In modern control architectures, Ethernet has become ubiquitous as a means of communicating between devices. In today′s Ethernet implementations, network hierarchy, non-standard solutions segmentation and traffic restricting techniques are often used to manage real-time network traffic flows on Ethernet networks.
TIME SENSITIVE NETWORKING (TSN) is a set of released and emerging IEEE standards that promises convergence of TSN networks, flattening the hierarchal architectures while retaining the requirements of the varied traffic flows. This article examines several real-time industrial traffic types, such as those used for motion control, remote I/O and events and describe various TSN mechanisms that could be used to allow their operation in a converged network. It focuses on the interaction between scheduled mechanism described in IEEE Qbv and Quality of Service (QoS).
Key traffic parameters, such as latency and jitter, will be calculated using the various TSN mechanisms for a particular traffic type, and the effects of converging several traffic types on the same network will also be considered.
Recent work by IEEE 802, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and other standards groups has extended the number of applications that Ethernet networks can serve. These standards define standard Ethernet mechanisms for creating distributed, synchronized, real-time systems.
TSN provides mechanisms to solve industrial control applications using standard Ethernet technologies in a manner that enables convergence between and among Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) data on a common physical network.
This article will also explore several OT traffic types (motion, I/O and events) and the effects of converging them on a single wire. The techniques described can be extended to apply to convergence of IT and OT traffic.
A simple industrial control system can be used to analyze converged network traffic flows. This example contains two separate processes that need to exchange information, such as one might find in conveying or baggage handling systems.
Network traffic between industrial controllers and devices like drives and I/O devices typically follow specific patterns, and have requirements on various characteristics like periodicity and latency. This introduces three traffic types (patterns) that will be evaluated individually and finally, when converged on a single wire.
Isochronous traffic is mainly found in motion control applications. This traffic pattern is cyclic. Unlike the cyclic traffic, this traffic pattern has much more stringent requirements related to message latency, application time is synchronized to network time, and the cycle times are typically shorter.
End cycle A controller, which could be controlling multiple axes, sends commands each cycle to the various drives under its control. In the same cycle, the drives return information to the motion controller (feedback). The motion controller is responsible for computing the next command while the drive is responsible for execution of the commands and supplying feedback. This cycle is repeated, often at a very high rate (1 ms or less). If the drives are expected to operate in a coordinated manner, each component of the system must have some sense of the same time, which is strictly monotonic and steadily increasing, without jumps or leaps. This allows that each drive will apply its commands and sample their feedback at the same instance of time. This further requires that the applications in the motion controller and drives are also synchronized to network time for TSN networks.
For tight control loops, reception jitter must be minimal, with no interference from other traffic. Messages need a guaranteed delivery time. If they arrive later than this deadline, they are ignored for that cycle or discarded, thus potentially affecting the control loop. Message sizes are typically fixed at design time and remain constant for each cycle. Payload sizes are typically under 100 bytes per device. This type can be used for controller-to-controller, controller-to-drive and drive-to-drive communication.
Critical timing elements reveal that the order in which some timing elements occur may vary across implementations and timing models. Models exist for synchronizing communication in a control system and the order in which the various timing elements can vary based upon the model. What is critical is that there are periods of time in which controllers and devices are sending messages and that these messages must be received before a certain time within each cycle. IEEE Qbv defines a scheduling mechanism that ideally lends itself to manage the above need. Schedules can be defined in network infrastructure devices such that only the desired traffic can ow during these times, thus preventing interruption from ancillary traffic.
Diagram of 1-Cycle Motion Timing.
Cyclic traffic that is not isochronous is typically used for remote I/O communications. The applications in devices are not synchronized to a common time. Devices sample inputs and apply outputs cyclically, which may or may not be the same as the data transmission cycle. Controllers typically send outputs to all devices one after the other. When using a client-server protocol (e.g. MODBUS), output and input messages will be clustered while in a publish/subscribe environment (e.g. EtherNet/IP I/O) output messages from the controller will be clustered while input messages from the devices will be distributed over the cycle time, since these devices are not synchronized to each other.
Here, we will only consider publish/subscribe cyclic traffic. For best control, the time between a device sending a message and its reception should be minimized, with predictable interruptions from other traffic. Messages require a defined maximum latency time. Data message sizes are fixed at design time and remain constant for each cycle. This traffic type can be used for controller to controller, controller to I/O, and I/O to I/O communication.
In a system when an input or output variable change occurs (control event), or an occurrence needs to be announced (alarm event), event messages are generated. Depending upon the event, this might be a single message, or a flurry of messages (domino effect). While the messages may be directed to different end-devices, as in the case of control events, alarm event messages are typically directed at a single device, like an HMI or SCADA system. The network must be able to handle a burst of messages without loss, up to a certain number of messages over a defined period.
For alarm messages, after this period, messages can be lost until the allowed bandwidth quantity has been restored. Applications are designed to compensate for message loss situations.
TSN enhances Ethernet (IEEE 802.1 and 802.3), and is foundational for the Internet of Things. TSN adds a range of functions and capabilities to Ethernet to make it more applicable to industrial applications that require more deterministic characteristics than possible in previous Ethernet implementations. Automation and control systems require devices, including the network, to perform in a deterministic way. One of TSN′s benefits is the ability to converge applications and traffic on a single, open network, while retaining deterministic behavior.
Time Aware Traffic Shaping allows for scheduled traffic. In order to enforce the schedule throughout a network, the interference with lower priority traffic has to be prevented, as this would not only increase the latency but also the delivery variation (jitter). The Time Aware Shaper blocks the non-Scheduled Traffic (i.e. non-scheduled traffic is queued), so that the port is idle when the Scheduled traffic is scheduled for transmission.
Time Aware Traffic Shaping: Example Time Aware Shaping Queues.
Time Aware Traffic Shaping: Example Shaped Traffic.
Strict priority is the default queuing mechanism for Ethernet bridges (switches). In strict priority queueing the queue with the highest number has priority over the remaining queues. When multiple Ethernet messages are queued on an interface for transmission, the queue with the highest priority having an Ethernet frame ready for transmission will transmit. Ethernet frames in lower priority queues are held until the priority of their queue becomes the highest queue with a ready Ethernet frame.
Shaped queues may have a numerically higher traffic class, but the transmission selection algorithms bound to the corresponding queues determine if such a queue is served before a lower priority queue (e.g. a queue bound to the credit-based transmission selection algorithm could have a numerically higher traffic class but would not be served if it has insufficient credits (i.e. does not have a frame ready for transmission)).
Define a class of service for time-critical frames that requests the transmitter in a bridged LAN to suspend the transmission of a non-time-critical frame, and allows for time-critical frame(s) to be transmitted. When the time-critical frames have been transmitted, the transmission of the preempted frame is resumed. A non-time-critical frame could be preempted multiple times.
Provide for discovery, configuration, and control of preemption service for a bridge port and end station.
Ensure preemption is only enabled on a given link if both link partners have that capability.
The purpose of this amendment is to provide reduced latency transmission for scheduled, time-critical frames in a bridged LAN. A large, non-time-critical frame may start transmission ahead of the desired transmission time of time-critical frame. This condition leads to excessive latency for the time-critical frame. Transmission preemption preempts the non-time-critical frame to allow the time-critical frames to be transmitted. This provides capabilities for applications that use scheduled frame transmission to implement a real-time control network.
Frame Preemption and Interspersing Express Traffic.
Cut-through switching is where a switch starts forwarding a message (packet) before the whole message has been received. Compared to store-and-forward switching, cut-through switching offers lower latency but, because the frame check sequence appears at the end of a message, the switch is not able to verify message integrity before forwarding it. Cut-through switching will forward corrupted packets, whereas a store-and-forward switch will drop them.
Speed: When the outgoing port is faster than the incoming port, the switch must buffer the entire message received from the lower-speed port before the switch can start transmitting that message out the high-speed port, to prevent underrun. (When the outgoing port is slower than the incoming port, the switch can perform cut-through switching and start transmitting that message before it is entirely received, although it must still buffer some of the message).
Congestion: When a cut-through switch decides that a message from one incoming port needs to go out through an outgoing port, but that outgoing port is already busy sending a message from a second incoming port, the switch must buffer some or all of the message from the first incoming port.
Industrial control systems require predictability of certain communications for optimal control. In today′s architectures, this is accomplished using methods such as proprietary and IEC standardized fieldbus technologies, network segmentation and isolation, over provisioning, etc. With TSN′s deterministic shaping mechanisms, these segmented traffic types can be converged in a single network while retaining traffic delivery requirements.
