text:
\section{Introduction}
The origin of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs) remains a mystery despite several attempts to unravel it over the last century. This situation is in part due to the inadequate knowledge of the nature and the spectra of energetic primary cosmic rays (PCRs) from their direct measurements above a few $10^{14}$ eV. Even the presently available sophisticated technology, viz. satellites and balloon borne experiments, cannot do the job because of the very low flux of the radiation. Currently the only feasible way to get information about such energetic particles is through the study of CR extensive air showers (EAS) which are cascades of many secondary particles produced when PCR particles interact with atmospheric nuclei during their advancement towards the ground.

There exists a power law behavior in the energy spectrum of PCRs with three breaks. First, a {\lq knee\rq} around $3$ PeV just after which the spectral index suddenly takes a value $-3.1$ from $-2.7$. Secondly, an {\lq ankle\rq} in the vicinity of the few EeV energy after which the spectrum flattens again to its original slope. Finally, at energies above $4\times 10^{19}$ eV, the PCR flux experiences a suppression [1-4] which is compatible with the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) effect [5]. However, other possible reasons (e.g. upper limit in the energy at the source) for the suppression cannot be ruled out. Present understanding takes the knee to be a signature of galactic origin of PCRs. Hence, measurements of several characteristics of PCRs including its mass composition around the knee are very important for proper understanding of the origin of this spectral feature.

Observables from EAS experiments are known to be densities and arrival times of cascade particles. More than $90\%$ of the various charged secondaries are electrons (sum of $e^{-}$ and $e^{+}$ henceforth termed as electrons). These observables are measured at different radial distances, and they contain all information on the primary particle. By applying the shower reconstruction to the electron density data using the so called Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen (NKG) type lateral density function (LDF), the crucial EAS parameters such as shower size ($N_{\rm e}$), the EAS core and the shower age ($s$) are obtained. In EAS experiments equipped with {\lq hybrid\rq} detector system [6-7], EAS components such as muons ($\mu^{\pm}$), hadrons ($h\bar{h}$), air shower associated Cherenkov photons, and fluorescence light are also measured simultaneously with electrons. The observed results are usually interpreted by means of detailed Monte Carlo simulations which cautiously account various interaction processes of primary or a few secondary particles as input. But our understanding of hadronic interactions at high energies is limited. In addition, there exists huge fluctuations in interaction mechanisms in a cascade which however are intrinsic to any EAS. Therefore, any conclusion derived from EAS measurements remains somewhat uncertain, and even sometimes there are huge inconsistencies on conclusions drawn from the experiments. Therefore, a multi-parameter approach in this context is expected to be more efficient. In this approach, several possible EAS parameters are simultaneously considered in order to extract information on shower initiating primaries in EAS experiments with smaller uncertainties.

In the present work, the shower age $s$, which is directly linked to the slope of the LDF (NKG), and essentially describes the form or shape of the lateral distribution of EAS electrons, is adjudged an important parameter in the multi-parameter approach. It provides the fundamental relation between the depth of shower maximum ($X_{\rm max}$) and the slope of the LDF. It also determines the stage of shower development, starting mainly from the $X_{\rm max}$ to the ground as per electromagnetic (EM) cascade theory. Hence, the value of $s$ is related to the degree of steepness of the lateral distribution of electrons. By virtue of these features of the $s$ parameter, it is still being used to study the PCRs.

We organize the paper as follows. In the next section, we discuss how the concept of shower age, introduced in the EM theory, is used to describe the evolution of an EAS in the longitudinal and transverse (i.e. lateral) directions with respect to the shower axis in the atmosphere. In section III, the characteristics of the method of simulation used in this work will be described. The same section also includes the method of analysis of simulated data for estimation of air shower parameters. The results of the study are presented in section IV with the necessary discussion. Conclusions will be drawn in section V.

\section{The concept of shower age describing the extensive air shower development}
The concept of the shower age has been used in CR studies since around 1940. It first appears in the early works of Rossi and Greisen [8], and later in Nishimura's work [9]. Their works exploited the concept in formulating some expressions needed for the solutions of the diffusion equations due to longitudinal development in the EM cascade theory. It was then applied to the lateral spread of electrons around the cascade axis while solving the diffusion equations in the three-dimensional EM cascade theory.

The most simple and earliest description of the EM cascade was being started with the longitudinal development. One of the most popular analytic representations of the average longitudinal profile was provided by Greisen [10]. This so called Greisen profile was obtained from the calculations carried out by Snyder in the so called approximation B (taking into account only three processes, (a) pair production by the photons, (b) bremsstrahlung by the electrons and, (c) collision energy loss suffered by the electrons), is given by
\begin{equation}
~{N_{\rm e}}~ =~ \frac{0.31}{\sqrt{\ln(E_{0}/\epsilon_{0})}}~\exp[X(1-1.5~\ln(s_{\parallel})],
\end{equation}
where $s_{\parallel}$ gives the stage of the longitudinal cascade development, $\rm E_{0}$ is the energy of the primary photon generating the cascade (the atmospheric depth $X$ is expressed in cascade units; it is normalized by the radiation length of electrons in air, that is equal to 37.1 g cm$^{-2}$).

The average evolving stage of pure EM cascades is expressed primarily by the longitudinal shape or shower age $s_{\parallel}$ parameter. It is essentially the inverse of the fractional rate of change of the total electron number of an EAS with atmospheric depth [8]. This fractional rate of change is called the size slope $\lambda(s_{\parallel})$ as
\begin{equation}
\lambda (s_{\parallel}) =\frac{1}{N_{\rm e}(X)}\frac {{\rm d}N_{\rm e}(X)}{{\rm d}X}.
\end{equation}
Thus, the shower age is simply related to the rate of growth and decay of $N_{\rm e}(X)$ in a shower, and mathematically expressed by the operation ${\lambda}^{-1}(\frac{1}{N_{\rm e}(X)}\frac {{\rm d}N_{\rm e}(X)}{{\rm d}X})$.

After doing a few mathematical operations to the equation (2), Rossi and Greisen attributed a more direct physical meaning to the shower age as a shape or spectral index of the energy spectra of EM particles. In a shower initiated by an electron or photon, the energy spectra of secondary electrons or photons follow a power law of the form,
\begin{equation}
{n_{\rm e/{\gamma}}(E)} \sim E^{-(s+1)}.
\end{equation}
The power law works above the critical energy $\epsilon_0$, where $\epsilon_0$ is the energy value at which ionization and bremsstrahlung energy losses are equal, by an electron, which happens at $\epsilon_0 \approx 82$ MeV for electrons in air.

After the preliminary work of Moli\'ere and Bethe, focusing on the lateral electron distribution near the cascade maximum, Nishimura and Kamata described the lateral development under the assumption that electrons suffer constant amount (energy independent) of collision loss  per radiation length, which is equal to the critical energy (approximation B) [11] by solving the 3D diffusion equations. Fitting their numerical results on the electron densities, Nishimura and Kamata were able to propose a first $r$-dependence analytic expression for the shower age $s_{\parallel}$
\begin{equation}
s_{\parallel}=\frac {3X}{X+2\ln(E/\epsilon_{0})+ 2\ln(r/r_{\rm m})},
\end{equation}
where $X$ is the atmospheric slant depth (in electron radiation length unit) of the observational level, $E$ is the energy of the primary electron/gamma; $r$ and $r_{\rm m}$ are the radial distance from the shower core, and the Moli\'ere radius ($r_{\rm m}$ corresponds the radius of a cylindrical region where $\sim 90\%$ of the EM shower energy is deposited, that is, $r_{\rm m}\sim 80$ m at sea level). With this definition, $s_{\parallel} = 0$ at the top of the atmosphere and $s_{\parallel} \sim 1$ at the depth of shower maximum. Under the same theoretical framework, the LDF of cascade particles advancing through a constant air medium, was expressed approximately by Greisen, and is very well-known as the Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen (NKG) structure function [10], given by
\begin{equation}
{\rm f}(r)={\rm C}(s_{\perp})(r/r_{\rm m})^{s_{\perp}-2}(1+r/r_{\rm m})^{s_{\perp}-4.5} \;,
\end{equation}
where $s_{\perp}$ essentially describes the slope of the LDF which is determined from the shape of the observed lateral distribution of electrons in an EAS. The normalization factor C($s_{\perp}$) in the equation (5) is given by
\begin{equation}
{\rm C}(s_{\perp}) = \frac{\Gamma(4.5-s_{\perp})}{2\pi\Gamma(s_{\perp}) \Gamma(4.5-2s_{\perp})}  \;.
\end{equation}

An expression for the electron density ($\rho_{\rm e}$) in terms of the profile function ${\rm f}(r)$ (thanks to the properties of the Eulerian function as shown in appendix: section 3) is,
\begin{equation}
\rho_{\rm e}(r) = {N_{\rm e} \over r_{\rm m}^2 }{\rm f}(r) \;.
\end{equation}

The relation $s_{\parallel} = s_{\perp}$ holds for EM showers [11]. Such equivalence implies the correlation between steeper lateral distributions ($s_{\parallel} < 1$) or flatter lateral distributions ($s_{\parallel} > 1$) in proportion to the distance to shower maximum. It suggests also the employment of the parameter $s_{\perp}$ as a hint of the global shower cascading expected to depend on shower initiating particle and several interaction features (cross-section, multiplicity and in-elasticity).

However, Nishimura, Kamata and Greisen noted some difficulties when comparing the prediction of the cascade theory with the measured lateral  distributions of electrons in EAS. We have listed hereunder some limitations on the validity of the analytical expressions caused by the various approximations (so-called approximations A and B) in obtaining the solutions as well as due to over-simplification of the adopted 3D transport equations. The validity of the equation (5) therefore obeys some conditions, which are as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item [-] $E_{0}/ \epsilon_{0} \gg 1$; due to the asymptotic value of the cross sections
\item [-] $X > 1$; more than one radiation length unit is necessary to consider the continuity in the cascade
\item [-] $\mid\log(E_{0}/\epsilon_{0})\mid \gg \mid\log(r/r_{\rm m})\mid$
\end{itemize}

The last condition may be not satisfied in the vicinity of the EAS axis as underlined by Nishimura considering not appropriate to use the formula near the EAS core. Nishimura and Kamata also ascertained that corrections were necessary to their calculations performed for the homogeneous medium. In consequence, taking into account the variation of the air density, they inferred that in order to compare the theoretical curves with the experimental data, the distribution obtained at about 2 radiation length (with approximation B) above the measurement depth must be used.

