text:
Viking Cruises launches Resident Historian program
Viking Cruises® today announced the rollout of its new onboard Viking Resident Historian program. Launching on Viking Star, Viking Sea and Viking Sky this month, a carefully selected faculty of historians will provide an enhanced level of enrichment for guests onboard all of Viking's ocean cruise ships. A new video on the Resident Historian program can be found on the Viking website.
The Viking Resident Historians will provide guests with a high-level historical and cultural education that is specific to their journey, offering a framework for understanding the major chapters in world history. They will also conduct seminar-style roundtables – smaller, more intimate forums for discussion with guests, where the Viking Resident Historian will examine in-depth subjects related to their own area of specialization and/or particular areas of interest of the guests.
"Our guests are explorers – they are curious travelers who want to learn," said Karine Hagen, Senior Vice President of Viking Cruises, who leads Viking's enrichment efforts. "Having a fundamental understanding of iconic historical events in the destinations our guests visit helps bring a deeper understanding of the present – and perhaps also a better perspective on the future."
The Viking Resident Historians have been engaged to provide a history course as a refresher, which is then supplemented by onboard Guest Lecturers who contribute their particular expertise (art, architecture, music, etc.) of the region. The responsibilities of Viking Resident Historians extend well beyond just lectures during each cruise itinerary and include:
Presenting itinerary iconic lectures (examples in Europe and Scandinavia include: The Roman Empire; The Ottoman Empire; The Hanseatic League; Imperial Russia)
Conducting roundtable discussions (examples include: The Elgin Marbles; Women Explorers; Venetian Naval Power)
Hosting history-themed dinner discussions onboard
Holding daily "office hours" for one-on-one time with guests
Being available for guest questions and interactions outside lectures and office hours throughout the itinerary
The Viking Resident Historian lectures are exclusively produced by Viking, under the tutelage of Dr. Charles Doherty, Chief Viking Resident Historian. The lectures are standardized as a core curriculum to guarantee consistency throughout the fleet, regardless of which Viking Resident Historian is lecturing. As with other onboard lectures, the Viking Resident Historian series will be presented in The Theater – and each will also be filmed and made available for guests on the in-room entertainment system. Additionally, the series is currently being professionally filmed in-studio, and in early 2018 will be available in its entirety on-demand through the in-room entertainment system on all Viking river and ocean ships. Charles Doherty, PhD, has lectured in more than 60 countries for The National Geographic Society, the Smithsonian and the American Museum of Natural History. Dr. Doherty received his doctorate from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and attended the Courtauld Institute in London as a Fulbright Scholar.
The first three Viking Resident Historians that will be featured onboard Viking's three ocean cruise ships this spring are:
Dr. Mark Callaghan holds a Ph.D. in History from the University of London, an M.A. in Art History from Oxford University and a B.A. in Art History from the University of Manchester. Dr. Callaghan is a specialist in 20th century European art and culture and will serve as the Viking Resident Historian on Viking Sky on sailings of Empires of the Mediterranean this spring.
Lt. Colonel Tony Coutts-Britton is a graduate of the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst and served with the British Army in Europe and Asia – and later with NATO in the Partnership for Peace program. Lt. Col. Coutts-Britton lectures on the social and political aspects of European military history and will serve as the Viking Resident Historian on Viking Sea on sailings of Empires of the Mediterranean this spring.
Dr. Fenella Bazin holds a Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, is a graduate of the Royal Academy of Music and is a Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool's Center for Manx Studies. Dr. Bazin is a specialist in the Age of the Vikings and modern Norway and will serve as the Viking Resident Historian on Viking Star on sailings of Empires of the Mediterranean this spring.
The launch of the Resident Historian program is just the latest of several recent additions to the onboard cultural offerings for Viking Ocean Cruises, including:
Munch Moments – In 2016 the company announced an exclusive partnership with Oslo's Munch Museum, designed to celebrate the life and artwork of Norway's most famous artist, Edvard Munch, with daily "Munch Moments," staged for guests each day in the ship's Atrium.
The Metropolitan Opera – Viking has worked with the world renowned Metropolitan Opera to bring Puccini's classic love story "La Bohème" to guests. As part of the Metropolitan Opera's groundbreaking "The Met: Live in HD" series, this Viking Privileged Access experience takes guests beyond an ordinary visit to the opera with behind-the-scenes features such as interviews with cast and crew members.
Viking Art Guide – Viking has launched the Viking Art Guide, a new mobile app available in the App Store, which is a walking tour of Viking's ocean ships and the extensive collection of Nordic art onboard that can be experienced at a guest's leisure.
The Viking Difference
Designed for discerning travelers, Viking offers "the thinking person's cruise" as an alternative to mainstream cruises. The Viking Difference is providing guests with extraordinarily well-designed journeys that bring them closer to the cultures of the world. Ships are small to get guests closer to their destination, with more time in port, more overnights and fewer days at sea. Onboard, guests find serene Scandinavian spaces, where every room is beautiful and functional, quiet and filled with light. All-veranda ships mean that guests experience every day with a new, expansive vista. With the most al fresco dining at sea, featuring regional cuisines and always-available American classics, Viking's guests can truly dine in their destination. A focus on cultural enrichment brings immersive experiences onshore and onboard. And only The Viking Way brings guests itineraries that feature Local Life, Working World and Privileged Access experiences.
In addition, Viking Inclusive Value provides a small ship experience at a big ship value – with every cruise fare including a veranda stateroom, shore excursions in each port of call, all onboard meals, and all port charges and government taxes. Guests also enjoy many complimentary amenities as part of their fare, including: beer and wine with lunch and dinner service; premium dining reservations; Wi-Fi; self-service laundry; access to the Thermal Suite in the LivNordic Spa; and 24-hour room service—an included value of more than $200 per person, per day for an average cruise.
AIDA Cruises: Multi-million Euro Contract for Lloyd Werft in Bremerhaven
Holland America Line renews partnership with Seattle Mariners
Silversea Cruises New Ship Floats Out in Ancona
Silversea Cruises' new ship Silver Dawn touched water for the first time today during her float-out at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona, Italy. The fitting out phase will now begin — during which Fincantieri's skilled...
Oceania Cruises Releases Epic 2023 World Voyage
Today, Oceania Cruises, the world's leading culinary- and destination-focused cruise line, unveiled its 2023 Around The World in 180 Days voyage which opens for public sale on January 27th...
Royal Caribbean Launches Barbados Itineraries
Royal Caribbean International will for the first time call Barbados "home" next winter, offering travelers fresh ways to experience the southern Caribbean on Grandeur of the Seas. Three distinct 7- and 14-night...
New Hotels in Helsinki
Safest Beaches in Europe 2020
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New and Upcoming Hotels in Moscow, Russia
New and Upcoming Hotels in Dubai
Six New Hotels in Venice, Italy


The Nova Scotia Nominee Program (NSNP) offers a quicker entry into Canada for qualified workers and experienced entrepreneurs who wish to settle in Nova Scotia and become permanent residents of Canada.
have an acceptable strategy to recruit and retain immigrant workers in Nova Scotia.
Ineligible: parents, grandparents, spouses or common-law/conjugal partners. (Instead, apply under the federal Family Class.) Also, international students currently studying cannot apply as workers under this stream. However, the family business owner can hire his/her relative or his/her spouse or common-law/conjugal partner's relative.
be a permanent resident or a Canadian resident living in Nova Scotia.
Priority will be given to workers whose family employer can demonstrate that they will provide additional supports (i.e. accommodation and travel, access to language training, orientation to the community, on-the-job training) to assist the Worker and accompanying dependents with their settlement needs.
This stream is aimed at those who are the non-dependent children of immigrants nominated under the NSNP. The principal applicant must plan to live in Nova Scotia permanently, be employable and contribute to the economy of the province. As the Nominee, The nominee's non-dependent children must have a minimum of one (1) year of full-time work experience in the last five (5) years in their field of studies and/or have the intention and ability to enter the Nova Scotia labour market.
The applicant must have been named in their parent's Nova Scotia Nominee Program application.
The applicant meets all the age (at least 22-years-old), education, language ability, employability and financial requirements.
The applicant has completed at least one (1) year of post-secondary education, a training program or apprenticeship and received a degree, diploma or certificate issued by an accredited institution.
This stream will consider the employability of the candidate, but a job offer is not necessary.
The applicant must be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of Canada, and has been nominated under the Nova Scotia Nominee Program (NSNP).
Be the parent of a child who was named in the applicant's original application for permanent residence to the Nova Scotia Nominee Program.
Have established a family residence in Nova Scotia within six (6) months of obtaining permanent resident status in Canada, and the applicant has remained a resident of this province.
Have been a resident of Nova Scotia for at least three (3) consecutive months immediately before this application and are still residing in Nova Scotia.
Remain a resident of Nova Scotia throughout the application process and are still a resident of this province when the applicant's child arrives in Nova Scotia with permanent resident status.
This stream helps employers hire and retain recent international graduates whose skills may be in limited supply in the province, and targets such graduates with strong ties to Nova Scotia and intend to live, work, and establish their careers here.
This stream is employer-driven. The International Graduate must have a guaranteed, full-time, permanent job offer in his/her field of study from a Nova Scotia employer. Though the NSNP does not have a specific occupation or skill shortage list, it will consider only certain jobs and occupations. Priority will be given to those whose employers can demonstrate they will provide additional supports to assist newcomers with their settlement needs.
Priority will be awarded to positions with a minimum salary surpassing C$10/hour or C$20,000 annually.
Unlike the Skilled Worker stream, International Graduates need to have only three months work experience before applying versus two years. Also under this stream, employers will not have to show proof that they have exhausted efforts to employ Canadian citizens or permanent residents before hiring an international graduate.
This program is aimed at individuals who are employable, have strong established connections to a Nova Scotia community, and can contribute to the labour market and economy of that specific community. This stream is community-driven. There is no application fee.


The belief that "strong contact centers are an opportunity for success" has provoked shared sentiments amongst industry stakeholders. 67 percent of decision makers in customer service departments see customer experience (CX) as a top priority. Unfortunately, customer satisfaction (CSAT) levels have decreased from 2013 to 2016, in part because of the difficulty of setting a customer service strategy in motion.
"What's the direct impact that our customer service is having on our company's bottom line?"
The report, Transform The Contact Center For Customer Service Excellence, is no longer available. You can find it on Forrester's site here, or read Forrester's Engagement Costs Continue To Rise Even With Digital.


