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Duel Disks
Duel Disk
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Duel Disk.
Duel Disks are a series of devices manufactured by KaibaCorp as a portable form of the Dueling Arenas used in the early part of the Yu-Gi-Oh! second series anime. They use a portable hologram generator to display Duel Monsters cards and in the case of the Mark 1, the player's hand. Since their introduction in the anime and manga, they have become a staple among duelists.
DiaDhank
The Sacred Guardians readying their DiaDhanks.
The Duel Disk is based on an ancient Egyptian artifact called a DiaDhank, a golden device worn similarly to the Duel Disk that uses the user's Ba (Life Force) to summon Ka (spirit monsters) and control them.
Unlike the Duel Disk, the DiaDhank can only control up to 3 monsters at once. In place of the Life Point counter is the Eye of Wdjat, which contains a glowing yellow meter that measures the user's Ba, as the disk measures life points.
Since summoning monsters drains life force, the losing duelist faints or dies. It is heavily implied only Millennium Item bearers can use a DiaDhank.
The design of the second Duel Disk suggests that Seto Kaiba designed it based on memories from his past life as Priest Seto, who used the Millennium Rod.
The Academy Duel Disk also seems to take elements from the DiaDhank, as its shape when in standby mode looks like the blades on the DiaDhank. Yubel's dueling arm looks like a demonic version of the ancient device as well.
Shimon Muran describes a DiaDhank as a device use for calling for Shadow Creatures that are sealed away in Stone Tablets.
DiaDhanks did not appear in the manga. Rather the priests used the power of their Millennium Items to summon the creatures from the stone tablets.
Duel Disk (version 1)
File:Duel Disk 1.PNG
During the Duelist Kingdom arc, Seto Kaiba developed the first generation duel disk prototypes as a means of countering Maximillion Pegasus' mind reading techniques.
Seto gambled that Pegasus needed face to face contact for his mind reading to work so as a feature of the disks, holographic projections of the cards obstruct the duelists from seeing each other.
This duel disk was physically and functionally different than the ones that would follow. Where the others are a single piece construct which houses the Deck, Graveyard, Life Point counter and Field, the first Duel Disk system had 2 components joined by a retractable cable.
The wrist component houses the Deck, Life Point counter and the actual disk component holds 5 cards. Users would load the cards as explained later into the disk and throw it like a yo-yo, causing a hologram to be projected from it.
The duel disk system also changed the rules of Duel Monsters. They followed Duelist Kingdom rules except for the following changes:
Both players draw until they have 5 cards in their "hand". If they have 5 cards in their hand, they can't draw any more cards.
1 monster card is placed on the "Main card stage", the centre place on the disk.
The other 4 cards are placed face-down into the other places, the "Sub card stage".
The players can only attack with the monster in the main card stage, providing it is in Attack Position first. It can attack the opponent's main card stage monster or one of the sub stage cards.
Any monsters in the sub card stage are considered to be in Attack Position and damage calculation is done accordingly. Spell and Trap Cards are destroyed with no calculation done.
The players may shuffle their sub card stages at their discretion.
An early variation of this system is used in Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! movie.
Prior to the Battle City Tournament, KaibaCorp developed the second generation Duel Disk, the first one to be released to the public. Issued to participants of Battle City, this Disk played the game according to the new revisions (which make it closer to the real world version.)
Unlike the previous Duel Disk, it did not need to be thrown (In the Yu-Gi-Oh! anime, sealers flew out of the Duel Disk to the sides of the dueling area. These disappeared in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX). When in use, it resembled an arm blade. Monsters that are in play are placed on the 5 slots on the blade.
Directly underneath each Monster slot is another slot for Spell and Trap Cards. If a Duelist were to activate a Set card, they would activate a button on the round portion of the disk. Another slot can open on the front end of the disk that is used for the Field Spell Card.
The center of the Disk includes the Deck and Graveyard slot and Life Point counter. The bottom part of the disk (the part that goes around an user's arm) also contains a retractable cable that could be attached to Dueling Arenas if one player opted not to use a Duel Disk. Ever since their introduction, almost all duels were conducted with these or with the later introduced Chaos Duel Disk.
In the manga, both magic and Trap Cards were placed on the same slots for monsters but in the anime this is improved by having a seperate set of slots for magic and traps under the duel disk.
Also in the anime, 2 holographic devices fly from the disk and set themselves on each side of the duel space to create the holograms for the monsters. While in the manga the holograms are projected straight from the duel disk itself.
In Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's, This version of the Duel Disk is shown being used by citizens of Satellite, indicating that this model has become obsolete, replaced with the more modern versions shown in GX as well as the Duel Runner and other Duel Disk versions that are shown.
Also, the protagonist of 5D's, Yusei Fudo, is shown to remove a duel disk from his Duel Runner which has a startling resemblance to this version, possibly indicating that he has modified the obsolete model for use with his Duel Runner.
Despite other models of Duel Disks being used primarily in each series, this version of the Duel Disk has appeared in all 3 anime series, as shown with all the students who tried out for Duel Academy prior to receiving the Academy-issued Duel Disk and the residents of Satellite.
File:Mattel Duel Disk.JPG
The toy company Mattel produced replicas of this Duel Disk. There are a couple of notable differences between the Mattel Duel Disk and its fictional counterpart. The Spell and Trap Cards are loaded into the bottom of the blade but most notably, it cannot project holographic images.
While the toy Duel Disk was advertised as being compatible with the TCG, there are a few flaws that make this impractical:
Most players used card protectors to prevent damage to their cards. Cards in protectors will not fit into the Duel Disk.
The Deck Zone can only hold about 50 to 59 cards safely. The Academy Duel Disk can hold 65 cards in total. While most players stick to the minimum, there are those who use bigger Decks and cannot use the duel disk. Though, the new rules made a maximum of 60 cards making the limited holding capacity problem moot.
The Graveyard can only hold about 20 cards. This would present a problem when playing against someone who relies on running an opponents Deck out.
No place for Fusion Monsters or cards that have been removed from play. (This is also true in the anime, as any removed from play cards are often seen placed into the duelist's pockets.)
The Life Points counter can only go up to 9990 life points. While both players start with 8000, 4000 or 2000, it could rise to 9000 or 10,000+ Life Points due to card effects. The reason for the zero at the end is because while there are four buttons on the disk, only 3 of them change the counter, the last one lights up the display. This also serves the problem that some cards can cause the Life Points in the ones place to be a number different than zero.
The way the duel disk moves from stand-by to in use is also different. In the anime, the Graveyard is locked over the Deck and the two field parts are retracted into the main part of the disk. When triggered, the field parts and graveyard are unlocked and the central piece rotates the graveyard and field into play position. The toy however does not have a rotating center and the two halves of the field aren't locked in closer to the central piece. When the player triggers the toy into play mode, the smaller half of the field, which is spring loaded, is released from it's lock at the same time as the larger half which has a weaker spring, and thus, the smaller part pushes the larger part into play position.
Chaos Duel Disk
File:Grerimo.jpg
The large, bladed Disk of the Orichalcos Soldiers
The Chaos Duel Disk is a Duel Disk designed for the members of the organization called Doma in the Waking the Dragons arc. Functionally, it is identical to the Battle City duel disks.
It looks different to the Battle City disk in that it resembles a scythed blade. It is believed to be modeled after the scythes on the armour of the Orichalcos Soldiers.
Mattel's Chaos Duel Disk
Like the Duel Disk 2, The company Mattel manufactured replicas of the Chaos Duel Disk for use with the real TCG, however the same flaws in the Battle City disk.
These include not being able to use card protectors, lack of a Extra Deck Zone and not being able to have more life points than 9990 even though a card effect such as "Solemn Wishes" can boost your Life Points beyond this.
Therefore in order to calculate the user's Life Points if they exceed this the user must use some way to keep track such as a calculator. It also folds in different, instead of the front tip folding into the center, the monster zone closest to the Field Card Zone is visible.
In the anime, the Chaos Duel Disk folded in on itself until the field was completely folded into the hinged 'spell trigger' part of the disk and then folded into the central part of the disk, creating a compact form. The toy is much the same, but cannot fold all the way as the anime disk can, but instead leaves the first 2 card spaces out.
The hinge on the toy is the whole of the first and second card spaces, which pushes to the back of the central part and though not as compact as the anime Chaos disk, it is still the most compact and light-weight of the toy duel disks.
Yu-Gi-Oh! R
Richie's Black Disk.
In the spinoff manga Yu-Gi-Oh! R, the Duel Disk 2 is used, identical to the ones used in the series proper, with one notable exception. The Black Disk is a special Disk owned by Yako Tenma, and given to the strongest of his Card Professors, originally Richie Merced. The Black Disk's color cannot be changed to anything else. Following Richie's defeat, Bandit Keith takes the Disk, as he has proven himself to be stronger than Richie. He uses it in his duel with Jonouchi. When Keith attempted to slip a card from his wristband to the disk, it set off the cheat-prevention alarm, indicating that the disk would not accept any cards on the disk aside legitimate ones within the duel. The disk was taken by Jonouchi upon Keith's defeat, and he gave it to Tilla Mook.
Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters
Capsule Shooter
In Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters, The Capsule Shooter is the Capsule Monsters version of the Duel Disk.
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
Academy Duel Disk
Academy Duel Disk, the 1st version
A streamlined version of the second Duel Disk. This is the standard Duel Disk issued to students of the various Duel Academies established by Seto Kaiba in the Yu-Gi-Oh! GX series. Aside from the obligatory alternate folding feature, and a cosmetic refit, this Disk functions identically to the second Duel Disk. The shift from standby to active mode of this version of the Duel Disk is much less pronounced than the Battle City variant, only requiring the top section of the card platform to extend.
Mattel's Academy Duel Disk
As with the Duel Disk and Chaos Disk, the toy company Mattel made replicas of the Duel Academy Disk. They fixed one of the main problems of the Disks in resizing the card zones, along with Deck and Graveyard to fit cards with protective sleeves without problems. Although, it can only hold 39 cards with sleeves. Many of the other problems remained.
No place for removed from play cards and the Fusion Deck.
Straps are one size only. This was a major problem for players who were bulky in the wrist region and used the Academy Disk in order to save space and not use a table or for fans who wished to use the disk as part of a cosplay outfit.
The Life Point counter is still limited to 9990.
Owners of the Academy Disk accounted that between different Academy Disk that there was a variance of 34 - 40 cards held within the Deck Zone.
Though the main flaw with the Duel Disk was addressed in the new Academy Disk, many of the major flaws still remained unaddressed. Though the Duel Disks are perceived as "toys", few use the Academy Disk in place of taking up space on a table. Along with the release of the Academy Disk, Mattel produced a specialized carrying pack for the new disks, though none have been actually seen used or in stores. Due to past sales of the Academy Disk and the limited popularity with the toy as a dueling medium Mattel discontinued the production of the Academy Disk several months after its release.
Academy Duel Disk (version 2)
File:GX Disk V2.jpg
An updated version of the Academy Duel Disk which now has the color of the user's respective dorm on it. In season four, the duelists are using these new duel disks.
The upgraded version, with Slifer Red colors.
Academy Duel Disk (version 2) - Slifer Red
These Second Generation Academy Duel Disks are used by Slifer Red students.
The upgraded version, with Ra Yellow colors.
Academy Duel Disk (version 2) - Ra Yellow
These Second Generation Academy Duel Disks are used by Ra Yellow students.
The upgraded version, with Obelisk Blue colors.
Academy Duel Disk (version 2) - Obelisk Blue
These Second Generation Academy Duel Disks are used by Obelisk Blue students.
Many characters who no longer attend Duel Academy (such as Aster Phoenix and Zane Truesdale) continue to use the silver style Academy Duel Disk. The change is cosmetic only and the Disks still retain the exact functionality of the original Academy Duel Disks.
In November 2007, a real-world version of the red-trimmed Slifer Red disk was also produced in Japan, known as Academy Duel Disk Osiris Red and came boxed with several booster packs and promotional cards.
Other versions of the Duel Disk appear in GX, and by the time the series takes place, it seems as if many duelists have taken to individually customizing their disks.
Duel Coats
Duel Coat - A different version of the Duel Disk. It is used primarily by both Vellian Crowler and Jean-Louis Bonaparte. The latter's has a wheel attached to its underside to compensate for his short stature. Unlike many other Duel Disks, the card platform is completely separate from the Deck and Graveyard section.
In it's standby position, the card platform is slung across the back and carried by a strap, leaving both arms free. When active, the card platform is held in front of the body, much like a guitar.
The Deck and Graveyard are contained in a hub on the support strap, usually resting in the center of the duelist's chest. The Duel Coat also does not require the user to manually draw a card, the disk will automatically eject a card into the duelist's hand during each Draw Phase.
Titan's Duel Disk - Titan's Duel Disk is an altered version of the Duel Coat. It resmbles a bat wing and the holograms are projected from a device worn on Titan's shoulder.
Professor Viper's Disk - Professor Viper's Duel Disk is an altered version of the Duel Coat, like Titan's Duel Disk. It is a very heavy Duel Disk that works like a fold-out table. The armor on Viper's shoulders look snake-like in appearance. The Graveyard is actually found in a compartment on his coat.
Academy-like Duel Disks
Admiral's Duel Disk - Admiral's Disk is encrusted with jewels and other treasures of the sea.
Jewel Duel Disk - The Gecko family's most valuable possession. Offered as a prize by Adrian Gecko in the "Duel for Jewels" tournament. Looks the same as the Admiral's, but golden in color.
Amnael's Duel Disk - This Duel Disk is used by the seventh and final of the Shadow Riders, Amnael. It is a black model of the Academy Duel Disk. It appears as an unlockable in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Spirit Caller on which it is known as the Alchemy Disk. 100px
Jim Crocodile Cook's Duel Disk - This disk resembles the Academy Duel Disk, but is shaped like a boomerang and features a handle extending off the main zone, which Jim uses to carry it. The edges are apparently very sharp, and it can be used as a blade.
Adrian Gecko's Duel Disk - Adrian's Duel Disk appears to be a slightly modified Academy Disk with a blue inside & gray outline. In standby mode, rather than having the back three slots visible, only the back two slots are visible. The third/middle slot is hidden under the other two, so when Adrian activates it, the back two slots extend out to reveal the middle one.
Pseudo Academy-like Duel Disks
Dark World Duel Disk - The same as the Academy Duel Disk, but with a sharper edge. This is the Disk used by most inhabitants of the Dark World, including Freed. It is activated by pulling a switch.
Brron's Duel Disk - A black version of the Dark World Disk with a green trim.
Personalized Duel Disks
Gravekeeper's Chief's Duel Disk. - This disk is used by Gravekeeper's Chief and appears to actually be made out of stone.