There are several factors that affect the time it takes for a message to exit one device and be received by another, such as network data rate, message length, whether cut-through or store-and-forward switching is used, interrupting traffic and the number of switches in the path between source and destination.
whether the switches use cut-through or store-and-forward switching.
This section will consider the effects of messages that interfere with another message as it travels to its intended destination. Only store-and-forward switching scenarios are considered.
In today′s industrial control environment, devices with two external switched ports (enabling easy daisy-chaining of devices) are quite common. These devices are constructed using a three-port switch, two that are exposed to outside connections while the third is typically connected to the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of the device.
Interfering traffic can occur when a switch is already transmitting a message out a particular port and another message, destined for the same port, arrives. This newer message will have to wait for the completion of the already in progress message before it can be sent. This form of interference can happen regardless of message priorities.
Another form of interference is if a higher priority message is already queued in a switch when a lower priority message arrives (is queued). The switch will choose to send the higher priority message first, thus delaying the lower priority message.
These examples demonstrate how a message traveling through a switch can get delayed due to interference. In order to determine maximum message latencies, the time when messages arrive (ingress) and message priorities must be taken into account.
In-progress interference occurs when a message destined for a particular port arrives after the switch has already decided to send another message out that same port. Message priority has no effect in this case, since the decision was made prior to the arrival of a potentially higher priority message. Assume a high priority message (HP0) is arriving on port 1 (P1) destined for port 2 (P2) and a lower priority interfering message (int0) is arriving g from port 3 (P3) or has already been queued or is currently being transmitted out of P2.
The worst-case scenario occurs when the interfering message is queued just prior to the switch deciding which message to send next and the high priority message is queued just after the switch makes this decision. In this case, the lower priority message will be sent prior to the high priority message.
This will cause a delay of the high priority message equivalent to the amount of time remaining to send a message already in progress, which could be the time for the entire message in the case of starting transmission just before the arrival (queuing) of the high-priority message. If the interfering message is shorter than the high-priority message, this initial delay is the only delay the message will experience as it travels through more switches to its destination.
If a message must travel through multiple switches before reaching its destination, additional interference at each of these switches is possible. This section will analyze what happens when additional interfering messages are present at subsequent switches. The first case is when the additional interfering messages are of lower priority than the high priority message and the second case is when they are of equal or higher priority.
While it is interesting to examine the case where the initial lower priority message is shorter than the high priority message, it does not represent the worst-case possibility. In fact, the worst-case scenario is when the initial lower priority message is the maximum length permitted by the network. Hence, the following examples will only consider the case where the initial lower priority message (int0) is longer than the high priority message (HP0).
On a subsequent switch in the line (SW2), there are two messages arriving on port 1 (P1) destined for port 2 (P2), an initial lower priority interfering message followed by a high priority message. As in the previous example, the new lower priority interfering message should be queued just prior to the arrival (queuing) of the first interfering message so the switch will send int1 as its next message and queue int0. Two cases need to be considered.
The first is that HP0 is queued prior to the switch completing its sending of int1. In this case, when the switch performs its evaluation of which message to send next, both HP0 and int0 are already queued and the switch will decide to send HP0, since it has a higher priority, instead of int0, thus HP0 will hop in front of int0.
In the previous example, all interfering messages were lower in priority than the high priority message. If the initial interfering message is, instead, at the same or higher priority as the initial high priority message, the order of messages egressing the switch will change. For a message equal in priority to the initial high priority message, it just needs to be queued prior to the initial high priority message to cause interference.
For a message of higher priority than the initial high priority message, it just needs to be queued prior to the switch deciding which message to send next.
Deriving a general formula for this use case is quite difficult. Factors such as variation of interfering message lengths, priorities and order coupled with the store-and-forward behavior potentially introducing gaps contribute to the difficulty.
Analyzing the behavior of interfering traffic in a cut-through situation is much more complicated. First and foremost, cut-through behavior is not defined by the IEEE and, as such, is up to a vendor′s discretion regarding implementation.
For example, if a switch begins receiving a message destined for a particular port and that port is already occupied sending another message, should the switch truncate the current message, wait for the completion of the current message and begin transmitting (depending upon priority) or should it fully complete storing the message before deciding on a course of action?
Additionally, if a series of messages is being received on port 1, destined for port 2 and another message of equal priority is queued, is there an opportunity for this queued message to be transmitted or does the switch give preference to the cut-through messages? With all of these unknowns, and that the IIC document on traffic types does not recommend the use of cut-through for strict priority traffic, this document will not explore interference behaviors of cut-through switching for strict priority traffic. Cut-through switching will only be considered for scheduled traffic.
Finally, in a converged TSN network, schedules may exist that provide exclusive access or that may restrict access to a network. When a switch port allocates exclusive time for one of its queues, it will do so in a cyclic fashion. During a portion of that cycle, the queue is opened and only messages in that queue can egress the port. Therefore, messages in other queues will need to wait for that period of exclusive access to expire and for their queues to open. Additionally, as a message traverses a line of switches, it may encounter multiple scheduled windows.
The previous sections described how messages on a switched Ethernet network could be delayed due to interference. Even with strict priority switching, interference can occur due to lower priority traffic. This section will look at three traffic types prevalent in Industrial Control Systems and demonstrate the effects of converging these traffic types on a single Ethernet network using TSN features. Coexistence of all three traffic types (motion, I/O and event) only occurs on the wires between the controllers and the switch. Line1 and Line2 only contain motion and I/O traffic for their respective controllers.
While strict priority could be used for motion traffic, optimum performance is achieved when no interrupting traffic is present during motion communication messages. Hence, this article will assume that scheduled traffic shaper with exclusive access will be used for motion traffic in a converged network.
This shaped window must be synchronized with the motion applications within the various devices so that the messages from the motion applications arrive coincidently with the shaped schedule. Thus, the only variations in network latencies will be due to items like variances in clock synchronization, switch processing times, etc.
This traffic type requires bounded latency where a limited amount of interference can be tolerated. Parameter requirements like period, latency and bandwidth suggest use of strict priority. To evaluate that latency guaranties are met, a network analysis (e.g., network calculus) is necessary. The network calculus needs to analyze the effect of different data streams of the same traffic type as well as the effect of the Isochronous (motion) traffic.
This traffic type contains traffic with two categories (alarm events and control events) which have similar characteristics but differ in latency requirements. While both categories send the data in a non-periodic manner, some upper bound for the worst-case bandwidth usage needs to be defined in the application. Additionally, two priority levels should be considered, one for the control events and second for alarm events. In a converged network, the priority of the control events compared to the I/O traffic may give precedence to one or the other or put both at the same priority.
One example application assumes event traffic is a lower priority than I/O traffic and that motion traffic is scheduled. As a result, motion traffic remains unaffected by convergence while some I/O and event messages are delayed. However, TSN provides mechanisms for making sure desired bandwidth and latency requirements are met.
There are many different types of Ethernet traffic present in industrial control systems. Currently, various techniques are used to guarantee delivery of these various traffic types for proper system operation. This article summarized several Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) features that could be used to converge traffic types on a single network.
A small, representative system with three traffic types (motion, I/O and event) was presented to analyze traffic type convergence. It showed how different types of interfering traffic can affect the latency of an Ethernet message, even in the presence of strict priority queuing. An overview of frame preemption was presented, which could be used to reduce latencies for certain traffic types. Cut-through switching was described along with its caveats.
The interference scenarios provide general use cases. Fringe use cases exist and are left as an exercise for the reader. One key takeaway is that, with the exception of scheduled traffic using exclusive gating, TSN cannot prevent interference of one message by another.
However, TSN provides the capability, along with network calculus, to determine if messages can be delivered within a certain latency, which is a huge improvement over current Ethernet technology.
Rick Blair, Principal Network System Architect, Schneider Electric.