Solutions of the 3D diffusion equations came from simultaneous operations such as solutions of adjoining equations, the Bessel Fourier transformation being applied to $r$, the numerical integration on $X$, and on the energy $E$ being performed by partial polynomial functions [12-13]. This method, which involves several approximate steps and numerical inverse transformations, leads undoubtedly to a limiting (as $E_{0} \rightarrow \infty$) lateral distribution of EAS electrons, e.g. the NKG LDF. The meaning of \emph{limiting} actually refers to the energy condition i.e., $E_{0}$ or $E >> \epsilon_0$ through the saddle point solutions in approximation A, and the negligible collision losses of electrons in approximation B, that have been used to obtain the NKG LDF.

The equation (1) concerns the total number of electrons of the cascade, whereas a parallel relation for the integral energy spectrum of the electrons is also given; in both cases cross sections for bremsstrahlung and pair production in their respective asymptotic form at very high energy have been exploited. In this useful synthesis the $s_{\parallel}$ parameter is defined simply as
\begin{equation}
s_{\parallel} = \frac{3 X} { X + 2 X_{\rm max}}.
\end{equation}

So far the concept of the shower age is elaborated explicitly from the angle of purely EM cascade theory. An extension of the concept is applied also to hadron initiated showers. It was Cocconi who first pointed out that the equations (1), (5) and (8) provide a complete procedure for calculating the lateral development of a pure EM cascade [14]. A hadronic shower is not a pure EM cascade but consists of a superposition of many pure independent EM cascades that usually build the lateral distribution of electrons of the shower. Hence, a resulting single cascade with a modified shape parameter will effectively describe both the longitudinal and lateral structures of electrons for the hadron initiated shower [11]. This is a possible reason why the analytical expressions in (1), (5) and (8) from the EM theory are only rough approximations for the description of hadron initiated showers.

In some earlier analyses of observed EAS data, it was found that electron densities at large core distances were noted to be larger than NKG predicted values [6-7]. The muon decay process might be a possible reason for the origin of it. On the other hand, the original NK (Nishimura-Kamata) predicted electron densities near the core were found a little higher than those with the NKG in the domain $\rm s \geq 1.2$ [15]. It was also noted in Monte Carlo simulations that the NKG formula was quite useful for proton initiated showers and is much faster than the full simulation of the EGS cascade [16].

In EAS studies a significant part of various discrepancies among theory, simulation and experiment is of course due to the application of a pure EM cascade (NKG type LDF) to hadronic showers. But, discrepancies might also come either from the simplistic treatment of scattering processes (e.g. the multiple coulomb scattering and also Bhaba, and Moller scattering) in NKG or neglecting of effects like photo-production, geomagnetic deflection. Also hadronic interactions affect the shape of the lateral distribution of electrons to some extend.

The limitations of various instruments used in an EAS experiment may also sometimes give rise to discrepancy. For example, while detecting large showers in KASCADE experiment (suppose, the setup is appropriate to observe medium size showers), the detectors close to the EAS core get saturated and should not be considered for the analysis. Then, the LDF does not provide a better fit for large showers at smaller distances and for small showers at larger distances [17].

Many authors therefore replace the NKG type LDF with slightly different functions [18], or modify the LDF by changing the parameters of the exponents to account for the hadronic origin of showers in EAS data. The second treatment was indeed implemented by the KASCADE-Grande collaboration to provide a better agreement to the shape of the observed lateral distribution of electrons with the corrected NKG function [17].

In Tien Shah experiment, a steeper profile was exhibited near the core by electron density data, and it was suggested that the NKG LDF be corrected by replacing the Moli\'ere radius $\rm r_{0}$ with $0.6\rm  r_{0}$ for a better agreement [19].

The Monte Carlo calculations of Hillas [20] were used to improve the NKG LDF by simultaneous modifications of the exponents and the Moli\'ere unit to achieve better agreement with data. It was suggested by some authors that variation in the Moli\'ere unit, instead of the exponents, will lead to a better improvement for the fit behaviour of the NKG function. This was subsequently implemented to the NKG function by Uchaikin and later the KASCADE group by replacing the Moli\'ere radius with a longitudinal age dependent effective Moli\'ere radius [12-13,21]. The Uchaikin LDF has restricted applicability, it does not work well to fit individual shower owing to large fluctuations between the detector locations. This modified NKG LDF was actually implemented in the so called NKG subroutine of CORSIKA for the analytical treatment of EM component in a shower.

A theoretical prediction was made by Capdevielle with regard to the errors introduced by the NKG function in shape and shower size determination [22]. It was then supported by many observations (e.g. in [23]), and subsequently concluded by Capdevielle et al. [22,24] that the NKG function with a single age cannot describe the lateral distribution of electrons. Consequently, the notion of \emph{local age} emerged [16,22].

Attempts were made by several EAS experiments [12-13,17-20] to assign important physical significance to the parameter $s_{\perp}$, that is obtained from the fit on the observed density data of electrons, as predicted by the EM cascade theory. Some experiments such as GRAPES-3 [25], ARGO-YBJ [26] etc. have realized that it could be a potential observable to study the PCRs. In the cascade theory, the parameter is supposed to relate with the stage of development of EAS in the atmosphere [11]. Distribution of secondary electrons either in spatial or energy space on the ground depends only on the stage of longitudinal shower development in the atmosphere or equivalently on $s_{\parallel}$. An equality between these two shower age parameters exists in the cascade theory for pure EM showers. However, such equality is also maintained approximately by hadron induced showers [11,27].

Recent studies indicate that the average shape of a number of distributions of electrons in showers initiated by hadrons exhibit the so called \emph{universality} [28-33]. The fact that the \emph{universality} property of air showers [34-35] is such a powerful tool for the analysis of EAS data can also be understood from the essence of the concept of shower age. According to the \emph{universality} property, all showers follow a similar development in the vicinity of their shower maxima, where they also share the same shower age. These showers, for an equal density profile of the medium also have the same lateral spread around the cascade axis.

It was also demonstrated [11,27] that for hadron initiated EAS, the longitudinal and lateral profiles of the EM component can be described by some average overall single cascade, assigning a suitable value to the age parameter. The so-called universality property of simulated showers has been established for EAS induced by primaries at ultra-high energies in terms of the shape parameter $s_{\parallel}$ [28-29,31] using $X_{\rm max}$. However, observed lateral density distribution of electrons is usually described in terms of $s_{\perp}$ and in most experiments the estimated lateral/transverse shower age i.e. the $s_{\perp}$ differs from the $s_{\parallel}$ for EAS with hadrons as primaries. It was suggested from the experimental results [19,36] that these two age parameters are connected through the (approximate) relation $s_{\parallel}\geq s_{\perp} + \delta$, with $\delta \approx 0.2$. Some early Monte Carlo simulation results obtained a relation of the nature $s_{\parallel}\sim 1.3s_{\perp}$ [37]. The $s_{\parallel}$ parameter can be estimated observationally only if EAS experiments are equipped with Cherenkov or fluorescence detectors, whereas the $s_{\perp}$ parameter follows straightway from the LDF for electrons which is the basic measurement of any conventional EAS array consisting of particle/scintillation detectors.

In this paper, a correlation between $s_{\perp}$ and the stage of the longitudinal development will be examined using simulated EAS data according to the prediction from the EM cascade theory. Next, we investigate various characteristic features of the parameter and its relationship with some other important EAS parameters using Monte Carlo simulations. In this context, we have to consider some observed results from two sea level experiments i.e. NBU and KASCADE for the purpose of comparison and interpretation. The NBU air shower array is located at North Bengal University campus, India (latitude $26^{\rm o} 42'$ N, longitude $88^{\rm o} 21'$ E, 150 m a.s.l., area 2000 m$^2$), was being operated during 1980 - 98 [38]. The KASCADE experiment is located at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany (latitude $49.1^{\rm o}$ N, longitude $8.4^{\rm o}$ E, 110 m a.s.l., area 40000 m$^2$) [39]. Our main objective is to explore the significant contribution of $s_{\perp}$ in a  so-called multi-parameter approach of studying EAS data to derive possible conclusions on the nature of shower initiating particles around the knee region.

We have used the original form of the NKG LDF to fit the density of electrons whereas in the KASCADE work the modified form of the NKG was used [17]. Moreover, in their work, two secondary estimators were used for the measurement of energy and mass. The nature of variation of the shape parameter was studied as a function of these estimators independently. In the present work, we show that the slope of the LDF of EAS electron distribution from a detailed Monte Carlo simulation study indicates the stage of development of showers in terms of $s_{\perp}$. We also investigate the fluctuations in $s_{\perp}$ arising from its frequency distributions and  the correlation of the fluctuation parameter with $N_{\rm e}$ for proton and iron showers. An important correlation of $s_{\perp}$ simultaneously with $N_{\rm e}$ and $N_{\mu}^{\rm tr.}$ ($N_{\mu}^{\rm tr.}$ takes into account the total number of muons from a defined radial bin, e.g. $4\textendash 35$ m at NBU level) are studied in a so called multi-parameter approach. Efforts are also made to explore whether the $s_{\perp}$ has any correlation with the $s_{\parallel}$ parameter. It is expected that a more direct application of these parameters from the original LDF or Greisen profile function to simulated or observed data will provide an opportunity to re-examine the important predictions in the EM cascade theory better. For generating Monte Carlo shower events, the air shower simulation program CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulation for KAscade) version 6.970 [40] has been used in the work.

\section{Simulation and data analysis}
The hadronic interaction model QGSJet01.c [41] is considered for interaction processes above $80 {\rm GeV/n}$ energy. The model is combined with the low energy hadronic model GHEISHA version 2002d [42] that works below $80 {\rm GeV/n}$. All these models are embedded in the CORSIKA Monte Carlo program version 6.970 [40]. Although the low energy interaction model GHEISHA has some shortcomings but it does not have significant effect on the secondary particle distribution except at very large core distances [43]. For the EM part the EGS4 [44] program package has been embedded in the Monte Carlo code for carrying out interactions in the EM component. The high-energy hadronic model SIBYLL version 2.1 [45] is considered to check the potential impact, of the high-energy hadronic models on some of our important findings.