Camula's Duel Disk - This Duel Disk is used by the second of the Shadow Riders, Camula. It is shaped like a bat wing. 100px
Tania's Duel Disk - This Duel Disk is used by the third of the Shadow Riders, Tania. It resembles a large sword blade, with spikes around the Deck Zone. In several video games, it is referred to as the Amazoness Disk.
Kaibaman's Duel Disk - A Duel Disk resembling the wing of the "Blue-Eyes White Dragon". 100px
Abidos's Duel Disk - This Duel Disk is used by the fifth of the Shadow Riders, Abidos the Third. It resembles a scarab beetle.
Axel Brodie's Duel Disk - A Duel Disk shaped like a gun that can also shoot flaming cards. It also features a hidden camera, as seen in his duel with Trueman.
The Rock Spirit's Duel Disk - A Duel Disk used by Titan the Rock Spirit.
Masked Knight's Duel Disk - Used by the Three Masked Knights, these disks have blades that pop to show the Card Zones when activated. These duel disks appear similar to Yubel's first duel disk.
The Supreme King's Duel Disk - When the Disk is activated, 5 Monster Card Zones appear out of center of the Duel Disk and spin around it for approximately a second, before aligning themselves horizontally.
Yubel's second Duel Disk - A purple Duel Disk with three blades on it that work as a normal Duel Disk does and was used by Jesse Anderson while possessed by Yubel. It resembles the DiaDhank.
Organic Duel Disks
Several characters in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX have Duel Disks that seem to literally be part of their bodies, and are thus organic in nature.
Yubel's first Duel Disk - A Duel Disk with a tray shaped like a bat wing and a graveyard like a sharp-toothed mouth. It is used by Marcel Bonaparte when he is possessed by Yubel and also by Yubel herself when she duels on her own. When Yubel activates it, it grows from her arm.
Zure's Duel Disk - A Duel Disk that is part of Zure's body. Zure activates the Disk by pulling on a horn on his arm, revealing a flap of skin with 5 Monster Card Zones.
Trueman's Duel Disk - Trueman's Duel Disk is merged with his suit, and is shaped like a dragon's wing. He can produce the Disk from his suit in a manner similar to some Duel Monster Spirits.
Nightshroud's Duel Disk - This Duel Disk is used by Nightshroud, when the entity reveals it's true form. It is incorporated into Nightshroud's body, with each of his five wings holding a Monster Card Zone and a Spell & Trap Card Zone.
Pseudo-Organic Duel Disks
Alien of Light's Duel Disk - The Alien's Duel Disk seems to be perpetually active, as seen when he was wearing it while exiting it's ship. Semicircular in shape, it's rounder than most others. As the Alien is from another dimension, it is unlikely that this device is a Duel Disk at all, but rather an instrument from The Light of Destruction's world that serves the same function.
Scarr's Duel Disk - Used by Scarr, this is a single-bladed disk that can also function as a weapon and he threatens a small boy with prior to dueling Jaden Yuki.
File:5D's Disk.jpg
Black Rose Dragon in the back of Duel Disk.
Duel Disks in New Domino City are sharper-looking than the previous types. Unlike previous Duel Disks, there is a chamber for the Extra Deck located on the opposite side of the spot where the Main Deck is inserted. (This can be seen more clearly in the picture to the right.) In several episodes of the anime and in the opening intros, the Deck Zone is shown to be able to shuffle the Deck or eject cards that have been searched from the Deck while the cards are locked in.
Some Duel Disks are compatible with a type of motorcycle known as a Duel Runner. In these cases, the Wrist Dealer is able to attach the card zones to the Duel Runner and then detach itself so the duelist only holds the Deck on his/her arm. (The hands-free shuffling/searching feature is very handy for Turbo Duels.)
Customized Duel Disks also exist in New Domino, as seen in the photos below.
5D's Real Life Duel Disk
Konami released the first Duel Disk of the 5D's Era, starting with Duel Disk - Yusei Version. It was released in the OCG Market on September 26, 2009 for 4,000 Yen (Including Tax). It includes Yusei's Duel Disk and 2 Promotional Cards: "Vice Dragon" and "Shield Wing" (both will be Duel Terminal compatible). The Yusei Duel Disk can hold up to 50 sleeved cards in the Deck area, but only holds around 15-18 sleeved cards in the Graveyard. The Life Point Counter can go up to 99990 Life Points.
In November 2010, Konami released an update to this duel disk, the Duel Disk - Yusei Version 2010. This version addresses many of the issues present in the 2009 version and the Mattel versions. In addition to being the first duel disk with spaces for the Removed from Play and Extra Deck zones, this is also the first duel disk to feature a bottom covering on the arm blade. Konami has removed the "flip action" feature present in the 2009 version, opting instead for a more realistic portrayal of the duel disk featured in the show - the clips that hold the cards on the blade are similar to those on the original Mattel disks. The Deck Zone can comfortably hold 40 sleeved cards, and the Graveyard can hold up to 30 sleeved cards.
Duel Disk - Yusei Version
Duel Disk - Yusei Version with a random assortment of cards
Duel Disk - Yusei Version 2010
File:Duel disk 20102.jpg
Specific Examples
Duel Disks show different colors and decorations, possibly in addition to compatibility with Duel Runners, depending on the tastes and tasks of the duelist using the Disk.
Hybrid Duel Disks
Yusei Fudo's Duel Disk is a modified version of the Battle City Duel Disk. When connected to his Duel Runner, it attaches just below the dashboard. When in use, it will fold together and it normally would. When inactive, the two parts of the blade separate and fold vertically on each side of the Duel Runner. Like most other hybrid Duel Disks, the Deck Zone is on his Wrist Dealer and not in the Duel disk itself. Yusei also has a two-way microphone installed in his disk, as seen in episode 61. Though, unlike the regular Battle City Duel Disk, Yusei's appears to not fold, and always looks "active" whenever he pulls it out.
Jack Atlas' Duel Disk is a single-bladed version with a style reminiscent of the Battle City Duel Disk. It is usually attached to his Duel Runner, where it forms the left armrest. It is the only hybrid Duel Disk shown that doesn't feature a removable Deck Zone as the Deck slot is located on the inner corner of the blade rather than at his wrist.
Crow Hogan's Duel Disk is a customized Duel Disk resembling the Chaos Duel Disk. It also resembles Richie's Duel Disk from Yu-Gi-Oh! R. When connected to his Duel Runner, it is attached just below the dashboard. When inactive, the card zones fold in a semicircle around the center area. Like most other hybrid Duel Disks, the Deck Zone is on his Wrist Dealer and not in the Duel disk itself. It's Life Point counter has the unique feature of doubling as a GPS. 100px
Sherry LeBlanc's duel disk is similar in design to Crow Hogan's only with inverted colors and the board being straight with circular edges. When attached to her Duel Runner, Duel Disk's base is attached below the dash board with the blade swirving around to face the long neck of the Duel Runner and connect to it vertically. When inactive in ground mode, it folds into three corners around the Duel Disk's base. The Field Spell Card zone has an attachment that functions like a police tazer after it pops out.
Akiza Izinski's new Duel Disk is purple with a dark red trim. Similar to Yusei's, when her disk is attached to her Duel Runner, it is positioned just below the dashboard. When not in use, the blade folds over the duel disk's base with the the outer four slots connected to the Duel Runner's steerer. While inactive for ground mode, the disk will connect to her Wrist Dealer and the blade will still slide over the duel disks blade, but the addition of the outer four slots contracting into the disk's base.
Elsworth's Duel Disk, like other hybrid models, has a seperate Wrist Dealer that connects to the actual duel disk when for ground duels. It is black with an oblong base with the card zone base shaped like a katana blade. Like Jack Atlas's Duel Disk, it holds all five card slots on one blade. Similar to the Chaos Duel Disk, when not in use the blade folds into each slot until completely folded into the hing which then slides into the duel disk base, creating a compact form. In episode 110, it is shown that it contains a parachute.
Bruno's Duel Disk, while in his Vizor persona, is shown in the trailer for Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's Tag Force 5. It has a metallic-purple main base with a teal gem; but it's tray resembles a stealth bomber. Since the Monster Card Zones are designed the same way as those on his duel runner; this may speculate if it is a hybrid model.
Standard Duel Disks
The standard New Domino City Duel Disk. It bears the same colors as the original model and it is the most used color by duelists in the anime. No Duel Disks of this type have been shown to combine with Duel Runners.
Lenny's Duel Disk is a light and dark gray version of the standard model with with navy gems.
Akiza Izinski's old Duel Disk is a red version of the standard model with purple gems. 100px
Mr. Armstrong's Duel Disk is a black and dark gray version of the standard model with amber gems. This version is also used by Dragan during his ground duel against Jack. In some video games, guards in the jails also used this disk. This disk was obtainable in-game and was called the 'Jail Disk', suggesting that it may be a Sector Security-issue model.
Professor Frank's Duel Disk is a green version of the standard model with yellow gems.
Greiger's Duel Disk is a tan and black version of the standard model with green gems.
Commander Koda's Duel Disk is a blue gray version of the standard model with teal gems.
Lazar's Duel Disk is a gold colored version of the standard model with orange gems. It was briefly abandoned by Lazar during the Black fog incident, but makes a reappearance later in season two.
Leo's Old Duel Disk is a blue and white version of the standard model with yellow gems.
Leo and Luna's Duel Disks are smaller blue/pink and white versions of the standard model with yellow gems. Yusei modified their old ones to fit their arms.
Sayer's Duel Disk is a goldish version of the standard model with red gems. Sayer loses this Duel Disk after his second duel with Carly and instead uses a Sector Security Duel Disk. 100px
Sayer's 2nd Duel Disk is a silverish version of the standard model with blue gems loaned to Carly. This Duel Disk was lost in the Darkness when Carly turned into a Dark Signer.
Sector Security Duel Disk is a metallic blue and white version of the standard model with green gems. It is used primarily by members of Sector Security, a prime example being Trudge. It is also used by Sayer when he pretends to be a member from Sector Security.
Dexter's Duel Disk is a dark teal version of the standard model with cerulean gems. It's been shown in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's World Championship 2010: Reverse of Arcadia.
Heitmann's duel disk is green with yellow gems, much like Professor Frank's, the main exception is that his is more of a lime-green color. 100px
Syd's duel disk is a black and dark-grey version of the standard model with purple gems. 100px
Other Duel Disks
Gill Randsborg's Duel Disk is the shield of his knight armor.
The third Duel Academy student's Duel Disk is predominately yellow. This model is presumably used by all the students at the New Domino City Duel Academy. It appears similar to "Power Tool Dragon's" head.
The Dark Signers' Duel Disks are almost completely black, and are decorated to look like the head of a dragon. The Deck is placed in the mouth of the dragon head. These disks are used by the Dark Signers Carly Carmine, Misty Tredwell, Devack, and Roman Goodwin. Roman's Duel Disk is modified to attach to his mechanical arm instead of going around his wrist.
Rex Goodwin's first Duel Disk is his mechanical left arm. It is later torn off and replaced with Roman's severed arm.
Later, Rex Goodwin duels without a disk, but utilizes an altar on top of the Stairway to the Dragon Star instead. It is used by Rex in his 3-on-1 Turbo Duel against Yusei, Jack, and Crow. It is the third ancient Duel Disk (the first being the DiaDhank, the second being the one used by the Orichalcos Soldiers) shown in the anime. 100px
The Skeleton Knight's Duel Disk contains an extra slot to hold his hand, while he holds the reigns of his horse.
The Duel Disks used in Crashtown are shaped like guns. The duelist who pulls first and puts his duel disk on his arm faster gets the first turn. They are slightly similar to Axel Brodie's duel disk. In English version, these Duel Disks are remodeled to look less violent.
Future Duel Disks
File:Future duel disks.jpg
In Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's - Episode 134, Yusei and the others were given a vision of the future, showing how New Domino City would develop and how technology would evolve. In that vision new duel disks were shown that no longer rely on metallic frames, but teal energy beams that that cards rest on. This technology is used in the Duel Disks wielded by the Three Emperors of Yliaster, as they are from the future.
The Three Emperors Duel Disks
Lester's Duel Disk was the first example of a futuristic duel disk seen in the anime. The Deck, Graveyard, and Field Spell Zones are a part of the central body with the Spell, Trap and Monster Card zones are played on the teal energy beams between the six gold cylinders. When not in use, it goes on Lester's back instead of around his wrist.
Primo's sword transforms itself into a sort of Duel Disk. However this only ocurrs when he merges with Terrible Omen. When this occurs, the hilt lowers itself from the blade and then the hilt itself divides into 2. In tag force 5 Primo use his sword duel disk on ground duels. However when this happens the hilt is removed from the blade and floats beside the Deck like Lester's.
Jakob's Duel Disk opens from the compartment hidden in his chest and resembles closely to Professor Viper's Duel Coat. Like Lester and Primo's Duel Disks, the field is formed by teal energy beams. In BELIEVE IN NEXUS Jakob's Duel Disk is wider.
Aporia's Duel Disk is simular to Lester's, inherited after Lester, Primo, and Jakob combined to form him. When combined with his Duel Runner, the six gold cylinders form wing-like appendages on his back.
Z-one's hoverchair manifests two oversized arms and a proportionate Deck for Duels. The holograms simply appear out of the cards when he plays them. It is used for both Ground and Riding Duels 100px
Paradox's Duel Disk
Paradox is the seventh person to duel with his left hand, the first being Lucien Grimley, the second being Bruno, the third being Lester, the fourth Primo, the fifth Jakob, and sixth is Aporia. It is a Hybrid Duel Disk.
Main Article: D-Pad
Wrist Dealer
Duel Runner
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Community Livability Grant Proposals for Interstate Corridor URA Due April 28
Home>News Releases>Community Livability Grant Proposals for Interstate Corridor URA Due April 28
Contact: Shawn Uhlman, PDC, 503-823-7994
The Portland Development Commission (PDC) has announced availability of $300,000 in grant funds for community-based organizations proposing projects in the Interstate Corridor urban renewal area (URA).
Priority will be given to projects that benefit communities of color or people with low incomes, and that promote widely shared prosperity.
Funding will be available through PDC's Community Livability Grant program, which prioritizes projects that support wealth creation opportunities for small business owners; improve access to jobs and workforce development services; honor and enhance the neighborhood's cultural diversity and history; and/or deliver a community asset tailored to the community's expressed priorities and opportunities.
Proposals should also align with the priorities of the recently adopted North/Northeast Community Development Initiative Action Plan, which are to build community prosperity by supporting growth, development and sustainability of key community-based organizations that drive economic development outcomes and serve communities that have experienced displacement or not benefited from economic opportunities (e.g. African Americans, people of color, and people with disabilities).
The application process opens on Wednesday, March 1, 2017, and proposals are due Friday, April 28, 2017 at 5:00 p.m. PDC will hold information sessions on Wednesday, March 15 and Tuesday, April 11 for applicants who want hands-on assistance. Times and locations will be posted on www.pdc.us.
Since 2006, PDC has awarded more than $5 million to 104 community livability projects across multiple urban renewal areas, including the Portland Mercado, the North by Northeast Community Health Center, Arbor Lodge Urban Farm, Albina Green, and the Malden Court Community Orchard. PDC recently announced $840,000 in grant awards for 13 projects in the Lents Town Center, Gateway Regional Center, and Central Eastside urban renewal areas as well as in Old Town/Chinatown, drawing from resources in both the Downtown Waterfront and River District URAs.
Lisa Norwood2017-04-24T12:12:11-07:00February 17th, 2017|Categories: News Releases|Tags: Community Livability Grant, Interstate URA|

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
thebestofstroud
Ebley Swing Bridge Installed
The pedestrian swing bridge was craned into position at Ebley Mill in mid-May.
Provision of the pedestrian foot bridge was a condition of the planning consent granted to the developer of the Ebley Wharf complex of homes and retail premises. The bridge was fabricated in Portugal and delivered to site in May. The 6.9 tonnes steel swing bridge was positioned by Ellis Crane Hire of Gloucester. A relieved Roland Tanner, representing the developers, said "The good news is… it fits!"
Dave Marshall of Stroud District Council explains… "The bridge replaces the old fixed access road that blocked the canal at this point. The installation of a hand operated swingbridge is another significant step forward in improving access for all to the canal tow path. When it is fully commissioned and operational it will also recreate good access to the Council offices and, of course, to the Cotswold Canals Trust boat trip operation operating from here."
An official opening on a date in June will be announced as the development of Ebley Wharf nears completion.
Member since: 28th June 2012
We live in the northern half of the Cotswolds near Chipping Norton, and have been here for 25 years - we love it, and we hope you do too!
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text:
Q: Equivalence of statements of Triangle Removal Lemma There are two different statements that are supposed to be equivalent reformulations of the Triangle Removal Lemma from combinatorics. One says that given any $f(n)\in o(n^3)$, there is some $g(n)\in o(n^2)$ such that any $n$-vertex graph with at most $f(n)$ triangles can be made triangle-free by removing at most $g(n)$ edges. Another states that for every $\epsilon > 0$, there is some $\delta(\epsilon)>0$ such that any graph on $n$ vertices with at most $\delta n^3$ triangles can be made triangle-free by eliminating at most $\epsilon n^2$ edges.
Now in this question, the second of these was shown to imply the first. As inept as this sounds, I was simply unable to see why the first implies the second. More generally, I have a major lack of intuition as to why these might be equivalent statements: the first says that for any $f(n)$ (which controls the triangles) there is some $g(n)$ (controlling the edges) whereas the second version says that for every $\epsilon$ (controlling the edges) there is some $\delta$ (controlling the triangles), thus my intuition is crying out to me saying that the quantifiers have been reversed so these statements can't possibly encode the same information.
Could someone explain why first of these statements implies the second and, if possible, why my (intuitive/soft) concern about quantifier reversal isn't correct?

A: Why the quantifiers cannot be any other way
First of all, let me address what's going on with quantifier reversal.
We may check that out of 8 possibilities for the quantifiers (we may put $\forall$ or $\exists$ on each variable, and we can put them in either order):

*

*The only interesting way to state the first lemma is $\forall f(n) \in o(n^3)$ $\exists g(n) \in o(n^2)$.

*The only interesting way to state the second lemma is $\forall \epsilon>0$ $\exists \delta>0$.

I will not check all $16$ cases here, they're mostly boring, but here is why neither lemma can be stated in the form of the other.
If we state the first lemma as $\forall g(n) \in o(n^2)$ $\exists f(n) \in o(n^3)$, we state a much weaker result. The proof is: for any $g(n) \in o(n^2)$, pick $f(n) = g(n)$. It is true that in an $n$-vertex graph with at most $g(n)$ triangles, we can delete at most $g(n)$ edges and get a triangle-free graph: delete an arbitrary edge from each triangle.
If we state the second lemma as $\forall \delta>0$ $\exists \epsilon>0$, we also state a much weaker result. The proof is: for any $\delta>0$, pick $\epsilon = \frac12$. It is true that in an $n$-vertex graph with any number of triangles you like, we can delete at most $\frac12n^2$ edges and get a triangle-free graph: delete all the edges.
Why these quantifiers actually make sense together
Okay, but why is this happening?
The reason is that there are extra quantifiers hidden inside the $o(n^2)$ and $o(n^3)$:

*

*We can unpack "$f(n) \in o(n^3)$" as "for every $\delta>0$, there is an $n_0$ such that if $n>n_0$, then $f(n) \le \delta n^3$. Since we assume we are given an $f(n) \in o(n^3)$, this definition lets us pick any $\delta>0$ we like and assume our graph has at most $\delta n^3$ triangles - just by taking $n$ large enough. This is a lot like proving $\exists \delta > 0$, which also lets us pick $\delta$.

*We can unpack "$g(n) \in o(n^2)$" as "for every $\epsilon>0$, there is an $n_0$ such that if $n>n_0$, then $g(n) \le \epsilon n^2$. In order to construct $g(n)$, we must make sure that for all $\epsilon>0$, there is a large enough $n$ that we only delete at most $\epsilon n^2$ edges. From point 1, "large enough $n$" means "we can pick the $\delta>0$ we want".

These hidden quantifiers inside the little-o statements of the first lemma are actually the quantifiers corresponding to the visible quantifiers of the second lemma.
Why the first lemma implies the second
This is a bit long, and essentially the reason for that is we need triangle removal to give us a "nice" dependency between triangles and edges. The $o(n^3)$ and $o(n^2)$ only say what is going on as $n \to \infty$, and we'll need to work to fill in the gaps.
Let $\epsilon>0$. Define $f(n)$ as follows: for each $n$, $f(n)$ is the largest value $t \in \{0,\dots,\binom n3\}$ such that the statement "If an $n$-vertex graph has at most $t$ triangles, it can be made triangle-free by removing at most $\frac14\epsilon n^2$ edges" holds.
If $f(n)$ were $o(n^3)$, then the first lemma would actually give us much more: a function $g(n)$ which is $o(n^2)$, and can replace $\frac14\epsilon n^2$ in the statement above. Eventually, for large enough $n$, $g(n)$ is less than $\frac14\epsilon n^2 - 1$. At this point, if a graph has at most $f(n)+1$ triangles, it can also be made triangle-free by removing at most $\frac14\epsilon n^2$ edges: remove a single edge from some triangle (leaving at most $f(n)$ triangles), then remove $g(n)$ more edges to destroy all remaining triangles. This contradicts our choice of $f(n)$: for this $n$, it could have been $1$ higher!
Therefore $f(n)$ is not $o(n^3)$. In other words, there is a $\delta>0$ such that for infinitely many values of $n$ we have $f(n) > \delta n^3$.
But we need the proof to work for arbitrary $n$, not just for these special values. So take any $n$ and take any $n$-vertex graph with at most $\delta n^3$ triangles, then choose some $m > 10n$ such that $f(m) > \delta m^3$. Write $m = qn + r$ with $0 \le r < n$, noting that our choice of $m$ means $q \ge 10$.
From $G$, construct an $m$-vertex graph $H$ by replacing every vertex of $G$ by $q$ vertices and every edge by a copy of $K_{q,q}$, then adding $r$ isolated vertices. Each triangle in $G$ corresponds to a complete tripartite graph $T \cong K_{q,q,q}$ in $H$, with $q^3$ triangles, and there are no other triangles in $H$, thus $H$ has at most $\delta n^3 q^3 \le \delta m^3$ triangles. Therefore it is possible to remove $\frac14 \epsilon m^2$ edges from $H$ to make it triangle-free.
Now we try to imitate that edge deletion in $G$, with some loss of efficiency. Delete from $G$ every edge such that the corresponding copy of $K_{q,q}$ in $H$ lost at least $\frac13 q^2$ of its edges. This cannot delete more than $\epsilon n^2$ edges, because then we'd be deleting $(\frac13q^2)(\epsilon n^2) > \frac14 \epsilon m^2$ edges from $H$. (Here we use $m < qn+n$ and $q \ge 10$.) Now we must check that this destroys every triangle in $G$.
Each triangle in $G$, again, corresponds to a complete tripartite graph $T \cong K_{q,q,q}$ in $H$, with $q^3$ triangles, and each edge of $T$ is contained in only $q$ of those triangles, so at least $q^2$ of the $3q^2$ edges in $T$ are deleted when $H$ is made triangle-free. By averaging, one of the three copies of $K_{q,q}$ in $T$ loses at least $\frac13 q^2$ of its edges. Therefore one of the edges of this triangle in $G$ will be deleted by the rule in the previous paragraph.
So we've successfully removed all triangles from $G$ with only $\epsilon n^2$ deleted edges.

A: While I don't think it would be good form to change the status of the accepted answer from the current one to this so long after the question was answered, the comments below that answer show that the proof presented there isn't exactly water tight and indeed it's not completely obvious to me (though maybe it is to Professor Lavrov, as I am much less experienced) how to alter the proof to make the details clear. After some thought, I came up with the following argument that as I understand works entirely for the implication I was interested in. I am indebted to Misha Lavrov, however, for helping with the intuition.

Suppose the first lemma held and the second lemma did not for contradiction, i.e. suppose that there is some $\varepsilon > 0$ such that for all $m \in \mathbb{N}$ there is some graph $G_m$ with $n = n(m)$ vertices, at most $\frac{n^3}{m}$ triangles and yet cannot be made triangle-free by removing at most $\varepsilon n^2$ edges. Note that if there is such a counterexample to the original statement for a given $m$, there are counterexamples for that same $m$ with arbitrarily large numbers of vertices (for example we could take disjoint copies of $G_m$) and thus we may assume WLOG that $n(m)$ is a strictly increasing function of $m$.
We then define $f(n) = \frac{n^3}{m_0(n)}$ where $m_0(k) = \min \{ m\,|\, n(m)>k\}$. Since $m_0(n)\to \infty$ as $n\to \infty$ we know that $\frac{f(n)}{n^3} = \frac{1}{m_0(n)}\to 0$ so $f(n) \in o(n^3)$ and thus we get a function $g(n)\in o(n^2)$ satisfying the properties of the first lemma.
Since $g(n)\in o(n^2)$, we know that there is some $N$ such that for all $k>N$ we have $g(k)<\varepsilon k^2$ we have $g(k) < \epsilon k^2$. But we also know that for $k>N$ that there existed (taking $m = m_0(k)$ in the original assumption above) $G_{m_0(k)}$ which:

*

*has $n = n(m_0(k)) > k$ vertices

*has at most $\frac{n(m)^3}{m} \leq \frac{n(m)^3}{m_0(n(m))} = f(n)$ triangles

*cannot be made triangle-free by removing at most $\varepsilon n^2$ edges.

However, we can make it triangle-free by removing $g(n)$ edges and $\varepsilon n^2 > g(n)$ since $n > k > N$ so we reach a  contradiction.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences below.
1What music used youdid you useddid you use to like when you were a child?
2I usedn't todidn't use todidn't used to listen to music when I was a child.
3We use to godon't use to gousually go to the cinema at weekends.
5I used to lovedidn't use to loveloved the cake you made me last week.
6 Used you toDid you use toDid you used to have long hair when you were younger?
7She didn't use to beused not to bedidn't used to be very tall when she was in school.
8I don't use to gonormally gouse to go to bed very late on Fridays and Saturdays.
9Robert use to playused to playused to playing in a band.
10I use to breakbrokeused to break my right arm in a skiing accident when I was 21.
We use used to for past habits or things that happened repeatedly in the past, but they don't happen any more.
I used to play chess every day, but now I don't play very often.
When the economy was better, we used to eat out every week.
We use used to with non-action verbs (be, have, etc.) for past states: things that were true in the past, but they are not true any more.
She used to be very shy when she was a child.
I used to like her music, but now I hate it.
didn't use to, did you use to?
We use did/didn't + use to for negatives and questions.
He didn't use to travel a lot.
We never used to argue.
Past simple + always, usually, often, etc.
We can also use the past simple tense + frequency adverbs for past habits.
But we use the past simple (NOT used to) for actions that happened once or when we mention when they happened.
Used to is only used in the past. For present habits, we must use the present simple tense with usually or normally.


text:
Lopez aims to start in White Sox system
Renteria praises pitching prospect's command early at camp
Reynaldo Lopez (right) works out with the White Sox pitchers on Wednesday at Camelback Ranch in Glendale, Ariz. (AP)
By Scott Merkin
GLENDALE, Ariz. -- Reynaldo Lopez answered all of the media's questions Friday morning in Spanish, with the help of White Sox interpreter Billy Russo, except for one.Does he prefer to be a starter or a reliever?"Starter," a smiling Lopez replied.Lopez, who is ranked 46th on MLBPipeline.com's list of Top 100
GLENDALE, Ariz. -- Reynaldo Lopez answered all of the media's questions Friday morning in Spanish, with the help of White Sox interpreter Billy Russo, except for one.
Does he prefer to be a starter or a reliever?
"Starter," a smiling Lopez replied.
Lopez, who is ranked 46th on MLBPipeline.com's list of Top 100 prospects, came to the White Sox in December as part of the team's rebuilding prospect haul. He joined Lucas Giolito and Dane Dunning moving from the Nationals in exchange for outfielder Adam Eaton.
With the acquisition of Michael Kopech from Boston in the trade for Chris Sale, Lopez tends to get a little overlooked. But White Sox manager Rick Renteria likes what he has seen in a small sample size from the 23-year-old right-hander.
"Maybe goes under the radar a little bit, but when you see his bullpen work, he's pretty clean, pretty efficient," Renteria said. "He hits his spots."
Making 11 appearances, including six starts, for the Nationals last season was a strong learning experience for Lopez. That connection to the Nationals left Lopez a bit surprised when he was traded.
"I was in shock. I couldn't believe it," Lopez said. "When the people from the Nationals called me and let me know I was in a trade, I couldn't believe it.
"But then my lawyer called me and explained to me the situation and told me this is a good opportunity for me and a good team for me, and I was happy then. But first I was very surprised."
Frazier feeling good
Todd Frazier sported a splint at SoxFest to help take care of a sprained left index finger, an injury from the end of last season that was aggravated during an offseason workout. He reported no problems when meeting with the media Friday.
"Good," said Frazier as to how his finger felt. "I've been hitting every day."
Third to first
• White Sox head groundskeeper Roger Bossard had the irrigation system turned on at Guaranteed Rate Field this weekend because of the warm temperatures forecast for Chicago next week. Bossard said he doesn't remember ever turning on the system in February, but added, with a broad smile, that he wasn't complaining.
• The full Spring Training roster will be together Saturday for the first full-squad workout, although weather forecasts call for a 100 percent chance of rain in the Glendale area.
"Obviously, for pitchers and catchers, they're starting to come together as a group," Renteria said. "We're really looking forward to getting together with everybody tomorrow and kind of getting our message across."
Scott Merkin has covered the White Sox for MLB.com since 2003. Read his blog, Merk's Works, follow him on Twitter @scottmerkin, on Facebook and listen to his podcast.
Reynaldo Lopez


text:
>Military
>President Ulysses S. Grant - HFSID 4892
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 5/1850 - HFSID 4892
ULYSSES S. GRANT: WARRIOR PRESIDENT The 28-year-old First Lieutenant sends a report from Detroit. Early Manuscript LS: "U.S. Grant" as 1st Lieutenant 4th Infantry, Regimental Quarter Master, 1p, 7¾x6¾ blue-lined paper. Detroit, Michigan, 1850 May. To Major General Thomas S.
Reg. $2,600.00
Condition: See item description
ULYSSES S. GRANT: WARRIOR PRESIDENT
The 28-year-old First Lieutenant sends a report from Detroit.
Early Manuscript LS: "U.S. Grant" as 1st Lieutenant 4th Infantry, Regimental Quarter Master, 1p, 7¾x6¾ blue-lined paper. Detroit, Michigan, 1850 May. To Major General Thomas S. Jesup, Quarter Master General, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C. In full: "I have the honor to enclose my Summary Statement and Muster Roll for April 1850." Ulysses S. Grant, who had been commissioned First Lieutenant of the Fourth Infantry on September 16, 1847, was ordered to Detroit, Michigan in April 1849. On May 30, just a few weeks after this letter was written, his wife the former Julia B. Dent, who was at home in St. Louis, gave birth to the couple's first child, Frederick Dent Grant. The couple had married on August 22, 1848 while Grant, a veteran of the Mexican War, was on a leave of absence from the Army. In the spring of 1851, Grant was transferred to Sackett's Harbor (New York), where he had previously served before going to Detroit. On July 5, 1852, he sailed from New York with his regiment for California via the isthmus of Panama. While at sea, he received word that his second child Ulysses S. Grant Jr., was born on July 22, 1852. As the troops were crossing the isthmus from the Atlantic to the Pacific, cholera infected one-seventh of the troops and Grant was left behind in charge of the sick. On arriving in California, he spent a few weeks with his regiment, then accompanied it to Fort Vancouver, Oregon. On August 5, 1853, he was promoted to Captain and joined his new company at Humboldt Bay, California. On July 31, 1854, Captain Grant resigned his commission and settled on a small farm near St. Louis, where his daughter Nellie and son Jesse were born. He engaged in farming and real estate until May 1860, when he moved to Galena, Illinois, becoming a clerk in the hardware and leather store owned by his father. When the Civil War began, he was appointed Colonel of the 21st Illinois Regiment of infantry, beginning a brilliant military career in the Civil War. The rest, as they say, is history. Shaded at folds, stains along right blank edge, chipped at left and lower edges. 1/8-inch vertical tear at upper left margin (all paper intact). Overall, fine condition.
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - PRESS RELEASE SIGNED CIRCA 1884 - HFSID 285921
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - MANUSCRIPT DOCUMENT SIGNED 12/31/1848 - HFSID 85399
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - DOCUMENT SIGNED 09/14/1875 WITH CO-SIGNERS - HFSID 254002
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - PRESIDENTIAL WARRANT SIGNED 08/11/1873 - HFSID 3360
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - PRESIDENTIAL WARRANT SIGNED 06/07/1873 - HFSID 16563
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - AUTOGRAPH NOTE SIGNED 10/19/1876 - HFSID 5226
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - NAVAL APPOINTMENT SIGNED 05/23/1871 WITH CO-SIGNERS - HFSID 5834
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - NAVAL APPOINTMENT SIGNED 01/07/1873 WITH CO-SIGNERS - HFSID 13088
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - AUTOGRAPH NOTE UNSIGNED CIRCA 1874 - HFSID 283570
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - EPHEMERA UNSIGNED - HFSID 263015
STEPHEN R. MALLORY - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 08/13/1861 - HFSID 283744
PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 03/18/1881 - HFSID 4833
GIDEON WELLES - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 07/16/1866 - HFSID 31388
MAJOR GENERAL R. MORRIS COPELAND - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 04/13/1862 - HFSID 28010
MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 11/02/1880 - HFSID 30307
COLONEL GUSTAVUS AUGUSTUS WOOD - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 10/13/1861 - HFSID 79419
JOHN SHERMAN - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 01/22/1887 - HFSID 13828
REAR ADMIRAL CHARLES HENRY DAVIS - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 08/20/1874 WITH CO-SIGNERS - HFSID 22266
BRIGADIER GENERAL HORACE PORTER - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 07/09/1907 - HFSID 22214
Contracts / Documents (640)
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text:
World-Famous Waterfalls May Slow to a Trickle, But Tourism Doesn't Have To
When climate change comes for attractions like Victoria Falls, visitors can find new ways to appreciate them.
by Jessica Leigh Hester December 13, 2019
World-Famous Waterfalls May Slow to a Trickle, But Tourism Doesn't Have To
On December 10, 2019, the waterfall was a trickle, not a cascade. ZINYANGE AUNTONY / AFP / Getty Images
Victoria Falls, in southern Africa, cascades over a 330-foot cliff with such power that Zambians know it as Mosi-oa-Tunya, or "The Smoke Which Thunders." Lately, though, there hasn't been much thundering at all. Hydrological data collected in the Zambezi River near the falls revealed that November 2019 saw its most sluggish flow in years, rolling in just below the previous low measured in 1995. "When the water is low," says Kaitano Dube, a lecturer in ecotourism management at Vaal University of Technology in South Africa, "the smoke that thunders is not there." This could also mean a reduced flow of tourists on both the Zambian and Zimbabwean sides of the falls.
There are always seasonal fluctuations in the flow, says Dube, who wrote his dissertation on Victoria Falls. The falls tend to be especially full between March and June, and then a bit slower between July and September. Low season spans October, November, and December, and then the falls start to swell before they get clapping again. These swings are affected by El Niño events and droughts, Dube adds, but measurements that are consistently lower than earlier data "is indicative of climate change."
As part of his research, Dube surveyed nearly 370 people about when they'd be most excited to visit the falls. Most reported that they'd be especially jazzed to see the waterfall tumbling instead of dribbling, Dube says, "though a significant number indicated that they would want to see it in its varied seasons." That data plays out in real-world tourism, too, Dube adds: "The low season for tourism arrivals coincides with low flow season. They love to see the falls when it's at its peak."
When the flow is low, visitors can get closer to the water. ZINYANGE AUNTONY / AFP / Getty Images
Figuring out how to navigate extreme weather and climate change is a major issue around natural wonders in southern Africa, Dube says. Gravel roads in South Africa's Kruger National Park have recently been closed to visitors, following deluges of rain. At the other extreme, droughts can leave flora parched—and if tourists snub the dried plants, that can threaten economies that are built on visitors. Writing in an article in the journal Environment, Development, and Sustainability, Dube suggested that resorts and parks near Victoria Falls "manage tourists' expectations in light of the noted change."
Part of this approach, Dube says, could include reminding visitors about activities that are better during the low season. At Victoria Falls, the low season is a good time for swimming and white-water rafting, Dube says—neither of which are a good idea when the falls are really roaring, because "people can be swept away." The gorge itself isn't bad, either: "It's a geological splendor." Visitors get a better view of the walls when when the curtain of water isn't veiling them. There's lots of wildlife around, too. As climate change comes for parks around the world, visitors will need to recalibrate what they consider wondrous in those landscapes. There will still be a lot to see, Dube seems to say—it's just that, in a changing world, age-old attractions might surprise you.
Antarctica Is Stark, Beautiful, and Will Shrink Your Brain
The impact of 14 months at the edge of the world.
destination southern africaweatherwaterfallsclimate changenatural wonderswaternature
The 19th-Century Charts That Put the World's Waterfalls on One Impossible Landscape
Imagine the roar.
Jessica Leigh Hester October 8, 2019
Here Are 17 Hidden Spots Inside America's National Parks and Forests
Celebrate 100 years of national parks by exploring these secret places.
Molly McBride Jacobson August 25, 2016
Podcast: Red Sea Blue Hole
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text:
Solenopsis egregia es una especie de hormiga del género Solenopsis, subfamilia Myrmicinae.

Distribución
Esta especie se encuentra en Argentina.

Referencias

egregia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home > People > Academic
People - Academic
Prof Sheetal Silal
Email: Sheetal.Silal@uct.ac.za
UCT Web Profile
Director: Modelling and Simulation Hub, Africa, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town
Associate Professor, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town
Honorary Visiting Research Fellowship in Tropical Disease Modelling, Oxford University (01/07/2017 ->)
PhD in Mathematical modelling of Infectious Disease (UCT)
MSc in Operations Research in Development (UCT)
My primary area of research is mathematical modelling of infectious diseases. This is the application of mathematical modelling and computer simulation through techniques such as differential equation modelling and agent based simulation to predict the dynamics and control of infectious diseases to evaluate, among other things, the potential impact of control programmes in reducing morbidity and mortality. My research focuses on using mathematics and statistics to model the control and elimination of malaria, COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and globally.
Jared Norman
Email: Jared.Norman@uct.ac.za
Hons Computer Science
BSc Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Agent based modeling and Simulation, GPU computing, Mathematical modelling
Rachel Hounsell
Email: rachel.hounsell@uct.ac.za
MSc International Health & Tropical Medicine (University of Oxford)
MCom in Development Finance & Social Entrepreneurship (UCT, Graduate School of Business)
Honours in Economics (UCT)
BSocSci in Economics and Political Sciences (UCT)
My research interests are in health economics, policy and health systems, and mathematical modelling of infectious diseases. I am committed to supporting evidence-based policy to maximise health outcomes within resource-constrained settings. I am also interested in making research accessible and applicable to decision-makers through effective communications.
Saadiyah Mayet
Email: saadiyah.mayet@uct.ac.za
MSc Advanced Analytics (candidate) Honours in Statistical Sciences BSc Mathematical Statistics
My research interests include mathematical modelling of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. I am also interested in the use of optimisation methods in conjunction with disease transmission models to support governmental decision making, and any general decision support.


text:
Leopold Guy Francis Maynard Greville,  comte de Warwick, CMG MVO ( - ), titré Lord Brooke entre 1893 et 1924, est un officier britannique.