Arg! Find me coins in alphabetical order and score big points!
Click groups of 2 or more bricks to pop them, clear the target amount before time runs out and get through ten levels. The more bricks you pop at once, the higher your score, pop enough and you'll get points bonuses.
Play this jigsaw puzzle games of the 3D artwork. This game including 3 modes - 3x4 pieces, 4x5 pieces and 5x6 pieces. Use mouse wheel or spacebar to rotate the selected pieces.


text:
Sygmunt Joe Czynski (9 de febrero de 1907 - 9 de enero de 1991) fue un escritor de ciencia ficción australiano. Es considerado como uno de los pioneros del género en Australia -junto con Erle Cox, C.H. Spence y M. Barnard Eldershaw, entre otros- aunque la mayoría de su trabajo literario lo realizó en Estados Unidos mientras estudiaba; tras volver a su país natal, cesó la escritura.

Según reconoció en una entrevista antes de su muerte, utilizó varios seudónimos -entre ellos «H. M. Crimp»- en diversos relatos que publicó durante la década de 1920 y 1930, aunque gran parte de éste se desconoce dado que no alcanzó a compilar su trabajo, y las copias de éste se destruyeron en un incendio. Fue el primer escritor de dicho país que publicó un relato en Amazing Stories tras contactar a Hugo Gernsback, para luego incluir a Phil Collas o Alan Connell, entre otros durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

Obras
 Serie Professor Scott
 The Call to Migrate (1932)
 The Mosquito Army (1935)

Compilaciones
 Souvenir of the Ballarat Observatory (1969).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Escritores de ciencia ficción de Australia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Are you a serious runner or someone who enjoys spending some time outside? If so, you should check out the 2019 Publix Atlanta Marathon, Half Marathon & 5K on March 17th!
You can enjoy Atlanta's many scenic spots while getting a great workout. This year's marathon features a new course and will be held rain or shine at 7 a.m!
Kids can run, throw a javelin and do the high jump and long jump.
See some of Atlanta's mascots and find out who is the fittest.
To avoid traffic and parking delays, you're encouraged to take MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority) to the event. If you end up driving, you should arrive downtown by 6 a.m. to find parking.
You can check your gear starting at 5:30 a.m. on the day of the race in Centennial Olympic Park. Checked gear should be picked up by 2 p.m. If bags are left behind, they'll be available for pickup starting on Monday, March 18th, at the Atlanta Track Club's office.
About every two miles, you can find a hydration station with water and Powerade, in addition to portable toilets.
For live updates, sign up during registration or at atlantatrackclub.org.
After the marathon, relax and celebrate at the Post-Race Party. You can also have your finish time engraved on the back of your finisher medal.
If you're thinking about living in one of Atlanta's premier apartments, Savannah Midtown is in an ideal spot with many amenities, such as a rooftop with scenic views! To find out more about their pet-friendly apartments, call (844) 243-1988 or visit www.savannahmidtownapts.com/.


Seedsman maintains that cannabis will be safer under legal regulation. This could make it easier to impose age restriction, control quality and deny criminal gangs the ability to generate money out of marijuana trade. Additionally, users will get credible information about what they need and also get to select which breeds to get. This certainty is what drives the company to encourage the demand for legalization of marijuana in the uk and in all corners of the world.
The Seedsman Company mainly obtain their seeds out of other breeders-about 1500 breeds from over 65 seedbanks around the world. However,. They've a few personal strains though their main goal is to offer their customers a vast array of seeds compared to additional seedbanks.
One of the things that make the company unique is that they have a comprehensive library about marijuana seeds. In addition, they offer a vast range of marijuana-related products including clothing, books and storage products.
Purchasing marijuana seeds online can be quite an adventure. You want a business that retains their word and delivers exactly what you paid for. In addition, you want a seed bank that provides excellent online customer care. Regrettably, not every online seed bank retains their word or offer good customer support. And this is where the Seedsman Company conquer their opponents hand down.
Seedsman prides itself in offering great customer care and addressing customer concerns at each step along the way. You can elect to contact them through email or telephone. Usually, you will find a response within 24 hours after contacting their customer support representatives.
Web navigation and design have become critical variables to tech-savvy customers who need a great user experience every time they visit a website. Seedsman understands this and has spent in a well-designed website. This allows clients to navigate easily to get what they are searching for.
In addition, customers get loyalty points once they refer other people to the seed bank or place their order successfully on the business website. And on your birthday, the company will send you a surprise gift-a 100 points. Now, this really is the icing on the cake. For each 50 loyalty points on your account, you receive $1 off your order.
Every bud enthusiast understands that having nosy neighbours or government following you around can be rather inconveniencing. Additionally, it could result in unwarranted legal disputes.
Seedsman knows that you might not need the entire neighbourhood to understand that you just received some cannabis seeds. Because of this, they remove the seeds from their original packaging and pack them in a way that hides them from being detected.
Seedman.com ships globally. This means that wherever you reside in the world, they will send your bundle. Customers living in Europe can expect their packages within 1-3 business days while those residing outside Europe can anticipate their packages within 5 to 25 working days.
Seedsman understands that customers want to pay using various choices based on what is suitable to them. That's the reason why they permit you to pay via Visa credit and debit cards. Furthermore, they accept Bitcoin, bank transfers and great old hard cash.
Regardless of the many payment options, some clients have complained they are unable to pay with the Bitcoin alternative. These clients claim they have been directed by the business customer support representatives to finalize their own bitcoin orders through email which they found fairly inconveniencing.
Shopping with Seedsman is always a fantastic experience because customers receive various offers and discounts. But they ask you to subscribe to their online newsletter before you may obtain some of their many discounts and offers.
Normally, the bigger your purchase total will be, the more discounts and offers you'll receive. If you invest $30, you'll get 2 extra seeds worth $4. On the other hand, if you invest $100, you'll get a 7.5 percent reduction that happens upon checkout. Keep in mind that these reductions exclude shipping and VAT.
When all is said and done, Seedman.com has a great deal to offer its customers. Regardless of the couple complains about late shipping, challenges in processing bitcoin orders along with that they don't offer cultivation advice, the provider is still ahead of the rest of the pack.


The Acronym Institute, in partnership with ICAN UK, will soon be engaging communities along the nuclear warhead convoy routes throughout the UK.
Watch this space to find out how you can get involved in the Nukes of Hazard campaign. In the meantime, follow Acronym and ICAN UK on twitter to get updates on all the latest developments.
Nukewatch do some really fantastic work monitoring and tracking the warheads in transport. Visit their website to see how you can contribute to their work.
Also in the UK, you can become a member of CND and get involved in a local CND group.
In February 2016, diplomatic talks began at the United Nations in Geneva. Their aim is to develop a new legal instrument to achieve a nuclear-weapon-free world. The diplomatic process will continue in May and August. So far, the UK has boycotted the talks. Follow ICAN to see how you can help change this.


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Arbitration notes
Delhi High Court reaffirms pro-arbitration approach in two recent judgments
This post is part of the following categories:
Challenges to awards, Court intervention, India
In two recent judgments, the Delhi High Court (the "Court") dismissed challenges to arbitral awards and emphasised its reluctance to interfere with decisions of arbitral tribunals, except in limited circumstances. In NHAI v M/S. Bsc-Rbm-Pati Joint Venture, the Court strongly criticised unnecessary challenges to awards, especially by public sector undertakings, noting that it wasted valuable judicial time. Carrying on with the sentiment to not interfere, in Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited v Delhi Airport Metro Express Private Limited, the Court stated that it would not interfere with an arbitral decision if the view taken by a tribunal was plausible, even where an alternative view was possible.
A brief summary of both cases can be found below.
NHAI v M/S. Bsc-Rbm-Pati Joint Venture (the "NHAI case")
The matter related to a construction contract awarded by the National Highway Authority of India ("NHAI") to a contractor. Disputes arose around the sums payable for the excavation of unsuitable construction material. The tribunal issued an award against the NHAI in October 2014 essentially tying the parties to the rates outlined in the contract. The NHAI challenged this award under section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 ("Act"). When this challenge was dismissed by a Single Judge of the Court in January 2017, NHAI appealed to a Division Bench of the Court under section 37 of the Act.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited ("DMRC") v Delhi Airport Metro Express Private Limited ("DAMEPL") (the "DMRC case")
The DMRC case related to the construction and maintenance of a high speed metro railway in New Delhi. DMRC, a state-owned corporation, and DAMEPL entered into a public-private partnership for the construction and operation of the metro railway. DAMEPL terminated the agreement when DMRC allegedly failed to cure defects in the civil works within the notice period. DMRC disputed the validity of the termination and the adjusted equity and termination payment costs demanded. DMRC argued that the agreement was terminated due to other issues with the project and not any defects, and that DMRC had performed adequate repairs.
The tribunal passed an award upholding DAMEPL's termination and awarding it damages on 11 May 2017. DMRC made an application to set aside the award under section 34 of the Act in March 2018.
In both cases, the Delhi High Court considered, in detail, the issues and reasoning of the tribunals. In the DMRC case, the Court observed that it "does not sit as a court of appeal and is not expected to re-appreciate the entire evidence and reassess the case of the parties". The Court noted that its duty was to see whether the view of the tribunal was a plausible view on the facts, pleadings and evidence placed before it. If it found that there were two possible views and the tribunal had taken one of them, the Court could not substitute its judgment for the judgment of the tribunal.
In the NHAI case, the Court echoed this view, noting that the tribunal was the final arbiter on factual and legal issues, and that errors "which stop short of perversity" must not be interfered with by the courts. As long as the tribunal's view was "plausible, and not merely possible" the court would not intervene.
In closing, the Court observed that there had been many cases where awards were challenged only because the award debtor had the financial power to do so. It was concerned that a majority of these challenges were made by public corporations and contributed to a "docket explosion" at the Court and wasted valuable judicial time. The Court commented that arbitration had been effectively reduced to a civil trial with parties challenging awards as a matter of course and noted that it "unhesitatingly deprecate(s) this practice".
Importantly, in the NHAI case the Court also awarded costs to the award creditor on the basis that the award debtor had attempted to re-litigate the entire dispute in the Court.
Both the NHAI and DMRC judgments signify and welcome 'light touch' approach to applications to set aside arbitral awards. Instead of a detailed examination of the tribunal's reasoning, the Court has signalled that it will not interfere with the award if the tribunal's reaches a plausible outcome on the dispute. This suggests a focus on the tribunal's process and procedure rather than the outcome.
It is also significant that the Court awarded costs to the award creditor on the basis that the award debtor had pursued a meritless set aside application. Courts in Hong Kong have awarded indemnity costs (ie, costs assessed at a higher level) where parties have been found to have made frivolous challenges to awards. A similar tough approach has been taken by courts in England and Western Australia where a party has commenced court proceedings in breach of an arbitration agreement. Recently, there has been a consultation paper in Singapore, which has proposed reforms in the law to award costs on an indemnity basis as a matter of course in unsuccessful proceedings to set aside an award or to resist enforcement of an award. Whilst the Delhi High Court did not go as far as that in this instance, it did recognise that its discretion on costs can be used to discourage meritless challenges.
For further information, please contact Nicholas Peacock, Partner, Kritika Venugopal, Senior Associate, Nihal Joseph, Associate or your usual Herbert Smith Freehills contact.
Nicholas Peacock
Kritika Venugopal
Nihal Joseph
Herbert Smith Freehills LLP is licensed to operate as a foreign law practice in Singapore. Where advice on Singapore law is required, we will refer the matter to and work with licensed Singapore law practices where necessary.
Challenges to awards, Court intervention, India Arbitration Friendly, challenges to awards, Court interference, India, Judgments, Kritika Venugopal, Nick Peacock, Nihal Joseph

