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Global Warming and Climate Change Paper
Words: 4206, Paragraphs: 42, Pages: 15
Paper type: Essay
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to lions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution Of weather events around an average. It also refers to the extreme variations of weather brought about by global warming. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's surface.
The Earth's climate patterns have never been entirely predictable, and storms, drought, floods and famine have affected humanity throughout history. The Earth's climate patterns create and sustain the natural environment on which humans and all other species depend. The Earth's climate is influenced by average global temperature and is sensitive to changes in temperature. The Earth has a natural temperature control system that keeps the planet warm enough to sustain life, yet prevents it from over heating. The Earth is definitely warming.
Signals of changing climates, including increasing trends in temperature, sea level rise and extreme climate events are already evident in the Philippines. And as the warming continuous, the effects will become more dangerous. Climate change will bring water shortages and decreases agricultural productivity and food security. Furthermore, it would affect the world's population, but poor tropical countries will be hit worst. Our health will be threatened by heat strokes and increase chances of exposure to infectious diseases.
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Climate change will also bring more extreme weather, from floods to droughts, forest fires to tropical cyclones. Activities like Climate change, wastes from factories, smoke from the vehicles, improper disposal of garbage and smoking cigarette can cause climate change and global warming. There's not much time left for action. Atop science conference in February declared that climate change is already underway, visible through glacier shrinkage, melting of polar ice, shifts in rainfall patterns and bad heat waves. Experts say that if the world wants to keep to the bottom end of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (EPIC), temperatures estimates, global emission of ICC will have to peak in 2020 and then fall to half of today's levels by 2095-a tall order, given that developing countries and the United States are gobbling up fossil fuels.
The solutions to lessen climate change is to stop using fossil fuels and use clean energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro and hydrogen. But this is easier said than done. Furthermore, we have to be founded on international cooperation and national concern. We are all hopeful that the solution of these issues will pave the way for the achievement of the convention's ultimate objective which is the stabilization of green house gases emissions at a level that would pose no danger to the climatic system. The researcher conducted this study in order to determine the extent of awareness of the freshmen students on climate change concept and issues.
Aside from this, the study dealt with the various practices adopted by these resumes students hope to promote environmental care or may degrades the earth's fragile environment. It is also designed to present the issues surrounding climate change to the students in the hope that by raising public awareness the potential effects of climate change may be minimized. Background of the Study We have chosen to make a study on the awareness and preparedness of the freshmen students about climate change, because we would like to find out the depth of their knowledge on the said problem and We believe that climate change is a very alarming phenomenon not only in our country but also avian a remarkable effect globally. It is very essential and important to first give a simple background of what climate change and what is its connection to greenhouse effect, abnormal weather change and global warming. Climate change refers to any change in climate overtime, whether due to the natural variability or as a result of human activity.
Climate changes can result from the interaction of the atmosphere and oceans. Changes in the world's climate are not new. Just as weather patterns change from day to day, the climate changes too. This occurs naturally, driven by internal and external factors. However, not all changes are due to natural processes, as we humans have also exerted our influence, which is called anthropogenic climate change.
Through widespread use of land, use of fossil fuels and the building of cities, we have changed our climate. The major technological and socio economic shift of the industrial era with reduced reliance on organic fuel, the accelerated uptake of fossil fuels and broad scale Climate change, means we have contributed to the natural greenhouse effect. In fact, this factor which influenced the source of human history and human evolution. The climate change we are experiencing is brought by humanities massive dependence on fuels, particularly carbon-based fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Global warming is the noted average increase of the earth surface temperature and ocean as compared to previous century.
This is a result of the continuous trapping of heat within the earth atmosphere due to increased quantity Of greenhouse gases. Global warming is one of the key aspects of climate change. Global Warming is only part of the story and it doesn't tell us when this might happen. What we do know is that global arming has occurred in the past, and it is also happening right now. Undoubtedly the temperature of the globe has fluctuated since the very beginnings of our planet.
The real problem is not just the fact that it is warming, but the rate at which it is warming. Greenhouse gases are chemical compound such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide found in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases absorb some of the infrared radiation (heat) which reflects back heat that gets trapped by the greenhouse gases inside our atmosphere is necessary to make the earth warm otherwise it will be too cold. This natural process is called the greenhouse effect. There's no doubt that increases in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases strengthens the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming.
What remain uncertain are the precise effects of a strengthened greenhouse effect on global temperatures. Because there is still much to be learned about how the world's climate will react to increased greenhouse gas concentrations, the range of possible climate futures projected by the EPIC is an indication of uncertainty about how much the world will warm over the coming entry-?not of whether that warm inning is happening. This study also focuses in the effects of climate change, the reaction and actions of the students regarding this. We as a researcher conducted random surveys to the first year students and aside from that we made our researches from different books and references. It is very important to us to conserve our environment and the species that live in it.
In order to foster a positive environmental attitude among people, there should be an effective information education campaign to lengthen their environmental awareness and consequently promote better understanding of the various problems that plague the world today. The Bachelor in Office Administration freshmen students should not be left behind in responding to the protection of our environment. It is the duty of the schools to provide the students with mere knowledge about the physical condition of their environment specifically on how to conserve and protect the spheres of the earth in order to address climate change and global warming. As a student, it is also our part to be responsible in all our actions in order to give importance and care to our environment, because whatever happens to our surroundings it affects our way of living. We should be aware how prone and dangerous the effects of climate change and global warming, and do some actions regarding this issues.
Theoretical Framework To study the level of awareness of the students about climate change, this necessarily involves the collection and processing of large amount of data that will be gathered from all freshmen BOA students. Lessons on climate change will be soon incorporated in elementary and high school curricula to raise the level of awareness on global environment issues among public school students. Climate change which regarded as a global primary concern, the Philippines is one of the developing countries expected to suffer the most of the ill effects of climate change. It is caused by several factors. Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (anthropogenic causes).
Some of the historic agreements on the fight against global warming and climate change include the united Nations Climate change Conference held in Bali, Indonesia in 2007 and the Bangkok Climate Change talks held from March 31 to April 4, 2008 in Thailand. The impact of climate change on natural ecosystem will be considerable. The result will be disrupted ecosystems and accelerated extinction for many plant and animal species. Climate has a big influence on plants and animals in the natural environment, on oceans, and on human activities, such as agriculture, water supplies, and heating and cooling. The effects of climate change depend upon how much change there is, how fast it occurs, and how easily the world can adapt to the new conditions.
Climate may change faster than plants can move from one region to another. This may Cause species extinction, lower biodiversity, and changes n the way species interact. Climate change is also one of the factors causing an increase in the incidence of diseases like malaria, and dengue fever. According to Gushier Orin, the head of the WHO's, western Pacific Office, 1 50,000 more people are dying each years of malaria, diarrhea, floods and malnutrition, all of which can be traced to climate change. Climate change is also causing sea levels to raise results to dry up and weather patterns to become erratic.
Mom said, floods, drought, and hiatuses are talking as a tool to human health. The earth's climate is influenced by average global imperative and sensitiveness changes in temperature and greenhouse gases result to global warming which is one of the key aspects of climate change. We know that the earth has become warmer over the last century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (EPIC), a group established by the World Meteorological Organization (WHOM) and the United Nations Environment Program (LINEN), reports that the average surface temperature of the earth has increased during the twentieth century by about 0. 6′ ICC.
(The C means that the increase might be as small as 0. 40 C or as great as 0. C. ) This may seem like a small shift, but although regional and short-term temperatures do fluctuate over a wide range, global temperatures are generally quite stable. In fact, the difference between today's average global temperature and the average global temperature during the last Ice Age is only about 5 degrees C.
Indeed, it is warmer today around the world than at any time during the past 1 000 years, and the warmest years of the previous century have occurred within the past decade. An environmentalist has warned that the effects Of climate change are certain to affect the Philippines ND that mitigating measures must be adopted to cushion its impact. In his report entitled "Securing Lifeboats and Lifelines: Understanding the Climate Challenge, Building Local Solutions," Jose Ma. Lorenz Tan, vice chair of World Wide Fund (WAP) Philippines, said "there is absolutely no doubt that the era of fossil fuels must end. " "To save itself, the planet has to shift, almost exponentially, to zero-carbon systems.
Each nation, each community, each individual must play a role. The climate change that we are experiencing now is brought by humanity's massive destruction of human resources and this is he factor which ash influence the cause of human history and human evolution. Conceptual Framework The working framework of the study is shown in a research paradigm clearly illustrated in a schematic diagram in figure 1 showing the interplay of the variables of the study. It presents a schematic presentation of the influence of the independent variables age, gender and section on the Dependent Variables that states the level of awareness and preparedness towards climate change and global warming. The output consists of the outcome on the result of the study.
Independent Variables Variables Output Fig. Schematic Diagram Statement of the problem Dependent This study is aimed to assess the awareness of the freshmen students of Bachelor in Office Administration, SYS. 2009-2010 with particular emphasis about global warming and climate change. More specifically, it sought to answer the following: 1. What is the respondents profile in terms of: 1.
1 Name: (optional) 1. Gage: 1. Gender: 1. Section: 2. What is the level of awareness of freshmen BOA Students about climate change and global warming? 3.
How prepared are the students towards climate change and global warming? 4. Is there any significant relationship teen the demographic profile of the students to their level of Awareness and Preparedness about Climate Change and Global Warming? Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents to their level of Awareness and Preparedness on Climate Change and Global Warming. Significance of the Study Climate change due to human activities could be a marked warming trend in a place where rapid arbitration took place. Climate does change as evidence by many records. Evidence has been detected from fossils, habitat shifts and records such as droughts, floods and large scale migration.
The result of this study is beneficial to school administrators, teachers, students, parents and also in the community. School Administrators and Supervisors. Results of the study could serve as basis of the policy formulation and decision. Making of the school official is designing programs and projects that will help promote a desired quality of campus environment that is totally wholesome to everyone. Further, school officials can make use Of the study to re-evaluate the existing academic curricular and the school environmental education programs, its implementation and compliance that ill be the basis of future action to solve the perceived existing problems thereof.
Conclusive results could serve as guide in formulating the most appropriate educational strategy that school may adapt to attain the desired environmental behavior and practices of students in all academic levels. Students. This study will provide baseline information in promoting the students awareness toward climate change and global warming both in school and the community where they belong. It will give them certain insights on the prevailing phenomena confronting the country and the world; owe this affects their lives, and the generations to come, and how would they make concrete decision and actions geared toward improving the present environmental conditions. Government Officials.
Information from this study will serve as a guide for the local and national government officials in their decisions on what appropriate legislation can be done promote participation from the youth or student sector towards achieving the desired quality of environment. Results can be the basis of planning and program/project implementation to government's thrust for sustainable development. Community. Results that will be obtained from the study will be the basis for the community officials and parents in creating certain programs in which the youth can actively participate to improve the physical living condition in the very community where they are vital components. Present Researchers.
The results of this study will guide the researcher in improving their competence in sharing their knowledge about the effects of climate change and global warming. Future Researchers. For those in the field of research and for the future researchers, this study can be utilized as baseline information for animal research that may be conducted in the future. It can be used as a reference material or as a useful citation or related literature. Further, this could be used to verify the existence of such a problem before making a final and solid conclusion on this subject.
This study may become an instrument for school administrators in developing policies, rules and regulation that will guide them in identifying and understanding environment programs and activities that can be implemented in the schools. The teachers may get more idea about this study that will help them in teaching the students to be more aware about our environment especially bout climate change and for the students to be more responsible about our nature and be more aware in taking good care of it. Scope and Limitations This study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of students towards climate change and global warming. The respondents of the study were the BOA Freshmen students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sat. Mesa Manila.
They were randomly selected from a total of 420 BOA freshmen students officially enrolled in the school year 2009-2010. The respondents were grouped according to the categories Of variables name, gender, age and section. Definition of terms: Anthropogenic – effects, processes or materials are those that are derived from human activities, as opposed to those occurring in biophysical environments without human influence Atmosphere – the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth or any other celestial body. Affiliation – This is defined as an association with an organization. (Merriam Webster Dictionary for Students, 2009) Awareness – is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or sensory pattern.
Climate – Encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time. Climate change – is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time. Climate variation – is influenced by issues relating to climate change. Compel- This refers to doing something (as a person) by the use of physical, moral, or mental pressure. Contemplation – This is defined as an act of looking or thinking about something.
