text:
History, 1838–1856, volume C-1 Addenda
Addenda • 19 October 1840 Page 1 Addenda • 22 October 1840 Page 1 Addenda • 23–27 October 1840 Page 1 Addenda • 29–31 October 1840 Page 1 Addenda • 1 November 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 5 November 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 12 November 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 3 December 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 4 December 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 5 December 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 6–9 December 1840 Page 4 Addenda • 7 December 1840 Page 3 Addenda • 25 December 1840 Page 4 Addenda • 31 December 1840 Page 5 Addenda • 1 January 1841 Page 7 Addenda • 26 January 1841 Page 12 Addenda • 1 March 1841 Page 24 Addenda • 21 March 1841 Page 25 Addenda • 15 April 1841 Page 20 Addenda • 16 May 1841 Page 7 Addenda • 25 May 1841 Page 7 Addenda • 11 June 1841 Page 8 Addenda • 13 July 1841 Page 19 Addenda • 24 July 1841 Page 8 Addenda • 25 July 1841 Page 9 Addenda • 28 July 1841 Page 19 Addenda • 5 August 1841 Page 9 Addenda • 7 August 1841 Page 12 Addenda • 12 August 1841 Page 10 Addenda • 25 August 1841 Page 11 Addenda • 26 August 1841 Page 27 Addenda • 27 August 1841 Page 29 Addenda • 13–14 September 1841 Page 18 Addenda • 25 September 1841 Page 30 Addenda • 1 October 1841 Page 19 Addenda • 31 October 1841 Page 19 Addenda • 7 November 1841 Page 19 Addenda • 8 November 1841 Page 44 Addenda • 13 November 1841 Page 48 Addenda • 20 November 1841 Page 44 Addenda • 21 November 1841 Page 44 Addenda • 30 November 1841 Page 45 Addenda • 18 December 1841 Page 45 Addenda • 19 December 1841 Page 45 Addenda • 21 December 1841 Page 47 Addenda • 22 December 1841 Page 46 Addenda • 24 December 1841 Page 46 Addenda • 31 December 1841 Page 48 Addenda • 1 January 1842 Page 50 Addenda • 5 January 1842 Page 50 Addenda • 20 January 1842 Page 51 Addenda • 29 January 1842 Page 52 Addenda • 1 February 1842 Page 56 Addenda • 3 February 1842 Page 59 Addenda • 17 February 1842 Page 59 Addenda • 4 March 1842 Page 60 Addenda • 9 March 1842 Page 60 Addenda • 27 March 1842 Page 61 Addenda • 30 March 1842 Page 61 Addenda • 9 April 1842 Page 43 Addenda • 9 April 1842 Page 62 Addenda • 10 April 1842 Page 62 Addenda • 28 April 1842 Page 26 Addenda • 28 April 1842, Continued Page 38 Addenda • 7 May 1842 Page 63 Addenda • 26 May 1842 Page 71 Addenda • 9 June 1842 Page 73 Addenda • 15 June 1842 Page 64 Addenda • 18 June 1842 Page 71 Addenda • 30 June 1842 Page 70 Addenda • 15 July 1842 Page 32
JS, History, 1838–1856, vol. C-1, addenda, created 18 Oct.–ca. 20 Nov. 1854; 75 pages in volume bearing three labels reading "Historical Notation," "From 1841 to 1851," and "Addenda to C1;" handwriting of
Leo Hawkins
19 July 1834–28 May 1859. Clerk, reporter. Born in London. Son of Samuel Harris Hawkins and Charlotte Savage. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by John Banks, 23 Oct. 1848. Immigrated to U.S. with his family; arrived in New Orleans...
, Jonathan Grimshaw, Robert Campbell, and John L. Smith; CHL.
On 11 June 1839, while residing at
, Illinois, JS began dictating what his journal simply referred to as his "history." (An earlier draft was begun by JS and
in April 1838, but that draft is no longer extant; see JS, Journal, 27 Apr. 1838.) However, substantial progress on the history was not made until
assumed responsibility for the project and was appointed as JS's "private se[c]retary & historian" in December 1842 (JS, Journal, 11 June 1839; 21 Dec. 1842). Work on this endeavor came to span eighteen years and included frequent stops and starts. The longest lull, of over seven years, was occasioned by the Saints' exodus from
followed by the challenges of settling the Salt Lake Valley. After the death of Willard Richards in 1854, the project was brought to a conclusion in Utah by
Wilford Woodruff
1 Mar. 1807–2 Sept. 1898. Farmer, miller. Born at Farmington, Hartford Co., Connecticut. Son of Aphek Woodruff and Beulah Thompson. Moved to Richland, Oswego Co., New York, 1832. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Zera Pulsipher,...
in 1856. By that time the history had swelled to six volumes and over 2,400 pages. It subsequently came to be known as the "Manuscript History of the Church" (in The Joseph Smith Papers it bears the editorial title "History, 1838–1856").
As part of that enterprise, "History, 1838–1856, volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842]" was begun on or just after 24 February 1845 and its basic narrative was completed by 3 May of that year, although work continued on the volume through that July (Richards, Journal, 24 and 28 Feb. 1845; Historian's Office, Journal, 3 May 1845; 3 and 4 July 1845).
was the scribe for the volume, which contains 512 pages of primary text, plus 24 pages of addenda, and covers the period 2 November 1838 through 31 July 1842.
On 10 April 1854, less than five weeks after the death of
assumed the role of church historian and with it responsibility for the completion of JS's history. He subsequently observed in a letter to
Wilford Woodruff as secretary to the Twelve Apostles
I commenced to perform the duties of Historian by taking up the History of Joseph Smith where Dr.
had left it when driven from
on the 4th day of February 1846. I had to revise and compare two years of back history which he had compiled, filling up numerous spaces which had been marked as omissions on memoranda by Dr. Richards.
I commenced compiling the history of Joseph Smith from April 1st 1840 to his death on June 27th 1844. I have filled up all the reports of sermons by President Joseph Smith and others from minutes or sketches taken at the time in long hand by Dr.
, Miss
Eliza R. Snow
21 Jan. 1804–5 Dec. 1887. Poet, teacher, seamstress, milliner. Born in Becket, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts. Daughter of Oliver Snow and Rosetta Leonora Pettibone. Moved to Mantua, Trumbull Co., Ohio, ca. 1806. Member of Baptist church. Baptized into Church...
&c. which was an immense labor, requiring the deepest thought and the closest application, as there were mostly only two or three words (about half written) to a sentence." (George A. Smith, Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Wilford Woodruff, 21 Apr. 1856, in Historian's Office, Historical Record Book, 218.)
In October 1854
George. A. Smith
and his clerks began compiling a separate, extensive list of addenda to volume C-1. The Church Historian's office journal entry for 13 October 1854 noted, "
TB [Thomas Bullock]
engaged on history papers all da[y] found many that will have to be inserted in 40 & 41" (Historian's Office, Journal, 13 Oct. 1854). Apparently these addenda represented some of the revising and comparing of "two years of back history" with the "filling up numerous spaces" Smith had mentioned in his 1856 letter to
. In support of that effort, the 19 October 1854 issue of the Deseret News carried the following item that also explained why the serialization of the History of Joseph Smith was being temporarily interrupted:
The History of Joseph Smith is necessarily omitted in this number; and from one to two columns a number will probably be all that can be furnished for some time, as the Historian has come to a period which requires hunting up many facts, and preparing them for embodying, which the hurry of the times obliged
Elder Richards
to pass over by simply writing on the margin, "note to be supplied" ("History and Sermons," Deseret News [Salt Lake City], 19 Oct. 1854, [2]).
At that time, Joseph Smith's history had been reported through October 1840 in the Deseret News.
The addenda to volume C-1 presented here are labeled "Addenda to Book C1. By
Geoe. A. Smith
. Octr. 18th. 1854." They are in the handwriting of Jonathan Grimshaw,
, Robert L. Campbell, and John L. Smith, all of whom worked under the direction of
. These addenda provide supplemental material for the period from 19 October 1840 to 15 July 1842 and consist of seventy-five pages copied into a separate ledger that also contains a chronological inventory of material employed in compiling the manuscript history. Many entries from George A. Smith's "Addenda" were incorporated under their respective dates into the text of the version of Joseph Smith's history published in the Deseret News, a fair copy identified as C-2, and the later account edited by B. H. Roberts as History of the Church.
Among the significant items included in the addenda to volume C-1 are sermons, editorials, and records of events. Of particular note are entries regarding the October 1840 creation of stakes at
Area settled, 1828. Platted 1833. Post office established, 1836. Many Latter-day Saints settled in area, 1839, after expulsion from Missouri. Considered important settlement by Latter-day Saint leaders. Lima stake organized, 22 Oct. 1840. Stake reduced to...
Post village located about 100 miles west of Springfield. Laid out, 1835. Designated as original county seat, which residents of western Adams Co. soon disputed. In Feb. 1843, bill in state legislature proposed that eastern portion of Adams Co., including...
, Illinois; the January 1841 acknowledgement of the mission of the Twelve to
; the 7 August 1841 death of JS's brother
Don Carlos Smith
25 Mar. 1816–7 Aug. 1841. Farmer, printer, editor. Born at Norwich, Windsor Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Palmyra, Ontario Co., New York, 1816–Jan. 1817. Moved to Manchester, Ontario Co., 1825. Baptized into Church of Jesus...
; JS's 12 August 1841 meeting with Sac and Fox Indians from
Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803. First permanent white settlements established, ca. 1833. Organized as territory, 1838, containing all of present-day Iowa, much of present-day Minnesota, and parts of North and South Dakota. Population in...
; a November 1841 description of the construction of a temporary wooden font for the performance of baptisms for the dead within the rising Nauvoo
Located in portion of Nauvoo known as the bluff. JS revelation dated Jan. 1841 commanded Saints to build temple and hotel (Nauvoo House). Cornerstone laid, 6 Apr. 1841. Saints volunteered labor, money, and other resources for temple construction. Construction...
; the February 1842 appointment of
as superintendent of the church printing office, and of
1 Nov. 1808–25 July 1887. Preacher, editor, publisher, politician. Born at Milnthorpe, Westmoreland, England. Son of James Taylor and Agnes Taylor, members of Church of England. Around age sixteen, joined Methodist church and was local preacher. Migrated ...
as head of the Times and Seasons editorial department; and four accounts of JS's instructions to the Female Relief Society.
Asterisk (*) denotes a "featured" version, which includes an introduction and annotation *Discourse, 28 April 1842, as Reported by Eliza R. Snow *Letter from Alfred Cordon, 17 February 1842 *Discourse, 10 April 1842, as Reported by Wilford Woodruff *Letter to Edward Hunter, 5 January 1842 *Letter to Edward Hunter, 21 December 1841 *Discourse, 9 April 1842, as Reported by Wilford Woodruff *Discourse, 31 March 1842, as Reported by Eliza R. Snow *Letter to Edward Hunter, 9 and 11 March 1842 *Discourse, 19 December 1841, as Reported by Wilford Woodruff *Discourse, 27 March 1842, as Reported by Wilford Woodruff *Motion, 5 March 1842–A *Revelation, circa 22 December 1841–A
<1841 Augt. 5> —— I expect to leave here for the
Located in northeast region of U.S. First European settlements made by Dutch, Swedes, and English, early 1600s. Admitted to U.S. as state, Dec. 1787. Population in 1830 about 321,000. Population in 1840 about 373,000. First Latter-day Saint missionaries preached...
Country next week.
Doctor [Isaac] Galland
15 May 1791–27 Sept. 1858. Merchant, postmaster, land speculator, doctor. Born at Somerset Co., Pennsylvania. Son of Matthew Galland and Hannah Fenno. Married first Nancy Harris, 22 Mar. 1811, in Madison Co., Ohio. Married second Margaret Knight, by 1816....
left for
last week—— In the
[Horace] Hotchkiss
15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...
Hyrum [Smith]
requested me to do all I could,—— Brother
James Ivins
22 Mar. 1797–3 Apr. 1877. Farmer. Born in Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Son of Israel Ivins and Margaret Woodward. Married Mary Schenk. Presumably baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Moved to Nauvoo, Hancock Co....
has received orders on you from
Doctor Galland
to the amount of twenty-five hundred dollars. The property that he has given these orders for is well worth the money. I expect
Mr. Hotchkiss
in a few days to receive this property <which is Cook's Mills> Tavern Stand, attached to six acres of ground with all the appurtenances. Some of the
people think it worth three thousand dollars. Now the question is, shall I let
have this property for less than twenty-five hundred, since that is the price you will have to pay at
. Why I ask this question is: I have understood that
has said that he would not allow over twenty-two hundred dollars. I got hold of another small piece of land, worth five hundred; and if
will take all at a fair price, I shall be enabled to settle the amount of <three> thousand dollars soon. Please write me an answer to the above question.——
The cause in these eastern lands is flourishing, and we want more laborers; fifty doors opened for preaching where there is but one to laborer. I wish you would send us help, help, help! If you hear or see anything of Joshua [Grant] &
Jedediah M. Grant
21 Feb. 1816–1 Dec. 1856. Farmer. Born in Union, Broome Co., New York. Son of Joshua Grant and Athalia Howard. Lived in Springwater, Ontario Co., New York, 1820. Lived in Naples, Ontario Co., 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints...
, tell them to come east immediately; the Devil is raging, and the Priests are howling, and Babylon is falling with her merchandise. She can't deceive the people with her false doctrines where Mormonism takes a hold.
Yours in the bonds of the Covenant,
(page 1219
Wm. Smith
13 Mar. 1811–13 Nov. 1893. Farmer, newspaper editor. Born at Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Lebanon, Grafton Co., New Hampshire, 1811; to Norwich, Windsor Co., 1813; and to Palmyra, Ontario Co., New York, 1816...
Addenda • 12 August 1841
<12th> Thursday. A considerable number of the Sac & Fox Indians have been for several days encamped in the neighborhood of
Located in southern part of county on western shore of Mississippi River. Area settled by Captain James White, 1832, following Black Hawk War. Federal government purchased land from White to create Fort Des Moines, 1834. Fort abandoned; remaining settlement...
. The ferryman this morning brought over a great number on the Ferry boat and two Flat boats for the purpose of visiting me. <The Military band, and a detachment of Invincibles were on shore ready to receive & escort them to the grove, but they refused to come on shore until I went down.> I accordingly went down, and met "
Ca. 1788–Apr. 1848. Sauk Indian chief. Born near Rock River in what became Illinois. Son of part–French and Sauk father and full-Sauk mother. Rose to chief as he acquired commanding influence among Sauk. Gained prominence among European-American settlers ...
," "Kish-ku-Kosh," "
Appenoose
?–? Meskwaki (Fox) Indian chief. Son of Chief Tama (Taimah). Traveled east with delegation of chiefs to reconcile differences between Sioux, Sauk, and Meskwaki tribes, 1837. Visited with JS and 100 other chiefs at Nauvoo, Hancock Co., Illinois, 1841. Appanoose...
," and about 100 Chiefs and Braves of those tribes with their families at the landing, introduced my brother
to them, and after the usual salutations, conducted them to the meeting ground in the grove, and instructed them in many things which the Lord had [p. 10]
1841 Augt. 5 —— I expect to leave here for the
Doctor Isaac Galland
Horace Hotchkiss
in a few days to receive this property which is Cook's Mills Tavern Stand, attached to six acres of ground with all the appurtenances. Some of the
will take all at a fair price, I shall be enabled to settle the amount of three thousand dollars soon. Please write me an answer to the above question.——
The cause in these eastern lands is flourishing, and we want more laborers; fifty doors opened for preaching where there is but one laborer. I wish you would send us help,
12th Thursday. A considerable number of the Sac & Fox Indians have been for several days encamped in the neighborhood of
. The ferryman this morning brought over a great number on the Ferry boat and two Flat boats for the purpose of visiting me. The Military band, and a detachment of Invincibles were on shore ready to receive & escort them to the grove, but they refused to come on shore until I went down. I accordingly went down, and met "
Jonathan Grimshaw