Jeunesse
Greville est le fils de Francis Greville (5e comte de Warwick) et de son épouse, Daisy Maynard.

Il fait ses études au Collège d'Eton  et s'est finalement enfui de l'école, vendant soi-disant son manteau de fourrure et son arme pour voyager et rejoindre la Seconde guerre des Boers .

Il succède à son père dans le comté en  .

Service militaire
Lord Brooke est sous-lieutenant dans le 7th (Milice) Battalion des King's Royal Rifle Corps, et est détaché au service d'un bataillon de ligne en  . Il combat pendant la seconde guerre des Boers (1899-1901) et est promu sous-lieutenant dans les gardes du corps le . À partir d', il sert comme aide de camp de Lord Milner, haut-commissaire pour l'Afrique du Sud, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'à la fin de la guerre en 1902. Il est également correspondant de Reuters pendant la guerre russo-japonaise (1904-1905). En 1907, il est aide de camp de l'inspecteur général des forces. En 1905, il est nommé membre de l'Ordre royal de Victoria (MVO).

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, il est aide de camp de l'officier général commandant le corps expéditionnaire britannique de 1914 à 1915. Il est ensuite promu brigadier général plus tard cette année-là et commande la  brigade d'infanterie canadienne, puis la  brigade d'infanterie canadienne jusqu'à ce qu'il soit blessé le . Après sa convalescence, il sert à Paris avec la mission canadienne .

Des lettres et des passeports indiquent que Léopold est présent en Russie en 1917 et est probablement témoin des débuts de la Révolution russe.

Beaucoup de spéculations et de rumeurs entourent la disparition de Léopold et sa mort prématurée en 1928. Il est suggéré que Léopold souffre d'un choc d'obus après son retour de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui est ensuite alimenté par un alcoolisme sévère. Au cours de ses dernières années, il quitte le château de Warwick pour vivre avec une maîtresse à Mill Street, Warwick. Il est finalement décédé à Brighton, où il était soigné pour sa maladie.

Vie privée
Le , Lord Warwick épouse Elfrida Marjorie Eden (1887-1943). Elle est la fille unique de Sir William Eden (7e baronnet) et de Sybil Frances Gray (une fille de Sir William Gray par sa seconde épouse). Ensemble, Lord Warwick et Elfrida sont les parents de trois enfants:

 Charles Greville (7e comte de Warwick) (1911-1984)
 L'hon. Richard Francis Maynard Greville (1913-1968), qui est gouverneur de l'University College Hospital de 1952 à 1968
 L'hon. John Ambrose Henry Greville (1918-1942), qui est tué au combat

Après sa mort, sa veuve, la comtesse de Warwick est maire de Warwick en 1929, 1930 et 1931 avant sa mort le  .

Références

Liens externes

Membre de l'ordre royal de Victoria
Compagnon de l'ordre de Saint-Michel et Saint-Georges
Personnel de l'armée de terre britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre des Boers
Personnalité de la guerre russo-japonaise
Comte de la pairie de Grande-Bretagne
Élève du collège d'Eton
Décès en janvier 1928
Naissance en septembre 1882
Comte de Warwick
Décès à 45 ans


text:
Last Chaos Releases its Major February Update
In its latest update, the fantasy MMO sports an increased level cap, a challenging dungeon filled with new loot and much more.
Hamburg, February 10, 2020 – gamigo is thrilled to announce their latest update for Last Chaos. Veteran players are now able to advance to level 190 and delve deeper into the world of medieval Iris, thanks to newly added quests.
Only the bravest may embark on this adventure on their own. A new boss, Theo lurks in the depths of the darkest dungeon and prays on those who dare to enter his realm. For those who manage to defeat this threat new loot awaits them, including three exciting variations of gear for all character classes, higher grades of jewels for players to make their armors even sturdier all of which can be found in the new chests and their respective keys.
Said dungeon should be explored together with friends, or else players might find themselves in a tight spot. Never seen before buffs will be applied to members of a party, depending on their sub-classes. Besides de-buffs affecting the entire party, the dungeon now will also drain a heroes HP, which can only be averted by activating one of the new Insignias. These handy items can be used in many different situations, including facing Theo or receiving additional group buffs.
This and much more awaits players in the update!
More information about the game and the news can be found on the official website.


One of my goals this year is to learn how to use Audacity, rather than just taking pot luck which usually results in a mess and a lot of time wasted. My problem is I don't know what words to search for in the manual.
I've searched through the manual and can't find an answer to the following three questions. Links to the manual would be awesome, so I can figure this out for myself.
1. I don't know how I put the red line down the bottom wave form at the 3 mark. Another question, what does the 3 mean? What I want to know is what it's called, and how I repeat this?
2. Is it possible to colour a section of the wave form in different colours?
3. The track labels. I can't figure out how I got some of the single chords eg C, F etc on the top line and others are on the bottom line. I've spent an hour messing around with this and can't work it out. I want all the single chords on the top line.
Hope this image is clear enough. Had to learn how to use Paint 3D to get it. If you click on the image it will take you to imgur.com where you can enlarge it by hovering your pointer over the image and clicking.
If you are going to commit time to learning a recording tool, I would suggest you get, and learn, a proper DAW like Reaper or Cubase, Ardour, Mixbus, etc.
Audacity is a decent audio recording tool with many nice bells and whistles, but it's not really a DAW and, in my experience, is quite limited and clunky compared with a real DAW application.
IMO a DAW may have a bit of a learning curve, but will ultimately be easier to use and give you more capability.
Thanks very much Keith, I appreciate your advise.
Keith gives good advice. Audacity is limited compared to the other full function DAWs.
Where it comes into its own is providing a quick easy way to make a recording without having to fiddle around too much.
I have Audacity, Cubase and Ardour. I use Audacity for editing backing tracks for church, taking a verse out or adding an extra one for example.
For anything more complex I use Ardour which is very comprehensive and really good value for money (I have a monthly subscription but I believe it is still free if that is your preference). I've not yet learned how to use it fully but I'm learning!
As with any software package it takes a while to get to grips with it.
Good luck anyway, and don't let the technology get in the way of enjoying the music!
I'm not sure what that red line is, so I can't help what that.
Not that I'm aware of. You can sets colors for waveforms on a track-by-track basis (i.e., different tracks can have different colors), but I don't know of a feature that allows different colors for sections within the same track.
I'm not an expert, but I didn't see any obvious way to do this. You might consider creating two separate label tracks. Once they are separate label tracks you can position them however you like. You can add a new label track by selecting Tracks > Add New > Label Track from the menus.
On the subject of DAWs, you'll definitely have a learning curve, but I agree they're much more capable. Audacity is great, and you can do a lot with it, but it has its limitations. If you want a free DAW, Ardour is a good choice. Again, it has a learning curve, but it's a pro-level piece of software, despite being available free of charge (it's open source). The for-pay DAWs are equally capable, of course (and some may be easier to use and/or have support with the purchase). Personally, I mostly use Bitwig.
The for-pay DAWs are equally capable, of course (and some may be easier to use and/or have support with the purchase). Personally, I mostly use Bitwig.
The support is, in part at least, what you are paying for.
Support for Ardour is not brilliant but there is a good manual and some forum support.
One thing to be aware of is that Ardour was originally developed for Linux and support for Windows issues is not particularly good.
One of these days I'll get a Linux machine up and running and give that a try. But I'm drifting off topic so I'll shut up now.
Even though I use Reaper, Audacity is still part of my workflow.
I've only ever used it under Linux, although a lot of people (including the original developer) use it under Mac OS.
Ardour support is mostly community based, although that community includes the developers so, unlike commercial apps, you can discuss things directly with the people developing it as well as many of the authors of plugins and other related apps, and get direct and honest answers. A warning: if you are the sort of person who likes to have their ego stroked and who is used to the marketing platitudes typical of most commercial support ("thank you for your comments, we have fed them back to our product team"), you may find that directness and honesty a bit jarring.
Windows support is relatively new so if there are any issues specific to Windows there will be fewer people around to support it. Windows support was originally added to enable the Windows version of Harrison Mixbus, which is the commercial app based on the Ardour engine.
Note that Mixbus itself is another option worth considering. The basic version is $79 but, apparently, they often do great offers on the full "Mixbus 32C" version, and you can download a free demo of both.
One of these days I'll get a Linux machine up and running and give that a try.
If you do, I highly recommend the KXStudio distro.
I agree. I often use Audacity for small editing jobs. After all it is, primarily, a sound file editor.
It's grown more "DAW-like" features over the years but, compared with DAW apps, the workflow is quite clunky for proper multi-track working and it lacks many of the capabilities that proper DAW apps have.
I still use Audacity for some things, too.
Thank you for the recommendation Keith. That looks very interesting indeed.
I have a couple of redundant laptops which I've been meaning to re-purpose as Linux machines, one to be dedicated to audio.
I just need to find the time to get on and do it!
Wow what a wealth of information. The only Linux I know is Charlie Brown's friend, yeah yeah, I know it's spelt Linus.
Had a look at the intro video of Reaper. What a head spin! Learning curve? More like climbing a sheer, vertical, ice-covered rock face with a blizzard howling around me.
Don't want to waste the time I've put into learning the rudiments of Audacity, but can see the value of a real DAW.
Not sure what to do. Perhaps best for now is to use my time to learn and apply my theory, write songs, improve my dexterity. I don't have any grand plans for recording at this stage, but I've discovered that as I learn and grow as a guitar player, I keep moving the goal post. Not discounting the idea of learning Reaper, but not for now, too distracting.
Learning the ins and outs of a full-featured DAW can be intimidating and time consuming. It may, indeed, be a rabbit hole you don't want to go down, right now.
My instinct on this is that you are probably better off concentrating your time and attention on your guitar practice, and making use of what you already know with Audacity for basic recording. Sounds like you already are on that track.
One tip with Audacity and labels. You may want to familiarize yourself with Audacity's Sync-Lock feature. It "ensures that length and position changes occurring anywhere in a defined group of tracks also take place in all audio or label tracks in that Sync-Locked track group even if those tracks were not selected. This lets you keep existing audio or labels synchronized with each other even when carrying out actions like inserting, deleting or changing speed or tempo." Useful feature. The linked page, above, also shows some screenshots that illustrate multiple label tracks in use.
Thankyou J.W.C you confirm what I'm thinking. Big thanks for the link. Really useful. I enlarged my wave form and now my labels don't match. Reading quickly, it seems that sync-lock will sort that out.
PS, just used sync-lock and ta daaa .... all my labels match. Thankyou.


text:
Hanayagi Shōtarō ( eigentlich Aoyama Shōtarō; geboren 24. Mai 1894 in Tokio; gestorben 6. Januar 1965 ebenda) war ein japanischer Kabuki- und Filmschauspieler.

Leben und Wirken
Hanayagi Shōtarō nahm bei Kitamura Kokurō (喜多村 緑郎; 1871–1961) Schauspielunterricht. Sein Fach war die Frauendarstellung (女形, Onna-gata) im Kabuki. In der Hoffnung, die "Neue Richtung" (新派, Shimpa) des Theaters wieder zu beleben, beteiligte er sich 1921 an der Gründung des "Neuen Theaters" (新劇座) und 1927 an der Theatergruppe "Shōchiku Gegidan" (松竹劇団). 1939 hatte er seinen großen Auftritt in "Zangiku monogatari" (残菊物語) – etwa "Die Geschichte von der letzten Chrysantheme". Damit begann seine Karriere als Filmdarsteller.

Hanayagi wurde vielfach ausgezeichnet:
 1955 Preis der Akademie der Künste für Shimpa, Onnagata,
 1960 als Lebender Nationalschatz,
 1961 Kikuchi-Kan-Preis für seine Darstellung in den Stücken Kyōmai (京舞), Yume no Onna (夢の女) u. a. und für seine langjährige schauspielerische Tätigkeit,
 1962 Asahi-Preis für seine langjährigen Leistungen in der Theaterwelt,
 1964 als Person mit besonderen kulturellen Verdiensten

Hanayagi verfasste 15 Bücher, darunter "Kimono" im Jahr 1941 und "Gidō henryaku" (技道遍路) – etwa "Kurze Einführung in die Darstellungskunst" 1943.

Literatur
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Hanayagi Shōtarō. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 497.

Weblinks

 Biographien Hanayagi Shōtarō in der Kotobank, japanisch

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Japaner
Geboren 1894
Gestorben 1965
Mann
Person mit besonderen kulturellen Verdiensten


text:
Hilary Duff opens up about the eating disorder she battled when she was 17: "It was absolutely terrifying"…
Hilary Duff is speaking up about the stresses that come with being a kid star.
During an interview with Women's Health Australia, the former Disney Channel star, who is now 35 years old, discussed how she overcome her body dysmorphia and claimed that she had battled a "horrifying" eating disorder for a year when she was 17 years old.
"I can't help but be like, 'I am on camera and actresses are skinny.' It was horrifying," she recalled, explaining that she has since developed a healthy relationship with her body. "Because of my career path, I can't help but be like, 'I am on camera and actresses are skinny.'"
"I'm embracing my health and engaging in things that make me feel strong rather than simply improving the appearance of the outside of my body," Duff continued. "Spending time with individuals who make me feel good and share similar ideas on health and body acceptance, as well as getting sufficient amounts of sleep and maintaining a balanced diet."
Her breakout appearances in Casper Meets Wendy (1998) and her Disney Channel sitcom Lizzie McGuire, which aired for two seasons from 2001 to 2004, and launched a film adaptation in 2003, brought her prominence while she was a child actor.
Dominic Leeder, who works as a personal trainer for Duff, said that despite the fact that she puts a lot of effort into maintaining her health and fitness, Duff's career comes first.
"I don't think she'll mind if I say this: sure, Hilary places a great deal of importance on both her physical fitness and her overall health. Her career and her family are the things that mean the most to her, as he indicated. "When she gets home from work, all she wants to do is spend time with her family because she has such a limited amount of time to spend with them while she is working so hard, and because of this, every moment is important to her."
When the actress from "How I Met Your Father" went naked for the May issue of "Women's Health," she had previously given an interview in which she discussed her feelings on her physical appearance.
At that time, she stated that she was pleased with her physical appearance. "I've arrived at a point where I am at peace with the changes that have taken place in my body.
"At the age of 34, I believe that I have simply acquired a great deal of appreciation for my physique. It has transported me to every location that I require visiting. It has allowed me to put together a wonderful family. I have the impression that my level of self-assurance will continue to increase along with my age. Because of this, my body has taken on a variety of configurations over the course of my life, and I find being a woman to be endlessly fascinating. "And two, the many different transformations that your body is capable of undergoing throughout the course of your lifetime," Duff continued.
She explained that becoming a mother has been "powerful" for her, noting that she learned to accept her body after she gave birth to daughter Banks Violet, 4, with now-husband Matthew Koma, with whom Duff also shares 20-month-old Mae James. She also shared that she learned to accept her body after she gave birth to daughter Banks Violet, 4, with Matthew Koma, with whom Duff shares a daughter, Banks Violet.
Additionally, Duff and Mike Comrie, who is retired from the NHL and was her ex-husband, are the co-parents of their son Luca Cruz, who is 1012 years old.
Please get in touch with the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) at 1-800-931-2237 or visit NationalEatingDisorders.org if you or someone you know is struggling with an eating disorder. You can reach NEDA by dialing the toll-free number.
"The Office" star Mindy Kaling believes that the show could not be produced in its current form because it is "so inappropriate now." The vast majority of characters' roles 'would be canceled'… Find out more below…
VIDEO: Following the announcement that his son's cancer had been successfully treated, Michael Bublé graciously thanked Jesus Christ.


text:
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Butler at Seton Hall 1/9/19 - College Basketball Picks & Predictions
By: David
Game: Seton Hall Pirates vs Butler Bulldogs
Date & Time: 1/10/2019, 1:30 AM UTC
Latest Odds: HALL -3 Total 142
TV Channel: FS1
The Butler Bulldogs visit the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey on Wednesday to play the Seton Hall Pirates. Butler improved to 10-5 on the season with an 84-69 win on Saturday over Creighton. The Bulldogs were led by Kamar Baldwin with 28 points. Butler is now 1-1 in the Big East and snapped a two-game losing streak with the win.
Seton Hall fell to 11-4 on the season following a 75-74 loss to DePaul on Sunday. The Pirates were led in the loss by Myles Powell with 16 points. Powell continues to impress on the foul line going 6-for-6 in the game and has now made 30 of 31 for 97% on the season.
Kamar Baldwin leads Butler in scoring, rebounding and is second in assists with averages of 16.5 points, 5.4 rebounds and 4.0 assists per game. Two other Bulldogs are scoring in double figures. Aaron Thompson leads the Bulldogs in assists with an average of 4.4 per game. Butler is shooting 45.7% from the field and 36.8% from 3-point territory.
Myles Powell leads Seton Hall in scoring with an average of 22.2 points per game. Michael Nzei is the third leading scorer and second in rebounding with averages of 9.6 points and 5.3 rebounds per game. Sandro Mamukelashvili leads the team in rebounding with an average of 7.3 per game. Seton Hall is shooting 45.4% from the field and 32.0% from 3-point territory.
Odds Table
Butler is 6-16 ATS in its last 22 on the road
The UNDER has cashed in each of the Bulldogs last 4 on the road
Seton hall is 1-5 ATS in its last 6 at home
The OVER has cashed in 4 of the Pirates last 5
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Free NCAA Basketball Pick: Seton Hall Pirates -3
Butler has failed to cover each of the last 4 played at Seton Hall. The Bulldogs have failed to cover 5 of the last 6 played against Big East opponents and each of the last 4 played on Wednesday. The Pirates on the other hand have covered the number in 6 of the last 8 versus Big East opponents and 12 of the last 17 against an opponent with a .600 or higher winning percentage. Final Score Prediction, Seton Hall Pirates win and cover ATS 73-67.
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Devin Clark heads to this fight here standing at only 6'0" and 205 pounds. Clark does have a reach of 74 inches. Da-Un Jung is coming in standing at 6'3" and 205 pounds.
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Derrick Lewis comes to the fight here standing at 6'3" and 260 pounds. Lewis does have a reach that sits at an impressive 78 inches. Serghei Spivac comes to the fight at only 6'2" and 242 pounds.
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