Deprived – This refers to taking something away from having or doing something. Environment – the air, water, minerals, organizations, and al other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time. Exploitative – This is defined as an act of making use of something unfairly for one's own benefit. Fluctuate- to be continually varying in an irregular way. Fossil fuel- natural fuel, such as oil and gas, derived from the composition of prehistoric plants and animals.
Global warming – is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface. Greenhouse effect – is the heating of the surface of a planet or moon due to the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases – are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. Hiatuses- a break in continuity; a la CUNY. Impact – This refers to a strong effect.
Implement – This is defined as an act of starting or putting something to action. Inefficient – This refers to the state of being ineffective. Labor – This is defined as a task or something that has to be done. Necessities – This refers to something that is badly needed. Phenomena – is any observable occurrence, refers to an extraordinary event.
Prevalent – This is defined as being accepted, practiced, or happening often or over a wide area. Temperature – degree of heat and cold. Vulnerability – is the extent to which climate change may damage or harm a system, it is a function of both the sensitivity of a system or structure to climate and the opportunities for adaptation to new conditions The Variables 1. Respondents profile: 1 Section: 2. The level of awareness of freshmen BOA Students about climate change and global warming 3.
Preparedness of the BOA Freshmen students about global warming and climate change. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the foreign literature, local studies and synthesis that re relevant to an inquiry on the level Of awareness and preparedness of the freshmen students towards global warming and climate change that will serve as the background for this investigation. Foreign Literature Causes of Global Climate Change The global climate must be viewed as operating within a complex atmosphere / earth / ocean / ice / land system. Any change to this system that will result in climate change is a product on forcing agents – the cause of climate change. Such forcing agents may be either internal or external.
External forcing mechanisms involve agents acting from outside the climate yester. By contrast, internal mechanisms operate within the climate system itself. Despite global climate change currently being the most widely discussed among various recent global environment changes, there is mounting evidence that humans, in aggregate, are overloading the planet's great biochemical systems. This has been summarized by Vitreous and Colleagues: "Human alteration of earth is substantial and growing. Between one-third and one-half of the land surface has been transformed by human action; the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased by nearly 301 Since the beginning of the industrial revolution; more atmosphere nitrogen is fixed by humanity than by all natural terrestrial sources combined; more than half of all accusable surface fresh water is put to use by humanity, in about one-quarter of the birds species on earth have been driven to extinction.
" Ash Mali stated on his book, Causes of Climate Change, 2008. The Earth's climate has changed throughout history. From glacial periods (or "ice ages") where ice covered significant portions of the Earth to interglacial periods where ice retreated to the poles or melted entirely – the climate has mutinously changed. Scientists have been able to piece together a picture of the Earth's climate dating back decades to millions of years ago by analyzing a number of surrogate, or "proxy," measures of climate such as ice cores, boreholes, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun. These climate change "drivers" often trigger additional changes or "feedbacks" within the climate system that can amplify or dampen the climate's initial response to them (whether the response is warming or cooling).
Irving M. Minter cited on his book The Federal Government Framework program for promoting climatic research, 1 982 that most scientist have considerable confidence that the enhance greenhouse effect is real, and that climate change is the result of human activities. Human activities are changing the composition of our atmosphere at unprecedented rate. If it will continue, our planet could experience a climatic shock unlike anything experienced 1 0,000 years. It would not be felt us an intermediate blow.
The climate cannot disappear like an endangered species. Nor can explode like a runaway reactor. Nevertheless, the risks Of rapid climate change. Rapid in geologic and climatic standard are rising rapidly in our time. In this context, "shock" is the right term.
It describes the impact that results from the set of changes may have on human economies and National ecosystem. He also concluded that climate change is not a new phenomenon. Earth's climate has change before, many times in last 2 billion years. According to Irving the record of climate change over the geologic past is one of the most often cited but least understood, some of the evidence supporting the argument that human activities may have an important effect on our future climate. He wrote that some factors, civilizing the records of the past changes, may also be necessary to the future climate.
Mongol stated in the climate change fraud: "Science calls for the United States and the developed world to cut pollution by at least 26 to 40 percent below 1 990 levels by 2020, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95 percent by 2050. " Carbon dioxide is not "pollution. " It is the one gas vital to the growth of every kind of vegetation on Earth. It is to plants and trees what oxygen is to human beings and other creatures. Climate change may benefit or plague mankind.
The cause of such changes in climate is also because of human activities, not only by natural events. The possible causes Of natural changes in the climate are alternations in the terrestrial orbit, a change in the solar constant, cosmic dust, and dust in the atmosphere caused by volcanoes. The climate system rests on reciprocal influences interacting between its various interlinked components. These are atmosphere, ocean, chromospheres, landmasses and biosphere. The biosphere exercises a substantial influence on global climate by means of its radiation, heat, and water budget.
The carbon cycle is also a factor in climate change. An impact upon the climate may also ensue from the augmented use of nitrogen fertilizers. The hydrological cycle linked with the atmosphere is directly influenced by fluctuations in climate and both of these in turn affect the climate. Climate changes may influence food production in the major supplies regions. The impact of climatic changes in general and of precipitation, evaporation and glacier formation in particular plays a big part in the provision of adequate water supplies, reservoir storage, energy production, hipping, and land use.
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20 Years Ago...
Glenn A. Walsh
Today (August 31) at 5:00 p.m. EDT, twenty years ago, Pittsburgh's original Buhl Planetarium and Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center) closed as a public museum.
This was Saturday of the Labor Day Weekend in 1991. I had issued a memorandum to Pat Weidman, Director of the Department of Visitor Services and Volunteers, suggesting that the last day of public visitation should be Labor Day, September 2. This would give Pittsburghers two additional days to visit Buhl Planetarium before it closed, as well as give Buhl the additional income from these nostalgic visitors. This would have had no effect on the move to the new Science Center building, as nothing would be moved during the holiday weekend.
However, when Pat Weidman took my suggestion to the Management Committee, it was rejected. It was obvious that Buhl Science Center Director Al DeSena and other Program staff had no interest in giving the public extra time to see Buhl Planetarium. They only thought about the glory of opening the new science center building. Since they had no intentions of being in the Buhl building on Labor Day, the final day of visitation would be the last day they would be in the building for the evening's special member event--that Saturday evening.
The building and most equipment and artifacts continued as the "Allegheny Square Annex, The Carnegie Science Center" until February of 1994 when the building was completely abandoned by The Carnegie Science Center. Science Center science and computer classes, and teacher development programs, were centered in the original Buhl building during this time period.
Originally, the new Carnegie Science Center building had specifically been constructed without classroom space. During Pittsburgh Mayor Richard Caliguiri's Administration, the city and the Science Center had agreed, through what could be called a "gentleman's agreement," that the Science Center would not abandon the original Buhl Planetarium building. However, after a couple years of operation of the "Allegheny Square Annex," and after the untimely death of Mayor Richard Caliguiri and a new city administration, the Science Center's agreement to continue operating the original building was conveniently forgotten.
After abandoning the building, the Science Center attempted to sell-off the historic Zeiss II Planetarium Projector and 10-inch Siderostat-type, Refractor Telescope to a college south of Dallas. The irony is that the college had no intent to actually use the equipment, but only to display them as antique artifacts (but for how long?). Had these pieces of equipment left the city at that time, there might have been an excuse to tear-down the building.
A grass-roots effort, helped by many of you, stopped this sale of historic Pittsburgh artifacts. At this link, you can learn more about the efforts to stop the sale of the Zeiss and Siderostat:
http://buhlplanetarium3.tripod.com/Buhlnews.htm#1995hearing
Although we won the battle to keep the historic equipment, the historic equipment and artifacts remained in an empty and unused building for several years. Proposals to reuse the Buhl Planetarium building, which would have kept the historic equipment and artifacts in-place and occasionally used, were considered but fell-through for both financial and political reasons. Such proposals included a Pittsburgh Public Schools Center for Gifted Children, Italian-American Cultural Center, and an annex of the National Aviary.
In 2000, the Children's Museum started planning an expansion into the Buhl Planetarium building. However, despite strong lobbying efforts, they refused to keep most of the historic equipment and artifacts in the building. The Carnegie Science Center quickly agreed to move the Zeiss Projector, Siderostat Telescope, and the large Mercator's Projection Map of the World into a warehouse, to ensure they would not be used in competition with The Carnegie Science Center.
A couple years later, the city loaned the large U.S. Steel mural, "The Rise of Steel Technology" by Nat H. Youngblood, to the Rivers of Steel Heritage Area/Museum in Homestead.
The first floor's Great Hall was reused by the Children's Museum as a cafe, but the east wall was replaced with a huge window, to view the historic clock tower and entrance to the Allegheny Regional Branch of Carnegie Library. The destruction of this wall included the destruction of an astronomical verse from the Bible, inscribed on the exterior of the wall. The wall remnants of this Bible verse remain in storage, as does the Civil Defense sign that had been mounted outside the building's entrance.
The Great Hall's grand clock continues in use. And, the Children's Museum did return to the Great Hall, from the Science Center, the original Buhl Planetarium Foucault Pendulum.
Bowdish Gallery, which had been home of the Miniature Railroad and Village, was turned into a small auditorium/exhibit gallery, with the reuse of 40 original seats from Buhl's Little Science Theater (LST). The reuse of original LST chairs was the only suggestion I made that the Children's Museum implemented. Radio studios of the weekly Saturday Morning Light Brigade children's radio program were constructed in the former miniature railroad maintenance areas east of Bowdish Gallery.
The Mezzanine Gallery is now used as a temporary gallery/program area. The Octagon Gallery, which did not have good handicapped access, is now used as a workshop. The original Buhl Planetarium Workshop was rented to a small nonprofit organization, as were the Discovery Lab (Lab 1) and Lab 2 classrooms.
The Theater of the Stars (Planetarium Theater) and the Little Science Theater were converted into exhibit galleries. The Hall of the Universe is now used as a traveling exhibits gallery.
The second floor office area and Buhl Library are now used for daily children's classes. The third floor Observatory is now used as a Children's Museum Board Room.
Last year, The Carnegie Science Center finally reassembled the Zeiss II Planetarium Projector as a non-usable, static exhibit at the extreme western end of the Science Center's first floor Atrium Gallery (next to the entrance to their Science Stage theater).
The 10-inch Siderostat-type, Refractor Telescope and the Mercator's Projection Map of the World remain, dismantled, in a Science Center warehouse. The Science Center claims they will be reassembled and reused with an expansion of the Science Center building. The Science Center has filed plans for an expanded Science Center building with the city. However, there have been no efforts toward developing a specific timeline and finding funding for such building expansion.
The original Buhl Planetarium building was custom-built to include the Zeiss Projector (inside a 65-foot diameter planetarium dome) and the Siderostat Telescope. Without replication of these specific chambers, the Zeiss Projector and Siderostat Telescope cannot be reused.
It is obvious that the Science Center has no intentions of replicating Buhl's Theater of the Stars. Although they claim they will replicate Buhl's Observatory, they have no firm plans or funding to do so; such a new siderostat observatory would only spend money replicating a chamber that already exists.
It continues to be the case that the most cost-effective way to reuse the Zeiss II Planetarium Projector and the 10-inch Siderostat-type, Refractor Telescope will be to convert the original Theater of the Stars and Buhl Observatory back to their original functions. Then, these historic pieces of astronomical apparatus, which exquisitely taught science to the public for more than 50 years, can return to teaching science to the young visitors to the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh.
Glenn A. Walsh, Project Director,
Friends of the Zeiss < http://friendsofthezeiss.org >
Electronic Mail - < siderostat1989@... >
SPACE & SCIENCE NEWS, ASTRONOMICAL CALENDAR:
< https://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/#news >
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh:
< http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com >
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago:
< http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com >
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear:
< http://johnbrashear.tripod.com >
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries:
< http://andrewcarnegie.tripod.com >
* Civil War Museum of Andrew Carnegie Free Library:
< http://garespypost.tripod.com >
* Duquesne Incline cable-car railway, Pittsburgh:
< http://inclinedplane.tripod.com >
* Public Transit:
< http://andrewcarnegie2.tripod.com/transit >
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Eric Fanning U.S. Army Secretary
By Charlotte Robinson, May 18, 2016
The Senate has confirmed Eric Fanning as Secretary of the U.S. Army. Fanning becomes the first openly gay leader of a U.S. military service & is now the highest openly LGBT appointed official in the Obama administration. Fanning was nominated by President Obama last September & the nomination was reported by the Senate Armed Services Committee in March but Fanning's nomination had been blocked by Senator Pat Roberts (R-KS) over his unrelated concern regarding potential transfer of Guantanamo detainees. Matt Thorn Executive Director, OutServe SLDN stated, "Eric's sexual orientation has absolutely no bearing on his ability to do this job; nor was it the reason for his nomination. But this milestone of having an openly gay individual in this high level position within the Department of Defense will help to continue to set a tone of understanding & respect for the LGBT community throughout the armed services. Eric knows every military service, the bureaucracy of the Pentagon & Capitol Hill inside & out & everyone Democrats & Republicans agrees that he will undoubtedly serve this post with honor, as he has done in all of his previous positions. As an individual who is deeply respected by both uniformed and civilian Department of Defense personnel we are thrilled that he has finally been confirmed." Fanning's nomination comes just 5 years after the historic end of the discriminatory "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) law that prohibited qualified gay & lesbian Americans from serving in the U.S. armed forces.
For More Info: outserve-sldn.org
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Maybe you're thinking about taking on the open road on two or three wheels and need to get your Class M license. Learn more about how to get your Class M license on the Texas DPS website.
Or perhaps you already have your Class M license and need to brush up on some safety tips. An advanced rider course might be for you. Find a training location near you. This could also be the year you decide to get a new helmet or other protective riding gear.
If you're a driver maybe your resolution could be looking twice for motorcycles. Most motorcycle-vehicle crashes happen when a driver turns left in front of the rider. Drivers often don't see the rider, or if they do, they misjudge the rider's speed or distance. Motorcycles can move fast and are often hard to spot. When turning left, especially at intersections, always double-check the cross traffic.
If you're thinking about learning more about motorcycle safety, we've got you covered. The 2019 Texas Motorcycle Safety Forum will be held February 23 in Kerrville, Texas. Register NOW!
Whatever your resolution is, make it one that includes improving the safety of motorcyclists and motorists in 2019. Happy New Year from all of us at Look Learn Live!