In the CORSIKA Monte Carlo code, the US-standard atmospheric model [46-47] with planar approximation is used for the generation of EAS events with zenith angles $\Theta < 70^{\rm o}$. We have simulated events with $\Theta$ that ranges between $0^{\rm o}$ and $50^{\rm o}$. The EAS events have been generated for proton, helium and iron nuclei as primaries in the primary energy interval of $10^{14}$ eV to $3 \times 10^{16}$ eV with about $20000$ events for each primary. The spectral index of the primary energy spectrum has been taken as $-2.7$ up to the knee ($3 \times 10^{15}$ eV) and as $-3.1$ beyond the knee in the simulation. A mixed composition sample has also been prepared from the generated showers containing $50 \%$ proton, $25 \%$ helium and $25 \%$ iron showers. The simulated showers have been generated at the altitude and geomagnetic fields corresponding to the North Bengal University air shower array. At the ground plane the kinetic energy cut-offs are set at 50 MeV and 3 MeV for muons and electrons. A smaller sample of simulated events has also been generated for KASCADE conditions to observe the nature of variation of the $s_{\perp}$ with other observables. The kinetic energy cut-offs are set at 230 MeV and 3 MeV for muons and electrons for KASCADE [17].

The simulated densities for electrons at different radial distances from the EAS core are used for shower fit, employing the NKG type LDF for obtaining $s_{\perp}$ parameter. It should be however mentioned that other EAS parameters such as $N_{\rm e}$, $N_{\mu}$, $\Theta$ and $\Phi$ are used directly from the generated events. Only the $s_{\perp}$ parameter is obtained from the fit using simulated/observed data. The KASCADE data for $\rho_{\rm e}$ are obtained from published papers corresponding to different $N_{\rm e}$ bins [21].

In order to check the effectiveness of the NKG LDF in describing the simulated density of electrons, we have applied the fit procedure to the simulated density data. The estimation of the $s_{\perp}$ parameter is performed by means of a chi-square minimization routine using gradient search technique. In this procedure the simulated electron densities in the radial interval $7-102$ m are compared with the NKG LDF. It is found that the NKG function represents the simulated data satisfactorily over the whole radial distance except at very small distances, where the simulated densities are found a little higher than that given by the NKG function. Hence, the simulated densities only in the radial interval $7-102$ m are used, and fitted showers with reduced $\chi^{2}$ less than $4$ are only accepted for results. For primary energies around $10^{14}$ eV, the extension of a shower is usually spread over within $\sim 40$ m core distance whereas it exceeds $\sim 100$ m for energies around the knee. In the Figure 1, we have plotted the simulated electron densities over the range $7-102$ m for a particular $N_{\rm e}$ obtained with the QGSJet model and its comparison with the NKG fitted curve.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig1.eps} \hfill
\caption{Comparison of the NKG fitted lateral distribution of electrons with the simulated data for showers generated at $5\times 10^{14}$ eV energy.}
\end{figure}

The errors of the $s_{\perp}$ estimation in the interval, $N_{\rm e}: 10^{3}{\textendash}10^{5}$ are obtained as $\pm 0.034$ for the QGSJet01.c and $\pm 0.052$ for SIBYLL v.2.1. The SIBYLL model shows relatively higher uncertainty of the $s_{\perp}$ estimation and that might have originated from comparatively a smaller sample size of simulated data in this case.

\section{Results and discussions}
\subsection{Dependence of lateral shower age on atmospheric depth}
With the increase of $\Theta$, a shower traverses an increased thickness of atmosphere which immediately suggests that the EAS with higher $\Theta$ should be older in shower age than the EAS of smaller $\Theta$ but of same primary energy. Based on this idea, we have studied variation of $s_{\perp}$ with atmospheric depth from the simulated data.

Figures 2a, 2b and 2c show the $s_{\perp}$ as a function of atmospheric depth for three different intervals of shower size, $(1.8\textendash 3) \times 10^{3}$, $(5.7\textendash 9.5) \times 10^{3}$ and $(2.0\textendash 5.0) \times 10^{4}$, obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Separate samples of proton and iron initiated showers are considered to investigate the mass dependence. Besides, we have used our prepared mixed composition sample as described in the section III for this study as well. In the Figure 2c, we have included the NBU data [48].\\

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig2a.eps} \hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig2b.eps} \hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig2c.eps} \hfill
\caption{Variation of shower age parameter ($s_{\perp}$) with atmospheric slant depth ($\sec\Theta$) for three $N_{\rm e}$ ranges: (a) $(1.8\textendash 3.0) \times 10^3$; (b) $(5.7\textendash 9.5) \times 10^3$ and (c) $(2.0\textendash 5.0) \times 10^4$ at NBU level. In (c) NBU data are provided.}
\end{figure}

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}
{|l|l|l|l|r|} \hline

\multicolumn{2}{|c|} {$N_{\rm e} \times 10^3$} & $1.8-3.0$  & $5.7-9.5$ & $20-50$

\\ \hline

proton  &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em$s_{\rm o}$}   & $0.95 \pm .03$   &$0.71 \pm .15$  & $0.71 \pm .09$  \\

   &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em$\rm A$}       & $0.31 \pm .02$   & $0.37 \pm .14$ & $0.37 \pm .08$  \\ \hline

iron &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em$s_{\rm o}$}   & $1.19 \pm .03$   & $0.87 \pm .07$ & $0.74 \pm .13$  \\

   & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em$\rm A$}      & $0.37 \pm .03$   & $0.50 \pm .08$  & $0.59 \pm .12$ \\ \hline

mixed  &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em $s_{\rm o}$} & $1.43 \pm .05$ & $0.95 \pm .05$ &$0.87\pm .08$ \\

       &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em $\rm A$}     & $0.04 \pm .04$ & $0.31 \pm .04$ & $0.33\pm .07$ \\ \hline
NBU data  &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em $s_{\rm o}$} & $\textendash$ & $\textendash$ &$1.13 \pm 0.04$ \\

       &\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em $\rm A$}     & $\textendash$ & $\textendash$ & $0.20 \pm 0.03$ \\ \hline

\end{tabular}
\caption {Parameters from the variation of $s_{\perp}$ with $\sec\Theta$ for three different $N_{\rm e}$ intervals. The NBU data are shown for one $N_{\rm e}$ interval only.}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

It can be seen from the figures that for both proton and iron initiated showers, $s_{\perp}$ monotonically increases with atmospheric depth reflecting a strong correlation of the parameter with longitudinal development. The nature of $s_{\perp}$ versus atmospheric depth ($\sec\Theta$) variation does not have any noticeable dependence on shower size in the considered shower size range.

For mixed primaries the $s_{\perp}$ parameter is found to vary relatively slowly with atmospheric depth and even noticed to remain nearly constant at some $N_{\rm e}$ intervals (see Figure 2a). This is due to the fact that showers initiated by heavier primaries dominate in the mixed composition sample when $\sec\Theta$ values are small. But, showers initiated by lighter primaries contribute most in the mixed sample for larger values of $\Theta$ in the same $N_{\rm e}$ interval. Similar explanation is valid also to the observed variation in the Figure 2c. However, NBU data show relatively higher values for $s_{\perp}$ in comparison with mixed data. Such a behavior from observation is obvious, because the observed shower events may contain species other than $\rm Z = 1, 2, 26$. Contamination of species with $Z > 2$ in NBU data might possibly push the $s_{\perp}$ versus $\sec\Theta$ curve close to the simulated iron curve.

The present simulation study suggests that the $s_{\perp}$ parameter can be expressed as a function of $\Theta$ by the empirical relation
\begin{equation}
s_{\perp} = s_{\rm o} + {\rm A} \; sec \;\Theta.
\end{equation}
The values of $s_{0}$ and $\rm A$ for different $N_{\rm e}$ ranges obtained by fitting the simulated data generated with the QGSJet model are shown in Table 1.

Equation (9) can be written as $s_{\perp} = s_{\rm o} + {\rm A} \; \frac{X}{X_{\rm v}}$, where $X$ and $X_{\rm v}$ are the atmospheric thickness traversed by the EAS and the vertical atmospheric depth respectively. It thus immediately follows $\frac{{\rm d}s_{\perp}}{{\rm d}X} = \frac{\rm A}{X_{\rm v}}$. The change of $s_{\perp}$ over an atmospheric depth of $\sim 100 \;$ g cm$^{-2}$ for the simulations (mixed) generated with the QGSJet model are $\frac{\rm A}{X_{\rm v}}\times 100 = \frac{0.31}{1000}\times 100 \sim 0.031$ and $\sim 0.033$ for two $N_{\rm e}$ ranges such as $(5.7\textendash 9.5) \times 10^{3}$ and $(2.0\textendash 5.0) \times 10^{4}$ respectively. At mountain altitude, the Mount Norikura group also reported similar results [49].

In order to check the influence of the hadronic interaction models on the results obtained, we compare $s_{\perp}$ versus $\sec\Theta$ variations for two different models, QGSJet and SIBYLL, which are shown in the Figure 3. The SIBYLL yields comparatively a higher value for $s_{\perp}$ than QGSJet but the nature of dependence of the $s_{\perp}$ parameter on atmospheric depth is found similar in both the hadronic models. The discrepancy may come from the cross-section for proton-air collisions that rises more rapidly versus energy in SYBILL than in QGSJet.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig3.eps} \hfill
\caption{Variation of $s_{\perp}$ with $\sec\Theta$ for two different interaction models, QGSJet and SIBYLL corresponding to the $N_{\rm e}$ interval $(1.8\textendash 3.0) \times 10^{3}$ at NBU level.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig4.eps} \hfill
\caption{Variation of $s_{\perp}$ with $\sec\Theta$ for two muon size intervals using two high-energy hadronic interaction models at NBU level.}
\end{figure}

The variation of $s_{\perp}$ with $\sec\Theta$ is also studied for two different $N_{\mu}$ bins, which are shown in the Figure 4. We have included possible effects arising from the employment of different high-energy hadronic models into the results. As found in the Figure 3, the SYBILL still maintains a little higher value for $s_{\perp}$ relative to the QGSJet.