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Asplenium chathamense Brownsey
Asplenium chathamense. Mature plant growing on coastal rock. Image: P.J. de Lange © Peter de Lange All rights reserved
Asplenium chathamense Brownsey, New Zealand J. Bot. 23: 135 (1985)
Holotype: South East Island, Chatham Islands, B.D. Bell, Feb. 1975, cultivated as P.J. Brownsey NZ 1175, WELT P011880!; isotype CHR 407436!
chathamense (Latin) – from the Chatham Islands.
Terrestrial or rupestral ferns. Rhizomes short, erect, bearing scales. Rhizome scales acicular with apical and lateral projections, 9–25 mm long, 0.5–3 mm wide, blackish-brown, clathrate. Fronds 100–980 mm long. Stipes 45–450 mm long, pale brown abaxially and green adaxially or occasionally red-brown throughout, bearing acicular scales with filiform apices and lateral projections. Rachises green or occasionally pale brown abaxially, scaly. Laminae 2–3-pinnate-pinnatifid, ovate or elliptic, abruptly narrowed to a pinnatifid apex, 35–600 mm long, 20–240 mm wide, dark shiny green on adaxial surface, lighter green on abaxial surface, coriaceous, bearing a few scattered scales, lacking hairs. Primary pinnae in 5–19 pairs below pinnatifid apex, usually overlapping; proximal pinnae and those at mid-lamina ovate or narrowly ovate; the longest below the middle, 20–175 mm long, 10–85 mm wide, apices acute or rarely obtuse, bases stalked; costae of primary pinnae winged in distal half. Secondary pinnae gradually decreasing in length along each primary pinna to the distal end; the longest proximal secondary pinnae narrowly ovate or ovate, 10–75 mm long, 4–20 mm wide, apices acute or obtuse, usually partly or completely divided into tertiary segments, bases stalked; the distal secondary pinnae linear or narrowly oblong, apices acute or obtuse, bases adnate. Tertiary pinnae linear or narrowly oblong or rarely obovate, 4–30 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, occasionally larger and partly divided into 2–4 ultimate segments, apices acute or obtuse, bases adnate or stalked in largest fronds. Sori submarginal; indusia 2–10 mm long, straight; free margins of indusia entire. Mean spore size 41–50 μm long, 26–32 μm wide; perispores prominently winged, sometimes with a few ridges.
Asplenium chathamense is confined to the Chatham Islands and occurs most frequently on coastal rocks and in coastal scrub. It is morphologically similar to both A. flaccidum and A. appendiculatum. It has firmer, more divided fronds that are held upright, and a terrestrial or rupestral habitat, whereas A. flaccidum subsp. flaccidum has pendent, limp fronds and usually an epiphytic habitat. It is more similar to A. flaccidum subsp. haurakiense, which occupies a similar habitat on coastal rocks in northern New Zealand. The two can be distinguished by the secondary pinnae, which decrease in size along the length of the primary pinnae in A. chathamense, whereas in A. flaccidum subsp. haurakiense the basal acroscopic secondary pinna is markedly longer than all the others. Also, the stipe scales in A. flaccidum subsp. haurakiense are shorter and have much thicker cell walls than those of A. chathamense. In general frond appearance, A. chathamense is most similar to A. appendiculatum, especially to subsp. maritimum, which occupies a similar coastal habitat. However, A. chathamense is tetraploid whereas A. appendiculatum is octoploid, and the spores of the latter have sharper, more numerous ridges (see Brownsey 1977; Large & Braggins 1991). Asplenium appendiculatum has not been recorded from the Chatham Islands (Brownsey 1977; de Lange et al. 2011).
Chatham Islands.
Asplenium chathamense is endemic to the Chatham Islands, where it grows most frequently along the coast, but extends up to 250 m on a few higher parts of Chatham Island. It has been recorded from Big Mangere, Little Mangere, Chatham, Little Sister, Pitt, Kokope and South East Islands, Star Keys and the Pyramid.
Asplenium chathamense distribution map based on databased records at AK, CHR, OTA & WELT. Image: K. Boardman © Landcare Research 2017 CC BY 3.0 NZ
Grows most frequently on exposed coastal rocks and cliffs, but also on the ground, on stream banks, peat banks, logs, rock faces and in rock crevices under coastal forest, or rarely as a low epiphyte. It is found on basalt, schist, and limestone.
Asplenium chathamense was given a conservation status of Naturally Uncommon by de Lange et al. (2013).
There is evidence that A. chathamense hybridises with A. lyallii, A. obtusatum (Brownsey 1985; de Lange et al. 2011) and A. flaccidum subsp. flaccidum (newly recorded here). The latter combination is based on specimens (AK 300982 and WELT P022277) originally cited by de Lange et al. (2011) as A. flaccidum × lyallii.
n = 72 (Brownsey 1985).
Asplenium chathamense. Mature plant growing near the coast. Image: J.R. Rolfe © Jeremy Rolfe All rights reserved
Asplenium chathamense. Mature plant growing on coastal rock. Image: J.R. Rolfe © Jeremy Rolfe All rights reserved
Asplenium chathamense. Mature plant growing in shaded coastal habitat. Image: P.J. de Lange © Peter de Lange All rights reserved
Brownsey, P.J. 1985: Asplenium chathamense - a new fern species from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 23(1): 135–140.
de Lange, P.J.; Heenan, P.B.; Rolfe, J.R. 2011: Checklist of vascular plants recorded from Chathams Islands. Department of Conservation, Wellington Hawke's Bay Conservancy.
de Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B.; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Hitchmough, R.; Townsend, A.J. 2009: Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision). New Zealand Journal of Botany 47: 61–96. [Naturally uncommon]
de Lange, P.J.; Norton, D.A.; Heenan, P.B.; Courtney, S.P.; Molloy, B.P.J.; Ogle, C.C.; Rance, B.D. 2004: Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42(1): 45–76.
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Barkla J.W.; Courtney, S.P.; Champion, P.D.; Perrie, L.R.; Beadel, S.N.; Ford, K.A.; Breitwieser, I.; Schönberger, I.; Hindmarsh-Walls, R.; Heenan, P.B.; Ladley, K. 2018: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series No. 22. [Naturally Uncommon]
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Champion, P.D.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B.; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Norton, D.A.; Hitchmough, R.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. [Naturally Uncommon]
Large, M.F.; Braggins, J.E. 1991: Spore atlas of New Zealand ferns and fern allies. SIR Publishing, Wellington.