A modern villa inspired by tropical cultures with bold, European influences, Nido de Gansos will exceed your expectations.
Nido de Gansos means "nest of geese" in Spanish. "Gans" is the last name of the owners of this unique rental villa, so figuratively Nido de Gansos means "the Gans home". The Gans family live in the Netherlands but travel to Costa Rica 3 times a year to use their special villa.
The exterior of the villa is a tropical modern design with a European influence. The furnishings are from Italy, with a modern flair and the villa is decorated with the Gan's Family collection of indigenous Latin American art.
Nido de Gansos has a very unique design covering three levels. The bottom floor contains the laundry, storage and workspace for the house cleaners; it is not accessible from the main house giving you complete privacy (but also use of the washer/dryer).
Entering thru the massive front door, you have the option of going down to the sleeping level or up to the social level.
The sleeping level contains three suites, each with their own bath, balcony, air-conditioning. Two each have king size beds and one has 2 queen beds. Each suite opens into the den, perfect for reading or catching a nap.
The social level on the third floor contains the living room, dining room, kitchen and large terrace with the infinity edged swimming pool! There is a small flight of stairs inside that leads up to a small loft with another seating area.
The villa is surrounded by dense jungle to the North and has ocean and mountain views to the West. It is located next door and above Garden House by the Beach. These two homes work well together for larger groups.
• Check in time is 4 PM, but no later than 10 PM. Check out time is 10 AM.
We felt so fortunate to be one of the first guests at this luxury villa. The swimming pool was so much fun for the whole family and relaxing for the parents. The views from the balcony were romantic and breathtaking. As a mom, I thought the kitchen was so perfect we almost didn't need to go out to eat at all...but we did go out to several of local restaurants in the area and thoroughly enjoyed ourselves. Lovely place!
Helped celebrate a friends 50th bday in Costa Rica. We had 2 groups of people, our group of 3 couples stayed at Casa Nido de Gansos. The house was lovely. Each of the three bedrooms had a private bathroom and AC with comfy beds. The infinity pool provided a beautiful view of the sunrise. I would definitely recommend Tulemar - especially Casa Nido de Gansos with Diego and crew to anyone who wants impeccable service and a worry free vacation.
This was our second trip to Tulemar. We enjoyed last year's visit so much that we decided to bring family with us the second time. My wife and I stayed in a bungalow last year, which was great and this year got to experience Nido de Gansos, a 3 bedroom villa. It was perfect for the six of us, three couples. My wife and I knew what to expect and was hoping the 4 newbies would not be disappointed and no one was. A great time was had by all. The Villa was amazing. Having your own infinity pool at the Villa was refreshing after a hot humid day. It was green season and we got a great rate on the Villa, but it only rained one day out of seven and that was only for a half day, can't complain about that! We had Chef Marlon come in to cook for us for our first full day. Everything was delicious and he even gave my wife tips on how to make beans and rice. The concierge staff was second to none. Jorge took care of us most of the time. He checked in with us everyday to make sure if we needed something. One day we decided to rent a car for the day at the last minute. The staff had the rent a car delivered to us in an hour and a half, big enough for the six of us. Now that's service. Plus they arranged ziplining for us the next day. Like everyone says, the wildlife was magnificent. We saw monkeys and sloths everyday. It was great relaxing at the villa and the beach and watching them play. The beach is private and the staff there attentive. Warmest water I've ever been in. Thanks to all the staff for making this a memorable vacation for all of us. See you next year.
We just spent a wonderful week at the Tulemar Resort in the private villa Nido de Gansos. We were a family of 5 adults and two kids and the house fit us perfectly. Everything about the resort and the house was spectacular! The view from the house was amazing and we were greeted by a gorgeous sunset on the day of our arrival. While enjoying the house we were treated to squirrel monkeys right outside our window, a sloth in a nearby tree and numerous beautiful birds. The whole family loved the pool at the house and it was a fantastic place to cool off and enjoy the surroundings. I can't say enough about the management team for the property. In the planning stages our on-line concierge was a huge help, they got us a private driver from San Jose and provided us with numerous suggestions on activities and restaurants we should try upon our arrival. Once we got to the resort we were greeted by our amazing concierge. He was so wonderful the entire time. Our concierge arranged our tours for us, made our dinner reservations, took us to the grocery store and even took us in to town to do some souvenir shopping. I honestly can not say enough wonderful things about him! He really made us feel like he was there for us night and day for whatever we might need. We also had a private chef cook for us two nights while we were there. Kris was absolutely amazing and the food he prepared for us was delicious. I would recommend him to anyone who asks. Overall, Tulemar and Nido de Gansos was very memorable vacation and we can't wait to go back!