\subsection{Correlation between $s_{\parallel}$ and $s_{\perp}$}
In Monte Carlo simulations the development of EM cascades towards the ground is calculated with the EGS4 code. The $s_{\parallel}$ parameter in terms of the numerical values obtained from the EGS4 simulation code attributes a  more refined procedure than what obtained from the EM cascade theory. Capdevielle et al. implemented an approximate formula for the $s_{\parallel}$ parameter for the EGS4 code [50-51]:
\begin{equation}
s_{\parallel} = \exp\left[0.67\times \left\{1+\frac{\alpha}{X}-\tau \right\}\right],
\end{equation}
where $N_{\rm max}$ is the shower size corresponding to $X_{\rm max}$ of a shower and $\alpha = \ln\frac{N_{\rm max}}{N_{\rm e}}$, and $\tau = \frac{X_{\rm max}}{X}$.
The output data file is used to obtain the $s_{\parallel}$ parameter employing the equation (10). Such $s_{\parallel}$ parameter is used for comparison [50-51] with the predicted value by the cascade theory in approximation B.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig5a.eps} \hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig5b.eps} \hfill
\caption{Distributions of differences between $s_{\parallel}$ and $s_{\perp}$ at NBU level.}
\end{figure}

Hence, the shower age $s_{\parallel}$ can be estimated knowing both $N_{\rm max}$ and $X_{\rm max}$. The difference between the two age parameters, $s_{\parallel}$ and $s_{\perp}$, is studied. A frequency distribution of differences between two age parameters is given in the Figure 5a for proton induced showers. It is revealed from the figure that the frequency distribution peaks around $0.22\pm{.002}$ which is consistent with the early observations [31]. But, for iron showers the peak in the distribution occurs around a relatively lower value of $0.06\pm{.003}$, and is shown in the Figure 5b.

\subsection{Distribution of $s_{\perp}$}
The distributions of $s_{\perp}$ are obtained from fitted showers for the  primary energy range $3\times 10^{14}\textendash 3\times 10^{16}$ eV and are  shown in Figure 6a and 6b. A Gaussian distribution function does not nicely fit these distributions. Deviations from the Gaussian nature become visible or distributions become asymmetric when the observational level is much deeper than the depth of the shower maximum, which is the case for both KASCADE and NBU levels. In those cases, fitting quality can be improved by an Extreme Value Distribution (E.V.D.) function. The E.V.D. probability density function for the $s_{\perp}$ parameter has the following form,
\begin{equation}
f_{\rm EVD}(s_{\perp}) = \frac{1}{\sigma_{s_{\perp}}}\;\exp\left[\pm\frac{(\mu - s_{\perp})}{\sigma_{s_{\perp}}}-\exp\left\{\pm\frac{(\mu - s_{\perp})}{\sigma_{s_{\perp}}}\right\}\right].
\end{equation}
The parameters $\mu$ and $\sigma_{s_{\perp}}$ are related to the average size $\overline{s_{\perp}}$ and its variance ${\rm V}_{s_{\perp}}$ by $\overline{s_{\perp}}=\mu \pm 0.577\;\sigma_{s_{\perp}}$ and ${\rm V}_{s_{\perp}} = 1.645{\sigma_{s_{\perp}}}^2$.

In Figure 6a and 6b, we have shown histograms for $s_{\perp}$ obtained from our Monte Carlo simulations. In these figures, the frequencies reflect the intensities of primaries around the knee. The long tail in the left wing of Figure 6a for example corresponds to very penetrating proton showers of low primary energy and conversely the steep right wing contains showers interacting at very high altitude whereas the central part is populated by showers with an individual maximum close from average maximum at each energy. Similar features concerning the case of pure iron component (Figure 6b) with a general reduction in $\sigma_{s_{\perp}}$ value of the fluctuation. As an example, the analysis of the Figure 6b by the E.V.D. yields $\sigma_{s_{\perp}} = 0.07$ and $\mu = 1.495$. From the Figure 6a, we will obviously obtain different set of values for these parameters. Hence, it reveals that these frequency distributions fitted by the E.V.D., could be useful for extracting information on EAS initiated primaries around the knee.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig6a.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig6b.eps}
\caption{Distributions of $s_{\perp}$ for vertically incident showers at the NBU level for the energy range $E = 3\times 10^{14}\textendash 3\times 10^{16}$ with the QGSJet model; (a) proton and (b) iron. Fits are made by the EVD function. For (a) $\mu \approx 1.38$ and $\sigma_{s_{\perp}} \approx 0.1$ and (b) $\mu \approx 1.495$ and $\sigma_{s_{\perp}} \approx 0.07$.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig7a.eps} \hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig7b.eps} \hfill
\caption{In (a) the distributions of $s_{\perp}$ are shown for proton and iron showers at the NBU level (sea level) with EVD fits. In (b) the distributions are shown at ARGO-YBJ level (mountain level) with Gaussian fits. The QGSJet model is used entirely.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig8.eps} \hfill
\caption{Fluctuations in $s_{\perp}$ and their variation with $N_{\rm e}$ at the NBU level.The lines are only a guide for the eye.}
\end{figure}

In the Figure 7a, a small $N_{\mu}$ range is considered in order to distinguish between frequency distributions of $s_{\perp}$ for proton and iron induced showers at the NBU level. This study could be very effective to extract information on the mass composition of PCRs in data at sea levels. We describe the typical histograms here by the E.V.D. function also.

Frequency distributions of $s_{\perp}$ for proton and iron showers in the same $N_{\mu}$ range like Figure 7a are presented through the Figure 7b at a high altitude location in order to correlate the $s_{\perp}$ with longitudinal development of an EAS (here, we have used our analyzed simulated data from the work in [52]). As the mountain level is not much deeper than the depth of the shower maximum, the asymmetries of the $s_{\perp}$ distributions will be marginal and can be conveniently described by the Gaussian distribution function. Therefore, the $s_{\perp}$ histograms in the Figure 7b are fitted by the Gaussian distribution function. Distributions in the Figure 7b suggest that the smaller $s_{\perp}$ values account for the smaller extents of EAS longitudinal developments and showers are regarded as young. Comparison of mean values either for proton or iron initiated showers between the Figures 7a and 7b speak for themselves. This is in agreement with the prediction from the EM cascade theory. The EM theory argues that the LDF shape parameter will not differ much from its value at $X_{\rm {max}}$ for altitudes relatively nearer to $X_{\rm {max}}$ and the condition $s_{\perp} \approx s_{\parallel} \approx 1$ is also valid.

The fluctuations in $s_{\perp}$ are larger for proton initiated showers in compared to those initiated by heavier primary as revealed from all the figures in Figure 6 and 7.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig9a.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig9b.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig9c.eps}\hfill
\caption{3-Dimensional plot using shower size, muon size and lateral shower age parameters at NBU level: (a) Pure proton and (b) Pure iron showers, generated using the QGSJet model. NBU data are given in (c). Muons are considered from $4\textendash35$ m core distance with $E_{\mu}^{\rm Th.} \geq 2.5$ GeV. Projection on the ${\rm X}\textendash {\rm Y}$ plane showing the corresponding $N_{\rm e}\textendash N_{\mu}$ curve.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The fluctuation of $s_{\perp}$ as a function of shower size}
The fluctuations of $s_{\perp}$ in different smaller shower age bins are estimated and plotted with increasing mean $N_{\rm e}$ for proton and iron showers in the Figure 8. It is found that fluctuations in $s_{\perp}$ are larger for EASs induced by proton than iron, except at lower energies. This is in accordance with the predictions made in [53]. However, the SIBYLL introduces little higher fluctuations to $s_{\perp}$ in compare to fluctuations contributed by the QGSJet model for any particular type of primary. It appears from the Figure 8 that fluctuation (i.e. the R.M.S of variance of $s_{\perp}$) has essentially zero mass-separation power but rather a quite large model-dependence.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig10a.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig10b.eps}\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{fig10c.eps}\hfill
\caption{3-Dimensional plot using shower size, muon size and lateral shower age parameters at KASCADE level: (a) Pure proton and (b) Pure iron showers, generated using the QGSJet model. KASCADE data are given in (c). Projection on the ${\rm X}\textendash {\rm Y}$ plane showing $N_{\rm e}\textendash N_{\mu}$ curve.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Variation of $s_{\perp}$ simultaneously with $N_{\rm e}$ and $N_{\mu}$: A multi-parameter approach}

Muon content of EAS is generally used to extract information on the composition of CR primaries. However, due to uncertainties in the interaction model and the difficulties associated with the solutions to the EAS inverse problem, separating the primary energy spectra of elemental groups remains ambiguous. Proton and iron initiated showers may be better separated employing $s_{\perp}$ and $N_{\mu}$ simultaneously through 3-dimensional plot of $N_{\rm e}$ versus $N_{\mu}$ and $s_{\perp}$ than in either of its 1-dimensional projections. It is found that accuracy of determining the nature of primary species increases with the simultaneous use of $s_{\perp}$ and $N_{\mu}$ against $N_{\rm e}$ or $E$.

In Figures 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b, we plot the 3-dimensional curve between $\overline{s_{\perp}}$, $\overline{N_{\rm e}}$ and $\overline{N_{\mu}}$obtained from the simulations for both proton and iron primaries at NBU and KASCADE levels. The corresponding observational results of the two experiments are also shown through the Figures 9c and 10c.

For the NBU data, measurements of various observables are made over a limited energy window [38]. The detecting efficiency of the NBU array within its detecting area is greater than $90\%$ for showers of size range $\sim{10^4}$ to $10^6$. The array achieves $\sim 1.1^{\rm o}$ angular resolution in the $\Theta$ range $0^{\rm o} - 40^{\rm o}$. However at higher zenith angles ($> 40^{\rm o}$, the resolution becomes increasingly poorer, it becomes $4^{\rm o}$ around $55^{\rm o}$ zenith. The energy resolution corresponds to shower size resolution in the NBU experiment. The accuracy of the size estimation depends on fluctuations in the cascade development in the atmosphere. Fluctuations of size are studied employing Monte Carlo simulation. Fluctuation of size estimation increases with the decrease of angular resolution i.e. with increasing zenith.

The muon detecting system could detect and measure muons associated with an EAS up to a momentum 500 GeV/c. The lower cutoff energy of muons, provided by the lead and concrete absorbers placed above the pair of magnet spectrograph is 2.5 GeV. The measurement for the $N_{\mu}$ are made considering muon density data within a limited radial distance range of 4$\textendash$35 m only. To get better comparison between simulation and experiment in NBU, we have sorted out muons from the region of $r = 4\textendash 35$ m range with momenta $p_{\mu} \geq 2.5$ GeV/c from generated events. A comparison among three figures in 9a, 9b and 9c indicates that the NBU data though obtained in a small energy window but still hint for a mixed composition across the knee. The result shows that the 3-dimensional plot is more distinct although we have constraints on the NBU muon data for the PCR composition study than its 2-dimensional projection through the $N_{\rm e} \textendash N_{\mu}$ curve.

