictions of current and tide. A specific vessel shall use it to sail, problem-free, an entire itinerary (for example, from Kwintebank to Albert II dock in the Port of Zeebrugge). However, a probabilistic analysis, which takes the waves, the resulting vessel motions and bottom touching probability into account, allows a better determination of the tidal windows. Within the scope of this project, a programme to determine a probabilistic tidal window was implemented. The databank of vessel motion characteristics has, with the aid of model tests and numerical calculations with Seaway and Aqua+, been expanded to vessels with a length of 400 m (E- type of Maersk Sealand). Local information is available for currents, the astronomical tides and standard wave spectra for the years 2008 and Furthermore, it is possible to retrieve up-to-date predictions of current, tides and wave spectra from the HYDRA server and to use these during the calculations. The user can select a vessel, as well as the draught and the itinerary and indicate the date and time. The results of the calculations are automatically saved in an XML format and can be directly viewed as a table in ProToel (Figure 1). This table can be exported to a PDF.
22 aasland Port, accessibility for a 400 m container ship In this study the accessibility of a second lock, which gives access to the Waasland Port (Antwerp harbour), was examined for a container ship with a length of 400 m. Currently, the Kallo Lock is the only access way to this part of the port s left bank. The vessel has a beam of 56.4 m whilst the lock has a width of 68 m and a length between the outermost gates of 500 m. In previous studies, the accessibility was examined for a bulk carrier, and a 350 and 366 m container ship. The entrance layout of the 2nd lock on the Waasland canal, as amended in the design phase in 2007, was again used in this study. Additionally, wheel fenders with their depression properties were installed at all corners of the lock as indicated by the Municipal Port Authority. These real-time simulations were carried out by the river pilots at the Deurganck Dock and by the pilots of CVBA Brabo on the Waasland canal while assistance was provided by the tugboat captains of URS and the port authority towage service. The objective of the simulations was to evaluate the conditions to be met in order to safely pilot this 400 m container ship in and out the lock. Wind conditions with different wind directions and wind speeds corresponding to 5 and 6 Bf were applied. Tugboat configurations were assessed as optimal when the pilots could safely execute manoeuvres with a minimum contact with the wheel fenders in the lock.


It's hard to beat the practicality of giving a gift card. But you don't have to wrap them in generic envelopes from the store. Dress up plain gift cards with these quick and easy felt flower gift card holders!
Die-cut flower shapes from scrap felt in various colors. Pair large blooms with smaller blooms, centers and leaves and set aside. If you are not using a die cutter, you can print off shapes from the Internet, trace around cookie cutters, or use this method to cut flower petals from felt without a template.
Unfold felt and center flower across the top half of felt rectangle. Stitch in place just through the center, catching all layers of flower. I stitched a preset star shape using my sewing machine, but you could also hand sew. Stitch on leaves to embellish.
Fold gift card sleeve in half, leaving the back of sleeve about 1/4″ longer than the front. Align pinked edges and stitch 1/4″ from right edge, top to bottom. Repeat on left edge.
Trim thread tails. Hot-glue a button to the flower center (covering stitches) if desired.
Step 6: Use As Gifts!
Fill and place gift card envelopes on the tree or inside stockings. Use as package embellishments or just tuck them inside holiday cards for a fun surprise. Stitch up a bunch in different colors to use for holidays, birthdays, showers, teacher gifts, thank you gifts and more!
I just love these and think they are so adorable! Such a cute way to give someone a gift card!
Thanks Penelopy! I'm so glad you liked them!


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Other Eukaryotes
Choanoflagellates
Filasterea
Ichthyosporea
Alveolates
Cercozoa
Stramenopiles
Radiolaria
Hacrobia
Euglenozoa
Malawimonas
Preaxostyla
Heterolobosea
Protists of uncertain placement
Jakobida
Fornicata
Trimastix
Patrick Keeling, Kevin Carpenter, Vladimir Hampl, and Alastair Simpson
Containing group: Eukaryotes
Preaxostyla is a group of anaerobic/microaerophilic protozoa, uniting two subgroups: the oxymonads, which are commensals or symbionts of animals, and the free-living taxon Trimastix.
The identifying morphological synapomorphy for the group is the 'preaxostylar' structure of the non-microtubular "I" fibre - the I fibre of Trimastix is homologous to the non-microtubular portion of the oxymonad axostyle, and similar in cross-sectional appearance (see Simpson, 2003).
Preaxostyla is one of several groups within Excavata characterized by a lack of classical mitochondria.
The taxon Preaxostyla was established to recognize the well-supported relationship of Trimastix and oxymonads in molecular phylogenetic analyses (Simpson, 2003). Prior to the use of molecular data, both Trimastix and oxymonads were hypothesized to be related to a variety of other eukaryotes, but none with much certainty (see Dacks et al., 2001 for discussion). SSU rRNA gene phylogenies including Trimastix and the oxymonad Pyrsonympha showed the first strongly supported position for either lineage, as sisters to one another (Dacks et al., 2001). This has been further supported by other single- and multi-gene phylogenies (Hampl et al., 2005; Hampl et al., 2009; Slamovits and Keeling, 2006).
The relationship of Preaxostyla to other eukaryotes remains less certain. They were proposed to be members of the Excavata based on the typical excavate structure of the cytoskeleton of Trimastix (O'Kelly et al., 1999; Simpson et al., 2000), remnants of which were subsequently identified in the oxymonad Monoceromonoides (Simpson and Patterson, 2001; Simpson et al., 2002), Recent multi-gene molecular phylogenies have supported the monophyly of most, and probably all, Excavata, including Preaxostya (Hampl et al., 2009). The weight of molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that Preaxostyla is most closely related to parabasalids and Fornicata, the other major groups of Excavata that lack classical mitochondria (Cavalier-Smith, 2003; Simpson et al., 2008; Hampl et al., 2009), however a closer relationship with Malawimonas remains plausible (see Simpson et al., 2006).
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2003) The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grasse emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53: 1741-1758.
Dacks, J.B., Silberman, J.D., Simpson, A.G.B., Moriya, S., Kudo, T., Ohkuma, M. and Redfield, R.J. (2001) Oxymonads are closely related to the excavate taxon Trimastix. Mol Biol Evol, 18, 1034-1044.
Hampl, V., Horner, D.S., Dyal, P., Kulda, J., Flegr, J., Foster, P.G. and Embley, T.M. (2005) Inference of the phylogenetic position of oxymonads based on nine genes: support for Metamonada and Excavata. Mol Biol Evol, 22, 2508-2518.
Hampl, V., Hug, L., Leigh, J.W., Dacks, J.B., Lang, B.F., Simpson, A.G.B. and Roger, A.J. (2009) Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 3859-3864.
O'Kelly C.J., Farmer M.A. and Nerad T.A. 1999. Ultrastructure of Trimastix pyriformis (Klebs) and similarities of Trimastix species with retortamonads and jakobids. Protist 150, 149-162.
Simpson, A.G.B. (2003) Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 53, 1759-1777.
Simpson, A.G.B., Bernard, C. and Patterson, D.J. (2000) The ultrastructure of Trimastix marina Kent, 1880 (Eukaryota), an excavate flagellate. Europ. J. Protistol. 36, 229-252.
Simpson, A.G.B., Inagaki, Y. and Roger, A.J. (2006) Comprehensive multigene phylogenies of excavate protists reveal the evolutionary positions of "primitive" eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol, 23, 615-625.
Simpson, A.G.B. and Patterson, D.J. (2001) On core jakobids and excavate taxa: the ultrastructure of Jakoba incarcerata. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 48, 480-492.
Simpson, A.G.B., Perley, T. & Lara, E., (2008) Lateral transfer of the gene for a widely used marker, alpha tubulin, indicated by a multi-protein study of the phylogenetic position of Andalucia (Excavata). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47: 366-377.
Simpson, A.G.B., Radek, R., Dacks, J.B. and O'Kelly, C.J. (2002) How oxymonads lost their groove: an ultrastructural comparison of Monocercomonoides and excavate taxa. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 49, 239-248.
Slamovits, C.H. and Keeling, P.J. (2006) Pyruvate-phosphate dikinase of oxymonads and parabasalia and the evolution of pyrophosphate-dependent glycolysis in anaerobic eukaryotes. Eukaryot Cell, 5, 148-154.
Trimastix marina
Monoprotistan culture, strain WL
Identified By
Alastair Simpson
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© 2009 Alastair Simpson
Monocercomonoides globus
Monocercomonoides globus (Family Polymastigidae) from the hindgut of the North American wood-roach Cryptocercus punctulatus. Specimen is approximately 15 microns long.
Patrick Keeling
Kevin J. Carpenter and Patrick Keeling
Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus
Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus (Family Saccinobaculuidae) from the hindgut of the North American wood-roach Cryptocercus punctulatus. Specimen is approximately 80 microns in length.
Patrick J. Keeling
Kevin J. Carpenter and Patrick J. Keeling
This page is being developed as part of the Tree of Life Web Project Protist Diversity Workshop, co-sponsored by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity and the Tula Foundation.
The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Patrick Keeling at , Kevin Carpenter at , Vladimir Hampl at , and Alastair Simpson at
Page copyright © 2009	Patrick Keeling, , , and Alastair Simpson
Page: Tree of Life Preaxostyla. Authored by Patrick Keeling, Kevin Carpenter, Vladimir Hampl, and Alastair Simpson. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
Content changed 26 October 2009
Keeling, Patrick, Kevin Carpenter, Vladimir Hampl, and Alastair Simpson. 2009. Preaxostyla. Version 26 October 2009 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Preaxostyla/124889/2009.10.26 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
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