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New York, New York (15 January 2018) – According to the International Copper Association, Inc. (ICA), MicroGroove is playing an essential role in the development of refrigeration systems made with isobutane (R600a). Already most products in this category use copper tubes with outer diameters of five-sixteenths inch (7.9 mm) or one-quarter inch (6.35 mm). Copper tube diameters smaller than conventional three-eighths inch copper tubes (9.525 mm) are considered to be MicroGroove.
International regulations have placed limits on the allowable refrigerant charge for isobutane because of its flammability. That limit is 150 grams in Europe and it has been 57 grams in the USA for residential applications. If the use conditions are 150 grams then there is no need to further reduce refrigerant charge.
A leading manufacturer of high-quality residential refrigerators and freezers, Sub-Zero recently considered adopting even smaller diameter MicroGroove tubes. The company initially was motivated to meet the 57-gram "use conditions" on isobutane, a flammable refrigerant. The 57-gram limit would be challenging to meet and drastic measures would be necessary as F-Gases are phased out by the year 2021. That led Sub-Zero to explore the advantages of MicroGroove tubes with copper tube outer diameters of 5 mm.
Optimized Thermal Systems, Inc. (OTS) offers customized software and services for the design and optimization of thermal systems. Engineers from Sub-Zero approached OTS for assistance in using CoilDesigner®, a proprietary heat exchanger design and simulation software tool. The primary objective was to design a condenser coil that would equal the performance of the existing (baseline) coil while lowering the refrigerant charge. Secondary objectives were to reduce the total footprint of the coil and the total tube-and-fin material mass.
The baseline condenser coil uses quarter-inch copper tubing, flat plate fins and a low fin density. The condenser has two refrigerant circuits, with each circuit serving an independent vapor compression cycle for the refrigerator and freezer compartments. A CoilDesigner® model of the condenser was developed and validated against experimental data.
Prior to evaluating potential small diameter replacements, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of refrigerant circuitry on the existing coil performance. Three operation modes were evaluated: only the refrigerator circuit running, only the freezer circuit running, and both circuits running.
It was found that by extending both refrigerant circuits to cover the entire face area of the coil instead of half of the face area, the thermal performance of the circuit improved during single circuit operation; that is, the heat load and refrigerant sub-cooling increased for both refrigerator and freezer circuits.
From this initial review, the best circuitry design was selected and used as the baseline reference for the optimization study.
The optimization study was conducted to identify condenser designs that could reduce the internal volume and lower the refrigerant charge. Five millimeter tube designs were evaluated and compared to the baseline design and significant reductions were found in internal tube volume. The best 5-mm design reduced the internal tube volume by as much as 41 percent as compared to the baseline, along with a 57 percent reduction in coil footprint.
The new designs used wavy-herringbone fins with a reduced fin thickness as compared to the baseline. Other variables included the horizontal and vertical spacing of the tubes; number of tubes per bank; fin density; wavy fin pattern depth; tube circuitry; and tube length. The design criteria are as follows.
· Saturation temperature drop kept within one degree of the baseline.
Multiple factors contributed to an increase in airside pressure drop with the smaller diameter tube coils, including fin type, face area of the coils, and fin density. The baseline system used flat fins, yet all of the optimized designs used wavy fins, which inherently contribute to higher pressure drops. The face area was reduced for all coils to maintain the tube spacing ratio; yet, for a fixed airflow volume, reduced face area increases the air velocity.
Nonetheless, for this application, reduced internal volume was considered to be more important than the airside pressure drop. The fan motors used in this system can overcome the increased resistance and compensate for the increase in airside pressure drop.
In summary, OTS identified several new condenser designs with significant potential to reduce internal volume while maintaining performance, and thereby reducing total system charge. The increased airside pressure drop of the designs can be accommodated by the existing fan motors. The reduced footprint of the coils allows for a smaller enclosure.
This study is a starting point for the development of high performance condenser coils for this application. With a high-performance condenser, condenser fan speed can be reduced, resulting in a quieter refrigerator unit. Also, less fouling could be useful in the condenser, requiring less maintenance.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When the mamis, abuelas y hermanas weren't there, I looked around for a fierce mujer to look up to and found, La Erica Andrews. She became my shero. The first queer SHERO I would find and know. And, I'd love her. Still do.
Remembering Erica Salazar "Andrews" on this day.