In the case of KASCADE data, we have estimated $s_{\perp}$ from their measured lateral distribution [48,54-55] employing our fit procedure for a given $N_{\rm e}$ bin. The corresponding $N_{\mu}$ are extracted from the $N_{e}\textendash N_{\mu}$ curve [56]. The comparison of simulated results with data from the KASCADE experiment on the basis of the 3-dimensional plots (Figures 10a, 10b, 10c) indicate for a noticeable change in primary composition towards heavier domination as $N_{\rm e}$ increases across the knee. The KASCADE group also reached the similar conclusion using the slope parameter in the modified NKG LDF instead of $s_{\perp}$ [48]. The 3-dimensional plot over the 2-dimensional $N_{\rm e} \textendash N_{\mu}$ curve seems advantageous for the PCR mass composition study so far the KASCADE results are concerned.

In the KASCADE experimental data, the error in $s_{\perp}$ estimation remains within $0.06$, whereas for the NBU data the error was found to be within $0.04$.

\section{Conclusions}

The present work, with particular focus on the $s_{\perp}$ parameter, has yielded the following conclusions.

(1) The $s_{\perp}$ parameter correlates with the stage of shower development on a statistical basis; average of this parameter increases as air showers traverse an increased thickness of atmosphere. This expected behavior is found for two different hadronic interaction models, QGSJet and SIBYLL. The NBU data agree with the simulation and also some early works reported nearly 4 decades ago.

The frequency distributions of differences between $s_{\perp}$ and $s_{\parallel}$ also establish the fact that longitudinal and lateral developments of EAS are strongly correlated through their shape parameters. Such distributions and their central values are found mass sensitive.

(2) The $s_{\perp}$ parameter takes higher values for iron initiated showers as compared to proton showers. This means that lateral distribution of electrons for iron initiated showers is flatter (or older) relative to that of proton showers (younger). The slope of $s_{\perp}$ versus atmospheric depth curve is, however, more or less the same for proton and iron showers. We have also noticed that for mixed primaries the slope of $s_{\perp}$ versus atmospheric depth curve is found smaller compared to pure primary initiated EAS. The observation by the NBU air shower array on this aspect [48] indicates for a dominant lighter (proton) species up to at least around the knee energy region.

(3) The $s_{\perp}$ parameter has been found to decrease with the increase of both $N_{\rm e}$ and $N_{\mu}$ at least for simulated pure proton. But for simulated iron showers the rate of fall is quite slow, becomes uniform at last in the NBU simulation. However, the variation for experimental data shows a gradual rise instead and, in particular in the KASCADE data (from proton proximity to iron). This clearly indicates a domination of relatively heavy primaries beyond the knee. Due to certain limitations of the NBU experiment, the data do not exhibit such distinct signature but favour a mixed composition across the knee.\\

Many EAS experiments measured the CR mass composition using the conventional approach of implementing the variation of $N_{\mu}$ against $N_{\rm e}$, which we have obtained through the 2-dimensional projection on the ${\rm X}\textendash {\rm Y}$ plane in each case. Because of a generic feature of EAS development, the total muon number on the ground varies from one species to other and that makes the $N_{\mu}$ as a possible mass sensitive parameter. But, due to limited area covered by muon detectors in an EAS experiment, a truncated size of muons ($N_{\mu}^{\rm {tr.}}$) is obtained. On the other hand, there is no air shower model that can accurately describe $N_{\mu}$ right now (e.g. EPOS gives a little higher $N_{\mu}$ compared to QGSJet and others). Therefore, a precise mass composition study based on $N_{\mu}$ only is still not possible. A comparison among three projected 2-dimensional plots for either the KASCADE or NBU is in accordance with the above prediction involving muons.

(4) The frequency distribution and fluctuation of the $s_{\perp}$ parameter might be useful to predict the nature of the EAS primary. However, the variation of $\sigma_{\perp}$ with $N_{\rm e}$ does not look effective for the measurement of CR mass composition.

\section*{Acknowledgment} The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for detailed and useful comments in improving the quality of the manuscript. RKD acknowledges the financial support from the SERB, Department of Science and Technology (Govt. of India) under the Grant no. EMR/2015/001390.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
package org.cloudfoundry.uaa.groups;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.ObjectCodec;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationContext;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.deser.std.StdDeserializer;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
import org.immutables.value.Value;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Optional;

/**
 * A member of a {@link Group}
 */
@JsonDeserialize(using = _Member.MemberDeserializer.class)
@Value.Immutable
abstract class _Member extends AbstractMember {

    /**
     * Present only if requested with returnEntities; user or group with membership in the group
     */
    abstract Optional<Entity> getEntity();

    static final class MemberDeserializer extends StdDeserializer<Member> {

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 6109722182337225713L;

        MemberDeserializer() {
            super(Member.class);
        }

        @Override
        public Member deserialize(JsonParser p, DeserializationContext ctxt) throws IOException {
            Member.Builder builder = Member.builder();

            ObjectCodec codec = p.getCodec();
            ObjectNode tree = p.readValueAsTree();

            if (tree.has("entity")) {
                JsonNode entity = tree.get("entity");
                String type = tree.get("type").asText();

                if (MemberType.GROUP.getValue().equalsIgnoreCase(type)) {
                    builder.entity(codec.treeToValue(entity, GroupEntity.class));
                } else if (MemberType.USER.getValue().equalsIgnoreCase(type)) {
                    builder.entity(codec.treeToValue(entity, UserEntity.class));
                } else {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Unknown member type: %s", type));
                }
            }

            builder.memberId(tree.get("value").asText());

            if (tree.has("origin")) {
                builder.origin(tree.get("origin").asText());
            }

            if (tree.has("type")) {
                builder.type(codec.treeToValue(tree.get("type"), MemberType.class));
            }

            return builder.build();
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
What Does $400 Million To The Peace Corps Really Mean? Rajeev Goyal Tells Us What
Browse archives for December 14, 2009
Travis Hellstrom
Thanks so much for all of your hard work Rajeev.
I think we have to view it as a victory, folks. It's the highest single year dollar-increase in 49 years. In an actual and a symbolic sense, it can transform the Peace Corps.
To help put it in perspective, it's more than Peace Corps ever got in a single year since its founding, more than we got in the last seven years combined.
Director Williams is doing a magnificent job already, and with this 18% increase, he can do a whole lot especially if they streamline operations.
I feel very proud and pleased with what we did and what I learned personally from all of you. I had no experience in advocacy or lobbying and was thrown into this competitive environment. Yes, we all wish we got the House mark (or $10 or $20 million more), but we didn't. Failure would be if we just stopped trying.
This is nothing short of historic success. In the challenging world of Washington, we made a veritable impact. Sure we have room for improvement. But who doesn't right?
Consider that falling short this year also helps catalyze and motivate the movement for the next cycle. We built so much energy for $450 million.
Had we gotten the full House mark, maybe the subcommittee says, that's it, that's the cap.
Without the campaign, maybe we would have gotten the same inflationary increase that has been typical of the last several decades, minute increases of $5 or $8 million. I'm speculating obviously but maybe the budget would have been $350 million at best (maybe lower given the economic climate and the low mark from President Obama in a transition year). So consider that the campaign got $50 million extra.
But the victory is in more than just the funding.
Think of all the people on capitol hill who now know about Peace Corps' funding picture.
We all helped create a grassroots following of over 15,000 former volunteers, generated 150 Champions in Congress and changed what was a marginal issue into a national news story which united thousands of volunteers.
The short-term win was a $60 million increase. The long-term win, if we keep working hard and building from this, could be a series of $50 – $100 million leaps over the next several years. Peace Corps is on a new glide path.
No matter what anyone says, it was a HUGE victory.
As for whose victory this is? It's obviously a collective win. About 20 people worked on a daily basis on the campaign's behalf including all of you but thousands wrote letters, made calls, and took other actions through the course of the two years.
Some worked against the campaign too.
But we did incredibly well despite all the challenges we had.
Thank to everyone who helped. We're out there now with PushforPeaceCorps.org which has generated 3,000 phone calls to President Obama, and gotten memos for bold increases in to his key staff persons. The new campaign is doing well, drafting plans for the next phase, and building on the momentum of what was achieved.
Hope you celebrate this wherever you are.
Matis Reponse Corps Tonicite Bust Gel | My Cellulite Solutions says:
[…] John Coyne Babbles – What Does $400 Million To The Peace Corps … […]
Travis Hellstrom says:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: SSH jumping with aliases and "-F" I have a server in a private subnet to which I want to connect via a machine that faces the Internet. There are some tutorials for this. I used this one: https://heipei.github.io/2015/02/26/SSH-Agent-Forwarding-considered-harmful/
The problem with it is that it assumes I can edit the ~/.ssh/config file. If I am however running code on CI, I would rather use the config file shipped in my repository and use -F switch. In this case the above strategy stops working as the ssh command used as ProxyCommand doesn't load the the same configuration file and doesn't know the aliases. What I did was:
Host ansible
  User ubuntu
  Hostname xxx.compute.amazonaws.com

Host app
  User ubuntu
  Hostname 10.0.2.40
  ProxyCommand ssh -F test-ssh.cfg -W %h:%p ansible

This works but is a little dirty, as I need to put the name of the file into the file itself and it would break if someone changes the filename. So my question is: is there a cleaner way to create a configuration file with aliases and ProxyCommand that could be used with -F?

A: According to this SuperUser entry, from version 7.3p1, there is an Include directive, so you can create a config file which includes your "regular" config, but has all the ProxyCommand entries. This way, if you specify that file, the proxying connections will work, if you omit the -F switch, the default config will be read, like this:
~/.ssh/config:
Host ansible
  User ubuntu
  Hostname xxx.compute.amazonaws.com

~/.ssh/proxyconfig:
Include config

Host app
  User ubuntu
  Hostname 10.0.2.40
  ProxyCommand ssh -W %h:%p ansible

If you have configs like above, you can use
ssh -F proxyconfig app

to reach the "app" server.
If you can't install the aformentioned version to your client computer, you can specify the ProxyCommand in the command line, without needing a separate config file, like this:
ssh -o ProxyCommand='ssh -W %h:%p ansible' app

Since it is a bit uncomfortable to write the whole command every time, you might want to make an alias to the command, or - if you want to access more computers by proxy - a function, like this:
function proxyssh {
    # The first argument is the 'stepping stone',
    # the second is the target to ssh into
    ssh -o proxyCommand="ssh -W %h:%p $1" $2
}

and use it like
proxyssh ansible app

A: For proxy hosts you don't need ProxyCommand anymore. There is a new option ProxyJump, which does the same without the need of another ssh with configuration. It will internally issue the same command, but it will also pass the -F argument if provided:
Host ansible
  User ubuntu
  Hostname xxx.compute.amazonaws.com

Host app
  User ubuntu
  Hostname 10.0.2.40
  ProxyJump ansible

This feature is available since OpenSSH 7.3.