Friedman DA, Greene MJ, Gordon DM. The physiology of forager hydration and variation among harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) colonies in collective foraging behavior. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 26; 9(1):5126. PMID: 30914705.
Greene MJ, Klimtchuk ES, Seldin DC, Berk JL, Connors LH. Cooperative stabilization of transthyretin by clusterin and diflunisal. Biochemistry. 2015 Jan 20; 54(2):268-78. PMID: 25478940; PMCID: PMC4303310.
Greene MJ. 2014 critical care transport workplace and salary survey. Air Med J. 2014 Nov-Dec; 33(6):257-64. PMID: 25441517.
Phay M, Blinder V, Macy S, Greene MJ, Wooliver DC, Liu W, Planas A, Walsh DM, Connors LH, Primmer SR, Planque SA, Paul S, O'Nuallain B. Transthyretin aggregate-specific antibodies recognize cryptic epitopes on patient-derived amyloid fibrils. Rejuvenation Res. 2014 Apr; 17(2):97-104. PMID: 24164623.
Greene MJ. 2013 aircrew, avionics, and operations survey, part 1. Air Med J. 2013 Nov-Dec; 32(6):316-23. PMID: 24182879.
Greene MJ. 2013 aircrew, avionics, and operations survey, part 2. Air Med J. 2013 Nov-Dec; 32(6):324-8. PMID: 24182880.
Greene MJ, Pinter-Wollman N, Gordon DM. Interactions with combined chemical cues inform harvester ant foragers' decisions to leave the nest in search of food. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e52219. PMID: 23308106.
Greene MJ. 2012 critical care transport workplace and salary survey. Air Med J. 2012 Nov-Dec; 31(6):276-80. PMID: 23116868.
Greene MJ. 2011 critical care transport workplace and salary survey. Air Med J. 2011 Nov-Dec; 30(6):306.e1-10. PMID: 22055178.
Sturgis SJ, Greene MJ, Gordon DM. Hydrocarbons on harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) middens guide foragers to the nest. J Chem Ecol. 2011 May; 37(5):514-24. PMID: 21494855.
Gordon DM, Guetz A, Greene MJ, Holmes S. Colony variation in the collective regulation of foraging by harvester ants. Behav Ecol. 2011 Mar; 22(2):429-435. PMID: 22479133.
Greene MJ, Sam F, Soo Hoo PT, Patel RS, Seldin DC, Connors LH. Evidence for a functional role of the molecular chaperone clusterin in amyloidotic cardiomyopathy. Am J Pathol. 2011 Jan; 178(1):61-8. PMID: 21224044; PMCID: PMC3070592.
Greene MJ. 2010 Critical Care Transport Workplace and Salary Survey. Air Med J. 2010 Sep-Oct; 29(5):222-35. PMID: 20826354.
Englert AC, Greene MJ. Chemically-mediated roostmate recognition and roost selection by Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis). PLoS One. 2009 Nov 10; 4(11):e7781. PMID: 19901986; PMCID: PMC2770117.
Greene MJ, Gordon DM. How patrollers set foraging direction in harvester ants. Am Nat. 2007 Dec; 170(6):943-8. PMID: 18171176.
Greene MJ, Gordon DM. Structural complexity of chemical recognition cues affects the perception of group membership in the ants Linephithema humile and Aphaenogaster cockerelli. J Exp Biol. 2007 Mar; 210(Pt 5):897-905. PMID: 17297148.
Volny VP, Greene MJ, Gordon DM. Brood production and lineage discrimination in the red harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus). Ecology. 2006 Sep; 87(9):2194-200. PMID: 16995618.
Frederickson ME, Greene MJ, Gordon DM. Ecology: 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants. Nature. 2005 Sep 22; 437(7058):495-6. PMID: 16177778.
Greene MJ, Gordon DM. Social insects: Cuticular hydrocarbons inform task decisions. Nature. 2003 May 01; 423(6935):32. PMID: 12721617.
Greene MJ, Stark SL, Mason RT. Predatory response of brown tree snakes to chemical stimuli from human skin. J Chem Ecol. 2002 Dec; 28(12):2465-73. PMID: 12564793.
Greene MJ, Stark SL, Mason RT. Pheromone trailing behavior of the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis. J Chem Ecol. 2001 Nov; 27(11):2193-201. PMID: 11817075.
Moore IT, Greene MJ, Mason RT. Environmental and seasonal adaptations of the adrenocortical and gonadal responses to capture stress in two populations of the male garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. J Exp Zool. 2001 Feb 01; 289(2):99-108. PMID: 11169497.


Step Three: Ding! Doorbell rings and you've received two bags of espresso, along with recommended brew parameters and tips straight from the roaster. Experience better espresso at home. New roaster and recipes every single month.
Each month, our Seattle Cafe features a new roaster from around the world—our way to share the wonderfully diverse world of specialty coffee with the community.
The La Marzocco Home Espresso Subscription gives home baristas the opportunity to brew the same espresso each month that is being brewed in the Cafe. Consider it our Cafe experience in your kitchen. You'll get tips, tricks and brew parameters from the roasters themselves, as well as in-depth case studies and white papers curated by our team.
Each monthly shipment comes with the roaster's recommended brew parameters. We also include tips and experiments curated by our team for you to try out and learn from - designed to help you constantly improve your home espresso game. Tinker, test, and experiment—then let us know what you come up with!
Know a home espresso enthusiast who would love a subscription? Gift them a 1 or 3 month membership. Your credit card will be charged on the first of the month and the subscription stops by itself.


text:
Q: Java JMS Client - Binding to a specific Local Port I have a simple JMS Client java code which connects to a weblogic application server and sends messages to the jms queue defined.
For each connection made by the JMS Client to the server there is an underlying TCP connection being made between the Weblogic application server which has the JMS Queue and the machine where the JMS Client code is been run.
As per my limited knowledge, i think the local port in the connection is randomly chosen. Please correct me if this is wrong.
In our production server, due to some strict customer policy we have been asked to restrict the local port to a fixed port range instead of any random port. Is it possible to do the same by specifying any connection factory attributes in the JMS Client code.
E.g.
192.19.81.223 -> m/c where Weblogic is installed
7001 -> Weblogic Server admin port, where the JMS Server is targeted
192.19.105.54 -> m/c where the JMS Client code is running
61372 -> Random port being selected in the m/c where JMS Client is run.

$home > netstat -an|grep 7001
tcp        0      0 ::ffff:192.19.81.223:7001   :::*                             LISTEN
tcp        0      0 ::ffff:192.19.81.223:7001   ::ffff:192.19.105.54:61372     ESTABLISHED

Every time i run the client code, the random port keeps changing from 61372 to 59874, 56987 etc...
I'm not able to fix this port no. to a definite value or a range of values.
Please let me know if this can be done.
Sample JMS Client Code:
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Hashtable;

import javax.jms.ConnectionFactory;
import javax.jms.JMSException;
import javax.jms.MessageProducer;
import javax.jms.Queue;
import javax.jms.QueueConnection;
import javax.jms.QueueConnectionFactory;
import javax.jms.QueueSession;
import javax.jms.Session;
import javax.jms.TextMessage;
import javax.naming.Context;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
import javax.naming.NamingException;
import javax.naming.directory.InitialDirContext;

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;

public class JmsSender
{
    private static InitialContext ctx = null;
    private static ConnectionFactory connFactory = null;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
    {
    initializeContext();
    createConnectionFactory();
    sendToQueue();
    }

    private static void sendToQueue() {
    QueueSession queueSession = null;
    try
    {
        Queue queue = getQueue();
        queueSession = getQueueSession();
        MessageProducer producer = queueSession.createSender(queue);
        createMessagesAndSend(queueSession, producer);
    }
    catch (Exception e){
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    finally
    {
        try {
        if(queueSession != null)
            queueSession.close();
        } catch (JMSException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    }

    private static void createMessagesAndSend(Session session, MessageProducer producer) throws IOException, JMSException {
    String buffer = FileUtils.readFileToString(new File("D:\\Testdata\\SAMPLE.txt"));
    TextMessage message = session.createTextMessage(buffer);
    producer.send(message);
    }

    private static QueueSession getQueueSession() throws NamingException, JMSException {
    QueueConnection queueConn = ((QueueConnectionFactory)connFactory).createQueueConnection();
    QueueSession queueSession = queueConn.createQueueSession(false, Session.DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE);
    return queueSession;
    }

    private static void createConnectionFactory() throws NamingException {
    connFactory = (ConnectionFactory) ctx.lookup("jms/ConnectionFactory");
    }

    private static void initializeContext() throws NamingException {
    ctx = new InitialDirContext(getProperties());
    }

    private static Hashtable<String,String> getProperties() {
    Hashtable<String,String> environment = new Hashtable<String,String>();
    environment.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "weblogic.jndi.WLInitialContextFactory");
    environment.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, "t3://192.19.81.223:7001");
    environment.put(Context.REFERRAL, "throw");
    return environment;
    }

    private static Queue getQueue() throws NamingException {
    return (Queue) ctx.lookup("QueueIncoming");
    }
}

A:
I think the local port in the connection is randomly chosen. Please correct me if this is wrong.

You are correct.

In our production server, due to some strict customer policy we have been asked to restrict the local port to a fixed port range instead of any random port.

Your customer is misinformed or ill-advised or ill-served. There is no benefit to firewall rules like this, and it isn't implementable in applications in most cases.

Is it possible to do the same by specifying any connection factory attributes in the JMS Client code.

Not that I am aware of. You need to educate your client about outbound firewall rules. They serve no useful security or other purpose. If he thinks otherwise ask him what, and how.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Salinas topographic map
> United States > California > Monterey County > Salinas
Name: Salinas topographic map, elevation, terrain.
Location: Salinas, Monterey County, California, United States (36.63902 -121.69191 36.73425 -121.57399)
Average elevation: 66 ft
Minimum elevation: 3 ft
Prior to mass agricultural and urban development, much of the city consisted of rolling hills bisected by wooded creeks and interspersed with marsh land. Today, the city is located mostly on leveled ground, with some rolling hills and wooded gulches with creeks remaining in the north-eastern Creekbridge and Williams Ranch neighborhoods, as well as the Laurel Heights section of East Salinas. The natural ecosystems accompanying the area's topography and environment have been recreated in Natividad Creek Park and adjacent Upper Carr Lake.
Wikipedia (CC-BY-SA 3.0)
United States > California > Monterey County
Carmel-by-the-Sea, Monterey County, California, United States
Monterey, Monterey County, California, United States
Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California, 93950, United States
United States > California > Monterey County > Del Monte Forest
Pebble Beach, Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, California, 93953, United States
Carmel Valley, Monterey County, California, United States
King City, Monterey County, California, United States
Del Monte Forest
Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, California, 93953, United States
Soledad, Monterey County, California, 93960, United States
Seaside, Monterey County, California, 93955, United States
Castroville, Monterey County, California, United States
Big Sur, Monterey County, California, 93920-9998, United States
Prunedale
Prunedale, Monterey County, California, 93907, United States
Salinas, Monterey County, California, 93901, United States
Carmel Valley Manor
Carmel Valley Manor, Monterey County, California, United States
Greenfield, Monterey County, California, United States
Monterey Bay, Monterey County, California, United States
Average elevation: 0 ft

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Veterans of wine country typically agree that a good tasting room experience can make even mediocre wines taste better. However, run into a surly staff member pouring wines, and no matter how good the beverage may be, it probably will not appeal to you and you most likely won't buy it there, or anywhere. This is certainly not lost on winery owners, thus most tasting room personnel are fun, congenial, and ready to help.
Just as you would expect the personnel in the tasting rooms to respect you as a potential customer, these hard-working individuals have a right to hope they will receive like consideration from those who frequent their establishments. A little research into tasting room etiquette will allow visitors to discover not so much what is expected of them, but what they can do to make both the staff and fellow tasters more comfortable. And in accomplishing this, visitors (novice and experienced alike) will be more at ease themselves.
You should never go tasting on an empty stomach, even if you will be primarily spitting. You will want to enjoy the taste of the wines, too, but even when you sip lightly, the alcohol levels can often add up before you know it, so you must always be prepared. Many of our tours include lunch, and if you request, our chauffeurs will gladly recommend a stop for breakfast or a snack.
T3 will ensure that bottled water is available, so don't forget to drink it in between winery stops—your body will be much happier if you keep hydrated with water equal to the amount of wine you sip.
Do not wear heavy perfumes or shaving lotions. A huge part of tasting is smell—don't let yours interfere.
If you are a smoker you may not yet accept that the smell of smoke invades your clothes, hair, and hands, and does so for a period of time even after the flame is extinguished. The odor can be a definite turn off for staff and consumers. A little consideration here will be much appreciated (even though people will probably never know). Remember, smoking is prohibited in T3's vehicles, and most of the wineries have non-smoking policies as well.
Dress for the season in layers (temperature can vary drastically from foggy mornings to sunny afternoons), and take a lightweight jacket along—caves are kept at a consistent temperature of about 55 to 60 degrees and can feel chilly at any time of year.
Wear comfortable shoes with closed toes—treks into the vineyards often mean soft dirt, dust, and gravel.
Set your cell phone on vibrate, and go outside if you have to talk. Tasters will be concentrating on hearing descriptions of the wine and answers to questions.
There are no stupid questions if you are genuine. The winery staff is well trained to interact with novice and professional alike.
Dump buckets have an important purpose as a receptacle for unwanted wine from the glass or mouth. Do pour out the wine remaining in your glass after you have had a sufficient tasting—your pourer will not be offended and will recognize your empty glass as a signal to pour the next taste.
Taking notes not only helps you remember what you tasted, but it is frequently a signal to the pourers that you are serious about the tasting exercise. Often this will get you a bit more personalized treatment, and sometimes a few wines to taste that are not on the schedule for the day.
A Note About Spitting- Newcomers to tasting rooms are sometimes surprised and even offended to see other tasters spitting a mouthful of wine into the dump bucket. Actually, this is a very common and necessary practice among experienced tasters. Spitting is a tasting technique to help keep palates clean, and heads clear. In crowded tasting rooms, or where buckets are too full for comfort, request a paper or plastic cup for more discreet spitting.
Remember, the staff at tasting rooms are friendly and willing to help. Don't forget your chauffeur is a useful source of information as well!


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text:
AC Milan Women
AC Milan's Berglind Björg Thorvaldsdóttir Will Leave Milan and Return Back to Iceland
The player's contract is up, and she'll return back home to play in the Icelandic championship.
By steph_@statsandedits May 8, 2020, 7:00pm CEST
Share All sharing options for: AC Milan's Berglind Björg Thorvaldsdóttir Will Leave Milan and Return Back to Iceland
AC Milan forward, Berglind Björg Thorvaldsdóttir, will return back home to Iceland in a few days.
The confirmation came courtesy of Thorsteinn Halldórsson during an interview with the Icelandic football site, Fotbolti.
Halldórsson is Thor's coach at Breiðabliki, which is her team in Iceland. He confirmed that she will return to the country to play with the team in the Icelandic championship (the Úrvalsdeild kvenna).
The move is not surprising, considering that Björg had previously stated that she will return back home once the season has ended.
However, Serie A Femminile's season has not, in fact, ended. The league is currently suspended due to the ongoing COVID-19 crisis. A meeting will be held on May 25th to determine whether the league will go forward.
Teams will not start practicing again until June. If the season does resume, then it means that AC Milan will have to restart the season without one of their most prolific forwards.
Berglind has scored five goals in five games for Milan, which is an impressive conversion rate. AC Milan is also competing with Fiorentina for the Champions League, and they face the daunting task of having to endure that challenge without her.
Though she's only been in Milan for less than four months, Thorvaldsdóttir has become a fan favorite with the Rossoneri faithful.
We will most certainly miss her and her wonderful goals, along with the immeasurable amount of joy she has brought to our lives.
People have asked if she'd consider coming back to Milan and playing for the team again. After spending time with Stine Hovland and the rest of the Rossonere, we certainly hope that she'll consider it.
Þakka þér fyrir allt, Thor.


text:
It was still raining outside the cave.
Jiwoo closed her eyes and focused on the sound of rain.
First of all, Jiwoo could not easily hide her uneasy feelings about proposing a relationship first.
She was using Lanceil to forget the crown prince.
He seemed to have noticed it too, and she felt very apologetic about it, but she didn't even bother to verbalize this, let alone complain.
Instead, he just soothed Jiwoo, who had been crying hard for a long time.
The sound of pouring rain gradually subsided.
Insects that had been holding their breath in the rain woke up and let out a faint cry.
As the night became deeper, Lanceil concentrated on comforting Jiwoo until the sound of the crackling bonfire became clearer.
"Nngh.
Mmh."
Lanceil's kiss became a little deeper than before.
And it got bolder.
He was embarrassed when she touched his ear in the forest while the sky was still open, but after entering a private place like a cave, his actions seemed to have become even more unreserved.
Her forehead, cheeks, lips, and the base of her neck.
There was nowhere his lips did not touch.
It seemed as if he intended to kiss her entire body.
Finally, he kissed her lips deeply and pulled back, grabbing Jiwoo's arm.
Her upper body was pulled towards him.
The scent of wild herbs wafted from him.
Perhaps it was a scent meant to seduce, and so the scent grew thicker the more he got excited.
"Are you okay here?"
After the carriage accident, the Akarna's recovery was slow.
There was still a bright red scar on her arm.
Lanceil pressed his lips over her scar.
Her body shuddered sensitively, but it didn't make her feel bad.
The long and painstaking kiss on her arm, Lanceil stroked the back of Jiwoo's hand with his big, firm hand.
The saliva was dripping.
Until recently, Lanceil had been exploring her mouth, and even her saliva had become as sweet as sugar.
"It'll recover soon anyway."
"Really? That's a relief."
Even though she said it would heal quickly, Lanceil touched the scar with his tongue like a beast.
It started from there.
Lanceil, who opened her collar while touching her arm, pressed his lips on Jiwoo's shoulder when it got revealed.
With their foreheads pressed against each other, he slowly laid Jiwoo down on the ground.
There was no foul smell on the cloak that Lanceil had put on.
It smelled of fresh wild herbs.
It felt like she was lying in a flower garden, and the flower-like person got on top of her.
His large hand loosened Jiwoo's top, revealing her immaculate chest.
Lanceil, who touched her chest with his big hand to avoid direct contact with the cold air, pulled her breasts out a little more daringly.
The cold air of a rainy day touched her skin, making her chest become pink.
"Haa…"
A low, husky voice echoed through the cave.
"They're like peaches.
How pretty."
"D-Don't… say that."
"Why? I'm telling the truth."
Saying so, Lanceil grabbed her breasts.
His thick fingers brushed against the tips, and her blood rushed in.
"Mngh."
"Can I have a taste?"
"Y, Yes…"
Lanceil took the pert nipple into his mouth, which was warm.
The nipples, which had been briefly exposed to the cold air, were surrounded by the moist, hot flesh.
A shallow pleasure rose as his firm lips squeezed and sucked on it.
"Nnh, wait, nngh, ahn…"
Lanceil's tongue wrapped around the nipples, which gradually hardened.
"Hnngh!"
Jiwoo's waist arched as his powerful tongue stimulated her nipples by turning them round and round.
The bumps on the areola gradually swelled due to the stimulation.
On top of it, Lanceil used his teeth to pull it up.
"Hah, AH!"
Lanceil's thick arm came under her slightly raised waist.
Just by his light pull, their bodies were pressed against each other.
She could feel his warmth beneath the thin fabric.
Caressing her chest carefully, Lanceil did not hide that he was like a dog in heat.
The firm erection rubbed against Jiwoo's thigh.
Then, impatiently, he took off his clothes with hasty hands.
Jiwoo glanced at his body, admiring it inwardly.
Lanceil took off his clothes, revealing his reddish, toned muscles.
His shoulders were wide enough to obscure Jiwoo's width, and his waist was slender.
And every curve was rippling with tight muscles.
His abdomen was dented along clear lines.
When he was wearing layers of clothes, she thought he had a slender body, but that wasn't the case.
It seemed like she was mistaken because his countenance was closer to the pretty side than handsome.
Looking at his muscular physique altogether, he definitely evoked a wild atmosphere, exactly like his tribe that ran freely through the forests.
Jiwoo, who was blankly appreciating his body, lowered her gaze even further, and was horrified.
"Hey, that, wait…"
The ferocious, upright flesh was completely unpigmented and appeared pink.
It had clear blood veins under it like a neatly taut skin, but she didn't think it was disgusting.
It was like seeing the perfect manhood.
But the problem was this: his size.
It was more like a snake than a man's member, and already at the tip, clear liquid could be seen dripping.
The problem wasn't just the length, but his girth as well.
Jiwoo shook her head, turning white.
"…I don't think it's possible."
In fact, even Jiwoo's find it hard to receive the crown prince's.
She knew that Lanceil wasn't human, but she didn't think that even that would go beyond human standards.
Jiwoo pushed his chest and tried to widen the distance between them.
Of course, Lanceil was not pushed aside by that feeble rebellion.
Rather, he narrowed the distance with Jiwoo and embraced her.
Her soft chest pressed against his hard body, being crushed into him.
Jiwoo whispered in a shriek.
"Lanceil…!"
"Why… is it too disgusting?"
His elongated ears laid horizontally, Lanceil looked dispirited.
Jiwoo said frankly.
"It's not like that… but I think it's too big."
"I'll make sure I don't overdo it."
"That's not the problem, it won't go in…"
Lanceil whispered to Jiwoo, who was held by him, unable to take his eyes off her.
"Then I'll try until it can go.
If you're not disgusted.
Lanceil rubbed his forehead and nose as if teasing her at the base of her neck.
Since she had always dealt with the crown prince, who was always full of confidence in his appearance and status, she couldn't understand Lanceil's reaction as if he had no confidence even with such a face and body.
In other words, Jiwoo was not immune to the reaction of this handsome man.
Jiwoo, unable to do anything in front of him, did not show any particular rejection until he spread her legs and put his face upon it.
"Hnn, Lanceil…!"
She reflexively tried to close her legs, but her thighs twitched and weakened as the wet, hot flesh ran between them.
"Uh-huk…!"
As Lanceil's snake-like tongue touched it, the already excited cl*toris swelled more and more.
More than just licking, he licked the red, bloodshot nub as if it looked appetizing and wrapped it in his lips and sucked on the side.
Every time Lanceil explored everywhere with his tongue, c*m burst out.
"Unng, aahh…"
As he sucked at the sensitive nub with his mouth, his fingers penetrated her entrance.
Her body, after being accustomed to his caresses for a long time, accepted one finger without difficulty.
"Mmh!"
Lanceil bit her thigh.
The inner thigh, which had been sensitive to the limit, trembled and convulsed.
"No, I don't think I need to put it in.
I think it's good to just suck here."
He fumbled around her opening and rubbed her cl*toris with his fingers as it was drenched in her fluids.
When he scratched it slightly with his nails and stimulated it, it was as if white flames were flying in front of her eyes.
"AAHH!"
Jiwoo tilted her head and trembled.
It was a climax that had been gradually lifted up from the time he comforted her crying.
However, even after confirming the reaction, Lanceil did not stop.
"Ha, huaa, hngg…!"
Jiwoo grabbed his hair with both hands.
There was no strength in her arms, which were being engulfed in pleasure.
Rather, this provoked Lanceil even more.
"Uhn.
Hu-unngh!"
"Don't hold back.
I want to hear you."
If she were to raise her voice a little more, the cave would be full.
Hearing her voice echoing like that made Jiwoo even more ashamed.
But it was also true that she was stimulated that much.
"Ugh, that, hnnngh!"
Perhaps that was not enough, Lanceil resumed his ministrations.
The lewd sound that he made as he sucked echoed inside the cave.
Rubbing her cl*toris with his fingers, he widened the inner walls with his long tongue.
When his tongue, which had been soaked with her c*m, bit her cl*toris again and sucked it, Jiwoo's back arched once more as she moaned.
"Hi, hiyaaah, uhhngh…!"
This time she couldn't hold her breath.
A tingling sensation ran through her body.
Obviously, for the first time, she didn't expect that she would feel this strong pleasure when she entered this cave and kissed him.
He was obviously bad at kissing.
But he was sincere in his efforts and desire to continue comforting her.
That must be the reason why she quickly learned how to react and feel pleasure as he touched her.
"Hu-uhk!"
Unsurprisingly, Jiwoo reached a climax with trembling waves again when she was caught off guard.
Every time strength entered her lower abdomen, the fingers poking through her inner walls felt unfamiliar.
Suddenly, it increased into two fingers, widening the inner walls, finding a place where Jiwoo reacted and stirring it tenaciously.
The luscious sound of water filled the cave whenever he moved his hand because of the c*m that was leaking out.
Jiwoo, who was exhausted for a short time, said pitifully.
"St, hnn, stop it, Lanceil…"
"I can feel that you're in a good mood.
I don't understand your reaction."
While speaking politely, Lanceil didn't stop his fingers.
"Why? Should I stop? Am I terrible at this?"
"No, I, I cam, came, hu, haahngh!"


text:
\section{Introduction}

Recently the LHCb~\cite{lhcb} and ALICE~\cite{alice2,alice1} collaborations presented results
of their measurements of
exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral proton--proton and nucleus--nucleus
collisions  at the LHC, respectively. These results are of particular interest
because the analysis of exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction
within the leading logarithmic approximation of perturbative QCD (pQCD)
predicts~\cite{Ryskin:1992ui,Brodsky:1994kf,Ryskin:1995hz,Frankfurt:1995jw}
that the cross section of this process is proportional to the gluon density of the target squared.
Since  the fraction $x$  of the target momentum carried by the gluons is inversely proportional to
the beam momentum, at the high energies achievable at the LHC,
it is potentially possible to obtain unique information on the
small $x$ behavior of the gluon density in the proton and nuclei and,
thus, to constrain the current ambiguity in this quantity.

The LHCb collaboration measured the yield of $J/\psi$
at forward rapidities ($2<y<4.5$) in proton--proton ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs)
at 7 TeV~\cite{lhcb}.
This data allowed one to extract the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section
in two regions of the $\gamma p$ center-of-mass energy $W_{\gamma p}$: (i)
$0.4\, {\rm TeV} < W_{\gamma p} < 1.3\, {\rm TeV}$ corresponding to the values of
$x=M^2_{J/\psi}/W^2_{\gamma p}$ in the range of
$6 \times 10^{-6}  < x < 6 \times 10^{-5}$, which significantly
extends the region of small $x$ studied at HERA, and
(ii) $15\, {\rm GeV} < W_{\gamma p} < 51$ GeV corresponding to $0.004 < x < 0.04$,
which is covered by earlier high-precision fixed-target experiments.
The analysis~\cite{lhcb} confirmed the power law energy dependence
of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section ($\sigma (W_{\gamma p})\propto  W^{\delta}_{\gamma p}$
with
$\delta=0.92 \pm 0.15$)
consistent with the previous HERA results and
did not reveal any evidence of new phenomena such as the
onset of the gluon saturation regime at small $x$.

The ALICE collaboration measured coherent $J/\psi$
photoproduction in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions
at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =2.76$ TeV.
The cross section was measured in two regions of the rapidity of produced $J/\psi$:
in the range of $-3.6<y<-2.6$~\cite{alice2} and at central rapidities of
$-0.9<y<0.9$~\cite{alice1}.
The  $\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb$ cross section obtained in the data analysis
was compared~\cite{alice2,alice1} to different model predictions and
the better agreement was found with models  including moderate nuclear
gluon shadowing (the predictions referred to as RSZ-LTA~\cite{rsz} and
AB-EPS09~\cite{ba2}, see figure~3 of~\cite{alice2} and figure~5 of~\cite{alice1}).

In this article, using the framework of collinear factorization of pQCD and the
 leading logarithmic approximation (LLA),
we extend and continue the analysis of $J/\psi$ photoproduction in heavy ion UPCs~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}
and calculate
the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ and $\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb$ cross sections employing various
parameterizations of the gluon distribution in the proton and Pb and compare them to the data mentioned
above. We argue that the {\it simultaneous} description of the proton and Pb data is
(i) possible, (ii) points to sizable nuclear gluon shadowing
at $x = 10^{-3}$ and below, and (iii) places constraints on
the value of the hard scale $\mu^2$  probed in coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction,
on the size of higher order corrections to the commonly used
LLA formula suggested in~\cite{Ryskin:1992ui,Brodsky:1994kf,Ryskin:1995hz,Frankfurt:1995jw},
and, thus, on the gluon distribution in Pb down to
$x=10^{-3}$
as well as on the gluon distribution in the proton down to $x=6 \times 10^{-6}$.
These values provide an order of magnitude improvement in the small $x$ kinematic coverage
compared to those
achieved respectively at HERA in lepton--proton  deep inelastic scattering (DIS) experiments and at
fixed-target nuclear DIS experiments.

We also make predictions for the cross section of
coherent exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in nucleus--nucleus
UPCs accompanied by the electromagnetic excitation of nuclei and the subsequent neutron emission.

\section{UPCs at the LHC and exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in pQCD}
\label{sec:AA}

\subsection{Exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction on the proton and nuclei in LLA of pQCD}
\label{subsec:pQCD_proton}

The cross section of $J/\psi$ production in symmetric nucleus--nucleus UPCs
(for a review of the UPC physics, see~\cite{Baltz:2007kq}) has the following form:
\begin{eqnarray}
 \frac{d \sigma_{AA\to AAJ/\psi}(y)}{dy}
=N_{\gamma/A}(y)\sigma_{\gamma A\to J/\psi A}(y)+
N_{\gamma/A}(-y)\sigma_{\gamma A\to J/\psi A}(-y) \,,
\label{csupc}
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_{\gamma/A}(y)=\omega dN_{\gamma/A}(\omega)/d\omega$ is the photon flux;
$y = \ln(2\omega/M_{J/\psi})$ is the $J/\psi$ rapidity, where $\omega$ is the photon
energy and $M_{J/\psi}$ is the mass of $J/\psi$.
 The presence of two terms in eq.~(\ref{csupc}) reflects the specific feature of UPCs:
each colliding nucleus can radiate a photon and can also serve as a target.
Thus, at each value of the rapidity $y$---except for the case of $y=0$---there are two
contributions corresponding to production of $J/\psi$ by low energy photons with the energy of
$\omega_{L}=(M_{J/\psi}/2)e^{-y}$ and by high energy photons with the energy of
$\omega_{H}=(M_{J/\psi}/2)e^{y}$, respectively.
The separation of these two contributions can be easy realized
in two cases: (i)
at $y=0$, when one obtains
$\sigma_{\gamma A\to J/\psi A}(y=0)=(d\sigma_{AA\to AAJ/\psi}(y=0)/dy)/(2N_{\gamma/A}(y=0))$,
and (ii) in the region of the rapidities $y$, where one of the contributions dominates and, hence,
one obtains $\sigma_{\gamma A\to J/\psi A}(y)=(d\sigma_{AA\to AAJ/\psi}(y)/dy)/N_{\gamma/A}(y)$.
Therefore, since the photon flux $N_{\gamma/A}(y)$ can be calculated with
reasonable accuracy (with the uncertainty of the order of $5\%$), $J/\psi$ production in UPCs
can be effectively used to study the
$J/\psi$
photoproduction cross section.

At high energies and small transverse momenta $p_{t}$ of $J/\psi$ ($W_{\gamma p} \gg
M_{J/\psi} \gg p_t$), using the framework of collinear factorization and in
the leading logarithmic approximation (LLA) of pQCD which is usually referred to
as the leading order (LO) approximation,
the cross section of coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction on
the proton or a nucleus ($T=p,A$)
reads~\cite{Ryskin:1992ui,Brodsky:1994kf,Ryskin:1995hz,Frankfurt:1995jw,Frankfurt:1997fj}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac {d\sigma_{\gamma T\rightarrow J/\psi T}(W_{\gamma p},t=0)}{dt}=
\frac{M^3_{J/\psi}\Gamma_{ee}{\pi}^3}{48\,\alpha_{\rm e.m.} \mu^8} (1+\eta^2)R_g^2 \,F^2(\mu^2)
\left[\alpha_s(\mu^2) x G_T (x,\mu^2 )\right]^2 \,,
\label{dcslo}
\end{eqnarray}
where
$\Gamma_{ee}$ is the width of the $J/\psi$
electronic decay; $\alpha_{\rm em}$ is the fine structure constant; $\alpha_s(\mu^2)$ is the
running strong coupling constant.
In eq.~(\ref{dcslo}),
$G_T(x,\mu^2)$ is the density of gluons
in the target $T$, where the gluons carry the momentum fraction $x=M_{J/\psi}^2/W_{\gamma p}^2$
of the target and are resolved at the hard scale $\mu$ which is of the order of the mass
of the charm quark, $m_c$ (the precise value of
$\mu^2$ will be discussed in section~\ref{subsec:proton}).

Equation~(\ref{dcslo}) contains several factors taking into account intricate aspects of
the discussed reaction which mostly affect the normalization of the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ cross section,
but not so much its $W_{\gamma p}$ dependence.
\begin{itemize}

\item
The factor of $\eta$ is the ratio of the real to the imaginary parts of the
$\gamma T \to J/\psi T$ amplitude.
This quantity can be evaluated using  the well-known
Gribov--Migdal relation~\cite{Gribov:1968uy,Martin:2007sb},
$\eta =\tan\left(\pi \lambda/2\right)$,
where $\lambda$ parametrizes the behavior of $xG_T (x,\mu^2)$ at small $x$,
$xG_T (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$.
Taking $\lambda=0.2$,
which broadly reproduces the energy behavior of the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$  cross section
(see the discussion below), we obtain $1+\eta^2=1.11$.

\item
In the framework of collinear QCD factorization for hard exclusive
processes~\cite{Collins:1996fb,Collins:1998be}, the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ amplitude is
expressed in terms of the gluon {\it generalized} parton distribution (GPD) rather than the usual one.
One can take this fact into account phenomenologically by introducing the enhancement factor
$R_g$~\cite{Martin:2007sb,Shuvaev:1999ce,Harland-Lang:2013xba}:
\begin{equation}
R_g=\frac{2^{3+2 \lambda}}{\sqrt{\pi}} \frac{\Gamma(\frac{5}{2}+\lambda)}{\Gamma(4+\lambda)} \,.
\label{eq:R_g}
\end{equation}
Note that the expression for $R_g$ depends on the model/parameterization for the gluon GPDs and, hence,
is model-dependent.
To estimate the magnitude of the effect, we use $\lambda=0.2$ and obtain
$R_g=1.18$~\cite{Martin:2007sb}.

\item
Note that in our analysis, we employed the form $xG_T (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$ only
to evaluate the factors of $\eta$ and $R_g$. Moreover, in the above estimates, we used
$\lambda=0.2$ only for illustration.
In practice, in the interval $5 \times 10^{-6} \leq x \leq 0.01$, each gluon
distribution used in our work (including nuclear gluon distributions)
was fitted using the shape $xG_T (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$ and
the corresponding $\lambda$ was determined from the fit.
We found that this simple fit works with a high accuracy and the resulting values of $\lambda$ can
be taken constant (except for the MSTW08 gluon distribution) and are
close to $\lambda=0.2$ (for details, see the Appendix and table~\ref{table:lambda} there).

In the $0.01 \leq x \leq 0.1$ interval, which corresponds to the low-$W$ and large-$|y|$ edges of
the kinematics considered in our work,
 the gluon distributions can no longer be accurately
approximated by the simple fit $xG_T (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$
(except for the MNRT07 gluon distribution). Therefore,
the small-$x$ asymptotic expressions of eq.~(\ref{eq:R_g}) and $\eta =\tan\left(\pi \lambda/2\right)$
become progressively less accurate.
Our analysis of $R_g$ based on~\cite{Harland-Lang:2013xba} and of $\eta$ based on~\cite{Bronzan:1974jh}
shows that the extrapolation of our low-$x$ results to the  $0.01 \leq x \leq 0.1$ interval
leads to certain theoretical uncertainties which increase with an increase of $x$.
Depending on the used gluon distribution, these uncertainties
are, e.g., of the order of $5-10$\% for $R_g$ and $5-7$\% for $1+\eta^2$ at $x=0.05$
and of the order of
$10-20$\% for $R_g$ and $10-15$\% for $1+\eta^2$ at $x=0.1$.

\item
The main uncertainty in eq.~(\ref{dcslo}) comes from
the suppression factor $F^2(\mu^2)$,
 $0 <F^2(\mu^2) < 1$, which contains all effects that go beyond the leading order collinear factorization
that we use: next-to-leading order corrections, the overlap between the photon and
$J/\psi$ light-cone wave functions weighted by the gluon distribution of the target either in the $k_{T}$
factorization approach~\cite{Ryskin:1995hz} or in the dipole
formalism~\cite{Frankfurt:1995jw,Frankfurt:1997fj,Frankfurt:2000ez},
corrections associated with the charmonium wave function~\cite{hoodbhoy}, etc.

\end{itemize}

Equation~(\ref{dcslo}) was originally derived in the non-relativistic approximation for the
charmonium wave function~\cite{Ryskin:1992ui} that neglects the motion of the charm
quarks in $J/\psi$. In this case, $F^2(\mu^2)=1$ and $\mu^2=M_{J/\psi}^2/4=2.4$ GeV$^2$.
The magnitude of relativistic and other corrections, i.e., the deviation of $F^2(\mu^2)$ from unity, and
the related issue of the choice of the value of $\mu^2$ are subjects of
discussion in the literature~\cite{Ryskin:1995hz,Frankfurt:1997fj,Frankfurt:2000ez,hoodbhoy}.
However, while these corrections mainly influence the absolute value of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$
cross section
(the total uncertainty of LO pQCD predictions is estimated~\cite{Ryskin:1995hz,hoodbhoy} to be about
$30\%$ or less), its
energy dependence is predicted by eq.~(\ref{dcslo}) and is given by the $x$ dependence
of $xG_T(x,\mu^2)$.

In this work, we do not attempt to evaluate $F^2(\mu^2)$ theoretically using, e.g., different models
of the charmonium wave function. Instead, we adopt the following strategy.
First, by comparing predictions of eq.~(\ref{dcslo}) with the available high-energy data
on the $W_{\gamma p}$ dependence of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section,
we fix the value of $\mu^2$. Second, by requiring that eq.~(\ref{dcslo}) describes also
the magnitude of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section, we determine the normalization
of the LO pQCD cross section given by eq.~(\ref{dcslo}), i.e., we phenomenologically find
 $F^2(\mu^2)$.

Turning to the $t$ dependence of the $d \sigma_{\gamma p\to J/\psi p}/dt$ cross section,
we note that its
$p_{t}$ dependence is
usually parameterized in the exponential form of
$\exp [-B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})p^{2}_{t}]$,
with the slope parameter $B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})$ weakly depending on energy.
A good description of the HERA data on the $t$ dependence of the $J/\psi$
photoproduction cross section~\cite{H1_2000,ZEUS_2002,H1_2005,H1_2013}
is obtained using the following Regge-motivated
parameterization of the slope $B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})$:
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})=
4.5+0.4\ln\left(\frac {W_{\gamma p}}{90 \,{\rm GeV}}\right) \,,
\label{slope}
\end{eqnarray}
which is consistent with the parameterizations and the values of
$B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})$
reported in~\cite{H1_2000,ZEUS_2002,H1_2005,H1_2013}.

Hence, for the proton target, the total $J/\psi$ photoproduction cross section is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma_{\gamma p\to J/\psi p}(W_{\gamma p})=
\frac{M^3_{J/\psi}\Gamma_{ee}{\pi}^3}{48\,\alpha_{\rm e.m.}\mu^8} \frac{1}{B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})}
(1+\eta^2)\,F^2(\mu^2)
\left[R_g \alpha_s(\mu^2) xG_p(x,\mu^2 )\right]^2 \,,
\label{csprot}
\end{eqnarray}
where we ignored the negligibly small effect of the minimal momentum transfer to the target.

Extending eqs.~(\ref{dcslo}) and (\ref{csprot}) to the description of $J/\psi$ production on nuclei and
accounting for the transverse momentum distribution dictated by the nuclear form
factor $F_A (t)$, one obtains~\cite{fgsz}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma_{\gamma A \rightarrow J/\psi A}(W_{\gamma p})&=&
\frac{M^3_{J/\psi}\Gamma_{ee}{\pi}^3}{48\,\alpha_{\rm e.m.}\mu^8} (1+\eta_A^2)\,F^2(\mu^2)
\left[\frac {1}{A}R_{g,A}\, \alpha_s(\mu^2) xG_A(x,\mu^2)\right]^2 \Phi_A(t_{\rm min})=
\nonumber \\
&=& \frac{(1+\eta_A^2) R_{g,A}^2}{(1+\eta^2) R_{g}^2}\,\frac{d\sigma_{\gamma p\rightarrow J/\psi p}(W_{\gamma p},t=0)}{dt}
\left[\frac {G_A(x,{\mu}^2)} {AG_N(x,{\mu}^2)} \right]^2 {\Phi_A(t_{\rm min})} \,,
\label{csa1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $G_A(x,{\mu}^2)$ is the nuclear gluon density;
$\Phi_A(t_{\rm min})=\int \limits_{t_{\rm min}}^{\infty} dt \left|F_A (t)\right|^2$,
where $t_{\rm min}=-M_{J/\psi}^4 m_N^2/W_{\gamma p}^4$ is the minimal momentum transfer to the nucleus;
$\eta_A$ is the ratio of the real to the imaginary parts of
the $\gamma A \to J/\psi A$ scattering amplitude whose skewness effect is parameterized by
the factor of $R_{g,A}$.
By analogy with the free proton case
(see the discussion above and eq.~(\ref{eq:R_g})),
we determine the factors of $\eta_A$ and $R_{g,A}$ using the asymptotic small-$x$ dependence of
the nuclear gluon distribution $xG_A(x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda_A}$: $\eta_A =\tan\left(\pi \lambda_A/2\right)$ and
$R_{g,A}=(2^{3+2 \lambda_A}/\sqrt{\pi}) \Gamma(\frac{5}{2}+\lambda_A)/\Gamma(4+\lambda_A)$.

In this work, we are interested in small values of $x$ probed in high-energy
$J/\psi$ photoproduction experiments,
 $6 \times 10^{-5} < x < 0.05$,
where the effect of nuclear shadowing
significantly reduces the nuclear gluon density $G_A(x,\mu^2)$ compared to the free nucleon
gluon density $G_N(x,\mu^2)$, i.e., $G_A(x,\mu^2) < A G_N(x,\mu^2)$.
Hence, within LO pQCD, the influence of the nuclear medium on coherent $J/\psi$
photoproduction on nuclei [see eq.~(\ref{csa1})] is related to the nuclear gluon shadowing characterized
by the factor
\begin{eqnarray}
R(x,\mu^2)=\frac{G_A(x,{\mu}^2)}{AG_N(x,{\mu}^2)} \,.
\label{shad}
\end{eqnarray}

In addition, nuclear shadowing tames the growth of the nuclear gluon density $G_A(x,\mu^2)$
 with a decrease of $x$ and makes it slower than that of the free nucleon.
Parameterizing $G_A(x,\mu^2)$ at small $x$ as $G_A(x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda_A}$,
one finds that $\lambda_A < \lambda_p$ ($\lambda_p$ corresponds to the free proton) and, hence,
\begin{equation}
\kappa_{A/N} \equiv \left[\frac{(1+\eta_A^2) R_{g,A}^2}{(1+\eta^2) R_{g}^2} \right]^{1/2}= 0.87-0.97 < 1 \,,
\label{eq:dop_supp}
\end{equation}
where the spread in the values of $\kappa_{A/N}$ originates from different $x$ dependences of
various nuclear and free proton gluon distributions that we used in this work.
Thus, in addition to the factor of $R(x,\mu^2)$, the factor of $\kappa_{A/N}$
further decreases the $\gamma A \to J/ \psi A$ cross section
compared to the $\gamma p \to J/ \psi p$ one.

It is important to point out---and it is one of the key points of the present
work---that consistency of the simultaneous LO pQCD description
of the $\gamma A \to J/ \psi A$ and $\gamma p \to J/ \psi p$ cross sections, i.e.,
consistency of eqs.~(\ref{csprot}) and (\ref{csa1}),
requires the use of the same proton gluon density $G_p(x,\mu^2)$ in
the forward $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$  cross section and in the evaluation of
the nuclear gluon shadowing factor $R(x,\mu^2)$.

\subsection{LO pQCD description of $J/\psi$ photoproduction on the proton}
\label{subsec:proton}

The results of the calculation of the total $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section
using eq.~(\ref{csprot}) and different gluon parton distributions in the proton
(see the Appendix)
are presented in figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4}.
These results are compared to
the available high-energy HERA data on the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ cross section (we only omitted
the 2000 H1 data~\cite{H1_2000} which is consistent with the more recent data), the
$\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ cross section extracted from the LHCb data on proton--proton UPCs~\cite{lhcb},
and the fit~\cite{Strikman:2005ze,Guzey:2013xba} to the available data on $d \sigma_{\gamma p \to J/\psi p}(W_{\gamma p},t=0)/dt$ converted into
the total cross section using the slope $B_{J/\psi}(W_{\gamma p})$ of eq.~(\ref{slope}).