Faris the Rascal was a shepherd in his school's Christmas concert. He wore the self-same shepherd's costume that his cousin, Jack, donned some fourteen years ago. It's a good thing, don't you agree, that the Youngest of the Darling Daughters, like her mother, cannot help but hoard anything of even remotely sentimental value. Even though, fourteen years ago, she couldn't begin to guess the future for the shepherd's attire.
I seem to remember that Jack was a solemn shepherd who then, as now, took his responsibilities seriously. Our Rascal, from what I can see from the photos I have been sent, approached the whole Looking After Sheep business with rather less concern for the safety and well-being of the animals in his care, one of which he appears to be wearing on his head. Honestly, I wouldn't put it past him to have established a Gambolling Den for Wayward Woolly Ones.
When I was six years old, I was honoured - and scared stiff - to be given the part of Mary In our Infant School Nativity. Philip Green, the greengrocer's son, was Joseph and Audrey, of the fair hair and beatific smile, was the Angel Gabriel. I still have a photo recording the occasion and even from the distance of sixty-four years, can remember most of the names of my fellow actors.
I can also remember the words I had to say: "Behold, the handmaid of the Lord. Be it unto me according to thy word." Honestly, can you imagine any six year old today being given such a mouthful to recite with any hope of understanding?
I'm not sure how good I was in the part - I do recall having a self-indulgent weep when my teacher berated me for my "squeaky voice" - but I don't think I stole the show, in the way the little lass playing Mary in the Christmas concert put on by the primary school for children with special needs of which I am a governor did this week.
She made her slow but courageous journey to Bethlehem with the help of her walker, tastefully decorated with blue tinsel, and once seated on the dais clapped enthusiastically throughout the remainder of the performance. The most severely disabled pupils played the part of icicles and snowflakes, their wheelchairs decorated with sparkly lights. As they gathered at the front of the church, their teachers held a white sheet above their heads in which they tossed dozens of cotton wool balls representing falling snow. It was truly magical.
Well done to all the teachers and teaching staff for helping the children to play their part so beautifully. For some of the children, just entering a building as large, as magnificent, as overwhelming as an ancient church was a formidable challenge. They couldn't have done it without the loving encouragement of their teachers.
I walked home part of the way with some of the children and their teachers. They were all so very proud of themselves though the teachers did admit it had been exhausting. My job - to welcome one and all and hand out programmes - had not been particularly taxing by comparison so my words of praise were heart-felt.
After the children had been shepherded across the road, I walked on alone, humming "Come and join the celebration!" in my customary weedy voice. It was a freezing cold day, so I stuck my hands deep into the pockets of my winter coat where my fingers closed around something I must have picked up, without thinking, from the floor when we were clearing up.
It was a cotton wool ball. I think I will leave it in my pocket so that every time I put my hands in my pockets I will feel it and remember a Very Special Christmas Concert.


The circuit is used to maximize your time in the studio.
Circuit Training is one the formats which AlbiFit utilizes to help clients achieve their optimal fitness levels and goals. The circuit is used to maximize your time in the studio. Combining cardio and strength training with small breaks in between then moving onto a new set of muscles and aerobic exercises. You're sure to leave the studio feeling you've completed a total body workout.


When a tooth is structurally compromised by dental decay or a fracture, the dentist may opt for a restoration that will support the remaining tooth structure. Sometimes a tooth will have decay or a crack that involves a cusp of the tooth. A crack can form in any part of the tooth. It can spread through the tooth in a way that involves one or more cusps on a tooth. The same can be said for decay. Dental decay can silently undermine the structure of the tooth, spreading through the tooth underneath the cusps. This weakens the tooth and can cause it to suddenly break. Never a good surprise! The dentist may see signs of these types of cracks or decay during your routine checkup. If so, he will recommend an appropriate course of action.
Depending on the extent of the damage to hard tooth structure the dentist may choose to do an onlay. So, what is an onlay? An onlay is an indirect restoration that covers at least one of the cusps of the tooth. An onlay is a structurally sound restorative choice that will give your tooth increased stability and longevity. It requires minimal preparation, preserving the most natural tooth structure possible. An onlay is completed in one day with CEREC technology. The dentist will clean up the fracture and decay, and prepare the tooth for restoration. Then, the same procedure for making a crown is used. A scan of the prepared tooth is taken and sent to a milling machine where the onlay is cut from a block of ceramic to precisely fit the prepared area of the tooth. The onlay is then tried in for proper fit. The dentist will use stains and glaze to assure that the onlay will match the remaining tooth structure. After it is fired and cooled, the onlay is cemented into place. This procedure is done in one appointment, with no follow-up appointment necessary. Your tooth will be restored, stable and beautiful!


The Toolbox provides a single home for most of the developer tools that are built into Firefox.
click the wrench icon ( ), which is in the main toolbar or under the Hamburger menu ( ), then select "Toggle Tools"
press Ctrl + Shift + I on Windows and Linux, or Cmd + Opt + I on OS X. See also keyboard shortcuts.
Note: Since Firefox 62, you can drag and drop tabs in the main toolbar of the toolbox to reorder your tools as you wish (bug 1226272).
By default, the Toolbox appears docked to the bottom of the browser window, but you can also dock it to the right-hand side of the window, or make it a standalone window, using buttons in the toolbar.
The toolbar contains controls to activate a particular tool, to dock/float the window, and to close the window.
On the far left there's a button to activate the node picker. This lets you select a page element for inspection. See "Selecting elements".
Note that not all the hosted tools are always listed here: only the tools actually available in this context are shown (for example, not all tools support remote debugging yet, so if the debugging target is not the Firefox instance that launched the window, not all the hosted tools will be shown).
Select a frame as the currently targeted document (this is only included by default from Firefox 41 onwards).
See the separate page on the Developer Tools Settings.
The content of the main pane in the window is entirely controlled by, and specific to, the hosted tool currently selected.
These shortcuts work whenever the toolbox is open, no matter which tool is active.
Toggle between active tool and settings.
These shortcuts work in all tools that are hosted in the toolbox.


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County Commission District 5 appointee Manuel Sanchez to run for seat
Michael McDevitt
LAS CRUCES - Manuel Sanchez is running to keep the seat he was appointed to on the Doña Ana County Commission.
Sanchez represents District 5, which makes up the northwest portion of the county, including Hatch, Rincon, parts of Radium Springs and the northwest edges of Las Cruces.
Sanchez, a Democrat, was appointed Commissioner by Democratic Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham last March after Karen Trujillo was tapped by the governor to serve in her cabinet as the state's secretary of education.
Trujillo was only commissioner for 27 days. She now works as the superintendent for Las Cruces Public Schools.
"I will continue my efforts to listen to my constituents and work to improve the quality of life for all County residents," Sanchez said in a March 5 news release announcing his candidacy. "That's why I'm asking my constituents for the opportunity to represent them for a full term in the 2020 election."
Sanchez touts regular community meetings, helping get a local veteran benefits he deserved and new access to bus service for northern county residents as achievements he's made during his short tenure.
2020 is a big political year. Keep up with a subscription to the Las Cruces Sun-News today.
The commissioner drew the ire of gun rights advocates when he put a resolution on the county commission agenda in January to support the state's new red flag gun law, then just a bill. Gun owners flooded the meeting to demand the county oppose the resolution. As Sanchez tried to defend his support at one point, gun rights advocates yelled things like "recall" and "vote him out."
Sanchez said if reelected, he'll focus on improving the standard of living in colonias, many within his district, which lack adequate water, housing, sewage and internet. He said he'll work on getting the county's Crisis Triage Center, which plans to finally open after seven vacant years in April, operational and improving county mental health services.
He also wants to work on retaining graduating university students from leaving the county, guarantee a living wage and attract more businesses to the county, including from industries like hemp and video games.
Sanchez said he'll also work to increase renewable energy resources and energy efficiency on county properties.
He earned a bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and went on to work for General Electric. He's worked there for 19 years now. Sanchez said his current job with GE is technology and productivity manager, where he works "with service contracts across the U.S. to identify best practices to reduce cost and improve customer satisfaction."
Sanchez ran in the Democratic primary for county commission in 2018 and finished last in the four-person race.
He's married to Teresa Tenorio, who was sworn in at the end of December to a four-year elected term on the Las Cruces school board. Together, they have three daughters and have lived in Las Cruces for nine years.
More:New Mexico primaries are on June 2: Are you ready? Here's what you need to know
The primaries will be held June 2. The general election will be held Nov. 3. The filing date for candidates interested in running as either a Republican, Democrat or Libertarian is March 10 from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the county clerk's office.
Minor party and independent candidates must file after the primaries on June 25.
Michael McDevitt can be reached at 575-202-3205, mmcdevitt@lcsun-news.com or @MikeMcDTweets on Twitter.


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Tag Archives: small tortoiseshell
Butterflies of the Great Orme
Posted by theresagreen in Butterflies of Wales, coastal habitat, Great Orme, Nature of Wales, North Wales Wildlife Trust
Cinnabar moth, Conservation issues, crickets, dark green fritillary, grayling, Grayling (ssp. Thyone), hipparchia semele ssp.Thyone, Plejebus argus ssp. Caernensis, Red Admiral, Silver-studded Blue, Silver-studded Blue (spp.caernensis), small tortoiseshell
July 14th – Great Orme
The great bulk of the west face of the Great Orme rises steeply from the shore of the Irish Sea; its scarred and fissured face testament to centuries of the relentless onslaught of invading weather fronts. Glancing upwards from its base it looks intimidating, barren save for a few patches of eroded grass and seemingly hostile as habitat for anything save the odd nimble Kashmiri goat. However, as in the best tradition of myths, legends and fairystories, looks can be deceptive and here-upon, not too far away, lies a magical kingdom populated by tiny beautiful creatures.
The toll house on Marine Drive marks the beginning (or end) of the cliff path
The creatures take the form of butterflies. Two diverse species have evolved and adapted themselves to survival in this unlikely place and have been recognised and classified as 'sub-species'. Both are 'dwarf races' and considered to be endemic to the site. One is a variant of the rare Silver-studded Blue, classified as Plejebus argus ssp. Caernensis and the other a variant of Hipparchia semele (Grayling), classified as (ssp.Thyone).
The 'butterfly kingdom' is accessed by following a narrow stony path along a ledge cut about a third of the way up the cliff, which is indicated on the photograph as a line of wire netting that both marks its edge and keeps in the goats. (I parked on Marine Drive and walked up to begin the path at the Toll House, but if you are coming down from the other direction, the other end is waymarked to your left.)
The day was sunny but windy, conditions which bring out the butterflies but often keeps them low to the ground or amongst long grass stems. I wasn't expecting to start seeing the little Silver-studded Blues as easily as I did, but there on a patch of red valerian below the 'dangerous cliffs' sign I spotted my first ones. Most were looking rather worn and a bit tatty, but I was happy to see them at all.
First sight of a worn and battered individual
As I watched I spotted a pair coupled together who were then joined by two others with another fresher-looking male also heading their way. Unlike their cousins, the Common Blues, these smaller butterflies don't zoom away at speed just as you're about to press the shutter button, but flutter gently from place to place, tending not to fly any distance away. They seem to bask quite frequently.
The Silver-studded Blue gets its name from the light blue reflective scales found on the underside of most adults and which are quite visible when light reflects off them.
An enlarged view – a fresh female showing silvery scales mating with a rather worn male
The uppersides of males are a glorious blue with a dark border. Females' uppersides are browner with a row of orange spots; in this sub-species they also have a variable flush of blue that extends over the hindwings and the base of the forewings. Undersides are brown-grey with black spots, a row of orange spots, and small greenish flecks on the outer margin. Males are similar to the Common Blue, which lacks greenish spots.
Silver-studded Blue (male) upperside
Male underside
Silver-studded Blue (female) upperside
Female underside
A less-worn female with orange spots on hindwing borders still visible
The Silver-studded Blue is a Priority BAP (Biodiversity Action Plan) species. Generally they are found in close-knit colonies, most containing less than a thousand adults. Here on the Orme numbers fluctuate but may rise to a thousand or more. Today I met a warden and an assistant on the path that were assessing current numbers – in one spot alone they had counted 130 individuals, so despite the recent inclement weather, they appear to be doing OK.
The number of Graylings I saw also took me by surprise as in other locations I've been delighted to come across the occasional one; along this path I encountered a good few patrolling the path. I'm always hesitant to give a number as I have no idea how many times I might have seen the same one as it circumnavigated a territory.
Hipparchia semele ssp. Thyone (Thompson, 1944)
H. semele ssp. Thyone flies earlier than is usual with other races of Grayling, being on the wing towards the third week in June, and disappearing by the end of July.
I am not practised enough to be able to recognise subtle differences between species & sub-species of butterflies and have no desire to catch any to compare them, so I have taken points from Mr Thompson's comparisons:
Hipparchia semele ssp. Thyone
♂ Strikingly smaller than any other British race of semele. Coloration is more uniform than in typical semele, with the pale areas more ochreous. Forewing spots are smaller than in other races, with the lower of the two frequently absent. Underside coloration duller and less contrasting than in the type, with the white areas of hindwings tinged with ochre. ♀ Also smaller than other races. Spots are smaller than in normal specimens.
The special butterflies were not alone here. In a small sheltered quarried out area at the side of the track more red valerian was attracting some larger visitors. I was most thrilled to see a Small Tortoishell, only the second I've seen this year and the first to stay put long enough to photograph.
There was a Red Admiral there too, a few Meadow Browns and a single Dark Green Fritillary that was repeatedly chased away by Graylings.
Small Tortoishell
Cinnabar Moth
Another first sighting for this year was a Cinnabar Moth. I was musing just the other day about why I rarely see the adult moths when the distinctive yellow and black caterpillars are so numerous at this time of year; perhaps they don't over-winter well? It was tricky to get even this less-than-brilliant image as the poor thing was fighting against the wind trying to stay on the cliff edge.
Wildflowers of the day:
Silver-studded Blue (f) on dewberry flower
Pyramidal Orchid
Common Green Grasshopper
Speckled Bush Cricket
Spring on the Bryn-part II
Posted by theresagreen in Bryn Euryn Nature Reserve, butterflies, Butterflies of Wales, Nature of Wales, nature of woodlands, Wildflowers of Wales
blackthorn, blackthorn blossom, Blue tit, dog violet, Great Tit, mistle thrush, orange tip, peacock butterfly, rabbit, small tortoiseshell, speckled wood, wild strawberry, woodland flowers
Walking further up through the field the local buzzard pair circled overhead, then just a few minutes later a sparrowhawk appeared from somewhere close by and startled me as it flew just a few feet over my head, then continued towards the direction from which I had come.
Gorse fully in flower
A bit further on I stopped for a while and sat on one of my favourite rocks savouring the warm sun and the peace and quiet; that rarely lasts long just here as its at a sort of junction of trails so there are passing dogs, usually well ahead of their owners that invariably come over to see what I'm up to. I watched two peacock butterflies vying for the best spot on a sun-warmed rock. The winner opened its slightly faded, but still beautiful wings and basked for a few short minutes undisturbed.
Peacock butterfly
Moving off my rock to photograph the butterflies I noticed a patch of Wild Strawberry in flower. Tucked back against the rock it is sheltered and in a sunny spot, perfect for ripening berries.
Wild Strawberry-Fragaria vesca in flower
Back in the woods to walk up towards the summit I disturbed a large foraging bird. It flew up to a tree branch where it blended well into the dappled shade. It had to be a Mistle Thrush but I wasn't entirely sure until it flew back down to the ground giving a better view.
A Mistle Thrush blending into the dappled shade of the wood
Unmistakably a Mistle Thrush
At the top of the track there was a single Speckled Wood butterfly, a lovely 'fresh' one. It was intent on finding somewhere to bask in the sun and flitting and zig-zagging about low over the track. You have to keep an eye on them because once they settle they can be difficult to spot. I had to make do with this view as it still wasn't happy and shot off quickly.
Speckled Wood butterfly
Back out in the open and continuing upwards I almost stepped on a Small Tortoiseshell butterfly also sunning itself on the bare earth of the track.
Small tortoiseshell- Aglais urticae
A little clump of Dog Violets growing in the grass at the side of the track caught my eye; the bee-fly zoomed in just as I pressed the shutter and was gone again before I could refocus on it.
Common Dog Violet- Viola riviniana
Blackthorn, of which there is a generous amount up here, has been flowering for a short while now but is at its beautiful peak now. Last year was a sparse one in respect of the amount of sloes on the shrubs here, but if the masses of blossom on them now are anything to go by, this could be a bumper year.
Blackthorn with a view
The flowers of blackthorn appear before the leaves and these are just beginning to break from their buds.
Blackthorn-Prunus spinosa
Blackthorn blossom against a clear blue sky
Another male Orange Tip butterfly was racing along the boundary of the blackthorn scrub. He didn't stop, but as my first sighting of this species this year was a few days earlier of one nectaring on blackthorn, I'm using one of the photographs I took then.
Orange Tip- Anthocharis cardamines
Following the path around to go up to the summit I noticed two Small Tortoiseshell butterflies on the ground. I thought at first they were mating, or about to do so and they did change their positions a few times, but nothing happened during the time I watched them. One was more fresh-looking than the other, but they were both perfectly intact and gorgeous.
The grass up around the summit of the hill is kept short, constantly cropped by grazing rabbits. I think it's highly likely that this particular part of the hill covers a maze of warrens and tunnels. You don't often get to see them , especially during the daytime, but there are baby ones around now and not yet wise they can be seen out in the open.
Young bunnies
Ground Ivy-Glechoma hederacea
I cut back into the woods here from the track the bunnies were on, hearing a chiffchaff a short way in. I spotted Great Tits foraging in the trees close to the track that flew over to the scrubby wild clematis-covered scrub on the other side.
Where I stopped to take the picture there were a large number of smallish hoverflies darting about, resting briefly on leaves or many on the ground, all shiny and fresh looking as the ones I saw lower down earlier in the afternoon.
There were Blue Tits out foraging too and I think its likely that a pair have a nest site quite high in a tree with ivy growing up through it.
Foraging Blue Tits
At the bottom of the track I stopped for a few minutes to listen to a Mistle Thrush singing. This was a déjà vu moment as I recall doing this exact same thing last year, more or less in the exact same spot, scanning the trees for the singer. I found him then, but couldn't spot him today, so here's last year's picture to be going on with. What a lovely bird and how lovely to see him again. (More about the Mistle Thrush here)
A well-marked, singing Mistle Thrush
A Butterfly bonanza
Posted by theresagreen in butterflies, Nature, Nature of Wales
comma, green-veined white, holly blue, orange tip, peacock butterfly, small tortoiseshell, speckled wood
It's been a good while since I've had the time to visit blog-land, mainly down to starting a new job which has consumed most of my time and energy for the last few weeks. But, as with all significant life changes, things are gradually settling down and I'm able to get back to doing the things I enjoy, albeit less frequently.
Last Sunday was a lovely, almost warm sunny day and I was keen to take advantage of a free afternoon and get out for a wander. Stepping out of the front door I was still undecided where to head for, but the sight of a Peacock butterfly, aroused from hibernation and looking rather faded and a bit battered around the edges decided it for me and I set off for Bryn Euryn hoping to find more.
First Peacock butterfly of the year
Peacock nectaring on a dandelion
A few minutes later and I was standing on the woodland edge of the quarry field which is golden with dandelion flowers lifting their faces to soak up the sunshine.
Dandelions in full bloom
I spotted my first butterfly within minutes, another Peacock, slightly less faded than the garden one but even more battered, poor thing.
Peacock- Nymphalis io
The Peacock was resting on a bramble leaf, but not for long – a Small Tortoiseshell fluttered into its territory and it took off in rapid pursuit.
Small Tortoiseshell – Nymphalis urticae
The Small Tortoiseshell was in much better shape than the Peacock, its colours were brighter and there were no signs of damage, but the frequent intense aerial battles with the larger Peacock, who was clearly not in need of my earlier sympathy for his condition, may well take their toll.
Although delighted to see these two beautiful butterflies so soon after arriving here, I was even more pleased by the presence of two male Orange Tips that were racing up and down the field edge, pausing for the occasional skirmish with one another before continuing their frantic patrolling. I had a feeling of déja vue and was transported back to this time last year when I spent ages following Orange Tips back and forth along this same field edge, fruitlessly waiting for them to pause for an instant so I might get a photograph. So, imagine my delight when I spotted one hovering around a valerian flower seeming to be about to settle. My problem was that I was a good few metres away and I daren't move too quickly towards it in case I alarmed it. I could hardly believe that my luck held and it did indeed settle and stayed put for a few precious moments allowing me to get a couple of reasonably good shots of it.
Orange Tip – Anthocaris cardamines (male)
It would have been good to catch him with his wings open, but I'm not complaining.
Orange Tip male underside
There was another of the 'white' butterfly species nearby too, this one the Green-veined White. In contrast to the Orange Tip, they are much easier to photograph, having a weaker flight and settling more frequently and for longer.
Green-veined White-Pieris napi
By now I had reached the top of the field and although there were other insect distractions here I could see yet more distant flutterings at the other end, so retraced my steps. What I had seen turned out to be a Comma, also being drawn into skirmishes with the Peacock.
Comma-Polygonia c-album
The Comma was a lovely fresh one too, but was reluctant to fully open its prettily shaped wings.
A good view of the butterfly's underside, showing the white mark that gives it its name
Watching the Comma yet another species caught my eye, this time a little Holly Blue that was fluttering around ivy growing up through a tree. It didn't settle, so I didn't feel obliged to negotiate brambles and stinging nettles to reach it, but to acknowledge its presence, I thought I'd put in a photograph I took earlier on in the garden.
Holly Blue-Celestrina argeolis
Last but not least of today's sightings was of one of my favourite butterfly species, a fresh, feisty little Speckled Wood.
Speckled Wood-Parage argeria
I added a Large White to my 'tick-list', but didn't get a photograph. Eight species of butterfly in a matter of a few minutes and all within such a confined area was quite magical and far more than I had expected.
Hogweed days
Posted by theresagreen in Bryn Euryn Nature Reserve, butterflies, Nature, Nature of Wales, nature photography, Rhiwledyn Nature Reserve, Wildflowers of Wales
comma, cow parsnip, heracleum sphondylium, hogweed, medicinal uses of hogweed, medicinal uses of plants, Rose Chafer, small tortoiseshell
The most significant nectar provider for a whole host of insects at the moment is Hogweed, or Cow Parsnip if you prefer. In common with many species of wildflowers it seems to be having a bumper season and is flowering profusely in a lot of locations. The photographs here were mostly taken in the last couple of weeks, either in the Rhiwledyn Nature Reserve on the Little Orme or on Bryn Euryn.
Hogweed, Cow Parsnip – Heracleum sphondylium
Family: Carrot; Umbelliferae Habitat: Rough grassland verges, light woodland. The most usual late autumn umbellifer in flower.
Flowering: (May) June – September Seeds: Winged Height: averages 50–120 cms (20–47 in), can reach 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
Hogweed is an herbaceous perennial or sometimes biennial plant, native to Europe and Asia. It is an umbelliferous plant, in the same group as plants such as fennel, cow parsley and ground elder.
Hogweed-Heracleum spondylium
The common name of Hogweed refers to the characteristic pig-like smell of the flowers. The genus name Heracleum derives from the Greek "herákleion" and refers to the mythologic hero Heracles, who is reputed to have used the plant medicinally. The species name sphondylium, meaning "vertebrae", refers to the shape of the segmented stem.
The leaves are large and can reach 50 cms (20 in) in length. They are pinnate, hairy and serrated, divided into 3-5 lobed segments.
Hogweed leaves
A snail tucked into hogweed stems
The roots of the plant are large, rhizomatous and reddish in colour. The stem is hollow and striated with bristly hairs.
The flowers are white, sometimes pinkish and each has 5 petals. They are arranged in large umbels of up to 20 cm of diameter with 15 to 30 rays. The peripheral flowers having a radial symmetry.
The inflorescence of a Hogweed plant
The hogweed is one of a number of plants that have foregone the use of a sweet scent to attract pollinating insects. The plant has adopted the more unusual strategy of mimicking the scent of pigs, not that noticeable to us, but to flies it is like a magnet and flies are the main pollinators of this plant.
A tachinid fly nectaring on hogweed
The small fruits are flattened and winged, elliptical to rounded in shape and glabrous (smooth, free from hair or down) up to 1 cm long. The seed dispersal is by wind.
Hogweed seedhead
1/9/12 – Hogweed seed cases
traditional medicinal and culinery uses
Common hogweed was once employed in medicine, although its use has been long out of favour. Long ago the seeds were boiled in oil that was then recommended for application to running sores and to treat the rash associated with shingles. Culpeper recommended a decoction of the seeds to be applied to running ears.
Hogweed shoots have a high vitamin C content and the plant is still eaten in some places. The young shoots are collected early in the season and the tender young stems, cut into pieces about 15cm long may be boiled in salted water for about 15 minutes, then drained and served with butter. Apparently they make an ideal accompaniment to meat dishes.
(WARNING! This family of plants contains many poisonous species and correct identification is essential before even thinking about eating them.)
hogweed and insects
Although its main pollinators are flies, many insects of other species can be seen helping them out whilst helping themselves to the nectar. It is not uncommon to see numbers of insects vying for a space on the same hogweed flowerhead.
A pair of soldier beetles mating, a green shield bug, a small black beetle and a fly of some sort all on one small flowerhead, oh and there's a spider's web
30/6/13-Small Tortoiseshell on hogweed-Little Orme
30/6/13-Bumblebee-Bombus hortorium on Hogweed flowers, Little Orme
30/6/12-Greenbottle fly on hogweed – Little Orme