Boasting Asian influence with a grey botanical pattern, the Elysian Square Floor Cushion from Jungalow by Justina Blakeney can be used as additional seating or as an oversized pillow. Constructed from a smooth polyester for simple cleaning.
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How Do Brokerage Firms Work?
By Joanne Mendes Updated October 29, 2021
Image Credit: Iamstocker/iStock/GettyImages
If you have ever invested in a 401(k), Roth IRA, traditional IRA or even opened an account with services such as Robinhood or Webull, you have likely participated in the stock market and have done business with a brokerage firm. There are many different types of investment accounts that rely on brokerage firms for management. These firms can help you execute trades and even assist you in making wise investment choices.
In 1790, the United States' first stock exchange was founded in New York City. Originally stock exchanges involved mainly transactions between banks and companies; the companies sold stocks to raise capital from the banks without having the hassle of obtaining a loan. By the 1820s, individuals had begun investing in stocks, and companies also began trading with one another.
Stockbrokers and brokerages firms were formed as a way to professionally mediate these transactions. Today, the law requires that all stock transactions be conducted with the help of a registered brokerage firm or independent stockbroker. This means that individual investors cannot simply buy stock without the help of one of these professionals. Though it adds an extra step and expense to investing, it helps to protect all parties involved.
Consider also: How to Buy Google Stock Online
Brokerage Firms and the Trade of Stocks
Traditionally, brokerage firms have made the majority of their profits by brokering stock trades. The firms act as their clients' legal representatives on the floor of the stock exchange.
The brokerage firm's client informs the firm which stocks it would like to buy or sell, how many stocks and at what price. The brokerage firm then sends a stockbroker to the floor of the stock exchange where he performs these duties on behalf of the client. The brokerage firm receives a percentage from this sale as its fee. If the transaction loses the client money, the brokerage firm also loses money.
Brokerage firms can also perform stock transactions as the principle, buying or selling stocks for their own firm. In this case, the company decides which stocks it would like to invest in and sends a broker to the exchange floor to perform the same transaction as he would for a client.
Consider Also: Difference Between Jobber & Broker in the Stock Market
Brokerage Firms as Investment Advisors
According to Investopedia, some of the best stock websites and brokerage firms can also act as financial and investment advisors. In this role, the firm studies the client's immediate financial needs and long-term financial goals. The firm devises a plan of action, advising the client on which stocks that he should buy or sell. The brokerage firm leaves the final choice up to the client. For this service, clients are usually charged a fee.
Brokerage Firms as Client Representatives
Kaplan reports that if a client wishes to leave his stock transaction decisions up to his brokerage firm, he can authorize the firm to act as his legal representative. The brokerage firm then performs a combination of investment advising and brokering by deciding what transaction would be in the client's best interest and performing the stock transaction. Brokerage firms can charge clients a fee for this service or take a percentage of the transaction profits.
Investopedia: Investment Adviser vs. Broker: What's the Difference?
Kaplan: What is a Registered Representative?
Understanding Agency vs. Principal Transactions
Difference Between Jobber & Broker in the Stock Market
The Objectives of the Stock Exchange
What Is a Private Securities Transaction?
How to Buy Harley Davidson Stock
How to Calculate Transaction Cost


Sometimes it's not possible to configure a constants option by double-clicking the option.
and then want to change the datatype, if the Type option overlaps the operation bar a double click will create a new operation pin or edit operation pin name instead of editing the constants type.
Not high priority but still slightly annoying.


Signing some of its employees up for the National Steps Challenge The New Paper Big Walk 2017 is Cheng Meng Furniture Group's commitment to a healthy lifestyle.
Twenty-one of them will be taking part in the event on Nov 26 at the Singapore Sports Hub.
Established in 1941, Cheng Meng delivers high quality custom-made furniture and interior fittings to hotels, offices, banks, restaurants, public buildings and even cruise ships.
Ms Ooi Ai Mei, personal assistant to the company's chairman, told The New Paper: "Our Big Walkers are taking part in the event because they are interested in three things - leading a healthy lifestyle, achieving work-life balance and bonding with colleagues."
The youngest member of the group is a 28-year-old purchasing assistant, while the oldest is the company's president, Mr Choo Yong Fee, 69.
Ms Ooi added that some of them had taken part in previous Big Walks.
She said: "They are close and regularly go for walks and runs together.
"The management started encouraging everyone to participate in fitness events as they want to promote a healthy lifestyle among staff members."
WIN: Stand to win lots of lucky draw prizes, including the grand prize of an Osim uLove Massage Chair (bespoke version) worth $9,585.
Is that you in this Big Walk photograph from the National Stadium? Or do you have any previous The New Paper Big Walk photographs of yourself, your family or your friends? Your photographs should be from between 1991 and 2006, when the event was held at the National Stadium.
The Singapore Sports Hub, where the National Steps Challenge The New Paper Big Walk 2017 will flag off, has a host of facilities for you to enjoy.
The Kallang Wave Mall offers a range of food and beverage outlets, fashion brands, a hypermart, an indoor rock climbing wall - Climb Central - and an outdoor Splash-N-Surf facility.
Climb Central is Singapore's tallest indoor rock climbing wall and caters to climbers of all ages and abilities.
It has more than 1,000 sq m of climbing surface, and features lead climbing, top-rope climbing and boulder wall facilities.
Go to www.stepschallenge.sg to find out more about the upcoming National Steps Challenge Season 3 and how you can sign up and collect your free HPB steps tracker. Terms and conditions apply.


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SUST PARTICIPATES IN KHARTOUM INTERNATIONAL BOOK FAIR
The Vice Chancellor, Prof. Awad Saad Hassan, announced the participation of SUST in the Khartoum International Book Fair (KIBF) in its fifteenth session with 77 publications. The KIBF has started its activities in the Exhibitions Zone in Burri Neighborhood under the patronage of Dr. Abdullah Hamdouk, the Prime Minister. The Vice Chancellor reveals that SUST seeks to provide scientific studies to the Ministry of Industry to contribute positively in the development of the industrial sector. He said that, after the inauguration of SUST wing, participating with researches opens the door for professors and students at the university to obtain research information and insight. However, he revealed that SUST printed all the publications at its press and confirmed the arrival of a modern press at the College of Fine Arts. Importantly, he pointed out that there is a proposal by a number of professors at the university to develop scientific research, which is considered a priority of the next stage to raise the level of the university to be in the ranks of other universities. He added that there is a committee comprising a number of senior professors to evaluate the writings of the university book and he concluded that the university motivates and supports its professors in the field of authoring, editing and translation of the university book.


All Newsletters are now in Abobe Reader format. To view them, you must have Adobe Reader installed on your computer. If you don't already have it, get your free copy of Adobe Reader, by clicking on the link below and following the downloading and installation instructions.
If you have any problems or questions or the download is too lengthy, Email Bill! and he'll be glad to help you get set up. Reading church newsletters has never been easier!
Once you have Adobe Reader installed, just click on the Newsletter desired below and it will launch Adobe Reader for viewing the document.


Hagia Sophia is closed on Monday , will be replaced by Underground Cistern . Topkapi Palace is closed on Tuesday, will be replaced by Beylerbeyi Palace . Grand Bazaar is closed on Sunday , will be replaced with local shop.


Established for over 16 years, Eithna's By the Sea overlooks the harbour in Mullaghmore, County Sligo. It is a friendly, family-run restaurant that caters for casual dining with homemade recipes using locally sourced food and sustainable produce.
Eithna's By The Sea won the Georgina Campbell Ireland Guide and BIM 2014 award for its fresh seafood, shellfish and lobster dishes as well as Eithna's use of seaweed in both savoury and sweet dishes. Even though Eithna's speciality is seafood, she has plenty of other options for non fish eaters from meat to vegetarian dishes.
All Eithna's food is produced and sourced locally and fresh fish are brought in from Mullaghmore fishing boats daily with lobsters provided by the lobster pond beside the restaurant.
Eitha's seafood restaurant Mullaghmore is only a 15 minute drive from Mount Edward Lodge. Visit Eithna's by the sea for more details. Due to seasonal opening times and hours it is advisable to book beforehand.


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Above ground vehicle detection product are described by characteristics such as detection type, detection zone and housing.
Complete this electronic spreadsheet to ensure that your Above ground vehicle detection products product information meets the requirements of Level 2 BIM. This is important as it will enable your customers to select, specify and use your products within the BIM environment. Once you have completed this template you can host it on your own website or distribute it to your customers. Please note that we do not host completed product data templates within the BIM Toolkit.
The above illustration is for Detector loops from the NBS section Vehicle detection products. This is indicative of the LOD requirements for Above ground vehicle detection products.
The above illustrations are for Detector loops from the NBS section Vehicle detection products. This is indicative of the LOD requirements for Above ground vehicle detection products.
Manufacturer The Manufacturer of the Above ground vehicle detection products.
Standard The Standard of the Above ground vehicle detection products.
Detection type An example value being Static.
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Here, at Eyes On Business we're pleased to see that many of our clients are profitable which is wonderful to see business energy paying dividends. For those that are profitable tax planning is a must. Business owners can't ignore this as many have worked too hard to pay more than is necessary in Income Tax.
Around May is also the time to invest in Super and also pay employee super if you have not done so far this year.
See below for some helpful hints.
1. Minimises your tax liability, which means you will have more money for expenses, investment and growth of your business.
2. Can help defer income, maximise deductions and manage taxable income.
1. Contact your accountant in April/May each year to discuss tax planning.
Look at your Directors drawings account.
1. This account is one account that can bight a business owner when their individual tax is prepared. Be smart and know the dollar value of additional money drawn from your business.
For myself, who knows a bit about keeping the money in your pocket, I still go to my accountant for advise around May.. Why, because the rules change and it is reassuring that they tick the correct boxes to ensure I am doing it correctly. For one hour we achieve so much and mostly continue our professional relationship. I put this down to working on the business not in the business.


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NRA & Their "Expert" Lawyer, Brewer, Lose Another One to New York State
January 15, 2022 Guns In The News
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Home»Politics»Anti-gun Lobby Push Biden to Lean On Senators for Chipman Confirmation
Anti-gun Lobby Push Biden to Lean On Senators for Chipman Confirmation
Guns In The News 2021-08-13
Guns In The News / August 13, 2021 /	150
Article first appeared on Ammoland.com
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U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)- Politico is reporting that "gun violence survivors and activists are going public with their long-simmering private frustrations, saying President Joe Biden could have done more" to push for confirmation of gun control advocate David Chipman as head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives as opposition to the nominee increases.
In recent Senate floor remarks, Alaska Sen. Dan Sullivan called Chipman "another extreme activist, this time against the Second Amendment and Second Amendment rights," according to mustreadalaska.com. Sullivan argued that his Senate colleagues would not support Chipman's nomination if they believe the Second Amendment is as important as other tenets of the Bill of Rights.
Anti-gun billionaire Michael Bloomberg's Everytown for Gun Safety lobbying group has been filling email Inboxes with this message: "Getting David Chipman confirmed is crucial to stopping the rise in violent crime and enforcing our gun laws. As a decorated law enforcement officer with 30 years of experience combating violent crime and a former senior adviser to Mayors Against Illegal Guns, he is the right person for the job and will be committed on day one to ending the country's gun violence crisis."
Everytown calls Chipman "a gun safety expert." Everytown disguises itself as a "gun safety organization," too, and the media goes along with that.
According to Politico, Igor Volsky, executive director of Guns Down America, a gun control lobbying group, declared, "The White House has really dropped the ball here and if Chipman is not confirmed that will be a significant letdown to survivors of gun violence across the country — and will have the effect of undermining their effort to reduce gun homicides… Biden told us during the campaign trail that this is a priority and the administration insists that he is in charge of driving this issue. He needs to step on the accelerator."
But a Biden campaign pledge may not be worth much according to the results of a new survey by Rasmussen Reports. Only 30 percent of likely voters in that survey "say Biden has kept his campaign promises more than most presidents." That's against the 41 percent who say he hasn't.
As revealed by Rasmussen, "Voters had a higher opinion of former President Donald Trump in this regard."
So the push is on to get more energy from the Oval Office to strongarm Democrat senators into supporting Chipman's nomination. But the opposition is getting stiffer as well. A letter sent to Sen. Dick Durbin, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and Sen. Charles Grassley, ranking member on that committee, by seven retired ATF employees offers an inside perspective on Chipman's background that will be difficult to ignore.
In the letter, signed by retired agents Tim Buns, Mike Meadows, Larry Luckey, Pamela Potaczek, Gregory Alvarez and retired investigators Wadene Musgrave and Judith Bender, it is clear in the first paragraph that Chipman is "the wrong man for the job."
The seven retired agents also said this: "David's strong personal beliefs on firearms issues will create serious and long-lasting problems for the Bureau and the effective execution of its law enforcement mission. We relied on effective partnerships with industry, stakeholders, and other law enforcement agencies to execute our missions. Unfortunately, if David were confirmed, ATF partners would see someone who is coming to the agency with his top priority being to implement a divisive gun control agenda. The suspicion and hostility his leadership will bring will destroy those partnerships, and the prosecution of gun crimes and other violent crimes, will suffer."
Writing at National Review, author and fellow at National Review Institute Kevin Williamson, was blunt: "The Senate should reject Joe Biden's nomination of David Chipman to lead the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives."
The essay goes downhill from there.
"Chipman is an activist," Williamson asserts, "but the ATF needs an administrator. Chipman would raise the temperature of the gun-control debate, when precisely the opposite is needed. Chipman has shown poor judgment — from engaging in racially tinged office politics to allowing himself to be used as an instrument of public relations by a Beijing-run propaganda program — and the ATF, of all federal agencies, has had more than enough of poor judgment over the years."
Here's something to consider: If Durbin and the Democrats thought they had the votes to confirm Chipman, it would have already happened.
Main Senator Angus King, who caucuses with the Democrats, appears to be a "No" vote. Sen. Joe Manchin may be another negative, though that cannot be confirmed.
White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki whined to Politico that Republicans have closed "in lockstep" against Chipman, but that's what Republicans should be doing, according to grassroots rights activists. Democrats do that all the time on various issues, but apparently Psaki believes that's somehow different.
Williamson summarized the situation with Democrats and Chipman succinctly when he observed in closing, "But, in any case, we wrote down the Bill of Rights for a reason. If the Democrats want to repeal the Second Amendment, then there is a process for that. Good luck.
"Until such a time as that might come to pass," he added, "the agenda of the gun-control movement is mostly off the table thanks to the Bill of Rights. And installing a gun-control activist in an administrative position in order to try to warp the bureaucracy into pursuing political goals that are either politically impossible for Congress or impermissible under the Bill of Rights is very bad governance."
About Dave Workman
Dave Workman is a senior editor at TheGunMag.com and Liberty Park Press, author of multiple books on the Right to Keep & Bear Arms, and formerly an NRA-certified firearms instructor.
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Chicago Mayor Blames the Guns, Not the Criminals
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text:
find ./ -iname '*.pyc' -exec rm {} \;
git buildpackage --git-dist=jessie --git-debian-branch=master --git-ignore-new --git-sign-tags

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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I will renew hope for youths, create thousands of jobs – Tinubu; Labour Party sacks Peter Obi's DG, Okupe, 10 others | 5 Things That Should Matter Today
December 2, 2022 | YNaija
YNaija
I will renew hope for youths, create thousands of jobs – Tinubu
Labour Party sacks Peter Obi's DG, Okupe, 10 others
NANS threatens protest, calls for release of Aisha Buhari's critic
Nigeria set to stop teaching in English Language in primary schools
Lagos govt begins issuance of International Driver's Permit
Across Nigeria's 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, these are the five top Nigerian news stories you shouldn't miss:
Ahmed Bola Tinubu, the All Progressives Congress (APC) presidential candidate, has pledged to restore faith in Nigeria's future by creating thousands of new jobs if he is elected president in the upcoming elections.
Tinubu made the assurance during an APC presidential campaign rally in Yenagoa, the capital of Bayelsa State, on Thursday.
Tinubu, who has been critical of the Peoples Democratic Party's (PDP) administration's handling of development in the state since 1999, has said that Bayelsa deserves the same level of progress as Lagos, where he served as governor.
He said. "The Poverty Development Party (PDP), you know them, has collected your money since the creation of this state, and couldn't provide the roads. Where is the job? I will create thousands of expert employment, technical hub to link you to the rest of the world.
"For 24 years in government, they cannot point to one solid road. No road except the only one to get us here. We have to get our brooms to sweep them out in 2023.
"Today, the youths are the new hope; their salvation is here in our party, development is back, happiness is here. We will be able to create jobs. Bayelsa is the most industrious and most blessed with mineral resources of the country but not well explored.
"Tell them enough is enough. They lie too much. They blame everything on the Federal Government while they collect all the money. This is the broom revolution and we have to let us renew the hope of prosperity."
According to the leader of the party in the state, Chief Timipre Sylva: "Bayelsa is an APC state, though they stole our victory, and that is why they don't know what they want to do with it. Bayelsa is the second poorest state in the country according to statistics.
"We are talking about a great personality, Senator Tinubu who has a record that nobody can beat. Sometimes, people ask why I am so sure of Tinubu winning, and I ask them who is contesting with him because they don't have any record. What did Obi do in the eight years in Anambra but we can all say a lot about the eight years of Tinubu and we can still see what is happening in Lagos today.
"Today, we have a youth population that is largely unemployed; who is going to create the opportunity to employ them? Tinubu is the man.
"Atiku's only mission is to come and sell NNPC, that is why he is asking for one tenure."
Doyin Okupe, the Director General of the Peter Obi Presidential Campaign Council, has been fired by the Labour Party in Ogun State.
Along with ten others, Okupe was fired for claimed non-financial membership status, arrogance, and financial irresponsibility.
Michael Ashade, chairman of the party in Ogun State, announced the party's decision in Abeokuta on Thursday, stating that the offenses violated the Labour Party's constitution.
Ashade stated that Okupe is no longer a member of the LP due to his "failure to meet the mandatory constitutional standards for membership status."
According to him, Okupe has not paid his membership dues for the past six months. As a result, he has forfeited his Labour Party membership and is no longer qualified to serve as the Director General of Obi's campaign council.
He stated that Okupe and the other 10 were in violation of Article 9(3) subparagraph (iii) and Article 9(3)xi of the LP constitution.
He accused Okupe of mismanaging the monies granted to the LP in Ogun to mobilize members for last week's march in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State.
While informing the LP National Chairman, Barr Julius Abure, of their choice, they demanded that Obi quickly select a Northerner as the new DG for the PCC.
The South-West zone of the National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS) has threatened a peaceful demonstration if the jailed student Aminu Adamu Mohammed is not released.
In a statement signed by the zonal coordinator of NANS South-West Zone D, Adegboye Emmanuel Olatunji, and the chairman of NANS in Ogun State, Simeon Damilola Kehinde, the students vowed to block major roadways in the South-West if Mrs. Aisha Buhari fails to order Mohammed's release.
Mohammed, a 500-level student at Federal University, Dutse, Jigawa State, was reportedly charged with contempt of court and confined to Suleja Correctional centre, Niger State, for tweeting that the first lady was getting fat on the money of the poor.
The council, while criticizing Aminu's indefinite arrest, termed the act as a breach of his fundamental human rights, adding that the alleged brutality, harassment, and humiliation of Mohammed by the police, who allegedly acted at the first lady's behest, constituted an abuse of authority.
The statement demanded the unconditional release of Mohammed within the next 24 hours, failing which the first lady would incur the wrath of Nigerian students from the South-West region, adding that it would mobilize the entire South-West student community for a massive protest if Mohammed is not released within the next 24 hours.
Nigerian has announced a policy aimed at promoting the teaching of primary school pupils in local languages rather than in English.
The new framework known as the National Language Policy had been approved for implementation, education minister Adamu Adamu told journalists on Wednesday (November 30).
In the new policy, instruction for the first six years in primary schools will be in the mother tongue.
English is Nigeria's official language and all learning institutions use it as the common language of teaching and learning.
However, the education minister says "pupils learn much better" when they are taught in their own mother tongue.
The education minister acknowledged that implementing the new policy would be challenging because it would "require a lot of work to develop materials to teach and get the teachers".
Another challenge is the number of languages spoken in Nigeria – more than 600.
It's not immediately clear when the government will start implementing the new system.
The Lagos State Government has said it will start the issuance of International Driver's Permit effective from this month, December 2022.
The Director, Vehicle Inspection Service (VIS) in the state, Mr. Akin-George Fashola, said this in a statement through the Deputy Director, Public Affairs of the Ministry of Transportation, Mr. Bolanle Ogunlola, on Thursday in Lagos.
Fashola made this known while receiving the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Transportation, Mr. Abdulhafiz Toriola, who was on an official visit to the Head Office of the VIS at Ojodu, Lagos.
He said that all stakeholders had been engaged while the issuance process had been finalised.
The VIS Director explained that the issuance of the International Certificates for vehicles and International Driver's Permits was in line with international requirements.
He said that the permit, as specified in section 326 (U) of the Lagos State Transport Sector Reform Law (TSRL) 2018, included the class or description of the vehicle and examination of the vehicle.
Fashola also said that privately registered vehicles that were within five years from the date of manufacture shall be exempted from the mandatory computerised routine inspection carried out by the VIS.
"The mandatory computerised routine inspection is stated in schedule 1, section 326 (10) of the State's TSRL, 2018, noting that Pre-Registration inspections (Auto Vin) would have recorded such vehicles for exemption.
"All that will be required from the owners of such vehicles is to get an Exemption Certificate from the VIS.
"The exclusion is one of the ways to prevent the Computerised Vehicles Inspection Centres across the state from being over-clogged with vehicles," Fashola said.
The director also disclosed that the VIS had commenced clamping down on rickety commercial vehicles without proper documentation and safety standards as prescribed, in section 12 (2) of the State's TSRL, 2018.
He solicited the support of other law enforcement agencies in ensuring that Lagos roads were free of rickety vehicles.
Addressing the Vehicle Inspection Officers, the Permanent Secretary, Mr. Abdulhafiz Toriola, admonished them to work in line with the mandate of the VIS.
Toriola said that all motor vehicles plying the roads across the state should meet safety standards in line with International best practices.
He equally urged the directorate to intensify its advocacy and safety drive, especially during this yuletide season, calling on officers to come up with new initiatives that would improve their mode of operations.
Tags: Aisha buhari, APC, bayelsa state, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, critic, Director General, Doyin Okupe, English language, International Drivers Permit, Jobs, Labour Party, Lagos State Government, NANS, nigeria, primary school, Protests, rally, release, renewed hope, youths
Reps committee rejects CBN deadline extension on old naira notes; Eight die as truck falls on bus at Ojuelegba | 5 Things That Should Matter Today
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View a gorgeous home where circles and sharp angles beautifully coexist.
Tria Giovan's elegant and unassuming house in Sag Harbor reflects the frank quality of her prizewinning photographs, proving that simplicity is the ultimate kind of sophistication.
Just as Michael O'Neill's portraits keep artifice to a bare minimum, so does his home.
The story of a house is invariably tied to the people who inhabit it. In the case of this utilitarian-chic home in Bridgehampton, the cast of characters includes people from theater, film, and TV.
Three decades after leaving Ireland for the East End, Bateman is busy creating abstract oil, watercolor, and pastel landscapes in her Sag Harbor studio.
Looking to jazz up your outdoor space? Check out these unique furniture pieces that are both comfortable and stylish.
You're going to want to try these hot spots when you visit the North Fork this summer.
For sale for the first time in 20 years, 37 Noyack Bay Avenue is a Sag Harbor treasure.
Although the East End is arguably more focused on rosés than Monets these days, it's still a strong draw for the art crowd.
One of the most expensive properties in the Hamptons, this listing has held firm at its high price for over a year.


text:
Written by maira salman on April 25, 2022 in Trending news
IMF pours more funds into Pakistan's loan program? Was it agreed?
Finally, Pakistan receives another loan from IMF, increasing the total size of the loan to $2 billion. This has been communicated by Finance Minister Miftah Ismail on Sunday 25, April 2022 In Washington.
IMF in July 2019 originally agreed to offer $6 billion to Pakistan as an extended fund facility. So far $3 billion has been disbursed while the next tranche is said to be released after the seventh review completion.
According to the current finance minister of Pakistan, Miftah Ismail, "We demanded an extension to EFF to 4 years, and are getting it". The officials in IMF were positive and understanding. He also added that upon checking the remaining quota to IMF, it is now $2 billion. As a result, he requested IMF to increase the overall loan by $2 billion.
The continuity of the commitment to IMF is essential for Pakistan.
Back in February, Imran Khan cut the fuel and electricity prices while the oil price was on the rise. IMF showed an objection to this decision and asked Pakistan to stay strict about the economic reforms during the periodic reviews.
finance minister miftah ismail IMF pours more funds into Pakistan's loan program loan from IMF pakistan
Congratulations are on the way to Elon Musk for buying twitter controlling power
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Those who suggest "form goes out the window" in a derby clash should perhaps take note of this feisty encounter.
Even against the in-form Saints, Dee's recent results suggested a stalemate could be on the cards as they have proved specialists in parity, with a particular fondness for a 1-1 draw.
Paul Hartley's side had registered that scoreline in three of their previous four matches and, even when they claimed the lead through the excellent Kane Hemmings, there was always a feeling that St Johnstone would soon be on level terms.
David Wotherspoon, largely thanks to the fine work of Michael O'Halloran, did the honours to ensure bragging rights were shared and that Saints' unbeaten run was extended to six matches.
Indeed their fine form has resulted in noises emerging from the Perth camp of an impending challenge for best-of-the-rest status.
Yet it was the visitors who took the early initiative, with their potent front three immediately illustrating their worth after just 36 seconds. Greg Stewart found Rory Loy on the flank, and his delivery was perfect for Hemmings, but his sharp shot from six yards was held by Alan Mannus.
It was a sign of things to come as Hartley's side emerged with vim and vigour, and Dundee claimed the lead when the irrepressible Stewart found his former Cowdenbeath team-mate Hemmings with a delightful back-heel. With the Saints defence inexplicably inviting him to shoot from 20 yards, he obliged by drilling home his sixth goal of the season.
St Johnstone's response was swift. O'Halloran, whose form has resulted in calls for international recognition, surged past Kevin Holt before delivering a pinpoint cutback for Wotherspoon, who crashed home off the underside of the bar.
With the contest belying rain, wind and snow to rattle along at a superb pace, the lively Stewart was the next to threaten, driving into the box and fizzing a drive inches over the bar.
Joe Shaughnessy was linking well with O'Halloran and providing a fine outlet for the hosts on the right, and a super cross by the former Aberdeen defender found Murray Davidson in the box on the stroke of half-time, only for the midfielder to lash his volley off target.
Following an enthralling first period, both sides struggled to replicate that fluency during a scrappy, ill-tempered start to the second half, as evidenced by a hefty challenge by Chris Kane on Dundee defender Julien Etxabeguren which provoked the ire of the visiting support.
For all the threat of O'Halloran and nous of Steven MacLean, Saints were missing the intelligent movement and physical presence of Graham Cummins, absent due to a hamstring injury.
Dundee turned to substitute Gary Harkins in a bid to spark the contest back into life. However, it was St Johnstone who almost claimed the spoils and, once again, it was Wotherspoon's late run which created the opportunity as he ghosted into the box before curling a shot agonisingly wide of Scott Bain's left-hand post.


text:
📝 Feedback
Earth's Lab
Immunity System
Coronary Artery Heart Disease
Obturator Nerve
Anatomy ▶ Lower Limb ▶ Nerves ▶ Obturator Nerve
Course and Distribution
Injury of the Obturator Nerve
Obturator Nerve Neuropathy
Surgical Section of the Obturator Nerve
Annoyance of the Obturator Nerve
Referred Pain
Accessory Obturator Nerve
Obturator Nerve belongs to the adductor compartment of the thigh. The inside of psoas major from anterior sections of the ventral rami of L2 to L4 spinal nerves. The nerve goes down in psoas major and issues from its medial border at the ala of the sacrum. It runs through the upper anterior part of the obturator foramen to the medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh while descending along the lateral wall of the lesser pelvis on the obturator internus. It divides into anterior and posterior which stride the adductor brevis muscle, close to the obturator foramen. All muscles of the adductor compartment of thigh are supplied by its motor branches. Cutaneous area on the lower-half of the medial aspect of thigh are supplied by its sensory branches. Articular branches to the hip and knee joints are also supplied by it.
While going through the obturator canal the obturator nerve divides into anterior and posterior sections.
Obturator Nerve: Course and Distribution
1. The anterior section enters downwards into the thigh in front of the obturator externus. It then descends behind the pectineus and the adductor longus, and in front of the adductor brevis. The anterior section supplies the following muscles:
Pectineus.
Adductor longus.
Gracilis.
Adductor brevis.
The anterior section also supplies an articular twig to the hip joint. Distal to the adductor longus, it enters the adductor canal where it gives a twig to the subsartorial plexus of nerves and ends by supplying the femoral artery in the adductor canal.
2. The posterior section enters the thigh by piercing the anterior part of the obturator externus muscle which it supplies. It then descends behind the adductor brevis and in front of the adductor magnus. The posterior section supplies the following muscles:
Obturator externus.
Adductor magnus.
Its terminal part creates an articular branch termed genicular branch, which pierces the adductor magnus or goes through hiatus for femoral vessels to reach the popliteal fossa where it runs along the popliteal vessels and pierces the oblique popliteal ligament to supply the knee joint.
The obturator nerve could possibly be injured in the anterior dislocation of the hip joint, orduring radical retropubic prostatectomy. Listed here are the characteristic clinical features:
Motor reduction: Decline of adduction of the thigh, because of paralysis of adductor muscles of the thigh.
Sensory loss: Sensory loss on the medial aspect of the thigh, because of participation of the cutaneous branch of the anterior section of the obturator nerve.
The syndrome of an obturator nerve entrapment causing the medial thigh pain is described in sportsmen with large adductor muscles.
It's sometimes carried out to alleviate the spasm of adductor muscles in the spastic paralysis.
The inflammation of the ovary causes localised peritonitis in the region of ovarian fossa which might cause annoyance of the obturator nerve. In this case, the pain could possibly be referred to the hip, knee, and medial side of the thigh.
In diseases of the hip joint, the pain could be referred to the medial side of the thigh.
Obturator Nerve: Accessory Obturator Nerve
In about 30% people, accessory obturator nerve originates from the lumbar plexus. It's created by the ventral sections of the anterior primary rami of L3, L4 spinal nerves. It crosses the superior ramus of pubis deep to pectineus, which it furnishes. It supplies an articular twig to the hip joint and ends by communicating with all the anterior section of the obturator nerve. If small, it supplies only the pectineus muscle.
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Q: Can I set a C# preprocessor directive from a central file? I need to add some logging to my app, and it needs to be in release mode, and I need to make sure that the logging code isn't running in production. Therefore I'd like to use a #define and #if to make sure the log statements are removed when I move to production.
Trouble is, I need the logging in multiple files, and it's a pain to put a #define at the top of every file. Is there a way to have a centralized #define? That way I can remove the single #define rather than a #define from all files(which means I'll almost assuredly forget one).

A: On the command line, use the /define switch. In Visual Studio, choose the "Build" tab from the properties page for the project and fill in the "Conditional Compilation Symbols" section.
Consider also instead of using conditional compilation, to instead make your logging methods conditional methods. That's a more pleasant-looking alternative. That's how Debug.Assert works; it is a conditional method, so if the debug preprocessor symbol is not defined, the compiler simply removes all calls to the method before code generation.
See also my article on the subject:
http://ericlippert.com/2009/09/10/whats-the-difference-between-conditional-compilation-and-the-conditional-attribute/

A: Are you using Visual Studio? In the project Properties page, on the "Build" tab, there's a "Conditional compilation symbols" text box.

A: Yes, this is typically done in your build file, or the script you use which creates your build.  You specify it as command-line arguments to MSBuild.

A: To add to Dave's answer, global conditional compilation symbols can also be specified in Visual.

*

*Right-click on your project and go to Properties

*Go to the Build tab

You can specify the symbols that you like (DEBUG is already turned on by default for Debug configurations, so this might actually give you what you want already) for the given configuration, or select "All Configurations" at the top to specify certain symbols for all configurations.

A: Call the logging everywhere you want.
Define the logging api entry methods with
[Conditional ("DEBUG")]
public void WriteDebugMessage(...)

Build your program in debug mode (which, by default, defines 'DEBUG' in VS). These calls will be part of your assembly.
Build your program in release mode (or - remove the DEBUG symbol from the build definition). These calls are now meaningless no-ops and won't run.
Seems like what you want?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package ru.istolbov.bank;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.List;

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;

/**
 * BankClientTest.
 * Created by istolbov on 02.04.2017.
 */
public class BankClientTest {
    /**
     * bankClient.
     */
    private BankClient bankClient = new BankClient();

    /**
     * whenWeAddUserAndAddAccountToUser.
     */
    @Test
    public void whenWeAddUserAndAddAccountToUser() {
        Account[] target = new Account[] {new Account(0.0d, 100000),
                                            new Account(100.0d, 100001)};
        User user1 = new User("Petya", 11003465);

        this.bankClient.addUser(user1);
        this.bankClient.addAccountToUser(user1, new Account(100.0d, 100001));

        List<Account> userAccounts = this.bankClient.getUserAccounts(user1);

        Assert.assertThat(userAccounts.toArray(), is(target));
    }

    /**
     * whenWeTransferValueFromUserOneToUserTwo.
     */
    @Test
    public void whenWeTransferValueFromUserOneToUserTwo() {
        User user1 = new User("Petya", 11003465);
        User user2 = new User("Vasya", 15066475);

        this.bankClient.addUser(user1);
        this.bankClient.addAccountToUser(user1, new Account(100.0d, 100001));
        this.bankClient.addUser(user2);
        this.bankClient.addAccountToUser(user2, new Account(50.0d, 100003));

        List<Account> user1Accounts = this.bankClient.getUserAccounts(user1);
        List<Account> user2Accounts = this.bankClient.getUserAccounts(user2);
        this.bankClient.transferMoney(user1, user1Accounts.get(1), user2, user2Accounts.get(1), 50.0d);

        Assert.assertThat(user2Accounts.get(1).getValue(), is(100.0d));
    }

}


text:
Q: SQS Receive Missing Messages from the Queue I have AWS infrastructure set up so that every update to a dynamo db entry ends up in SQS FIFO queue with deduplication enabled. I also have a test covering this scenario where I purge the queue (The queue can get updates from the other tests in the suit. To avoid having to poll large number of messages before receiving the correct messages,I purge the queue before running the test) and update Dynamo Db and check those entries are received when polling the queue. This test is flaky and sometimes it fails because all the updates I have sent is not received from the queue.
The queue has only one consumer which is the test I have written. So it is not like there is another consumer who consumes these messages.
I checked the queue through AWS console and it is empty at the end of the test and doesn't contains the missing messages when the test times out due to TIMEOUT value set.
My queue configuration in CDK
public Queue createSqsQueue() {
    return new Queue(this, "DynamoDbUpdateSqsQueue", QueueProps.builder()
            .withContentBasedDeduplication(true)
            .withFifo(true)
            .withQueueName("DynamoDbUpdateSqsQueue.fifo")
            .withReceiveMessageWaitTime(Duration.seconds(20))
            .build());
}

My Receive Message Code
private void assertExpectedDynamoDbUpdatesAreReceived() {
    List<String> expectedDynamoDbUpdates = getExpectedDynamoDbUpdates();
    List<String> actualDynamoDBUpdates = newArrayList();
    boolean allDynamoDbUpdatesReceived = false;
    stopWatch.start();
    while (!allDynamoDbUpdatesReceived && stopWatch.getTime() < TIMEOUT ) {
        List<String> receivedDynamoDbUpdates =
                AmazonSQSClientBuilder.standard().receiveMessage(queueUrl).getMessages().stream()
                        .map(this::processAndDelete)
                        .collect(Collectors.toList());
        actualDynamoDBUpdates.addAll(receivedDynamoDbUpdates);
        if(actualDynamoDBUpdates.containsAll(expectedDynamoDbUpdates)){
            allDynamoDbUpdatesReceived= true;
        }
    }
    stopWatch.stop();
    assert(allDynamoDbUpdatesReceived).isTrue();
}

A: The issue was not in receiving the messages. It was in  purging the queue. According to the purge queue documentation (https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSSimpleQueueService/latest/SQSDeveloperGuide/sqs-purge-queue.html)

The message deletion process takes up to 60 seconds. We recommend
  waiting for 60 seconds regardless of your queue's size

Simply adding a wait of 60 seconds before sending updates fixed the issue.


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