[통문장 영어98] Huge quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs have trapped heat and raised global temperatures.
Huge quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs dumped in the atmosphere have trapped heat and raised global temperatures.
대기 중으로 내보내지는 이산화탄소, 메탄, 그리고 프레온 가스의 엄청난 분량은 열을 가두었고 전 세계의 기온을 상승시켰다.


Legal and conveyancing technology provider GlobalX has rolled out new Verification of Identity (VOI) software which is set to benefit Aussie legal professionals.
The new software, GlobalX IDSecure, is integrated and now available via GlobalX's suite of online and workflow solutions, which includes Matter Centre, Open Practice and GlobalX's intelligent legal searches platform GlobalX Search.
GlobalX IDSecure has been described as a "complete solution for legal professionals to manage the verification process of property buyers and sellers", providing users the ability to capture data on any mobile or tablet device, at any time, regardless of location.
GlobalX CEO Peter Maloney said the new software enabled legal and conveyancing professionals to meet their legislative requirements while at the same time gaining significant efficiencies in their processes.
"GlobalX IDSecure is the only VOI solution delivering an in-house VOI tool that is complimented by Australia's most extensive metropolitan and regional outsourced agent service," Mr Maloney said.
Mr Maloney also noted the timeliness of the software launch.
GlobalX IDSecure executive general manager Lara Paholski echoed this sentiment, noting that the launch is a milestone for GlobalX and the legal profession.
"It is exciting to see GlobalX IDSecure seamlessly connected to GlobalX, delivering customers even greater efficiencies," Ms Paholski said.
"Legal and conveyancing professionals will now experience the most trusted, easy-to-use VOI technology designed specifically for Australian legal and conveyancing professionals"This VOI technology will help practitioners effectively manage key VOI risk areas around secure data storage and retrieval, compliance and standardising internal VOI procedures, whist significantly enhancing business efficiencies and productivity."