At Bryn Euryn the first insect I spotted on Hogweed flowers was a Comma butterfly. It was looking a bit worse for wear, faded and with chunks missing from its wings,but is a first tick for a sighting of this species this year.
8/7/13 -Comma butterfly
There were also a number of soldier beetles, greenbottle flies, bumblebees and hoverflies there. I thought I'd taken a picture of a honeybee too, but taking a closer look at the photograph I realised the insect had only two wings. I don't know for sure what it is, more research needed, but most probably a hoverfly ; an Eristalis species. Interestingly in respect of honeybees, a loved this observation on Adventure's in Beeland's blog whats flowering now: early july " They (honeybees) appear to get very little pollen from these flowers, but instead swish their proboscis enthusiastically about in the nectar like a watercolour artist swirling their brush." I'll envisage that now, if I chance upon a honeybee on hogweed…
Probably a hoverfly an Eristalis species
A 7-spot ladybird heading up a hogweed stem – there's prey up there – greenfly aphids
One of my favourite photographs of an insect on hogweed is this one of a Rose Chafer, taken somewhere along the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path.
2/7/08-Rose Chafer on Hogweed – Pembrokeshire Coastal Path
There is an insect that I am aware of but haven't noticed yet, actually named for the plant; the Hogweed picture-wing fly. It is a small picture-winged fly Euleia heraclei. Also known as the Celery fly, it is a species of tephritid or fruit fly and is a pest of celery and parsnips, where it damages the vegetables by leaf mining. Males display on the upper surfaces of leaves on sunny days during May and mating takes place when a female arrives. In Britain, the species is distributed widely across southern and central England; in Wales records are mainly near the coast. (The picture is taken from one of my favourite ID sites http://www.naturespot.org.uk/)
A hill not too far – part 2
Posted by theresagreen in Bryn Pydew, butterflies, Limestone Pavement, Nature, nature of woodlands, nature photography
common blue, dropwort, filipendula vulgaris, juniper, limestone pavement, Meadow Brown, scabious, scarlet pimpernel, small tortoiseshell, taxus baccata, wildflowers and insects, yew
Limestone Pavement
Limestone pavement is very scarce and only covers 2600ha in Britain, but it is a habitat with a high geological interest. The following is an extract from the Limestone Pavement Conservation website: http://www.limestone-pavements.org.uk/geology.html which explains their formation much better than I could, so I am quoting it here:
"The formation of limestone pavements in the UK and Ireland began with the scouring of the limestone by glaciers during the last ice age. The weight of the ice removed the soil that lay over the limestone, and also fractured the limestone along existing horizontal surfaces of weakness known as bedding planes. Fractured rocks were stripped away leaving level platforms of limestone on which a thick layer of boulder clay (glacial till) was deposited as the glaciers retreated. Wind blown material was then deposited on top of the boulder clay. This external material is particularly important for soil formation, as limestone does not weather down into soil which would mean if there had been no glacial deposits, there would have been no soil development. From the flat limestone surfaces, the characteristic features of limestone pavement have been formed by water in the glacially deposited soil exploiting cracks and fissures in the rock."
Part of the limestone pavement at Bryn Pydew (my photograph)
On the website linked above there is a lot more information, including a photograph taken here, labelled 'Sheltered wooded pavement'. under the heading 'flora'.
I had a potter around the rocky pavement and found a few little plants still flowering, but it is a bit late in the season for most species of the wildflowers that could potentially be found here to be blooming, so I will have to come back in the spring for another look.
Scarlet Pimpernel – Anagallis arvensis
Below the pavement, loose gravelly ground slopes away and merges into a grassy area. Following recent rainfall shallow streams of run-off water were trickling down, making the bare ground muddy and the grassy area quite marshy, so any plants here would be well watered. There were some pretty groups of scabious, (not sure which species) flowering here, that were proving of great interest to a variety of insects including several species of hoverfly and a few butterflies.
Scabious is still flowering strongly
Common Blue (f)-Polyommatus icarus
A Common Drone Fly-Eristalis tenax- on scabious giving a better view of the pretty flower
Meadow Brown
During the time I was here I had the whole place to myself and as I was muddling around I suddenly realised that there were sizeable chunks of time when there was absolute peace and quiet. Not a single sound from a bird, a car, a plane, an animal or a person. It was so blissful I had to sit down on a rock to better enjoy it together with the wonderful views across to the hills in front of me and Penrhyn Bay, the sea and the Little Orme beyond.
The view over the treetops to Penrhyn Bay and the Little Orme (click to enlarge)
My peaceful reverie was suddenly broken by intermittent rather muffled but quite loud voices. I thought at first that it must be people that had arrived to picnic somewhere close by as the level of the sound didn't change as it would had they been walking around. Then the penny dropped; what I was hearing was the disembodied commentary from the 'fun dog show' just down the road in the village hall. It was a breezy afternoon too which meant the instructions being delivered, amplified by a PA system being used none too expertly, were probably clearer to me half a mile away than they were to the dog owners. It amused me to picture the scenes from the little village hall and hoped dogs and owners really were having fun.
There are some interesting trees and shrubs growing around the perimeter of the pavement area, including two of our three British native conifers, juniper and yew. Juniper is now a threatened plant species in Britain. Plantlife have warned that it is in serious trouble in Britain and with some southern counties having lost 70 per cent of their populations, the species is facing extinction across lowland England within 50 years. The loss of juniper would represent more than the loss of a single species – it supports more than 40 species of insect and fungus that cannot survive without it.
Juniper shrub
Junipers have been part of Britain's landscape for thousands of years, and were one of the first trees to colonise Britain after the last Ice Age. Their aromatic berries are used in cooking and medicine, and are the key ingredient of gin.
I have mentioned already that there were yew trees growing in the woodland, but this one out in the open was easier to photograph.
Yew-taxus baccata
Yew–Taxus baccata; Welsh: Ywen
Native to Britain and Ireland, the evergreen coniferous yew tree tolerates a wide range of conditions including the dense shading of woodland. It often grows singularly in woods but in groves elsewhere. It has long been planted in parks, gardens and has a long association with churchyards.
The leaves are highly toxic, as too is the seed inside the red berries owing to the presence of toxicantin and consuming as little as 50 to 100 grams of chopped leaves would be fatal to an adult.
Hart's Tongue Fern – Asplenium scolopendrium.The sori (spore) pattern is reminiscent of a centipede's legs, and scolopendrium is Latin for "centipede".
Heading back across the limestone pavement I stopped to photograph a female Common Darter dragonfly that was basking in a sunny spot.
Common Darter (female) on limestone pavement
The information board describes the marked route around the reserve as 'circular', so I walked around the woodland edge to see if that meant there was another track to walk back on. As I was looking I spotted a plant with white flowers tucked in amongst some oak seedlings and long grass stems.
Dropwort flower tucked in between oak seedlings. This is a late-flowering stem, there are others around it that are going to seed.
The plant is Dropwort – Filipendula vulgaris, and is related to Meadowsweet (it is in the same Genus). The flowers are larger than those of Meadowsweet, and the plant is much shorter, typically less than half the size. Dropwort also prefers a chalky or limestone grassland whereas Meadowsweet likes to grow on damp ground or near water. This was a late-flowering stem, its main flowering time being June-August, so I was lucky to find it. There were other stems close by going to seed, but I doubt I would have noticed them it the flowers hadn't caught my eye.
This Dropwort is not a relation to Water Dropworts which are mostly extremely poisonous to people, and in this instance the name of the plant does not mean that if it is eaten they will 'drop down'; it refers to the large pea-sized drop-like tubers on its roots. However, the leaves and roots do contain Methyl Salicylate, which serves to attract beneficial insects but to kill any that dare try to eat it, as it is toxic. Due to the presence of the chemical, if the leaves or root are crushed they do smell faintly of oil of Wintergreen.
Dropwort – Filipendula vulgaris
I walked back through the woods and back out into the sunshine. There were a number of little dragonflies flitting about on the woodland edge, again Common Darters. Amongst them a pretty red adult male that obliging 'perched' for just long enough for me to photograph him.
Common Darter male
The flowery bit of land I described in the first part of this post was still busy with insects, but now they were joined by butterflies, a Meadow Brown, Large White, a couple of Small Tortoishells and an absolutely gorgeous Peacock.
Peacock and Small Tortoiseshell butterflies on red valerian
Small Tortoishell – Aglais urticae
Peacock-iInachis io
The beautifully textured underside of the Peacock


So, basically, it's one of those crimes that give the police, and later the judge (or jury), a large degree of discretion, because they have to decide what "may endanger" or "unreasonably disturbs" means.
What Does May "May Endanger" Mean?
In one case, for example, the court found a guy guilty of intoxication for being drunk and "puffing his chest out and taking a defensive posture similar to a boxer's" when he saw the police officers. That's enough circumstantial evidence to say he "may endanger others." But note: if the same guy got just as drunk at home, and he "puffed his chest out and took a defensive posture similar to a boxer's" while standing in front of the mirror, he's not committing a crime, he's just looking stupid. As in many areas of criminal law, context is everything.
Intoxication is a Class C Misdemeanor in Utah, so the maximum possible sentence is 90 days in jail and up to a $750 fine. However, the standard fine is much lower (about $200), and most convictions will not result in jail time. For many people, the most important aspect of an intoxication charge is keeping the conviction off their record for job purposes.
If you're interested in fighting you intoxication charge and keeping it off your record, contact me to discuss your case at a free consultation. As discussed above, it's a charge that gives the judge or jury wide discretion, so it can often help to have a good defense attorney on your side, to bring out the right evidence and frame the argument in your favor.


text:
The world of theater is filled with surprises.
So an unexpected personnel change at the Playhouse in the Park probably shouldn't have shocked anyone in Greater Cincinnati's theater community. It had nothing to do with the Playhouse's artistic leadership. In some ways, though, it was a change that would prove far more visible.
When the photos of the Playhouse's opening show, "The Secret Garden," went public, the name of the photographer was, for the first time in more than 40 years, not Sandy Underwood.
Underwood, the grande dame of local theater photographers, documented hundreds of productions at the Playhouse. She chronicled the expansion of the theater from a converted park shelterhouse to a nationally significant producing power. She outlasted seven artistic directors, which must have been a special delight.
But Underwood recently announced her retirement.
So when these new photos arrived, they carried a name that has become increasingly familiar in recent years – "Mikki Schaffner."
Schaffner doesn't have Underwood's lifetime of experience. But she is hardly a newcomer.
Her career as a theater photographer began in July 2005. Schaffner, now 40, was a student at Northern Kentucky University, training for a career as a stage manager. But when it came time to shoot press photos for the NKU Summer Dinner Theater production of "Steel Magnolias," the university's staff photographer was unavailable.
Director Mike King knew of Schaffner's interest in photography and asked if she would be interested in shooting the show. No promises, no commitment. It was just a one-time gig.
But the photos were surprisingly good. Her knowledge of theater was considerable. And her aptitude for translating what she saw on the stage into enticing digital images was invaluable. Before long, Schaffner changed her major to photography.
Over the next few years, her photo credit line started appearing at other theaters. First came The Carnegie. Then Children's Theatre of Cincinnati. Newport's Falcon Theatre was next. And Cincinnati Landmark Productions, the folks responsible for the Covedale Center for the Performing Arts and, at the time, the Showboat Majestic.
That trickle of photos had turned into a flood.
And now, with this Playhouse photo gig, Schaffner has unofficially become the new queen of Greater Cincinnati theater photography.
She's not the only person who shoots local theater productions, mind you. You'll often see Ryan Kurtz associated with Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati's photos. And Daniel R. Winters is the shooter for Know Theatre of Cincinnati.
But Schaffner's name is everywhere.
"If they call me, I will go," she says.
More than theater work
Schaffner was more of a crafter, a moderately successful candle-maker, helping her husband finish up a master's degree in drawing when, out of the blue, he suggested that she might enjoy photography.
"I think he was really just sick of the candle-making mess that was always in the kitchen," says Schaffner.
So when King's plea for help came, she was ready.
"The closest I can compare it to is a great sports photographer who knows how to be in the right place to capture a big play on film," says King. "Mikki always captures the big play."
Theater isn't the extent of her work. Like most professional photographers, Schaffner finds it hard to say no to photographing weddings. She tries to limit it to 10 or 12 a year, though.
"They're too exhausting," she says.
So she does portraits of families and of corporate executives. She does actors' headshots and helps models develop portfolios. What she really loves – other than theater, of course – is capturing the essence of babies.
"I think it's because I'm such a documenter when I'm with babies," she says, adding she's not interested in traditional baby photography. You know the kind, with some cute prop and the baby wearing a precious headband. "I want to see your baby's life. And your life with your baby. I want action shots."
She's took a couple of business seminars, trying to find ways to optimize her time and increase her profits. But they seemed an awkward fit for the nature of her work. She makes money. But hers is not one of those glitzy photo studios filled with eager assistants and fawning hangers-on.
"I know I won't get rich doing this," says Schaffner. "But I remember thinking in one of those meetings that a lot of these rules – business rules – don't apply to me. I haven't got an exit strategy. I want to do this until I retire. Or until I die."
What they're saying about Mikki
"One of my favorite things about working with Mikki is that she is familiar with our ensemble members. Cincinnati Shakespeare is a resident company and we are proud to present our resident actors on the stage again and again. Mikki understands that we want to highlight how versatile they all are. I can line up photos of company favorites like Jeremy Dubin, Sara Clark, and Bruce Cromer and they look totally different, show to show. We put all of the right costumes, lighting, and set design on the stage but without a creative and keen photographic eye like Mikki's it wouldn't translate to photography. And production photos have become so important in marketing, to help us convey the spirit of a production. Mikki is also very passionate about theater and that shows in her work." -- Jeanna Vella, director of education & communications, Cincinnati Shakespeare Company
"I think she's excelling in her production photographer role all around town because, at her core, she is a dyed-in-the-wool theatre person. She gets it on a molecular level. So she can anticipate a great stage moment before it happens and frame and focus to capture it. Mikki gets the best out of you. As a part-time vain actor myself, I can tell you that performers will only post the shots that make them look perfect. And we post all of Mikki's shots. What does that tell you?" -- Rodger Pille, director of communications and development. Cincinnati Landmark Productions
"The Playhouse was fortunate to forge a unique and longstanding relationship with our previous photographer, Sandy Underwood, who captured our productions for more than 40 years. Sandy's images – whether in preview stories or in our lobby displays – were often the first impression audience members had of a show. When Sandy retired at the end of last season, we knew we needed someone with the same ability to help us share the unique story of each Playhouse production.
"Mikki's strengths transcend just technical photography skills. As a former theatre student, she shows a great deal of respect for, and understanding of, the collaborative nature of theatre. Photographing live performances is such a tricky art. Most of the time, the photographer is operating blind, not having seen the show in advance, so there's literally one opportunity to get the right shots. The process requires really good instincts. Mikki has them." -- Blake Robison, artistic director, Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park
"I've known Mikki for longer than I'd like to admit – she was at NKU as a student when I met her, balancing school, work, theatre (she was a stage manager at the time) and her then-toddler son Aidan while working on photography. She's the reason I'm active in the theatre community today, connecting me with Ovation Theatre Company for my first costuming gig, which led to my involvement at Falcon some years later. In a lot of ways, Falcon and Mikki have 'grown up' alongside each other. Mikki's complete understanding of the needs of a small theatre and her drive to work with artists both new and seasoned was a complement to our need for professional representation of our work. She's thoughtful, creative, funny, and genuinely loves theatre more than anyone else I know. She's has grown tremendously as an artist over the past decade or so, and all of us at Falcon are thrilled at her success. We never wanted to keep her to ourselves. We are so glad that she's become such an important part of the Cincinnati theatre scene." -- Julie Niesen Gosdin, marketing director, Falcon Theatre


Steering Committee meetings are held in person every two months at alternate SEIU Locals in California. On non-meeting months a video/teleconference is held. Meetings are open to all nurses represented by SEIU Locals in California.


text: Q: View page source from sites in browser's history? Is it possible to view the page source or parts of the source from web pages that have been viewed in the past (e.g., a week ago)? This assumes no extensions or plugins have been added to the browser.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Videojs HLS stream, absolute stream time I need to know at a given time what is the absolute time of a HLS stream, and not the relative time (relative to when I opened the player).
For example

*

*stream starts at 14:00 (the server starts broadcasting)

*user 1 open videojs at 14:00 => absolute time = 0

*user 2 open videojs at 14:07 => absolute time = 7

I have a snippet that kinds of work but I'm not sure if it's the best way to do it or even if it will work reliably in every contexts :
const vhs = player.tech().vhs;
const segments = vhs.playlists.media().segments;
const lastSegment = segments[segments.length - 1];

if (lastSegment && lastSegment.videoTimingInfo) {
  console.log("absolute time is :", lastSegment.videoTimingInfo.baseMediaDecodeTime);
}

Any feedback on this would be amazing