In the upper panel of figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4}, the theoretical predictions of
eq.~(\ref{csprot}) are evaluated with $F^2(\mu^2)=1$ and at $\mu^2=M_{J/\psi}^2/4=2.4$ GeV$^2$~\cite{Ryskin:1992ui}
 using the
MNRT07~\cite{Martin:2007sb}, CTEQ6L1 and CTEQ6L~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}, MRST04~\cite{Martin:2006qz},
NNPDF~\cite{Ball:2010de}, and MSTW08LO~\cite{Martin:2009iq}
leading order (LO) gluon parton distributions in the proton (the curves in the figure are
labeled accordingly).
In the Appendix, we show these gluon distributions as a function of $x$
(figure~\ref{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3}) and also give the corresponding values of the strong
coupling constant $\alpha_s$ entering eq.~(\ref{csprot}) (table~\ref{table:alpha_s}).
 One can see from
the panel that while the MNRT07 parameterization provides an excellent description of the
data---including the region of high $W_{\gamma p}$ measured by the LHCb collaboration which was not
used in the analysis of ref.~\cite{Martin:2007sb}---all other gluon distributions fail to reproduce
either the normalization of the data or both the normalization and the energy dependence
of the data.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\epsfig{file=Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4.eps,scale=1.7}
\caption{The $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section as a function of the $\gamma p$ center-of-mass energy
$W_{\gamma p}$. {\it Upper panel}: The available high-energy data vs.~the fit~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}
(the curve labeled ``Fit'') and LO pQCD predictions of eq.~(\ref{csprot}) at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$
using various gluon distributions of the proton, see text and the Appendix.
{\it Lower panel}: The same as in the upper panel, but with the pQCD predictions reduced
by the multiplicative factor $\zeta=F^2(\mu^2)$~(\ref{eq:zeta}).
}
\label{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4}
\end{figure}

To illustrate this point, we introduce the normalization factor $\zeta$,
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\zeta}=\frac{\sigma_{\gamma p\to J/\psi p}(W_{\gamma p}=100 \, {\rm GeV})_{|{\rm Eq}.~(\ref{csprot})}}{81 \, {\rm mb}} \,,
\label{eq:zeta}
\end{equation}
which is designed to reduce the value of the theoretically calculated cross section at
$W_{\gamma p}=100$ GeV so that it reproduces the data at this point.
One can see that $\zeta$ plays the role of the suppression factor $F^2(\mu^2)$ that we discussed above.
The second column of table~\ref{table:zeta} gives the resulting values of $\zeta$ at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$.
\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
    \hline
Parameterization & $\zeta(Q^2=2.4 \ {\rm GeV}^2)$ &  $\zeta(Q^2=3 \ {\rm GeV}^2)$\\
\hline
CTEQ6L1~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw} & $0.28$   & $0.48$  \\
CTEQ6L~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}  & $0.27$   & $0.49$ \\
MRST04~\cite{Martin:2006qz}   & $0.27$   & $0.50$  \\
NNPDF~\cite{Ball:2010de}      & $0.26$   & $0.52$  \\
MSTW08LO~\cite{Martin:2009iq} & $0.17$   & $0.30$  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The normalization factor $\zeta$ of eq.~(\ref{eq:zeta}).}
\label{table:zeta}
\end{table}

The lower panel of figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4} shows the LO pQCD predictions of
eq.~(\ref{csprot}) at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$ multiplied by the corresponding factor of $\zeta$.
One can see from the figure that after the renormalization by the $\zeta$ factor,
the predictions using the MRST04 and NNPDF gluon distributions correctly reproduce the energy
behavior and the normalization of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section over the considered $W_{\gamma p}$
range. At the same time, the predictions with the CTEQ6L1, CTEQ6L and MSTW08LO parameterizations
fail to reproduce the energy behavior of
the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section for $W_{\gamma p} > 100$ GeV: the behavior predicted by the
MSTW08LO fit is distinctly too steep, i.e., the resulting values of  $\sigma_{\gamma p\to J/\psi p}$
contradict the LHCb data,
 and the behavior predicted by the
CTEQ6L1 and CTEQ6L fits is too slow.

In addition, as we will demonstrate in section~\ref{subsec:nucleus}, the MNRT07 gluon distribution
at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$ corresponds to the prediction made in the framework of the leading twist
nuclear shadowing, which overestimates the nuclear suppression factor $S(W_{\gamma p})$ at $x=10^{-3}$
(see figure~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4}).

We have already mentioned above the uncertainty of the LO pQCD calculation of
$\sigma_{\gamma p\to J/\psi p}$ related to the uncertainty in the choice of $\mu^2$
in eq.~(\ref{csprot}). In particular,
on the one hand, the non-relativistic approximation that neglects the transverse momenta (Fermi motion)
of $c$-quarks  in the $J/\psi$ wave function prescribes that $\mu^2=M_{J/\psi}^2/4=2.4$
GeV$^2$~\cite{Ryskin:1992ui}.
On the other hand, the scale $\mu^2$ cannot be
reliably
 fixed by the LO formalism.
The analyses accounting for effects that are not included in our formalism (see the discussion of the
factor of $F^2(\mu^2)$ above) suggest that the appropriate hard scale of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ process
is $\mu^2 > 2.4$ GeV$^2$.

We approach this problem phenomenologically
by increasing $\mu^2$ in eq.~(\ref{csprot})
from $\mu=2.4$ GeV$^2$ to a certain value of $\mu^2$ so that  eq.~(\ref{csprot}) correctly
reproduces the energy behavior of the data in figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4}, which corresponds to
$x G_p(x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$ with $\lambda \approx 0.2$.
Note that since the cross section is proportional to $1/\mu^8$, even a rather small increase of $\mu^2$
leads to a sizable reduction of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section.

For small $x$, the MSTW08LO fit corresponds to $\lambda \gg 0.2$ already at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$.
Therefore,
an increase of $\mu^2$ will further increase $\lambda$ and, thus, will make the description of the data by the
corresponding LO pQCD calculation only worse (see the lower panel of
figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4}).
This forces us to conclude that the rapid increase of the MSTW08LO gluon distribution for small $x$
contradicts the consistent simultaneous description of the HERA and LHCb data on
exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction on the proton
(see also figure~\ref{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_comparison} in the Appendix).

Our analysis shows that we can obtain a good description of the energy dependence of the data presented
in figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4} by eq.~(\ref{csprot}) evaluated at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$ and
this description will be equally good for all tested gluon distributions in the proton, except for
 MSTW08LO which has already been ruled out. This is illustrated in
figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0}, where the upper panel presents predictions of eq.~(\ref{csprot})
at  $\mu^2=3$ (assuming $F^2(\mu^2)=1$) and the lower panel presents the same predictions multiplied
by the corresponding factor of $\zeta$, which plays the role of $F^2(\mu^2)$.
The corresponding values of  $\zeta$ at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$ are given in the third column of
table~\ref{table:zeta}.
One can see from the lower panel of figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0} that the choice of
$\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$ and $F^2(\mu^2) \approx 0.5$ in eq.~(\ref{csprot}) allows one to achieve the good
description of the $W_{\gamma p}$ dependence and normalization of the $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ cross section
at collider energies using various sets of the gluon distribution in the proton.

\begin{figure}[th]
\centering
\epsfig{file=Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0.eps,scale=1.7}
\caption{The same as in figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4}, but with the LO pQCD predictions
evaluated at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$.}
\label{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0}
\end{figure}

Note that the MNRT07 prediction at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$ in figure~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0}
has been scaled by the appropriate factor to reproduce the normalization of the data---we chose not
to show explicitly this normalization (the corresponding $\zeta=1.9$) because the normalization
of this gluon distribution is obtained from a fit to the data.

\subsection{LO pQCD description of $J/\psi$ photoproduction on Lead}
\label{subsec:nucleus}

It was shown in~\cite{Guzey:2013xba} that the recent ALICE measurements of exclusive $J/\psi$ production
in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions~\cite{alice2,alice1} provide direct evidence for strong nuclear
gluon shadowing down to $x \sim 10^{-3}$, which can be model-independently quantified by
the factor of $S(W_{\gamma p})$:
\begin{equation}
S(W_{\gamma p})=\left[\frac{\sigma^{\rm exp}_{\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb}(W_{\gamma p})}{\sigma^{\rm IA}_{\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb}((W_{\gamma p})} \right]^{1/2} \,.
\label{eq:S}
\end{equation}
In eq.~(\ref{eq:S}), the numerator is the experimental cross section and the denominator is the result of the
impulse approximation neglecting all nuclear effects except for coherence, i.e.,
the fact that $\Phi_A(t_{\rm min}) \neq 1$.
 The analysis of~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}
found that $S(x=0.025)=0.74 \pm 0.12$ and $S(x=0.001)=0.61 \pm 0.05$.
(We used $x=M_{J/\psi}^2/W_{\gamma p}^2$.)

Combining Eqs.~(\ref{dcslo}) and (\ref{csa1}), we obtain
\begin{equation}
S(W_{\gamma p})=\kappa_{A/N}\, \frac{G_A(x,{\mu}^2)}{AG_N(x,{\mu}^2)}=\kappa_{A/N}\,R(x,\mu^2) \,,
\label{eq:S_2}
\end{equation}
where $R(x,\mu^2)=G_A(x,{\mu}^2)/[AG_N(x,{\mu}^2)]$ is the factor characterizing nuclear shadowing in the gluon
channel and $\kappa_{N/A}$ is given by eq.~(\ref{eq:dop_supp}).

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=S_pb208_Q2_2_4_new.eps,scale=1.45}
\caption{The suppression factor $S(W_{\gamma p})$ for Lead of eq.~(\ref{eq:S})
as a function of $x=M_{J/\psi}^2/W_{\gamma p}^2$.
The results of the model-independent analysis of the ALICE data of~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}
(labeled ``ALICE'') are
compared with the LO pQCD predictions at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$ (see text for details).
}
\label{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=S_pb208_Q2_3_new.eps,scale=1.45}
\caption{The same as in figure~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4}, but with the LO pQCD predictions evaluated
at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$.
}
\label{fig:S_pb208_Q2_3_0}
\end{figure}

Figures~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4} and \ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_3_0} present
the suppression factor $S(W_{\gamma p})$ for Lead  as a function of $x=M_{J/\psi}^2/W_{\gamma p}^2$.
The results of the model-independent analysis of the ALICE data of~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}
(labeled ``ALICE'')
are compared with the
LO pQCD predictions given by eq.~(\ref{eq:S_2}) at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$
(figure~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4}) and at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$ (figure~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_3_0}).
In the two upper panels and in the lower left one,
the factors of $R(x,\mu^2)$ and $\kappa_{A/N}$ are calculated in the framework of the
leading twist approximation (LTA) consisting in the combination of the leading twist theory of
nuclear shadowing~\cite{Frankfurt:2011cs} with the given (MNRT07, CTEQ6L1, CTEQ6L, MRST04 and NNPDF)
gluon distributions of the free nucleon.
In each case, we show the band of predictions which corresponds to the intrinsic uncertainty of the leading
twist theory of nuclear shadowing\footnote{The bands shown in figures~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4} and
\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_3_0} represent the
theoretical uncertainty of the leading twist theory of nuclear shadowing~\cite{Frankfurt:2011cs}
associated with the ambiguity in the magnitude of the contribution describing the
interaction of the virtual photon with three and more nucleons of the nucleus.
The upper and lower boundaries of the bands correspond to the lower and higher limits on shadowing.}.
Note also that since the predictions with the CTEQ6L1 and CTEQ6L and with the MRST04 and NNPDF gluon
distributions are rather close, we show only the representative examples of CTEQ6L1 and NNPDF.

In the lower right panels, $S(W_{\gamma p})$ is calculated using the leading order
EPS09 parameterization of nuclear PDFs~\cite{eps09} extracted from the global QCD fit to available
data;
at the leading order, EPS09 should be coupled with the CTEQ6L1 gluon distribution
of the free proton.
Note that we use EPS09 as a typical representative example---predictions for $S(W_{\gamma p})$
can also be made using other parameterizations of nuclear PDFs obtained using the global QCD
fits~\cite{Hirai:2007sx,deFlorian:2003qf,deFlorian:2011fp} (see also figure~3 of ref.~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}).