Jeffrey Busgang titles his Harvard Business Review post "Should I Become an Entrepreneur?" I admit, it's not an unreasonable question, and my response — if you have to ask, the answer is no — is probably unfair and too abrupt.
Even so, I answer that way to point out that entrepreneurship is so often something that happens to you, rather than something you choose. You fall in love with a business idea, a product, or a challenge, and you can't resist. Or the opportunity arises, suddenly, and you say yes to it.
The idea that you choose entrepreneurship like you'd choose a sweater is acceptable, I suppose, because so many of us choose careers by establishing our interests. And "I want to own my own business" certainly comes up a lot.
My own three decades of entrepreneurship did not start me asking that key question. From the beginning, it was looking with eager anticipation at the possibility of making it on my own. I knew I wanted to do what I liked. But could I cover expenses? Keep the kids in shoes? And then for years it was a matter of making the next mortgage payment, not knowing for sure where the money would come from. And being progressively more unemployable as the years rolled on.
I have concluded that being an entrepreneur is an irrational state of being. If human beings were purely rational, evaluative, value maximizing individuals, they would not start companies. If they sat down and did the expected value calculation by laying out the probability-weighted outcomes of being an entrepreneur as compared to taking a safe job, it would not pencil out.
How delightfully business-school-like to put it in terms of maximizing expected value calculations. However, I read humor there, Jeffrey's tongue in his cheek, a suppressed grin.
Do you have an idea that no one can talk you out of?
Are you prepared to endure with modest or no salary for a few years?
Are you bored with your current work environment/life situation?
I think he's got it right, except perhaps his title, because as you look at the content he's got entrepreneurship as something you can't resist.
Think of it this way: do you dare to escape boredom? Can you? Will it work for you?
Quit? Take No For an Answer? Accept Second Best?


text:
Q: Avoiding parallel inheritance hierarchies I have two parallel inheritance chains:
Vehicle <- Car
        <- Truck <- etc.

VehicleXMLFormatter <- CarXMLFormatter
                    <- TruckXMLFormatter <- etc.

My experience has been that parallel inheritance hierarchies can become a maintenance headache as they grow.
i.e. NOT adding toXML(), toSoap(), toYAML() methods to my principal classes.
How do I avoid a parallel inheritance hierarchy without breaking the concept of separation of concerns?

A: Another approach is to adopt a push model rather than a pull model. Typically you need different formatters because you're breaking encapsulation, and have something like:
class TruckXMLFormatter implements VehicleXMLFormatter {
   public void format (XMLStream xml, Vehicle vehicle) {
      Truck truck = (Truck)vehicle;

      xml.beginElement("truck", NS).
          attribute("name", truck.getName()).
          attribute("cost", truck.getCost()).
          endElement();
...

where you're pulling data from the specific type into the formatter.
Instead, create a format-agnostic data sink and invert the flow so the specific type pushes data to the sink
class Truck  implements Vehicle  {
   public DataSink inspect ( DataSink out ) {
      if ( out.begin("truck", this) ) {
          // begin returns boolean to let the sink ignore this object
          // allowing for cyclic graphs.
          out.property("name", name).
              property("cost", cost).
              end(this);
      }

      return out;
   }
...

That means you've still got the data encapsulated, and you're just feeding tagged data to the sink. An XML sink might then ignore certain parts of the data, maybe reorder some of it, and write the XML. It could even delegate to different sink strategy internally. But the sink doesn't necessarily need to care about the type of the vehicle, only how to represent the data in some format. Using interned global IDs rather than inline strings helps keep the computation cost down (only matters if you're writing ASN.1 or other tight formats).

A: You could try to avoid inheritance for your formatters. Simply make a VehicleXmlFormatter that can deal with Cars, Trucks, ... Reuse should be easy to achieve by chopping up the responsibilities between methods and by figuring out a good dispatch-strategy. Avoid overloading magic; be as specific as possible in naming methods in your formatter (e.g. formatTruck(Truck ...) instead of format(Truck ...)).
Only use Visitor if you need the double dispatch: when you have objects of type Vehicle and you want to format them into XML without knowing the actual concrete type. Visitor itself doesn't solve the base problem of achieving reuse in your formatter, and may introduce extra complexity you may not need. The rules above for reuse by methods (chopping up and dispatch) would apply to your Visitor implementation as well.

A: You can use Bridge_pattern
Bridge pattern decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.

Two orthogonal class hierarchies (The Abstraction hierarchy and Implementation hierarchy) are linked using composition (and not inheritance).This composition helps both hierarchies to vary independently.
Implementation never refers Abstraction. Abstraction contains Implementation interface as a member (through composition).
Coming back to your example:
Vehicle is Abstraction
Car and Truck are RefinedAbstraction
Formatter is Implementor
XMLFormatter, POJOFormatter are  ConcreteImplementor
Pseudo code:
 Formatter formatter  = new XMLFormatter();
 Vehicle vehicle = new Car(formatter);
 vehicle.applyFormat();

 formatter  = new XMLFormatter();
 vehicle = new Truck(formatter);
 vehicle.applyFormat();

 formatter  = new POJOFormatter();
 vehicle = new Truck(formatter);
 vehicle.applyFormat();

related post:
When do you use the Bridge Pattern? How is it different from Adapter pattern?

A: I am thinking of using the Visitor pattern.
public class Car : Vehicle
{
   public void Accept( IVehicleFormatter v )
   {
       v.Visit (this);
   }
}

public class Truck : Vehicle
{
   public void Accept( IVehicleFormatter v )
   {
       v.Visit (this);
   }
}

public interface IVehicleFormatter
{
   public void Visit( Car c );
   public void Visit( Truck t );
}

public class VehicleXmlFormatter : IVehicleFormatter
{
}

public class VehicleSoapFormatter : IVehicleFormatter
{
}

With this, you avoid an extra inheritance tree, and keep the formatting logic separated from your Vehicle-classes.
Offcourse, when you create a new vehicle, you'll have to add another method to the Formatter interface (and implement  this new method in all the implementations of the formatter interface).
But, I think that this is better then creating a new Vehicle class, and for every IVehicleFormatter you have, create a new class that can handle this new kind of vehicle.

A: Why not make IXMLFormatter an interface with toXML(), toSoap(), to YAML() methods and make the Vehicle, Car and Truck all implement that? What is wrong with that approach?

A: I want to add generics to Frederiks answer.
public class Car extends Vehicle
{
   public void Accept( VehicleFormatter v )
   {
       v.Visit (this);
   }
}

public class Truck extends Vehicle
{
   public void Accept( VehicleFormatter v )
   {
       v.Visit (this);
   }
}

public interface VehicleFormatter<T extends Vehicle>
{
   public void Visit( T v );
}

public class CarXmlFormatter implements VehicleFormatter<Car>
{
    //TODO: implementation
}

public class TruckXmlFormatter implements VehicleFormatter<Truck>
{
    //TODO: implementation
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Try taking on creative tasks when you're groggy.
If you're lucky enough to have some flexibility, consider organizing your day around your body clock. You may feel happier and more productive and even help stave off problems related to sleep-deprivation, which include obesity and depression. People do vary — night owls take longer to reach their energy peak than early birds. However, the sequence tends to be similar.
Before noon. Take a warm morning shower to gear up for analytical work, says biologist and body-clock expert Steve Kay. The body naturally warms up as the day begins and brings you greater powers of concentration. Do spread-sheet type tasks before lunch, especially if you're an early-bird.
Mid-day. Alertness tends to slump after a meal, and in the afternoon. You're likely to be most distractible from noon to 4 p.m., according to research by Robert Matchock, PhD, an associate professor of psychology at Pennsylvania State University. Try napping rather than another cup of coffee if you're fighting fatigue. You can find the perfect naptime for you by using the "power nap wheel" designed by sleep expert Sara Mednick.
Late afternoon. Many people hit a low at 3 p.m. and then get another spurt until 6 p.m. If you can, put your workout in this part of the day, when muscle strength and other aspects of fitness typically peak, according to Michael Smolensky, co-author of "The Body Clock Guide to Better Health." One large study found that the lungs are more than 17 percent efficient between 4 and 5 p.m. than from noon to 1 p.m. Perhaps fire off your tweets before you go to the gym: People are most like to click through on tweets at this time, data shows.
Evening. Some night-owls will be peaking now, but if you're more of an early bird and you're getting a little drifty after dinner, you might pull out your pen and work on the novel (by hand, not on the computer). It's also a good time to do yoga, or stretching exercises: joints and muscles are significantly more flexible in the evening. People are more generous with their "likes" on Facebook after dinner. Later at night, people become more emotional, for better or worse, at least on social media. However, be sure to stay away from electronic devices well before bedtime. Especially if you tend to have trouble falling asleep, maintain a relaxing bedtime routine, which might include a hot bath, moisturizer, or calming music.
Simply thinking about what works best for you may lead to beneficial changes in your habits. How do you function when you have more choices, usually on vacations? Experiment a bit and you may find small changes in your usual schedule make a big difference.