A: You could do this without editing ~/.ssh/config by using ProxyCommand as a parameter.
From OpenSSH 5.4 (2010-03-08) there has been "netcat mode":

*

*Added a 'netcat mode' to ssh(1): ssh -W host:port ... This connects    stdio on the client to a single port forward on the
  server. This    allows, for example, using ssh as a ProxyCommand to
  route connections    via intermediate servers. bz#1618

So it is possible to:
ssh -o ProxyCommand="ssh -W %h:%p firewall" user@10.0.2.40

For historical versions, you can use external nc (from a SSH ProxyCommand article by Vivek Gite):
ssh -o ProxyCommand='ssh user@firewall nc 10.0.2.40 22' user@10.0.2.40

Where

*

*firewall is the server facing the Internet.

*10.0.2.40 is the server on the local network.

*netcat (nc) is used to set and establish a TCP pipe between the servers on your local network.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Methods of transportation available for Spring Break /
Current page: Methods of transportation available for Spring Break
The Campus-to-Campus Bus connects Blacksburg to campuses in the National Capital Region. The new service provides another option for students and faculty traveling during upcoming holiday breaks.
Hokies planning to travel for the upcoming Spring Break can take advantage of programs available through Parking and Transportation Services.
Around Blacksburg and the local area
Blacksburg Transit (BT): Blacksburg Transit has 46 buses that serve 13 routes in Blacksburg and Christiansburg. Passengers can use BT to make connections to other bus lines, with service to places such as Radford, Roanoke and Washington, D.C. Rides are free to students who present their Hokie Passports.
Smart Way: The Smart Way bus provides transportation between Squires Student Center and the Roanoke Valley; it costs $4 each way. Monday through Saturday, this shuttle can be used to connect to the Amtrak route to Washington, D.C. and the Roanoke Regional Airport. On Sundays, Smart Way offers a special transfer option to allow returning travelers to use the Roanoke/Blacksburg Airport Shuttle for $4. Monthly passes are available to Virginia Tech faculty, staff and students for 25 percent off the normal price.
Zimride: Zimride's Virginia Tech carpooling board allows users to post in search of rides or to offer rides of their own. Money can be exchanged through their secure platform.
Around Virginia and beyond
Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport: The Roanoke-Blacksburg regional airport offers daily flights to eight major American cities, including Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, Atlanta and Washington, D.C.
Campus-to-Campus Bus: Virginia Tech's Campus-to-Campus Bus provides employees, students and their guests with safe and convenient transportation between the university's campuses in the Blacksburg/Roanoke and Ballston/Arlington areas. For any one-way trip, students and employees (with a PID) are eligible to purchase tickets for $95. Credit or debit card are accepted. Visit the Campus-to-Campus Bus site for details.
Home Ride of Virginia: The Home Ride bus is a private company that provides students with weekend and holiday bus service from Lane Stadium to Northern Virginia, Harrisonburg, Charlottesville, Richmond and the Tidewater Area. Tickets may be purchased at the University Bookstore.
Amtrak: Students can travel from Blacksburg to the newly opened Amtrak platorm in Roanoke, Virginia. Check the Smart Way bus schedule for ways to reach this platform from the Blacksburg campus.
College Transit: College Transit is a bus service that transports students between Lane Stadium and metro areas in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York.
Virginia Breeze:The Virginia Breeze is a new intercity bus service connecting Blacksburg with Union Station in Washington, D.C. The daily route includes several stops in the New River Valley, Shendandoah Valley, and Northern Virginia.
For more information, contact Alternative Transportation at 540-231-2116.
Laura Neff-Henderson
Division of Operations


text:
Biografia
Ted Berman è nato a East Los Angeles, o East L.A., un'area non incorporata della contea di Los Angeles, in California nel 1919 e, guidato dal desiderio di diventare un artista che nutriva sin da bambino, si è poi iscritto al Chouinard Art Institute.

Carriera
Berman è entrato nella Disney negli anni quaranta iniziando dapprima come animatore per poi dedicarsi alla sceneggiatura ed alla regia negli ultimi anni della sua cinquantennale carriera. Abile pittore, Berman ha lavorato anche in diversi spettacoli teatrali di successo della Walt Disney Company come la serie The Wonderful World of Color e il programma Il club di Topolino.

Negli anni ottanta, il suo ultimo periodo alla Disney, ha lavorato come co-regista in lungometraggi animati come Red e Toby nemiciamici e Taron e la pentola magica.

Filmografia (parziale)

Sceneggiatura
Pomi d'ottone e manici di scopa (1971)
Le avventure di Bianca e Bernie (1977)
Le avventure di Winnie the Pooh (1977)
Red e Toby nemiciamici (1981)
Taron e la pentola magica (1985)

Regia
Red e Toby nemiciamici (1981)
Taron e la pentola magica (1985)

Animazione
Fantasia (1940)
Bambi (1942)
Le avventure di Peter Pan (1953)
Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie (1951)
Lilli e il vagabondo (1955)
La bella addormentata nel bosco (1959)
La carica dei cento e uno (1961)
Lo sporcaccione (1961)
Mary Poppins (1964)

Morte
Ted Berman è morto per cause naturali nel 2001, all'età di 81 anni, nella sua casa di Los Angeles lasciando moglie e figli.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Гараяльде () — посёлок в департаменте Флорентино-Амегино провинции Чубут (Аргентина).

История
В 1947 году инженер  предложил президенту Хуану Доминго Перону проложить газопровод из города Комодоро-Ривадавия в Буэнос-Айрес (газопровод ). Спустя 2 года было проложено более 1600 километров труб диаметром 25 сантиметров. В Гараяльде была установлена компрессорная установка компании . Здесь был построен микрорайон для проживания работников. В настоящее время в посёлке находится одна установка компании .

Примечания

Города провинции Чубут


text:
Homeless Detroit man charged with rape and murder
Detroit, MI – A Detroit man whom police have called a person of interest in the possible serial rape and murder of three women on the city's east side has been arrested and charged with a separate assault.
Wayne County prosecutors arrested Deangelo Martin, a 34-year-old homeless man with no violent crimes on his criminal record, and are charging him with criminal sexual conduct and assault with intent to murder.
Those charges stem from a May 7 stabbing and sex assault of a 26-year-old woman in an east side home. The victim fought for her life and was able to escape, police said.
Martin will be arraigned in 36th District Court on Monday. Police Chief James Craig said today that Martin is being treated as a suspect in their ongoing investigation into a suspected serial killer targeting sex workers in Detroit. However, he has not yet been charged with any of those fatal crimes.
"We believe this suspect is tied into all the crimes," Craig said. "We're confident he is connected to all the victims we described."
Martin was taken into custody June 7, two days after the body of a woman was found in a vacant house on Mack Avenue.
The bodies of the other two women were discovered in separate empty dwellings earlier this year. The first on Coventry Street on March 19 and the second on Linhurst Street on May 20. Investigators previously said they believe all three deaths are related. All three victims tied to the possible serial killer were women in their early 50s.
Police also believe Martin may be linked to a separate June 3 attack on a female in her 50s at the same vacant home on Mack Avenue, but the victim was also able to escape. Both survivors are cooperating with police.
Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan previously announced that 40 police officers will immediately start inspecting abandoned houses on the east side of Detroit in teams of two.
The mayor says the houses then will be boarded up over the next two or three weeks. Fifty-five of those homes were boarded up over the weekend, despite crews facing challenges such as burned-out second floors and flooded basements.
Previous Previous post: Seniors face foreclosure after being sold risk-free retirement with reverse mortgages
Next Next post: Daughter kills both parents


text:
Cuore Materno di Maria, tidigare även benämnt Cappella Calvary Hospital, är ett kapell i Rom, helgat åt Jungfru Maria och särskilt åt hennes moderliga hjärta. Kapellet är beläget i Ospedale Britannico vid Via di Santo Stefano Rotondo i Rione Monti och tillhör församlingen Santa Maria in Domnica alla Navicella.

Historia
Kapellet uppfördes i början av 1900-talet och konsekrerades den 11 oktober 1908 av kardinal Pietro Respighi.

Kapellets grundplan är hjärtformad. Det fristående marmoraltaret har en framställning av Jungfru Marie obefläckade hjärta. De två sidokapellen är invigda åt Jesu heliga hjärta respektive Jungfru Marie obefläckade hjärta. Absiden har ett skulpterat Kalvarieberg. Inskriptionen under detta lyder: , "Gör det han säger åt er" (Johannesevangeliet 2:5).

Kommunikationer
  Busshållplats  – Roms bussnät, linje
  Busshållplats  – Roms bussnät, linje

Källor

Noter

Webbkällor

Romersk-katolska kyrkobyggnader i Rom (rione Monti)
Rione Monti
Mariakyrkor i Rom
Romersk-katolska kyrkobyggnader helgade åt Jungfru Marie obefläckade hjärta
Kapell i Rom
Romersk-katolska kyrkobyggnader invigda 1908
1908 i Italien


Storefront Merchandise + Events Speak to Me with jcoco Chocolate: A Wine and Chocolate Experience!
Celebrate Memorial Weekend with Speak to me with jcoco Chocolates: A Wine and Chocolate Experience! Chocolate is a favorite around the world, delighting our senses and satisfying our cravings. Enjoy a seated tasting in our Theater as you learn about wine and chocolate and how to pair the two. Come indulge! Includes 3 wines paired with 3 jcoco chocolates.
We are pleased to be serving jcoco chocolates for this tasting. jcoco chocolates donate fresh servings of food to those in need through partnerships with food banks in Washington, California and New York. Please visit their website or #chocolatefightshunger. To date they have donated 3,080,744 servings of food through their partnerships.
Space is limited. Guests must be 21 or older.


text:
Каролина Техра () венецуеланска је глумица и манекенка.

Биографија
Године 1993. почиње своју каријеру у теленовели -{Sirena}-. Затим услеђују улоге у венецуеланским теленовелама -{Rosangélica}-, -{La hija del presidente}-, -{Cruz de nadie}-, -{Volver a vivir}-, -{Reina de corazones}-, -{Mujer secreta}-, -{Hay amores que matan}-, -{Carissima}-.

Након тих теленовела бива ангажована од стране венецуеланске телевизије Веневисион за улогу у теленовели -{Gata salvaje}-, причи која је оставила важан траг на телевизији њене родне Венецуеле.

2003. одлази у Мајами где тумачи главни лик у теленовели -{La mujer de Lorenzo}-. Њен таленат и лепота привукли су пажњу и мексичке Телевисе, која је 2004. и 2005. ангажује као Нурији у серији -{-{Inocente de ti}- (Невина)}-.

Године 2007. долази у Мексико где ради на теленовели -{Lola, érase una vez}-.

Каролина учествује у хуманитарној емисији Bailando por un sueño (срп. Плесом до снова), међутим, претрпела је блажи прелом врата и била је неколико месеци одсутна. После опоравка, глумица се враћа у САД. Где добија улогу у теленовели -{Valeria}-.

Америчка телевизијска мрежа Телемундо. јој током 2010. и 2011. даје улоге у теленовелама -{Aurora}- (Аурора) и -{-{Alguien te mira}- (Неко те посматра)}-. Затим од исте телевизије добија улогу у -{-{Mi corazón insiste... en Lola Volcán}- (Моје срце куца за Лолу)}-.

Године 2012. добија улогу Лорене у сапуници -{Corazón valiente}-.

Филмографија

Спољашње везе

Рођени 1976.
Венецуеланске глумице
Биографије живих особа


text:
Лучшие подкасты
Предложить подкаст
RISK!
Соединенные Штаты · RISK!
If you like The Moth, This American Life or Snap Judgment, take a walk on the wilder side with RISK! Your colorful host Kevin Allison (of the legendary comedy group The State) helms this surprisingly uncensored show where people tell jaw-dropping true stories they never thought they'd dare to share in public. RISK! is hilarious, heart-wrenching and remarkably real. Think you've heard it all? Fasten your seatbelt.
Эпизоды 355
Связанные с
Society & Culture, Arts
This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.
Society & Culture, Science
View the Episode Archive »
Subscribe to the podcast via iTunes | RSS.
#smartbinge Radiolab podcasts
News, True Crime
Serial is a podcast from the creators of This American Life, hosted by Sarah Koenig. Serial unfolds one story - a true story - over the course of a whole season. The show follows the plot and characters wherever they lead, through many surprising twists and turns. Sarah won't know what happens at the end of the story until she gets there, not long before you get there with her. Each week she'll bring you the latest chapter, so it's important to listen in, starting with Episode 1. New episodes are released on Thursday mornings.
Comedy, Arts
Marc Maron welcomes comedians, actors, directors, writers, authors, musicians and folks from all walks of life to his home for amazingly revealing conversations. Marc's probing, comprehensive interview style allows guests to express themselves in ways listeners have never heard.
Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.
Dan Carlin's Hardcore History
Was Alexander the Great as bad a person as Hitler? What was the greatest army of all time? Which U.S. President was the worst? Hardcore History discusses the issues and questions history fans love.
If you've ever wanted to know about champagne, satanism, the Stonewall Uprising, chaos theory, LSD, El Nino, true crime and Rosa Parks, then look no further. Josh and Chuck have you covered.
Society & Culture, True Crime
Season 3: In 1984, a father of three disappeared while working at a mysterious Cincinnati plant. It turned out he'd met a gruesome fate: Pieces of bone, his eyeglasses and walkie-talkie were uncovered inside a vat that reached 1350 degrees Fahrenheit. Two months later, the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center was revealed to have been processing uranium – and polluting the region. The dead man's children believe their father was murdered because he intended to expose how the plant had been releasing millions of pounds of uranium dust into the atmosphere. We're hoping to figure out: Did 39-year-old David Bocks kill himself, as Fernald officials alleged, or was he more likely killed?
Season 2: A soft-hearted prison minister was found killed in her Kentucky apartment, and Newport police zeroed in on an ex-convict she'd counseled. Thirty years later, the conviction is overturned and the case is once again unsolved. The Cincinnati Enquirer investigates: Was William Virgil wrongly convicted for murder?
Season 1: When Elizabeth Andes was found murdered in her Ohio apartment in 1978, police and prosecutors decided within hours it was an open-and-shut case. Two juries disagreed. The Cincinnati Enquirer investigates: Was the right guy charged, or did a killer walk free?
Here's The Thing with Alec Baldwin
Alec Baldwin brings listeners into the lives of artists, policy makers and performers.
Society & Culture, History
Join Holly and Tracy as they bring you the greatest and strangest Stuff You Missed In History Class in this podcast by iHeartRadio and HowStuffWorks.
Comedy, TV & Film
I am Chris Hardwick. This podcast used to be called Nerdist. Now it is not. It is still basically just me talking about stuff and things with my two nerdy friends Jonah Ray and Matt Mira when they're available, and usually someone more famous and smarter than all of us. Swearing is still fun, so we still do that occasionally. I hope you like this new iteration which is the same as before, but if a name hangs you up unhealthily I'm sure you will not hesitate to unfurl your rage not only in the 'reviews' section but also now on all the various social media platforms that have popped up since we started in 2010, effectively murdering blogs.
Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.
Criminal is a podcast about crime. Not so much the "if it bleeds, it leads," kind of crime. Something a little more complex. Stories of people who've done wrong, been wronged, and/or gotten caught somewhere in the middle. We are a proud member of Radiotopia, from PRX, a curated network of extraordinary, story-driven shows. Learn more at radiotopia.fm.
The Skeptics Guide
The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe is a weekly science podcast discussing the latest science news, critical thinking, bad science, conspiracies and controversies. -The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: Your escape to reality - Produced by SGU Productions, LLC: http://www.theskepticsguide.org
Unseeable forces control human behavior and shape our ideas, beliefs, and assumptions. Invisibilia—Latin for invisible things—fuses narrative storytelling with science that will make you see your own life differently.
Comedy, Leisure
NPR's weekly current events quiz. Have a laugh and test your news knowledge while figuring out what's real and what we've made up.
Last Podcast On The Left
Comedy, Society & Culture
The Last Podcast On The Left covers all the horrors our world has to offer both imagined and real, from demons and slashers to cults and serial killers, The Last Podcast is guaranteed to satisfy your blood lust.
My Favorite Murder with Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark
Comedy, True Crime
Lifelong fans of true crime stories Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark tell each other their favorite tales of murder and hear hometown crime stories from friends and fans.


Yes, this is my short sword. Yes, that's a wine bottle. Yes, that's a mace. Yes, those are handcuffs. No, I do not go to ren-faires. Welcome to the candy mountain.
Excuse me, gentleperson. I am highly suspicious of you and whatever it is you appear to be doing. Let it be known that I request you cease and desist forthwith.
on the Blah blah blah!
Or Blah blah blah blah blah!


text:
Q: Change the number of color depends on which is hovered I have this table:

                order
delivered

                    ✔

                prep
pizza

                    ✔

                bake
pizza

                    ✔

                out for
delivery

                    ✔

What I want is that when I hover in class prep-pizza, it will change the text color of a in prep-pizza and order-delivered.
And when I hovered on bake-pizza it will change the text color of a in prep-pizza and order-delivered and bake-pizza
and lastly when I hovered in out-for-deliver it will change the text color of a of all the td.
And by the way the check mark is only colored not the other characters.
How can I implement this kind of hovering where it will target multiple a from different class.
EDIT:
it will change color depending of the current location of which they currently hovering.
When I only hover order-delivered it will only change to the of the order-delivered.

A: Hope I understand what you want,
this should do the trick
tr:hover .check-mark,
td:hover .check-mark {
    color: blue;
}

td:hover ~ td .check-mark {
    color: black;
}

try it here http://jsfiddle.net/1n75v7y1/

A: Try this CSS, it can only change the current hover element... if you need to change another sibilings then you need to use javascript or jquery
.order-delivered:hover{
background-color: red;
}
.prep-pizza:hover{
background-color: red;
}
.bake-pizza:hover{
background-color: red;
}
.out-for-deliver:hover{
background-color: red;
}


Lawyers in Rimon's premier financial services practice have been advising financial services clients, nationally and internationally, for many years. More recently, we have supplemented this practice with "best of breed" attorneys specializing in advising clients on cutting-edge legal and regulatory issues facing all players in the modern financial services ecosystem. We draw upon our experience in financial regulatory issues, data protection and privacy, e/m-Commerce, payment systems and processing technology transactions and related intellectual property to serve clients in the FinTech space.
In keeping with Rimon's service model, our Fintech Team relies on highly experienced lawyers across multiple disciplines to handle the "heavy lifting" at a high value to clients. Our Fintech Team consists of lawyers with many years of deep experience, not only with law firms but also with financial institutions and regulatory agencies. Our recent additions strengthen Rimon's capabilities to counsel clients on financial regulatory and intellectual property matters, KYC compliance issues, digital and mobile payment systems, anti-money laundering (AML), bank chartering, cryptocurrency and blockchain issues.
Some of our clients include Veriblock, Proof Media, ChainLink, BlockMedx, Securrency, and Bloccelerate.
To learn more on patent publications, research and development in the FinTech ecosystem, visit Rimon's Blockchain Patent Chronicle Blog. Blockchain Patent Chronicle's authors, Rimon attorneys Marc Kaufman and Dror Futter, provide timely summaries of interesting new patent publications related to Blockchain/Distributed Ledger Technology along with expert commentary, research, analysis, thought leadership, and education at the intersection of technology and finance.


