text:
Chenecey-Buillon, 1904 - Mexico City, 1987
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ALICE RAHON - BIOGRAPHY
Alice Marie Yvonne Philippot was a renowned surrealist artist and poet. Known at first as Alice Paalen in her poetry and later as Alice Rahon in her painting, as she adopted her mother's surname Alphonsine Rahon. She was born in Chenecey-Buillon in the Doubs, France, on June 8, 1904. She spent most of her childhood and youth in Paris and during the summers she used to visit her grandparents' house in Recouvrance, a neighborhood in the city of Brest, in Brittany. When she was about three years old she suffered an accident in which she fractured her right hip. She remained in a cast for about three years. At the age of 12, she suffered another accident and broke her left leg.
Alice Rahon met the Austrian painter Wolfgang Paalen in Paris in 1931. Two years later, on the recommendation of Joan Miró, they traveled together to Spain and visited the Altamira caves. The discovery of the cave art impacted the couple and played a fundamental role in their development as artists. Alice Rahon's initiation into the surrealist movement occurred in Paris, around 1934, the same year as her marriage to Wolfgang Paalen, a time when Alice wrote poems in free verse. That year they visited the Altamira caves again and during the autumn they made a trip to Greece.
In 1935, Wolfgang and Alice met Paul Elouard and Max Ernst through Roland Penrose. The Paalen couple visited Valentine and Roland Penrose in Le Pouy, in the south of France, where Alice began a deep friendship with the poet Valentine Penrose. Alice had for a brief time a love affair with Picasso that ended with Paalen's alleged suicide threat. In December of that year, André Breton, the father of surrealism, invited the Paalens to formally join the group of surrealists.
In 1936, Alice Rahon traveled to India where she met Valentine Penrose. After disembarking in Bombay, she visited the city of Goa, Pondicherry and continued north where she spent time in an ashram in Mirtola, at the foot of the Himalayas. In India she wrote Muttra and other poems influenced by Hindu culture. She published A même la terre with the support of André Breton in Editions Surréalistes. The book, a limited edition of 235 copies, all of them numbered and signed by the artist, included an engraving by Yves Tanguy.
In 1937, Alice Rahon worked as a designer with Elsa Schiaparelli. She subsequently opened her own hat boutique in Paris. She posed for Man Ray modeling the hats that were featured in La mode au Congo exhibition at the Charles Ratton Gallery. The photographs were published in Harper's Bazar magazine.
In 1938 Alice published Sablier Couché (Editions Sagesse) with an engraving by Joan Miró, a publication that was praised by André Breton who recognized her creative talent and wrote her a beautiful letter on the occasion of the publication. In his eyes, more than a book it was "a talisman." André Breton from 1920 already visualized associating poetry with a painting that "would translate it without betraying it"; he imagined that each painting thus conceived would become a "window" into the poetic experience.
In 1939, the Paalen couple set out on a trip to America in the company of the Swiss photographer Eva Sulzer. In May they landed in New York where they stayed until the summer. From there they left for Alaska and British Columbia in search of the art of primitive cultures that still conserved that spiritual energy. During the trip, Alice Rahon made a unique sketch of the totems, published years later in the magazine Dyn, and began to dabble in the use of the brush. On September 7, they arrived in Mexico City at the invitation of Frida Kahlo and were received precisely by Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Juan O'Gorman. They settled in the San Angel neighborhood. In Mexico, they gradually reunited with their surrealist friends exiled in Mexico: César Moro, Remedios Varo, Benjamín Peret, Leonora Carrington, Esteban Frances. This group was joined by other Mexican figures who shared Alice and Wolfgang's interest in pre-Hispanic cultures, among them Miguel Covarrubias and his wife Rosa Rolanda. The Paalens were enriching their already large collection of primitive art from Oceania, Alaska and British Columbia with archaeological and popular art pieces that they acquired during their multiple expeditions through Veracruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Yucatán, Michoacán and other regions.
From her arrival in Mexico, Rahon devoted herself to painting, exploring various techniques that she enriched with sand and sgraffito. The fascination for primitive art is constant in the work of Alice Rahon. She considered it closely linked to magic, to the realms of the invisible. The theme will appear again and again in her poems and in her pictorial work. Both in technique and content, her paintings refer to ancient times. The colors, the textures, the signs, the sgraffito, the symbolic figures make up her own cosmogony; the pictorial imaginary reveals her vision of reality. The encounter with André Breton and surrealism was fundamental for Alice Rahon and marked not only the transition from the poetic image to the visual image that occurred after her arrival in Mexico, but also the conception of the totality of her artistic creation. Alice Rahon's work is presented with this surrealist ideal of achieving the perfect consolidation of the visual image and the poetic image. Her contact in Paris with the avant-gardes of modern art and her close link with surrealism allowed her to acquire an impressive visual training, but it was Paalen who introduced her to the craft of pictorial practice; in Alice's words: "as a painter, I owe everything to him […] from him I learned not to mix the color beforehand but to put it in such a way that it blends in the eye of the beholder".
Alice Rahon first exhibited her paintings at the International Exposition of Surrealism in 1940, organized by Paalen and César Moro at the Galería de Arte Mexicano. She presented three watercolors: The Eyeless Queen, Du jour au lendemain and Rendez-vous des riviéres. In 1941 Alice published Noir Animal, her third and final compilation of poems, illustrated with a portrait of her by Paalen.
Alice Rahon arrived in Mexico at a time when figurative painting related to the so-called Mexican School predominated. Along with Wolfgang Paalen, Gordon Onslow-Ford, Gunther Gerzso and Carlos Mérida, she ventured into abstract painting, creating works that take the form of appearances, of representations of an "interior model" that reflects, following André Breton , "That which, although it does not exist, is as intense as that which exists" and that consists of "real visual images". The theoretical discussions about art that were published in the magazine Dyn, that Wolfgang Paalen published and that Alice Rahon contributed with poems, vignettes and illustrations from 1942 to 1944, and the compilation of essays by Paalen, which appeared in the first issue of Problems of Contemporary Art under the title of "Form and Sense", provoked in Alice Rahon reflections about the function of the image. The image, Paalen points out, should not be reduced in any way to the prolongation of the memory of a perceived entity or to the organization of visual fragments dispersed in memory. "The true value of the image ... consists in projecting a new realization, which does not necessarily have to be related to an existing object." Through abstract forms Alice Rahon sought to express cosmic sensations linked to space and time. Alice Rahon, like Paalen, captured in her canvases the subtle interrelation between surrealism and abstraction, between the rational and the irrational, between art and science. The theoretical and aesthetic contributions of the group of artists exiled in Mexico who gathered around Dyn undoubtedly laid the foundations for a new direction of painting in Mexico.
Alice Rahon presented her first solo exhibition at Galería de Arte Mexicano in 1944. In 1945 she met the writer Anaïs Nin in New York, with whom she established a very close relationship. From the mid-1940s Alice Rahon produced a series of works that evoke her trips to real and imaginary cities inspired by the work of Paul Klee. Alice admired the painting of the Swiss, whom she met through Paalen. In the mid-1920s Klee conceived a series called The Book of Cities, made up of paintings with handwriting signs that marked his taste for the cultures of the East. The Islamic world gave him the vision of a synthetic, abstract perception, formed by the integration of pictograms that suggest mythical, eternal spaces that Alice adopted.
In 1946 Alice Rahon acquired Mexican nationality and continued to present her works in both solo and group exhibitions in Mexico and the United States. Inspired by her trip to India, she wrote the script and designed a series of articulated puppets to represent the characters in an Orion-inspired cosmic ballet, "The Great Man in the Sky." In many ways the conception of the ballet goes back to Pablo Picasso, with whom Alice had a brief but intense romance around 1935. Picasso conceived several ballets, including Mercure (1924), which made a deep impression on André Breton and the group of surrealists.
In 1947, Alice Rahon divorced Wolfgang Paalen and met Canadian Edward Fitzgerald, filmmaker and set designer, whom she married. She frequently traveled to the bay of Acapulco, because in that year her friend Anaïs Nin bought a house on the beach of Caleta.
Fitzgerald and Rahon made an experimental film entitled Le Magicien. For this project Alice designed the costumes, puppets, and wrote the screenplay, while Fitzgerald provided set design and direction. The film was never distributed due to a lack of budget and the only existing copy, which was presented to groups of friends and artists and at the Willard Gallery in New York, unfortunately disappeared. The only vestige that remains consists of a few photographic shots of the shoot.
For the catalog of her exhibition at Williard Gallery in New York in 1951, the artist wrote a poetic text to define her aspirations towards a magical and ethereal world that could only be reached through painting: At the beginning of time painting was magic; it was a key to the invisible. In those days the value of a job lay in its spell power, a power that talent alone cannot achieve. Like the shaman, the sibyl and the magician, the painter would have to become a humble being, so much so that he could enter into the manifestation of spirit and forms.
Alice Rahon divorced Edward Fitzgerald in 1960. On the opening night of her exhibition at Galería Pecanins in 1969, she fell down the stairs and broke her hip again. She was secluded at her home in Las Flores. In 1975, after its exhibition at Galería de Arte Mexicano, Alice Rahon stopped painting. One of her last paintings was "A Giant Called Loneliness." The Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City presented a retrospective exhibition of her work in 1986. A year later Alice Rahon died in an asylum in Mexico City.
(Sources: 1. Alice Rahon, Una surrealista en México, 1939-1987, texts by Tere Arcq, Georgiana M. M. Colvile, Andreas Neufert, Leila Jarbouai, Nancy Deffebach, published by Museo de Arte Moderno, 2009)
ALICE RAHON MAIN SOLO EXHIBITIONS
1944 Galería de Arte Mexicano, Mexico City
1946 Pasadena Art Museum, Pasadena
1946 Art of This Century Gallery, New York
1946 Caresse Crosby Gallery, Washington, D.C.
1946 Stendhal Art Gallery, Los Angeles
1946 Karle Nierendorf Gallery, New York
1947 Barbara Byrnes Gallery, Los Angeles, California
1948 Willard Gallery, New York
1951 Galería Arquitac, Guadalajara
1953 Art Institute of San Francisco, San Francisco, California
1954 Paul Kantor Gallery, Los Angeles, California
1955 Galería La Cour d'Ingres, Paris
1956 Galería El Eco, Mexico City
1957 Galería Antonio Souza, Mexico City
1958 Galería del Instituto Francés de América Latina (IFAL), Mexico City
1961 Worth Avenue Gallery, Palm Beach, Florida
1962 Galería Juliana Lerson, Beirut, Lebanon
1962 Louisiana Gallery, Houston, Texas
1965 Galería Turok Wasserman, Mexico City
1967 Galería de Arte Misrachi, Mexico City
1969 Galería Pecanins, Mexico City
1986 Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
2009 Alice Rahon: Una surrealista en México (1939-1987), Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City
2009 Alice Rahon: Una surrealista en México (1939-1987), Centro Cultural Tijuana, Tijuana, Baja California
2019 Alice Rahon, Poetic Invocations, Museum of Contemporary Art North Miami, Florida


← Loonie is 25 years old!
So what does the Royal Canadian Mint do anyway?
There is more to the Mint than you might think!
"Have you ever wondered about who makes all that change in your piggy bank or pocket? Where does it come from and who designs them? Coins reflect our Canadian history and culture and for over 100 years, we have been making them at the Royal Canadian Mint. We make all of the coins in Canada and we even make coins for other countries.
Take a look in your wallet. You may find a coloured Poppy coin from 2004. If so, you're holding a piece of history because it is the first coloured circulation coin in the world!
More interesting stuff on the Mint's website!
Posted on November 13, 2012, in Who Knew?. Bookmark the permalink.	Leave a comment.


Now you can charge your Samsung Galaxy devices including the S4 without plugging and unplugging cables every time. This wireless charging back cover and charging pad makes it much easier to keep your battery charged and is compact so uses minimal space. Charging is effortless, just check the handy LED indicator to see charging status at a glance. This pad works for most Samsung devices, but note that the S4 mini is not QI charging compatible. To use simply put your device onto the Wireless Charging Pad and that's it, no more fussy connections and if the handset rings just pick it up and answer! The Samsung Wireless Charging Pad is Qi-certified by the Wireless Power Consortium, so is designed to reduce power consumption by minimising heat generation and thereby increasing charging efficiency and reducing charging time.
This slim wireless charging pad is a perfect fit for devices such as the Galaxy S4, but you do need a compatible Wireless Charging Cover which is sold separately. As the official charger for Samsung mobile phones, this charger will charge Samsung devices quickly and easily, but is also compatible with all other QI wireless receivers including Nokia. The official case for the Galaxy S4 is rated at 650mA, a lot less than the USB adaptor which is rated 2A, so don't expect to charge your Samsung devices wirelessly as quickly as you can by plugging into the USB charger, but most devices will fully charge if left overnight (roughly it will take around twice as long to charge using wireless versus plugging into conventional USB port). Another advantage of this wireless charging pad is that is is built by Samsung, so you can be assured of top quality and perfect compatibility with supported Samsung devices.


FIRST ("For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology") is a non-for-profit organization created in 1989 with the mission of inspiring the nation's youth's interest and participation in science and technology. This is achieved by groundbreaking programs that motivate K-12 students to reach beyond their STEM academic studies in the classroom, giving them opportunities to use hands-on experience in working with a team to overcome engineering and programming problems involved in robotics, fund and promote their own products, and gain experience working with professionals in both companies and universities in addition to their school's teachers.
The FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) is an international high school robotics competition organized by FIRST. Each year, teams of high school students compete to build robots weighing up to 120 pounds (54 kg), that can play in a game, which requires robots to complete tasks such as scoring balls into goals, frisbees into goals, inner tubes onto racks, hanging on bars, balancing robots on balance beams, etc. The game changes every year, keeping the excitement fresh and giving each team a more level playing field. While teams are given a standard set of parts, they are also allowed a budget and encouraged to buy or make specialized parts as long as they conform to FIRST rules. Game details are revealed at the beginning of January and the teams are given six weeks to construct a competitive robot, that can operate autonomously as well as when guided by wireless controls, to accomplish the game's tasks.


Update the look of your home with this "Allegra"6-Pieces Bathroom Set.It has a contemporary feel that can complement your existing decore and make a stylish addition to your bathroom. The six-pieces bathroom accessory set is made of premium-quality chrome plated material that makes it highly durable, as well as resistant to corrosion and decay. The "Allegra" Bathroom Set can be easily mounted on the wall.


CHARLOTTE, N.C. — Two North Carolina police officers have been placed on leave after fatally shooting an armed man.
A statement from the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department said officers responding to a 911 call Wednesday encountered an armed man at an apartment complex.
The statement says that despite multiple commands from police, the man didn't drop the weapon. Officers then shot and killed 29-year-old Rueben Galindo.
Police said Officers Courtney Suggs and David Guerra have been placed on administrative leave, which is standard procedure after a shooting. Suggs joined the force in December 2014, and Guerra has been on the force since April 2013.


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I thought it would be fun to reminisce in the past a little and recap the 9 month stint I had running while pregnant.The reason for this reminiscing moment is because I recently had another Running Form gait analysis completed in order to identify some of the struggles I have encountered on this postpartum journey.
October of 2015, I raced my first decent half marathon in nearly a decade, but shortly after that my body broke down a little(minor injury). I took some time to rewind and refocus on areas I needed to improve. At the time, I had been going to physical therapy where I incorporated a ton of strength training, all while maintaining about 15 -20 miles of running each week and several hours of cross training. I was coming back from a little lower leg setback, so I was not in super great running shape, but I just knew something was off.
What do you know, a pregnancy test revealed I was pregnant. About 4-6 weeks pregnant. James and I knew we wanted a family and we were planning on the year of 2016 being the start of this pursuit, but we did not plan on it happening so fast. The plan was to not slow down on my training, If it happened it happened and if it didn't we would try again another time. We had about an 18 month window for a pregnancy to take place. This is because I have dreams and goals of my own and a pregnancy would get in the way of me accomplishing my goals. It's hard enough to train for half marathons and full marathons. Also, getting an Olympic Trials Qualifying Standard would pretty much be impossible if I got pregnant at the wrong time. Hence the reason for the "perfect" window. I am truly grateful my body allowed me to get pregnant as easily as I did. It was definitely a blessing.
I was about 6 weeks pregnant when I sa the blue plus sign. Honestly I slowed down my intensity a little pretty much immediately. It was my first pregnancy and I had no idea what to expect. It was important for me to take care of myself and to just have fun running. I knew I would be able to come back better if I did not overdo it while pregnant. I have had plenty of injuries in my past, so I figured this was a perfect opportunity to just slow down a little.
I averaged about 35- 40 miles per week through most of my pregnancy. There were a few mornings the nausea was pretty bad. This is gross but I would just do my business, then head out for a run. Once the nausea went away, which was around week 17, running felt much better. But once again, I did not see a point to go crazy with running. I just wanted to have fun and experience running while pregnant. For the next 20 weeks my mileage slowly decreased to about 20-25 miles per week. As Augie grew I became more uncomfortable, so as the miles decreased the swimming increased. There was just lots of pressure in all the wrong areas. By the beginning of October I was just too uncomfortable to run, so I swam an hour a day…. Swimming was actually pretty fun while pregnant.
At 37 weeks we found out Augie was breech and we tried to have him manually rotated through an exter nal cephalic rotation at week 38. This technique was extremely painful. Looking back if I ever went through this again I think I would not even attempt the rotation. It was very scary. After the unsuccessful attempt we settled on scheduling a c- section at week 39. My doctors told me I would be able to recover much better if I avoided going into labor. I am not gonna lie, I liked the sound of that. I also did not want to get to the point where we would hope he would rotate on his own during labor, because if he did not rotate, then I would have to have an emergency c-section. I am definitely happy with the choices we made. It is what worked for us. A c-section was not what I was expecting 9 months earlier, but a happy healthy baby is all that mattered. The past 16 months have been a journey. Bouncing back into running post baby has had its up and downs, but I wouldn't change one thing about our story.


TFC Photo Contest & Now on Facebook!
Thanks to everyone who voted in the poll! Looks like we will still be having the photo contests since everyone voted yes 🙂 So – start sending in your animal pictures now. Remember they can be of any animal, and I've decided to open it up to dogs & cats. Hey, they're animals too right?
So let's get this contest started! Get them in to me by Friday & then Voting will go until Monday when the winner will be revealed. Remember to send in the pic with your name, location, and a short description for the picture!
Okay and also, as you may have already noticed, The Featured Creature™ is now on Facebook! So Please, Please "like" us! I'll be posting content that you won't get to see on the site itself and I know you wouldn't want to miss out on any of that… now would you?
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Yes, There Really Exists a Spider Named After a Velociraptor… And For Good Reason.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

The computational requirements for extreme adaptive optics for the
next generation of 30 to 40-meter class astronomical telescopes
present a formidable problem. For an adaptive optics system with a
phase corrector that has $N$ degrees of freedom, classical approaches
require a multiplication of a vector of length $N$ with a matrix of
size $N\times N$, leading to a computational complexity of order
$N^2$. For extreme adaptive optics, this vector-matrix multiplication
is the major bottleneck, not only in terms of computational power but
also in terms of memory requirements as both scale with $N^2$. Indeed,
a system with $N=40,000$ as envisaged for the EPICS instrument at the
E-ELT, the classical reconstruction matrix would require about 6GB of
memory (assuming 4-byte single-precision floating point numbers). This
data needs to be moved into the processing units at a rate of a few
thousand times per second, making this issue alone a challenging data
flow problem.

Even when using parallel processing and distributed memory techniques,
the most modern hardware implementation would struggle to achieve the
computational complexity and speed. Depending on the type of wavefront
sensor and deformable mirror, sparse-matrix
approaches\cite{gilles2002}, sequential one-dimensional
reconstructions\cite{obereder2011} and Fourier reconstruction
techniques\cite{poyneer2002} can reduce the required processing
power. Typically, these approaches work with conventional pupil-based
wavefront sensors such as Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wavefront
sensors.

Here we present a focal-plane sensing algorithm with a complexity that
is proportional to $N\log N$ in terms of required computing power and
proportional to $N$ in terms of memory requirements. It is based on 1)
the close relationship between the PSF and the wavefront aberration in
case that the latter is small\cite{ellerbroek1983, gonsalves2001,
  sivaramakrishnan2002} , 2) sequential phase-diversity
\cite{gonsalves2002, gonsalves2010} where the deformable mirror itself
introduces the phase diversity and 3) a choice of the introduced phase
diversity that minimizes the wavefront error and fortunately also
minimizes the computational effort. Indeed, our algorithm only
requires a few floating point calculations per wavefront resolution
element and a single, two-dimensional, complex Fourier transform per
update cycle.  Our work combines knowledge from the
areas of AO-corrected speckle studies\cite{sivaramakrishnan2002} and
the phase-diversity efforts of
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001,gonsalves2002}.

We begin in Sect.~\ref{sec:psf} by calculating the monochromatic PSF
of a weakly aberrated system to second order, which allows us to
derive a correction to the first-order approximation that makes it
significantly better.  We continue in Sect.~\ref{sec:spd} by deriving
the basic sequential phase diversity technique for our
approximation. Sect.~\ref{sec:complex} shows how the computational
complexity can be dramatically reduced from four Fourier transforms to
a single one. The advantages of our approach are discussed in
Sect.~\ref{sec:adv}, the limitations are listed in
Sect.~\ref{sec:lim}, and applications and extensions are summarized in
Sect.~\ref{sec:apps}.  In a separate paper in these proceedings, we
have also studied in detail one version of our algorithm numerically
as well as in the laboratory with a 37-actuator system
\cite{korkiakoski2012spie}.

\section{Monochromatic PSF due to weak aberrations}
\label{sec:psf}

The overall approach is based on the work by
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001}, who presented an analytical solution to
retrieving the wavefront from two simultaneous images of a point
source where one is in focus and the other one has a phase diversity,
typically defocus, applied. Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2002,
  gonsalves2010} also introduced sequential phase diversity (SPD)
where the phase-diverse images are acquired sequentially instead of
simultaneously. We expand Gonsalves' work here to second order with a
notation that is more closely related to the work that has been done
for understanding the PSF of AO-corrected point
sources\cite{perrin2003}. This expansion leads to a much deeper
understanding of the approach suggested by
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001} and implies a modification that
significantly expands the range of the weak aberration approximation
as shown in the accompanying paper by
Korkiakoski\cite{korkiakoski2012spie}.

\subsection{First-order approximation of wavefront}

We start with the (scalar) electrical field of an electromagnetic wave in the
pupil plane of an optical system,
\begin{equation}
E(u,v)=A(u,v) e^{i\Phi(u,v)}
\label{eq:pupil}
\end{equation}
where $A(u,v)$ is the amplitude and $\Phi(u,v)$ is the phase in radians, both
being functions of the spatial coordinates $u$ and $v$ in the pupil
plane. The origin of the $(u,v)$ coordinate system is the center of
the aperture. Both $A(u,v)$ and $\Phi(u,v)$ are real. Furthermore, as
the absolute value of the phase (piston term) is not relevant, we
can set the average of $\Phi$ over the aperture to zero, i.e.\
\begin{equation}
\int A(u,v)\Phi(u,v)\; du\; dv = 0\,.
\label{eq:norm}
\end{equation}
Note that $A(u,v)$ does not have to be limited to values of 0 or 1 but
can have values in between such as used in apodized-pupil
coronagraphs\cite{kasdin2003}.

As we do not rely on absolute intensity measurements and assume that
we only deal with pure phase aberrations, the amplitude of
the electrical field is normalized such that
\begin{equation}
\int |E(u,v)|^2du\;dv = \int |A(u,v)|^2\; du\;dv = 1\,.
\end{equation}
Furthermore, we assume that the amplitude is even, i.e.\
\begin{equation}
A(u,v)=A(-u,-v)\;.
\end{equation}
This is an assumption that will greatly simplify the subsequent
calculations without being overly restrictive. An even amplitude or
aperture function $A(u,v)$ still describes most
telescope apertures but also holds for shaped pupils and
apodized pupils that are used to suppress diffraction
effects around a point source\cite{kasdin2003}.

If the aberrations are very small, i.e.\ $\Phi\ll 1$, $E(u,v)$ in Eq.(\ref{eq:pupil})
can be approximated to first order by
\begin{equation}
E(u,v)\approx E^\prime(u,v) = A(u,v)\left[1+i\Phi(u,v)\right]\,.
\label{eq:smallapprox}
\end{equation}

We note that the integral over the absolute value squared of
$E^\prime$ is not unity anymore since
\begin{equation}
\int |E^\prime|^2\; du\;dv = \int A(u,v)^2 \left[1+\Phi(u,v)^2\right] du\;dv =
1+\int \left[A(u,v) \Phi(u,v)\right] ^2\; du\;dv\,.
\end{equation}
The error made in the normalization of the amplitude by this
first-order approximation is therefore given by the variance of the
aperture-weighted wavefront, $A\Phi$ because of
Eq.(\ref{eq:norm}). This violation of energy conservation is the
fundamental reason that algorithms based on
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001} first-order approximation are limited to
extremely small phase aberrations and that the Strehl ratio of the
corresponding PSF is always 1, independent of the wavefront variance,
as will be shown below.

\subsection{Second-order approximation of wavefront}

Expanding Eq.(\ref{eq:pupil}) to second order, we obtain
\begin{equation}
E(u,v)\approx E^{\prime\prime}(u,v) =
A(u,v)\left[1+i\Phi(u,v)-\frac{1}{2}\Phi(u,v)^2\right]\;.
\label{eq:e2nd}
\end{equation}
The integral
\begin{equation}
\int |E^{\prime\prime}(u,v)|^2\;du\;dv = \int A(u,v)^2 \left[\left(1
-\frac{1}{2}\Phi(u,v)^2\right)^2+\Phi(u,v)^2\right]du\;dv \approx 1
\end{equation}
up to second order for $\Phi\ll 1$ since $(1-\frac{x}{2})^2 \approx 1-x)$ for
$x\ll 1$. Therefore, expanding Eq.(\ref{eq:pupil}) up to second order
in the wavefront aberration $\Phi$ will guarantee energy conservation
up to second order.

In the first-order approximation of the complex electrical field in
the aperture, the real term is simply 1. In the second-order
approximation, the real term of the series becomes
$1-\frac{1}{2}\Phi(u,v)^2$, which will always be smaller than 1.  The
first-order expansion will therefore always overestimate the real
term. We can correct for this overestimation in a statistical sense by
replacing the general $\frac{1}{2}\Phi(u,v)^2$ term in the complex
field amplitude approximation with its average (over the pupil),
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{2}\Phi(u,v)^2 \approx \frac{1}{2}\int A(u,v)^2\Phi(u,v)^2\; du\;dv = \frac{1}{2}\sigma_\Phi^2\,,
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_\Phi^2$ is the wavefront variance in radians squared. We
can therefore mitigate the problem in the first-order approximation of
the pupil electric field by scaling the real part with
$1-\sigma_\Phi^2/2$. The imaginary part will not require any scaling.

We note that the square of this scaling factor, to second order in $\Phi$
\begin{equation}
(1-\sigma_\Phi^2/2)^2 \approx 1-\sigma_\Phi^2
\end{equation}
is the same as the Strehl ratio for small aberrations, the extended
Marechal approximation\cite{ross2009}. At the end of this subsection,
we will provide an alternative explanation for this scaling factor
that is closely linked to the second-order expansion of the wavefront
aberration and provides a clear connection between this term and the
Strehl ratio.

\subsection{Fourier transforms and symmetries}

Following Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001} we split the phase $\Phi$ into odd and
even terms such that
\begin{equation}
\Phi(u,v) = \Phi_o(u,v)+\Phi_e(u,v)
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\Phi_o(u,v)=-\Phi_o(-u,-v),\ \ \Phi_e(u,v)=\Phi_e(-u,-v)\;.
\end{equation}

The corresponding approximate complex electric field amplitude in the
focal plane is given by the Fourier transform of
$E^{\prime\prime}(u,v)$ in Eq.(\ref{eq:e2nd}). The coordinate system in
the focal plane has its origin at the center of the perfect PSF
without aberrations. We will not explicitly write the dependence on
the focal-plane coordinates to make the equations more
readable. Hence, the electrical field in the focal plane to second
order in the phase aberration $\Phi$ is
\begin{equation}
e^{\prime\prime} = a+ia*\left(\phi_e+\phi_o\right)-\frac{1}{2}a*\left(\phi_e+\phi_o\right)*\left(\phi_e+\phi_o\right)\;,
\end{equation}
where lower-case symbols are the Fourier transforms of the upper-case
symbols, and $*$ is the convolution operator.

The Fourier transform of a real, even function is real and even, and the
Fourier transform of a real, odd function is a purely imaginary, odd
function. Therefore, $\phi_e$ and $a$ are real and even, and $\phi_o$ is
imaginary and odd.

\subsection{Point-Spread Function}

The point-spread function (PSF) to second order in the aberration,
$p$, is given by the absolute value squared of the complex field
amplitude in the focal plane,
\begin{eqnarray}
p &=& e^{\prime\prime}\cdot e^{\prime\prime *} \\
   &=& a^2 \\ \nonumber
   && +ia\left[a*(\phi_e+\phi_o)-a*(\phi_e^*+\phi_o^*)\right]\\ \nonumber
   &&
   +\left[a*(\phi_e+\phi_o)\right]\left[a*(\phi_e^*+\phi_o^*)\right]
   \\ \nonumber
   && -\frac{1}{2}a\left[a*(\phi_e+\phi_o)*(\phi_e+\phi_o)+
                          a*(\phi_e^*+\phi_o^*)*(\phi_e^*+\phi_o^*)\right]
                        \;, \nonumber
\label{eq:psf2nd}
\end{eqnarray}
where $^*$ indicates the complex conjugate and we have dropped terms
proportional to $\Phi^3$ and higher.  With $A(u,v)$ being real and even, $a=a^*$ is real and
$a^2$ is simply the PSF without aberrations. Since
$\phi_e^*=\phi_e$ and $\phi_o^*=-\phi_o$, Eq.(\ref{eq:psf2nd})
simplifies to
\begin{eqnarray}
p(x,y) &=& a^2 \\ \nonumber
   && +2ia(a*\phi_o) \\ \nonumber
  && +(a*\phi_e)^2-(a*\phi_o)^2 \\ \nonumber
  && -a\left(a*\phi_o*\phi_o+a*\phi_e*\phi_e\right)\;. \nonumber
\label{eq:psf3}
\end{eqnarray}
This is the PSF to second order in the aberrations $\Phi$. Note that
the last term is mostly missing in publications that use the first-order
approximation in the wavefront to derive an approximate PSF.

Using the notation from Gonsalves'\cite{gonsalves2001} work on
phase-diversity in the weak aberration limit,
\begin{eqnarray}
v &=& a*\phi_e\\
y &=& ia*\phi_o
\end{eqnarray}
and both $v$ and $y$ being real quantities, we can rewrite
Eq.\ref{eq:psf3} as
\begin{equation}
p=a^2+2ay+y^2+v^2-a\left(a*\phi_e*\phi_e+a*\phi_o*\phi_o\right)\;.
\end{equation}

Following again Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001}, we separate the PSF, $p$, into its odd
and even parts,
\begin{eqnarray}
p_o&=&2ay\\ \label{eq:po}
p_e&=&
a^2+y^2+v^2-a\left(a*\phi_e*\phi_e+a*\phi_o*\phi_o\right)\,. \label{eq:pe}
\end{eqnarray}
The last term for the even part of the wavefront is difficult to
include in analytical solutions of the wavefront sensing problem as it
includes convolutions of wavefronts with themselves and the
aperture. However, it is the only term that can be negative and that
is not zero at the center of the unaberrated PSF, the coordinate
origin in the focal plane. The latter is due to our previous
assumption that the phase, averaged over the aperture, is zero. It is
indeed this term that leads to a reduction of the Strehl ratio as has
already been pointed out by Perrin et al.\cite{perrin2003}.

Due to the requirement for energy conservation, the integral over the
PSF has to remain constant, independent of the wavefront
aberration. Therefore
\begin{equation}
\int
y^2+v^2-a\left(a*\phi_e*\phi_e+a*\phi_o*\phi_o\right)\,dx\;dy=0\,.
\end{equation}
Since the first two terms are always positive, the third term has to
be largely negative. Neglecting this term therefore leads to a
consistent bias in the estimate for the amplitude of $v$, which limits
the applicability of Gonsalves' algorithm to very small phase
aberrations.

To simplify matters, we approximate $\Phi(u,v)^2$ with its average
$\sigma_\Phi^2$. $\phi*\phi$ therefore becomes a delta function and
the last term in Eq.(\ref{eq:pe}) becomes
\begin{equation}
a\left(a*\phi_e*\phi_e+a*\phi_o*\phi_o\right)\approx
\sigma_\Phi^2 a^2\,.
\end{equation}
Finally, the equation for the even part of the PSF reduces to
\begin{equation}
p_e= (1-\sigma_\Phi^2)a^2+y^2+v^2\,.
\label{eq:pesc}
\end{equation}

The even part is a modified version of the equation given by
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001} where we correct the unaberrated PSF,
$a^2$, with the factor $1-\sigma_\Phi^2$. Even though we do not know
the variance of the wavefront aberrations in advance of the actual
wavefront sensing, we can easily determine this correction factor as
it is the same as the Strehl ratio for small aberrations in the
extended Marechal approximation\cite{ross2009}. We can therefore
normalize the unaberrated PSF with the (observed) Strehl ratio, which
is given by the maximum of $p_{\rm obs}$. An equivalent estimate of
the correction factor can be obtained from the requirement for energy
conservation: $\sigma_\Phi^2 = \int y^2+v^2$. This correction to the
equation given by Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001} significantly extends
the amplitude of the aberrations over which the algorithm can be
applied. Indeed, an rms aberration of about 1.5 radians can be
tolerated\cite{korkiakoski2012spie}.

\subsection{Odd part of wavefront error}

Once more following Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001}, $y$ is easy to
calculate from the odd part of the PSF, Eq.(\ref{eq:po}) via
\begin{equation}
y=\frac{p_o}{2a}\approx\frac{1}{2}\frac{p_oa}{a+\epsilon}\;,
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon>0$ avoids noise amplifications in places where $a$ is
very small. The odd part of the wavefront
error, $\Phi_o(u,v)$ multiplied with the aperture function $A(u,v)$ is
then obtained from the imaginary part of the inverse Fourier transform
of $y$,
\begin{equation}
A\Phi_o = \Im{Y}\;.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Even part of wavefront error}
The magnitude of $v$, the Fourier transform of the even part of
the phase function multiplied with the aperture function can be
easily determined from Eq.(\ref{eq:pesc}),
\begin{equation}
v=\sqrt{\left|p_e-(1-\sigma_\Phi^2)a^2-y^2\right|}\;.
\end{equation}
We use the absolute value here as this is only approximately correct,
and therefore the argument of the square root has, in practice, also
negative values. Preliminary experiments have shown this to be better
than to set all negative elements to zero. The sign of $v$ cannot be
determined from a single PSF measurement. A convenient way to
determine the sign of $v$ is through phase
diversity\cite{gonsalves1982,gonsalves2001}: an additional, known aberration is
added, very often a defocus term, to figure out the sign of $v$. This
is the topic of the next section. Once a sign has been determined, an
inverse Fourier transform of $v$ leads to the even part of the
wavefront error multiplied with the aperture function,
\begin{equation}
A\Phi_e = \Re{V}\;.
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{KellerFig1.pdf}
\caption{The (signed) square root of the even part of the PSF
  due to the even wavefront error, $v$, (top row), along with its Fourier
  transform, $V$, (bottom row), which is an estimate of the even part of the
  wavefront error, $\Phi_e$. The three columns differ in terms of the
  accuracy of the sign of $v$: the correct sign (left column), all
  positive signs (middle column), and 20\% wrong signs (right
  column). Note that sign erros lead to Fourier amplitudes outside of
  the aperture and a corresponding reduction of the amplitudes inside
  the aperture.
\label{fig:sign}}
\end{figure}

Note that the inverse Fourier transform of $v$ should be limited to
the support of the aperture $A$. Any error in the choice of the sign
may lead to Fourier components outside of the aperture, $A$ (see
Fig.~\ref{fig:sign}). Therefore, the sign should be chosen so that the
inverse Fourier transform is limited to the aperture.

\section{Sequential Phase Diversity}
\label{sec:spd}

\subsection{Phase Diversity and Adaptive Optics}

Phase diversity\cite{gonsalves1982, paxman1988, kendrick1994} is a
convenient way to determine the phase aberrations of
images. Typically, two images are recorded simultaneously, often an
in-focus and an out-of-focus image. Another approach, suggested by
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2002, gonsalves2010} consists in using a
deformable mirror in an adaptive optics system to sequentially
introduce an additional phase aberration. It is indeed easy to see how
an adaptive optics system in normal operations can be used as a
sequential phase diversity wavefront sensor. Imagine that at time
$t_k$ we observe a partially corrected image that has an (unknown)
phase aberration $\Phi_k$. If we can assume that the deformable mirror
can change its shape faster than the typical changes in the incoming
wavefront that is being corrected, then the deformable mirror of the
AO system in the previous update cycle had introduced an additional
phase aberration of $-\Delta\Phi_{k-1}$ where $\Delta\Phi_{k-1}$ is
the correction that was made by the deformable mirror in the last iteration.

To use phase-diversity as a wavefront sensor in an adaptive optics
system, one therefore has to know the previous and the current
focal-plane images along with the phase change introduced by the
deformable mirror during the previous update cycle.

\subsection{Choice of diversity}

In the weak-aberration regime developed above, phase diversity only
has to help us find the sign of $v$. In most cases, one chooses a
quadratic diversity as it is easily implemented by defocusing the
imaging camera. When using a deformable mirror, much more elaborate
choices of diversity can be chosen. Indeed, our goal is to find a
diversity for every update cycle that minimizes the computational
effort of determining the sign of $v$.

If one uses a small diversity, it is easy to
show\cite{gonsalves2001} that the even part of the PSF is
\begin{equation}
p_e^\prime = (1-\sigma_\Phi^{\prime 2})a^2 + y^2 + (v+z)^2\;,
\label{eq:div1}
\end{equation}
where $z=a*\delta\phi_e$, where $\delta\phi_e$ is the even part of
$\delta\phi$, which in turn is the Fourier transform of
$\Delta\Phi$. If we know the introduced diversity, we can easily
calculate $z$. Note that the introduced diversity does not have to be
even, as is almost always assumed in phase-diversity work, since odd
and even wavefront errors are nicely separated in the odd and even
parts of the PSF. It is therefore sufficient to look at the even part
of the introduced phase diversity.

A simple approach to minimize the computational effort is the
following: start by choosing an arbitrary sign for $v$ and call it
$v_{k-1}$.  In the next update cycle of the AO system, we make the
assumption that $z=-v_{k-1}$ (note that this is not true since $z$ is
related to the introduced diversity, not what we think that we
introduced. Therefore, if the choice of sign was correct,
$(v_k-v_{k-1})^2=0$, and if the sign was wrong,
$(v_k-v_{k-1})^2\approx 4v_{k-1}^2$. The prescription is then to
monitor $p_e$ at every point in the focal plane. If the magnitude of
$(p_{e,k}-y_k^2)(x,y)>(p_{e,k-1}-y_{k-1}^2)(x,y)$ then one flips the
sign at location $(x,y)$, i.e. $\mathrm{sign}\; v_k=-\mathrm{sign}\;
v_{k-1}$. The problem with this simple approach is two-fold: 1) the
algorithm in no way takes into account that the inverse Fourier
transform of $v$ should have a support limited by $A$; 2) once the
correct sign choice has been made, the wavefront error will not be
zero because of all the approximations one has made, and in particular
the Fourier issue mentioned under 1). The choice in sign has again to
be a random choice, which reduces the convergence speed by about a
factor of 2 from what we would like to achieve.

A significantly better approach is modeled after the one introduced by
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001} where we take into account that we also
update the odd wavefront, and not just the even wavefront. The sign of
$v_k$ in iteration $k$ is then determined by
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{sign }v_k = \mathrm{sign}(v_{k-1}^2-v_{k}^2-z^2)/(2z)\;.
\label{eq:vsign}
\end{equation}
This approach has two significant advantages, possibly not realized by
Gonsalves\cite{gonsalves2001}: 1) it deals with the Fourier support
issue as $v_{k-1}$ does not necessarily obey the Fourier support
contraint, but $z$ does, and 2) even if the correct sign choice was
made for $v_{k-1}$, there will be a residual error, and the above
equation also tries to estimate the best choice in this iteration
based on taking into account the difference between $v_{k-1}$ and $z$.

The problem is equivalent to being able to finding the minimum of
$y=x^2$ in the case that we can change $x$, but only measure $y$. We
measure an initial value of $x_1^2$. Without any additional
information, we must randomly choose the sign of the step that we are
going to take to minimize $y$. Without loss of generality, we choose
$\delta x_1 = -\sqrt{x_1^2}$, i.e.\ we assume that we are on the right
side of $x=0$. We then measure a value of $x_2^2$. Obviously, if
$x_2^2>x_1^2$, we chose the wrong sign. If we chose the correct sign,
then the next step is $\delta x_2=\pm\sqrt{x_2^2}$. But we would also
like to know on which side of $x=0$ we are after having taken the step
$\delta x_1$ so that we do not have to again guess the sign in the
next iteration. The correct sign for $\delta x_2$ can be estimated
form the following relation:
\begin{equation}
x_1^2 = (x_2+\delta x_1)^2 = x_2^2+2x_2\delta x_1+\delta x_1^2\;.
\end{equation}
Therefore the sign of $x_2$ is given by the following equation
\begin{equation}
x_2 = (x_1^2-x_2^2-\delta x_1^2)/(2\delta x_1)\;.
\end{equation}
If $x_2$ is positive, $\delta x_2$ must be negative, and vice versa.

Even if the commanded value of $\delta x_1$ and the actually achieved
step in $x$ are not the same, the above equation is still correct when
replacing $\delta x_1$ with the actual step $z$, which is then
equivalent to Eq.(\ref{eq:vsign}). This is particularly important in
our case as we will always have errors in the choice of sign for some
parts of $v$. Because of these errors, the deformable mirror will not
achieve the correct shape, and the actual change will lead to a step
size $z$ that is different from what we commanded initially.

\section{Reducing computational complexity}
\label{sec:complex}

An obvious way to minimize the computing requirements consists in
reducing the number of Fourier transforms. Due to the symmetry
properties of Fourier transforms, the inverse
Fourier transforms of $y$ and $v$ can easily be combined into a single,
complex Fourier transform according to
\begin{equation}
A(u,v)^\prime\Phi^\prime(u,v) =\Re{(V+Y)}+\Im{(V+Y)}\;.
\end{equation}

The calculation of $z$ also requires two Fourier transforms to
implement the pupil plane support restriction. Realizing that this 1)
low-pass filtering in the Fourier domain is nothing more than a
two-dimensional filter in the focal plane (a sinc filter in the case
of a top-hat aperture function $A(u,v)$) and 2) that this filter in the
focal plane is strongly concentrated around the origin, we can perform
this filtering with a brute-force convolution with a very limited
kernel of about 5 by 5 pixels. This will add about 25 multiply-add
calculations per actuator, which is negligible compared to the $NlogN$
complexity of a fast Fourier transform.

Since the limited support of $V$ in the Fourier domain is
nothing more than a low-pass filter applied to $v$, one can compare
the estimate of $v$ one has obtained and compare it to the convolution
of $v$ with the Fourier transform of $A$, which is $v*a$. If $v$ and
$v*a$ have the same sign, then the chosen sign for $v$ is correct,
otherwise the opposite sign is a better choice. This {\em
  post-processing} step can again be implemented with a direct
convolution with a very small kernel.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{KellerFig2.pdf}
\caption{Example of the convergence of our algorithm in terms of the
  PSF (top), total wavefront error (second from top), odd wavefront
  error (second from bottom) and even wavefront error (bottom) along
  with the iteration number at the very bottom and the Strehl ratio at the top.
  \label{fig:iter}
}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:iter} shows 10 iterations of our algorithm with the
direct convolution approximation for $z$ and the post-processing of
the sign choice as described above for a static, Kolmogorov-spectrum
aberration with a starting Strehl ratio of 0.35.

\section{Advantages}
\label{sec:adv}

The obvious advantage of our approach is that it only requires a
single, complex Fourier transform and a number of operations
proportional to the number of actuators. In contrast to other Fourier
reconstructors\cite{poyneer2002}, our approach needs no particular
treatment of the edges as we are directly sensing the phase, not its
spatial derivative. Computationally, it is therefore very fast and can
easily cope with systems that have 10,000 to 100,000 actuators.

Some phase retrieval algorithms have a tendency to stall. This is not
the case here as any increase in Strehl ratio will also mean that the
weak-aberration assumption is more accurate, and therefore the
algorithm will perform better.

Our algorithm is also ideally suited for sensing a wavefront after an
apodizing pupil coronagraph. The odd term and the second term in the
even part of the PSF are both products with $a$, the complex field
corresponding to the perfect PSF. As the main task of a coronagraph is
to reduce the magnitude of $a$, these two terms will also decrease
correspondingly. The estimation of the even part of the wavefront
therefore becomes much easier since the second term contributes much
less.

We can also limit the radial extension of the PSFs that we work with, and can
thereby limit the number of Fourier modes that are reconstructed. Even
an obscuration from a coronagraph image mask can be taken into account
if the corresponding low-order aberrations are well corrected.

Finally, our approach easily implements any Fourier-based technique to
make predictive corrections, e.g.\ shifting the entire wavefront in
one direction, or take into account the influence function of
actuators as long as it can be described by a convolution.

\section{Limitations}
\label{sec:lim}

Our wavefront sensing approach has been developed for monochromatic
light. Broadband light leads to a radial smearing of the wavefront
information as the speckle pattern scales with wavelength
$\lambda$. One way to overcome this problem is the use of an extremely
chromatic optical system, which has a wavelength-dependent
magnification such that the scaling with $\lambda$ due to diffraction
is exactly compensated. Such optical systems have been described in
the literature\cite{wyne1979, roddier1980}. The broadband wavefront
sensing will therefore require its own optical system, and we cannot
directly use the science focal-plane for the wavefront sensing.

The algorithm is currently limited to a single point source, which is
often the case for exoplanet imaging, and can easily be implemented in
laboratory applications. An application to extended objects is
feasible, but it is not clear at this time that all wavefront modes
can indeed be measured.

Another requirement is that the aperture has an even symmetry. It
therefore also works with typical amplitude-apodization pupil masks,
but will not work with typical pupil phase-mask coronagraphs, which
are even in their real part and odd in their imaginary part. It might
be possible to modify our approach to phase-mask coronagraphs, which
will be part of our future efforts.

We have not optimized our approach in any ways regarding the
different free parameters or the gains in the feedback loop. Such
optimizations will be the topic of future investigations. And,
finally, we have not yet considered the influence of amplitude
aberrations and deviations between the expected and the true, perfect,
PSF on our algorithm. The successful laboratory experiments performed by our
team\cite{korkiakoski2012spie}, however, give us hope that these
potential errors may be overcome.

\section{Applications}
\label{sec:apps}

The original idea for this development was driven by the need for an
efficient wavefront sensing and extreme adaptive optics control
algorithm for high-contrast imaging that scales more gracefully than
the classical number-of-actuators-squared ($N^2$) law. Such an
algorithm is indeed essential for future exoplanet imaging instruments
for the next generation of extremely large telescopes. Apart from
this originally intended application, our approach is useful for many
other applications such as non-common path aberration measurements and
slow shape corrections for future high-contrast imaging space missions.

Indeed, our approach is ideally suited to measure small, non-common path
aberrations in AO-assisted instrument. To determine them, one uses a
monochromatic point source in a focus in front of the AO system. Such
a light source is often already present to calibrate the adaptive
optics itself. Our approach now provides for an iterative wavefront
sensing in the focal plane using the deformable mirror to introduce
the required diversity. Results from an actual test of this approach
can be found in these proceedings\cite{korkiakoski2012spie}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Szabó József (Makó, 1940. december 14. –) magyar geográfus, geomorfológus, a tömegmozgásos folyamatok egyik legkiválóbb hazai kutatója, nemzetközileg is ismert tudósa, az MTA Doktora.

Élete és tudományos pályája
Szabó József 1940 decemberében született Makón, ötgyermekes család legidősebb sarjaként. Édesapja id. Szabó József református lelkész, édesanyja tanító volt. Öccse a Kossuth- és Liszt-díjas karnagy, Szabó Dénes. Alap- és középfokú tanulmányai elvégzése után, 1958-tól a Debreceni Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem hallgatója történelem–földrajz szakon. 1963-ban ugyanezen szak kitüntetéses diplomáját vehette át. Bár kezdetben inkább történészként képzelte el majdani önmagát, korábbi tanára, Kádár László professzor – tehetségére felfigyelve – a geográfia és azon belül is főként a természetföldrajz világa felé terelte. Ennek megfelelően már 1963-ban tanársegédi állást kapott a Kádár professzor vezette természetföldrajzi tanszéken. 1969-ben sikerrel védte meg doktori dolgozatát, melyet a Sajó-Bódva köze fluviális és tömegmozgásos felszínfejlődéséről írt. Későbbi kutatásait (1972-től adjunktusként) a Csereháton végezte, ahol elsőként ismerte föl a csuszamlásos folyamatok fontos szerepét a táj, illetve a domborzat arculatának formálásában. Vizsgálatait, kutatásait 1982-ben kandidátusi disszertációban foglalta össze, mely többek között egy azóta alapvető fontosságúvá vált csuszamlástipizálási rendszert is tartalmazott. 1984-ben – kutatási eredményei egyfajta elismeréseként – docensi kinevezést kapott. Az 1990-es években szakmai előmenetele felgyorsult, melynek első jeleként az 1991-ben nyugállományba vonuló Borsy Zoltán professzor Szabó Józsefre bízta a tanszékvezetői feladatok ellátását. 1995-ben habilitációs értekezést nyújtott be. Ugyanebben az évben kinevezték a Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem oktatási rektorhelyettesének is. 1996-ban pedig Csuszamlásos folyamatok szerepe a magyarországi tájak geomorfológiai fejlődésében c. dolgozatával a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Doktora címet is megszerezte. Ugyanezen évtől már mint egyetemi tanár vezette a természetföldrajzi tanszéket egészen 2005-ig. Nyugdíjba vonulása után professor emeritusként továbbra is a tanszék aktív és oszlopos tagja maradt. Az évek során nemcsak a debreceni, hanem az egész ország geográfiai életének meghatározó alakjává vált, melyet bizonyít a Magyar Földrajzi Társaságban betöltött alelnöki (2005–2009), majd elnöki (2009–2013) pozíciója is.

Válogatott publikációi

 Szabó József professzor szakirodalmi munkásságára a magas szakmai színvonal, illetve a nagy számosság (az MTA CSFK Intézeti Könyvtárban számon tartott publikációinak száma 149) mellett a diverzitás jellemző. Geomorfológiai-természetföldrajzi témában megjelent publikációi mellett jelentősek tájföldrajzi, csillagászati (csillagászati földrajzi), illetve – a történészi irányvonalat is megtartva – történeti földrajzi témájú művei is. Alább a publikációk nagy száma miatt csak a legjelentősebbek ismertetése következik.

Önálló szerzésű értekezései, könyvei

 A Sajó-Bódva szögének geomorfológiája. Debrecen 1969. Doktori Értekezés. Kézirat pp. 1-110.
 Hunfalvy János. Akadémiai Kiadó. Budapest. 1980. pp. 1-195.
 Felszínfejlődési, geomorfológiai és természeti tájpotenciál vizsgálatok a Csereháton. Kandidátusi értekezés. Kézirat. Debrecen. 1982. pp. 1-192+melléklet kötet
 Európa. Móra Kiadó. Budapest. 1989. pp. 1-255.
 Csuszamlásos folyamatok szerepe a hazai tájak geomorfológiai fejlődésében. Debrecen 1996. Akadémiai Doktori Értekezés. pp.1-223+képmelléklet

Könyvrészletek

 Csillagászati földrajz (szerk. Gábris Gy.) Budapest. Egyetemi Tankönyv. Tankönyvkiadó, Bp. 1988. pp. 9-12, 59-63, 82-95, 99-106, 138-141, 145-241.
 Általános természetföldrajz (szerk. Borsy Zoltán). Budapest. Egyetemi tankönyv. Tankönyvkiadó, Bp. 1993. A természetföldrajz tárgya, céljai, tagolódása, tudományrendszertani helye. pp. 7-27., A víz földrajza pp. 124-250., Tömegmozgások pp. 269-292., A társadalom hatása a földfelszínre pp. 500-518.
 Az antropogén geomorfológiáról általában. pp. 5-15, A vízgazdálkodás geomorfológiai vonatkozásai pp. 168-190. In: Szabó J.-Dávid L. (szerk.): Antropogén geomorfológia. 2007, Debrecen. pp. 1-318.
 Bevezetés pp. 13-36., A víz földrajza pp. 116-195., in: Szabó J. (szerk.): Általános természetföldrajz I.. 2013, ELTE Eötvös Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 1-414.
 Lejtős tömegmozgások pp. 122-142. in: Gábris Gy. (szerk.): Általános természetföldrajz II.. 2013, ELTE Eötvös Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 1-484.

Egyetemi jegyzetek

 Általános természeti földrajzi gyakorlatok -egyetemi jegyzet- Szerk.: Jakucs L. Bp, 1967. pp. 7-27.
 A Naprendszer és a világmindenség -egyetemi jegyzet-. Debrecen, 1978. pp. 1-112.
 Lóki J.-Szabó J.: Csillagászati földrajzi gyakorlatok -egyetemi jegyzet- . Budapest, 1985. pp. 1-79.

Egyéb publikációk

 Kádár L.-Pap A.-Szabó J. 1965: Adalékok a magyar-medence felszínfejlődéséhez. Acta Geographica Debr. 1964/65. pp. 163-166
 Geomorfológiai megfigyelések a Hajdúháton. 1965, Acta Geographica Debr. 1964/65. pp. 197-220.
 Adalékok az európai jégkorszakkutatás történetéhez. Földr. Közl. 1975/2. pp. 141-144.
 Tájfejlődési Tendenciák a Csereháton. Nemzeti Tudományos Ülésszak előadásai. Pécs, 1981. pp. 89-107.
 Egy különleges árapály övezet - a Watt-tenger vidéke. Földr. Közl. 1983. pp. 23-39.
 Gábris Gy.-Szabó J.: Gondolatok a sivatagi eolikus felszínformálódásról. Földr. Közl. 1994/4. pp. 169-196.
 Mihályi K.-Szabó J.-Gucsik A.-Hargitai H.-Kereszturi Á.-Bérczi Sz.-Nagy Sz.: Vízhálózat-vizsgálatok földi meteoritkrátereken. Földr. Közl. 2010/2. pp. 129-145.

Díjak, elismerések
Magyar Földrajzi Társaság:

 Kőrösi Csoma Sándor-érem (1998)
 Lóczy Lajos-emlékérem (2004)
 Tiszteleti Tagság (2008)
 Teleki Sámuel-érem (2017)

Források

 Dr. Szabó József akadémiai doktori pályázatának mellékletei. Debrecen, 1995.
 Dávid L.: Szabó József, a hazai tájak geográfus tudósa 70 éves. http://www.tajokologiailapok.szie.hu/pdf/201101/10_David.pdf
 Interdiszciplinaritás a természet- és társadalomtudományokban - Tiszteletkötet Szabó József geográfus professzor 70. születésnapjára. Debrecen, 2010.
 Lóki J.: Szabó József 70 éves. Földr. Közl. 2010/4. pp. 472-473.

1940-ben született személyek
Makóiak
Magyar földrajztudósok
Élő személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Allen, Agnes (Richardson). See Richardson, Agnes.
Allen, Elizabeth Semple. See Foster, Elizabeth Semple (Allen).
Allen, Elizabeth Wisdom (Greenwood). See Greenwood, Elizabeth Wisdom.
Allen, Joanna. See Brinley, Mrs.
Allen, Joanna Maria (Bayer). See Bayer, Joanna Maria.
Allen, John Sr., See Allen, Mr.
Allen, Mary. See Stayner, Mary (Allen).
Allen, Mercy. See Macy, Mercy (Allen).
Balfour, Mary. See Brunton, Mary.
Beamish, Amelia. See Beamish, Mrs.
Beamish, Elizabeth Ott. See Murdoch, Elizabeth Ott (Beamish).
Beamish, Louisa (Collins). See Collins, Louisa.
Beamish, Margaret Ott. See Akins, Margaret Ott (Beamish).
Beamish, Thomas Ott. See Beamish, Mr.
Bissett, Catharine. See Harper, Catharine (Bissett).
Blacklock, Eliza (Coleman). See Coleman, Eliza.
Blagden, Anne. See Prescott, Anne (Blagden).
Boggs, Elizabeth. See Stuart, Mrs. (Elizabeth Boggs).
Candeach, Elizabeth (Farquharson). See Farquharson, E.
Chamberlain, Lois. See Greenwood, Lois (Chamberlain).
Chamberlayne, Mary. See Ingles, Mary (Chamberlayne).
Cleverley, Catherine. See Prescott, Mrs.
Clifford, Elizabeth (Collins). See Clifford, Aunt.
Clifford, Georgiana (Collins). See Collins Georgiana.
Coffin, Elizabeth. See Coleman, Aunt Elizabeth.
Coffin, Phebe. See Collins, "Mama."
Cole, Jane. See Albro, Jane (Cole).
Coleman, Ann (Story). See Story, Ann.
Coleman, Aunt Elizabeth, her "little one"
Coleman, Elizabeth (Coffin). See Coleman, Aunt Elizabeth (Coffin).
Coleman, Jane (Collins). See Collins, Jane.
Coleman, Jane (Story). See Story, Jane.
Coleman, John Brown Sr. See Coleman, Uncle John Brown.
Coleman, Rebecca. See Allen, Mrs. W.
Coleman, Sarah (Bell). See Bell, Sarah.
Coleman, Seth. See Coleman, Mr.
Coleman, Susan (Coffin). See Coffin, Susan.
Coleman, Susanna. See Macy, Mrs.
Collins, Elizabeth. See Clifford, Aunt.
Collins, Phebe (Coffin). See Collins, "Mama."
Collins, Stephen. See Collins, "Papa."
Creighton, Sarah (Grassie). See Grassie, Miss Sarah.
De Wolfe, Lydia (Prescott). See Prescott, Lydia.
Ede, Sarah. See Foster, Sarah (Ede).
Elliot, Ann (Coleman). See Coleman, Ann.
Elliot, Charlotte (Collins). See Collins, Charlotte.
Elliot, Jane (Collins). See Collins, Jane.
Fairbanks, Anne (Prescott). See Prescott, Anne.
Farquhar, Jane (Farquharson). See Farquharson, Jane.
Farquharson, Alexander. See Farquharson, Mr. A.
Farquharson, John Sr. See Farquharson, Mr.
Farquharson, Margaret (Simpson). See Simpson, Margaret.
Farquharson, Mary (McNab). See McNab, Mary.
Foster, Mary. See Albro, Mrs.
Frazier, Meribah. See Allen, Meribah (Frazier).
Gardner, Parnal. See Coffin, Parnal (Gardner).
Gerrish, Mary. See Gray, Mary (Gerrish).
girl, Mrs. Beamish's black g.
Good, Mary. See Beamish, Mary (Good).
Goreham, Ann. See Albro, Ann (Goreham).
"Grandmama." See Coffin, Parnal (Gardner).
Gray, Lydia Hancock. See Potts, Mrs.
Greene, Almy. See Elliot, Almy (Greene). See also Russell, Almy (Greene).
Greenwood, Sally (Allen). See Allen, Sally.
Hartshorne, Hannah. See Ingles, Hannah (Hartshorne).
Hoole, Barbara. See Hofland, Barbara.
Hosterman, Eliza (Etter). See Etter, Miss.
Hosterman, Thomas. See also Osterman.
Howland, Elizabeth. See Swain, Elizabeth (Howland).
Hussey, Elizabeth (Macy). See Macy, Miss.
Hussey, Rachel. See Coleman, Rachel (Hussey).
Ingles, Charles. See Ingles, Mr.
Katzman, Martha (Prescott). See Prescott, Martha.
King, Elizabeth. See Akins, Elizabeth (King).
King, Sarah. See Allen, Mrs. E.
Lawson, Ann (Foster). See Foster, Ann.
Lawson, Mary Jane (Katzman). See Katzman, Mary Jane.
McNab, Isabella (Farquharson). See Farquharson, Isabella.
Macy, Elizabeth. See Macy, Miss.
Macy, Susanna (Coleman). See Macy, Mrs.
Mason, Amelia. See Beamish, Amelia (Mason).
Mather, Sarah. See Stayner, Sarah (Mather).
Morris, Mary. See Boggs, Mary (Morris).
Mott, Elizabeth (Prescott). See Prescott, Betsy.
Osterman, Mr., See also Hosterman.
Potter, Rebecca. See Hughes, Mrs.
Prescott, Elizabeth. See Prescott, Betsy.
Prescott, Martha. See Prescott, Patty.
Reeves, Mary Ann (Collins). See Collins, Mary Ann.
Russell, Almy (Greene). See also Elliot, Almy (Greene).
Salter. See also Murdoch, Beamish.
Seavers, Sarah (Mansfield). See Mansfield, Sarah.
Shiner?, "old." See Old Skinner.
Skinner, "old." See Old Skinner.
Starbuck, Elizabeth. See Coffin, Elizabeth (Starbuck).
Stayner, Agnes (Hunter). See Hunter, Agnes.
Stayner, Leah (Ryan). See Ryan, Leah.
Stayner, Louisa (Sutherland). See Sutherland, Louisa.
Stayner, Mary. See Bayer, Mary (Stayner).
Stayner, Sarah. See Allen, Mrs.
Stayner, Susanna. See King, Susanna (Stayner).
Stayner, Susanna King. See Thompson, Susanna King (Stayner).
Swain, Deborah. See Coleman, Deborah (Swain).
Wentworth, Mary. See Brinley, Mary (Wentworth).
White, Editha. See Chamberlain, Editha (White).
Wisdom, Sarah. See Collins, Sarah (Wisdom).
Wreaks, Barbara. See Hof land, Barbara.
Young, Mary. See Greenwood, Mary (Young).
Young gentleman at Mount Edward , the. See also Allen, William Jr.


text:
Carbon offset platform
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Poechos I Project
CP2: 2013 or later
Sustainable Development Co-Benefits
Recent project contributors
17.01.2020 4,500 t
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text:
Osomatsu-san S2 – 01
Posted by Choya on October 3, 2017 October 3, 2017 First Impressions / Series Introduction / Snapshots
Home First Impressions Osomatsu-san S2 – 01
Ballroom e Youkoso – 13
Black Clover – 01
OP: 「君氏危うくも近うよれ」 (Kunshi Ayauku mo Chikou yore) by AOP
「ふっかつ!おそ松さん」 (Fukkatsu! Osomatsu-san)
"Mr. Osomatsu Returns!"
When we first saw the return of Osomatsu (Sakurai Takahiro) in 2015, it was met with legal trouble as the first episode of Osomatsu-san was cut from streaming and DVD release due to copyright infringement. With the sextuplets trying to woo audiences by becoming characters from Shingeki no Kyojin, Naruto, Love Live, Pokemon, Sailor Moon, and just about every other anime under the planet, the first episode set such a high bar for what could follow. The resulting anime ended up being a hilarious re-emergence for the Osomatsu-kun franchise, torpedoing many of the characters into a series of merchandising opportunities, video game spin-offs, and stage shows. The US release for their iOS/Android game was last month, and it's a relatively fun tower defense game. But with all of the success that has come their way, expectations were high for what exactly can come from another season of Osomatsu-san, especially since the first couple episode dropped many jaws when it first came out. I'm glad to say that they started off on a high note by tweaking the initial formula to make something equally twisted and entertaining.
The first half is where the "twisted" part comes in. Much like any sophomore album, they wanted to come right out the gate to acknowledge how much of a hit the first season was, and they expressed this by having the money and fame warp the Matsuno brothers into horrifyingly hedonistic monsters. After Iyami (Suzumura Kenichi) takes a vacation to Trump Tower, him and Chibita (Kokuryu Sachi) are greeted to a new world where the Matsuno's have a mansion and are steadily enabled in taking their depraved lifestyles to the highest heights to maintain the level of prosperity they've had since 2015. As a result, Osomatsu has become an obese kid in an adult body, Karamatsu (Nakamura Yuuichi) becomes an equally massive pop star, Choromatsu (Kamiya Hiroshi) and his otaku tendencies are amped up to include directing anime and flipping skirts, Ichimatsu (Fukuyama Jun) is transformed into an emaciated hermit, Juushimatsu (Ono Daisuke) is now a giant blob, and Todomatsu (Irino Miyu) ordained himself as a womanizing king. Along with this, the sextuplets' parents, friends, and acquaintances are riding their fame for all its worth, profiting off of their relationship with the brothers and the exposure they received from the 2015 anime.
It's a clever way for the show to address how unexpected the success of the first season was, and what would happen if you made the sextuplets from this iteration of the franchise millionaires. The brothers belching, cannibalism, and comeuppance are also some of the grossest moments I've seen in anime this year, but it's the outrageous direction they went with the Matsuno's that pushes the envelope for what exactly they are willing to subject them to this season. The repulsiveness of the big money Matsuno brothers shows their willingness to abandon any sense of toning down their bad taste because of how much yen the series has made since the reboot/sequel. That dedication comes in play as offended viewers march to their mansion to blow it to pieces and attack the brothers in revolt.
What this also does is show that perhaps letting the money get to their head isn't the best route the show can go, especially if they get comfortable enough with the brothers' popular traits that they manifest into a personification of their worst attributes. This comes into play as their 1960's counterparts are so upset with their future hedonism that they swear to become the best they can be so that they can be better anime than whatever happened with that future. Instead, their long string of good deeds caused the brothers to transform into completely different, vastly better people. Osomatsu grows up to have the perfect future in a respectable seinen story where he has an office job, a wife and kids, a love life, and a new lease on life. I was looking forward to seeing if the other brothers also lead a similar life in a sophisticated anime like Osomatsu was, but what ended up happening was even crazier and funnier than what I expected.
Karamatsu transforms into a cyborg ninja like Raiden, Choromatsu and Totoko (Endou Aya) arrive as a Kimi no Na Wa.-like pair who are animated like characters from hyper-deformed 90's anime like Saber Marionette, Ichimatsu appears similar to the old He-Man or Aquaman cartoons, Juushimatsu is animated in CGI, and Todomatsu is just a live action guy with a mask. It was hilarious to see all of the brothers' ideal versions of themselves when they're at their very best, but it was even funnier to see them all interact with each other in the same screen. To see 90's anime, 3D, and live action all come together into a sloppy mess as they fight in mecha made me laugh quite a bit. This particular segment seems to be the most direct response to their copyright mishaps since they managed to parody anime genres this time around more so than any particular series as to avoid issues like last time. It's also a nice message on how dedicated they are to playing around with the animation style since the first season tinkered with stylistic changes like the Sanematsu-san skit, but they've gotten advanced enough to mash up so many styles in one frame, and it's impressive that they took the time to animate Juushimatsu in 3D or had someone with a Todomatsu mask pose in ways for him to be inserted into the show as a character.
They also showed off the OP/ED for the season at the end of the episode with varied results. I loved all two of the OP's that the first season had, and the OP for S2 is no exception. It was cool to see how much flair they gave to the colorful animation as the Matsuno's are thrust into a a world of rainbow colors and poppy music. Specifically, them firing drinks off into the sky to reveal the song name was impressive to see. To match the episode's animation experiments, the ED implemented a neat stop-motion sequence for the animation where Stickmatsus are on a car trip across the desert. Visually, it's amazing to see how dedicated they were to adding flair such as a light show and exploding paint to their trip. The song, however, wasn't as great. I have an unpopular opinion in that the ED songs tend to be disappointing compared to how cool their sequences are. "Six Same Faces" had a cool food-themed sequence, but the song was disjointed in its character cut-ins. "Six Shame Faces" was even messier as a song, but improved with Endou Aya's singing and the neat chalkboard animation. The ED continues this tradition with an ehh song, but an awesome sequence, but that's just me.
It's great to have Osomatsu-san back, and it feels as if it never left at all. In my eyes, they met up with the high expectations they had to make something on par with the quality of their banned first episode. I had a lot of fun seeing how depraved the Matsuno's got with their newfound wealth and the experimental animation styles they played around with when the Matsuno's decided to turn their life around to prevent their twisted future. In the end, it only got the 1960's brothers where they were when we left off with them as lovable, self-centered NEET, but I've got high hopes for S2 now that the first episode came out firing from all cylinders.
ED Sequence
ED: 「レッツゴー!ムッツゴー!~6色の虹~」 (Let's Go! Muttsu Go! ~Rokushoku no Niji~) by ROOTS66 Party with Matsunoke Rokukyoudai
Japanese copyright law doesn't really have provisions for fair use and parody, so technically under their laws any fanworks/parodies can be taken as copyright infringement and/or defamation, IIRC.
In Osomatsu's S1 I suspect their very overt franchise parodies must've pissed off some high ranking people in charge of said franchises.
Plus they did a rude parody of child-friendly superhero Anpanman, which received complaints from parents.
Gintama also went through similar problems – there was one (now-banned) episode where they made overt references to left-wing politician Murata Renho. And the (not-banned) one where they directly parodied crying politician Nonomura Ryutaro (he broke down crying at a live interview when questioned over money he embezzeled).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfPm3iaSIk4
October 3, 2017 at 8:48 am 5 years ago
https://randomc.net/image/Osomatsu%20san/Osomatsu-san%20S2%20-%2001%20-%20Large%2022.jpg
He-Men?
Flash Gorden?
Yes,yes,YYEEEESSSSSS!!!!!!!
Seya-san
October 3, 2017 at 11:55 am 5 years ago
If I am not wrong, the episode was not banned, but rather that there were scenes that were cut.
Acernos
October 3, 2017 at 4:20 pm 5 years ago
The 1st season's premiere was pulled from Home Video and some Streaming sites, and replaced with Episode 3.5 (I believe it's the OVA with the Matsuno's as slugs) and some horse racing shorts.
It was Episode 3 that wasn't banned, but had the Dekapanman skits cut when it went on Bluray.