The Central Bureau of Investigation has arrested a Principal Commissioner of Income Tax, Ranchi in an ongoing investigation of a case.
The arrested accused was produced today in the court of Special Judge, Ranchi and remanded to four days Police Custody.
It may be recalled that CBI had registered a case against Principal Commissioner of Income Tax, Ranchi; Additional CIT, Ranchi; ITO (Tech), Ranchi; Another Officer of Income Tax, Ranchi; six private persons and other unknown public servants/private persons/companies etc. u/s 120-B of IPC r/w sections 7, 12, 13(2) r/w 13 (1)(d) of PC Act., 1988 on the allegations of criminal conspiracy, illegal gratification and criminal misconduct etc. Searches were conducted at the premises of accused persons at 23 locations (18 at Kolkata & 05 at Ranchi).
In the case so far, a total cash of Rs. 3.7 crore (approx.): 6.6 kg. gold (approx.) and some incriminating documents including document related to a flat worth Rs. 4 crore (approx.) were recovered during the search at the premises and one locker of Principal Commissioner of Income Tax. The other locker is being operated. The documents recovered during searches at the premises of accused persons are being scrutinized.
The Central Bureau of Investigation has registered a case against Principal Commissioner of Income Tax, Ranchi; Additional CIT, Ranchi; ITO (Tech), Ranchi; Another Officer of Income Tax, Ranchi; six private persons and other unknown public servants/private persons/companies etc. u/s 120-B of IPC r/w sections 7, 12, 13(2) r/w 13 (1)(d) of PC Act., 1988 on the allegations of criminal conspiracy, illegal gratification and criminal misconduct etc.
It was alleged that the Principal Commissioner of Income Tax, Ranchi, while functioning as such during the years 2016 & 2017, has entered into a criminal conspiracy with Additional CIT, Ranchi, ITO (Tech.), Another Officer, Income Tax Department & five private persons, all Kolkata based businessmen & infamous entry operators and a CA of Kolkata for getting Income Tax assessment files of their different assessee companies transferred from Kolkata/ Hazaribagh to Ranchi for providing undue favor to those assesses, who have been charged with heavy tax liability, in lieu of huge bribe. It was further alleged that the Principal Commissioner of Income Tax, Ranchi has already issued favorable orders in the case of private companies, who already paid huge bribe, which has allegedly been stashed with a private person.
Searches are being conducted today at the premises of accused persons at 23 locations (18 at Kolkata & 05 at Ranchi). During the search at the residence of Principal Commissioner at Kolkata, cash of Rs. 3.5 crore(approx) and 05 kg gold(approx) & and some incriminating documents were recovered. Searches at various locations are in progress.


Have you ever wondered how you to turn a piece of clay into something that you can use everyday? Then join us for this workshop as part of Hey Clay! Learn and use some simple handbuilding techniques to produce your very own cup and saucer in this two hour session. Work will be glazed and ready for collection in a few weeks.


When I joined Skype's marketing team in London back in 2007 I was one of the few Estonians in the office. My new colleagues often pinged me to get linguistic help – to learn expressions for rapport building and jokes, or to understand a comment made in that cryptic language.
So I produced a Lunch & Learn session to share the basics of Estonian and teach some critical expressions like Can I get a receipt for that order of 18 sambucas. Not only did the session prove popular, dozens of people have asked me for the materials later. The last request was yesterday, so it only makes sense to finally publish the materials here.
Belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages.
Grammar, albeit reformed, is a nightmare.
14 cases for nouns and adjectives. For example 'idu' vs. 'eo' vs. 'eolt' – it's the same word!
Pronounce double vocals like you mean it. Tiit = Tiiiit.
PS. Capital of Estonia in not Tallin!
Originally, there was also a slide deck, but that doesn't make much sense without notes. Maybe one day when there's more time (than 24 hours in a day)..


As a kid there is just something about summer camp that breeds excitement and anticipation. Whether they are attending a local music camp through your community center or traveling across the country for an intense adventure camp, summer camp helps build successful childhoods. There are some tips and tricks from HopSkipJumpPaper to give your child the best summer camp experience possible as well as some great places to find the perfect summer camp for your family.
When your child finally reaches that age where they are ready to handle summer camp, it is important to prepare them so they have the best week possible. It is important to emotionally prepare you kiddo for the separation. Maybe have practice runs where they stay overnight at grandma's house a couple times and see how they handle it. It is also important to prepare your child to stand up for themselves in a situation where the kids far outnumber the adults. Teach them about the rights of their body and that they can always say no to any situation that makes them uncomfortable.
It is also important to prepare your child physically for the adventure of camp. Be sure to pack all of the essentials for a week of outdoor fun including bug spray, sun block, a flashlight, and closed toed shoes. Be sure to include any medication that your child needs (inhaler, epi-pen, and daily prescriptions) in a zip lock bag. Include the prescription papers that list the dosage and your child's name on them.
Summer camps are a blast, but unless you know where to look your kids could miss out on great opportunities right in your home state. Colleges often host music and technology camps for older children and teenagers. This gives kids an opportunity to work on a skill in a fun environment while also allowing them to get familiar with the campus of their local university.
The YMCA in your community will offer a variety of sleep away and day camps on a variety of themes. These camps offer scholarships for low income families so do not let finances keep you from giving your children the experience of summer camp.
State parks sometimes host outdoor adventure camps or nature camps that give your kids the real outdoor experience. Kids can experience things like fishing, hiking, and conservation while making new friendships with other children their age.
Local churches may have information on camps around the country as well that feature inspirational chapel times and exciting outdoor activities. These camps can be costly, but look at them as an investment in your little one's very short childhood.


text:
Clara Brown was a kind-hearted, generous woman whose determination led her on a life-long quest to be reunited with her daughter. Born in Virginia in 1803, Clara grew up as a young slave in Kentucky. She married at age 18, and had four children. At age 36 her owner died and her entire family was sold and separated to settle his estate. Her oldest child,Robert was sold so many times that Clara lost track of him. Her eldest daughter Margaret was sold to another Kentuckian but died several years after. The last two children were the twin girls were named Eliza Jane and Paulina. Paulina died at age 8, just two years before the family was split up. Eliza Jane was sold to another family nearby. In 1852 when she was 23, Eliza Jane was sold again and Clara lost track of her last surviving child. Despite her continued enslavement, Clara vowed to never give up searching for her lost daughter.
Clara had been sold to George Brown-a hatter and worked for him for 20 years raising his children. In 1856, her owner died and according to his wishes and the efforts of his three daughters, Clara's freedom was bought at age 53 and set out to find her daughter. After searching Kentucky, Missouri, and Kansas with no leads,Clara thought Eliza Jane had joined the thousands that were rushing to Colorado where just over Pike's Peak from Colorado Springs the biggest good strike in US history had been made in 1859.
She had secured a job as a cook on a wagon train in exchange for the free transportation of her laundry tubs and followed the wagon train on foot for 680 miles to Cherry Creek, Colorado where she set up a laundry business to serve the miners. She left shortly after since Eliza Jane was not there. She went further west to the mountain community of Central City where she set up another laundry business and invested her earnings in multiple pieces of real estate. All totaled, she owned 7 houses in Central City, 16 lots in Denver, Georgetown,Boulder and Idaho Springs and a few mines. She acquired a small fortune. Although she could not write, with the help of influential white friends, she set up a letter writing campaign to send lookout to any states she thought her 'Liza Jane could be.
She became known in Central City as "Aunt Clara" as she provided food, shelter, philanthropy and nursing care to the townspeople.
When the Civil War ended in 1865 Clara Brown returned east to Kentucky and then to Tennessee in search of Eliza Jane. Brown offered her $10,000 in savings and earnings as a reward for news of her daughter. Her search was unsuccessful but Brown returned to Central City, Colorado, bringing with her a dozen impoverished freed people she had befriended while in the south. In 1879 at age 76,She repeated this rescue mission,spending large sums of her own money helping other blacks emigrate to Colorado. Far and wide, she was known as the "Angel of the Rockies."
Clara Brown's continual search for her daughter, her support for local churches and charities and her financial assistance to college bound young women of color, eliminated most of her wealth but at nearly 80 years old, she received the news she had waited her life for.
On Tuesday last, Aunt Clara was almost overwhelmed with joy upon the receipt of a letter from Council Bluffs, Iowa, giving tidings of her long lost daughter. A telegram was sent to Mrs. Eliza Jane Brewer last night, assuring her that there was no mistake and that Aunt Clara would come to Council Bluffs as soon as she could perfect the necessary arrangements. The Denver Republican Feb 18, 1882
The story of this heartwarming reunion was published by newspapers throughout the west.The two women, possibly with one of Clara's grandchildren, returned to Denver and lived there together until Clara's death on October 26,1885. Clara's life and achievements are commemorated with a stained glass portrait of her in the Old Supreme Court Chambers of the state capitol in 1977. She was inducted into the Colorado Woman's Hall of Fame in 1989.
T Lee's thoughts on designing a collection for Clara Brown:
'Clara was an exceptional woman of substance but her greatest success was finding her daughter after 47 years of searching. She would not have been a woman to spend money on convincing anyone of her status through decorative jewelry but if it helped her further her sole purpose of finding Eliza Jane, she would wear it. Like a proud hockey mom wears an over sized picture pin of their kid with a hockey stick so they can talk about them, Clara would wear the Spotlight Pin and Searchlight Earrings as she asked everyone she met "Have you seen my daughter Eliza Jane?" Although she settled her business in the gold rush town of Central City, it was easily apparent that her treasures were her 4 children, represented by the 24k beads. A woman who could not sign her own name with anything other than an X, she never let her shortcomings stop her life long campaign of being reunited with her child. She was the living example of the message of never losing faith in what we search for.' T Lee, December 2016