One can see from figures~\ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_2_4} and \ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_3_0}
 that---with the exception of the case of the MNRT07 gluon distribution at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$
at small $x$---the predictions of LTA~\cite{Frankfurt:2011cs}
and of the global QCD analysis of nuclear PDFs~\cite{eps09}
provide a very good description of the ALICE point at $x=10^{-3}$ and a fair description
of the point at $x=0.025$ (keeping in mind theoretical uncertainties and experimental
errors)\footnote{One should point out that at $x=0.025$, the considered predictions of
nuclear gluon shadowing
converge (become essentially indistinguishable) and are all consistent with the suppression
factor $S(W_{\gamma p})$ for Lead determined with large experimental errors. At the same time,
the value of $S(W_{\gamma p})$ at $x=10^{-3}$ can in principle better discriminate between different
scenarios of nuclear shadowing.}.

Our results for the suppression factor $S(W_{\gamma p})$ can also be presented in the form of the
$Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ cross section of exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in symmetric PbPb UPCs
 (see the discussion in~\cite{Guzey:2013xba}).
Combing Eqs.~(\ref{csupc}), (\ref{csa1}) and (\ref{eq:S_2}), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d \sigma_{AA\to AAJ/\psi}(y)}{dy} & = &
N_{\gamma/A}(y)\, S^2(y) \,\frac{d\sigma_{\gamma p\rightarrow J/\psi p}(y,t=0)}{dt}
\Phi_A(y) \nonumber\\
&+&N_{\gamma/A}(-y)\, S^2(-y) \frac{d\sigma_{\gamma p\rightarrow J/\psi p}(-y,t=0)}{dt}
\Phi_A(-y) \,.
\label{csupc_2}
\end{eqnarray}
In eq.~(\ref{csupc_2}),
the first term is evaluated at
$W_{\gamma p}(y)=2 \sqrt{\omega_H E_A}=\sqrt{2 M_{J/\psi} E_A}e^{y/2}$,
where $E_A$ is the energy of the nuclear beam per nucleon ($E_A=1.38$ TeV for symmetric PbPb collisions
at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV);
the second term is evaluated at
$W_{\gamma p}(-y)=2 \sqrt{\omega_L E_A}=\sqrt{2 M_{J/\psi} E_A}e^{-y/2}$.

Our predictions for the $d\sigma_{AA\to AAJ/\psi}(y)/dy$ cross section of eq.~(\ref{csupc_2})
as a function of the rapidity $y$ of $J/\psi$ at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV
are presented in figure~\ref{fig:dsdy_pb208_Q2_3}.
In  eq.~(\ref{csupc_2}), the factor $S(W_{\gamma p})$ and the cross section
$d\sigma_{\gamma p\rightarrow J/\psi p}/dt$ are evaluated at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$ (see the discussion above).
One can see from the figure that the LO pQCD formalism
provides a good description of the two ALICE data points at $y=-3.1$~\cite{alice2} and
$y=0$~\cite{alice1}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=dsdy_pb208_Q2_3_Sep2013.eps,scale=1.5}
\caption{The $Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ cross section of exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction
in symmetric PbPb UPCs as a function of the rapidity $y$ of $J/\psi$ at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV.
The ALICE data points at $y=-3.1$~\cite{alice2} and
$y=0$~\cite{alice1} are compared with the LO pQCD predictions of eq.~(\ref{csupc_2})
at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$.
}
\label{fig:dsdy_pb208_Q2_3}
\end{figure}

At the LHC, ALICE, ATLAS, the CMS and LHCf experiments are equipped with zero degree calorimeters (ZDC)
allowing one to detect very forward particles produced in beam fragmentation.
This allows one
to study coherent exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in nucleus--nucleus
UPCs which is accompanied by electromagnetic excitation of the nuclei with the
subsequent emission of a number of neutrons by one or by both nuclei~\cite{rsz}.
One can distinguish several channels: 1n1n corresponds to the emission of one neutron by each ion;
XnXn -- to the emission of several neutrons; 0n1n and 0nXn -- to the excitation of only one of the
ions; 0n0n is the case when neither of the ions emitted a neutron.
 The partial cross section for each channel is calculated
using eq.~(\ref{csupc_2}) with the modified flux of equivalent photons corresponding to the given
channel~\cite{rsz}.

Figure~\ref{fig:dsdy_pb208_neutrons} presents our predictions for the partial cross sections
of the 0n0n, 0nXn, XnXn and 0n1n channels of the $Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ reaction with neutron
emission at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV. The curves are
LO pQCD predictions using the leading twist nuclear shadowing and the MNRT07 gluon
distribution
at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=dsdy_pb208_neutrons.eps,scale=1.5}
\caption{The partial $Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ cross sections of exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction
in PbPb UPCs at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV accompanied by neutron emission (see text for details).
The curves are LO pQCD predictions using the leading twist nuclear shadowing and the MNRT07 gluon
distribution
at $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$.
}
\label{fig:dsdy_pb208_neutrons}
\end{figure}

In summary, using various sets of gluon distributions in the proton and predictions for the effect
of nuclear gluon shadowing,
we demonstrated
that
the leading logarithmic
approximation provides the good and simultaneous description of the high-energy data on
the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ and  $\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb$ cross sections
(see figures~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0} and \ref{fig:S_pb208_Q2_3_0}) and on the cross section of
exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in PbPb UPCs (see figure~\ref{fig:dsdy_pb208_Q2_3}).

\section{Discussion and conclusions}

Using the leading order pQCD, we made predictions
for the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$, $\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb$ and $Pb Pb \to  Pb Pb J/\psi $
 cross sections employing various
parameterizations of the gluon distribution in the proton and Pb and compared them to the available
LHC data on proton--proton and PbPb UPCs.
We demonstrated that the {\it simultaneous} description of the proton and Pb data is
possible and requires sizable nuclear gluon shadowing.
We found the following constraints on
 the description of the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ and  $\gamma Pb \to J/\psi Pb$
cross sections within the LO pQCD formalism: (i) the probed
 effective scale is $\mu^2 \approx 3$ GeV$^2$ (for many sets of contemporary
gluon distributions in the proton) and (ii) the suppression factor parameterizing a host of effects
beyond the used approximation is insignificant,
$F^2(\mu^2) \approx 0.5$.
Thus, within the used formalism,
our analysis helps to place additional constraints on
the gluon distribution in the proton down to $x=6 \times 10^{-6}$ and on the gluon distribution
in Pb down to $x=10^{-3}$.
This is an order of magnitude improvement in the small $x$ kinematic coverage
compared to that of lepton--proton DIS at HERA and of fixed-target nuclear DIS, respectively.

Note that while we determine the value of $\mu^2$ from a comparison to the data,
one can still offer its physical interpretation. The fact that we found that $\mu^2 > M_{J/\psi}^2/4 > m_c^2$
means that in addition to  the charm quark mass $m_c$, the
transverse momentum of the charm quarks in the $J/\psi$ wave function, $k_t$, also gives a noticeable
contribution to $\mu^2$.

We also make predictions for the cross section of
coherent exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in nucleus--nucleus
UPCs accompanied by the electromagnetic excitation of nuclei and the subsequent neutron emission.

Our findings can be compared with the results of other approaches to
exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ in proton--proton and
nucleus--nucleus UPCs at the LHC available in the literature.

(i)
Using the framework that is similar to the one used in our paper, i.e., LO pQCD,
Adeluyi and Bertulani~\cite{ba2} (see also~\cite{Adeluyi:2011rt,Adeluyi:2012ds,Adeluyi:2013tuu})
evaluated the $\gamma p \rightarrow J/\psi p$ cross section using the MSTW08LO gluon density at
$\mu^{2}=M^2_{J/\psi}/4=2.4$ GeV$^2$. The additional normalization factor
of $\zeta_{V} =1/3.5=0.286$ taking into account effects beyond the used approximation
had to be introduced to explain the normalization of the
$\gamma p \rightarrow J/\psi p$ cross section~\cite{Adeluyi:2011rt}.
However, as we explained above (see figures~\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_2_4} and
\ref{fig:Sigma_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_0}), the growth of the MSTW08LO gluon distribution at small $x$
is too steep (see figure~\ref{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_comparison} of the Appendix), which means that the corresponding pQCD expression fails to simultaneously describe
the HERA and LHCb data on the  $W_{\gamma p}$
behavior of the $\gamma p \rightarrow J/\psi p$ cross section.

In conjunction with the nuclear gluon shadowing factor
$R(x,\mu^{2})$ obtained in the global QCD analyses of nuclear PDFs (HKN07, EPS08 and EPS09),
the same gluon distribution (MSTW08LO)
was also used to calculate the  $\gamma A \rightarrow J/\psi A$ cross section~\cite{ba2}.
Such a procedure violates the consistency of the LO pQCD calculations
in the following sense.
The
HKN07 nuclear PDFs~\cite{Hirai:2007sx}  are based on the MRST98 parton distributions of the
free nucleon~\cite{Martin:1998sq};
the EPS09 and EPS08 LO nPDF analysis -- on the CTEQ6L1 free nucleon PDFs.
Hence,
to be consistent, the use of the MSTW08 gluon density in the proton in conjunction with the HKN07, EPS08 and EPS09 gluon shadowing factors
requires introduction of
large $x$-dependent corrections ($x$-dependent normalization factors given by the
inversed square of  ratio of the gluon distributions presented in
figure~\ref{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_comparison} of the Appendix),
which were not included in
the predictions for the  $Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ cross section presented in ref.~\cite{ba2}.

(ii) Predictions for the $Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ cross section were also made
using the framework of the color dipole model~\cite{Goncalves:2011vf,Lappi:2013am}.
The resulting calculations predict too little nuclear gluon shadowing and, as a result, overestimate
the $Pb Pb \to Pb Pb J/\psi$ cross section, see the discussion in~\cite{alice1} and
\cite{Guzey:2013xba}. Qualitatively, these results can be readily understood: on average,
the elementary dipole--nucleon cross section for  the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ process is rather small
due to squeezing of the dipole by the $J/\psi$ wave function.
Hence, multiple rescatterings of this dipole on the target nucleons constitute essentially a higher
twist correction to the impulse approximation and, hence,
cannot lead to significant nuclear attenuation (shadowing).

(iii) Exclusive coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in heavy ion UPCs at LHC energies was also considered
in ref.~\cite{Cisek:2012yt} using the dipole formalism with the $k_T$-unintegrated gluon distribution.
In the case of the dipole--nucleus scattering, besides the Glauber-type rescattering on the target
nucleons, the approach also
takes into account the small-$x$ evolution of dipoles, i.e., gluon-fusion corrections associated with
the rescattering of the $QQg$ dipole.
The net resulting nuclear shadowing correction for the process and kinematics of interest
is similar to our result
(the shadowing correction predicted in~\cite{Cisek:2012yt} is $15-20$\% smaller than our prediction).