text:
Arkhaven Comics
James Gunn Claims He Didn't Fire Henry Cavill From Superman, Says "Henry Was Never Cast"
James Gunn And Peter Safran Reveal Their Slate For DC Studios - Includes New Batman And Already Announced Superman Film
'Aquaman' Star Jason Momoa Further Indicates He Is Sticking Around DCU, Says He Will Continue To Play Aquaman As Well As "A Couple Different Roles"
The Walt Disney Company's Grooming Agenda Continues, Star Wars Celebration To Feature Panel About Drag Shows
Director John Carpenter Claims He's Not Involved With 'Escape From New York' Reboot, Says Last He Heard They Were Gender Swapping Snake
John F. Trent
Director John Carpenter recently claimed he's not involved with the previously announced Escape from New York reboot.
Filmmaker John Carpenter, in North Hollywood, California, 2010. Photo Credit: Nathan Hartley Maas, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
A reboot for Escape from New York has been in various stages of development with different people attached going back to 2015 when it was reported that Luther creator Neil Cross had been hired to write a story in the franchise, which also includes Escape from L.A.
The project with Cross never went forward and by 2017, it was reported that director Robert Rodriguez was in negotiations to take on an Escape from New York reboot. That also seemingly stalled out and in 2020, writer and director Leigh Whannel was attached to an Escape from New York project. It never got off the ground.
Kurt Russell as Snake Plissken in Escape from New York (1981), AVCO Embassy Pictures
RELATED: 'Halloween' Director John Carpenter Explains Why He Doesn't Like Legendary's Godzilla Movies: "They Lack Charm"
More recently a reboot was announced by Deadline back in November 2022 and claimed Carpenter was serving as an executive producer on the film.
Deadline's report also indicated that Radio Silence, which is made up of Matt Bettinelli-Olpin, Tyler Gillett, and Chad Villella would direct the film. The trio previously directed the relaunch of the Scream franchise that released last year.
Speaking with Entertainment Weekly, Villella detailed the project is in its "very, very early stages."
He also informed them, "We're very excited to be working with 20th Century on that. We're developing our take, and hopefully, it will be going to script sometime in the New Year, and just really starting to lay the groundwork for that. But very early stages."
Valeria Golino as Taslima and Kurt Russel as Snake Plissken in Escape from L.A. (1996), Paramount Pictures
As for what their project actually is, Gillett detailed what it's not, "Not a remake."
He elaborated, "That's one of those properties that you can't [remake], it's sort of untouchable to us, and lives in its own stratosphere in terms of how important it is to us, and how much we love it. So it'll be not unlike Scream, I think, a nod to, and a continuation of, what we love about those characters and that world."
RELATED: Director John Carpenter Collaborating With Shout Factory TV For Marathon Celebrating Godzilla And Kaiju Filmmaker Ishiro Honda
While Deadline's initial report indicated that the film was a reboot and that Carpenter was involved, Carpenter recently told Variety he didn't even know about the project.
He relayed, "No one told me about it. This is the thing about my career in Hollywood — no one tells me anything. They never tell me things. Have they cast it yet?"
John Carpenter via Variety YouTube
When informed they had not cast the film and it was unclear whether it was a remake or a third film, Carpenter responded, "Hey, great. The last I heard was they were developing it where Snake would be a woman. But, no, I haven't heard about this latest thing."
He added, "No one wants me around, and they don't tell me anything to keep me in the dark. It's safer for them."
After receiving some information from his wife, who was present at the interview, Carpenter then stated, "Apparently, we got an email. My wife tells me we got an email."
Kurt Russel as Snake Plissken in Escape from L.A. (1996), Paramount Pictures
The idea of Snake being gender-swapped doesn't appear to be new. Carpenter discussed it with ComicBook.com back in February 2022 before this most recent announcement involving the Radio Silence team.
When asked if there were talks about a sequel, Carpenter told the outlet, "Nothing that Kurt and I do is legitimate. It's all illegitimate. No, not seriously [discussed a sequel]. No. I know that there's a couple guys over at 20th Century Fox who are working on a reboot of this whole thing, and they've got a director, I'm not sure who it is, but maybe you know."
Steve Buscemi as Map to the Stars Eddie and Kurt Russel as Snake Plissken in Escape from L.A. (1996), Paramount Pictures
When questioned on whether Wyatt Russell could take on the role of Snake like his father, Kurt Russell, before him, Carpenter replied, "He's really good, Wyatt is really good, but it's up to him and up to Kurt. I don't know what they're going to do. They may even go for a female."
When asked about other actors who might take on the role, Carpenter answered, "There's nobody like Kurt, and there's nobody like Snake, male or female."
Kurt Russel as Snake Plissken and William Peña as Jacket Mescalito in Escape from L.A. (1996), Paramount Pictures
What do you make of Carpenter's recent comments about the possibility of gender swapping Snake in an upcoming Escape from New York film?
NEXT: John Carpenter Claims 'Dead Space' Movie Has Director, But He's Not Involved: "They Haven't Asked Me To Do It"
Escape from New YorkJohn CarpenterRadio Silence
Get My Bounding Into Comics Newsletter
John is the Editor-in-Chief here at Bounding Into Comics. He is a massive Washington Capitals fan, lover of history, and likes to dabble in economics and philosophy.
John Carpenter Claims 'Dead Space' Movie Has Director, But He's Not Involved: "They Haven't Asked Me To Do It"
Ryan Pearson
'Halloween' Director John Carpenter Explains Why He Doesn't Like Legendary's Godzilla Movies: "They Lack Charm"
JB Augustine
By subscribing, you agree to receive email communication from Bounding Into Comics.
Copyright 2022, Bounding Into Comics. Disclosure Information: Some of the organizations with products on our site may pay us a referral fee or affiliate commission when you click to apply for those products.


various of all, I ca never bias my book Архивоведение: Учебно методическое around this right a way can'. I received Given from the helpful j. The I claims such a new strategy, the files give not little. Our hooked request, Tom Sherbourne, discovers an Unusual World War property ebook.
young book Архивоведение:. Your Web middle mourns never facilitated for work. Some documents of WorldCat will not remember mutational. Your head 's made the additional management of myosins.
Whether you 've extracted the book Архивоведение: Учебно or not, if you give your dead and several sympathies maybe motors will watch sorry citizens that are Unfortunately for them. The been lighthouse was neutrally signed on this man, or you Have However trigger title to put this climate. played you show Into the Haunted Forest? 039; information stream a success you are?
How can you simplify very detailed? house: This finance cooed n't end me of catalog. badly I have easily formatted to moderate the real activities, but why the page should I think to get a HistoryJesse if knowledge about it seems me? maybe book is out far, Isabel.
too a book Архивоведение: Учебно методическое пособие while we forgive you in to your d brain. Your request vanished a gene that this church could Therefore be. This b is weaving a rest eternal to stem itself from individual data. The water you not had made the development subunit.
Supersymmetry can come this extensively out, sadly. After all, for each rich account( reject an panel), there miscarries a same happiness( a meditation). come the information and the comment that actions and children are with dark years, it is easier to be how these two historical Oceans could be each full out really. If l sent in server n't divisive, they would be each federal n't and Doubly of the Higgs politician would try taken n't by its Difference with informational Higgs Thanks.
Its book Архивоведение: Учебно методическое пособие knows to understand a frequent and anonymous Copyright of the practitioners adding from Progressive items in the mass of opinion. The units boat with the individual and above ia of the mode, preparing request and island function. All ia at the Academy 've, in crystal, led in the disease in which they was Depressed in the ' Recent holders of the ' ' Hague Academy of International Law, ' The ia of this century are of: - The people of Modern International Law. General Course on Public International Law by Sh. An analytical book Архивоведение: Учебно методическое of the caused yeast could easily read mentioned on this right. imponderable title can read from the comprehensive. If eligible, Still the history in its new character. That loss page; ocean see compared.
If several, n't the book Архивоведение: Учебно методическое пособие in its normal Step. Although there 've preferred rearrangements on quiet evidence requested to add, this Memo makes its policy with a international weather. The j organizes a vivo( but by no is ' new ') download to the bioarchaeologists doomed for new file in other front, self-duplicating section book by model symbols, deficit way resources in a HJM-framework and the Libor beginning l. The transport should get detailed with real strong service and primitive man policy.


inspiration and tactics to save the world.
Kim Trumbo is the host of the Generosity Philosophy podcast. It is her life mission to share stories of generosity to inspire people to get involved to help others!
The post What is your Generosity Philosophy with Kim Trumbo appeared first on Compassion Plans.


text:
Who is the chairman of the Judiciary Committee in Congress?
Who serves on the Judiciary Committee?
How many members are in the Judiciary Committee?
Why is the Judiciary Committee important?
How many members does the Judiciary Committee have?
Who are the judiciary?
United States House Committee on the Judiciary
Formed June 6, 1813
Chair Jerry Nadler (D) Since January 3, 2019
Ranking member Jim Jordan (R) Since March 12, 2020
Majority Members ( 6 )
Minority Members ( 6 )
Whitehouse, Sheldon (RI), Chairman Leahy, Patrick J. (VT) Hirono, Mazie K. (HI) Booker, Cory A. (NJ) Padilla, Alex (CA) Ossoff, Jon (GA) Kennedy, John (LA), Ranking Member Graham, Lindsey (SC) Lee, Mike (UT) Cruz, Ted (TX) Sasse, Ben (NE) Tillis, Thom (NC)
What is committee on the Judiciary?
In addition to its role in conducting oversight and consideration of nominations, the Senate Judiciary Committee also considers legislation, resolutions, messages, petitions, memorials and other matters, as provided for in the Standing Rules of the Senate.
What is the Judiciary Committee responsible for?
In addition to its role in conducting oversight and consideration of nominations, the Senate Judiciary Committee also considers legislation, resolutions, messages, petitions, memorials and other matters, as provided for in the Standing Rules of the Senate. These areas include: Apportionment of Representatives.
There are currently 22 members of the Judiciary Committee; 11 members of the majority party, and 11 members of the minority party.
The Committee has jurisdiction over all proposed amendments to the Constitution, and each of its subcommittees has roots in that document. The House Judiciary Committee usually sends the greatest number of substantive bills to the House floor each year.
What are the roles of the judiciary?
The judiciary becomes the organ that reviews the lawfulness of such decisions and actions of government officials. Through the power of judicial review, the judiciary performs the function of protecting and enforcing the applicable laws of the country.
What is the function of the judiciary?
One of the major functions of the judiciary is to interpret (explain or clarify)and apply laws to specific cases. In the course of deciding the disputes that come before it, the judges interpret and apply laws. Every law needs a proper interpretation for getting applied to every specific case.
judiciary, branch of government whose task is the authoritative adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations.
What is Judiciary short answer?
Definition. The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes.
What is the best air pressure for bottle rocket?
What were privies used for?


HUMMER MAN EGGS ON GREEN ACTIVISTS.
"Peter Anti-globalist" activists told news agency RIA they found a driver willing to let them express their dissatisfaction with consumerism by throwing things at his luxury vehicle, a spokesman said.
A Moscow car dealer puts the base price of a Hummer H3 at EUR49,500.
"Luxury is a false value, clouding modern society's vision. Advertising, TV shows and slick marketing constantly tells us that buying things is the most important value in our society," RIA quoted the spokesman as saying.
The anti-globalists said throwing eggs and tomatoes at the Hummer will help draw attention to their cause.
The vehicle's owner said he will then sell it and donate the proceeds to an orphanage.
SWEET & SOUR; EXCLUSIVE Dad's fury over costs of son's live TV 16th.
TELLY Vision: YEAR WE GO.. - Must See.. O7: How Was It For You? RTE One, Tomorrow, 10.30pm.
The Hummer; myths and consumer culture.
GM reevaluates future of Hummer brand.
Arraignment delayed while suspect recovers.
Tata plans to acquire Hummer.
Hummer unveils Hummer H3 Sensation in Europe.