Overview of the cheapest flights from Yangon to destinations in United States with relevant fares in next months. Only selected flights from RGN are shown. Use the search form below for more dates and routes.
Are you looking for flights to Yangon? Please switch to our overview of United States to RGN. Fill in the dates to find the best airline tickets deal for your journey.
More flights: Yangon to ATL. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (ATL), United States found. Prices of flights to Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson sourced on Sunday 22nd July 2018 at 16:47.
More flights: Yangon to BOS. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Boston Logan International (BOS), United States found. Prices of flights to Boston Logan International sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 12:01.
More flights: Yangon to EWR. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to New York Newark (EWR), United States found. Prices of flights to New York Newark sourced on Friday 27th July 2018 at 12:40.
More flights: Yangon to FLL. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Fort Lauderdale International (FLL), United States found. Prices of flights to Fort Lauderdale International sourced on Thursday 26th July 2018 at 15:29.
More flights: Yangon to HNL. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Honolulu International (HNL), United States found. Prices of flights to Honolulu International sourced on Tuesday 24th July 2018 at 10:50.
More flights: Yangon to IAD. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Washington Dulles (IAD), United States found. Prices of flights to Washington Dulles sourced on Saturday 21st July 2018 at 22:03.
More flights: Yangon to IAH. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Houston George Bush Intercntl. (IAH), United States found. Prices of flights to Houston George Bush Intercntl. sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 21:49.
More flights: Yangon to JFK. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to New York John F. Kennedy (JFK), United States found. Prices of flights to New York John F. Kennedy sourced on Sunday 22nd July 2018 at 10:32.
More flights: Yangon to LAS. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Las Vegas Mccarran (LAS), United States found. Prices of flights to Las Vegas Mccarran sourced on Tuesday 24th July 2018 at 07:46.
More flights: Yangon to LAX. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Los Angeles International (LAX), United States found. Prices of flights to Los Angeles International sourced on Tuesday 24th July 2018 at 07:48.
More flights: Yangon to MIA. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Miami International (MIA), United States found. Prices of flights to Miami International sourced on Friday 27th July 2018 at 00:53.
More flights: Yangon to ORD. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Chicago O'Hare International (ORD), United States found. Prices of flights to Chicago O'Hare International sourced on Thursday 26th July 2018 at 03:50.
More flights: Yangon to SFO. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to San Francisco International (SFO), United States found. Prices of flights to San Francisco International sourced on Saturday 21st July 2018 at 15:36.
More flights: Yangon to DCA. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Washington Ronald Reagan (DCA), United States found. Prices of flights to Washington Ronald Reagan sourced on Saturday 21st July 2018 at 22:03.
More flights: Yangon to BNA. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Nashville (BNA), United States found. Prices of flights to Nashville sourced on Friday 27th July 2018 at 05:58.
More flights: Yangon to BWI. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Baltimore Washington International (BWI), United States found. Prices of flights to Baltimore Washington International sourced on Saturday 21st July 2018 at 22:14.
More flights: Yangon to CLE. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Cleveland Hopkins International (CLE), United States found. Prices of flights to Cleveland Hopkins International sourced on Thursday 26th July 2018 at 12:24.
More flights: Yangon to SLC. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Salt Lake City (SLC), United States found. Prices of flights to Salt Lake City sourced on Thursday 26th July 2018 at 15:41.
More flights: Yangon to ROA. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Roanoke (ROA), United States found. Prices of flights to Roanoke sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:05.
More flights: Yangon to PHX. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Phoenix Sky Harbor (PHX), United States found. Prices of flights to Phoenix Sky Harbor sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 15:34.
More flights: Yangon to LGA. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to New York LaGuardia (LGA), United States found. Prices of flights to New York LaGuardia sourced on Sunday 22nd July 2018 at 10:36.
More flights: Yangon to SGF. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Springfield-Branson Rg (SGF), United States found. Prices of flights to Springfield-Branson Rg sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:05.
More flights: Yangon to RST. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Rochester Municipal (RST), United States found. Prices of flights to Rochester Municipal sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:05.
More flights: Yangon to SHV. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Shreveport Regional (SHV), United States found. Prices of flights to Shreveport Regional sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:05.
More flights: Yangon to SBN. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to South Bend (SBN), United States found. Prices of flights to South Bend sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:05.
More flights: Yangon to TLH. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Tallahassee (TLH), United States found. Prices of flights to Tallahassee sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:07.
More flights: Yangon to SRQ. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Sarasota (SRQ), United States found. Prices of flights to Sarasota sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:07.
More flights: Yangon to TVC. No direct flights from Yangon (RGN) to Traverse City (TVC), United States found. Prices of flights to Traverse City sourced on Friday 20th July 2018 at 09:07.


Pech Optical is a full-service, wholesale laboratory that specializes in the production of uncut and cut & edged Rx and Plano lenses for frames and quality sun-wear lines. In addition, we offer a variety of programs that not only assist in meeting the needs of multiple optical markets but also teach "better business" values.
Pech Optical was founded by Robert W. Pech in 1989 on the vision of doing one more job today than yesterday, with one less error. Achieving this means to continuously increase the number of customers satisfied with the quality and service they desire. With daily job numbers growing from 250 to well over 1,800, it is evident Pech Optical is on the right track.
To experience such a growth, ideas must be integrated from all sectors of the laboratory. Pech Optical regularly evaluates how each stage of the production process works together; ensuring the ability to produce efficient products in a timely manner. Teamwork between departments is what allows Pech Optical to provide superior products.
Get Sioux City Hospitality & Tourism jobs via email.


text:
package unirest

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"github.com/apimatic/form"
	"github.com/satori/go.uuid"
	"mime/multipart"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
	"crypto/tls"
)

type Request struct {
	httpClient     *http.Client
	transport      *http.Transport
	cookies        []*http.Cookie
	connectTimeout int
	httpMethod     HttpMethod             //HTTP method for the outgoing request
	url            string                 //Url for the outgoing request
	headers        map[string]interface{} //Headers for the outgoing request
	body           interface{}            //Parameters for raw body type request
	username       string                 //Basic auth password
	password       string                 //Basic auth password
}

func NewRequest(method HttpMethod, url string,
	headers map[string]interface{}, parameters interface{},
	username string, password string) *Request {

	request := makeRequest(method, url, headers, username, password)
	request.body = parameters
	return request
}

func makeRequest(method HttpMethod, url string,
	headers map[string]interface{},
	username string, password string) *Request {

	//prepare a new request object
	request := new(Request)

	//prepare the transport layer
	request.connectTimeout = -1
	request.transport = &http.Transport{DisableKeepAlives: false, MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 2}
	request.httpClient = &http.Client{
		Transport: request.transport,
	}

	//perpare the request parameters
	request.httpMethod = method
	request.url = url
	request.headers = headers
	request.username = username
	request.password = password

	return request
}

func (me *Request) PerformRequest(skipVerify bool) (*http.Response, error) {
	var req *http.Request
	var err error
	var method = me.httpMethod.ToString()

	//encode body and parameters to the request
	if me.body != nil {
		req, err = me.encodeBody(method)
	} else {
		req, err = http.NewRequest(method, me.url, nil)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	//load headers
	me.encodeHeaders(req)

	//set timeout values
	me.httpClient.Transport.(*http.Transport).TLSHandshakeTimeout += 2 * time.Second
	me.httpClient.Transport.(*http.Transport).ResponseHeaderTimeout = 10 * time.Second