(iv) In the framework of the dipole formalism, an attempt to take into account the contribution of a
broad range of dipole sizes, i.e., the contribution of both perturbative and non-perturbative
QCD contributions,
to the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ cross section was made
in~\cite{Frankfurt:1995jw,Frankfurt:1997fj,Frankfurt:2000ez}.
It was estimated that the
$\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ process probes the effective scales $\mu^2 > 2.4$ GeV$^2$ and that the relativistic
corrections are large, i.e., the factor of $F^2$ is small.
While the latter
differs from
our finding that
$F^2 \approx 0.5$ which is consistent with the analysis of~\cite{Ryskin:1995hz},
one has to keep in mind that the gluon distributions used in different analyses are different which
naturally results in different $F^2$ factors.
 The extension of the analysis
to the nuclear case predicts sizable suppression of the $\gamma A \to J/\psi A$ cross section due
to the gluon nuclear shadowing~\cite{Frankfurt:1995jw}.

In the near future, there will be available results of measurements of $J/\psi$ photoproduction
from the proton--lead run at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV.
The new data will mostly probe the photon--proton interaction, which, in turn, will influence
the precision of the analysis of the photon--nucleus cross
section~\cite{Guzey:2013taa}.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The authors would like to thank M.~Ryskin and M.~Strikman for illuminating discussions of
their respective results on photoproduction of $J/\psi$ on the proton.

\section*{Appendix: Leading order gluon distributions in the proton and corresponding $\alpha_s$ used
in the present work}
\label{sec:Appendix_A}

For the calculation of the perturbative $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ cross section,
see Eqs.~(\ref{dcslo}) and (\ref{csprot}), we used six different leading order (LO)
gluon distributions in the proton: MNRT07~\cite{Martin:2007sb},
CTEQ6L1~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}, CTEQ6L~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}, MRST04~\cite{Martin:2006qz}, NNPDF~\cite{Ball:2010de}
and MSTW08LO~\cite{Martin:2009iq}. (Note that these PDFs are listed in the order
of an increasing magnitude of $xG_p(x,Q^2)$ at $x=5 \times 10^{-6}$ and $Q^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$.)
Figure~\ref{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3} shows these parameterizations for
$xG_p(x,Q^2)$ as a function of $x$ at $Q^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$ (left panel) and at $Q^2=3$ GeV$^2$
(right panel).

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_Sep2013.eps,scale=1.3}
\caption{Leading order gluon parton distributions in the nucleon at $Q^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$ (left) and
at $Q^2=3$ GeV$^2$ (right) used in this work.}
\label{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3}
\end{figure}

Table~\ref{table:alpha_s} summarizes the values of strong coupling constant $\alpha_s(\mu^2)$
corresponding to the examined gluon parton distributions, which we used in our numerical
predictions using eqs.~(\ref{csprot}), (\ref{csa1}), and (\ref{csupc_2}).

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
    \hline
Parameterization & $\alpha_s(Q^2=2.4 \ {\rm GeV}^2)$ & $\alpha_s(Q^2=3 \ {\rm GeV}^2)$ &
$\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ & Comments \\
\hline
MNRT07~\cite{Martin:2007sb}   & $0.295$ & $0.282$ & $0.118$  & $\Lambda_4=120$ MeV \\
CTEQ6L1~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw} & $0.382$ & $0.361$ & $0.130$  & $\Lambda_4=215$ MeV \\
CTEQ6L~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}  & $0.330$ & $0.314$ & $0.118$  & NLO with $\Lambda_4=326$ MeV \\
MRST04~\cite{Martin:2006qz}   & $0.386$ & $0.365$ & $-$      & $\Lambda_4=220$ MeV \\
NNPDF~\cite{Ball:2010de}      & $0.301$ & $0.289$ & $0.119$  & $\Lambda_4=127$ MeV \\
MSTW08LO~\cite{Martin:2009iq} & $0.480$ & $0.448$ & $0.139$  & $\Lambda_4=322$ MeV \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The running strong coupling constant $\alpha_s(\mu^2)$ corresponding to the examined
gluon parton distributions.}
\label{table:alpha_s}
\end{table}

Figure~\ref{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_comparison} shows the ratios of the studied gluon
distributions of the proton to the MNRT07 gluon distribution as a function of $x$ at
$Q^2=3$ GeV$^2$. The ratios are normalized to be equal to unity at $x=10^{-3}$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_comparison_Sep2013.eps,scale=1.3}
\caption{The ratios of the studied LO gluon
distributions of the proton to the MNRT07 gluon distribution as a function of $x$ at
$Q^2=3$ GeV$^2$. The ratios are normalized to be equal to unity at $x=10^{-3}$.}
\label{fig:Glue_proton_pQCD_Q2_3_comparison}
\end{figure}

We explained in section~\ref{subsec:pQCD_proton} that to evaluate the factors of $\eta$ (the ratio of the real
to the imaginary parts of the $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ amplitude) and $R_g$ (the skewness factor),
we used the fit $xG_p (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$ in the interval $5 \times 10^{-6} \leq x \leq 0.01$.
The resulting values of $\lambda$ are summarized in table~\ref{table:lambda}.

Note that the MSTW08LO gluon distribution cannot be fitted using a single $\lambda$ in
the entire $5 \times 10^{-6} \leq x \leq 0.01$ interval. To achieve an acceptable accuracy
of the  $xG_p (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$ fit, we allowed $\lambda$ to vary with $x$: the last line
of table~\ref{table:lambda} gives the range of obtained values; $\lambda$ decreases with an
increase of $x$.

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
    \hline
Parameterization & $\lambda(Q^2=2.4 \ {\rm GeV}^2)$ & $\lambda(Q^2=3 \ {\rm GeV}^2)$ \\
\hline
MNRT07~\cite{Martin:2007sb}   & $0.20$ & $0.22$ \\
CTEQ6L1~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw} & $0.16$ & $0.19$ \\
CTEQ6L~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}  & $0.15$ & $0.18$ \\
MRST04~\cite{Martin:2006qz}   & $0.20$ & $0.22$ \\
NNPDF~\cite{Ball:2010de}      & $0.20$ & $0.22$ \\
MSTW08LO~\cite{Martin:2009iq} & $0.62-0.30$ & $0.58-0.30$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The parameter $\lambda$ in the fit $xG_p (x,\mu^2) \propto 1/x^{\lambda}$ of the studied proton
gluon distributions in the interval $5 \times 10^{-6} \leq x \leq 0.01$ at $\mu^2=2.4$ GeV$^2$ and
 $\mu^2=3$ GeV$^2$.}
\label{table:lambda}
\end{table}

\newpage

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text:
// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: google/protobuf/unittest_no_arena_lite.proto

#ifndef PROTOBUF_google_2fprotobuf_2funittest_5fno_5farena_5flite_2eproto__INCLUDED
#define PROTOBUF_google_2fprotobuf_2funittest_5fno_5farena_5flite_2eproto__INCLUDED

#include <string>

#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>

#if GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERSION < 3005000
#error This file was generated by a newer version of protoc which is
#error incompatible with your Protocol Buffer headers.  Please update
#error your headers.
#endif
#if 3005001 < GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_MIN_PROTOC_VERSION
#error This file was generated by an older version of protoc which is
#error incompatible with your Protocol Buffer headers.  Please
#error regenerate this file with a newer version of protoc.
#endif

#include <google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h>
#include <google/protobuf/arena.h>
#include <google/protobuf/arenastring.h>
#include <google/protobuf/generated_message_table_driven.h>
#include <google/protobuf/generated_message_util.h>
#include <google/protobuf/metadata_lite.h>
#include <google/protobuf/message_lite.h>
#include <google/protobuf/repeated_field.h>  // IWYU pragma: export
#include <google/protobuf/extension_set.h>  // IWYU pragma: export
// @@protoc_insertion_point(includes)

namespace protobuf_google_2fprotobuf_2funittest_5fno_5farena_5flite_2eproto {
// Internal implementation detail -- do not use these members.
struct TableStruct {
  static const ::google::protobuf::internal::ParseTableField entries[];
  static const ::google::protobuf::internal::AuxillaryParseTableField aux[];
  static const ::google::protobuf::internal::ParseTable schema[1];
  static const ::google::protobuf::internal::FieldMetadata field_metadata[];
  static const ::google::protobuf::internal::SerializationTable serialization_table[];
  static const ::google::protobuf::uint32 offsets[];
};
void InitDefaultsForeignMessageLiteImpl();
void InitDefaultsForeignMessageLite();
inline void InitDefaults() {
  InitDefaultsForeignMessageLite();
}
}  // namespace protobuf_google_2fprotobuf_2funittest_5fno_5farena_5flite_2eproto
namespace protobuf_unittest_no_arena {
class ForeignMessageLite;
class ForeignMessageLiteDefaultTypeInternal;
extern ForeignMessageLiteDefaultTypeInternal _ForeignMessageLite_default_instance_;
}  // namespace protobuf_unittest_no_arena
namespace protobuf_unittest_no_arena {

// ===================================================================

class ForeignMessageLite : public ::google::protobuf::MessageLite /* @@protoc_insertion_point(class_definition:protobuf_unittest_no_arena.ForeignMessageLite) */ {
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  ForeignMessageLite(const ForeignMessageLite& from);

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  inline ForeignMessageLite& operator=(ForeignMessageLite&& from) noexcept {
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  inline ForeignMessageLite* New() const PROTOBUF_FINAL { return New(NULL); }

  ForeignMessageLite* New(::google::protobuf::Arena* arena) const PROTOBUF_FINAL;
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  void CopyFrom(const ForeignMessageLite& from);
  void MergeFrom(const ForeignMessageLite& from);
  void Clear() PROTOBUF_FINAL;
  bool IsInitialized() const PROTOBUF_FINAL;

  size_t ByteSizeLong() const PROTOBUF_FINAL;
  bool MergePartialFromCodedStream(
      ::google::protobuf::io::CodedInputStream* input) PROTOBUF_FINAL;
  void SerializeWithCachedSizes(
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  void DiscardUnknownFields();
  int GetCachedSize() const PROTOBUF_FINAL { return _cached_size_; }
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  void SharedDtor();
  void SetCachedSize(int size) const;
  void InternalSwap(ForeignMessageLite* other);
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  ::std::string GetTypeName() const PROTOBUF_FINAL;

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  // accessors -------------------------------------------------------

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  ::google::protobuf::int32 c() const;
  void set_c(::google::protobuf::int32 value);

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(class_scope:protobuf_unittest_no_arena.ForeignMessageLite)
 private:
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  void clear_has_c();

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  ::google::protobuf::internal::HasBits<1> _has_bits_;
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  ::google::protobuf::int32 c_;
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  friend void ::protobuf_google_2fprotobuf_2funittest_5fno_5farena_5flite_2eproto::InitDefaultsForeignMessageLiteImpl();
};
// ===================================================================

// ===================================================================

#ifdef __GNUC__
  #pragma GCC diagnostic push
  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
#endif  // __GNUC__
// ForeignMessageLite

// optional int32 c = 1;
inline bool ForeignMessageLite::has_c() const {
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inline void ForeignMessageLite::set_has_c() {
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}
inline void ForeignMessageLite::clear_has_c() {
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inline void ForeignMessageLite::clear_c() {
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}
inline ::google::protobuf::int32 ForeignMessageLite::c() const {
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}
inline void ForeignMessageLite::set_c(::google::protobuf::int32 value) {
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}

#ifdef __GNUC__
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#endif  // __GNUC__

// @@protoc_insertion_point(namespace_scope)

}  // namespace protobuf_unittest_no_arena

// @@protoc_insertion_point(global_scope)

#endif  // PROTOBUF_google_2fprotobuf_2funittest_5fno_5farena_5flite_2eproto__INCLUDED

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