There is no proof that primordial slime developed into life, which developed into fish, which developed into birds. There should be millions of "missing links"--there have been none. The simultaneous rise of all the great families of animals is a mystery that science cannot imagine.
The theory of evolution is an answer to the question: If God did not create the world, how might it have come into being?
The theory of evolution is altogether as magic and as superstitious as the creation theory. It is as much a religion as the creation theory. It is the religion of choice for the agnostic and atheist. It is not a fact, it does not have the answers, it has no proof.
Science is vital to the human spirit. But the idea that "creationism is harmful to education" is a corollary to the idea that morality does not belong in his classroom.


text:
PUC announces solar project
NEWS RELEASE DAVID ORAZIETTI, MPP ***************************** Orazietti announces green energy project with PUC Province helps create new jobs, diversify local economy and protect the environment SAULT STE.
Jul 13, 2011 1:17 PM By: Carol Martin
DAVID ORAZIETTI, MPP
***************************** Orazietti announces green energy project with PUC
Province helps create new jobs, diversify local economy and protect the environment
SAULT STE. MARIE - The province's landmark Green Energy Act is continuing to improve infrastructure and the environment in Sault Ste. Marie by approving the local Public Utilities Commission (PUC) for yet another Feed-in-Tariff project that is allowing for solar panels to be mounted on the roof of the Water Treatment Plant, David Orazietti, MPP announced today.
"Our government's landmark renewable energy strategy is allowing municipalities, utilities and local businesses, as well as schools, including colleges and universities, to install solar panels, which benefits the environment, reduces pressure on the electricity grid and creates longer-term revenue," said Orazietti. "With approximately $1 billion in alternative energy investments in the Sault and area in recent years, and solar panels made here in our city used in this local project, we should all be concerned about political parties in Ontario, who if elected, would cost Sault Ste. Marie hundreds of high-quality jobs."
The new solar electric energy system on the roof of the Water Treatment Plant consists of 461 solar panels that will generate 132 KWH of green energy to help operate the treatment plant as well as provide approximately $2 million in revenue for the PUC over the next 20 years.
The new solar system will reduce negative emission from the plant equal to the carbon dioxide created by automobiles driving over twelve million kilometers.
In addition to improving the environment, this project used solar panels from a local manufacturer and used local workers to install the solar modules.
"The Ontario Green Energy Act is the most visionary program for renewable power generation in North America and Heliene Inc. is proud to have made the solar modules that are on top of the local Water Treatment Plant," said Martin Pochtaruk, president of Heliene Inc. "We need this alternative energy program to remain in place for years to come in order to replace old coal-power generation with modern green technologies and, more importantly, we need this framework to stay in place to provide our youth with a sustainable future, clean air and value added manufacturing jobs."
Since opening in October of 2010, Heliene Inc. has built over 70,000 solar modules, which has created over 60 high-tech manufacturing value-added jobs in Sault Ste. Marie.
Heliene Inc. is currently forecasting over $3 million in annual salaries and another $4 million of indirect economic development for Sault Ste. Marie.
"Superior Energy Solutions is a local EPCM contractor that added 10 local full time temporary employees to do the engineering, system design and installation of the solar panels on the water treatment plant," said Ted Curry of Superior Energy Solutions. "As a result of the province's Feed-in-Tariff green energy program our company has grown form 2 employees at the beginning of 2010 to 22 employees today."
"One year ago, PUC Services installed 24 solar panels with a total output of 5.28 kW on the roof of a pumping station to gain experience on the effectiveness of solar panels converting sunlight into electricity," said Brian Curran, president and CEO of PUC Inc. "The performance of the panels gave us the confidence to proceed with the installation of 461 solar panels with a total output of 138 kW on the roof of the water treatment plant. Total cost of the installation is $864,000 with a large portion of the equipment and labour obtained from local suppliers. Annual revenue under the province's Feed-in Tariff program is expected to be $110,028, a portion of which will go towards offsetting water treatment costs. The savings are in addition to the environmental benefits of generating electricity without any emissions."
The green energy sector has already created over 900 construction jobs and 110 permanent jobs in the Sault and Algoma region.
Most recently, the province's Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation (NOHFC) provided $50,000 to create a comprehensive alternative energy strategy as well as another $50,000 to install solar panels on the roof of Algoma University's George Leach Centre, which is expected to create 159 KWH of power and generate annual revenues of $127,000 a year that will be shared between the University and the Sault Ste. Marie PUC.
Key provincial investments that are transforming Sault Ste. Marie into the green energy capital of North America while also strengthening the local economy and creating jobs in the Sault and Algoma include:
- Ontario power purchase agreement to facilitate $400 million investment by Brookfield Renewable Power in 189 MW wind farm
- Ontario power purchase agreement to facilitate $300 million investment by Starwood Energy in 60 MW solar farm
- Ontario power purchase agreement to facilitate $175 million investment by St. Mary's Paper in 30 MW biomass co-gen plant
- Ontario power purchase agreement to facilitate $135 million investment by Essar Steel in 70 MW co-gen plant
- Over $7 million to green Sault Ste. Marie schools including energy retrofits
- $7.4 million in provincial gas tax funding to increase ridership for public transit also reducing air emissions
- $2.5 million for Heliene Canada to build a $10 million solar module manufacturing plant
- $2 million for Ellsin Environmental tire recycling project
- $1.4 million to construct methane collection system at landfill to reduce greenhouse gases
- $900,000 for Elementa project for bio-conversion
- $50,000 for AU solar project
- $50,000 for Sault Ste. Marie Innovation Centre (SSMIC) to create alternative energy strategy
- FIT and microfit programs
- Completed north Sault Ste. Marie transmission line upgrades - greater electricity stability ***************************** ///