	//set skipVerify SSL
	me.httpClient.Transport.(*http.Transport).TLSClientConfig = &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: skipVerify}

	//perform the underlying http request
	res, err := me.httpClient.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return res, nil
}

func (me *Request) encodeHeaders(req *http.Request) {
	//encode headers and basic auth fields
	for key, value := range me.headers {
		strVal := ToString(value, "")
		if len(strVal) > 0 {
			req.Header.Set(key, strVal)
		}
	}

	//append basic auth headers
	if len(me.username) > 1 || len(me.password) > 1 {
		authToken := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(me.username + ":" + me.password))
		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Basic "+authToken)
	}
}

//Decides whether to encode using form parameters with multipart/url encoded or send as a raw body
func (me *Request) encodeBody(method string) (*http.Request, error) {
	var req *http.Request
	var err error
	if params, ok := me.body.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
		//encode parameters using form encoder with brackets
		param, _ := form.EncodeToValues(params, form.BRACKET)
		//Check if the parameters contain a file
		for key, _ := range param {
			if key == "[file]" {
				return me.encodeMultiPartFormData(method, param)
			}
		}
		return me.encodeUrlEncodedFormData(method, param)
	} else {
		return me.encodeRawBody(method)
	}
	return req, err
}

func (me *Request) encodeUrlEncodedFormData(method string, param url.Values) (*http.Request, error) {
	paramValues := url.Values{}
	for key, val := range param {
		paramValues.Add(key, ToString(val[0], ""))
	}
	//creating request
	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, me.url, strings.NewReader(paramValues.Encode()))
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")

	return req, err
}

func (me *Request) encodeRawBody(method string) (*http.Request, error) {
	isString := false
	var bodyBytes []byte
	var err error
	//Serializes all parameters except string which is sent raw
	if reflect.ValueOf(me.body).Kind() != reflect.String {
		bodyBytes, err = json.Marshal(me.body)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, errors.New("Invalid JSON in the query")
		}
	} else {
		isString = true
		bodyBytes = []byte(me.body.(string))
	}

	reader := bytes.NewReader(bodyBytes)
	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, me.url, reader)
	req.Header.Set("Content-Length", strconv.Itoa(len(string(bodyBytes))))
	if(!isString){
		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
	}
	return req, err
}

func (me *Request) encodeMultiPartFormData(method string, param url.Values) (*http.Request, error) {
	body := new(bytes.Buffer)
	writer := multipart.NewWriter(body)
	//Adds the file data
	for key, val := range param {
		if key == "[file]" {
			part, _ := writer.CreateFormFile("file", "file_encode")
			part.Write([]byte(val[0]))
		}
	}
	//Adds additional parameters
	for key, val := range param {
		if key != "[file]" {
			writer.WriteField(key, ToString(val[0], ""))
		}
	}
	writer.Close()

	req, err := http.NewRequest(method, me.url, body)
	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", writer.FormDataContentType())
	return req, err
}

/**
 * Uses reflection to check if the given value is a zero value
 * @param   v    The given value for the finding the string representation
 * @return	True, if the value is a zero value
 */
func isZero(v reflect.Value) bool {
	switch v.Kind() {
	case reflect.Func, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
		return v.IsNil()
	case reflect.Array:
		z := true
		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
			z = z && isZero(v.Index(i))
		}
		return z
	case reflect.Struct:
		z := true
		for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
			if v.Field(i).CanSet() {
				z = z && isZero(v.Field(i))
			}
		}
		return z
	case reflect.Bool, reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
		reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
		return false //numeric and bool zeros are not to be detected
	}
	// Compare other types directly:
	z := reflect.Zero(v.Type())
	result := v.Interface() == z.Interface()

	return result
}

/**
 * Uses reflection to get string representation of a given data
 * @param   data    The given data for the finding the string representation
 * @param   dVal    The default value string to use if the given value is nil
 */
func ToString(data interface{}, dVal string) string {
	if data == nil {
		return dVal
	} else if str, ok := data.(string); ok {
		return str
	}
	value := reflect.ValueOf(data)
	if isZero(value) {
		return dVal
	}
	return toString(value)
}

/**
 * Uses reflection to get string representation of a given value
 * @param   value   The refelcted value to find the string represenation for
 */
func toString(value reflect.Value) string {
	valueKind := value.Kind()
	if valueKind == reflect.Ptr {
		value = value.Elem()
	}

	valueType := value.Type().String()
	switch valueType {
	case "bool":
		return strconv.FormatBool(value.Bool())
	case "int", "int8", "int32", "int64",
		"uint", "uint8", "uint32", "uint64":
		return strconv.FormatInt(value.Int(), 10)
	case "float32":
		return strconv.FormatFloat(value.Float(), 'f', -1, 32)
	case "float64":
		return strconv.FormatFloat(value.Float(), 'f', -1, 64)
	case "string":
		return value.String()
	case "time.Time":
		return value.Interface().(time.Time).String()
	case "uuid.UUID":
		return value.Interface().(uuid.UUID).String()
	default:
		jsonValue, _ := json.Marshal(value.Interface())
		return string(jsonValue)
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Postgresql List foreign data wrappers? This explains how to create a foreign data wrapper.
So how to list all the existing  foreign data wrappers ?

A: Just \det, or \det[+] for more details.
See official documentation here.

A: SELECT fdwname FROM pg_foreign_data_wrapper;
see https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrapper.html

A: Many FDWs are listed in the Postgres Wiki:
https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Foreign_data_wrappers
psql has useful commands as well to know which FDWs are defined, e.g. \dew[+]:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/app-psql.html


text:
Die Perkeo war eine 1901 unter dem Namen Brilliant für die Londoner Reederei Anglo-American Oil Co. Ltd. gebaute Viermastbark. Sie war der Flying P-Liner mit der kürzesten Zeit im Besitz der Hamburger Reederei F. Laeisz, vom 16. Juli bis 6. August 1914.

Beschreibung
Mit der Baunummer 475 durch Russell & Co., Port Glasgow, gebaut, lief im Mai 1901 das 107 m lange und mit 3.765 BRT vermessene Schiff mit der britischen Registriernummer (ON-Official number, seit 1855) 112846 vom Stapel. Im Januar 1902 folgte ihre nahezu baugleiche Schwester Daylight mit der britischen Registriernummer 114182 für den gleichen Reeder. Die Baukosten beliefen sich auf $ 270.000 (ca. £ 54.000).

Geschichte
Die Londoner Reederei setzte die Viermastbark Brilliant für den Frachtverkehr nach Amerika ein. 1906 bis 1912 fuhr sie als Bell für Tank Storage & Carriage-Usmar J.H., London.

Am 16. Juli 1914 erwarb F. Laeisz das Schiff in New York. Es war zu der Zeit die größte Viermastbark der Reederei und es sollte das Schiff werden, das am kürzesten in ihrem Besitz war. Am 18. Juli 1914 ging es auf die Reise nach Hamburg unter dem Kommando des Windjammer-Kapitän Hinrich Nissen. Schon am 8. August wurde der mittlerweile in Perkeo umbenannte Laeisz-Segler im Ärmelkanal aufgebracht. Die Royal Navy eskortierte das Schiff nach London, wo es am 15. August eintraf. Das Prisengericht verfügte die Internierung der Besatzung und die Beschlagnahme des Schiffes.

1915 wurde es für £ 12.200 an Alf Monsen in Tønsberg, Norwegen, verkauft. Das Schiff wurde wieder umbenannt in Bell und erhielt das norwegische Flaggensignal WKDT. Das Schiff stand unter der Führung von Kapitän Thorvald Emil Ellingsen.

Am 30. März 1916 erfolgte die Versenkung durch SM U 44 (KL Paul Wagenführ) auf der Rückreise von Portland im US-Bundesstaat Oregon nach Falmouth mit einer Ladung Weizen bei Ouessant auf Position , etwa 70 Meilen südwestlich der Scilly-Inseln. Der gesamten Besatzung gelang die Rückkehr nach Liverpool, nachdem sie durch den irischen Dampfer City of Stockholm gerettet worden waren.

Siehe auch
 Liste großer Segelschiffe
 Flying P-Liner

Weblinks
 Schiffs-Daten der Brilliant (englisch)
 Daten der Perkeo ex. Brilliant (italienisch)

Einzelnachweise

Frachtschiff (Deutschland)
Schiff (F. Laeisz)
Frachtsegler
Bark
Viermaster
Großsegler aus Deutschland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia